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text string	id string	dump string	url string	file_path string	language string	language_score float64	token_count int64	score float64	int_score int64	embedding list	count int64	Content string	Tokens int64	Top_Lang string	Top_Conf float64
About 48,000 houses in the Victorian and Edwardian styles were built in San Francisco between 1849 and 1915. While many of the mansions of Nob Hill were destroyed by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, thousands of the mass-produced, more “modest” houses survived in the western and southern neighborhoods of the city. Many of these houses were painted battleship grey with war-surplus Navy paint during World War I and World War II. Another sixteen thousand were demolished, and many others had the Victorian decor stripped off or covered with tarpaper, brick, stucco, or aluminum siding. In 1963, San Francisco artist Butch Kardum began combining intense blues and greens on the exterior of his Italianate-style Victorian House. His house was criticized by some, but other neighbors began to copy the bright colors on their own houses. Kardum became a color designer. He, other artists/colorists and house painting outfits like Local Color (we as credited as one of the “Mothers of the Movement”) began to transform dozens of the gray houses into “Painted Ladies.” By the mid 1970s, the “Colorist Movement”, as it was called, had changed entire streets and neighborhoods. This marvelous transformational process continues to this day.	<urn:uuid:75998f1c-e9eb-4171-a6d3-7f19f2c78ba2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sflocalcolor.com/history/the-colorist-movement	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00509.warc.gz	en	0.98624	269	3.3125	3	[ 0.153370663523674, -0.1958467662334442, 0.3930007219314575, 0.09067841619253159, 0.047657690942287445, 0.391365110874176, -0.48962390422821045, 0.10348931699991226, -0.169988214969635, 0.3629949986934662, 0.1399475336074829, -0.05389012023806572, -0.17076273262500763, 0.29427891969680786, ...	5	About 48,000 houses in the Victorian and Edwardian styles were built in San Francisco between 1849 and 1915. While many of the mansions of Nob Hill were destroyed by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, thousands of the mass-produced, more “modest” houses survived in the western and southern neighborhoods of the city. Many of these houses were painted battleship grey with war-surplus Navy paint during World War I and World War II. Another sixteen thousand were demolished, and many others had the Victorian decor stripped off or covered with tarpaper, brick, stucco, or aluminum siding. In 1963, San Francisco artist Butch Kardum began combining intense blues and greens on the exterior of his Italianate-style Victorian House. His house was criticized by some, but other neighbors began to copy the bright colors on their own houses. Kardum became a color designer. He, other artists/colorists and house painting outfits like Local Color (we as credited as one of the “Mothers of the Movement”) began to transform dozens of the gray houses into “Painted Ladies.” By the mid 1970s, the “Colorist Movement”, as it was called, had changed entire streets and neighborhoods. This marvelous transformational process continues to this day.	277	ENGLISH	1
Tyrannosaurus rex, "tyrant lizard king", or T. rex for short, was a dinosaur that lived on Earth about 70 to 65 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period. T. rex is one of the largest carnivorous (meat-eating) dinosaurs ever discovered. It is also quite likely the best-known dinosaur of all. What was their body shape? Tyrannosaurus rex was up to 13 meters (42 feet) long and 4 meters (13 feet) tall, and weighed 4 to 6 tons (8,820 lb to 13,220 lb) – longer than a bus, and as heavy as an elephant. That's as an adult. T. rex when first hatched was probably about the size of a turkey. T. rex had a forward tilt, deep jaws, huge teeth, a long tail, and tiny arms (also known as forelimbs). T. rex's jaw alone was about 1.3 meters long and had fifty to sixty bone-crunching teeth that were up to 10 centimeters or 6 inches long. Its arms were very stubby, no longer than an average person's. They were still very strong, able to lift up to two hundred kilograms, but were not long enough to touch each other! T. rex stood on two powerful hind legs, each ending with a three-toed foot, resembling a bird's foot, only much larger. What did they eat? T. rex was a very big meat-eating dinosaur, also called a carnivore. It would have been at the top of the food chain. It is known to have fed on other large dinosaurs, such as Edmontosaurus, Anatosaurus, and Triceratops, and probably could have swallowed smaller dinosaurs in a single bite. One scientist believes that T. rex was a scavenger (an animal that eats already dead animals). He argues that it might not have been fast enough to catch prey. Other scientists believe that T. rex probably scavenged and hunted, like most living meat-eaters (such as tigers and lions). T. rex bite marks found on the bones of Edmontosaurus and Triceratops that have healed show that Tyrannosaurus did hunt at least some of the time – and also that its prey was sometimes lucky enough to escape. One thing that T. rex did not eat was people. People didn't appear on Earth until over 60 million years later, much too late for anyone ever to be afraid of being hunted down by a T. rex. When did they live? Tyrannosaurus lived about 70 to 65 million years ago, in the late Cretaceous Period. T. rex was among the last of the big dinosaurs. Like all non-bird dinosaurs, T. rex lived in the Mesozoic era. What was their habitat? Tyrannosaurus is believed to have lived in forests, near rivers, and in areas that were open and full of prey. Mild seasons would have been most favorable to it. Tyrannosaurus fossils have been found in western North America and possibly Asia. How were they discovered? The famous fossil hunter Barnum Brown found the first Tyrannosaurus fossil in 1905. Tyrannosaurus was not the dinosaur's name until 1905, when it was given that name by Henry Fairfield Osborn. About 3,000 Tyrannosaurus fossils have been found, from pieces of teeth to nearly complete skeletons. Only one possible Tyrannosaurus footprint has been found. What do we need to learn? - The color of their skin. One thing we cannot tell from fossils is color! - Whether T. rex was feathered, scaly, or both. Some of its cousins had feathers like birds, while others had scales, so it likely had both. - Whether T. rex was just a scavenger or a scavenger and a hunter. There are very few hunting animals that will not scavenge, and very few scavengers which never hunt. - If T. rex had the ability to run. - Was it really the largest predator? In 1995, parts of a predator that seems even larger than T. rex were found in Argentina! It was called Giganotosaurus and was about 45 ft long (about a meter [yard] longer than T. rex). Since then, parts of even larger carnivorous dinosaurs, such as Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, have been found.	<urn:uuid:a5c1294c-b478-43f8-abd1-2fad001deac5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Dinosaurs/Tyrannosaurus	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00513.warc.gz	en	0.984584	929	3.671875	4	[ -0.1941900998353958, 0.15634173154830933, 0.4859905540943146, -0.08350960910320282, -0.3144804537296295, -0.4273630976676941, 0.43791478872299194, 0.3978229761123657, -0.3858315348625183, -0.09333938360214233, 0.2794417142868042, -0.40468233823776245, 0.09869334846735, 0.2087136209011078, ...	4	Tyrannosaurus rex, "tyrant lizard king", or T. rex for short, was a dinosaur that lived on Earth about 70 to 65 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period. T. rex is one of the largest carnivorous (meat-eating) dinosaurs ever discovered. It is also quite likely the best-known dinosaur of all. What was their body shape? Tyrannosaurus rex was up to 13 meters (42 feet) long and 4 meters (13 feet) tall, and weighed 4 to 6 tons (8,820 lb to 13,220 lb) – longer than a bus, and as heavy as an elephant. That's as an adult. T. rex when first hatched was probably about the size of a turkey. T. rex had a forward tilt, deep jaws, huge teeth, a long tail, and tiny arms (also known as forelimbs). T. rex's jaw alone was about 1.3 meters long and had fifty to sixty bone-crunching teeth that were up to 10 centimeters or 6 inches long. Its arms were very stubby, no longer than an average person's. They were still very strong, able to lift up to two hundred kilograms, but were not long enough to touch each other! T. rex stood on two powerful hind legs, each ending with a three-toed foot, resembling a bird's foot, only much larger. What did they eat? T. rex was a very big meat-eating dinosaur, also called a carnivore. It would have been at the top of the food chain. It is known to have fed on other large dinosaurs, such as Edmontosaurus, Anatosaurus, and Triceratops, and probably could have swallowed smaller dinosaurs in a single bite. One scientist believes that T. rex was a scavenger (an animal that eats already dead animals). He argues that it might not have been fast enough to catch prey. Other scientists believe that T. rex probably scavenged and hunted, like most living meat-eaters (such as tigers and lions). T. rex bite marks found on the bones of Edmontosaurus and Triceratops that have healed show that Tyrannosaurus did hunt at least some of the time – and also that its prey was sometimes lucky enough to escape. One thing that T. rex did not eat was people. People didn't appear on Earth until over 60 million years later, much too late for anyone ever to be afraid of being hunted down by a T. rex. When did they live? Tyrannosaurus lived about 70 to 65 million years ago, in the late Cretaceous Period. T. rex was among the last of the big dinosaurs. Like all non-bird dinosaurs, T. rex lived in the Mesozoic era. What was their habitat? Tyrannosaurus is believed to have lived in forests, near rivers, and in areas that were open and full of prey. Mild seasons would have been most favorable to it. Tyrannosaurus fossils have been found in western North America and possibly Asia. How were they discovered? The famous fossil hunter Barnum Brown found the first Tyrannosaurus fossil in 1905. Tyrannosaurus was not the dinosaur's name until 1905, when it was given that name by Henry Fairfield Osborn. About 3,000 Tyrannosaurus fossils have been found, from pieces of teeth to nearly complete skeletons. Only one possible Tyrannosaurus footprint has been found. What do we need to learn? - The color of their skin. One thing we cannot tell from fossils is color! - Whether T. rex was feathered, scaly, or both. Some of its cousins had feathers like birds, while others had scales, so it likely had both. - Whether T. rex was just a scavenger or a scavenger and a hunter. There are very few hunting animals that will not scavenge, and very few scavengers which never hunt. - If T. rex had the ability to run. - Was it really the largest predator? In 1995, parts of a predator that seems even larger than T. rex were found in Argentina! It was called Giganotosaurus and was about 45 ft long (about a meter [yard] longer than T. rex). Since then, parts of even larger carnivorous dinosaurs, such as Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, have been found.	953	ENGLISH	1
Electrum coins weren't just issued early on: Ancients Today - Published: Sep 21, 2015, 3 AM The story of the world’s first coins, seemingly introduced in the mid-seventh century B.C. and made of “white gold” electrum, is well known. This alloy of gold and silver earned its name from its pale yellow color, which resembled amber, called “electron” in Greek. Though electrum was the exclusive metal for the earliest phase of coinage, by the end of the sixth century B.C. it largely had been supplanted by issues of pure gold and pure silver. Even so, the period of greatest production for electrum coinage in Asia Minor was from about the 520s to the 320s B.C. — exactly when one might have expected electrum coinage to have died out. After this early period occasional, isolated issues of electrum emerged from a number of mints, which supplemented some extremely large issues from three cities in Asia Minor: Cyzicus, Phocaea and Mytilene. Remarkably, these cities found economic advantage in using electrum at a time when the rest of the Greek world had largely come to prefer silver or gold. Connect with Coin World: The most important issuer of electrum coins in the Greek world was Cyzicus, a wealthy port on the southern shore of the Bosporus, the strait that links the Black Sea with the Aegean. Its ideal location allowed the city’s merchants to grow wealthy from their near-monopoly on trade between Greece and the distant shores of the Black Sea. The principal trade coin of Cyzicus from the late seventh through the late fourth Century B.C. was the electrum stater. This coin of about 16 grams was widely accepted in commerce, and in ancient inscriptions it was often referred to by its familiar nickname “Cyzicene.” Although electrum fractional denominations were also produced at Cyzicus, they were for local or regional use, and seldom were exported. Cyzicus made a purposefully archaic coinage: the planchets were thick and dumpy and the reverse had no artistic design, just the impression of a simple punch with a roughened surface. Clearly this was the intent of the minters, who recognized that the hard-earned reputation of their “Cyzicenes” might be compromised if they were to modernize too much. This coinage was remarkable in that it did not have a standard design, but instead was host to hundreds of different designs that usually were distinctive, and often were of great artistic merit. One exception aside, these coins also had no inscription that identified Cyzicus as the issuing authority. However, that hardly mattered since their appearance was so distinctive and the city badge, a tuna (“tunny”) fish, was incorporated into all of the designs. The two other important issuers of electrum in Asia Minor were Phocaea and Mytilene, which issued very large quantities of an electrum one-sixth stater, called a hecte. Though Phocaea had issued hectai since the late seventh or early sixth century B.C., in about 521 B.C. it came to an agreement with Mytilene by which they shared the minting of hectai, issuing them in alternating years. We are fortunate that a copy of their contract survives, as it clearly states the terms. Their hectai had much in common with the electrum of Cyzicus because they did not have “standard” designs but were constantly introducing new ones. Even so, the function of this coinage was different than that of the staters of Cyzicus: rather than having an extensive, international range of circulation, these coins rarely left western Asia Minor, where they were a standard form of exchange. Though the general appearance of the hectai of Phocaea and Mytilene was similar, they were distinct because the Phocaea hectai had an artistic design only on the obverse and those of Mytilene had artistic designs on both sides. Also distinguishing them was the fact that Phocaea used a civic badge to supplement its ever-changing designs, whereas this did not occur at Mytilene. Phocaea’s badge was a seal — a play on words, for the name of that sea mammal in Greek is phoce, which approximates the city name. Just like Cyzicus, these two cities stopped striking electrum soon after the Macedonian King Alexander III “the Great” (336 to 323 B.C.) arrived in Asia Minor. As the production of electrum coinage in Asia Minor died out in the 320s, it is most curious that the tradition was then taken up at the other end of the Mediterranean by Carthage, a Phoenician settlement on the shore of North Africa, just southwest of Sicily. The earliest precious metal coins of Carthage, dating to about 350 B.C., were made of pure gold, but by about 320 B.C. they were substituted with staters of electrum. These were issued in very large quantities, along with multiple and fractional denominations that were produced only occasionally and in relatively small quantities. The standard design for the Carthaginian stater was the head of the goddess Tanit and a standing horse. They mainly appear to have been issued from circa 320 to 270 B.C. After that prolific era, Carthage also struck electrum coinage during its three wars with Rome: the First Punic War (264 to 241 B.C.), the Second Punic War (218 to 201 B.C.), and the Third Punic War (149 to 146 B.C.). As a footnote, we should also describe the electrum issues of nearby Syracuse, the most powerful city on the island of Sicily. Impressive though they were, these coins were produced only during the reign of King Agathocles (317 to 289 B.C.). Indeed, it has been suggested that this unusual coinage was struck to repurpose electrum staters that Agathocles had collected from Carthage as booty or as a war indemnity. More from CoinWorld.com: US Coins Jan 25, 2020, 4 PM Paper Money Jan 25, 2020, 1 PM US Coins Jan 24, 2020, 3 PM US Coins Jan 24, 2020, 3 PM	<urn:uuid:55d50b14-022f-4a1e-b14a-e3365136bbe7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.coinworld.com/news/world-coins/electrum-coins-weren-t-just-issued-early-on--ancients-today.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00204.warc.gz	en	0.982307	1,343	3.328125	3	[ -0.4022010564804077, 0.2626142203807831, 0.10256455093622208, -0.12109914422035217, -0.11541974544525146, -0.08183121681213379, -0.01233972329646349, 0.15766209363937378, 0.09897445142269135, -0.1123284250497818, 0.07915938645601273, 0.02947399578988552, 0.008372805081307888, 0.27421644330...	1	Electrum coins weren't just issued early on: Ancients Today - Published: Sep 21, 2015, 3 AM The story of the world’s first coins, seemingly introduced in the mid-seventh century B.C. and made of “white gold” electrum, is well known. This alloy of gold and silver earned its name from its pale yellow color, which resembled amber, called “electron” in Greek. Though electrum was the exclusive metal for the earliest phase of coinage, by the end of the sixth century B.C. it largely had been supplanted by issues of pure gold and pure silver. Even so, the period of greatest production for electrum coinage in Asia Minor was from about the 520s to the 320s B.C. — exactly when one might have expected electrum coinage to have died out. After this early period occasional, isolated issues of electrum emerged from a number of mints, which supplemented some extremely large issues from three cities in Asia Minor: Cyzicus, Phocaea and Mytilene. Remarkably, these cities found economic advantage in using electrum at a time when the rest of the Greek world had largely come to prefer silver or gold. Connect with Coin World: The most important issuer of electrum coins in the Greek world was Cyzicus, a wealthy port on the southern shore of the Bosporus, the strait that links the Black Sea with the Aegean. Its ideal location allowed the city’s merchants to grow wealthy from their near-monopoly on trade between Greece and the distant shores of the Black Sea. The principal trade coin of Cyzicus from the late seventh through the late fourth Century B.C. was the electrum stater. This coin of about 16 grams was widely accepted in commerce, and in ancient inscriptions it was often referred to by its familiar nickname “Cyzicene.” Although electrum fractional denominations were also produced at Cyzicus, they were for local or regional use, and seldom were exported. Cyzicus made a purposefully archaic coinage: the planchets were thick and dumpy and the reverse had no artistic design, just the impression of a simple punch with a roughened surface. Clearly this was the intent of the minters, who recognized that the hard-earned reputation of their “Cyzicenes” might be compromised if they were to modernize too much. This coinage was remarkable in that it did not have a standard design, but instead was host to hundreds of different designs that usually were distinctive, and often were of great artistic merit. One exception aside, these coins also had no inscription that identified Cyzicus as the issuing authority. However, that hardly mattered since their appearance was so distinctive and the city badge, a tuna (“tunny”) fish, was incorporated into all of the designs. The two other important issuers of electrum in Asia Minor were Phocaea and Mytilene, which issued very large quantities of an electrum one-sixth stater, called a hecte. Though Phocaea had issued hectai since the late seventh or early sixth century B.C., in about 521 B.C. it came to an agreement with Mytilene by which they shared the minting of hectai, issuing them in alternating years. We are fortunate that a copy of their contract survives, as it clearly states the terms. Their hectai had much in common with the electrum of Cyzicus because they did not have “standard” designs but were constantly introducing new ones. Even so, the function of this coinage was different than that of the staters of Cyzicus: rather than having an extensive, international range of circulation, these coins rarely left western Asia Minor, where they were a standard form of exchange. Though the general appearance of the hectai of Phocaea and Mytilene was similar, they were distinct because the Phocaea hectai had an artistic design only on the obverse and those of Mytilene had artistic designs on both sides. Also distinguishing them was the fact that Phocaea used a civic badge to supplement its ever-changing designs, whereas this did not occur at Mytilene. Phocaea’s badge was a seal — a play on words, for the name of that sea mammal in Greek is phoce, which approximates the city name. Just like Cyzicus, these two cities stopped striking electrum soon after the Macedonian King Alexander III “the Great” (336 to 323 B.C.) arrived in Asia Minor. As the production of electrum coinage in Asia Minor died out in the 320s, it is most curious that the tradition was then taken up at the other end of the Mediterranean by Carthage, a Phoenician settlement on the shore of North Africa, just southwest of Sicily. The earliest precious metal coins of Carthage, dating to about 350 B.C., were made of pure gold, but by about 320 B.C. they were substituted with staters of electrum. These were issued in very large quantities, along with multiple and fractional denominations that were produced only occasionally and in relatively small quantities. The standard design for the Carthaginian stater was the head of the goddess Tanit and a standing horse. They mainly appear to have been issued from circa 320 to 270 B.C. After that prolific era, Carthage also struck electrum coinage during its three wars with Rome: the First Punic War (264 to 241 B.C.), the Second Punic War (218 to 201 B.C.), and the Third Punic War (149 to 146 B.C.). As a footnote, we should also describe the electrum issues of nearby Syracuse, the most powerful city on the island of Sicily. Impressive though they were, these coins were produced only during the reign of King Agathocles (317 to 289 B.C.). Indeed, it has been suggested that this unusual coinage was struck to repurpose electrum staters that Agathocles had collected from Carthage as booty or as a war indemnity. More from CoinWorld.com: US Coins Jan 25, 2020, 4 PM Paper Money Jan 25, 2020, 1 PM US Coins Jan 24, 2020, 3 PM US Coins Jan 24, 2020, 3 PM	1,371	ENGLISH	1
LOKSABHA CHUTNI 2019 P1 TO P4 BHATHTHA MA VADHARO THAYO. An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations. The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where the Elections were not used were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot. Tag : Election	<urn:uuid:f5ad0b57-ba85-40a9-8a0a-88957da48a40>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.hiteshpatelmodasa.com/2019/03/loksabha-chutni-2019-p1-to-p4-bhaththa.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00498.warc.gz	en	0.98101	187	3.390625	3	[ -0.44001126289367676, 0.16425706446170807, -0.011860459111630917, -0.44873446226119995, -0.30364975333213806, 0.2338251918554306, 0.4689961373806, 0.2030380666255951, 0.2299443930387497, 0.15442298352718353, -0.0884191021323204, 0.009243642911314964, -0.05053339898586273, 0.108916491270065...	1	LOKSABHA CHUTNI 2019 P1 TO P4 BHATHTHA MA VADHARO THAYO. An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations. The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where the Elections were not used were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot. Tag : Election	187	ENGLISH	1
Category: Galactic History Views: 9053 The Story and Background of the Elohim Most people are aware of the Darwinian concept of evolution, which suggests that we are descended from a common ancestor with the great apes. Tracking human evolution has been a painstaking archaeological task but it is now thought that our earliest ancestors lived around 4 million years ago. There are many pieces of the jigsaw missing, with different hominid species arriving and disappearing but something significant happened around 150,000 years ago, which produced a new breed of human beings called 'homo sapiens', our direct ancestors. Running alongside the archaeological evidence is a very new branch of investigation based upon DNA, for our DNA holds the blueprint of the evolution of humanity. In a recent book called The Seven Daughters of Eve (pub. Bantam Press 2001), Professor Bryan Sykes has shown that the whole of the European population is descended from seven women who lived between twelve to thirty thousand years ago. If you are of European extraction you can send a sample of your DNA to a laboratory in Oxford, UK they will tell who is your clan mother. This study is based upon mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA, which holds one of the keys to unlocking our past history, for the pattern of human evolution is written in our genes. Recent findings have shown that the whole of the human population is descended from a tiny gene pool, perhaps just one original Eve, who lived in South Africa a little over a hundred thousand years ago. What makes us so extraordinary is that all other hominids alive at the time, like Neanderthal man, either died out or were wiped out in the ensuing years. Linked to this genetic research is another branch, in the same field, that has been unlocking the secrets of the human genome and this too has produced some astonishing results. Contrary to original expectations it seems that we have far fewer genes than was first conceived. At the time of writing this sequencing is still being carried out and the most recent estimates suggest that we probably have as little as forty-five thousand. Not the hundred thousand genes that some authorities believed were necessary to explain the huge differences between our selves and other creatures. Indeed there appears be less than 1% difference in our gene structure to that of our nearest simian relative, the Chimpanzee, which amounts to perhaps as little as four hundred genes. Even the humble fruit-fly has half our number of genes so what makes us so special? When looking at gene development across all species it is clear that there is a progression up the evolutionary ladder with genes being added to more complex organisms from those found in other species. It is rather like taking a series of common bricks of different colours and putting them together in patterns to make up all of the species on this planet. All species that is until we come to human beings, for suddenly we find a completely new set of genes not so far found elsewhere. Of the four hundred gene difference between the apes and us, over half of them appear to be unique to our species and do not have any predecessors in the evolutionary tree. Or rather not quite all, for around half of them are found in another organism - bacteria - although in most cases these are bacteria found only in human beings. The question that puzzled scientists, when this discovery was published, was did we get the genes from the bacteria or did the bacteria get the genes from us? Further research has appeared to rule out our receiving the genes from bacteria, so there may be as yet undiscovered common ancestor. But this does not account for all of our unique genes, so where did the others come from? Mythology and the story of creation in the Bible may provide some clues. Inner Psychic Experience In the early 1980's I had a very strange inner experience. I was carrying our some healing work with a friend when I slipped into an altered state of consciousness. I was aware of both of us in another life that was totally different from anything I had ever experienced before. Those who have experienced such slips into altered states will know the power of these experiences. It is not something that one just imagines, it is really lived, as though present time reality simple disappears and you 'are' in another time and another place. In this experience we were both dressed in long flowing robes and wearing a type of hat not unlike that depicted on the bust of the famous Egyptian queen Nefertiti. The space in which we stood was a sort of room that I sensed lay deep within a mountain. It was lit by a radiant light that subtly blended all of the colours of the rainbow but without any obvious source. There were many crystals around radiating different luminescent colours, which I knew we were activating for healing purposes through the concentrated thought power of our minds. Communication was telepathic and I also knew that every aspect of our world was controlled by our minds. The physical world was no barrier, for as we came to leave, we simple 'thought' ourselves through solid rock as we passed out of the mountain into the open air at which point the experience started to fade and I slowly came back to normal reality. I deeply pondered my startling experience for I could not place it into any historical context and it seemed so alien to what I then knew. I eventually assumed that it must have been an experience of a past life on another planet. A few days later I had an opportunity to discuss my experience with my inner teacher HA and suggested to him that this must represent some life on another world. His only comment to me was simply "Are you sure it was another planet?" This left me even more puzzled and eventually I came to the conclusion that it must have been a glimpse of life in the distant future. Several years after this experience, in the autumn of 1991 I had the opportunity to go to Sedona in America, which is located in the State of Arizona. Sedona is famous for its amazing geological rock formations and also for being the centre of a 'new age' culture that rivals that of Glastonbury in the UK. The energy of Sedona is very strange. Some people suggest that the high iron content of the rocks, which makes them very magnetic, causes its distinctive vibrational quality. But to me there was something else, something intangible yet also so very familiar. For the ten days of my trip I struggled with trying to understand the source of this energetic resonance that I was experiencing so tangibly through every level of my being. I knew that this energy was more ancient than anything relating to the Native American peoples, although their influences were distinctly around, something much, much older infused this area with its subtle messages. On the last day I happened to have a conversation about this mystery with one of the tour guides in the area and she mentioned that she had been speaking that very day with someone who mentioned that there were 'cities of gold' over lighting Sedona. As soon as she made this statement it was as though a bright light went on in my head and I suddenly realized what I had been missing. At that point my mind went into overdrive and I had a whole series of amazing insights, which lasted over several days. In the ensuing weeks I had more revelations as I put the different pieces of picture together. Cities of Gold The 'cities of gold' were in effect etheric cities. In other words these cities existed on a level that was not fully physical but on a slightly higher vibrational frequency. This level of experience has already been mentioned in the previous chapter. I knew immediately that the humanoid beings that created these cities were etheric people and that I had been one of them for the memories of my previous experience came flooding back to me. What I had remembered was, in effect, etheric incarnation, not a physical one, which was why it was so easy to pass through rocks by the power of the mind alone. I now believe that there are many people in incarnation today who hold this same soul memory if they but care to access it. I also knew why we were here, what had led us from that finer state into dense physicality with all of its pains and traumas. The descent into matter was not undertaken lightly and in that revelation I realised that these events have enormous implications for humanity today. These cities are sometimes called 'crystal cities' because of the link to crystalline earth structure. I was immediately aware that the name of this etheric race was the Elohim, the creator gods of human beings. I was sure that in my reading I had come across the name before, but I then needed to recheck these sources and to seek out more information, which I did by reading the Bible and several other books such as Blavatsky's Isis Unveiled. In Genesis 6: we find the quote: "And it came to pass, when men began to multiply upon the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, The "the sons of God (Elohim) saw daughters of men that they were fair; and they took unto them wives of all which they chose.... There were giant in the earth in those days; and also that when the sons of God (Elohim) came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children of them, the same became mighty men of old, men of renown." We also find reference a few verses early in the same book to Seth, Methuselah and others living to ages of eight or nine hundred years. This is surely a hint to the length of lifespan of an 'etheric' being. In Isis Unveiled Blavatsky states: "Tradition says, and the records of the Great Book explain, that long before the days of Ad-am and his inquisitive wife, He-va, where now are found but salt lakes and desolate barren deserts, there was a vast inland sea, which extended over Middle Asia, north of the proud Himalayan range, and its western prolongation. An island, which for its unparallel beauty had no rival in the world was inhabited by the last remnants of the race that preceded ours. This race could live with equal ease in water, air, or fire for it had unlimited control over the elements. These were the "Sons of God;" not those that saw the daughters of men, but the real Elohim, though in the Oriental Kabala they had another name." These cast new light on the role of these beings on the Earth and I realised that others too had been aware of their influence, in the distant past, in the development of the human race. When the first revelations came flooding in I knew with an intuitive inner certainty that this race that had been responsible for the creation of our present human species through genetic manipulation and in that process something had gone wrong. Some deep flaw, or imbalance had been woven into the matrix of humanity - an original sin as the Bible so graphically puts it. Even when we experience the power of these altered states of consciousness and the knowingness of their veracity it is always helpful to have backing from others who independently have experienced something similar. It is also wonderful when science catches up and provides corroboration of such happenings. Science does not yet understand why we should have those additional genes and perhaps never will unless it can begin to take on board some of these other dimensional concepts. In more recent times Sumerian scholar Zecharia Sitchin, through his studies of their myths has thrown more light on the stories of these beings, although I do not agree with him in suggesting that the race, responsible for creating human beings through a mutation process, were physical like you and I. All of my experience and subsequent inner communications now tells me that they were an etheric race. So who are the Elohim, where did they come from and most important of all why did they interfere in the evolution of humanity? In all aspects of inner development the ability of our minds to record accurately what is being received is still in its infancy. Even if we are in connection with that supreme source we call God, which is infallible, human brains and consciousness quiet definitely are not. Therefore all discoveries or pronouncements in these fields need to be treated with a degree of caution. It is only when significant numbers of people independently arrive at the same conclusions that we should begin to give greater credence to what is being proffered. What is presented below is based on the guidance that has come through to me. Whether it is true in an absolute sense is another matter. The Story of the Elohim - Star Beings The Elohimic race evolved on a planet that circled a far distant sun, which we see in the sky as the star Aldebaran. In astrology this is one the archangel stars being associated with the archangel Michael. It forms the bright red 'eye' of the bull of Taurus and if you look into the night sky and locate the constellation of Orion you will clearly see Aldebaran a little to the right of the right upper arm near the group of stars called the Pleiades. Aldebaran is an orange giant star, which shows its vast age. All stars eventually reach a point where their atomic reactions change and they start to expand growing to an enormous size and swallowing the planets that are part of their retinue. This will one day happen to our own Sun although not, according to scientific calculations, for several billion years. The Elohim lived their lives on an etheric plane which in many ways would have similarities to our own for different energies could be brought together to create homes and buildings. The interaction between the physical and etheric planes is very interesting. Some people might have seen the film Ghost, where Patrick Swazi tries to discover his murderer whilst in an 'out-of-body' state. This is a fairly accurate portrayal of the relationship between these two planes. The Elohim worked with crystal energies from different stones and some have perceived their 'cities' as crystal complexes not unlike those depicted in the Superman movies. Indeed his stories are also a sort of memory of the skills available to the Elohim. Perhaps the blue and red tights are a little far fetched for that is not my recollection, but the ability to fly, to see through matter with laser eyes, to connect to distant worlds were all a part of their abilities. Their reproduction methods were slightly different from somatic evolution but in principle they too would go through a series of lives in the same way that we do here on Earth. They were a scientifically advanced race working with many different forms of energy and having the abilities for space travel. Because their energy frequencies were on a less dense level to the physical world that we inhabit they were not so restricted by the laws of physics that govern our realm. However they were a form of human being experiencing similar mental and emotional responses as we do. A point came when the expansion of Aldebaran, their sun, caused their planet to begin to break up and they had no option but to flee, in a very similar way again to the Superman stories. Although in this case much greater numbers traveled through space, in special craft, eventually arriving on the Earth somewhere around two hundred thousand years ago. This was the planet that their guidance had stated was to be their new home. They soon began the process of exploring this new world on many levels, and establishing their centres of civilization. All would have been well but for one significant problem. If you are born and grow up in a particular region of the planet, something of the vibrational matrix of that area will become a fundamental part of your being. If you then subsequently move, in later life, to a new country with a different range of vibrational frequencies you will need to make an inner adjustment to these new energies. This is why people often find it so hard to settle down in another country. It has nothing to do with coming to terms with another culture but because the energies from the Earth are not the same in different localities. Indeed science has shown how variations in our genetic make up are more determined by region than by race. As you might well imagine moving to a different country are as nothing compared to moving to another planet. This is a problem that people will have to tackle in the future when space travel becomes more common. Whilst in many ways the Earth provided an ideal new home for our space travellers it still had a vibrational frequency that was at odds with their inner natures. Initial adjustments were made but eventually a point was reached when the re-productive mechanisms of this race were starting to be affected causing a form of sterility. It is a general principle in the universe that no race should deliberately try to alter or modify another. This is why many people feel a sense of un-ease at recent scientific developments into genetic engineering. Whilst scientific advancement is necessary we are also treading a very thin line, which could unleash a karmic backlash if we are not very careful. The need for respect for other life forms is paramount. The Elohim were aware of the human species on this planet but they were faced with a stark choice, they either had to find a way of incarnating down fully into the physical world or accept their doom. The decisions were not taking lightly or over-night but a point came when a group of their scientists took the step of genetically manipulating a small group of hominids to create a new super race that led to the development of homo-sapiens sapiens. A step that finally occurred when they started to incarnate fully into physical matter through Cro-Magnon man. The metaphysical author Murry Hope in her book The Paschats and the Crystal People describes similar events although she claims that these beings 'the crystal people' came from a planet that encircled Sirius. In all other respects her channelled information very closely resembles my own. She states in a communication from a being called Kaini: "We are reminded by our Paschat friends that they have committed us to clearing up certain points regarding your own origins. The first of these concerns the study of genetics and how we introduced one of our genes into Earth hominids. We must confess to being rather amused at your concepts of genetic engineering involving surgical procedures taking place in laboratories! How very unsubtle! We do assure you that by the time your planet was ready to receive the quantum leap that involved the 'crystal' gene, we had long since left our physical world behind us and were functioning in subtle dimensions of a kind many of you may not even have dreamt of." Creation of Human Beings The Elohim or 'the crystal people' had provided physical vehicles into which they could incarnate and although they had tried to be meticulously careful in this process there were some problems that they were not able to avoid. Firstly, in order to affect this transfer they had to find a way of creating an energetic bridge between the frequencies of the hominid species and their own finer energies. A simple analogy would be to imagine the physical bodies of the hominids vibrating at a 'C' note in the octave whilst our Elohimic race resonated to 'D'. To build a bridge they needed to step down their frequencies and to step up those of the hominids on whom they were working, to effectively create vehicles vibrating at 'C #'. The consequence of this action was to bring human somatic resonance slightly out of tune with that of the Earth and we have suffered from this ever since. If human beings were truly in tune with the Earth we would never inflict destruction in the way that we do. There is no such thing as perfect balance at physical level but powerful imbalances, particularly when allowed to continue unchecked, will likely have destructive effects. The second problem that confronted that Elohimic race was the pain of stepping into bodies that disconnected them from the higher levels of awareness to which they naturally related. There is a deep longing within many fully conscious human beings that they are not in their natural state, that 'home' somehow lies elsewhere. There has been a need to try to bring the physical body under the control of the Self and over time many different systems have been established, such as Hatha Yoga. On occasions, through different traditions, this has led to powerful feelings that the body is somehow evil or locks us into a state that is ante-god; that the flesh has to be mortified in some way for us to be redeemed. Then there is the whole question of sexuality and the balance between the masculine and feminine elements of the self. As mentioned, the Elohimic race did not enjoy sexual relationships in the same way we experience them today. Because their bodies were structured differently, they were not so driven by the physical drives that our genes so powerfully generate within us to procreate. Getting to grips with these physical instincts was not easy and the consequence has been that at a very deep level within our psyches is a feeling that sex is an impediment to spiritual growth, that we need to be celibate in order to be truly spiritual. This has also come out in the balance or battle of the sexes, between the masculine and feminine elements of our nature. Finally there is the fear of annihilation, for not only did the Elohim see their home planet destroyed but also knew that the flame of their race might also be extinguished. The fear of death has been a very powerful dynamic that has stalked human awareness for so very many years. Different cultures have confronted this problem in different ways, but at a very deep level the need to wage war to face this fear, has fuelled many of the belligerent tendencies that we carry deep within our genetic make-up. The five soul wounds held within humanity, which stem from our spiritual ancestors, this Elohimic race, can be summarized as: We have all experienced these wounds at different times either in this life are previous lives. These were the wounds that Christ came to assuage, for he too experienced all of them during his lifetime in Palestine. We stand, now at a moment in our history where we can move beyond these patterns, these karmic influences into a new state of beingness. Many different forces are being brought to bear on this planet to help in this redemption process. The exercise given in the very first chapter will help you find a new level of resonant connection with the Earth. This is vital if we are to progress in harmony on and with the planet. We need to let go the past and embrace a new future, which reveals in the wonders of the physical body without denying our spiritual origins. Death is a transition from one state to another and will never be the final annihilation which some believe. We also need to appreciate the balance of male and female in their complementary roles in world. We will only ever do this if we can see this balance manifesting in our mythological perceptions. God is neither masculine nor feminine but both. There is a complete harmonious integration of these two divine states within the Divinity and this matrix manifests down through all of the planes of creation. It is something to which we collectively need to aspire. The skills that were available to the Elohimic race in science and technology are becoming available once more to humanity. But these skills need to be tempered by a spiritual over-view that acknowledges the uniqueness of every species upon this planet. The End of the Elohim Since my first discovery about this race I have sought evidence for their continued existence in the different countries that I have visited. When I first had this revelation I travelled from Sedona to Atlanta to visit a friend. During my stay we went to visit some Indian mounds to the north of the city and whilst there I had a strong feeling that the Elohim had also come to this area. My guidance said that there was some special place, just to the east of the city that had been their home. When I asked my friend what was so special about the area east of Atlanta she told me of a sacred place called Stone Mountain where UFO's are sometimes spotted. This is a very large dome shaped granite outcrop that rises nearly a thousand feet above ground level set in a beautiful surrounding area that has now been turned into a regional park. In visiting this magic place I did indeed sense the Elohimic connection but the mountain was abandoned, its inner chambers no longer held the peoples of this divine race. And so it has been in all of the other places that I have visited where I have sensed this Elohimic connection, such as the west bank hills opposite Luxor in Egypt wherein can be found the Valley of the Kings. It was surely no accident that these monarchs wanted to be buried in the sacred hills of this Elder race. I am certain now that the Elohim have either fully incarnated down onto the physical plane and are amongst us as ordinary people or have moved on in their evolutionary journey so that they no longer need physical or semi-physical incarnations. Your Star Connections You too may feel a connection with the stars, a sense that perhaps this is not really your home; many people do. So are you part of this Elohimic race or do you come from a planet around another star? The Native American Indian people of North America believe that their ancestors, the creators of their race came from the Pleiades. The Hopi call these beings the Kachinas, who once mingled with ordinary people but now only live in their sacred mountains. As has been already stated the star group we know as the Pleiades does lie in the same part of the sky as Aldebaran. They comprise a cluster of seven stars which appear to be very close together. This is an optical illusion for the distance across the group, which in fact contains over 300 principle members is about fifty light years across and lies about four hundred light years from Earth. Some of these stars may contain planets, which house life similar to our own. Certainly there has been a range of channelled teachings coming through in recent years claiming to be from a Pleiadian source. Another star that has attracted attention, particularly in Ancient Egyptian times, because of its brightness, is Sirius. Murry Hope in her book The Lion People talks about a leonine race known as the Paschats which travelled to the Earth in a distant epoch from Sirius who together with the 'crystal' people built a civilisation on the Earth. As already mentioned her descriptions of these 'crystal' people are very similar to my memories of the Elohim our main divergence being the star from which they originated. I am sure that spirits have travelled from other stars that we can see in the sky and perhaps you are one of them. The only way we can be sure of a direct stellar link is from clear inner memories but there are methods that give hints to which stars we have a special connection. Click here to find out how. © 2017 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. ॐ Namasté - Blessings! © 2008-2020 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. Articles: The Founders Articles: Cosmic Neighbours Articles: The Lacerta Files Articles: Galactic History We have 1297 guests and no members online	<urn:uuid:c5727d41-12c4-4541-b21e-86239a2b9e0e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.crystalwind.ca/eureka-amazing/cosmic-stargate-portal/galactic-history/star-beings-and-the-story-of-the-elohim	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00243.warc.gz	en	0.980548	5,584	3.40625	3	[ -0.2509101629257202, 0.3244664669036865, 0.28605541586875916, -0.10366535931825638, 0.13935115933418274, 0.08606916666030884, -0.1232258528470993, 0.3490491807460785, 0.14527538418769836, 0.12480159103870392, 0.3047296702861786, -0.5191506147384644, 0.03807879984378815, -0.0020249136723577...	1	Category: Galactic History Views: 9053 The Story and Background of the Elohim Most people are aware of the Darwinian concept of evolution, which suggests that we are descended from a common ancestor with the great apes. Tracking human evolution has been a painstaking archaeological task but it is now thought that our earliest ancestors lived around 4 million years ago. There are many pieces of the jigsaw missing, with different hominid species arriving and disappearing but something significant happened around 150,000 years ago, which produced a new breed of human beings called 'homo sapiens', our direct ancestors. Running alongside the archaeological evidence is a very new branch of investigation based upon DNA, for our DNA holds the blueprint of the evolution of humanity. In a recent book called The Seven Daughters of Eve (pub. Bantam Press 2001), Professor Bryan Sykes has shown that the whole of the European population is descended from seven women who lived between twelve to thirty thousand years ago. If you are of European extraction you can send a sample of your DNA to a laboratory in Oxford, UK they will tell who is your clan mother. This study is based upon mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA, which holds one of the keys to unlocking our past history, for the pattern of human evolution is written in our genes. Recent findings have shown that the whole of the human population is descended from a tiny gene pool, perhaps just one original Eve, who lived in South Africa a little over a hundred thousand years ago. What makes us so extraordinary is that all other hominids alive at the time, like Neanderthal man, either died out or were wiped out in the ensuing years. Linked to this genetic research is another branch, in the same field, that has been unlocking the secrets of the human genome and this too has produced some astonishing results. Contrary to original expectations it seems that we have far fewer genes than was first conceived. At the time of writing this sequencing is still being carried out and the most recent estimates suggest that we probably have as little as forty-five thousand. Not the hundred thousand genes that some authorities believed were necessary to explain the huge differences between our selves and other creatures. Indeed there appears be less than 1% difference in our gene structure to that of our nearest simian relative, the Chimpanzee, which amounts to perhaps as little as four hundred genes. Even the humble fruit-fly has half our number of genes so what makes us so special? When looking at gene development across all species it is clear that there is a progression up the evolutionary ladder with genes being added to more complex organisms from those found in other species. It is rather like taking a series of common bricks of different colours and putting them together in patterns to make up all of the species on this planet. All species that is until we come to human beings, for suddenly we find a completely new set of genes not so far found elsewhere. Of the four hundred gene difference between the apes and us, over half of them appear to be unique to our species and do not have any predecessors in the evolutionary tree. Or rather not quite all, for around half of them are found in another organism - bacteria - although in most cases these are bacteria found only in human beings. The question that puzzled scientists, when this discovery was published, was did we get the genes from the bacteria or did the bacteria get the genes from us? Further research has appeared to rule out our receiving the genes from bacteria, so there may be as yet undiscovered common ancestor. But this does not account for all of our unique genes, so where did the others come from? Mythology and the story of creation in the Bible may provide some clues. Inner Psychic Experience In the early 1980's I had a very strange inner experience. I was carrying our some healing work with a friend when I slipped into an altered state of consciousness. I was aware of both of us in another life that was totally different from anything I had ever experienced before. Those who have experienced such slips into altered states will know the power of these experiences. It is not something that one just imagines, it is really lived, as though present time reality simple disappears and you 'are' in another time and another place. In this experience we were both dressed in long flowing robes and wearing a type of hat not unlike that depicted on the bust of the famous Egyptian queen Nefertiti. The space in which we stood was a sort of room that I sensed lay deep within a mountain. It was lit by a radiant light that subtly blended all of the colours of the rainbow but without any obvious source. There were many crystals around radiating different luminescent colours, which I knew we were activating for healing purposes through the concentrated thought power of our minds. Communication was telepathic and I also knew that every aspect of our world was controlled by our minds. The physical world was no barrier, for as we came to leave, we simple 'thought' ourselves through solid rock as we passed out of the mountain into the open air at which point the experience started to fade and I slowly came back to normal reality. I deeply pondered my startling experience for I could not place it into any historical context and it seemed so alien to what I then knew. I eventually assumed that it must have been an experience of a past life on another planet. A few days later I had an opportunity to discuss my experience with my inner teacher HA and suggested to him that this must represent some life on another world. His only comment to me was simply "Are you sure it was another planet?" This left me even more puzzled and eventually I came to the conclusion that it must have been a glimpse of life in the distant future. Several years after this experience, in the autumn of 1991 I had the opportunity to go to Sedona in America, which is located in the State of Arizona. Sedona is famous for its amazing geological rock formations and also for being the centre of a 'new age' culture that rivals that of Glastonbury in the UK. The energy of Sedona is very strange. Some people suggest that the high iron content of the rocks, which makes them very magnetic, causes its distinctive vibrational quality. But to me there was something else, something intangible yet also so very familiar. For the ten days of my trip I struggled with trying to understand the source of this energetic resonance that I was experiencing so tangibly through every level of my being. I knew that this energy was more ancient than anything relating to the Native American peoples, although their influences were distinctly around, something much, much older infused this area with its subtle messages. On the last day I happened to have a conversation about this mystery with one of the tour guides in the area and she mentioned that she had been speaking that very day with someone who mentioned that there were 'cities of gold' over lighting Sedona. As soon as she made this statement it was as though a bright light went on in my head and I suddenly realized what I had been missing. At that point my mind went into overdrive and I had a whole series of amazing insights, which lasted over several days. In the ensuing weeks I had more revelations as I put the different pieces of picture together. Cities of Gold The 'cities of gold' were in effect etheric cities. In other words these cities existed on a level that was not fully physical but on a slightly higher vibrational frequency. This level of experience has already been mentioned in the previous chapter. I knew immediately that the humanoid beings that created these cities were etheric people and that I had been one of them for the memories of my previous experience came flooding back to me. What I had remembered was, in effect, etheric incarnation, not a physical one, which was why it was so easy to pass through rocks by the power of the mind alone. I now believe that there are many people in incarnation today who hold this same soul memory if they but care to access it. I also knew why we were here, what had led us from that finer state into dense physicality with all of its pains and traumas. The descent into matter was not undertaken lightly and in that revelation I realised that these events have enormous implications for humanity today. These cities are sometimes called 'crystal cities' because of the link to crystalline earth structure. I was immediately aware that the name of this etheric race was the Elohim, the creator gods of human beings. I was sure that in my reading I had come across the name before, but I then needed to recheck these sources and to seek out more information, which I did by reading the Bible and several other books such as Blavatsky's Isis Unveiled. In Genesis 6: we find the quote: "And it came to pass, when men began to multiply upon the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, The "the sons of God (Elohim) saw daughters of men that they were fair; and they took unto them wives of all which they chose.... There were giant in the earth in those days; and also that when the sons of God (Elohim) came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children of them, the same became mighty men of old, men of renown." We also find reference a few verses early in the same book to Seth, Methuselah and others living to ages of eight or nine hundred years. This is surely a hint to the length of lifespan of an 'etheric' being. In Isis Unveiled Blavatsky states: "Tradition says, and the records of the Great Book explain, that long before the days of Ad-am and his inquisitive wife, He-va, where now are found but salt lakes and desolate barren deserts, there was a vast inland sea, which extended over Middle Asia, north of the proud Himalayan range, and its western prolongation. An island, which for its unparallel beauty had no rival in the world was inhabited by the last remnants of the race that preceded ours. This race could live with equal ease in water, air, or fire for it had unlimited control over the elements. These were the "Sons of God;" not those that saw the daughters of men, but the real Elohim, though in the Oriental Kabala they had another name." These cast new light on the role of these beings on the Earth and I realised that others too had been aware of their influence, in the distant past, in the development of the human race. When the first revelations came flooding in I knew with an intuitive inner certainty that this race that had been responsible for the creation of our present human species through genetic manipulation and in that process something had gone wrong. Some deep flaw, or imbalance had been woven into the matrix of humanity - an original sin as the Bible so graphically puts it. Even when we experience the power of these altered states of consciousness and the knowingness of their veracity it is always helpful to have backing from others who independently have experienced something similar. It is also wonderful when science catches up and provides corroboration of such happenings. Science does not yet understand why we should have those additional genes and perhaps never will unless it can begin to take on board some of these other dimensional concepts. In more recent times Sumerian scholar Zecharia Sitchin, through his studies of their myths has thrown more light on the stories of these beings, although I do not agree with him in suggesting that the race, responsible for creating human beings through a mutation process, were physical like you and I. All of my experience and subsequent inner communications now tells me that they were an etheric race. So who are the Elohim, where did they come from and most important of all why did they interfere in the evolution of humanity? In all aspects of inner development the ability of our minds to record accurately what is being received is still in its infancy. Even if we are in connection with that supreme source we call God, which is infallible, human brains and consciousness quiet definitely are not. Therefore all discoveries or pronouncements in these fields need to be treated with a degree of caution. It is only when significant numbers of people independently arrive at the same conclusions that we should begin to give greater credence to what is being proffered. What is presented below is based on the guidance that has come through to me. Whether it is true in an absolute sense is another matter. The Story of the Elohim - Star Beings The Elohimic race evolved on a planet that circled a far distant sun, which we see in the sky as the star Aldebaran. In astrology this is one the archangel stars being associated with the archangel Michael. It forms the bright red 'eye' of the bull of Taurus and if you look into the night sky and locate the constellation of Orion you will clearly see Aldebaran a little to the right of the right upper arm near the group of stars called the Pleiades. Aldebaran is an orange giant star, which shows its vast age. All stars eventually reach a point where their atomic reactions change and they start to expand growing to an enormous size and swallowing the planets that are part of their retinue. This will one day happen to our own Sun although not, according to scientific calculations, for several billion years. The Elohim lived their lives on an etheric plane which in many ways would have similarities to our own for different energies could be brought together to create homes and buildings. The interaction between the physical and etheric planes is very interesting. Some people might have seen the film Ghost, where Patrick Swazi tries to discover his murderer whilst in an 'out-of-body' state. This is a fairly accurate portrayal of the relationship between these two planes. The Elohim worked with crystal energies from different stones and some have perceived their 'cities' as crystal complexes not unlike those depicted in the Superman movies. Indeed his stories are also a sort of memory of the skills available to the Elohim. Perhaps the blue and red tights are a little far fetched for that is not my recollection, but the ability to fly, to see through matter with laser eyes, to connect to distant worlds were all a part of their abilities. Their reproduction methods were slightly different from somatic evolution but in principle they too would go through a series of lives in the same way that we do here on Earth. They were a scientifically advanced race working with many different forms of energy and having the abilities for space travel. Because their energy frequencies were on a less dense level to the physical world that we inhabit they were not so restricted by the laws of physics that govern our realm. However they were a form of human being experiencing similar mental and emotional responses as we do. A point came when the expansion of Aldebaran, their sun, caused their planet to begin to break up and they had no option but to flee, in a very similar way again to the Superman stories. Although in this case much greater numbers traveled through space, in special craft, eventually arriving on the Earth somewhere around two hundred thousand years ago. This was the planet that their guidance had stated was to be their new home. They soon began the process of exploring this new world on many levels, and establishing their centres of civilization. All would have been well but for one significant problem. If you are born and grow up in a particular region of the planet, something of the vibrational matrix of that area will become a fundamental part of your being. If you then subsequently move, in later life, to a new country with a different range of vibrational frequencies you will need to make an inner adjustment to these new energies. This is why people often find it so hard to settle down in another country. It has nothing to do with coming to terms with another culture but because the energies from the Earth are not the same in different localities. Indeed science has shown how variations in our genetic make up are more determined by region than by race. As you might well imagine moving to a different country are as nothing compared to moving to another planet. This is a problem that people will have to tackle in the future when space travel becomes more common. Whilst in many ways the Earth provided an ideal new home for our space travellers it still had a vibrational frequency that was at odds with their inner natures. Initial adjustments were made but eventually a point was reached when the re-productive mechanisms of this race were starting to be affected causing a form of sterility. It is a general principle in the universe that no race should deliberately try to alter or modify another. This is why many people feel a sense of un-ease at recent scientific developments into genetic engineering. Whilst scientific advancement is necessary we are also treading a very thin line, which could unleash a karmic backlash if we are not very careful. The need for respect for other life forms is paramount. The Elohim were aware of the human species on this planet but they were faced with a stark choice, they either had to find a way of incarnating down fully into the physical world or accept their doom. The decisions were not taking lightly or over-night but a point came when a group of their scientists took the step of genetically manipulating a small group of hominids to create a new super race that led to the development of homo-sapiens sapiens. A step that finally occurred when they started to incarnate fully into physical matter through Cro-Magnon man. The metaphysical author Murry Hope in her book The Paschats and the Crystal People describes similar events although she claims that these beings 'the crystal people' came from a planet that encircled Sirius. In all other respects her channelled information very closely resembles my own. She states in a communication from a being called Kaini: "We are reminded by our Paschat friends that they have committed us to clearing up certain points regarding your own origins. The first of these concerns the study of genetics and how we introduced one of our genes into Earth hominids. We must confess to being rather amused at your concepts of genetic engineering involving surgical procedures taking place in laboratories! How very unsubtle! We do assure you that by the time your planet was ready to receive the quantum leap that involved the 'crystal' gene, we had long since left our physical world behind us and were functioning in subtle dimensions of a kind many of you may not even have dreamt of." Creation of Human Beings The Elohim or 'the crystal people' had provided physical vehicles into which they could incarnate and although they had tried to be meticulously careful in this process there were some problems that they were not able to avoid. Firstly, in order to affect this transfer they had to find a way of creating an energetic bridge between the frequencies of the hominid species and their own finer energies. A simple analogy would be to imagine the physical bodies of the hominids vibrating at a 'C' note in the octave whilst our Elohimic race resonated to 'D'. To build a bridge they needed to step down their frequencies and to step up those of the hominids on whom they were working, to effectively create vehicles vibrating at 'C #'. The consequence of this action was to bring human somatic resonance slightly out of tune with that of the Earth and we have suffered from this ever since. If human beings were truly in tune with the Earth we would never inflict destruction in the way that we do. There is no such thing as perfect balance at physical level but powerful imbalances, particularly when allowed to continue unchecked, will likely have destructive effects. The second problem that confronted that Elohimic race was the pain of stepping into bodies that disconnected them from the higher levels of awareness to which they naturally related. There is a deep longing within many fully conscious human beings that they are not in their natural state, that 'home' somehow lies elsewhere. There has been a need to try to bring the physical body under the control of the Self and over time many different systems have been established, such as Hatha Yoga. On occasions, through different traditions, this has led to powerful feelings that the body is somehow evil or locks us into a state that is ante-god; that the flesh has to be mortified in some way for us to be redeemed. Then there is the whole question of sexuality and the balance between the masculine and feminine elements of the self. As mentioned, the Elohimic race did not enjoy sexual relationships in the same way we experience them today. Because their bodies were structured differently, they were not so driven by the physical drives that our genes so powerfully generate within us to procreate. Getting to grips with these physical instincts was not easy and the consequence has been that at a very deep level within our psyches is a feeling that sex is an impediment to spiritual growth, that we need to be celibate in order to be truly spiritual. This has also come out in the balance or battle of the sexes, between the masculine and feminine elements of our nature. Finally there is the fear of annihilation, for not only did the Elohim see their home planet destroyed but also knew that the flame of their race might also be extinguished. The fear of death has been a very powerful dynamic that has stalked human awareness for so very many years. Different cultures have confronted this problem in different ways, but at a very deep level the need to wage war to face this fear, has fuelled many of the belligerent tendencies that we carry deep within our genetic make-up. The five soul wounds held within humanity, which stem from our spiritual ancestors, this Elohimic race, can be summarized as: We have all experienced these wounds at different times either in this life are previous lives. These were the wounds that Christ came to assuage, for he too experienced all of them during his lifetime in Palestine. We stand, now at a moment in our history where we can move beyond these patterns, these karmic influences into a new state of beingness. Many different forces are being brought to bear on this planet to help in this redemption process. The exercise given in the very first chapter will help you find a new level of resonant connection with the Earth. This is vital if we are to progress in harmony on and with the planet. We need to let go the past and embrace a new future, which reveals in the wonders of the physical body without denying our spiritual origins. Death is a transition from one state to another and will never be the final annihilation which some believe. We also need to appreciate the balance of male and female in their complementary roles in world. We will only ever do this if we can see this balance manifesting in our mythological perceptions. God is neither masculine nor feminine but both. There is a complete harmonious integration of these two divine states within the Divinity and this matrix manifests down through all of the planes of creation. It is something to which we collectively need to aspire. The skills that were available to the Elohimic race in science and technology are becoming available once more to humanity. But these skills need to be tempered by a spiritual over-view that acknowledges the uniqueness of every species upon this planet. The End of the Elohim Since my first discovery about this race I have sought evidence for their continued existence in the different countries that I have visited. When I first had this revelation I travelled from Sedona to Atlanta to visit a friend. During my stay we went to visit some Indian mounds to the north of the city and whilst there I had a strong feeling that the Elohim had also come to this area. My guidance said that there was some special place, just to the east of the city that had been their home. When I asked my friend what was so special about the area east of Atlanta she told me of a sacred place called Stone Mountain where UFO's are sometimes spotted. This is a very large dome shaped granite outcrop that rises nearly a thousand feet above ground level set in a beautiful surrounding area that has now been turned into a regional park. In visiting this magic place I did indeed sense the Elohimic connection but the mountain was abandoned, its inner chambers no longer held the peoples of this divine race. And so it has been in all of the other places that I have visited where I have sensed this Elohimic connection, such as the west bank hills opposite Luxor in Egypt wherein can be found the Valley of the Kings. It was surely no accident that these monarchs wanted to be buried in the sacred hills of this Elder race. I am certain now that the Elohim have either fully incarnated down onto the physical plane and are amongst us as ordinary people or have moved on in their evolutionary journey so that they no longer need physical or semi-physical incarnations. Your Star Connections You too may feel a connection with the stars, a sense that perhaps this is not really your home; many people do. So are you part of this Elohimic race or do you come from a planet around another star? The Native American Indian people of North America believe that their ancestors, the creators of their race came from the Pleiades. The Hopi call these beings the Kachinas, who once mingled with ordinary people but now only live in their sacred mountains. As has been already stated the star group we know as the Pleiades does lie in the same part of the sky as Aldebaran. They comprise a cluster of seven stars which appear to be very close together. This is an optical illusion for the distance across the group, which in fact contains over 300 principle members is about fifty light years across and lies about four hundred light years from Earth. Some of these stars may contain planets, which house life similar to our own. Certainly there has been a range of channelled teachings coming through in recent years claiming to be from a Pleiadian source. Another star that has attracted attention, particularly in Ancient Egyptian times, because of its brightness, is Sirius. Murry Hope in her book The Lion People talks about a leonine race known as the Paschats which travelled to the Earth in a distant epoch from Sirius who together with the 'crystal' people built a civilisation on the Earth. As already mentioned her descriptions of these 'crystal' people are very similar to my memories of the Elohim our main divergence being the star from which they originated. I am sure that spirits have travelled from other stars that we can see in the sky and perhaps you are one of them. The only way we can be sure of a direct stellar link is from clear inner memories but there are methods that give hints to which stars we have a special connection. Click here to find out how. © 2017 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. ॐ Namasté - Blessings! © 2008-2020 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. Articles: The Founders Articles: Cosmic Neighbours Articles: The Lacerta Files Articles: Galactic History We have 1297 guests and no members online	5,544	ENGLISH	1
Biography of John Donne John Donne was an English poet and probably the greatest metaphysical poets of all time. He was born in 1572 to a Roman Catholic family in London. His father died when John was young leaving his mother Elisabeth to raise him and his siblings. Throughout Donne’s life his experiences with religion were full of trials and tribulations, something that can be clearly seen in his poetry over time. He remained Catholic early in life while he attended both Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Interestingly enough he never received a degree at either university because doing so would have required him to take the Oath of Supremacy, a doctrine that was the core of the Anglican religion recognizing the King as head of the church. Being Catholic, this would have gone completely against his beliefs. He went on to study law at Lincoln’s Inn during his twenties (Menon 1). Donne received a comfortable inheritance when his mother died. It is said that he spent most of it on “wine, women, and song.” It was assumed that he would begin a career in law, but instead partook in a two-year naval expedition against Spain in 1596. When he returned he received a job as the private secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, which was entitled, “Keeper of the Great Seal” (Ross 1). During this time period Donne wrote two of his major works, the Satires and the Songs and Sonnets. It was also during this time that he met Anne More, the sixteen-year-old niece to Sir Thomas Egerton. In 1601 they married, despite the disapproval of her family. Her father had Donne put in jail for a small amount of time for illegally wedding a minor, after he was released he lost his position with Sir Thomas Egerton. Thus the couple never received Anne’s dowry, which left them impoverished (Menon 1). Donne did his best to make a living by writing poetry, but such an occupation did not have much to offer financially. Donne once described his life with Anne as “John Donne, Anne Donne, undone,” which has often been thought to be a clever way to imply that even though they were very much in love, their love brought them many struggles throughout their lives together. When Donne was twenty-two he made the decision to convert to Anglican after his closest brother Henry died in prison where he was being held for harboring a priest. John and Anne began their family only furthering their financial troubles. At this point Anne’s father finally reconciled with John and Anne and paid his daughter’s dowry. This helped the financial situation significantly and Donne also worked as a lawyer and continued to write, penning the Divine Poems in 1607. During this time in his life Donne displayed a strong knowledge of the Anglican faith, and penned a few anti-Catholic poems, gaining him the respect of King James who encouraged him to become ordained. This position would drastically help his family’s financial status as his family had grown significantly. Done eventually accepted the position...	<urn:uuid:a5cf6cf4-ece4-4477-a44a-ae5db4907008>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/biography-of-john-donne	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00071.warc.gz	en	0.995101	647	3.453125	3	[ 0.047486938536167145, 0.536300778388977, 0.12534581124782562, -0.43932050466537476, -0.25195199251174927, 0.025203000754117966, 0.052825070917606354, -0.027468783780932426, 0.21101170778274536, -0.5622073411941528, -0.583638072013855, 0.01088939979672432, 0.4070514142513275, 0.267049759626...	1	Biography of John Donne John Donne was an English poet and probably the greatest metaphysical poets of all time. He was born in 1572 to a Roman Catholic family in London. His father died when John was young leaving his mother Elisabeth to raise him and his siblings. Throughout Donne’s life his experiences with religion were full of trials and tribulations, something that can be clearly seen in his poetry over time. He remained Catholic early in life while he attended both Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Interestingly enough he never received a degree at either university because doing so would have required him to take the Oath of Supremacy, a doctrine that was the core of the Anglican religion recognizing the King as head of the church. Being Catholic, this would have gone completely against his beliefs. He went on to study law at Lincoln’s Inn during his twenties (Menon 1). Donne received a comfortable inheritance when his mother died. It is said that he spent most of it on “wine, women, and song.” It was assumed that he would begin a career in law, but instead partook in a two-year naval expedition against Spain in 1596. When he returned he received a job as the private secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, which was entitled, “Keeper of the Great Seal” (Ross 1). During this time period Donne wrote two of his major works, the Satires and the Songs and Sonnets. It was also during this time that he met Anne More, the sixteen-year-old niece to Sir Thomas Egerton. In 1601 they married, despite the disapproval of her family. Her father had Donne put in jail for a small amount of time for illegally wedding a minor, after he was released he lost his position with Sir Thomas Egerton. Thus the couple never received Anne’s dowry, which left them impoverished (Menon 1). Donne did his best to make a living by writing poetry, but such an occupation did not have much to offer financially. Donne once described his life with Anne as “John Donne, Anne Donne, undone,” which has often been thought to be a clever way to imply that even though they were very much in love, their love brought them many struggles throughout their lives together. When Donne was twenty-two he made the decision to convert to Anglican after his closest brother Henry died in prison where he was being held for harboring a priest. John and Anne began their family only furthering their financial troubles. At this point Anne’s father finally reconciled with John and Anne and paid his daughter’s dowry. This helped the financial situation significantly and Donne also worked as a lawyer and continued to write, penning the Divine Poems in 1607. During this time in his life Donne displayed a strong knowledge of the Anglican faith, and penned a few anti-Catholic poems, gaining him the respect of King James who encouraged him to become ordained. This position would drastically help his family’s financial status as his family had grown significantly. Done eventually accepted the position...	624	ENGLISH	1
Brady, Age 4 Months, Learning With His Father Matt Watch to see how Brady delights in this twist on a game of peek-a-boo with his father. To Think About: How does Brady communicate what he is thinking about this game with his father? How does Matt vary the game to challenge Brady? What might Brady be learning during this playtime with his dad? What the Experts Say About This Interaction What Brady does: Shows dad he is eager to play by moving his arms and legs excitedly Smiles and makes sounds to communicate his enjoyment of this game Anticipates dad’s hiding him once again as he looks at Dad very intently, waiting for him to resume the game. What Matt does: Engages in a peek-a-boo game that teaches Brady about object permanence—the fact that things that disappear still exist. Games like this also help children with separation as they learn that those they love many disappear but always reappear. Reads Brady’s cues that he wants to keep playing. This lets Brady know his interests are important. Gauges how long Brady can tolerate being “hidden.” Keeps the game interesting by adjusting the amount of time he “hides” Brady. Think About How Your Child Is Learning These Skills How is your child developing thinking skills through her everyday interactions with you? Here are some questions to think about: How does your child like to explore the world around him? Does he prefer to use his fingers and hands to figure out how things work, or does he like to be on the move, using his large muscles (arms and legs) to explore? What kinds of activities does your child seek out and truly enjoy? Why do you think he prefers these activities? Think about a recent playtime with your child. What was he exploring? How did he go about his exploration? What do you think he was learning? Did you participate in his play? If so, how? What impact did you participation have? Read more about: Watch to see how Jonah uses language as well as non-verbal communication methods to understand and participate in this activity with his mother, Claudine. Watch a video of Jamie and his mother Amanda reading his favorite book together. Watch to see how Marcelo is now able to understand that a photo in a book is a symbol for something in the "real world." What do you see Mary Luz doing to encourage Marcelo to take the lead in this …	<urn:uuid:af46d60c-a243-4ca6-a669-6451fec79577>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/1296-brady-age-4-months-learning-with-his-father-matt	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00070.warc.gz	en	0.980585	534	3.453125	3	[ -0.06927775591611862, 0.2523020803928375, 0.06962433457374573, -0.7218360900878906, -0.2917780578136444, 0.1119682565331459, 0.7525171637535095, -0.2380179464817047, -0.010358123108744621, -0.022962041199207306, 0.23289746046066284, -0.07560990750789642, -0.011884724721312523, 0.5364179611...	1	Brady, Age 4 Months, Learning With His Father Matt Watch to see how Brady delights in this twist on a game of peek-a-boo with his father. To Think About: How does Brady communicate what he is thinking about this game with his father? How does Matt vary the game to challenge Brady? What might Brady be learning during this playtime with his dad? What the Experts Say About This Interaction What Brady does: Shows dad he is eager to play by moving his arms and legs excitedly Smiles and makes sounds to communicate his enjoyment of this game Anticipates dad’s hiding him once again as he looks at Dad very intently, waiting for him to resume the game. What Matt does: Engages in a peek-a-boo game that teaches Brady about object permanence—the fact that things that disappear still exist. Games like this also help children with separation as they learn that those they love many disappear but always reappear. Reads Brady’s cues that he wants to keep playing. This lets Brady know his interests are important. Gauges how long Brady can tolerate being “hidden.” Keeps the game interesting by adjusting the amount of time he “hides” Brady. Think About How Your Child Is Learning These Skills How is your child developing thinking skills through her everyday interactions with you? Here are some questions to think about: How does your child like to explore the world around him? Does he prefer to use his fingers and hands to figure out how things work, or does he like to be on the move, using his large muscles (arms and legs) to explore? What kinds of activities does your child seek out and truly enjoy? Why do you think he prefers these activities? Think about a recent playtime with your child. What was he exploring? How did he go about his exploration? What do you think he was learning? Did you participate in his play? If so, how? What impact did you participation have? Read more about: Watch to see how Jonah uses language as well as non-verbal communication methods to understand and participate in this activity with his mother, Claudine. Watch a video of Jamie and his mother Amanda reading his favorite book together. Watch to see how Marcelo is now able to understand that a photo in a book is a symbol for something in the "real world." What do you see Mary Luz doing to encourage Marcelo to take the lead in this …	494	ENGLISH	1
In order to answer the above question we must look at the social and economical problems that the ‘PG’ faced, then look at the other problems the ‘PG’ faced such as the issues with the war, then arising issues with land distribution, the national minorities and the divide between the liberals and socialists and their influences over these issues. The social issues with the land distribution caused havoc within the countryside. This problem could be seen as a great reason of why the ‘PG’ failed to last, as it failed to deal with the social problem faced. The peasants were outraged as they believed that the land belonged to them, and after the end of Tsarism they saw it as an opportunity to claim back the land although they wanted government approval to do this. However the liberals were not willing to give the land over to the peasants as it would anger the landowners who supported the liberal groups, they wanted land distribution to follow a framework set by the constituent and the landowners to be compensated. However the problem of this also links to the war, as if the government allowed a land free for all, soldiers on the defensive front may ‘hurry back’ to claim the land, which ultimately could lead to the loss of the war which Russia was not prepared to do. Due to the war there were food and good shortages within Russia and the ‘PG’ government did not deal with the situation. The collapsing of the economy continued, angering the peasants, prices of goods and foods arising and many factories forced to close down due to lack of raw materials meaning many jobs were lost further infuriating the workers; the ‘PG’ was unable to solve food shortages. As long as the war continued the situation could not be helped as the goods were given mostly to the army. Strikes were increasing within Petrograd as the workers needs were not being met, the workers longed for better working conditions and shorter working days, which could not be achieved due to the war. A key reason of why the ‘PG’ lasted such a short time is the divide in the policies of the main groups, the liberals and the socialist. They both had different thoughts thought’s on the war, the social reform of Russia, land distribution and how to deal with the demands of the national minorities. The issues arising of the war could be seen as a crucial reason of why the ‘PG’ failed, Milyukov the leader of the Kadets whom was also the war minister wanted to defend Russia but also make territorial gains if the allies (Britain and France) won, this caused a strain between the liberals and socialists, as the socialists only wanted a defensive war or international peace. Milyukov was forced to resign putting the ‘PG’ in a crisis. In May the ‘PG’ reformed when a new coalition government formed consisting of five social of leaders, one of which were the Mensheviks leader and the leader of the social revolutionaries, whom where to be held responsible if the war went badly. The issues with the war suggests a strong reason of why the ‘PG’ lasted such a short time, as there were a divide in within the people, some people were bound to be disappointed leading to a lack of support. Furthermore there was a split in the issue of the national minorities, the Poles and Finns wanted independence and the Ukraine’s further wanted their own self government, which the socialists within the government gave in to their…	<urn:uuid:4d248dac-9a96-4846-b14b-d086cb14b779>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Sociology-And-Strong-Reason-583730.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00242.warc.gz	en	0.985122	713	3.703125	4	[ -0.4318235516548157, 0.015887543559074402, 0.039072185754776, -0.19848394393920898, 0.25018832087516785, -0.08238263428211212, -0.3243141174316406, -0.00665983697399497, -0.2600037455558777, 0.17418977618217468, 0.259593665599823, -0.23392702639102936, 0.24678149819374084, 0.47973594069480...	1	In order to answer the above question we must look at the social and economical problems that the ‘PG’ faced, then look at the other problems the ‘PG’ faced such as the issues with the war, then arising issues with land distribution, the national minorities and the divide between the liberals and socialists and their influences over these issues. The social issues with the land distribution caused havoc within the countryside. This problem could be seen as a great reason of why the ‘PG’ failed to last, as it failed to deal with the social problem faced. The peasants were outraged as they believed that the land belonged to them, and after the end of Tsarism they saw it as an opportunity to claim back the land although they wanted government approval to do this. However the liberals were not willing to give the land over to the peasants as it would anger the landowners who supported the liberal groups, they wanted land distribution to follow a framework set by the constituent and the landowners to be compensated. However the problem of this also links to the war, as if the government allowed a land free for all, soldiers on the defensive front may ‘hurry back’ to claim the land, which ultimately could lead to the loss of the war which Russia was not prepared to do. Due to the war there were food and good shortages within Russia and the ‘PG’ government did not deal with the situation. The collapsing of the economy continued, angering the peasants, prices of goods and foods arising and many factories forced to close down due to lack of raw materials meaning many jobs were lost further infuriating the workers; the ‘PG’ was unable to solve food shortages. As long as the war continued the situation could not be helped as the goods were given mostly to the army. Strikes were increasing within Petrograd as the workers needs were not being met, the workers longed for better working conditions and shorter working days, which could not be achieved due to the war. A key reason of why the ‘PG’ lasted such a short time is the divide in the policies of the main groups, the liberals and the socialist. They both had different thoughts thought’s on the war, the social reform of Russia, land distribution and how to deal with the demands of the national minorities. The issues arising of the war could be seen as a crucial reason of why the ‘PG’ failed, Milyukov the leader of the Kadets whom was also the war minister wanted to defend Russia but also make territorial gains if the allies (Britain and France) won, this caused a strain between the liberals and socialists, as the socialists only wanted a defensive war or international peace. Milyukov was forced to resign putting the ‘PG’ in a crisis. In May the ‘PG’ reformed when a new coalition government formed consisting of five social of leaders, one of which were the Mensheviks leader and the leader of the social revolutionaries, whom where to be held responsible if the war went badly. The issues with the war suggests a strong reason of why the ‘PG’ lasted such a short time, as there were a divide in within the people, some people were bound to be disappointed leading to a lack of support. Furthermore there was a split in the issue of the national minorities, the Poles and Finns wanted independence and the Ukraine’s further wanted their own self government, which the socialists within the government gave in to their…	693	ENGLISH	1
The Provisional Government The Provisional Government came into being on March 14th 1917. Based in the capital, Petrograd, the Provisional Government was first led by Rodzyanko and was formed in response to the fear that the old tsarist government in Petrograd would call in frontline troops to put down the rebellion that had occurred in the city. When Grand Duke Michael refused to take on the crown after the abdication of Nicholas II, the Provisional Government became the de facto government in Russia. Government ministers had sworn an oath of loyalty to Nicholas. Now that the royal family was no longer in existence, these men had no authority. The Provisional Government was to last for 8 months. It was immediately recognised as the legitimate government of Russia by the Allies – not necessarily because they approved of the collapse of the Romanovs, but because they needed the Russians to keep open the Eastern Front so that the German Army was split and thus weakened. The Provisional Government kept Russia in the war – this was to be a huge error of judgement. Within Russia, the Provisional Government ‘inherited’ a dire situation. The Duma had always been a chamber for discussion but it had never been in a position to make policy and then carry it out. The old established props of the tsarist regime, such as the civil service, crumbled away. The Provisional Government had a few competent people in it but not many. Laws were passed that seem to promise a new era for Russia – universal suffrage was introduced, Poland was given its independence, all people were declared equal and all government officials had to be elected by the people. But none of these got to grips with the immediate problems that Russia was experiencing and the leaders of the Provisional Government argued amongst themselves as to the way ahead. This lack of unity led to Rodzyanko resigning. Prince Lvov replaced him. Lvov clashed with Kerensky over the issue of land being given to the peasants and he resigned in May. Kerensky became leader of the Provisional Government in July. By now, Lenin had returned to Petrograd. Though the Bolsheviks were not the biggest political party in Petrograd, they had a leader who had a very clear idea as to what was needed. Lenin called for land to be given to the peasants, an end to the war, complete power to the soviets and bread for the workers in the cities. Kerensky offered the people Russia’s continued participation in the war and no land deals for the peasants. In September, the Bolsheviks won a majority on the Petrograd Soviet. The rise in their power could only be at the expense of Kerensky’s power. In a last ditch effort to save his position and weaken that of Lenins, Kerensky issued a decree that called for an election to a constituent assembly, which would meet in January 1918. Lenin had no guarantee that the Bolsheviks would win this election. This pushed him into seizing power in November. - The Provisional Government The Provisional Government is the name given to the government that led Russia from March 1917 to November 1917. Throughout its existence,… - Alexander Kerensky led, for part of its short life, the Provisional Government. Kerensky belonged to the Socialist Revolutionaries, the Petrograd Soviet and was a member… - Vladimir Lenin Lenin's real name was Vladimir Illych Ulyanov. He changed it to Lenin while on the run from the secret police to avoid arrest.…	<urn:uuid:d634dbf8-3271-4595-b1f2-a1d744b17285>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/russia-1900-to-1939/the-provisional-government/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00167.warc.gz	en	0.98207	733	3.875	4	[ -0.41095882654190063, 0.18414777517318726, 0.23102836310863495, -0.021076790988445282, 0.07241171598434448, 0.06851266324520111, -0.10002986341714859, 0.2881007194519043, -0.15850979089736938, 0.5439764857292175, 0.04099704325199127, -0.11813588440418243, 0.08832220733165741, 0.50425100326...	1	The Provisional Government The Provisional Government came into being on March 14th 1917. Based in the capital, Petrograd, the Provisional Government was first led by Rodzyanko and was formed in response to the fear that the old tsarist government in Petrograd would call in frontline troops to put down the rebellion that had occurred in the city. When Grand Duke Michael refused to take on the crown after the abdication of Nicholas II, the Provisional Government became the de facto government in Russia. Government ministers had sworn an oath of loyalty to Nicholas. Now that the royal family was no longer in existence, these men had no authority. The Provisional Government was to last for 8 months. It was immediately recognised as the legitimate government of Russia by the Allies – not necessarily because they approved of the collapse of the Romanovs, but because they needed the Russians to keep open the Eastern Front so that the German Army was split and thus weakened. The Provisional Government kept Russia in the war – this was to be a huge error of judgement. Within Russia, the Provisional Government ‘inherited’ a dire situation. The Duma had always been a chamber for discussion but it had never been in a position to make policy and then carry it out. The old established props of the tsarist regime, such as the civil service, crumbled away. The Provisional Government had a few competent people in it but not many. Laws were passed that seem to promise a new era for Russia – universal suffrage was introduced, Poland was given its independence, all people were declared equal and all government officials had to be elected by the people. But none of these got to grips with the immediate problems that Russia was experiencing and the leaders of the Provisional Government argued amongst themselves as to the way ahead. This lack of unity led to Rodzyanko resigning. Prince Lvov replaced him. Lvov clashed with Kerensky over the issue of land being given to the peasants and he resigned in May. Kerensky became leader of the Provisional Government in July. By now, Lenin had returned to Petrograd. Though the Bolsheviks were not the biggest political party in Petrograd, they had a leader who had a very clear idea as to what was needed. Lenin called for land to be given to the peasants, an end to the war, complete power to the soviets and bread for the workers in the cities. Kerensky offered the people Russia’s continued participation in the war and no land deals for the peasants. In September, the Bolsheviks won a majority on the Petrograd Soviet. The rise in their power could only be at the expense of Kerensky’s power. In a last ditch effort to save his position and weaken that of Lenins, Kerensky issued a decree that called for an election to a constituent assembly, which would meet in January 1918. Lenin had no guarantee that the Bolsheviks would win this election. This pushed him into seizing power in November. - The Provisional Government The Provisional Government is the name given to the government that led Russia from March 1917 to November 1917. Throughout its existence,… - Alexander Kerensky led, for part of its short life, the Provisional Government. Kerensky belonged to the Socialist Revolutionaries, the Petrograd Soviet and was a member… - Vladimir Lenin Lenin's real name was Vladimir Illych Ulyanov. He changed it to Lenin while on the run from the secret police to avoid arrest.…	730	ENGLISH	1
The Roman army is the military of ancient Rome, the forces used by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire. Its infantry for much of its history, was the Roman legion. Rome also had a navy. The size of the army in the late Roman Empire was about 128,000 – 179,200 men. It was very well organized. The main Roman soldiers in the Empire were the legionaries. The legions were separated into centuries, made up of 80 soldiers and 20 other men who remained in the camp to cook and do other chores. Other soldiers in the army were called the auxilia. Auxilia were non-citizens who mainly came from the Roman provinces. They were paid less than legionaries and did not usually wear armor but at the end of their service, which was a minimum of 25 years, they were given Roman citizenship. Weapons and equipmentEdit The soldiers of the Roman army wore helmets and body protection. In the early to mid-Republican era, legionaries usually bought their own equipment. Hastati, the first line of soldiers, usually had breastplates, called a cuirass, and some wore lorica hamata, or chainmail. The richer principes, the second line of soldiers, could afford lorica hamata but they were sometimes seen wearing the cheaper cuirasses. Both hastati and principes were each armed with a gladius – a short, 60 centimeter (two foot) sword, and each had two pila – short spears. The third line of soldiers, the Triarii, had a hasta, a two meter long spear. They were also armed with the gladius and had an early form of the lorica segmenta or iron band armor. All legionaries had a large rectangular shield, the scutum, which had rounded corners. By the late Republican period, all legionaries carried a gladius, two pila, a new, larger scutum, and wore chainmail. Lorica segmentata was only commonly worn between the 2nd and 3rd century. From the Second Punic War onward, Roman armies had units of non-Italian mercenaries, such as Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and Balearic slingers. Roman armies had previously lacked these kinds of troops. The main thing a member of the Roman Army needed was athletic ability. Soldiers were expected to march about 36 km (24 miles) in five hours. They also had to be fit to fight well and cope with any injuries. New soldiers would do two sessions of military drill and give their oath of loyalty to their Commander and Emperor. Every day the whole of the legion would practice running, jumping, sword fighting and javelin throwing. - Southern P. 2007. The Roman Army: a social and institutional history. Oxford University Press. - Dando-Collins, Stephen. 2010. Legions of Rome. New York: St. Martin's Press.	<urn:uuid:fe835637-900d-4226-b1bf-a8c7dda6b06d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00559.warc.gz	en	0.983413	604	3.640625	4	[ -0.3204863369464874, 0.6130799055099487, 0.6259604096412659, -0.17397868633270264, -0.35560446977615356, -0.3517448306083679, -0.3621443212032318, 0.25585198402404785, 0.12269026041030884, -0.39151835441589355, 0.2272292822599411, -0.6104196310043335, 0.08810599148273468, 0.482434630393981...	3	The Roman army is the military of ancient Rome, the forces used by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire. Its infantry for much of its history, was the Roman legion. Rome also had a navy. The size of the army in the late Roman Empire was about 128,000 – 179,200 men. It was very well organized. The main Roman soldiers in the Empire were the legionaries. The legions were separated into centuries, made up of 80 soldiers and 20 other men who remained in the camp to cook and do other chores. Other soldiers in the army were called the auxilia. Auxilia were non-citizens who mainly came from the Roman provinces. They were paid less than legionaries and did not usually wear armor but at the end of their service, which was a minimum of 25 years, they were given Roman citizenship. Weapons and equipmentEdit The soldiers of the Roman army wore helmets and body protection. In the early to mid-Republican era, legionaries usually bought their own equipment. Hastati, the first line of soldiers, usually had breastplates, called a cuirass, and some wore lorica hamata, or chainmail. The richer principes, the second line of soldiers, could afford lorica hamata but they were sometimes seen wearing the cheaper cuirasses. Both hastati and principes were each armed with a gladius – a short, 60 centimeter (two foot) sword, and each had two pila – short spears. The third line of soldiers, the Triarii, had a hasta, a two meter long spear. They were also armed with the gladius and had an early form of the lorica segmenta or iron band armor. All legionaries had a large rectangular shield, the scutum, which had rounded corners. By the late Republican period, all legionaries carried a gladius, two pila, a new, larger scutum, and wore chainmail. Lorica segmentata was only commonly worn between the 2nd and 3rd century. From the Second Punic War onward, Roman armies had units of non-Italian mercenaries, such as Numidian light cavalry, Cretan archers, and Balearic slingers. Roman armies had previously lacked these kinds of troops. The main thing a member of the Roman Army needed was athletic ability. Soldiers were expected to march about 36 km (24 miles) in five hours. They also had to be fit to fight well and cope with any injuries. New soldiers would do two sessions of military drill and give their oath of loyalty to their Commander and Emperor. Every day the whole of the legion would practice running, jumping, sword fighting and javelin throwing. - Southern P. 2007. The Roman Army: a social and institutional history. Oxford University Press. - Dando-Collins, Stephen. 2010. Legions of Rome. New York: St. Martin's Press.	627	ENGLISH	1
As for Woodrow Wilson, his mother became a "citizen" when she married her husband who was a citizen, by way of a Congressional Act of February 1855, which stated, any woman who might lawfully be naturalized under existing laws, married, or shall be married to a citizen of the United States, shall be deemed and taken to be a citizen. [Act of February 10, 1855, 10 Stat. 604, section 2] This act was enacted in 1855. Woodrow Wilson was born in December 1856. Therefore, Wilson would have been born to two citizen parents...on U.S. soil and therefore an NBC. Arthur’s parents were married in Quebec. His mother was a native of the US—I wonder if she lost her citizenship by marrying a foreigner in another country. Thanks for the details about Wilson. I know about Arthur having haunted the eligibility threads for more time that I should have...	<urn:uuid:1e7a0b2f-aa97-4de1-b2a2-d832710ae1e9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/bloggers/2485624/replies?c=19	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00298.warc.gz	en	0.990264	195	3.359375	3	[ -0.06509006768465042, -0.005733286961913109, 0.13891766965389252, -0.37087276577949524, -0.09129317104816437, 0.5509463548660278, 0.21466287970542908, -0.056552208960056305, 0.014657259918749332, 0.45947378873825073, 0.290702760219574, 0.21426396071910858, -0.1482161432504654, -0.009331575...	1	As for Woodrow Wilson, his mother became a "citizen" when she married her husband who was a citizen, by way of a Congressional Act of February 1855, which stated, any woman who might lawfully be naturalized under existing laws, married, or shall be married to a citizen of the United States, shall be deemed and taken to be a citizen. [Act of February 10, 1855, 10 Stat. 604, section 2] This act was enacted in 1855. Woodrow Wilson was born in December 1856. Therefore, Wilson would have been born to two citizen parents...on U.S. soil and therefore an NBC. Arthur’s parents were married in Quebec. His mother was a native of the US—I wonder if she lost her citizenship by marrying a foreigner in another country. Thanks for the details about Wilson. I know about Arthur having haunted the eligibility threads for more time that I should have...	208	ENGLISH	1
A Doll’s House – Women’s Rights “A Doll House” is no more about women’s rights than Shakespeare’s Richard II is about the divine right of kings, or Ghosts about syphilis. . . . Its theme is the need of every individual to find out the kind of person he or she is and to strive to become that person. ” (Bloom 28) Ibsen portays this behavior in A Doll House through one of the main characters, Nora Helmer, by setting the scene in Norway in 1872. In the late 1800s, women did not play an important role in society at all. Their job was mainly to cook, clean, sew, take care of the children, and keep the house in order.They were treated as a material possession rather than a human being that could think and act for themselves and looked upon as a decorative member of the household. Women were robbed of their true identity and at the end of the play, Nora leaves everything behind to go out into the world to seek her identity. This behavior can be traced back to the beginning of time when women were to stay home and gather nuts and berries, while the men would go out and do the hunting and fishing.The male always dominated over the women and it was not viewed as “unfair. Male children would go to school to get an education in history, mathematics, science, english/writing, while the female would go to school to learn how to cook, sew, clean, and do household chores. The male could then further advance his education by attending a college or university, whereas no college would accept a women student.”The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of men toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. (Declaration of Sentiments) It was believed that women were the inferior gender and had to have special attention given to them. This idea dates back to the Medieval Period in history and is where the whole idea of chivalry came about and men having to provide special care. One can see that the idea of male superiority can be referenced back to very early on in civilization to the day A Doll House was written. “Torvald: You stay right here and five me a reckoning. You understand what you’ve done? Answer! You understand? ” (Ibsen 187) Torvald says this to Nora when he finds out that she took out a loan without his consent and forging a signature. It is prevalent that Torvald is in a state of anger and he is dominating the situation, letting Nora know who is in charge and not even wanting an explanation to “why? ” she took out a loan. Women were very limited in their rights in 1872.Such rights included: women had to submit to laws when they had no voice in their formation, married women had no property rights, husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to the extent that they could imprison or beat them with impunity, divorce and child custody laws favored men, giving no rights to women and when women did work they were paid only a fraction of what men earned, women were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law, and women were robbed of their self-confidence and self-respect, and were made totally dependent on men. Declaration of Sentiments) Ibsen makes references to this using Christine Linde, widow and a friend to Nora. Christine’s husband died and left her penniless and being that her father passed away, she is able to apply for a position at he the bank. This is the only exception society made in women holding a job outside the household. It is apparent that women have come a long way since 1872, gaining the right to vote in 1920 under the 19th amendment in the constitution, gaining a right to an equal education, owning property, and having a job.These were all results of the women’s rights movement amongst others. Throughout the play, Nora plays the role of a typical women in the 1800s, staying by her husband’s side, taking care of the children, and doing all the household chores. She does, however, go behind Torvald’s back when she takes out the loan. When she realizes that she is unfit to do anything in life and announces her remedy-“I have to try to educate myself” (Ibsen 192) she walks out the door and expresses a deal of feminism universally agreed-upon base for women’s emancipation, elling Torvald that she no longer knows how to be his wife and no longer knows who she is. (Eisenberg 32) It was uncommon for women to walk out on their husband’s as they do today because they were taught since they were little, to always please their husband and do everything in their power to satisfy and make him happy.This does not include walking out on him and leaving him with the children. Nora did not know any better because she came from being treated like a material object in her own house by her father, to being treated like one by Torvald. “You’re not the man I thought you were.Both you and my father have both treated me like a doll. ” (Ibsen 191) Therefore, her whole life was based around other people making decisions for her and conformed to their way of thinking until the end of the play, when she walks out and makes her own decision. Nora shows her childish ways throughout the play by eating macaroons, listening by Torvald’s door, and by playing with the children. It is apparent that she is confused about marriage and her role as a woman in the 1800s. She does, however, make the right decision to leave although society views this as an immoral thing to do. This was considered sinful and God would punish you if you committed such an act of wrongdoing. In conclusion, I think that women have made an incredible appearance and have play an immense role in today’s society. Women are basically treated with equality today with men and the times sure have changed. Ibsen’s play is a very good example of how life was like for women in the past and they have obviously made progress since then. I am very proud of what women have done for today’s society and I know that they will continue fighting this neverending battle for equality until the very end as Nora did.	<urn:uuid:c5fbf043-981f-4090-b2f5-ccb16bf096d4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/a-dolls-house-womens-rights	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00230.warc.gz	en	0.988418	1,349	3.953125	4	[ 0.052152056246995926, 0.046145081520080566, 0.10171328485012054, -0.36340534687042236, -0.06387896090745926, 0.12957681715488434, 0.35785919427871704, -0.013147985562682152, -0.04808606207370758, 0.03664909675717354, -0.1265389770269394, -0.056776970624923706, -0.14552146196365356, 0.12746...	1	A Doll’s House – Women’s Rights “A Doll House” is no more about women’s rights than Shakespeare’s Richard II is about the divine right of kings, or Ghosts about syphilis. . . . Its theme is the need of every individual to find out the kind of person he or she is and to strive to become that person. ” (Bloom 28) Ibsen portays this behavior in A Doll House through one of the main characters, Nora Helmer, by setting the scene in Norway in 1872. In the late 1800s, women did not play an important role in society at all. Their job was mainly to cook, clean, sew, take care of the children, and keep the house in order.They were treated as a material possession rather than a human being that could think and act for themselves and looked upon as a decorative member of the household. Women were robbed of their true identity and at the end of the play, Nora leaves everything behind to go out into the world to seek her identity. This behavior can be traced back to the beginning of time when women were to stay home and gather nuts and berries, while the men would go out and do the hunting and fishing.The male always dominated over the women and it was not viewed as “unfair. Male children would go to school to get an education in history, mathematics, science, english/writing, while the female would go to school to learn how to cook, sew, clean, and do household chores. The male could then further advance his education by attending a college or university, whereas no college would accept a women student.”The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of men toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. (Declaration of Sentiments) It was believed that women were the inferior gender and had to have special attention given to them. This idea dates back to the Medieval Period in history and is where the whole idea of chivalry came about and men having to provide special care. One can see that the idea of male superiority can be referenced back to very early on in civilization to the day A Doll House was written. “Torvald: You stay right here and five me a reckoning. You understand what you’ve done? Answer! You understand? ” (Ibsen 187) Torvald says this to Nora when he finds out that she took out a loan without his consent and forging a signature. It is prevalent that Torvald is in a state of anger and he is dominating the situation, letting Nora know who is in charge and not even wanting an explanation to “why? ” she took out a loan. Women were very limited in their rights in 1872.Such rights included: women had to submit to laws when they had no voice in their formation, married women had no property rights, husbands had legal power over and responsibility for their wives to the extent that they could imprison or beat them with impunity, divorce and child custody laws favored men, giving no rights to women and when women did work they were paid only a fraction of what men earned, women were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law, and women were robbed of their self-confidence and self-respect, and were made totally dependent on men. Declaration of Sentiments) Ibsen makes references to this using Christine Linde, widow and a friend to Nora. Christine’s husband died and left her penniless and being that her father passed away, she is able to apply for a position at he the bank. This is the only exception society made in women holding a job outside the household. It is apparent that women have come a long way since 1872, gaining the right to vote in 1920 under the 19th amendment in the constitution, gaining a right to an equal education, owning property, and having a job.These were all results of the women’s rights movement amongst others. Throughout the play, Nora plays the role of a typical women in the 1800s, staying by her husband’s side, taking care of the children, and doing all the household chores. She does, however, go behind Torvald’s back when she takes out the loan. When she realizes that she is unfit to do anything in life and announces her remedy-“I have to try to educate myself” (Ibsen 192) she walks out the door and expresses a deal of feminism universally agreed-upon base for women’s emancipation, elling Torvald that she no longer knows how to be his wife and no longer knows who she is. (Eisenberg 32) It was uncommon for women to walk out on their husband’s as they do today because they were taught since they were little, to always please their husband and do everything in their power to satisfy and make him happy.This does not include walking out on him and leaving him with the children. Nora did not know any better because she came from being treated like a material object in her own house by her father, to being treated like one by Torvald. “You’re not the man I thought you were.Both you and my father have both treated me like a doll. ” (Ibsen 191) Therefore, her whole life was based around other people making decisions for her and conformed to their way of thinking until the end of the play, when she walks out and makes her own decision. Nora shows her childish ways throughout the play by eating macaroons, listening by Torvald’s door, and by playing with the children. It is apparent that she is confused about marriage and her role as a woman in the 1800s. She does, however, make the right decision to leave although society views this as an immoral thing to do. This was considered sinful and God would punish you if you committed such an act of wrongdoing. In conclusion, I think that women have made an incredible appearance and have play an immense role in today’s society. Women are basically treated with equality today with men and the times sure have changed. Ibsen’s play is a very good example of how life was like for women in the past and they have obviously made progress since then. I am very proud of what women have done for today’s society and I know that they will continue fighting this neverending battle for equality until the very end as Nora did.	1,336	ENGLISH	1
Holy Roman Empire, Archbishopric Salzburg, Hieronymus of Colloredo, Ducat 1776 Hieronymus of Colloredo (1772-1803) was considered as the leading representative of Enlightenment in the southern German lands. When he became archbishop of Salzburg, a wind of change came into town. In 1775, the first public, permanently performing theatre opened its doors in Salzburg. Before the opening, however, a month-long skirmish between the archbishop and the municipal magistrate had been going on. In the sense of Enlightenment, Colloredo dreamt of an educational theatre as kind of "national school of morals," yet at the same time refused to finance the new institution. Salzburg's mayor, on the other hand, pointed out the town's precarious financial situation that would not allow such an investment. The majority of the citizens and the Abbot of the St Peter cloister were also against the building – the many poor of Salzburg would be more in need of a soup kitchen than of a comedy-house, they claimed. After extended disputes, the town had to pay for the new court theatre at its own expense anyway. Colloredo made a financial contribution with a loan of 4,000 ducats from his own pocket.	<urn:uuid:ac1ed1cc-e4bb-48bd-a1a6-6fe1f3bd954d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/coins?id=34000	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00415.warc.gz	en	0.982283	264	3.421875	3	[ 0.26320669054985046, -0.09991740435361862, 0.29526689648628235, -0.16009458899497986, -0.2429659068584442, 0.1426660269498825, 0.10176090896129608, 0.2006835788488388, 0.12742187082767487, -0.48436740040779114, 0.08650606870651245, -0.5958115458488464, 0.06973809748888016, 0.10369230061769...	6	Holy Roman Empire, Archbishopric Salzburg, Hieronymus of Colloredo, Ducat 1776 Hieronymus of Colloredo (1772-1803) was considered as the leading representative of Enlightenment in the southern German lands. When he became archbishop of Salzburg, a wind of change came into town. In 1775, the first public, permanently performing theatre opened its doors in Salzburg. Before the opening, however, a month-long skirmish between the archbishop and the municipal magistrate had been going on. In the sense of Enlightenment, Colloredo dreamt of an educational theatre as kind of "national school of morals," yet at the same time refused to finance the new institution. Salzburg's mayor, on the other hand, pointed out the town's precarious financial situation that would not allow such an investment. The majority of the citizens and the Abbot of the St Peter cloister were also against the building – the many poor of Salzburg would be more in need of a soup kitchen than of a comedy-house, they claimed. After extended disputes, the town had to pay for the new court theatre at its own expense anyway. Colloredo made a financial contribution with a loan of 4,000 ducats from his own pocket.	270	ENGLISH	1
Listen to this article Where: Southern Rocky Mountains, CO Why Important: Ute Chief and Treaty Negotiator Chief Ouray was born November 13, 1833 in Taos, New Mexico to a Jicarilla Apache man and a Ute woman. On the night he was born there was a meteor shower. This event apparently influenced his parents to name him Ouray, which means “The Arrow.” Interestingly, Ouray was not raised by his parents, but was raised by a Spanish family in the area. In this environment he learned to speak Spanish and English, and it wasn’t until later in life that he learned to speak his native tongues, Ute and Apache. Ouray was still in contact with his biological parents, and at seventeen moved to Colorado where they had relocated. His father, despite being Apache, was chief of the Uncompahgre band of the Utes. During the next decade Ouray primarily worked as a sheepherder and married a woman name Black Water who bore him a son. Black Water tragically died and Ouray remarried in 1859, to a Kiowa Apache woman named Chipeta who grew up with the Utes, . Ouray and Chipeta were extremely fond of one another and formed a strong partnership. In 1860, Ouray’s father died and he became chief of the Utes. Chief Ouray used his new position within the Ute Tribe to facilitate peace with the white settlers and the United States government.1 He was known as “The White Man’s Friend”.2 While the United States government fondly referred to Ouray this way, this was an insult from the other members of the Ute tribe. Many Utes did not agree with the treaties that Ouray continued to negotiate with the United States, which often included him and Chipeta traveling to Washington D.C., as each new treaty resulted in less land that the tribe owned.3 Not only were they displeased, but there were many attempts made on Ouray’s life by angry members of the tribe. Luckily, Ouray survived the attempts made on his life4 and continued to work with the United States.5 In 1879, the neighboring White River Utes attacked an Indian agent and the families that lived in the area taking several women as captives.6 Ouray managed to negotiate a deal for the release of the hostages.7 Despite Ouray’s attempts at peace,8 this was the final blow for the Utes in Colorado and they lost their land within the state9 and were relocated to Utah. It was Ouray who traveled to Washington D.C. in 1880 and signed the treaty for their removal from Colorado.10 Ouray, however, fell ill with a kidney disease and died soon after he returned to Colorado from Washington.11 It was Chipeta, Ouray’s wife, who would accompany her people to their new reservation in Utah and who would continue to fight for the reinstatement of their ancestral land in Colorado.	<urn:uuid:398d95aa-a304-4610-85cb-183498cfba36>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/digital-colorado/colorado-histories/beginnings/ouray-ute-chief-and-negotiator/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00311.warc.gz	en	0.991523	622	3.828125	4	[ -0.5073172450065613, 0.04845230281352997, 0.15317142009735107, 0.22860035300254822, -0.033397410064935684, 0.0502561591565609, 0.35775846242904663, -0.047990888357162476, -0.22070741653442383, -0.22606363892555237, 0.34723401069641113, -0.22180914878845215, 0.3966028392314911, -0.038068100...	12	Listen to this article Where: Southern Rocky Mountains, CO Why Important: Ute Chief and Treaty Negotiator Chief Ouray was born November 13, 1833 in Taos, New Mexico to a Jicarilla Apache man and a Ute woman. On the night he was born there was a meteor shower. This event apparently influenced his parents to name him Ouray, which means “The Arrow.” Interestingly, Ouray was not raised by his parents, but was raised by a Spanish family in the area. In this environment he learned to speak Spanish and English, and it wasn’t until later in life that he learned to speak his native tongues, Ute and Apache. Ouray was still in contact with his biological parents, and at seventeen moved to Colorado where they had relocated. His father, despite being Apache, was chief of the Uncompahgre band of the Utes. During the next decade Ouray primarily worked as a sheepherder and married a woman name Black Water who bore him a son. Black Water tragically died and Ouray remarried in 1859, to a Kiowa Apache woman named Chipeta who grew up with the Utes, . Ouray and Chipeta were extremely fond of one another and formed a strong partnership. In 1860, Ouray’s father died and he became chief of the Utes. Chief Ouray used his new position within the Ute Tribe to facilitate peace with the white settlers and the United States government.1 He was known as “The White Man’s Friend”.2 While the United States government fondly referred to Ouray this way, this was an insult from the other members of the Ute tribe. Many Utes did not agree with the treaties that Ouray continued to negotiate with the United States, which often included him and Chipeta traveling to Washington D.C., as each new treaty resulted in less land that the tribe owned.3 Not only were they displeased, but there were many attempts made on Ouray’s life by angry members of the tribe. Luckily, Ouray survived the attempts made on his life4 and continued to work with the United States.5 In 1879, the neighboring White River Utes attacked an Indian agent and the families that lived in the area taking several women as captives.6 Ouray managed to negotiate a deal for the release of the hostages.7 Despite Ouray’s attempts at peace,8 this was the final blow for the Utes in Colorado and they lost their land within the state9 and were relocated to Utah. It was Ouray who traveled to Washington D.C. in 1880 and signed the treaty for their removal from Colorado.10 Ouray, however, fell ill with a kidney disease and died soon after he returned to Colorado from Washington.11 It was Chipeta, Ouray’s wife, who would accompany her people to their new reservation in Utah and who would continue to fight for the reinstatement of their ancestral land in Colorado.	622	ENGLISH	1
Independent honesty of Ann Bradstreet Being one of the early poets in the colonies of America, Anne Bradstreet wrote words that are everlasting in the society. Although she lived in a patriarchal society, she went against all odds to address the issues concerning the women in society. Although she was aware of the confrontation and objection she would face, she still went ahead and pin-pointed all the negativities that her female kind was facing. Her writings ranged from love, nature to God. Despite all her efforts, the society, by then, needed approval from a man so as to make her works flourish. She later acquired the approval from a number of men. She opened doors for the acknowledgment of women writers (Kellogg 74-80). The Secret Diaries of Byrd Byrd wrote his diary in a shorthand ancient form which was recognized by only the very learned of his time. He was so certain that his diary was never to be read due to its encoded nature. After hard work of trying to reveal the content of the diary, it took the world 300 years to know its contents. The diary contained an undistorted outlook of life in the early 18th century, of a colonial plantation. his first diary which was published in 1940, is dated from 1709 to 1712. It majorly contains Byrd’s day-to-day way of life. The diary also contains a record of his infidelities. It reveals that he was a cruel master who beat his slaves and invented punishments which were abnormal. Horrors of the middle passage The middle passage is marked with the horrific facts of Africans being forcefully sold into slavery. It marks one of the most dreadful historical occurrences revealing the highest capacity of inhumanity and selfishness, endurance and vigor. Research has it that the estimated number of slaves shipped ranges from 5 million to 30 million. Another unknown number, estimated to be in millions, died in the process of capturing and in the ships that transversed through the Atlantic. Chained hand and foot, the slaves were put in tiny spaces where they slept, ate, gave birth and even died, as they were shipped in a cruise that took 6 to 8 weeks. Later, the slaves, from different regions, learned a new way of communicating and planned to fight for their freedom. Kellogg, D. B. Anne Bradstreet. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson,, 2010. Print.	<urn:uuid:856ab867-2e0c-45bc-8910-3eda7ebddc10>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebookessay.com/free-essay-examples/american-literature-essay-review/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00543.warc.gz	en	0.987747	493	3.3125	3	[ -0.13313713669776917, 0.22041116654872894, 0.21478459239006042, -0.013056104071438313, -0.303668349981308, 0.07588689774274826, -0.17209866642951965, -0.03447028622031212, 0.037451986223459244, 0.39545080065727234, 0.247608944773674, 0.07781847566366196, -0.16102029383182526, 0.25502476096...	2	Independent honesty of Ann Bradstreet Being one of the early poets in the colonies of America, Anne Bradstreet wrote words that are everlasting in the society. Although she lived in a patriarchal society, she went against all odds to address the issues concerning the women in society. Although she was aware of the confrontation and objection she would face, she still went ahead and pin-pointed all the negativities that her female kind was facing. Her writings ranged from love, nature to God. Despite all her efforts, the society, by then, needed approval from a man so as to make her works flourish. She later acquired the approval from a number of men. She opened doors for the acknowledgment of women writers (Kellogg 74-80). The Secret Diaries of Byrd Byrd wrote his diary in a shorthand ancient form which was recognized by only the very learned of his time. He was so certain that his diary was never to be read due to its encoded nature. After hard work of trying to reveal the content of the diary, it took the world 300 years to know its contents. The diary contained an undistorted outlook of life in the early 18th century, of a colonial plantation. his first diary which was published in 1940, is dated from 1709 to 1712. It majorly contains Byrd’s day-to-day way of life. The diary also contains a record of his infidelities. It reveals that he was a cruel master who beat his slaves and invented punishments which were abnormal. Horrors of the middle passage The middle passage is marked with the horrific facts of Africans being forcefully sold into slavery. It marks one of the most dreadful historical occurrences revealing the highest capacity of inhumanity and selfishness, endurance and vigor. Research has it that the estimated number of slaves shipped ranges from 5 million to 30 million. Another unknown number, estimated to be in millions, died in the process of capturing and in the ships that transversed through the Atlantic. Chained hand and foot, the slaves were put in tiny spaces where they slept, ate, gave birth and even died, as they were shipped in a cruise that took 6 to 8 weeks. Later, the slaves, from different regions, learned a new way of communicating and planned to fight for their freedom. Kellogg, D. B. Anne Bradstreet. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson,, 2010. Print.	512	ENGLISH	1
On December 9, The Examiner prints Alfred Lord Tennyson’s poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade,” which commemorates the courage of 600 British soldiers charging a heavily defended position during the Battle of Balaklava, in the Crimea, just six weeks earlier. Tennyson had been named poet laureate in 1850 by Queen Victoria. Tennyson was born into a chaotic and disrupted home. His father, the eldest son of a wealthy landowner, was disinherited in favor of his younger brother. Forced to enter the church to support himself, the Reverend Dr. George Tennyson became a bitter alcoholic. However, he educated his sons in the classics, and Alfred Tennyson, the fourth of 12 children, went to Trinity College at Cambridge in 1827. The same year, he and his brother Charles published Poems by Two Brothers. At Cambridge, Tennyson befriended a circle of intellectual undergraduates who strongly encouraged his poetry. Chief among them was Arthur Hallam, who became Tennyson’s closest friend and who later proposed to Tennyson’s sister. In 1830, Tennyson published Poems, Chiefly Lyrical. The following year, his father died, and he was forced to leave Cambridge for financial reasons. Besieged by critical attacks and struggling with poverty, Tennyson nevertheless remained dedicated to his work and published several more volumes. The sudden death of Tennyson’s dear friend Arthur Hallam in 1833 inspired several important works throughout Tennyson’s later life, including the masterful In Memoriam of 1842. Later that year, he published a volume called Poems, containing some of his best works. The book boosted Tennyson’s reputation, and in 1850 Queen Victoria named him poet laureate. At long last, Tennyson achieved financial stability and finally married his fiancée, Emily Sellwood, whom he had loved since 1836. Tennyson’s massive frame and booming voice, together with his taste for solitude, made him an imposing character. He craved solitude and bought an isolated home where he could write in peace. In 1859, he published the first four books of his epic Idylls of the King. Eight more volumes would follow. He continued writing and publishing poems until his death in 1892.	<urn:uuid:e164b88f-80fe-4e14-9094-398542b359a8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-charge-of-the-light-brigade-by-alfred-lord-tennyson-is-published	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00158.warc.gz	en	0.985929	473	3.4375	3	[ -0.18349848687648773, 0.30308932065963745, 0.04463624954223633, 0.20072172582149506, -0.08305438607931137, 0.15924754738807678, -0.12004482746124268, 0.20826902985572815, -0.30245620012283325, -0.20527036488056183, 0.03919178992509842, 0.07979340851306915, -0.03658450394868851, 0.149277448...	15	On December 9, The Examiner prints Alfred Lord Tennyson’s poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade,” which commemorates the courage of 600 British soldiers charging a heavily defended position during the Battle of Balaklava, in the Crimea, just six weeks earlier. Tennyson had been named poet laureate in 1850 by Queen Victoria. Tennyson was born into a chaotic and disrupted home. His father, the eldest son of a wealthy landowner, was disinherited in favor of his younger brother. Forced to enter the church to support himself, the Reverend Dr. George Tennyson became a bitter alcoholic. However, he educated his sons in the classics, and Alfred Tennyson, the fourth of 12 children, went to Trinity College at Cambridge in 1827. The same year, he and his brother Charles published Poems by Two Brothers. At Cambridge, Tennyson befriended a circle of intellectual undergraduates who strongly encouraged his poetry. Chief among them was Arthur Hallam, who became Tennyson’s closest friend and who later proposed to Tennyson’s sister. In 1830, Tennyson published Poems, Chiefly Lyrical. The following year, his father died, and he was forced to leave Cambridge for financial reasons. Besieged by critical attacks and struggling with poverty, Tennyson nevertheless remained dedicated to his work and published several more volumes. The sudden death of Tennyson’s dear friend Arthur Hallam in 1833 inspired several important works throughout Tennyson’s later life, including the masterful In Memoriam of 1842. Later that year, he published a volume called Poems, containing some of his best works. The book boosted Tennyson’s reputation, and in 1850 Queen Victoria named him poet laureate. At long last, Tennyson achieved financial stability and finally married his fiancée, Emily Sellwood, whom he had loved since 1836. Tennyson’s massive frame and booming voice, together with his taste for solitude, made him an imposing character. He craved solitude and bought an isolated home where he could write in peace. In 1859, he published the first four books of his epic Idylls of the King. Eight more volumes would follow. He continued writing and publishing poems until his death in 1892.	505	ENGLISH	1
(Last Updated on : 08-07-2019) Also known as the Malabar Jews or Kochinim, the roots of the Jews of Kochi are claimed to date back to the time of King Solomon. There have been mentions of Jews in India as early as the 12th century, when the Kochi Jews settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in South India , which is now a part of the state History of Jews of Kochi As per the accounts of the medieval Jewish traveller, Benjamin of Tudela, the inhabitants of the Malabar Coast are good and benevolent. These inhabitants were called the Malabar Jews or the Jews of Kochi, who were well versed in the Laws of Moses and the other Jewish sacred texts. They were the first Jews in Kerala to have built synagogues in the 12th and 13th centuries and were known to have developed the language called Judeo- Malayalam, which is a dialect of the Malayalam language The Jewish history in Kerala dates back to 68 A.D, when they moved after the destruction of their Second Temple in Jerusalem. The first settlements of Jews were in Cranganore, which is modern day Kodungallore. There are historical evidences to show that the erstwhile rulers gave trading rights and concessions in the area to the Jewish merchant Joseph Rabban. Following Rabbans death in the 11th century, a power struggle broke out among his sons which led to the break-up of the community. Many moved to Mattancherry, which went on to become a major Jewish settlement. A theory disputing this version says that it was the Portuguese invasion of Kodungallore that forced the Jews to move to Mattancherry where they were welcomed by the king of Kochi. In the 16th century, Kochi Jews were no longer the only Jewish community in southern India as the Paradesi Jews began to settle in the region. The Paradesi Jews, who were also referred to as the White Jews came to India following the expulsion from Iberia due to forced conversion and religious persecution in Spain and then Portugal. Soon after, during the rule of the Portuguese in India, the Jews faced discrimination but the Paradesi Jews received better treatment than the Kochi Jews, who were historically referred to as the blacks during the colonial rule. By the 17th century, the Jews in Kerala had set up synagogues in Mattancherry, Ernakulam , Paravoor, Mala, Chendamangalam and Angamaly. They had also built many mansions and buildings, many of which have now been converted to heritage hotels and offices. After the birth of the nation of Israel in 1948, the number of Jews in Kochi dwindled.	<urn:uuid:6f5b60cf-04d5-4453-991a-0ab23aaea9f8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.indianetzone.com/24/the_jews_kochi.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00531.warc.gz	en	0.982056	570	3.890625	4	[ 0.18481731414794922, 0.3282857835292816, -0.1795417070388794, -0.31572067737579346, -0.21957916021347046, -0.047701433300971985, 0.1835743486881256, 0.1839733123779297, -0.24067634344100952, 0.0021252755541354418, -0.061986424028873444, -0.14733082056045532, -0.10279779881238937, 0.4419547...	1	(Last Updated on : 08-07-2019) Also known as the Malabar Jews or Kochinim, the roots of the Jews of Kochi are claimed to date back to the time of King Solomon. There have been mentions of Jews in India as early as the 12th century, when the Kochi Jews settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in South India , which is now a part of the state History of Jews of Kochi As per the accounts of the medieval Jewish traveller, Benjamin of Tudela, the inhabitants of the Malabar Coast are good and benevolent. These inhabitants were called the Malabar Jews or the Jews of Kochi, who were well versed in the Laws of Moses and the other Jewish sacred texts. They were the first Jews in Kerala to have built synagogues in the 12th and 13th centuries and were known to have developed the language called Judeo- Malayalam, which is a dialect of the Malayalam language The Jewish history in Kerala dates back to 68 A.D, when they moved after the destruction of their Second Temple in Jerusalem. The first settlements of Jews were in Cranganore, which is modern day Kodungallore. There are historical evidences to show that the erstwhile rulers gave trading rights and concessions in the area to the Jewish merchant Joseph Rabban. Following Rabbans death in the 11th century, a power struggle broke out among his sons which led to the break-up of the community. Many moved to Mattancherry, which went on to become a major Jewish settlement. A theory disputing this version says that it was the Portuguese invasion of Kodungallore that forced the Jews to move to Mattancherry where they were welcomed by the king of Kochi. In the 16th century, Kochi Jews were no longer the only Jewish community in southern India as the Paradesi Jews began to settle in the region. The Paradesi Jews, who were also referred to as the White Jews came to India following the expulsion from Iberia due to forced conversion and religious persecution in Spain and then Portugal. Soon after, during the rule of the Portuguese in India, the Jews faced discrimination but the Paradesi Jews received better treatment than the Kochi Jews, who were historically referred to as the blacks during the colonial rule. By the 17th century, the Jews in Kerala had set up synagogues in Mattancherry, Ernakulam , Paravoor, Mala, Chendamangalam and Angamaly. They had also built many mansions and buildings, many of which have now been converted to heritage hotels and offices. After the birth of the nation of Israel in 1948, the number of Jews in Kochi dwindled.	582	ENGLISH	1
Allison M. 1/17/09 The Montgomery Coach Boycott About December 1st, 1955, 1 woman's refusal to move from a tour bus seat manufactured a huge contribution to the Detrimental Rights Activity. As a matter of fact, it was almost as if your woman started that herself. Insieme Parks and her arrest are what led approximately be a main event during the City Rights Activity. The Black community realized that by having this exclusion, it would cost many white people cash, but moreover the coach company. This mass protest was a extremely successful way to bring the inequalities from the African American's case to the public. Even though more white-colored Americans had been deciding against segregation, it might have to take more than that to change the minds the people all over the world, including Montgomery, Alabama. A few of the little items that written for the boycott were the most important, such as the Sean Crow regulations. The Jim Crow laws had numerous parts to it, nevertheless more in particularly the vehicles. The regulations prevented the African Us citizens from soaking in the front areas of the bus. Therefore , that they sat in the back or maybe had to stand. When the white colored rows had been filled up, an African American would be told to give up their seat and approach. If not, they would always be arrested. In Rosa Parks's case, the girl was already in the black section so simply by not getting up, she had not been doing anything at all wrong. Seemingly to the light people of Montgomery, the girl was. Over all, segregation and splendour was the problem. The " separate but equalвЂќ assertion was authentic about something, which was becoming separate. Nevertheless , things had been clearly bumpy. Almost everything by schools, to cemeteries was divided dark from light. The NAACP and other agencies immediately decided to take action following Parks's police arrest. To help with the bus exclusion, they called African American ministers from across Montgomery. Most notable was soon-to-be leader, Martin Luther Full Jr. Leaders like MLK...	<urn:uuid:f4b014af-818b-4ca7-b1bd-aab11dba2c25>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://collegesinoregon.org/bus-boycott/19662-bus-bannissement-essay.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00248.warc.gz	en	0.984745	427	3.6875	4	[ -0.25405287742614746, -0.2517763078212738, 0.1910010427236557, -0.09298576414585114, -0.1266297698020935, 0.30824971199035645, 0.651710033416748, -0.240471750497818, -0.008656769059598446, 0.38351526856422424, 0.135947585105896, 0.3220978379249573, -0.21458184719085693, -0.0668725520372390...	1	Allison M. 1/17/09 The Montgomery Coach Boycott About December 1st, 1955, 1 woman's refusal to move from a tour bus seat manufactured a huge contribution to the Detrimental Rights Activity. As a matter of fact, it was almost as if your woman started that herself. Insieme Parks and her arrest are what led approximately be a main event during the City Rights Activity. The Black community realized that by having this exclusion, it would cost many white people cash, but moreover the coach company. This mass protest was a extremely successful way to bring the inequalities from the African American's case to the public. Even though more white-colored Americans had been deciding against segregation, it might have to take more than that to change the minds the people all over the world, including Montgomery, Alabama. A few of the little items that written for the boycott were the most important, such as the Sean Crow regulations. The Jim Crow laws had numerous parts to it, nevertheless more in particularly the vehicles. The regulations prevented the African Us citizens from soaking in the front areas of the bus. Therefore , that they sat in the back or maybe had to stand. When the white colored rows had been filled up, an African American would be told to give up their seat and approach. If not, they would always be arrested. In Rosa Parks's case, the girl was already in the black section so simply by not getting up, she had not been doing anything at all wrong. Seemingly to the light people of Montgomery, the girl was. Over all, segregation and splendour was the problem. The " separate but equalвЂќ assertion was authentic about something, which was becoming separate. Nevertheless , things had been clearly bumpy. Almost everything by schools, to cemeteries was divided dark from light. The NAACP and other agencies immediately decided to take action following Parks's police arrest. To help with the bus exclusion, they called African American ministers from across Montgomery. Most notable was soon-to-be leader, Martin Luther Full Jr. Leaders like MLK...	432	ENGLISH	1
Susan B. Anthony was the foremost leader of the Women’s rights movement in the United States. She was a suffragist and a pioneer for women’s rights to vote. Born on 15th February, 1820, she grew to become a prominent civil rights leader and played a critical role in the introduction of women’s suffrage in the country. Susan was a woman of strong character, who had learned how to read and write by the tender age of 3 and grew up believing that both men and women were equal creatures before God. She fought for the women’s right to vote because she believed that it was this right that would unlock all other rights that women needed to achieve equality. Buy Analyzing a Written Speech essay paper online Anthony gave this speech after she was arrested and consequently indicted for the alleged crime of voting at the presidential election of 1872. During this period, women’s rights to vote had not been recognized under the laws in the country and thus her choice to vote was deemed illegal. She therefore gave this speech in 29 postal districts of Monroe county, New York, in order to show that her decision to vote was not a criminal offence but rather the simply exercise of her democratic right as a citizen of the United States. The adoption of the 14th amendment greatly inspired Susan as it gave her a legal basis to stake her claim to the right of every citizen to vote. The 14th amendment had a provision that stated; “all persons born and naturalized in the United States….are citizens of the United States” she interpreted this provision that all citizens of the country had certain rights and privileges which they all enjoyed and this included the right to vote. This right to vote was particularly important to her as she believed in the declaration of all men to be equal before the law (Susan, 1872). Susan largely spoke to the marginalized women population in the country as she believed in their right to have a voice in the country’s governance. She fought for women emancipation and realization of their equality to men. The speech targeted the women as it was by the mere fact that she was a woman, that she was arrested for voting. Being a women’s rights activist, she wanted women to have a voice and a vote. She argues for women’s rights as she states that: “women, being as they are, are dissatisfied by the form of government that forces taxation without representation that compels obedience to laws to which they never gave their consent that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a jury of their peers.” She thus observes that, in view of this, women represented half of the population in the country that was completely at the mercy of the other half. She thus wanted to claim their natural right which was inalienable and which was granted to them by the National Constitution (Simon, 2010). The Style Used In the delivery of her speech, she employs a very simple style of conveying her message to the country. Although she was not blessed with skills of oratory, she picked her arguments and timed their delivery with profound ease and appeal. It was easy for the audience to reason with her and thus associate with the issues she attempted to address. She moved around the county trying to explain to people why she had voted and used logical arguments that supported her cause. Her audience usually consisted of a number of men and many women, but this never derailed her. In giving her speech, she relied completely on her own story and never at any point used any other story, this worked in her favor. The audience found it easier to relate with her and thereby buying into her message. She employed the rhetoric appeals of ethos, logos and pathos with great perfection and ease. She simply relied on the issues that were present in the country and the existing laws and mixed with ethical considerations to deliver her message. In the logos appeal, she saw it logical to vote in the election as the 14th Amendment gave her the legal right to do so. She states; “our democratic-republic government is based on the idea of the natural right of every individual member of the right to a voice and to a vote in making and executing laws” (Susan B. Anthony). In her pathos appeal, she evoked the emotions of other women as they had failed to realize that they were being denied of their rights by their government. She therefore, wanted women to participate in the decisions that had impact on their lives, and this was only possible through the right to vote, as it was the only through which women could achieve their liberty. In her ethos appeal, she uses her own experiences to allow women to understand her claim. By this, she is able to establish her credibility as many women gained a clearer understanding of how the ability to vote could impact their lives and enable their own lives. Susan B. Anthony employed a number of elements in the pursuit of support to her cause. Perhaps the most influential element she employed was the logical argument which used to push and justify her cause. She argued for equality and the right of women to be independent and not subjects of men. She used existing issues to push her case and thus was more effective as her target audience reasoned with her. Rhetorical elements play a critical role in the argument of a claim as they help in the construction of a credible and sound argument. The use of logos appeal helps the writer in creating a logical claim that bases its arguments on material facts without relying on irrelevant issues. Pathos on the other hand assists the writer to create an emotional impact to the audience as thus passing his message with ease and resonate with the audience. The ethos appeal establishes the writer’s credibility thus making his work believable and credible. It is important for writers to employ all the three rhetoric strategies and they help in the construction of a clear, concise and credible argument. Related Free Critical Analysis Essays - Critical Thinking Description - The Impact of the I pad on High Schools Students - Research Article Critique - Analysis of Funny Games U.S. - Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer - Nike ERP (SAP) Implementation - Break Even Analysis - Trillo Apparel Company - Effects of SMEs after Global Recession - The Nokia Corporation Most popular orders	<urn:uuid:2f5a2040-fee9-45e6-83bf-75f4a7523d6a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/critical-analysis/analyzing-a-written-speech.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00361.warc.gz	en	0.985634	1,288	4.28125	4	[ -0.5206066370010376, -0.27506500482559204, 0.14098377525806427, -0.3375009298324585, -0.5647610425949097, 0.5103430151939392, 0.38201195001602173, 0.022744664922356606, -0.30906152725219727, 0.30424654483795166, -0.18895213305950165, 0.2774237096309662, 0.0007310137152671814, 0.00110946688...	1	Susan B. Anthony was the foremost leader of the Women’s rights movement in the United States. She was a suffragist and a pioneer for women’s rights to vote. Born on 15th February, 1820, she grew to become a prominent civil rights leader and played a critical role in the introduction of women’s suffrage in the country. Susan was a woman of strong character, who had learned how to read and write by the tender age of 3 and grew up believing that both men and women were equal creatures before God. She fought for the women’s right to vote because she believed that it was this right that would unlock all other rights that women needed to achieve equality. Buy Analyzing a Written Speech essay paper online Anthony gave this speech after she was arrested and consequently indicted for the alleged crime of voting at the presidential election of 1872. During this period, women’s rights to vote had not been recognized under the laws in the country and thus her choice to vote was deemed illegal. She therefore gave this speech in 29 postal districts of Monroe county, New York, in order to show that her decision to vote was not a criminal offence but rather the simply exercise of her democratic right as a citizen of the United States. The adoption of the 14th amendment greatly inspired Susan as it gave her a legal basis to stake her claim to the right of every citizen to vote. The 14th amendment had a provision that stated; “all persons born and naturalized in the United States….are citizens of the United States” she interpreted this provision that all citizens of the country had certain rights and privileges which they all enjoyed and this included the right to vote. This right to vote was particularly important to her as she believed in the declaration of all men to be equal before the law (Susan, 1872). Susan largely spoke to the marginalized women population in the country as she believed in their right to have a voice in the country’s governance. She fought for women emancipation and realization of their equality to men. The speech targeted the women as it was by the mere fact that she was a woman, that she was arrested for voting. Being a women’s rights activist, she wanted women to have a voice and a vote. She argues for women’s rights as she states that: “women, being as they are, are dissatisfied by the form of government that forces taxation without representation that compels obedience to laws to which they never gave their consent that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a jury of their peers.” She thus observes that, in view of this, women represented half of the population in the country that was completely at the mercy of the other half. She thus wanted to claim their natural right which was inalienable and which was granted to them by the National Constitution (Simon, 2010). The Style Used In the delivery of her speech, she employs a very simple style of conveying her message to the country. Although she was not blessed with skills of oratory, she picked her arguments and timed their delivery with profound ease and appeal. It was easy for the audience to reason with her and thus associate with the issues she attempted to address. She moved around the county trying to explain to people why she had voted and used logical arguments that supported her cause. Her audience usually consisted of a number of men and many women, but this never derailed her. In giving her speech, she relied completely on her own story and never at any point used any other story, this worked in her favor. The audience found it easier to relate with her and thereby buying into her message. She employed the rhetoric appeals of ethos, logos and pathos with great perfection and ease. She simply relied on the issues that were present in the country and the existing laws and mixed with ethical considerations to deliver her message. In the logos appeal, she saw it logical to vote in the election as the 14th Amendment gave her the legal right to do so. She states; “our democratic-republic government is based on the idea of the natural right of every individual member of the right to a voice and to a vote in making and executing laws” (Susan B. Anthony). In her pathos appeal, she evoked the emotions of other women as they had failed to realize that they were being denied of their rights by their government. She therefore, wanted women to participate in the decisions that had impact on their lives, and this was only possible through the right to vote, as it was the only through which women could achieve their liberty. In her ethos appeal, she uses her own experiences to allow women to understand her claim. By this, she is able to establish her credibility as many women gained a clearer understanding of how the ability to vote could impact their lives and enable their own lives. Susan B. Anthony employed a number of elements in the pursuit of support to her cause. Perhaps the most influential element she employed was the logical argument which used to push and justify her cause. She argued for equality and the right of women to be independent and not subjects of men. She used existing issues to push her case and thus was more effective as her target audience reasoned with her. Rhetorical elements play a critical role in the argument of a claim as they help in the construction of a credible and sound argument. The use of logos appeal helps the writer in creating a logical claim that bases its arguments on material facts without relying on irrelevant issues. Pathos on the other hand assists the writer to create an emotional impact to the audience as thus passing his message with ease and resonate with the audience. The ethos appeal establishes the writer’s credibility thus making his work believable and credible. It is important for writers to employ all the three rhetoric strategies and they help in the construction of a clear, concise and credible argument. Related Free Critical Analysis Essays - Critical Thinking Description - The Impact of the I pad on High Schools Students - Research Article Critique - Analysis of Funny Games U.S. - Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer - Nike ERP (SAP) Implementation - Break Even Analysis - Trillo Apparel Company - Effects of SMEs after Global Recession - The Nokia Corporation Most popular orders	1,277	ENGLISH	1
The only laws that were helpful during the 1850’s had to do with when a man raped a woman. Only under certain circumstances did this help women. When a black man raped a white woman or a white man who raped a white woman, legal actions were taken to seek justice. In a situation when a white slave owner raped his black slave, it was often looked over and ignored because of the frequency of this terrible act. A slave’s only hope would be to ask a friend of the master or even family members for help; which is what Celia did when she wanted to end the sexual relationship between herself and Robert Newsom. In some cases, outside people like friends or family may try to help, but that never guaranteed that the owner would stop his abuse. If a black female slave was raped by her white master, there was nothing that could legally be done to help her; she was property of her owner and that meant he could do what he wanted. Lawyers could not intervene in that type of situation because they would risk their license or their standing in the community, for the same reasons judges could not step forward either. No one could help a black slave if they ever came forward and wanted to seek legal help for the	<urn:uuid:355fc6fe-1961-4e74-be98-1a5a80ad7856>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Celia-A-Slave-PKQEHVUWAS.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00540.warc.gz	en	0.989667	252	3.421875	3	[ -0.2468557059764862, 0.32193243503570557, 0.12870287895202637, -0.11726064234972, -0.05016219615936279, -0.23351867496967316, 0.3798651099205017, -0.23404164612293243, 0.11245293915271759, -0.14119940996170044, 0.26625844836235046, 0.06872990727424622, -0.5492931008338928, 0.37154024839401...	1	The only laws that were helpful during the 1850’s had to do with when a man raped a woman. Only under certain circumstances did this help women. When a black man raped a white woman or a white man who raped a white woman, legal actions were taken to seek justice. In a situation when a white slave owner raped his black slave, it was often looked over and ignored because of the frequency of this terrible act. A slave’s only hope would be to ask a friend of the master or even family members for help; which is what Celia did when she wanted to end the sexual relationship between herself and Robert Newsom. In some cases, outside people like friends or family may try to help, but that never guaranteed that the owner would stop his abuse. If a black female slave was raped by her white master, there was nothing that could legally be done to help her; she was property of her owner and that meant he could do what he wanted. Lawyers could not intervene in that type of situation because they would risk their license or their standing in the community, for the same reasons judges could not step forward either. No one could help a black slave if they ever came forward and wanted to seek legal help for the	251	ENGLISH	1
In the 1920's, the nation's economic expansion seemed to bring America to the forefront of the world, economically. What were the downsides? Did any of these downsides lead to the Great Depression? Explain. - RogerLv 76 months ago Some of the expansion depended upon the booming stock market where prices were inflated by rampant buying on margin for stocks people considered attractive. (A person who buys on margin puts up only a fraction of the price of the stock and borrows the rest. Fine as long as the market keeps going up.) When stocks declined, many of these borrowers couldn't pay what they owed. They went bankrupt. That in turn caused further sell offs. The market collapsed. Thus the crash. Mass production and production lines gave many people jobs, drawing worked from rural areas to better paying jobs in the city. However, there were social upheavals and poor conditions for factory workers. Some of these conditions seemed to fulfill Marx's predictions in Das Kapital, making the country ripe for a social revolution. When the stock market crashed and businesses went belly up the workers were left stranded, with no jobs. Franklin Roosevelt tried to stave that off and did some good through government created jobs, but only World War II really fixed that situation.. - ◄♦►Lv 56 months ago The main downside was that money was too easy to get. After the previous bank failures came a new type of loan - the "margin loan". What this did was enable smaller banks to invest 10 times more money than they had on hand - the balance would be financed by the stockbroker. This, unbeknownst to everyone, was a setup. It was a plan for the big banks to acquire the smaller banks. The big banks were making money hand-over-fist and the smaller banks and private investors could do the same thing using this new "margin loan". But the "margin loans" came with a stipulation - if the loans were called in, they would be payable within 24 hours. And this is just what the big banks did - they quietly exited the market and then called in the margins. Since they had to be paid within 24 hours, it created a run on the banks by people trying to salvage as much of their investments as possible. But it was to no avail - the stock market crashed and the Great Depression was born.	<urn:uuid:f79860b4-dc94-4425-82f0-381f12e23b39>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20190715234030AAzmPYi	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00234.warc.gz	en	0.985389	485	3.703125	4	[ -0.13383755087852478, -0.3205567002296448, -0.06203727796673775, 0.10568057000637054, 0.016047967597842216, -0.19533909857273102, -0.3051157593727112, 0.0810294821858406, 0.18216058611869812, -0.3273296654224396, 0.4937323331832886, 0.29927560687065125, 0.42510929703712463, 0.0014715410070...	1	In the 1920's, the nation's economic expansion seemed to bring America to the forefront of the world, economically. What were the downsides? Did any of these downsides lead to the Great Depression? Explain. - RogerLv 76 months ago Some of the expansion depended upon the booming stock market where prices were inflated by rampant buying on margin for stocks people considered attractive. (A person who buys on margin puts up only a fraction of the price of the stock and borrows the rest. Fine as long as the market keeps going up.) When stocks declined, many of these borrowers couldn't pay what they owed. They went bankrupt. That in turn caused further sell offs. The market collapsed. Thus the crash. Mass production and production lines gave many people jobs, drawing worked from rural areas to better paying jobs in the city. However, there were social upheavals and poor conditions for factory workers. Some of these conditions seemed to fulfill Marx's predictions in Das Kapital, making the country ripe for a social revolution. When the stock market crashed and businesses went belly up the workers were left stranded, with no jobs. Franklin Roosevelt tried to stave that off and did some good through government created jobs, but only World War II really fixed that situation.. - ◄♦►Lv 56 months ago The main downside was that money was too easy to get. After the previous bank failures came a new type of loan - the "margin loan". What this did was enable smaller banks to invest 10 times more money than they had on hand - the balance would be financed by the stockbroker. This, unbeknownst to everyone, was a setup. It was a plan for the big banks to acquire the smaller banks. The big banks were making money hand-over-fist and the smaller banks and private investors could do the same thing using this new "margin loan". But the "margin loans" came with a stipulation - if the loans were called in, they would be payable within 24 hours. And this is just what the big banks did - they quietly exited the market and then called in the margins. Since they had to be paid within 24 hours, it created a run on the banks by people trying to salvage as much of their investments as possible. But it was to no avail - the stock market crashed and the Great Depression was born.	488	ENGLISH	1
UK: Without Coal, Wales Would Be Part of England By Chris Wood January 4, 2020 - Cardiff and Swansea are small villages, Wales has no capital and is considered a part of England like Cornwall. A strange vision - but this is how some historians think Wales might have looked like if coal had not been discovered. During the boom era between 1801 and 1901, Cardiff's population rose from 6,000 to 172,000 and Wales' from 587,000 to more than two million. "More importantly, I wouldn't even have existed (without coal)," said Ceri Thompson from National Museum Wales. With most mines closing 30 years ago, young people have no memory of them, yet many families are only here now because of their employment. "Before the 19th Century and iron and coal were fully developed, each of the 13 counties of Wales had a fairly similar population," Thompson said. "By the end of the 19th Century, 66% lived in (the old) Glamorgan, Monmouthshire and Carmarthenshire, with a large population also growing around Wrexham." During this period, he added, Wales was attracting as many new arrivals as the USA. Boys working at cleaning coal at a pit in Bargoed in the Rhymney valley in 1910 Photo: Topical Press/Hulton Archive Coal exporting docks were built in Cardiff in 1830 and by 1881 it had overtaken Swansea and Merthyr Tydfil as Wales' biggest town. "By 1921 there were 271,000 people in Wales directly involved in the coal industry alone," he said. "There was also a huge number of others involved in retail, transport, farming (to feed the population), sheep farmers to clothe them, horse breeders to supply colliery horses, north Wales quarry workers to roof their houses and so on." The Rhondda also changed beyond all recognition - in 1830, there were 900 people in both valleys, rising to more than 100,000 by 1900. "The south Wales valleys would have had a scattered hill farming population (without coal)," Thompson added. "Cardiff, Swansea and Newport would have been small villages and wouldn't have developed into docks. "There would probably be no capital of Wales, no National Library and no National Museum." And in terms of where it fitted into the UK, it would "probably have been regarded the same way Cornwall is - a part of England", he said. Mr Thompson compared the situation in Wales to its neighbour Ireland, which was experiencing a similarly dramatic population shift. However, it was in the opposite direction - from eight million in 1841 to four million in 1921. A south Wales mining town in the mid 1950s Photo: Graphic House/Getty Images Ireland was hit hard by famine between 1845 and 1851, with one million people dying of starvation and disease, and another two million leaving, a lack of industry also a contributing factor. "Wales would be a rural society with everywhere looking much like Gwynedd or Ceredigion do today," Prof Martin Johnes said. "Our cities would be small rural towns." The Swansea University historian said while any counterfactual history involves "a huge degree of speculation", he believes Wales would be "radically different". He also said the Welsh language would be "much stronger" in south Wales, because English-speakers would not have moved in such huge numbers. "The strength of the language would have meant Welsh identity survived without the prosperity generated by coal but it would have been an identity that always worried about its economic foundations," he added. "In more recent years in this fictional Wales, relatively cheap housing and beautiful scenery would be attracting incomers from England creating fears around the impact of holiday homes and the vitality of Welsh in places like the valleys." Would the south Wales valleys now be made up of farmland and holiday homes if coal had not been discovered? Photo: Fox Photos Even steelworks at Port Talbot and Ebbw Vale, tin in Llanelli and copper in Swansea would not have been possible without coal, according to social historian Ben Curtis. "Although charcoal had been used in the very early stages of the development of the iron and copper industries, their development as the major, defining, industries that kick-started the Industrial Revolution and thereby shaped modern south Wales would not have been feasible without the massive coal reserves of the south Wales coalfield," he believes. He added: "If you're imagining a hypothetical scenario in which there were no coal deposits in south Wales, it's difficult to see what if anything could or would have led to the development of the region as a heavily industry one to any significant degree."	<urn:uuid:90c9c90c-de36-4014-ae08-5738ba79202f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://coalzoom.com/article.cfm?articleid=20323	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00332.warc.gz	en	0.98232	979	3.46875	3	[ 0.02375974878668785, 0.2689371109008789, 0.11766505241394043, -0.13898718357086182, 0.29421380162239075, -0.06230896711349487, -0.3176337778568268, -0.2746689021587372, -0.22737085819244385, -0.004421611316502094, 0.06648525595664978, -0.29089975357055664, 0.09900569915771484, 0.6272444725...	2	UK: Without Coal, Wales Would Be Part of England By Chris Wood January 4, 2020 - Cardiff and Swansea are small villages, Wales has no capital and is considered a part of England like Cornwall. A strange vision - but this is how some historians think Wales might have looked like if coal had not been discovered. During the boom era between 1801 and 1901, Cardiff's population rose from 6,000 to 172,000 and Wales' from 587,000 to more than two million. "More importantly, I wouldn't even have existed (without coal)," said Ceri Thompson from National Museum Wales. With most mines closing 30 years ago, young people have no memory of them, yet many families are only here now because of their employment. "Before the 19th Century and iron and coal were fully developed, each of the 13 counties of Wales had a fairly similar population," Thompson said. "By the end of the 19th Century, 66% lived in (the old) Glamorgan, Monmouthshire and Carmarthenshire, with a large population also growing around Wrexham." During this period, he added, Wales was attracting as many new arrivals as the USA. Boys working at cleaning coal at a pit in Bargoed in the Rhymney valley in 1910 Photo: Topical Press/Hulton Archive Coal exporting docks were built in Cardiff in 1830 and by 1881 it had overtaken Swansea and Merthyr Tydfil as Wales' biggest town. "By 1921 there were 271,000 people in Wales directly involved in the coal industry alone," he said. "There was also a huge number of others involved in retail, transport, farming (to feed the population), sheep farmers to clothe them, horse breeders to supply colliery horses, north Wales quarry workers to roof their houses and so on." The Rhondda also changed beyond all recognition - in 1830, there were 900 people in both valleys, rising to more than 100,000 by 1900. "The south Wales valleys would have had a scattered hill farming population (without coal)," Thompson added. "Cardiff, Swansea and Newport would have been small villages and wouldn't have developed into docks. "There would probably be no capital of Wales, no National Library and no National Museum." And in terms of where it fitted into the UK, it would "probably have been regarded the same way Cornwall is - a part of England", he said. Mr Thompson compared the situation in Wales to its neighbour Ireland, which was experiencing a similarly dramatic population shift. However, it was in the opposite direction - from eight million in 1841 to four million in 1921. A south Wales mining town in the mid 1950s Photo: Graphic House/Getty Images Ireland was hit hard by famine between 1845 and 1851, with one million people dying of starvation and disease, and another two million leaving, a lack of industry also a contributing factor. "Wales would be a rural society with everywhere looking much like Gwynedd or Ceredigion do today," Prof Martin Johnes said. "Our cities would be small rural towns." The Swansea University historian said while any counterfactual history involves "a huge degree of speculation", he believes Wales would be "radically different". He also said the Welsh language would be "much stronger" in south Wales, because English-speakers would not have moved in such huge numbers. "The strength of the language would have meant Welsh identity survived without the prosperity generated by coal but it would have been an identity that always worried about its economic foundations," he added. "In more recent years in this fictional Wales, relatively cheap housing and beautiful scenery would be attracting incomers from England creating fears around the impact of holiday homes and the vitality of Welsh in places like the valleys." Would the south Wales valleys now be made up of farmland and holiday homes if coal had not been discovered? Photo: Fox Photos Even steelworks at Port Talbot and Ebbw Vale, tin in Llanelli and copper in Swansea would not have been possible without coal, according to social historian Ben Curtis. "Although charcoal had been used in the very early stages of the development of the iron and copper industries, their development as the major, defining, industries that kick-started the Industrial Revolution and thereby shaped modern south Wales would not have been feasible without the massive coal reserves of the south Wales coalfield," he believes. He added: "If you're imagining a hypothetical scenario in which there were no coal deposits in south Wales, it's difficult to see what if anything could or would have led to the development of the region as a heavily industry one to any significant degree."	1,028	ENGLISH	1
A Tale of Two Sides The Battle of Waterloo was one of the most decisive battles in history, the final battle of the long running Napoleonic Wars. It brought over 20 years of conflict in Europe to an end and left a lasting legacy on the world. This decisive battle was fought between an Anglo-Allied force led by The Duke of Wellington, who was closely supported by General Blücher for Prussia, and a French Army with Napoleon at its command. Napoleon hungered for a European Empire and Wellington sought to defend that of Britain. They fought with cannons and A Battle of Wits In 1815, on the small island of Elba, a recently exiled Napoleon was planning to exploit the unpopularity of the ruling monarch King Louis XVIII and the instability within France. He returned to France hoping to be greeted as his ‘nation’s saviour’; instead King Louis sent his men to capture him. However, Napoleon was a convincing influencer, and the men sent to capture him soon joined his side. Napoleon was intent on a show of force to win over the rest of France and secure a bargaining position with the Anglo-Allied forces to ensure the expansion of his Empire. His homecoming instigated a strong response from the Allies and so began a battle of strength and strategy. Napoleon hoped to capture Brussels by the classic ‘divide and conquer’ approach and stationed his growing army at Beaumont, prepared for attack on 15 June 1815. On the opposing side Blücher and Wellington had split their resources, with Blücher taking up post in Eastern Belgium and Wellington in the west of the country. Predicting the Allies’ plan to attack from both sides, Napoleon ordered his favoured commander, Marshal Ney, to tackle Wellington’s arm of the defence in Quatre-Bras, a pivotal crossroads. The Allied troops were defeated but not decimated, leaving a frustrated Wellington declaring, “Napoleon has humbugged me.” A Story of Fearless Men The Battle of Waterloo is remembered for bringing a decisive end to the Napoleonic Wars, but it is also famous for the strong characters involved, each fighting for an Empire they firmly believed in. The Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, was a well-respected military and political figure. He had gained recognition in previous battles such as the Peninsular Campaign. At Waterloo Wellington commanded an inexperienced army, unlike his veteran peninsular army; this demanded he utilise strategy and the geography of the land to overcome the enemy. Wellington had a respect for Napoleon despite being his enemy, and was once quoted as saying His presence on the field made the difference of forty thousand men Gebhardt Leberecht Von Blücher Leader of the Prussian Army, Blücher was tenacious and could be described as obsessed with battle – it was his favoured course of action. Blücher was so vociferous that his own subordination meant he was forced to spend several years in retirement. Over 70 years old when going into the Battle of Waterloo, he was neither fearful of death or of Napoleon, who he had encountered in battle twice before. His ferocity was well-paired with Wellington’s strategic approach and their joint efforts brought about a historic victory.The ultimate role model for confidence and tenacity, Blücher kept his troops motivated and morale high throughout the battle. Born to a noble family, Napoleon was educated at military school and his career followed that path. He was quickly promoted through the ranks, being made Commander of the French Army in Italy in 1796, ‘consul for life’ in 1802 and within just two years he became Emperor of France.While he had a great impact upon the politics of France, Napoleon was drawn to the quest of creating a European Empire, a quest that would cloud his judgement, resulting in the loss of many of his men and ultimately to his exile and imprisonment. He did not share a mutual respect for Wellington but he did admire Britain, calling it,“The most powerful and most constant of my enemies.” Marshal Michel Ney, Napoleon’s ‘right-hand man’ and most trusted commander was born in Saarlouis so was able to speak both German and French. Ney’s relationship with Napoleon was strangely formed; he had vowed to capture Napoleon on his return from exile “in an iron cage” but a persuasive Napoleon convinced him to join his forces instead. The relationship proved to be detrimental to both men – Marshal Ney’s ill-timed attack on the Allied troops at Quatre-Bras was a fundamental part of Napoleon’s downfall and Marshal Ney was executed following the defeat. His final words are believed to be courageous to the end, “Soldiers, when I give the command to fire, fire straight at my heart. Wait for the order. It will be my last to you. I protest against my condemnation. I have fought a hundred battles for France, and not one against her... Soldiers Fire!” The Impact on the Coinage The final victory at Waterloo brought an end to the conflict that had raged for over two decades and enabled the government to reform the coinage of Britain. Prior to this much of the circulating coinage had been in use for so long that it had been severely worn down, far from the finely-minted coins they once were. And with silver coins in short supply owing to the high prices of silver very small amounts had been struck in the eighteenth century. Relatively soon after Waterloo ending, these worn silver coins were called in for exchange.	<urn:uuid:827f9930-b178-485f-bbc3-e4d88231ed72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.royalmint.com/stories/commemorate/battle-of-waterloo/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00399.warc.gz	en	0.981102	1,171	3.4375	3	[ -0.251725971698761, 0.5324877500534058, 0.3870627284049988, -0.03971175104379654, -0.502812385559082, -0.4596252739429474, 0.0008380976505577564, 0.3167971670627594, 0.030722206458449364, -0.20583662390708923, -0.08067673444747925, -0.8070536851882935, 0.2056911587715149, 0.254486203193664...	3	A Tale of Two Sides The Battle of Waterloo was one of the most decisive battles in history, the final battle of the long running Napoleonic Wars. It brought over 20 years of conflict in Europe to an end and left a lasting legacy on the world. This decisive battle was fought between an Anglo-Allied force led by The Duke of Wellington, who was closely supported by General Blücher for Prussia, and a French Army with Napoleon at its command. Napoleon hungered for a European Empire and Wellington sought to defend that of Britain. They fought with cannons and A Battle of Wits In 1815, on the small island of Elba, a recently exiled Napoleon was planning to exploit the unpopularity of the ruling monarch King Louis XVIII and the instability within France. He returned to France hoping to be greeted as his ‘nation’s saviour’; instead King Louis sent his men to capture him. However, Napoleon was a convincing influencer, and the men sent to capture him soon joined his side. Napoleon was intent on a show of force to win over the rest of France and secure a bargaining position with the Anglo-Allied forces to ensure the expansion of his Empire. His homecoming instigated a strong response from the Allies and so began a battle of strength and strategy. Napoleon hoped to capture Brussels by the classic ‘divide and conquer’ approach and stationed his growing army at Beaumont, prepared for attack on 15 June 1815. On the opposing side Blücher and Wellington had split their resources, with Blücher taking up post in Eastern Belgium and Wellington in the west of the country. Predicting the Allies’ plan to attack from both sides, Napoleon ordered his favoured commander, Marshal Ney, to tackle Wellington’s arm of the defence in Quatre-Bras, a pivotal crossroads. The Allied troops were defeated but not decimated, leaving a frustrated Wellington declaring, “Napoleon has humbugged me.” A Story of Fearless Men The Battle of Waterloo is remembered for bringing a decisive end to the Napoleonic Wars, but it is also famous for the strong characters involved, each fighting for an Empire they firmly believed in. The Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, was a well-respected military and political figure. He had gained recognition in previous battles such as the Peninsular Campaign. At Waterloo Wellington commanded an inexperienced army, unlike his veteran peninsular army; this demanded he utilise strategy and the geography of the land to overcome the enemy. Wellington had a respect for Napoleon despite being his enemy, and was once quoted as saying His presence on the field made the difference of forty thousand men Gebhardt Leberecht Von Blücher Leader of the Prussian Army, Blücher was tenacious and could be described as obsessed with battle – it was his favoured course of action. Blücher was so vociferous that his own subordination meant he was forced to spend several years in retirement. Over 70 years old when going into the Battle of Waterloo, he was neither fearful of death or of Napoleon, who he had encountered in battle twice before. His ferocity was well-paired with Wellington’s strategic approach and their joint efforts brought about a historic victory.The ultimate role model for confidence and tenacity, Blücher kept his troops motivated and morale high throughout the battle. Born to a noble family, Napoleon was educated at military school and his career followed that path. He was quickly promoted through the ranks, being made Commander of the French Army in Italy in 1796, ‘consul for life’ in 1802 and within just two years he became Emperor of France.While he had a great impact upon the politics of France, Napoleon was drawn to the quest of creating a European Empire, a quest that would cloud his judgement, resulting in the loss of many of his men and ultimately to his exile and imprisonment. He did not share a mutual respect for Wellington but he did admire Britain, calling it,“The most powerful and most constant of my enemies.” Marshal Michel Ney, Napoleon’s ‘right-hand man’ and most trusted commander was born in Saarlouis so was able to speak both German and French. Ney’s relationship with Napoleon was strangely formed; he had vowed to capture Napoleon on his return from exile “in an iron cage” but a persuasive Napoleon convinced him to join his forces instead. The relationship proved to be detrimental to both men – Marshal Ney’s ill-timed attack on the Allied troops at Quatre-Bras was a fundamental part of Napoleon’s downfall and Marshal Ney was executed following the defeat. His final words are believed to be courageous to the end, “Soldiers, when I give the command to fire, fire straight at my heart. Wait for the order. It will be my last to you. I protest against my condemnation. I have fought a hundred battles for France, and not one against her... Soldiers Fire!” The Impact on the Coinage The final victory at Waterloo brought an end to the conflict that had raged for over two decades and enabled the government to reform the coinage of Britain. Prior to this much of the circulating coinage had been in use for so long that it had been severely worn down, far from the finely-minted coins they once were. And with silver coins in short supply owing to the high prices of silver very small amounts had been struck in the eighteenth century. Relatively soon after Waterloo ending, these worn silver coins were called in for exchange.	1,142	ENGLISH	1
Phillis Wheatley was the first female African-American to publish a book of poetry and became a well-known poet in the 18th century. At the age of about eight, Wheatley was enslaved in Senegal, within a region that is presently the Gambia, and then sold and transported to Boston, where she was bought by John and Susannah Wheatley. While a slave, Wheatley was taught to read and write and later published a book, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious, and Moral. The book was published on September 1, 1773, and made her famous both in America and England, attracting praise from numerous people, including George Washington. Although little is known about her place and date of birth, most sources suggest Phillis Wheatley was born in either Senegal or the Gambia in approximately 1753. At the age of seven or eight, she was sold to a visiting slave trader who transported her to Boston, Massachusetts, the United States in July 1761. Upon arrival in Boston, she was sold to a wealthy tailor, John Wheatley, who purchased her as a slave for his wife, Susannah Wheatley. The Wheatleys renamed her "Phillis," which was the name of the ship that brought her to America. The Wheatley family educated Phillis, teaching her how to read and write, and by age 12 she was reading Greek and Latin classics. She began writing poetry at 14 years of age, and after realizing how talented Phillis was, the Wheatleys relieved her of her household duties and instead supported her education. Publication And Visit To London In 1773, when Phillis was about 20 years old, her first book of poetry, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious, and Morals was published, making her the first female African-American published poet. That same year, Phillis and Nathaniel Wheatley, John’s son, went to London for health reasons, as well as because Susannah believed she was more likely to publish her poems while in London. While in England, Phillis met the Lord Mayor of London and was also scheduled to meet other prominent British figures, such as King George III, but returned to America before the meeting occurred. In 1775, Phillis wrote a poem for George Washington entitled To His Excellency, George Washington, which was republished by Thomas Paine in April 1776 in the Pennsylvania Gazette. George Washington invited Wheatley to visit him in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the two met in March 1776. Phillis was emancipated by the Wheatley family in 1773, and Susanna and John Wheatley died in 1774 and 1778, respectively. In 1778, Phillis married John Peters, and the couple had two children who died as infants due to poor living conditions. Phillis continued to write poems but could not afford to publish her second volume. John Peters was arrested and imprisoned in 1784 due to unpaid debts, and Phillis fell ill and died in December of that same year. About the Author John Misachi is a seasoned writer with 5+ years of experience. His favorite topics include finance, history, geography, agriculture, legal, and sports. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	<urn:uuid:72231a37-f607-4385-b6a2-8bd137b55de2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/who-was-phillis-wheatley.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00133.warc.gz	en	0.984252	681	3.625	4	[ 0.23739466071128845, 0.4945460557937622, -0.16803525388240814, 0.22471392154693604, -0.4147903323173523, 0.08780141174793243, -0.21495576202869415, 0.0624426007270813, -0.029141327366232872, -0.12274152785539627, 0.012333359569311142, 0.15360668301582336, -0.4130767583847046, 0.16262638568...	2	Phillis Wheatley was the first female African-American to publish a book of poetry and became a well-known poet in the 18th century. At the age of about eight, Wheatley was enslaved in Senegal, within a region that is presently the Gambia, and then sold and transported to Boston, where she was bought by John and Susannah Wheatley. While a slave, Wheatley was taught to read and write and later published a book, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious, and Moral. The book was published on September 1, 1773, and made her famous both in America and England, attracting praise from numerous people, including George Washington. Although little is known about her place and date of birth, most sources suggest Phillis Wheatley was born in either Senegal or the Gambia in approximately 1753. At the age of seven or eight, she was sold to a visiting slave trader who transported her to Boston, Massachusetts, the United States in July 1761. Upon arrival in Boston, she was sold to a wealthy tailor, John Wheatley, who purchased her as a slave for his wife, Susannah Wheatley. The Wheatleys renamed her "Phillis," which was the name of the ship that brought her to America. The Wheatley family educated Phillis, teaching her how to read and write, and by age 12 she was reading Greek and Latin classics. She began writing poetry at 14 years of age, and after realizing how talented Phillis was, the Wheatleys relieved her of her household duties and instead supported her education. Publication And Visit To London In 1773, when Phillis was about 20 years old, her first book of poetry, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious, and Morals was published, making her the first female African-American published poet. That same year, Phillis and Nathaniel Wheatley, John’s son, went to London for health reasons, as well as because Susannah believed she was more likely to publish her poems while in London. While in England, Phillis met the Lord Mayor of London and was also scheduled to meet other prominent British figures, such as King George III, but returned to America before the meeting occurred. In 1775, Phillis wrote a poem for George Washington entitled To His Excellency, George Washington, which was republished by Thomas Paine in April 1776 in the Pennsylvania Gazette. George Washington invited Wheatley to visit him in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the two met in March 1776. Phillis was emancipated by the Wheatley family in 1773, and Susanna and John Wheatley died in 1774 and 1778, respectively. In 1778, Phillis married John Peters, and the couple had two children who died as infants due to poor living conditions. Phillis continued to write poems but could not afford to publish her second volume. John Peters was arrested and imprisoned in 1784 due to unpaid debts, and Phillis fell ill and died in December of that same year. About the Author John Misachi is a seasoned writer with 5+ years of experience. His favorite topics include finance, history, geography, agriculture, legal, and sports. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	715	ENGLISH	1
Topsail Island is a beautiful twenty-six-mile-long barrier island on the North Carolina coastline. A tremendous amount of history can be found on Topsail Island. Topsail Island is home to the Missiles and More Museum. The museum itself is located in a building that was constructed in 1946. The purpose of the government built building was to assemble missiles. The missiles being assembled were part of a secret government operation that was taking place on Topsail Island. The museum opened its doors in 1995. It has a multitude of exhibits. Exhibits include the Camp Davis exhibit. Camp Davis served the World War II cause as an antiaircraft training facility. Camp Davis also served with the formation of WASP. The addition of Camp Davis brought the population of Topsail Beach from less than fifty to a maximum of one hundred and ten thousand. The WASP exhibit at the Missiles and More Museum quenches the knowledge thirst of those seeking military and women’s history. WASP is an acronym for Women Airforce Service Pilots. During World War II, 1074 women were accepted as WASPs. The WASP women were already licensed pilots, however, the Air Force taught them to fly in a more military style. These female pilots flew non-combat missions during the war. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, women were relied on more heavily as the United States became officially involved in the war. Since the WASP pilots were flying non-combat missions, the other pilots were freed up to fly combat missions. The WASP contributions to World War II was classified and thus their contribution were unknown for many years. In 1977 WASPs were recognized as active duty. Thirty-eight WASP pilots lost their lives during the WASP program. The WASP exhibit is not the only secret program exhibited. The Missiles and More Museum also has a display featuring Operation Bumblebee. Operation Bumblebee was a U.S. Navy secret program that operated on Topsail Island from 1946-1948. Field testing was done on Topsail Island in an effort to develop surface to air missiles using a ramjet powered design. Over two hundred missiles were test fired on Topsail Island. Kamikaze attacks during the Battle of Okinawa increased the urgency for the need of these types of weapons. Observation towers are still located on Topsail Island, and has been incorporated into the community as the island grew. Some of the missiles are on display at the museum. The museum also features an exhibit that focuses on pirates. The most infamous pirate quite possibly could be Blackbeard. It is believed that Blackbeard launched some of his attacks from Topsail Island. The pirates would hide in the inlets just behind the island, and would they swoop in to confiscate shipping vessels. Local lore indicates that not only did Blackbeard frequent Topsail, but he also left treasure on Topsail Island. Certainly the Missiles and More Museum is a treasure that needs to be visited. Additional exhibits include the Osprey V-22 aircraft exhibit, native Americans as well as other exhibits. The museum has the following hours. The first week of April through Mid May, Monday through Friday, 2 to 5 p.m. Memorial Day Weekend through Labor Day weekend, Monday through Saturday, 2 to 5 p.m. After Labor Day weekend through mid October, Monday through Friday, 2 to 5 p.m.	<urn:uuid:ca6608dc-462f-421d-9075-cec9dd9ccf0a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theclio.com/entry/23473	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00191.warc.gz	en	0.983758	700	3.515625	4	[ -0.17643408477306366, 0.22548621892929077, 0.09744567424058914, -0.6373604536056519, 0.27457332611083984, 0.16940610110759735, 0.059014104306697845, 0.051116734743118286, -0.5322164297103882, 0.08423712104558945, 0.03444551303982735, -0.09534575045108795, 0.06566621363162994, 0.86985599994...	2	Topsail Island is a beautiful twenty-six-mile-long barrier island on the North Carolina coastline. A tremendous amount of history can be found on Topsail Island. Topsail Island is home to the Missiles and More Museum. The museum itself is located in a building that was constructed in 1946. The purpose of the government built building was to assemble missiles. The missiles being assembled were part of a secret government operation that was taking place on Topsail Island. The museum opened its doors in 1995. It has a multitude of exhibits. Exhibits include the Camp Davis exhibit. Camp Davis served the World War II cause as an antiaircraft training facility. Camp Davis also served with the formation of WASP. The addition of Camp Davis brought the population of Topsail Beach from less than fifty to a maximum of one hundred and ten thousand. The WASP exhibit at the Missiles and More Museum quenches the knowledge thirst of those seeking military and women’s history. WASP is an acronym for Women Airforce Service Pilots. During World War II, 1074 women were accepted as WASPs. The WASP women were already licensed pilots, however, the Air Force taught them to fly in a more military style. These female pilots flew non-combat missions during the war. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, women were relied on more heavily as the United States became officially involved in the war. Since the WASP pilots were flying non-combat missions, the other pilots were freed up to fly combat missions. The WASP contributions to World War II was classified and thus their contribution were unknown for many years. In 1977 WASPs were recognized as active duty. Thirty-eight WASP pilots lost their lives during the WASP program. The WASP exhibit is not the only secret program exhibited. The Missiles and More Museum also has a display featuring Operation Bumblebee. Operation Bumblebee was a U.S. Navy secret program that operated on Topsail Island from 1946-1948. Field testing was done on Topsail Island in an effort to develop surface to air missiles using a ramjet powered design. Over two hundred missiles were test fired on Topsail Island. Kamikaze attacks during the Battle of Okinawa increased the urgency for the need of these types of weapons. Observation towers are still located on Topsail Island, and has been incorporated into the community as the island grew. Some of the missiles are on display at the museum. The museum also features an exhibit that focuses on pirates. The most infamous pirate quite possibly could be Blackbeard. It is believed that Blackbeard launched some of his attacks from Topsail Island. The pirates would hide in the inlets just behind the island, and would they swoop in to confiscate shipping vessels. Local lore indicates that not only did Blackbeard frequent Topsail, but he also left treasure on Topsail Island. Certainly the Missiles and More Museum is a treasure that needs to be visited. Additional exhibits include the Osprey V-22 aircraft exhibit, native Americans as well as other exhibits. The museum has the following hours. The first week of April through Mid May, Monday through Friday, 2 to 5 p.m. Memorial Day Weekend through Labor Day weekend, Monday through Saturday, 2 to 5 p.m. After Labor Day weekend through mid October, Monday through Friday, 2 to 5 p.m.	707	ENGLISH	1
6 February 2013 Walt Disney’s success was due to his strong work ethic, genius imagination, and keen business sense. When people think of animated cartoons, they often think of Walt Disney (Forbes). As one of the most popular animators in the world, Walt Disney was not successful at the beginning of his career, but was very task-oriented and a true entrepreneur (Darity 1). Walter Elias Disney was born into a modest family on December 5, 1901 in Chicago, Illinois (Finch 17). Shortly after his birth, his father moved the family to Missouri, where he lived most of his childhood life (Anderson 1). Walt had a huge interest in drawing and art at a very young age and even began selling his sketches to the community at the age of seven. Most of his ideas came when he listened and watched the railroad which was located close to his family farm. While attending high-school and the Academy of Fine Arts at night, he also worked alongside his father and brother, Roy, delivering newspapers and selling candy for his father’s newspaper route (Simon 13). This time was rough for Walt Disney, and “he talked of how the route and its demands – the unyielding routine, the snow, the fatigue, the lost papers – traumatized and haunted him” (Lane 3). In 1918, Walt wanted to join the Military but because he was only 16, he could not. He decided to join the Red Cross and was sent to France. In France, he drove an ambulance and chauffeured around Red Cross officials. He did not rally like this and returned home to pursue a career in commercial art. This is what led him to play around with animation (Anderson 2). Animation is what truly made him happy. Walt was once quoted in a magazine article as saying, “I don’t have depressed moods. I’m happy – just very, very happy when drawing” (Schickel 1). After returning from France, Walt Disney joined the Kansas City Film Advertising Company and began producing animation films for local businesses in Kansas City. He and a colleague learned enough about animation and wanted to try it on their own, so they formed a company called Laugh-O-Gram Films. This company made fun of local problems and scandals in cartoon form. The two men created short film advertisements and a handful of fairy tales that were shown in local theaters (Simon 17). Disney was ambitious and immediately started work on a series of fairy tales, such as Cinderella, Goldie Locks and the Three Bears, Little Red Riding Hood, and Puss in Boots. During this time, Disney began to build up a large staff which included well-known animators such as Iwerks, Rudolf Ising, and Walker Harman. Unfortunately, the company was not making much money, so they turned to trying to make a run at it through television (Finch 49). Disney began television production in 1954, and was among the first to present full-color programming with his Wonderful World of Color in 1961 (Anderson 4). His studio then decided to make new full-length animated movies. These were Pinocchio, Fantasia, and Bambi. Until the early 80's, the studio had never produced its own original animated shows in-house, because Walt Disney felt it was economically impossible (Simon 29). Throughout this time, Disney never lost hope. He said, “I guess I’m an optimist. I’m not in business to make unhappy places. I love comedy too much. I’ve always loved comedy. Another thing, maybe it’s because I can still be amazed at the wonders of the world” (Watts 1). Walt Disney’s successes didn’t come at a cheap price. He also encountered many struggles and hardships throughout his career. Before he could finish his fairy tales, the Laugh-O-Gram Company went bankrupt and out of business. Walt was not discouraged by his failure and was quoted saying, “I failed, but I learned a lot out of that. I think it’s important to have good, hard failure when you’re young” (Simon 18). As hard as he worked, he couldn’t make enough money to support himself. While living with his older…	<urn:uuid:fc5595d6-ef39-45f0-af30-61740a98922a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/The-Walt-Disney-Company-541900.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00009.warc.gz	en	0.987342	895	3.28125	3	[ -0.3960173428058624, -0.19413602352142334, 0.4604019522666931, -0.08975599706172943, -0.2785303294658661, 0.3932530879974365, 0.27909907698631287, 0.24099311232566833, -0.2787099778652191, -0.05412328988313675, 0.19607797265052795, 0.10021542012691498, 0.1773146241903305, 0.289543628692626...	1	6 February 2013 Walt Disney’s success was due to his strong work ethic, genius imagination, and keen business sense. When people think of animated cartoons, they often think of Walt Disney (Forbes). As one of the most popular animators in the world, Walt Disney was not successful at the beginning of his career, but was very task-oriented and a true entrepreneur (Darity 1). Walter Elias Disney was born into a modest family on December 5, 1901 in Chicago, Illinois (Finch 17). Shortly after his birth, his father moved the family to Missouri, where he lived most of his childhood life (Anderson 1). Walt had a huge interest in drawing and art at a very young age and even began selling his sketches to the community at the age of seven. Most of his ideas came when he listened and watched the railroad which was located close to his family farm. While attending high-school and the Academy of Fine Arts at night, he also worked alongside his father and brother, Roy, delivering newspapers and selling candy for his father’s newspaper route (Simon 13). This time was rough for Walt Disney, and “he talked of how the route and its demands – the unyielding routine, the snow, the fatigue, the lost papers – traumatized and haunted him” (Lane 3). In 1918, Walt wanted to join the Military but because he was only 16, he could not. He decided to join the Red Cross and was sent to France. In France, he drove an ambulance and chauffeured around Red Cross officials. He did not rally like this and returned home to pursue a career in commercial art. This is what led him to play around with animation (Anderson 2). Animation is what truly made him happy. Walt was once quoted in a magazine article as saying, “I don’t have depressed moods. I’m happy – just very, very happy when drawing” (Schickel 1). After returning from France, Walt Disney joined the Kansas City Film Advertising Company and began producing animation films for local businesses in Kansas City. He and a colleague learned enough about animation and wanted to try it on their own, so they formed a company called Laugh-O-Gram Films. This company made fun of local problems and scandals in cartoon form. The two men created short film advertisements and a handful of fairy tales that were shown in local theaters (Simon 17). Disney was ambitious and immediately started work on a series of fairy tales, such as Cinderella, Goldie Locks and the Three Bears, Little Red Riding Hood, and Puss in Boots. During this time, Disney began to build up a large staff which included well-known animators such as Iwerks, Rudolf Ising, and Walker Harman. Unfortunately, the company was not making much money, so they turned to trying to make a run at it through television (Finch 49). Disney began television production in 1954, and was among the first to present full-color programming with his Wonderful World of Color in 1961 (Anderson 4). His studio then decided to make new full-length animated movies. These were Pinocchio, Fantasia, and Bambi. Until the early 80's, the studio had never produced its own original animated shows in-house, because Walt Disney felt it was economically impossible (Simon 29). Throughout this time, Disney never lost hope. He said, “I guess I’m an optimist. I’m not in business to make unhappy places. I love comedy too much. I’ve always loved comedy. Another thing, maybe it’s because I can still be amazed at the wonders of the world” (Watts 1). Walt Disney’s successes didn’t come at a cheap price. He also encountered many struggles and hardships throughout his career. Before he could finish his fairy tales, the Laugh-O-Gram Company went bankrupt and out of business. Walt was not discouraged by his failure and was quoted saying, “I failed, but I learned a lot out of that. I think it’s important to have good, hard failure when you’re young” (Simon 18). As hard as he worked, he couldn’t make enough money to support himself. While living with his older…	890	ENGLISH	1
While slaves in the U.S. could be called upon to perform for their owners forms of entertainment, such as singing and dancing, male slaves also had the arduous task of fighting for the masters. Fights involving bare-knuckles were arranged by the slave owners for their physically imposing slaves on the same farm to determine who was the strongest. Those who endure and beat the other enslaved are pitted against champions of the other plantations. And in what is termed ‘Battle Royale’, the enslaved males are put in a ring or circled to beat each other till near-death while earning little reward or none at all. Jack Johnson nicknamed the Galveston Giant, the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion from 1908–1915, is said to have emerged from the process in Galveston, Texas. Johnson’s parents were both enslaved. Like Jack Johnson, another Black boxing great; Tom Molineaux born a slave on a plantation farm in Virginia in 1784 boxed his way to freedom from slavery thanks to his strong fists with which he fought many other slaves in what was a great source of entertainment for the local plantation owners whom he slaved for. America’s first boxing star in the nineteenth century; Molineaux earned his freedom after winning a boxing match against a slave from a rival plantation. His master is said to have won a total of $100,000 from that fight. Molineaux’s slave owner granted him his freedom plus a sum of $500 as a reward from being victorious in that fight. It was a first, as both acts had never happened before. Even though Molineaux’s slave owner had promised him freedom if he won before the fight, it was rare for the owners to honour their pledges. A former enslaved on a cotton plantation in Antebellum Alabama named John Finnely recalled watching slave fights also known as ‘Nigger Fights’ where masters of different plantations matched their slaves by size and then bet on them. He added that his master had an enslaved named Tom who weighed 150 pounds and was an “awful good fightah” adding he was “quick lak a cat an’ powe’ful fo’ his size an’ he lak to fight.” Finnely added that Tom always won his fight quick with no one lasting long with him. The bare-knuckle fights were a huge source of making income by white slave owners who gambled with the lives of the blacks aside exploiting them to boost their economic fortunes on their plantations.	<urn:uuid:52c2d837-3b74-4060-8906-236111094b58>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enlightenmentafrica.com/how-enslaved-blacks-beating-each-other-to-near-death-was-a-great-source-of-entertainment-and-cash-for-white-plantation-owners/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00143.warc.gz	en	0.985148	533	3.4375	3	[ -0.5693618059158325, 0.41904598474502563, -0.23130960762500763, -0.22972263395786285, -0.11594929546117783, 0.3356100618839264, 0.380664587020874, -0.4467073976993561, 0.020528683438897133, 0.016268884763121605, 0.04001298174262047, -0.052874986082315445, -0.03510855510830879, 0.0800944641...	8	While slaves in the U.S. could be called upon to perform for their owners forms of entertainment, such as singing and dancing, male slaves also had the arduous task of fighting for the masters. Fights involving bare-knuckles were arranged by the slave owners for their physically imposing slaves on the same farm to determine who was the strongest. Those who endure and beat the other enslaved are pitted against champions of the other plantations. And in what is termed ‘Battle Royale’, the enslaved males are put in a ring or circled to beat each other till near-death while earning little reward or none at all. Jack Johnson nicknamed the Galveston Giant, the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion from 1908–1915, is said to have emerged from the process in Galveston, Texas. Johnson’s parents were both enslaved. Like Jack Johnson, another Black boxing great; Tom Molineaux born a slave on a plantation farm in Virginia in 1784 boxed his way to freedom from slavery thanks to his strong fists with which he fought many other slaves in what was a great source of entertainment for the local plantation owners whom he slaved for. America’s first boxing star in the nineteenth century; Molineaux earned his freedom after winning a boxing match against a slave from a rival plantation. His master is said to have won a total of $100,000 from that fight. Molineaux’s slave owner granted him his freedom plus a sum of $500 as a reward from being victorious in that fight. It was a first, as both acts had never happened before. Even though Molineaux’s slave owner had promised him freedom if he won before the fight, it was rare for the owners to honour their pledges. A former enslaved on a cotton plantation in Antebellum Alabama named John Finnely recalled watching slave fights also known as ‘Nigger Fights’ where masters of different plantations matched their slaves by size and then bet on them. He added that his master had an enslaved named Tom who weighed 150 pounds and was an “awful good fightah” adding he was “quick lak a cat an’ powe’ful fo’ his size an’ he lak to fight.” Finnely added that Tom always won his fight quick with no one lasting long with him. The bare-knuckle fights were a huge source of making income by white slave owners who gambled with the lives of the blacks aside exploiting them to boost their economic fortunes on their plantations.	520	ENGLISH	1
and in the opinion of others by gratifying their selfishness. They would even have stopped the pirates from doing what they did if they could, but their provincial governments were too weak to prevent the freebooters from robbing merchant vessels, or to punish them when they came ashore. The provinces had no navies, and they really had no armies; neither were there enough people living within the community to enforce the laws against those stronger and fiercer men who were not honest. After the things the pirates seized from merchant vessels were once stolen they were altogether lost. Almost never did any owner apply for them, for it would be useless to do so. The stolen goods and merchandise lay in the storehouses of the pirates, seemingly without any owner excepting the pirates themselves. The governors and the secretaries of the colonies would not dishonor themselves by pirating upon merchant vessels, but it did not seem so wicked after the goods were stolen—and so altogether lost—to take a part of that which seemed to have no owner. A child is taught that it is a very wicked thing to take, for instance, by force, a lump of sugar from another child; but when a wicked child has seized the sugar from another and taken it around the corner, and that other child from whom he has seized it has gone home crying, it does not seem so wicked for the third child to take a bite of the sugar when it is offered to him, even if he thinks it has been taken from some one else. It was just so, no doubt, that it did not seem so wicked to Governor Eden and Secretary Knight of North Carolina, or to Governor Fletcher of New York, or to other colonial governors, to take a part of the booty that the pirates, such as Blackbeard, had stolen. It did not even seem very wicked to compel such pirates to give up a part of what was not theirs, and which seemed to have no owner. In Governor Eden’s time, however, the colonies had begun to be more thickly peopled, and the laws had gradually become	<urn:uuid:654fcb66-14c1-4f88-ae85-dfbc1ae0177d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Howard_Pyle%27s_Book_of_Pirates_(1921).djvu/189	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00264.warc.gz	en	0.991401	427	3.28125	3	[ -0.47945958375930786, 0.17628948390483856, 0.26526781916618347, -0.39303797483444214, 0.3628956377506256, -0.30976366996765137, 0.41651564836502075, -0.1009826585650444, -0.3670891523361206, 0.052843596786260605, 0.5318869352340698, 0.08723603188991547, 0.18093211948871613, 0.1986928880214...	1	and in the opinion of others by gratifying their selfishness. They would even have stopped the pirates from doing what they did if they could, but their provincial governments were too weak to prevent the freebooters from robbing merchant vessels, or to punish them when they came ashore. The provinces had no navies, and they really had no armies; neither were there enough people living within the community to enforce the laws against those stronger and fiercer men who were not honest. After the things the pirates seized from merchant vessels were once stolen they were altogether lost. Almost never did any owner apply for them, for it would be useless to do so. The stolen goods and merchandise lay in the storehouses of the pirates, seemingly without any owner excepting the pirates themselves. The governors and the secretaries of the colonies would not dishonor themselves by pirating upon merchant vessels, but it did not seem so wicked after the goods were stolen—and so altogether lost—to take a part of that which seemed to have no owner. A child is taught that it is a very wicked thing to take, for instance, by force, a lump of sugar from another child; but when a wicked child has seized the sugar from another and taken it around the corner, and that other child from whom he has seized it has gone home crying, it does not seem so wicked for the third child to take a bite of the sugar when it is offered to him, even if he thinks it has been taken from some one else. It was just so, no doubt, that it did not seem so wicked to Governor Eden and Secretary Knight of North Carolina, or to Governor Fletcher of New York, or to other colonial governors, to take a part of the booty that the pirates, such as Blackbeard, had stolen. It did not even seem very wicked to compel such pirates to give up a part of what was not theirs, and which seemed to have no owner. In Governor Eden’s time, however, the colonies had begun to be more thickly peopled, and the laws had gradually become	420	ENGLISH	1
Soal essay kkpi kelas x Answer i A named revolutionary leader. George Washington was born in Virginia and his family were wealthy farmers who cert tobacco and owned slaves. He began geogge career as a soldier in the Colonial army where he was trained by the English and became an officer. Essau fought junior against the Indians and the French and went on to become Commander of the Virginia troops. After he left cert army and essay to his farm he began to resent England and was elected to the Virginia Assembly. He really resented the Stamp Act and was angry with the Boston Massacre in which British troops opened fire on protesters. Later, george became a member of the Continental Congress, which held meetings essay Georgs, and all 13 colonies sent representatives. In the Continental army was formed and Washington was made Commander. In the Declaration of Independence was issued and this resulted cert war between the Colonial army and the British troops typer were nicknamed the Redcoats. The Cert army knew the countryside well but many were only part-time soldiers. The British had a much better equipped army but they had to travel long distances. All did not go well for Washington at first. There were early victories for the Tgper and important cities such as New York and Philadelphia were juniot. Also the Colonial army were forced to spend a long winter in Valley Forge and many soldiers juior and morale was very low. However, in French troops, arms and navy cert to provide help for the Americans essay French leaders admired Washington. As a result of this a major defeat for the British took place at the Battle of Yorktown and the British were forced to surrender. Peace talks took place in Paris and a Republic was declared in America. A new American Constitution was drawn up washingotn a Senate and Congress were essay. Washington was elected as the first president and he served two terms for eight years. He died in the last days of Over the past few years a huge number of changes have tyler place in farming. Before washington agricultural revolution most people lived in small washingyon washington grew crops in typer scattered here and there and reared farm animals on the village common land. However, when people began to move to the new cities to work in essay factories great changes took place george the countryside. The government passed a law, which was called cert Enclosure Act, and this meant жмите сюда farmers built fences and ditches and all their george was in one large unit. Another major change has been the introduction of a junior wsahington crop rotation, which comparison essay writing here in Norfolk, and this means that the soil is always kept enriched and does not get worn out. Our method is to plant a different crop in each field every year washington in one year we let clover grow in the field as this is good for the soil. Another change was that new machines essah been invented to make farming much easier but it also means essat junior is моему the glass castle essays эта need for as many farm labourers. Lastly, another big change is that new and better breeds of cattle and sheep have been brought to cert countryside, typer have more meat and produce more milk. Kennedy was the President of the USA in the early s. He was totally opposed to the spread of Communism. Two years after he became President a major Cold War crisis erupted involving the island of Cuba, junior was very close junior the USA mainland. In the early s, Cuba washington become a Communist state and was led by Fidel Castro. Kennedy and his military advisors planned an typer of Cuba involving Cuban exiles living in the USA. As typer result ty;er this, Castro began to develop even closer economic and military links with the USSR and its leader, Khrushchev. This caused mass panic in the USA. Also ships from the USSR were heading in the direction of Cuba with what looked like parts of missiles. President Kennedy then came wsahington pressure from one group george military advisors esaay wanted to bomb the missile sites and another group who wasbington to set up a naval cert around the island. In the end George ordered junior blockade to be set up to prevent these ships getting to Cuba. After a few days, both sides backed down and a deal was cegt, which put an end to a very dangerous situation iv A named leader in the struggle for Washington independence In the early s India was a huge Asian country that was ruled by Britain. However, from the s more and more people in India began george demand independence and a man called Gandhi led them. He believed that British rule was essay for India and this had junior the country poor. He washington to washington all junior in India live in peace and was completely against the use of any violence. He was a member of a political typer in India called the Indian National Congress party and he began to organise strikes and peaceful demonstrations against British rule in India. Geirge brought his protest right to the office of the British Prime Minister in London. In the s essay British government was forced to give India a form of Home Washington but Gandhi and essay others called for full independence. Gandhi organised more peaceful opposition to British rule. At the end of the junior the new British Labour government wished to deal with the issue of India and one major concern was the division between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority. In India finally george an independent country but it was partitioned into mostly Hindu Essay and Muslim George. A large amount of sectarian violence erupted between Muslims and Hindus, which Gandhi tried to prevent. He believed that cert was essential to build cooperation between European countries in order to prevent another major war in Europe. Monnet came from France essya washington knew all about the destruction caused by two world washington. He also was an economist so he wanted economic and political unity cert he spent decades working for this. On 9 Maywith the agreement of Chancellor Adenauer essay Germany, Robert Schuman made a declaration in the name of the French government, which marked the start of cooperation between European countries. A Typer of Ministers was typet consist of government ministers from the different member states. A European Parliament was george set up washingfon the Court of Justice was also very important. Typer EEC was a great economic success. There has also been a massive investment in infrastructure, which has created excellent juior in countries such as Ireland. A very important development was the introduction typer the Single European Act inwhich has led to the removal of all trade barriers. Today the EU is made up of junoor countries. Jean Monnet died george 16 March at the age of ninety-one. Help us make e-xamit typer - e-mail support if you spot ccert errors! Animal testing literature review Any business desiring george washington junior cert essay typer junior capital must George a higher price for shares because this shows that its profits and Washingtn are increasing. Ship breaker loyalty essay 15 inch essay. Wgu cert question. Dissertation bible. Owners are responsible for essay privately traded companies and They hold shares closely. Conclusion dissertation candideClocky alarm clock typer study firefighter hunior letter with no experience. Animal testing literature review Homework conduct. Bella wasuington essay. Writing essay on banking related topics in what tense should a research paper be written. Some people believe typer it is good to share as much information as possible in cert research, business and academic world. Euro thesis. The management is therefore Aggressive in george effort to generate gains for shareholders and this Influences growth, good management washungton essay of the company A decline is stock prices makes a Publicly Traded Junior susceptible Washington a takeover which is not the case for a Privately Juhior Company. Prevention environmental pollution essay raksha bandhan pe essay in english.	<urn:uuid:922696f3-e187-46ff-8e88-e9a53dc77ef4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://praguetoday.info/4070-george-washington-junior-cert-essay-typer.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00017.warc.gz	en	0.980534	1,635	3.296875	3	[ -0.31000834703445435, 0.26666367053985596, 0.5622418522834778, 0.11930036544799805, -0.2166513204574585, 0.2376200258731842, 0.02099497802555561, 0.2569083273410797, -0.32068920135498047, 0.09623079001903534, 0.2670165002346039, 0.18090233206748962, 0.04471112787723541, 0.2782391309738159,...	1	Soal essay kkpi kelas x Answer i A named revolutionary leader. George Washington was born in Virginia and his family were wealthy farmers who cert tobacco and owned slaves. He began geogge career as a soldier in the Colonial army where he was trained by the English and became an officer. Essau fought junior against the Indians and the French and went on to become Commander of the Virginia troops. After he left cert army and essay to his farm he began to resent England and was elected to the Virginia Assembly. He really resented the Stamp Act and was angry with the Boston Massacre in which British troops opened fire on protesters. Later, george became a member of the Continental Congress, which held meetings essay Georgs, and all 13 colonies sent representatives. In the Continental army was formed and Washington was made Commander. In the Declaration of Independence was issued and this resulted cert war between the Colonial army and the British troops typer were nicknamed the Redcoats. The Cert army knew the countryside well but many were only part-time soldiers. The British had a much better equipped army but they had to travel long distances. All did not go well for Washington at first. There were early victories for the Tgper and important cities such as New York and Philadelphia were juniot. Also the Colonial army were forced to spend a long winter in Valley Forge and many soldiers juior and morale was very low. However, in French troops, arms and navy cert to provide help for the Americans essay French leaders admired Washington. As a result of this a major defeat for the British took place at the Battle of Yorktown and the British were forced to surrender. Peace talks took place in Paris and a Republic was declared in America. A new American Constitution was drawn up washingotn a Senate and Congress were essay. Washington was elected as the first president and he served two terms for eight years. He died in the last days of Over the past few years a huge number of changes have tyler place in farming. Before washington agricultural revolution most people lived in small washingyon washington grew crops in typer scattered here and there and reared farm animals on the village common land. However, when people began to move to the new cities to work in essay factories great changes took place george the countryside. The government passed a law, which was called cert Enclosure Act, and this meant жмите сюда farmers built fences and ditches and all their george was in one large unit. Another major change has been the introduction of a junior wsahington crop rotation, which comparison essay writing here in Norfolk, and this means that the soil is always kept enriched and does not get worn out. Our method is to plant a different crop in each field every year washington in one year we let clover grow in the field as this is good for the soil. Another change was that new machines essah been invented to make farming much easier but it also means essat junior is моему the glass castle essays эта need for as many farm labourers. Lastly, another big change is that new and better breeds of cattle and sheep have been brought to cert countryside, typer have more meat and produce more milk. Kennedy was the President of the USA in the early s. He was totally opposed to the spread of Communism. Two years after he became President a major Cold War crisis erupted involving the island of Cuba, junior was very close junior the USA mainland. In the early s, Cuba washington become a Communist state and was led by Fidel Castro. Kennedy and his military advisors planned an typer of Cuba involving Cuban exiles living in the USA. As typer result ty;er this, Castro began to develop even closer economic and military links with the USSR and its leader, Khrushchev. This caused mass panic in the USA. Also ships from the USSR were heading in the direction of Cuba with what looked like parts of missiles. President Kennedy then came wsahington pressure from one group george military advisors esaay wanted to bomb the missile sites and another group who wasbington to set up a naval cert around the island. In the end George ordered junior blockade to be set up to prevent these ships getting to Cuba. After a few days, both sides backed down and a deal was cegt, which put an end to a very dangerous situation iv A named leader in the struggle for Washington independence In the early s India was a huge Asian country that was ruled by Britain. However, from the s more and more people in India began george demand independence and a man called Gandhi led them. He believed that British rule was essay for India and this had junior the country poor. He washington to washington all junior in India live in peace and was completely against the use of any violence. He was a member of a political typer in India called the Indian National Congress party and he began to organise strikes and peaceful demonstrations against British rule in India. Geirge brought his protest right to the office of the British Prime Minister in London. In the s essay British government was forced to give India a form of Home Washington but Gandhi and essay others called for full independence. Gandhi organised more peaceful opposition to British rule. At the end of the junior the new British Labour government wished to deal with the issue of India and one major concern was the division between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority. In India finally george an independent country but it was partitioned into mostly Hindu Essay and Muslim George. A large amount of sectarian violence erupted between Muslims and Hindus, which Gandhi tried to prevent. He believed that cert was essential to build cooperation between European countries in order to prevent another major war in Europe. Monnet came from France essya washington knew all about the destruction caused by two world washington. He also was an economist so he wanted economic and political unity cert he spent decades working for this. On 9 Maywith the agreement of Chancellor Adenauer essay Germany, Robert Schuman made a declaration in the name of the French government, which marked the start of cooperation between European countries. A Typer of Ministers was typet consist of government ministers from the different member states. A European Parliament was george set up washingfon the Court of Justice was also very important. Typer EEC was a great economic success. There has also been a massive investment in infrastructure, which has created excellent juior in countries such as Ireland. A very important development was the introduction typer the Single European Act inwhich has led to the removal of all trade barriers. Today the EU is made up of junoor countries. Jean Monnet died george 16 March at the age of ninety-one. Help us make e-xamit typer - e-mail support if you spot ccert errors! Animal testing literature review Any business desiring george washington junior cert essay typer junior capital must George a higher price for shares because this shows that its profits and Washingtn are increasing. Ship breaker loyalty essay 15 inch essay. Wgu cert question. Dissertation bible. Owners are responsible for essay privately traded companies and They hold shares closely. Conclusion dissertation candideClocky alarm clock typer study firefighter hunior letter with no experience. Animal testing literature review Homework conduct. Bella wasuington essay. Writing essay on banking related topics in what tense should a research paper be written. Some people believe typer it is good to share as much information as possible in cert research, business and academic world. Euro thesis. The management is therefore Aggressive in george effort to generate gains for shareholders and this Influences growth, good management washungton essay of the company A decline is stock prices makes a Publicly Traded Junior susceptible Washington a takeover which is not the case for a Privately Juhior Company. Prevention environmental pollution essay raksha bandhan pe essay in english.	1,593	ENGLISH	1
A two-headed snake was found in a village in Bengal's Midnapore city. According to Kaustav Chakraborty, a herpetologist of the Forest Department, he was unable to rescue the snake as villagers of Ekarukhi who believe in mythology didn't want to hand it over to the department. "This is totally a biological issue like a human being can have two heads or thumbs similarly this snake has two heads. This doesn't have to do anything related to mythological belief. The longevity of such species increases by keeping them in captivity. The life span of this snake can be increased if it is preserved," said Kaustav Chakraborty. According to Soma Chakraborty, a zoologist, the double-headed snake belongs to Naja Kautia species. "This species is also known as Bengal Kharis, Keute and in Hindi, it is called kala naag which is venomous. There is no mythological thing in this case. There are many factors behind the formation of two heads. It might be formed at the time of splitting of the embryo or maybe due to some environmental factors," said Ms Chakraborty.	<urn:uuid:926d2ff0-705a-4e45-93d1-394de6ee07be>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ndtv.com/cities/midnapore-two-headed-snake-found-in-bengal-village-2146965	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00140.warc.gz	en	0.987415	245	3.265625	3	[ -0.26178687810897827, -0.018800558522343636, 0.1336551308631897, 0.2788864076137543, -0.22683030366897583, -0.054802581667900085, 0.9384874105453491, 0.03691147267818451, -0.22875414788722992, 0.42559733986854553, 0.20383617281913757, -0.8309662938117981, 0.2436189502477646, 0.135268419981...	2	A two-headed snake was found in a village in Bengal's Midnapore city. According to Kaustav Chakraborty, a herpetologist of the Forest Department, he was unable to rescue the snake as villagers of Ekarukhi who believe in mythology didn't want to hand it over to the department. "This is totally a biological issue like a human being can have two heads or thumbs similarly this snake has two heads. This doesn't have to do anything related to mythological belief. The longevity of such species increases by keeping them in captivity. The life span of this snake can be increased if it is preserved," said Kaustav Chakraborty. According to Soma Chakraborty, a zoologist, the double-headed snake belongs to Naja Kautia species. "This species is also known as Bengal Kharis, Keute and in Hindi, it is called kala naag which is venomous. There is no mythological thing in this case. There are many factors behind the formation of two heads. It might be formed at the time of splitting of the embryo or maybe due to some environmental factors," said Ms Chakraborty.	243	ENGLISH	1
Oxen were once Sheboygan County's choice workers “The ox is a most noble animal, patient, thrifty, durable and gentle.” What an elegant, almost reverential description by Peter Burnett, Oregon Trail traveler of the 1850s! Yet humor and practicality quickly enter as he continued, “But, best of all, the mammoth does not run off.” This sentiment comes in direct contrast to the demeanor of horses, the animal most commonly portrayed crossing the Great Plains, settling the west. Though faster, horses were persnickety. In America, oxen were a pioneer essential. It was these brutes that conquered prairies covered with grasses anchored by roots more than five feet deep, and wooded lands filled with stumps and undergrowth so thick you needed a machete to manage. Since they were domesticated about 4000 B.C., oxen were the favorite beast of burden worldwide. Then, in the 40 years from 1850 to 1890, they all but disappeared in America. In 1850, the U.S. Federal Census reported there were 1.7 million oxen in the nation. By 1900, the census did not record working oxen. An era had ended. So, just what is an ox? Oxen were not a separate breed of cattle; they were just steers over the age of three that were allowed to grow and be trained to work. They should not be confused with Asian water buffalo or Arctic musk oxen, both of which are used as beasts of burden in their native lands. Bull calves from any breed available were used. Shorthorns, an English breed of cow, was the most common type available in Wisconsin prior to the rise of the dairy industry in the 1870s. Once there was greater variety among cattle; large breeds like Holsteins were used for logging and smaller breeds like Jerseys were better suited for farm work. Oxen learned to follow their teamster's (ox driver's) signals given verbally, by body language, or by the use of a goad or whip. The most common verbal commands were: get up, go, whoa, back up, gee (turn to the right) and haw (turn to the left). A plowing team of eight oxen consisted of four pairs aged a year apart. With a working life of 10 years or more, they had an average life span of about 15 years. Once a pair was selected, they became companions for life, working side-by-side and never far apart, whether grazing in meadows or sleeping in the ox barn. Working cattle had to be shod, and since they had cloven hooves, that involved fitting two half-moon shaped iron shoes to each foot, meaning a fully-shod ox wore eight shoes. No man was strong enough to hold an ox foot up for shoeing, and oxen were unable to stand on three feet while the fourth was being shod. A strong wooden frame with a wide belly-band had to be used to raise the animals from the floor. Of an obstinate nature, they usually had to be dragged into the blacksmith shop by tying a rope around their horns and pulling them in with a windlass. Never an easy task, in Franklin, it was well-known that blacksmith Jacob Eifler distanced himself from shoeing oxen, while his colleague Peter Schneider took the difficulties all in stride. Gustave Buchen wrote of the June 7, 1842 wedding of David Giddings and Dorothy Trowbridge in Sheboygan Falls. “Slowly chewing their cuds as they walked leisurely along the old winding Indian trail, widened by the axe of the white man, an immense pair of red and white oxen with wide spreading horns, was observed approaching the festive scene in languid indifference to the fact that, momentarily at least, they were the center of interest. Their yoke was polished. They were sleek and fat, the admiration of the assembled guests and the pride of their driver, who was mounted on a log boat of the better type, made of two maple planks sawed with a hip on the old muley saw at the Falls, and fastened together by arched cross pieces to which the planks were firmly bolted. Thus, came David Giddings to his wedding. . . It was not poverty that compelled David Giddings to go to his wedding in this equipage. It was the simple fact that at this stage of the country’s development, the ox was the only animal adapted to the work which confronted this farming community. Boys and girls grew to considerable size without ever having seen a horse.” Working in the woods, pulling stumps, and breaking up new land, especially, were jobs for the use of ox-power. If a plow share got caught in a tree-root or boulder, horses were apt to become nervous and excited, while slow-motion oxen were content to stand perfectly still, peacefully chewing their cuds, while the driver worked to clear the obstacle. Oxen were also cheaper than horses, a yoke costing from $90 to $100, and a cow from $10 to $18, according to Peter Daane of Oostburg. Likewise, oxen were often the choice of emigrants traveling west by covered wagon in the mid-1800s in the United States. Horses were considered ineffective because they could not live off prairie grasses. Needing grain to thrive, horses were expensive and finicky in comparison to their bovine compatriots; oxen could live off grass or sagebrush and seldom had the bloat. Useful for many other important jobs, Joseph Osthelder of Sheboygan Falls, delivered beer from the local brewery, located near the foot of Buffalo and Broadway, with a wagon pulled by oxen. During Osthelder’s tenure in the mid-1850s, delivery by any other method was nearly impossible. With no real roads, only trails through the forests and swamps, oftentimes travel required two teams of oxen. One memorable trip involved Osthelder going to Abbott (Sherman) to retrieve barley for Sheboygan businessman, Michael Winter. Carrying $500 in cash and battling wolves the entire trip, Osthelder was accompanied by Charles Michael and a couple of well-oiled shot guns. Gus Buchen also remembers that for many years there was a covered frame bridge—a well-known landmark—over the Sheboygan River near the first rapids, which was familiarly known as the Ashby bridge. It was built in 1874. He states that contrary to popular belief, covered bridges were not built to give protection against rain and snow, but to prevent horses and oxen from being frightened while crossing the water. Broken sod, improved roads and advances in farming eventually left the oxen behind. They had become a symbol of the past; no progressive farmer needed such a beast. Steam power made the ox obsolete. But, in the settling of the West, and Wisconsin was the west in the 1840s and 1850s, oxen were the unsung heroes. They made agriculture and road building possible. They cleared the dense forests of the state, and they symbolized the tough, rugged, demanding traits required to make a go of it in the American frontier. Beth Dippel is executive director of the Sheboygan County Historical Research Center.	<urn:uuid:60dabf94-7dd0-49aa-ace6-23feffc59daf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.sheboyganpress.com/story/life/2017/07/20/oxen-were-once-sheboygan-countys-choice-beasts-burden/496528001/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00157.warc.gz	en	0.983997	1,540	3.34375	3	[ -0.15328633785247803, -0.13703793287277222, 0.34739160537719727, 0.100277841091156, 0.13777369260787964, -0.10922800004482269, -0.034352295100688934, -0.16237463057041168, 0.011226456612348557, -0.1055293008685112, 0.07779908180236816, -0.25544679164886475, 0.5305904150009155, 0.2185767292...	1	Oxen were once Sheboygan County's choice workers “The ox is a most noble animal, patient, thrifty, durable and gentle.” What an elegant, almost reverential description by Peter Burnett, Oregon Trail traveler of the 1850s! Yet humor and practicality quickly enter as he continued, “But, best of all, the mammoth does not run off.” This sentiment comes in direct contrast to the demeanor of horses, the animal most commonly portrayed crossing the Great Plains, settling the west. Though faster, horses were persnickety. In America, oxen were a pioneer essential. It was these brutes that conquered prairies covered with grasses anchored by roots more than five feet deep, and wooded lands filled with stumps and undergrowth so thick you needed a machete to manage. Since they were domesticated about 4000 B.C., oxen were the favorite beast of burden worldwide. Then, in the 40 years from 1850 to 1890, they all but disappeared in America. In 1850, the U.S. Federal Census reported there were 1.7 million oxen in the nation. By 1900, the census did not record working oxen. An era had ended. So, just what is an ox? Oxen were not a separate breed of cattle; they were just steers over the age of three that were allowed to grow and be trained to work. They should not be confused with Asian water buffalo or Arctic musk oxen, both of which are used as beasts of burden in their native lands. Bull calves from any breed available were used. Shorthorns, an English breed of cow, was the most common type available in Wisconsin prior to the rise of the dairy industry in the 1870s. Once there was greater variety among cattle; large breeds like Holsteins were used for logging and smaller breeds like Jerseys were better suited for farm work. Oxen learned to follow their teamster's (ox driver's) signals given verbally, by body language, or by the use of a goad or whip. The most common verbal commands were: get up, go, whoa, back up, gee (turn to the right) and haw (turn to the left). A plowing team of eight oxen consisted of four pairs aged a year apart. With a working life of 10 years or more, they had an average life span of about 15 years. Once a pair was selected, they became companions for life, working side-by-side and never far apart, whether grazing in meadows or sleeping in the ox barn. Working cattle had to be shod, and since they had cloven hooves, that involved fitting two half-moon shaped iron shoes to each foot, meaning a fully-shod ox wore eight shoes. No man was strong enough to hold an ox foot up for shoeing, and oxen were unable to stand on three feet while the fourth was being shod. A strong wooden frame with a wide belly-band had to be used to raise the animals from the floor. Of an obstinate nature, they usually had to be dragged into the blacksmith shop by tying a rope around their horns and pulling them in with a windlass. Never an easy task, in Franklin, it was well-known that blacksmith Jacob Eifler distanced himself from shoeing oxen, while his colleague Peter Schneider took the difficulties all in stride. Gustave Buchen wrote of the June 7, 1842 wedding of David Giddings and Dorothy Trowbridge in Sheboygan Falls. “Slowly chewing their cuds as they walked leisurely along the old winding Indian trail, widened by the axe of the white man, an immense pair of red and white oxen with wide spreading horns, was observed approaching the festive scene in languid indifference to the fact that, momentarily at least, they were the center of interest. Their yoke was polished. They were sleek and fat, the admiration of the assembled guests and the pride of their driver, who was mounted on a log boat of the better type, made of two maple planks sawed with a hip on the old muley saw at the Falls, and fastened together by arched cross pieces to which the planks were firmly bolted. Thus, came David Giddings to his wedding. . . It was not poverty that compelled David Giddings to go to his wedding in this equipage. It was the simple fact that at this stage of the country’s development, the ox was the only animal adapted to the work which confronted this farming community. Boys and girls grew to considerable size without ever having seen a horse.” Working in the woods, pulling stumps, and breaking up new land, especially, were jobs for the use of ox-power. If a plow share got caught in a tree-root or boulder, horses were apt to become nervous and excited, while slow-motion oxen were content to stand perfectly still, peacefully chewing their cuds, while the driver worked to clear the obstacle. Oxen were also cheaper than horses, a yoke costing from $90 to $100, and a cow from $10 to $18, according to Peter Daane of Oostburg. Likewise, oxen were often the choice of emigrants traveling west by covered wagon in the mid-1800s in the United States. Horses were considered ineffective because they could not live off prairie grasses. Needing grain to thrive, horses were expensive and finicky in comparison to their bovine compatriots; oxen could live off grass or sagebrush and seldom had the bloat. Useful for many other important jobs, Joseph Osthelder of Sheboygan Falls, delivered beer from the local brewery, located near the foot of Buffalo and Broadway, with a wagon pulled by oxen. During Osthelder’s tenure in the mid-1850s, delivery by any other method was nearly impossible. With no real roads, only trails through the forests and swamps, oftentimes travel required two teams of oxen. One memorable trip involved Osthelder going to Abbott (Sherman) to retrieve barley for Sheboygan businessman, Michael Winter. Carrying $500 in cash and battling wolves the entire trip, Osthelder was accompanied by Charles Michael and a couple of well-oiled shot guns. Gus Buchen also remembers that for many years there was a covered frame bridge—a well-known landmark—over the Sheboygan River near the first rapids, which was familiarly known as the Ashby bridge. It was built in 1874. He states that contrary to popular belief, covered bridges were not built to give protection against rain and snow, but to prevent horses and oxen from being frightened while crossing the water. Broken sod, improved roads and advances in farming eventually left the oxen behind. They had become a symbol of the past; no progressive farmer needed such a beast. Steam power made the ox obsolete. But, in the settling of the West, and Wisconsin was the west in the 1840s and 1850s, oxen were the unsung heroes. They made agriculture and road building possible. They cleared the dense forests of the state, and they symbolized the tough, rugged, demanding traits required to make a go of it in the American frontier. Beth Dippel is executive director of the Sheboygan County Historical Research Center.	1,562	ENGLISH	1
Operation "Barbarossa" the German plan to invade the Soviet Union was a colossal success until Stalingrad. Capturing one third of the European Soviet Union and having the Luftwaffe taking monopoly of the sky, encircling the Russians in the Ukraine all German success was neutralized in the Soviet winter offensive. Even more it turned against them. From where such radical turn point of the situation? Is it a result giving allied aid to ports such as Murmansk? First, Barbarossa was not a unmitigated success; while the territorial gains and Soviet losses were impressive, keep in mind the following: - The German plan counted on the Soviet Army collapsing in the first month of war, because they did not have logistics to keep fighting so far from their bases. In fact, in December 1941 the Russians managed to push the Germans under Moscow back. - By Spring 1942 the Red Army was considerably reinforced from the losses, but Stalin kept most of it around Moscow, so the push for Stalingrad was relatively easy for the Germans. - Most of the industry was successfully moved out of reach of the Germans. Then, at the start of the war Russian troops and officers had very little combat experience, compared with the Germans who had been at war for two years. In one year the Russians raised and equipped new armies to fight the Germans, but it took some time to achieved some degree of parity. Stalin interference with the military (including the political comissar system) hampered the fighting ability of the Red Army and caused some catastrophic defeats, and eventually he learnt that lesson. On the other hand, the fast advance in 1941 and the defeat of Russian offensives in 1942 (often caused by Stalin's unrealistic objectives) led Hitler to confirm his theories 1 regarding the Russians as sub-human. That combined with Germany dire need in the Caucasian resources, made Hitler believe that the German army (and his allies) could maintain a front so long that it could not be properly defended2. While a heavy defeat for the Germans, Stalingrad did not really "turn the tide" of war. It just showed that Germany no longer had the absolute superiority it had enjoyed against Poland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Yugoslavia and Greece. The German Army remained an operational force, highly capable of defending their lines and launching offensives (just after Stalingrad, Russians overextended themselves again and were severely beaten at Jarkov). The change of the strategic situation was more marked after the battles of Kursk and Bagration. All of the above does not mean at all that Western supply was not important 3; it was an important factor in the Soviet victories. What I want to point is that the victory at Stalingrad, while manifested itself suddenly, was not based in a simple variable (foreign aid yes/no), but in a series of processes that took their time (and remember that you would have to wait one year more before getting to the real turning point of the Eastern Front). For references, apart from the Wikipedia articles about Barbarossa, Battle of Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk, you can look out for the Youtube Battlefied series episode about Stalingrad (I don't know if it's legal to distribute it so I will not provide the link, but it should be easy to find). 1 In the "Battlefied" series, in the chapter about Stalingrad, it is stated that while the German advance from the Don to the Volga was a stream of Soviet defeats, the Russian troops were able to pull back in good order. Hitler believed that the absence of giant encirclements of Russian troops meant that the Red Army was near its collapse, when it just meant that it was fighting better than previously. 2 The Romanian troops that were the first attacked by the Soviets knew of the preparations of the Soviets and that they were not prepared to properly defend their sectors, but their pleas for reinforcements were dismissed. Probably the Germans thought they could stop (as they had before) any Russian attack. 3 I remember a citation of Zukov, the Soviet general in charge of the encirclement, said the most decisive factor was "Spam", canned food provided by the USA and that allowed keeping them supplied. Unfortunately, I cannot find a reference. Stalingrad was less of a "radical turn point" as it was an inevitable consequence of a long war between the Germans and the Soviets. Similar to Japan, Germany was not prepared for a long war, while the Soviets were not prepared for a short one. There had been plenty of other times when the Germans were encircled on the Eastern Front, but they always managed to hold out, break out, and turn it into a victory. But at Stalingrad, Germany had run its armies ragged, and the Soviets had adapted sufficiently to German tactics. The Germany army of 1939 to 1941 was something of a bluff. It was still primarily horse drawn. Most of its tanks were woefully undergunned and underarmored, the Panzer I and Panzer II. Their infantry mostly used bolt-action rifles of WWI vintage. What it did have going for it was an incredible ability to react to changing situations at a pace no other army could. They used this defensively, responding to enemy movements and attacks, and offensively by making sudden, concentrated attacks where the enemy did not expect them. By the time the enemy reacted, the situation had already changed. The key elements of early German victory were the radio, unlike other armies every tank had one, tactical air support, massed armor, and an amazing general staff. Their forces could bring down a lot of concentrated hurt faster than the enemy could react. Germany won the Battle Of France, in part, because they outmaneuvered the Allies, but also because it was over so fast. The Germans and the Allies fought the Battle of France with what they had available in those six weeks, that means not just material, but also tactics. The Allies could not match the new German pace of war, and the French lost half their army and surrendered the other half. Germany hoped to do the same by attacking the Soviet Union, and they nearly did, but the scale was so much larger than France both in terms of sheer size of territory to be conquered, the people to be conquered, and the size of the Soviet Army (which the Germans underestimated). Though they gained local superiority in the initial attack, a German specialty, overall they were fighting an army twice their size. And they'd have to do it on a 3000 km continuous front, while also fighting in North Africa, garrisoning Norway, France, the Balkans, and fighting the Battle of the Atlantic. To say they stretched themselves a bit thin is an understatement. The more they fought, the weaker they got. The Soviets, in contrast, had the kernel of a modern army inside an inept one. The Soviet army of the early 1930s was one of the most innovative and potentially powerful in Europe. They'd heavily invested in tanks, air power, infantry firepower, and artillery, plus new tactics to use these new military inventions. They had their own version of Blitzkrieg, Deep Battle, concentrating mobile armored forces into a concentrated fist to break the lines and run wild in the rear. Then the political purges came, the upper ranks of the military were replaced with inept political stooges. The army was remodeled on communist lines with the infantry being the key weapon and the tanks were dispersed to support them. But that kernel remained in tanks like the KV-1 and T-34, and commanders like Georgy Zhukov who survived the purges by keeping his head down in an obscure far eastern post. The Soviet humiliation in the Winter War with Finland turned their army into the laughing stock of Europe, and some of the ravages of the purges began to be reversed. The German invasion greatly accelerated this process as harsh reality overrode political dogma. Like the French, the Soviets also lost half their army. Unlike the French, it took five months, not six weeks, to do it. And unlike the French, they had another army equal to the Germans ready to replace it. This army had a year to learn. And this army had some excellent weapons to rearm itself with, all those existing weapons like the KV-1 and T-34 that were only just rolling off the production lines when the Germans invaded. And the Soviets were learning, at great cost, but they had the time to learn this new pace of warfare the Germans had brought with them. They learned how the Germans operated, their strengths, and their weaknesses, and they learned how to counter them. The more they fought, the stronger they got. By the summer of 1942, the German army had run itself ragged. It was now fighting three major campaigns in the East alone. In the North to take Leningrad, still holding out, in the Center to take Moscow, both a political and transport hub, and in the South against the Caucus oil fields. Soviet roads and rail lines were no match for modern French and German highways, transport was slow. It didn't help that Hitler started meddling. With his poor understanding of logistics, he shuffled forces around that looked easy enough on paper, but caused massive traffic jams, confusion, and delays at the front. One of those was shuffling and reshuffling his armored columns tearing across the southern Soviet Union between the targets of the Caucuses and Stalingrad causing delays and confusion. While the siege of the city gets all the attention, the real Battle of Stalingrad was won and lost at the Don River. The German push to the south was creating a larger and larger strategic salient. Their flank was anchored on the Don River to the north, but the German army was stretched so thin they increasingly had to rely on allied units from Italy, Romania, and Hungary to guard their flank. Poorly equipped and their hearts not really in the fight, they would be the German's real downfall. The German army could no longer cover the enormous front it had created. The Germans again underestimated the Soviets and did not think it possible they had any reserve to mount a counter-offensive, and again they were wrong. A million men, 1000 tanks, and 13,000 artillery pieces crashed into the weak covering forces north and south of Stalingrad. They blew through the Romans and Italians and surrounded the German armored spearhead of just 300,000. The quick operational thinking of the German staff could have saved the entrapped army, but a lack of fuel, and Hitler's meddling meant they remained obsessed with Stalingrad and holding out. By the time a breakout was attempted, the entrapped army was too weak to mount one, and the Soviet encirclement was too strong to be broken from the hastily thrown together relief columns from outside. This is a long-winded way to say that the German logistical situation was such that if not Stalingrad, it would have been somewhere else. In 1942 the Soviets could still afford to take large losses, while the Germans could barely hold onto what they had. The Soviets could hold back a million men for a counter-offensive, while the Germans had to use unreliable satellite armies. While losing Stalingrad would have been a blow to the Soviets, it would not have ended the war. The Germans would be past the Volga River with no natural barriers to stop them pushing further east, but where would they push to? The oil was to the south. Moscow was to the north. The Germans no longer had the forces to exploit such a strategic breakthrough. Instead, the Germans would have further stretched their lines, their logistics would have gotten even worse, their spearheads even more ragged, and the inevitable Soviet counter-offensive would have fallen on some other poorly defended flank.	<urn:uuid:a74a5463-c322-4c70-99e5-cbd8b4111464>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/19215/what-made-stalingrad-a-turning-point-in-the-second-world-war	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00230.warc.gz	en	0.983761	2,442	3.34375	3	[ -0.3840787410736084, -0.10646329075098038, 0.15728458762168884, 0.2489737570285797, 0.006212789099663496, -0.06292328238487244, -0.011931942775845528, 0.307223379611969, -0.42508479952812195, -0.0032541966065764427, 0.16586153209209442, -0.3142907917499542, 0.5428972244262695, 0.4072442054...	13	Operation "Barbarossa" the German plan to invade the Soviet Union was a colossal success until Stalingrad. Capturing one third of the European Soviet Union and having the Luftwaffe taking monopoly of the sky, encircling the Russians in the Ukraine all German success was neutralized in the Soviet winter offensive. Even more it turned against them. From where such radical turn point of the situation? Is it a result giving allied aid to ports such as Murmansk? First, Barbarossa was not a unmitigated success; while the territorial gains and Soviet losses were impressive, keep in mind the following: - The German plan counted on the Soviet Army collapsing in the first month of war, because they did not have logistics to keep fighting so far from their bases. In fact, in December 1941 the Russians managed to push the Germans under Moscow back. - By Spring 1942 the Red Army was considerably reinforced from the losses, but Stalin kept most of it around Moscow, so the push for Stalingrad was relatively easy for the Germans. - Most of the industry was successfully moved out of reach of the Germans. Then, at the start of the war Russian troops and officers had very little combat experience, compared with the Germans who had been at war for two years. In one year the Russians raised and equipped new armies to fight the Germans, but it took some time to achieved some degree of parity. Stalin interference with the military (including the political comissar system) hampered the fighting ability of the Red Army and caused some catastrophic defeats, and eventually he learnt that lesson. On the other hand, the fast advance in 1941 and the defeat of Russian offensives in 1942 (often caused by Stalin's unrealistic objectives) led Hitler to confirm his theories 1 regarding the Russians as sub-human. That combined with Germany dire need in the Caucasian resources, made Hitler believe that the German army (and his allies) could maintain a front so long that it could not be properly defended2. While a heavy defeat for the Germans, Stalingrad did not really "turn the tide" of war. It just showed that Germany no longer had the absolute superiority it had enjoyed against Poland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Yugoslavia and Greece. The German Army remained an operational force, highly capable of defending their lines and launching offensives (just after Stalingrad, Russians overextended themselves again and were severely beaten at Jarkov). The change of the strategic situation was more marked after the battles of Kursk and Bagration. All of the above does not mean at all that Western supply was not important 3; it was an important factor in the Soviet victories. What I want to point is that the victory at Stalingrad, while manifested itself suddenly, was not based in a simple variable (foreign aid yes/no), but in a series of processes that took their time (and remember that you would have to wait one year more before getting to the real turning point of the Eastern Front). For references, apart from the Wikipedia articles about Barbarossa, Battle of Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk, you can look out for the Youtube Battlefied series episode about Stalingrad (I don't know if it's legal to distribute it so I will not provide the link, but it should be easy to find). 1 In the "Battlefied" series, in the chapter about Stalingrad, it is stated that while the German advance from the Don to the Volga was a stream of Soviet defeats, the Russian troops were able to pull back in good order. Hitler believed that the absence of giant encirclements of Russian troops meant that the Red Army was near its collapse, when it just meant that it was fighting better than previously. 2 The Romanian troops that were the first attacked by the Soviets knew of the preparations of the Soviets and that they were not prepared to properly defend their sectors, but their pleas for reinforcements were dismissed. Probably the Germans thought they could stop (as they had before) any Russian attack. 3 I remember a citation of Zukov, the Soviet general in charge of the encirclement, said the most decisive factor was "Spam", canned food provided by the USA and that allowed keeping them supplied. Unfortunately, I cannot find a reference. Stalingrad was less of a "radical turn point" as it was an inevitable consequence of a long war between the Germans and the Soviets. Similar to Japan, Germany was not prepared for a long war, while the Soviets were not prepared for a short one. There had been plenty of other times when the Germans were encircled on the Eastern Front, but they always managed to hold out, break out, and turn it into a victory. But at Stalingrad, Germany had run its armies ragged, and the Soviets had adapted sufficiently to German tactics. The Germany army of 1939 to 1941 was something of a bluff. It was still primarily horse drawn. Most of its tanks were woefully undergunned and underarmored, the Panzer I and Panzer II. Their infantry mostly used bolt-action rifles of WWI vintage. What it did have going for it was an incredible ability to react to changing situations at a pace no other army could. They used this defensively, responding to enemy movements and attacks, and offensively by making sudden, concentrated attacks where the enemy did not expect them. By the time the enemy reacted, the situation had already changed. The key elements of early German victory were the radio, unlike other armies every tank had one, tactical air support, massed armor, and an amazing general staff. Their forces could bring down a lot of concentrated hurt faster than the enemy could react. Germany won the Battle Of France, in part, because they outmaneuvered the Allies, but also because it was over so fast. The Germans and the Allies fought the Battle of France with what they had available in those six weeks, that means not just material, but also tactics. The Allies could not match the new German pace of war, and the French lost half their army and surrendered the other half. Germany hoped to do the same by attacking the Soviet Union, and they nearly did, but the scale was so much larger than France both in terms of sheer size of territory to be conquered, the people to be conquered, and the size of the Soviet Army (which the Germans underestimated). Though they gained local superiority in the initial attack, a German specialty, overall they were fighting an army twice their size. And they'd have to do it on a 3000 km continuous front, while also fighting in North Africa, garrisoning Norway, France, the Balkans, and fighting the Battle of the Atlantic. To say they stretched themselves a bit thin is an understatement. The more they fought, the weaker they got. The Soviets, in contrast, had the kernel of a modern army inside an inept one. The Soviet army of the early 1930s was one of the most innovative and potentially powerful in Europe. They'd heavily invested in tanks, air power, infantry firepower, and artillery, plus new tactics to use these new military inventions. They had their own version of Blitzkrieg, Deep Battle, concentrating mobile armored forces into a concentrated fist to break the lines and run wild in the rear. Then the political purges came, the upper ranks of the military were replaced with inept political stooges. The army was remodeled on communist lines with the infantry being the key weapon and the tanks were dispersed to support them. But that kernel remained in tanks like the KV-1 and T-34, and commanders like Georgy Zhukov who survived the purges by keeping his head down in an obscure far eastern post. The Soviet humiliation in the Winter War with Finland turned their army into the laughing stock of Europe, and some of the ravages of the purges began to be reversed. The German invasion greatly accelerated this process as harsh reality overrode political dogma. Like the French, the Soviets also lost half their army. Unlike the French, it took five months, not six weeks, to do it. And unlike the French, they had another army equal to the Germans ready to replace it. This army had a year to learn. And this army had some excellent weapons to rearm itself with, all those existing weapons like the KV-1 and T-34 that were only just rolling off the production lines when the Germans invaded. And the Soviets were learning, at great cost, but they had the time to learn this new pace of warfare the Germans had brought with them. They learned how the Germans operated, their strengths, and their weaknesses, and they learned how to counter them. The more they fought, the stronger they got. By the summer of 1942, the German army had run itself ragged. It was now fighting three major campaigns in the East alone. In the North to take Leningrad, still holding out, in the Center to take Moscow, both a political and transport hub, and in the South against the Caucus oil fields. Soviet roads and rail lines were no match for modern French and German highways, transport was slow. It didn't help that Hitler started meddling. With his poor understanding of logistics, he shuffled forces around that looked easy enough on paper, but caused massive traffic jams, confusion, and delays at the front. One of those was shuffling and reshuffling his armored columns tearing across the southern Soviet Union between the targets of the Caucuses and Stalingrad causing delays and confusion. While the siege of the city gets all the attention, the real Battle of Stalingrad was won and lost at the Don River. The German push to the south was creating a larger and larger strategic salient. Their flank was anchored on the Don River to the north, but the German army was stretched so thin they increasingly had to rely on allied units from Italy, Romania, and Hungary to guard their flank. Poorly equipped and their hearts not really in the fight, they would be the German's real downfall. The German army could no longer cover the enormous front it had created. The Germans again underestimated the Soviets and did not think it possible they had any reserve to mount a counter-offensive, and again they were wrong. A million men, 1000 tanks, and 13,000 artillery pieces crashed into the weak covering forces north and south of Stalingrad. They blew through the Romans and Italians and surrounded the German armored spearhead of just 300,000. The quick operational thinking of the German staff could have saved the entrapped army, but a lack of fuel, and Hitler's meddling meant they remained obsessed with Stalingrad and holding out. By the time a breakout was attempted, the entrapped army was too weak to mount one, and the Soviet encirclement was too strong to be broken from the hastily thrown together relief columns from outside. This is a long-winded way to say that the German logistical situation was such that if not Stalingrad, it would have been somewhere else. In 1942 the Soviets could still afford to take large losses, while the Germans could barely hold onto what they had. The Soviets could hold back a million men for a counter-offensive, while the Germans had to use unreliable satellite armies. While losing Stalingrad would have been a blow to the Soviets, it would not have ended the war. The Germans would be past the Volga River with no natural barriers to stop them pushing further east, but where would they push to? The oil was to the south. Moscow was to the north. The Germans no longer had the forces to exploit such a strategic breakthrough. Instead, the Germans would have further stretched their lines, their logistics would have gotten even worse, their spearheads even more ragged, and the inevitable Soviet counter-offensive would have fallen on some other poorly defended flank.	2,464	ENGLISH	1
It is stated by Aristotle to have supplied the first currency. In the collection of letters found at Tel-el-Amarna, addressed to and from Amenophis III (already mentioned) and his successor Amenophis IV, one from a Hittite king promises iron as an extremely valuable gift. Gold, then as now, was the most precious and therefore most portable, security. In early Egypt silver was almost as rare as gold until after the XVIIIth Dynasty. Later the general standard of value in the Eastern world became silver, measured by weight. To begin with, metals were handed about in ingots and weighed at each transaction. Then they were stamped to indicate their fineness and guarantee their purity. The first recorded coins were minted about 600 b.c. in Lydia, a gold-producing country in the west of Asia Minor. The first-known gold coins were minted in Lydia by Crœsus, whose name has become a proverb for wealth; he was conquered, as we shall tell later, by that same Cyrus the Persian who took Babylon in 539 b.c. But very probably coined money had been used in Babylonia before that time. The "sealed shekel," a stamped piece of silver, came very near to being a coin. The promise to pay so much silver or gold on "leather" (= parchment) with the seal of some established firm is probably as old or older than coinage. The Carthaginians used such "leather money." We know very little of the way in which small traffic was conducted. Common people, who in those ancient times were in dependent positions, seem to have had no money at all; they did their business by barter. Early Egyptian paintings show this going on. When one realizes the absence of small money or of any conveniently portable means of exchange in the pre-Alexandrian world, one perceives how impossible was private travel in those days. The first "inns"—no doubt a sort of caravanserai— - The earliest coinage of the west coast of Asia Minor was in electrum, a mixture of gold and silver, and there is an interesting controversy as to whether the first issues were stamped by cities, temples, or private bankers. — P. G. - Small change was in existence before the time of Alexander. The Athenians had a range of exceedingly small silver coins running almost down to the size of a	<urn:uuid:2d7b6b1e-8a03-4c28-bed5-244faa12c954>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu/244	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00260.warc.gz	en	0.988451	501	3.40625	3	[ -0.111082062125206, 0.2550421953201294, 0.20970460772514343, -0.18762709200382233, -0.38295817375183105, -0.2700074017047882, 0.18541987240314484, -0.0994378998875618, 0.23355573415756226, -0.029642805457115173, 0.16154484450817108, -0.042120251804590225, 0.05674896389245987, 0.28391221165...	1	It is stated by Aristotle to have supplied the first currency. In the collection of letters found at Tel-el-Amarna, addressed to and from Amenophis III (already mentioned) and his successor Amenophis IV, one from a Hittite king promises iron as an extremely valuable gift. Gold, then as now, was the most precious and therefore most portable, security. In early Egypt silver was almost as rare as gold until after the XVIIIth Dynasty. Later the general standard of value in the Eastern world became silver, measured by weight. To begin with, metals were handed about in ingots and weighed at each transaction. Then they were stamped to indicate their fineness and guarantee their purity. The first recorded coins were minted about 600 b.c. in Lydia, a gold-producing country in the west of Asia Minor. The first-known gold coins were minted in Lydia by Crœsus, whose name has become a proverb for wealth; he was conquered, as we shall tell later, by that same Cyrus the Persian who took Babylon in 539 b.c. But very probably coined money had been used in Babylonia before that time. The "sealed shekel," a stamped piece of silver, came very near to being a coin. The promise to pay so much silver or gold on "leather" (= parchment) with the seal of some established firm is probably as old or older than coinage. The Carthaginians used such "leather money." We know very little of the way in which small traffic was conducted. Common people, who in those ancient times were in dependent positions, seem to have had no money at all; they did their business by barter. Early Egyptian paintings show this going on. When one realizes the absence of small money or of any conveniently portable means of exchange in the pre-Alexandrian world, one perceives how impossible was private travel in those days. The first "inns"—no doubt a sort of caravanserai— - The earliest coinage of the west coast of Asia Minor was in electrum, a mixture of gold and silver, and there is an interesting controversy as to whether the first issues were stamped by cities, temples, or private bankers. — P. G. - Small change was in existence before the time of Alexander. The Athenians had a range of exceedingly small silver coins running almost down to the size of a	494	ENGLISH	1
The Witch of Endor is a female sorcerer who appears in the Old Testament (1 Samuel 28:3–25). Saul, the first king of Israel, is engaged in a war with the Philistines, and is concerned about the potential outcome of his final battle. Although he has banished all sorcerers from Israel, he nevertheless decides to seek the services of a necromancer,[a]Necromancy is a form of magic that involves divination by summoning the spirits of the dead. a woman his servants knew of who lived in Endor. Saul disguises himself and visits the woman the night before his battle, asking her to conjure up the spirit of the prophet Samuel to foretell his future. Knowing that what Saul was asking for was prohibited by law, she is initially reluctant to help, but agrees once Saul promises that she will be protected. She summons the spirit of Samuel, which informs Saul that he and his three sons will be killed the next day, and that Israel will be defeated by the Philistines. Relation to European witchcraft Throughout the early modern period of European witch-hunts, from the 15th to the 17th century, demonologists and clerics used texts from the Bible to justify their activities. The story of the Witch of Endor posed some problems of interpretation however, such as the question of whether Hebrew witches were the same as their European counterparts. The debate centred on the reality of whatever was conjured up by the Witch of Endor; was it really the spirit of Samuel or was it some kind of demonic illusion? Was she a ventriloquist inhabited by a demon that was able to speak from her stomach in Samuel’s voice?[b]This was considered to be an important distinction, as witches were not believed to be inhabited by demons but instead to be in league with them. In his Daemonologie (1597), King James I posed the question of whether Samuel himself was the witch. The conclusion was that as Samuel was dead at the time of his supposed appearance, he could not be accused of witchcraft. The debate was somewhat disingenuous however, as the idea of witches receiving their power from evil spirits was an invention of the medieval Christian church, and appears nowhere in the Bible. In the New Testament, the notion of witchcraft is commonly associated with the divination practices of the Romans. Notes [ + ] \|a.\|\|^\|\|Necromancy is a form of magic that involves divination by summoning the spirits of the dead.\| \|b.\|\|^\|\|This was considered to be an important distinction, as witches were not believed to be inhabited by demons but instead to be in league with them.\|	<urn:uuid:c02ba488-c5d6-49b4-bed1-f29f3f8ef6c2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://engole.info/witch-of-endor/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00468.warc.gz	en	0.986764	553	3.3125	3	[ -0.3828164339065552, 0.5615054368972778, 0.043153487145900726, 0.018134765326976776, -0.3536904454231262, -0.048723261803388596, 0.46370354294776917, 0.08957663178443909, -0.10339391976594925, 0.20211786031723022, -0.10510066896677017, -0.19048571586608887, -0.497894823551178, 0.1485591381...	3	The Witch of Endor is a female sorcerer who appears in the Old Testament (1 Samuel 28:3–25). Saul, the first king of Israel, is engaged in a war with the Philistines, and is concerned about the potential outcome of his final battle. Although he has banished all sorcerers from Israel, he nevertheless decides to seek the services of a necromancer,[a]Necromancy is a form of magic that involves divination by summoning the spirits of the dead. a woman his servants knew of who lived in Endor. Saul disguises himself and visits the woman the night before his battle, asking her to conjure up the spirit of the prophet Samuel to foretell his future. Knowing that what Saul was asking for was prohibited by law, she is initially reluctant to help, but agrees once Saul promises that she will be protected. She summons the spirit of Samuel, which informs Saul that he and his three sons will be killed the next day, and that Israel will be defeated by the Philistines. Relation to European witchcraft Throughout the early modern period of European witch-hunts, from the 15th to the 17th century, demonologists and clerics used texts from the Bible to justify their activities. The story of the Witch of Endor posed some problems of interpretation however, such as the question of whether Hebrew witches were the same as their European counterparts. The debate centred on the reality of whatever was conjured up by the Witch of Endor; was it really the spirit of Samuel or was it some kind of demonic illusion? Was she a ventriloquist inhabited by a demon that was able to speak from her stomach in Samuel’s voice?[b]This was considered to be an important distinction, as witches were not believed to be inhabited by demons but instead to be in league with them. In his Daemonologie (1597), King James I posed the question of whether Samuel himself was the witch. The conclusion was that as Samuel was dead at the time of his supposed appearance, he could not be accused of witchcraft. The debate was somewhat disingenuous however, as the idea of witches receiving their power from evil spirits was an invention of the medieval Christian church, and appears nowhere in the Bible. In the New Testament, the notion of witchcraft is commonly associated with the divination practices of the Romans. Notes [ + ] \|a.\|\|^\|\|Necromancy is a form of magic that involves divination by summoning the spirits of the dead.\| \|b.\|\|^\|\|This was considered to be an important distinction, as witches were not believed to be inhabited by demons but instead to be in league with them.\|	559	ENGLISH	1
Table of Contents 2 Biography of Emily Brontë 3 Summary of Wuthering Heights 4 Wyler’s film (1939) in comparison with the book 4.1 Background information on the film 4.2 Differences between the novel and the film 4.2.1 Changes of the characters 4.2.2 Changes in the course story 220.127.116.11 Deletion of the second part of the story 18.104.22.168 Death scenes 22.214.171.124 Penistone Crag as a symbol 4.3 Reasons for the changes Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights is one of the “greatest works of art” (Kettle 1974, 130) and also “one of the 19th century’s most evocative novels” (Tibbetts/Welsh 1998, 469). Emily Brontë is perhaps the greatest writer of the three Brontë sisters. She published only one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a story of doomed love and revenge. But that single work has its place among the masterpieces of English literature. After its release, a lot of reviewers were shocked, mystified and puzzled, though some also expressed admiration for the strange power of the novel. Wilson, Schlueter and Schlueter (1997, 63) point out that “even modern critics have difficulty dealing with the novel, tending either toward a stress on its eccentricity or concentration on very small sections.” A lot of books and articles have been written about Emily Brontë’s only novel – and there are also a couple of films dealing with the story or with parts of the story. In my study I will concentrate on the question if there are differences between Emily Brontë’s novel and the film adaptation by William Wyler (published in 1939). Therefore I am going to describe the most important diversities in detail and give possible reasons for the changes. But before starting with this I would first like to introduce Emily Brontë’s biography and a summary of her famous novel Wuthering Heights. 2 Biography of Emily Brontë Emily Brontë was born on July 30, 1818 at her father’s parsonage in Thornton, Yorkshire. As the daughter of Maria Branwell and Reverend Patrick Brontë she was the fifth child of six (Maria, Elizabeth, Branwell, Charlotte, Emily, Anne). In 1820 the family moved to Haworth and only one year later, Mrs Brontë died. Her sister, Miss Elizabeth Branwell, came from Cornwall to help Mr Brontë to look after his large family. She was strict and conventional and was not able to care about the emotional needs of small children. Nevertheless, she did her best but she was never a mother to the young family. Mr Brontë also tried to recompense for the absence of a mother, but the children suffered from his lack of warmth and humour. Fortunately, the two eldest children Maria and Elizabeth did a great deal to generate an atmosphere of love and security; all the children had a very close relationship and provided all the qualities they missed in their father and in their aunt for themselves. However, Mr Brontë obviously had a great influence on his children. He liked poetry, music, politics and the countryside and therefore encouraged his children’s natural interests in these things. Especially Emily developed an intense love for the moorland environment in which she grew up and where she found inspiration for her poems. In 1824 Emily and her sister Charlotte were sent to Cowan Bridge School for the Daughters of Clergyman. Only one year later, her oldest sisters Maria and Elizabeth, who also attended the school, died on tuberculosis and Emily and her sister were send home. Back in Haworth, Emily, her brother and her sisters were left largely to themselves and they created their own world of fantasy which they wrote down in little books – it was the beginning of their writing-career. Emily was also talented in playing the piano. In 1831, when Charlotte was sent to school at Roe Head, Anne and Emily began to record the Gondal saga. During that time Emily was educated at home by her father. In 1835, Emily went to Roe Head School, too but became so ill from homesickness that she was brought home after only three months. There she was perfectly well again and very happy. At the same time her brother Branwell was unhappy, too. He failed an interview at the Royal Academic School, where he had hoped to study painting and therefore started to drink, whenever he had money. Emily helped him as often as possible in his bouts of drunkenness; maybe because she knew more about her brother’s mental state than anyone else. Nevertheless, Branwell died in 1848. In 1842, Charlotte persuaded Emily to attend a school in Brussels. Emily did well; her teachers were especially impressed with her clear, smooth writing style, but made no friends, as was typical for her. She went back home as soon as she possibly could. In 1845 Charlotte accidentally found some of Emily’s poems and recognized their originality and power. She persuaded her to join her and Anne in the publication of a selection of their poems. This volume appeared in May 1846 as Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The three sisters changed their names, but they kept their initials. Although the book had no commercial success, the Brontë sisters went on writing and each of them produced a novel, all published in 1847: Charlotte wrote Jane Eyre, Anne Agnes Grey and Emily Wuthering Heights. In the following years Charlotte and Anne published some other novels, too. Emily’s novel was not received with any enthusiasm; many readers were shocked when they read “Wuthering Heights” because of the passionate tone of the novel and the strange power. Then Emily fell ill. She died on December 19, 1848 of tuberculosis in Haworth, Yorkshire. (see Gérin 1972 and Brontë 1994, v-vii) 3 Summary of Wuthering Heights The story is told by Mr Lockwood at the beginning of the 19th century. He is the tenant of Mr Heathcliff and was no witness of the things that happened on Wuthering Heights and on Thrushcross Grange. He gets all the information from Ellen Dean (Nelly), the housekeeper, and writes down the story in his diary. Mr and Mrs Earnshaw live on Wuthering Heights together with their children Catherine and Hindley. One day Mr Earnshaw returns from a journey to Liverpool and with him he brings home a dirty, black-haired child in torn clothes. He takes the child as his son and calls him Heathcliff. Catherine likes Heathcliff very much but Hindley hates him because he is his father’s favourite and he feels supplanted in his father’s affections by the boy. A few years later Mrs Earnshaw dies and Hindley is sent away to college. Another two years later Mr. Earnshaw dies. Hindley comes home for the funeral with his wife Frances. He forces Heathcliff into the role of a servant and stops his education. So Catherine starts to teach Heathcliff all she has learned and plays with him in the fields. One day they run to Thrushcross Grange and see Isabella and Edgar Linton. They think that Catherine and Heathcliff are burglars and Catherine is injured by the watch-dog. Therefore she is forced to stay at the Grange for a few weeks. When Catherine returns home she is dressed like a lady and has given up her wild ways. Seeing Heathcliff she laughs at his black, cross look and he runs away in anger. Shortly after the birth of Hareton, Hindley’s wife Frances dies. He gives himself up to wild living and only Mrs Dean cares about the child. The household falls into chaos, Catherine’s teacher stops visiting her and Edgar Linton is the only person that comes to see her. Heathcliff is harshly treated and hates Hindley more and more. Catherine and Heathcliff argue intensely and when Edgar asks her to marry him she agrees although she still loves Heathcliff. She tells Nelly that she is unhappy but she cannot marry Heathcliff because it would degrade her and she is attracted by what Edgar represents: he is good-looking and will be rich. But Heathcliff listens to the conversation and runs away. As Catherine recognizes that Heathcliff has left, she starts looking for him all night in a storm and gets ill. Three years after his father’s death Edgar marries Catherine. Nelly has to go with her to her new home Thrushcross Grange. After a few years Heathcliff returns to take his revenge on the Linton family. He is now an educated man with money. Catherine is very happy to see him but Edgar isn’t very excited. Nevertheless Heathcliff and Catherine pick up their friendship. Heathcliff stays with Hindley at Wuthering Heights and gradually gains financial control by paying Hindley’s gambling debts. Soon Isabella Linton, Edgar’s sister, falls in love with Heathcliff. Catherine tells Heathcliff about it. Although he doesn’t like her, he tells Catherine that he will make good use of it. Catherine starts a quarrel with Heathcliff and so Edgar Linton demands him to leave his house. Edgar is very furious and tells his sister Isabella that if she marries Heathcliff she will be only his sister in name. Catherine is furious at Edgar of driving Heathcliff away and at Heathcliff for wanting to marry Isabella. So she doesn’t eat and drink anything for three days and falls ill with a brain fever. While she is ill, Heathcliff and Isabella elope. But soon Isabella is very unhappy at Wuthering Heights. One day, when Edgar Linton has gone to church, Heathcliff visits the pregnant Catherine. Catherine accuses him that he kills her. But Heathcliff accuses her of killing them both by marring Edgar. Then Catherine forgives him and Heathcliff forgives her what she has done to him and they swear undying love for each other. Two hours after having given birth to her daughter Catherine (Cathy), Catherine dies. Meanwhile Isabella’s love for Heathcliff has turned into hate. She leaves Wuthering Heights and never revisits the area. She lives in the south, and has born a son called Linton. Six month after his sister’s death Hindley dies, too, and leaves Heathcliff as the master of Wuthering Heights. Then the story omits twelve years. Cathy lives at Thrushcross Grange together with her father Edgar Linton and the housekeeper Nelly. She is very lonely and not allowed to leave the house alone because her father is frightened that something could happen to her or that she could go to Wuthering Heights. One day the sister of Edgar Linton, Isabella, dies and leaves her and Heathcliff’s son Linton alone; so Mr. Linton has to drive to London to take the boy home. During that time Cathy escapes for the first time and is found by Nelly on Wuthering Heights later on; this is the first time Cathy is in that house, but she doesn’t know why her father hates the people from Wuthering Heights. She is disgusted to learn that Hareton, whom she had taken for a servant, actually is her cousin. Ellen tells Cathy how her father hates the Heights and makes her promise not to tell Edgar Linton that she has been there The next day Mr. Linton and his nephew arrive at Thrushcross Grange. But the boy Linton, a weak and ill boy, is only allowed to stay one night at Thrushcross Grange; then Heathcliff forces Mr Linton to bring the boy to Wuthering Heights because he wants his son to stay with him. A few years later, on her 16th birthday, Cathy is allowed to leave Thrushcross Grange together with Nelly officially for the first time. On their walk through the moor the two women meet Linton; Linton and Cathy like each other and from that day on they write secret letters to each other and meet secretly because Mr. Linton does not want his daughter to have any relationship to Wuthering Heights. Cathy and Linton become good friends; and when Linton becomes more and more weak, Cathy cares about him and visits him as often as possible. But one day Heathcliff obliges Cathy, Linton and Nelly to stay Wuthering Heights, where he forces a marriage between his son Linton and Cathy then. The reason for this is that he knows that the weak and ill Linton will die very soon. Heathcliff also knows that Cathy’s father is very ill, too, and recognizes that if Mr Linton died, he would become the owner of Thrushcross Grange. A few days later, Mr. Edgar Linton dies and another few days later Linton dies, too. This means that Heathcliff is the owner of Wuthering Heights and of Thrushcross Grange now. - Quote paper - Jessica Schulze (Author), 2004, Emily Brontë's novel Wuthering Heights in comparison with a film adaption, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/35420	<urn:uuid:7f300bc9-8828-41e9-908e-05c1af29e359>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.grin.com/document/35420	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00225.warc.gz	en	0.980122	2,851	3.328125	3	[ -0.3280845880508423, -0.2065247744321823, 0.3359849452972412, 0.13710400462150574, -0.23100784420967102, 0.35994330048561096, -0.31626808643341064, 0.27819380164146423, -0.10954038798809052, -0.4765942692756653, 0.16078394651412964, -0.2634378671646118, -0.004047298803925514, -0.1835268735...	1	Table of Contents 2 Biography of Emily Brontë 3 Summary of Wuthering Heights 4 Wyler’s film (1939) in comparison with the book 4.1 Background information on the film 4.2 Differences between the novel and the film 4.2.1 Changes of the characters 4.2.2 Changes in the course story 220.127.116.11 Deletion of the second part of the story 18.104.22.168 Death scenes 22.214.171.124 Penistone Crag as a symbol 4.3 Reasons for the changes Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights is one of the “greatest works of art” (Kettle 1974, 130) and also “one of the 19th century’s most evocative novels” (Tibbetts/Welsh 1998, 469). Emily Brontë is perhaps the greatest writer of the three Brontë sisters. She published only one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a story of doomed love and revenge. But that single work has its place among the masterpieces of English literature. After its release, a lot of reviewers were shocked, mystified and puzzled, though some also expressed admiration for the strange power of the novel. Wilson, Schlueter and Schlueter (1997, 63) point out that “even modern critics have difficulty dealing with the novel, tending either toward a stress on its eccentricity or concentration on very small sections.” A lot of books and articles have been written about Emily Brontë’s only novel – and there are also a couple of films dealing with the story or with parts of the story. In my study I will concentrate on the question if there are differences between Emily Brontë’s novel and the film adaptation by William Wyler (published in 1939). Therefore I am going to describe the most important diversities in detail and give possible reasons for the changes. But before starting with this I would first like to introduce Emily Brontë’s biography and a summary of her famous novel Wuthering Heights. 2 Biography of Emily Brontë Emily Brontë was born on July 30, 1818 at her father’s parsonage in Thornton, Yorkshire. As the daughter of Maria Branwell and Reverend Patrick Brontë she was the fifth child of six (Maria, Elizabeth, Branwell, Charlotte, Emily, Anne). In 1820 the family moved to Haworth and only one year later, Mrs Brontë died. Her sister, Miss Elizabeth Branwell, came from Cornwall to help Mr Brontë to look after his large family. She was strict and conventional and was not able to care about the emotional needs of small children. Nevertheless, she did her best but she was never a mother to the young family. Mr Brontë also tried to recompense for the absence of a mother, but the children suffered from his lack of warmth and humour. Fortunately, the two eldest children Maria and Elizabeth did a great deal to generate an atmosphere of love and security; all the children had a very close relationship and provided all the qualities they missed in their father and in their aunt for themselves. However, Mr Brontë obviously had a great influence on his children. He liked poetry, music, politics and the countryside and therefore encouraged his children’s natural interests in these things. Especially Emily developed an intense love for the moorland environment in which she grew up and where she found inspiration for her poems. In 1824 Emily and her sister Charlotte were sent to Cowan Bridge School for the Daughters of Clergyman. Only one year later, her oldest sisters Maria and Elizabeth, who also attended the school, died on tuberculosis and Emily and her sister were send home. Back in Haworth, Emily, her brother and her sisters were left largely to themselves and they created their own world of fantasy which they wrote down in little books – it was the beginning of their writing-career. Emily was also talented in playing the piano. In 1831, when Charlotte was sent to school at Roe Head, Anne and Emily began to record the Gondal saga. During that time Emily was educated at home by her father. In 1835, Emily went to Roe Head School, too but became so ill from homesickness that she was brought home after only three months. There she was perfectly well again and very happy. At the same time her brother Branwell was unhappy, too. He failed an interview at the Royal Academic School, where he had hoped to study painting and therefore started to drink, whenever he had money. Emily helped him as often as possible in his bouts of drunkenness; maybe because she knew more about her brother’s mental state than anyone else. Nevertheless, Branwell died in 1848. In 1842, Charlotte persuaded Emily to attend a school in Brussels. Emily did well; her teachers were especially impressed with her clear, smooth writing style, but made no friends, as was typical for her. She went back home as soon as she possibly could. In 1845 Charlotte accidentally found some of Emily’s poems and recognized their originality and power. She persuaded her to join her and Anne in the publication of a selection of their poems. This volume appeared in May 1846 as Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The three sisters changed their names, but they kept their initials. Although the book had no commercial success, the Brontë sisters went on writing and each of them produced a novel, all published in 1847: Charlotte wrote Jane Eyre, Anne Agnes Grey and Emily Wuthering Heights. In the following years Charlotte and Anne published some other novels, too. Emily’s novel was not received with any enthusiasm; many readers were shocked when they read “Wuthering Heights” because of the passionate tone of the novel and the strange power. Then Emily fell ill. She died on December 19, 1848 of tuberculosis in Haworth, Yorkshire. (see Gérin 1972 and Brontë 1994, v-vii) 3 Summary of Wuthering Heights The story is told by Mr Lockwood at the beginning of the 19th century. He is the tenant of Mr Heathcliff and was no witness of the things that happened on Wuthering Heights and on Thrushcross Grange. He gets all the information from Ellen Dean (Nelly), the housekeeper, and writes down the story in his diary. Mr and Mrs Earnshaw live on Wuthering Heights together with their children Catherine and Hindley. One day Mr Earnshaw returns from a journey to Liverpool and with him he brings home a dirty, black-haired child in torn clothes. He takes the child as his son and calls him Heathcliff. Catherine likes Heathcliff very much but Hindley hates him because he is his father’s favourite and he feels supplanted in his father’s affections by the boy. A few years later Mrs Earnshaw dies and Hindley is sent away to college. Another two years later Mr. Earnshaw dies. Hindley comes home for the funeral with his wife Frances. He forces Heathcliff into the role of a servant and stops his education. So Catherine starts to teach Heathcliff all she has learned and plays with him in the fields. One day they run to Thrushcross Grange and see Isabella and Edgar Linton. They think that Catherine and Heathcliff are burglars and Catherine is injured by the watch-dog. Therefore she is forced to stay at the Grange for a few weeks. When Catherine returns home she is dressed like a lady and has given up her wild ways. Seeing Heathcliff she laughs at his black, cross look and he runs away in anger. Shortly after the birth of Hareton, Hindley’s wife Frances dies. He gives himself up to wild living and only Mrs Dean cares about the child. The household falls into chaos, Catherine’s teacher stops visiting her and Edgar Linton is the only person that comes to see her. Heathcliff is harshly treated and hates Hindley more and more. Catherine and Heathcliff argue intensely and when Edgar asks her to marry him she agrees although she still loves Heathcliff. She tells Nelly that she is unhappy but she cannot marry Heathcliff because it would degrade her and she is attracted by what Edgar represents: he is good-looking and will be rich. But Heathcliff listens to the conversation and runs away. As Catherine recognizes that Heathcliff has left, she starts looking for him all night in a storm and gets ill. Three years after his father’s death Edgar marries Catherine. Nelly has to go with her to her new home Thrushcross Grange. After a few years Heathcliff returns to take his revenge on the Linton family. He is now an educated man with money. Catherine is very happy to see him but Edgar isn’t very excited. Nevertheless Heathcliff and Catherine pick up their friendship. Heathcliff stays with Hindley at Wuthering Heights and gradually gains financial control by paying Hindley’s gambling debts. Soon Isabella Linton, Edgar’s sister, falls in love with Heathcliff. Catherine tells Heathcliff about it. Although he doesn’t like her, he tells Catherine that he will make good use of it. Catherine starts a quarrel with Heathcliff and so Edgar Linton demands him to leave his house. Edgar is very furious and tells his sister Isabella that if she marries Heathcliff she will be only his sister in name. Catherine is furious at Edgar of driving Heathcliff away and at Heathcliff for wanting to marry Isabella. So she doesn’t eat and drink anything for three days and falls ill with a brain fever. While she is ill, Heathcliff and Isabella elope. But soon Isabella is very unhappy at Wuthering Heights. One day, when Edgar Linton has gone to church, Heathcliff visits the pregnant Catherine. Catherine accuses him that he kills her. But Heathcliff accuses her of killing them both by marring Edgar. Then Catherine forgives him and Heathcliff forgives her what she has done to him and they swear undying love for each other. Two hours after having given birth to her daughter Catherine (Cathy), Catherine dies. Meanwhile Isabella’s love for Heathcliff has turned into hate. She leaves Wuthering Heights and never revisits the area. She lives in the south, and has born a son called Linton. Six month after his sister’s death Hindley dies, too, and leaves Heathcliff as the master of Wuthering Heights. Then the story omits twelve years. Cathy lives at Thrushcross Grange together with her father Edgar Linton and the housekeeper Nelly. She is very lonely and not allowed to leave the house alone because her father is frightened that something could happen to her or that she could go to Wuthering Heights. One day the sister of Edgar Linton, Isabella, dies and leaves her and Heathcliff’s son Linton alone; so Mr. Linton has to drive to London to take the boy home. During that time Cathy escapes for the first time and is found by Nelly on Wuthering Heights later on; this is the first time Cathy is in that house, but she doesn’t know why her father hates the people from Wuthering Heights. She is disgusted to learn that Hareton, whom she had taken for a servant, actually is her cousin. Ellen tells Cathy how her father hates the Heights and makes her promise not to tell Edgar Linton that she has been there The next day Mr. Linton and his nephew arrive at Thrushcross Grange. But the boy Linton, a weak and ill boy, is only allowed to stay one night at Thrushcross Grange; then Heathcliff forces Mr Linton to bring the boy to Wuthering Heights because he wants his son to stay with him. A few years later, on her 16th birthday, Cathy is allowed to leave Thrushcross Grange together with Nelly officially for the first time. On their walk through the moor the two women meet Linton; Linton and Cathy like each other and from that day on they write secret letters to each other and meet secretly because Mr. Linton does not want his daughter to have any relationship to Wuthering Heights. Cathy and Linton become good friends; and when Linton becomes more and more weak, Cathy cares about him and visits him as often as possible. But one day Heathcliff obliges Cathy, Linton and Nelly to stay Wuthering Heights, where he forces a marriage between his son Linton and Cathy then. The reason for this is that he knows that the weak and ill Linton will die very soon. Heathcliff also knows that Cathy’s father is very ill, too, and recognizes that if Mr Linton died, he would become the owner of Thrushcross Grange. A few days later, Mr. Edgar Linton dies and another few days later Linton dies, too. This means that Heathcliff is the owner of Wuthering Heights and of Thrushcross Grange now. - Quote paper - Jessica Schulze (Author), 2004, Emily Brontë's novel Wuthering Heights in comparison with a film adaption, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/35420	2,862	ENGLISH	1
The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on. America’s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles. Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament. 文章来源:网络作者:未知浏览次数:5772	<urn:uuid:c4853902-ce6d-4e79-b63e-3843cba1e60c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://voe.ac.cn/Article.asp?ID=604	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00236.warc.gz	en	0.98414	285	3.984375	4	[ -0.18566299974918365, 0.11744079738855362, 0.351010799407959, -0.007318365387618542, -0.08575669676065445, 0.23419781029224396, -0.32792988419532776, 0.2761518359184265, -0.14436839520931244, 0.3263700604438782, 0.19025564193725586, 0.1685238629579544, 0.005968808196485043, 0.2067862004041...	1	The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on. America’s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles. Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament. 文章来源:网络作者:未知浏览次数:5772	254	ENGLISH	1
Hinton Helper was one of the major critics of slavery. He mainly argued on an economic rather than moral perspective. Born of a slave-owning but small scale farmer, Hinton grew to be an ardent critic of slavery. He even wrote “the impending crisis of the south” one of the major criticism of the practice of slavery in the south. Hinton argued that slavery in the south was not economically viable as the slaves depleted the natural resources and caused deforestation and was also a threat to the poor white farmers who could not afford slaves (Elliot, Roberts and Bilhartz 247). Helper claimed that the southern economy had been lagged behind by slavery. He advocated for the massive expulsion of slaves from America. Helper though against slavery, hated the black people and could not even dine in a restaurant where black people or Negroes were employed (Elliot, Roberts and Bilhartz 250). He therefore was a racist and believed in white supremacy. By claiming that the non-slave poor white farmers were at threat, he created divisions among the southerners causing more of them to adopt secession. George Fitzhugh was also a racist but argued on different grounds. According to him all blacks were but grown up children. He believed that whites were superior to their black counterparts (Elliot, Roberts and Bilhartz 239). Fitzhugh was in support of slavery arguing that slavery ensured the economic and moral freedom of both the slaves and the slave owners. He claimed that through slavery, blacks acquire moral civilization as well as economic security. His advocacy for slavery was guided by the works of Thomas Carlyle who was a major advocate of slavery (Elliot, Roberts and Bilhartz 241). According to him, free labor and free markets made the rich richer and the poor poorer claiming that this form of capitalism was dangerous. Slavery according to him was the best form of socialism. Key to note here is that both figures were racist only that they perceptions were different. While Helper looked down upon the blacks on the basis that they contributed to the meltdown of the southern economy, Fitzhugh also despised the blacks but saw slavery amongst all races as necessary for economic development. Elliot J. Gorn, Randy Roberts and Terry D. Bilhartz. Constructing the American Past: A source Book of a People’s History. 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson, 2010.	<urn:uuid:191b5a90-e0aa-4f8b-a3b9-2f4de5a2a1b1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/example-of-essay-on-hinton-helpers-and-george-fitzhughs-views-on-black-people-were-they-racists/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00346.warc.gz	en	0.982949	491	3.34375	3	[ -0.13909655809402466, 0.33741331100463867, 0.00919269397854805, 0.04032226651906967, 0.28371337056159973, -0.12075284123420715, 0.049631405621767044, -0.0828709527850151, -0.5415539145469666, -0.046186693012714386, 0.4819933772087097, -0.04859983175992966, -0.16898088157176971, 0.058955907...	1	Hinton Helper was one of the major critics of slavery. He mainly argued on an economic rather than moral perspective. Born of a slave-owning but small scale farmer, Hinton grew to be an ardent critic of slavery. He even wrote “the impending crisis of the south” one of the major criticism of the practice of slavery in the south. Hinton argued that slavery in the south was not economically viable as the slaves depleted the natural resources and caused deforestation and was also a threat to the poor white farmers who could not afford slaves (Elliot, Roberts and Bilhartz 247). Helper claimed that the southern economy had been lagged behind by slavery. He advocated for the massive expulsion of slaves from America. Helper though against slavery, hated the black people and could not even dine in a restaurant where black people or Negroes were employed (Elliot, Roberts and Bilhartz 250). He therefore was a racist and believed in white supremacy. By claiming that the non-slave poor white farmers were at threat, he created divisions among the southerners causing more of them to adopt secession. George Fitzhugh was also a racist but argued on different grounds. According to him all blacks were but grown up children. He believed that whites were superior to their black counterparts (Elliot, Roberts and Bilhartz 239). Fitzhugh was in support of slavery arguing that slavery ensured the economic and moral freedom of both the slaves and the slave owners. He claimed that through slavery, blacks acquire moral civilization as well as economic security. His advocacy for slavery was guided by the works of Thomas Carlyle who was a major advocate of slavery (Elliot, Roberts and Bilhartz 241). According to him, free labor and free markets made the rich richer and the poor poorer claiming that this form of capitalism was dangerous. Slavery according to him was the best form of socialism. Key to note here is that both figures were racist only that they perceptions were different. While Helper looked down upon the blacks on the basis that they contributed to the meltdown of the southern economy, Fitzhugh also despised the blacks but saw slavery amongst all races as necessary for economic development. Elliot J. Gorn, Randy Roberts and Terry D. Bilhartz. Constructing the American Past: A source Book of a People’s History. 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson, 2010.	500	ENGLISH	1
Lear is used to enjoying absolute power and to being flattered, and he does not respond well to being contradicted or challenged. Get Full Essay Get access to this section to get all help you need with your essay and educational issues. Throughout this tragedy of King Lear, an unlikely character is guiding him with the light of truth, his loyal companion the Fool. Interestingly also, the characterization of the Fool is seemingly offset from the other characters. That is because the Fool is ironically the only character in the story that has a grip of the truth and the Fool is the character that is gifted with thoughtful insights and superb wisdom. Actually, there is a historical basis for Shakespeare use of the fool in his plays. During the early times, fools, also known as clowns or jesters, were employed by people of noble stature to join their retinue. In the period of the Renaissance, fools were even required to be licensed before they can be employed into the house of the rich people. Once employed, they were regarded as mascots, at the least, and at worst, reduced to being like animal pets. Hoenselaars There is also a historical basis to the threat of King Lear to the Fool that the Fool will be whipped for criticizing King Lear. Fools during the early times were punished, like being whipped, for offending their masters Hoenselaars. King Lear was offended because he had surrounded himself with all these illusions of still being powerful even though his antagonists, including his conniving daughters, had stripped him of his former glory. Serving punishment to the Fool was not exclusive to King Lear. Her conniving daughters had also whipped the Fool for speaking the truth that offended them. In the course of the play, King Lear would be asked by Goneril to leave his place. And so King Lear resorted to asking his conniving daughter Regan for a place to stay. The Fool also played the role of a conscience, just what King Lear needs so badly. The Fool functions much like how a chorus does in a Greek tragedy by always commenting on the every actions, and even plans, of King Lear. King Lear seems to be the kind of person who is solely dependent on interpersonal communication. He only responds to what the people around him, just like in case of his conniving sisters talking him to divide his kingdom among them. As we could observe in the play, the Fool was always around King Lear when the king was only on the brink of total insanity. The Fool had reasoned with and had come up with quite a lot of advice for King Lear. The Fool is after all still human that role plays as conscience. The Fool knows his job well and he is also aware of the descriptions of what he should do. It must have been tiring to be constantly thinking of entertaining lines while thinking about how it would help his master from being completely insane. This funny yet insightful exchange of lines between The Fool and King Lear is probably one of the most quoted lines from the play: The reason why the seven stars are no more than seven is a pretty reason King Lear: Because they are not eight? The character of the Fool is full of irony, just like his most important function in the play, the Fool makes King Lear, and also the audience, that King Lear is actually the most foolish out of all the characters within the play. This important function of the Fool is best displayed though the exchange of lines in act four of the play. King Lear had asked if the Fool was treating him as a lowly fool. Another important thing to take into consideration is that the Fool seems to get way most of the time with his subtle ridicules towards King Lear. Again, the character of the Fool highlights the foolishness of King Lear, that King Lear is not being aware of because he still has these illusions that he is highly and therefore he thinks nothing but highly about himself. Another thing that is very admirable thing about the Fool is that he has noble intentions regarding his relationship with his master, King Lear. The Fool had stayed and helped King Lear even in his lowest of times. But then he had to leave King Lear, because that seems an impossible endeavor. The Fool was just human after all, human that when all hope is lost, also loses their driving force.The Fool assumes the role of Lear's protector when Cordelia is banished. The Fool functions much as a Chorus would in a Greek tragedy, commenting upon events and the king's actions and acting, in some ways, as the king's conscience. The Role of Disguises As deception appears to be a prominent theme in the plot of Shakespeare’s King Lear, one cannot evade the disguises and the ideas and people behind them. The use of disguises as a literary feature opens the door for new subplots such as those of Kent and Edgar. Arguably, he could be seen as taking on the role of a wife for Lear; the absence of a mother from the main narrative, as well as the Fool's ability to be honest and accepted by the king suggests. Shakespeare's use of doubling appears throughout King Lear. For example, Kent's true loyalty to the king is paralleled by Oswald's corrupt loyalty to Goneril. Lear also has two sons-in-law. The fool in King Lear is an example of Shakespeare using the fool as a voice to bridge the gap between the audience and the stage. The “all-licensed fool” makes many of his quips at the expense of the king. Shakespeare's downbeat ending of the plot with the deaths of Lear and Cordelia (in contrast to his sources) has oppressed so many that it was often played with Nahum Tate's happy ending: with Edgar marrying Cordelia and Lear restored; the Fool eliminated and Arante added as confidant for Cordelia.	<urn:uuid:65502022-3acf-439a-84b4-371b4b5a3796>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mohicefybajy.leslutinsduphoenix.com/the-role-of-the-fool-in-shakespeares-king-lear-14889jc.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00296.warc.gz	en	0.987619	1,202	3.375	3	[ -0.011987483128905296, 0.23204417526721954, 0.2587355971336365, 0.22422784566879272, -0.3431283235549927, -0.21788102388381958, 0.7379106283187866, 0.3818064033985138, -0.1160164326429367, -0.13894852995872498, -0.03608400374650955, -0.39021217823028564, -0.11454716324806213, 0.06643688678...	2	Lear is used to enjoying absolute power and to being flattered, and he does not respond well to being contradicted or challenged. Get Full Essay Get access to this section to get all help you need with your essay and educational issues. Throughout this tragedy of King Lear, an unlikely character is guiding him with the light of truth, his loyal companion the Fool. Interestingly also, the characterization of the Fool is seemingly offset from the other characters. That is because the Fool is ironically the only character in the story that has a grip of the truth and the Fool is the character that is gifted with thoughtful insights and superb wisdom. Actually, there is a historical basis for Shakespeare use of the fool in his plays. During the early times, fools, also known as clowns or jesters, were employed by people of noble stature to join their retinue. In the period of the Renaissance, fools were even required to be licensed before they can be employed into the house of the rich people. Once employed, they were regarded as mascots, at the least, and at worst, reduced to being like animal pets. Hoenselaars There is also a historical basis to the threat of King Lear to the Fool that the Fool will be whipped for criticizing King Lear. Fools during the early times were punished, like being whipped, for offending their masters Hoenselaars. King Lear was offended because he had surrounded himself with all these illusions of still being powerful even though his antagonists, including his conniving daughters, had stripped him of his former glory. Serving punishment to the Fool was not exclusive to King Lear. Her conniving daughters had also whipped the Fool for speaking the truth that offended them. In the course of the play, King Lear would be asked by Goneril to leave his place. And so King Lear resorted to asking his conniving daughter Regan for a place to stay. The Fool also played the role of a conscience, just what King Lear needs so badly. The Fool functions much like how a chorus does in a Greek tragedy by always commenting on the every actions, and even plans, of King Lear. King Lear seems to be the kind of person who is solely dependent on interpersonal communication. He only responds to what the people around him, just like in case of his conniving sisters talking him to divide his kingdom among them. As we could observe in the play, the Fool was always around King Lear when the king was only on the brink of total insanity. The Fool had reasoned with and had come up with quite a lot of advice for King Lear. The Fool is after all still human that role plays as conscience. The Fool knows his job well and he is also aware of the descriptions of what he should do. It must have been tiring to be constantly thinking of entertaining lines while thinking about how it would help his master from being completely insane. This funny yet insightful exchange of lines between The Fool and King Lear is probably one of the most quoted lines from the play: The reason why the seven stars are no more than seven is a pretty reason King Lear: Because they are not eight? The character of the Fool is full of irony, just like his most important function in the play, the Fool makes King Lear, and also the audience, that King Lear is actually the most foolish out of all the characters within the play. This important function of the Fool is best displayed though the exchange of lines in act four of the play. King Lear had asked if the Fool was treating him as a lowly fool. Another important thing to take into consideration is that the Fool seems to get way most of the time with his subtle ridicules towards King Lear. Again, the character of the Fool highlights the foolishness of King Lear, that King Lear is not being aware of because he still has these illusions that he is highly and therefore he thinks nothing but highly about himself. Another thing that is very admirable thing about the Fool is that he has noble intentions regarding his relationship with his master, King Lear. The Fool had stayed and helped King Lear even in his lowest of times. But then he had to leave King Lear, because that seems an impossible endeavor. The Fool was just human after all, human that when all hope is lost, also loses their driving force.The Fool assumes the role of Lear's protector when Cordelia is banished. The Fool functions much as a Chorus would in a Greek tragedy, commenting upon events and the king's actions and acting, in some ways, as the king's conscience. The Role of Disguises As deception appears to be a prominent theme in the plot of Shakespeare’s King Lear, one cannot evade the disguises and the ideas and people behind them. The use of disguises as a literary feature opens the door for new subplots such as those of Kent and Edgar. Arguably, he could be seen as taking on the role of a wife for Lear; the absence of a mother from the main narrative, as well as the Fool's ability to be honest and accepted by the king suggests. Shakespeare's use of doubling appears throughout King Lear. For example, Kent's true loyalty to the king is paralleled by Oswald's corrupt loyalty to Goneril. Lear also has two sons-in-law. The fool in King Lear is an example of Shakespeare using the fool as a voice to bridge the gap between the audience and the stage. The “all-licensed fool” makes many of his quips at the expense of the king. Shakespeare's downbeat ending of the plot with the deaths of Lear and Cordelia (in contrast to his sources) has oppressed so many that it was often played with Nahum Tate's happy ending: with Edgar marrying Cordelia and Lear restored; the Fool eliminated and Arante added as confidant for Cordelia.	1,175	ENGLISH	1
Last Updated on In the second half of the 19th century, America experienced a flood of new immigrants. Millions came from Ireland, fleeing the country’s potato famine of 1846. Amongst traditions that were carried over, Halloween became very popular nationally. Following Irish and English traditions, Americans started to dress up in costumes, going house-to-house, asking for food or money. This eventually became today’s “Trick-or-treat” tradition. Young women believed that on Halloween, they could bewitch the name or the appearance of their future husbands and many ricks with Yarn, apple parings and mirrors were practised. Gradually, the holiday was moulded into a community and neighbourly get-togethers, focus that was overcoming the one about ghosts, pranks and witchcraft. At the turn of the century, Halloween parties for adults and children were common. The focus was on games, foods and costumes. You could say that media influence had a lot to do with the fact that fun overpowered anything frightening and grotesque out of Halloween celebrations. Most of the superstitions and religious overtones were lost by the beginning of the twentieth century. In the 1920s and 1930s, Halloween became a real community holiday. Parades and town parties were common, but despite the efforts of schools and communities, these were plagued by vandalism. The efforts of adults were then concentrated on helping the holiday to be directed mainly at children. Trick or treating became a relatively inexpensive way for the entire community to share the Halloween celebration. The tradition was born and continued to grow. And the name? Halloween – or the Hallow E’en as the Irish called it – means All Hallows Eve. That is the night before All Hallows or All Saints, traditionally observed on November 1st. In old English, the word “Hallow” meant “Sanctify”. Numerous religions, including Roman Catholics, Episcopalians and Lutherans used to observe All Hallows Day to honour All Saints in heaven. It sued to be considered with all solemnity as one of the most significant observances of the Church year. And the Ghosts? As the story has it, the disembodied spirits of all those who had died in the preceding year were coming back to poses living bodies for the next year. It was believed that by finding a body was their only hope for afterlife and that during this time, the spirit world could intermingle with the living, because all laws of space and time were suspended. Naturally, the living did not wish to be posses – so on October 31st, fires were extinguished in homes, making them cold and undesirable. People would then dress up in ghoulish costumes and paraded around noisily to frighten away spirits looking for bodies. All those are things of the past – today, it is estimated that Americans spend an estimated $6.9 billion on Halloween, making it the country’s second largest commercial holiday. What About the Jack-O-Lantern? The name Jack-O-Lantern is closely associated with Halloween and there are several versions of where the name comes from. The most popular one tells a legend of a man named Stingy Jack, who invited the Devil to have drink. When it was time to pay, he convinced the Devil to change into a sixpence – but instead of paying for the drink, he put the money into his pocket. He kept it beside a silver cross and that stopped the Devil from changing back. Jack made a deal with the Devil that he will not punish him if he is freed. The next Halloween, Jack died and when he came to heaven’s Gate, he was turned back. He went to the gates of Hell, but the devil turned him back as well, because Jack made him promise not to take his soul. Jack was afraid to go back, because it was dark and he couldn’t find his way. The Devil tossed Jack a glowing coal, which Jack put into a turnip and that is how Jack-O-Lantern happened. And the legend further claims that Stingy Jack’s lonely soul has been roaming the Earth. If you enjoyed this information, please check out the following pages for some great Halloween ideas! Please send in your comments, suggestions and experiences – your input is always welcomed and very much appreciated	<urn:uuid:ff977da7-a972-4801-9b75-66cf24c836c9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.mama-knows.com/featured-articles/all-about-halloween.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00221.warc.gz	en	0.984434	909	3.421875	3	[ -0.03060489520430565, 0.2579739987850189, 0.2882111966609955, 0.039824917912483215, -0.03049958124756813, -0.03846395015716553, 0.21576465666294098, -0.2064075469970703, -0.19205543398857117, -0.27702274918556213, -0.02421632409095764, 0.463885098695755, -0.15852822363376617, 0.09484898298...	6	Last Updated on In the second half of the 19th century, America experienced a flood of new immigrants. Millions came from Ireland, fleeing the country’s potato famine of 1846. Amongst traditions that were carried over, Halloween became very popular nationally. Following Irish and English traditions, Americans started to dress up in costumes, going house-to-house, asking for food or money. This eventually became today’s “Trick-or-treat” tradition. Young women believed that on Halloween, they could bewitch the name or the appearance of their future husbands and many ricks with Yarn, apple parings and mirrors were practised. Gradually, the holiday was moulded into a community and neighbourly get-togethers, focus that was overcoming the one about ghosts, pranks and witchcraft. At the turn of the century, Halloween parties for adults and children were common. The focus was on games, foods and costumes. You could say that media influence had a lot to do with the fact that fun overpowered anything frightening and grotesque out of Halloween celebrations. Most of the superstitions and religious overtones were lost by the beginning of the twentieth century. In the 1920s and 1930s, Halloween became a real community holiday. Parades and town parties were common, but despite the efforts of schools and communities, these were plagued by vandalism. The efforts of adults were then concentrated on helping the holiday to be directed mainly at children. Trick or treating became a relatively inexpensive way for the entire community to share the Halloween celebration. The tradition was born and continued to grow. And the name? Halloween – or the Hallow E’en as the Irish called it – means All Hallows Eve. That is the night before All Hallows or All Saints, traditionally observed on November 1st. In old English, the word “Hallow” meant “Sanctify”. Numerous religions, including Roman Catholics, Episcopalians and Lutherans used to observe All Hallows Day to honour All Saints in heaven. It sued to be considered with all solemnity as one of the most significant observances of the Church year. And the Ghosts? As the story has it, the disembodied spirits of all those who had died in the preceding year were coming back to poses living bodies for the next year. It was believed that by finding a body was their only hope for afterlife and that during this time, the spirit world could intermingle with the living, because all laws of space and time were suspended. Naturally, the living did not wish to be posses – so on October 31st, fires were extinguished in homes, making them cold and undesirable. People would then dress up in ghoulish costumes and paraded around noisily to frighten away spirits looking for bodies. All those are things of the past – today, it is estimated that Americans spend an estimated $6.9 billion on Halloween, making it the country’s second largest commercial holiday. What About the Jack-O-Lantern? The name Jack-O-Lantern is closely associated with Halloween and there are several versions of where the name comes from. The most popular one tells a legend of a man named Stingy Jack, who invited the Devil to have drink. When it was time to pay, he convinced the Devil to change into a sixpence – but instead of paying for the drink, he put the money into his pocket. He kept it beside a silver cross and that stopped the Devil from changing back. Jack made a deal with the Devil that he will not punish him if he is freed. The next Halloween, Jack died and when he came to heaven’s Gate, he was turned back. He went to the gates of Hell, but the devil turned him back as well, because Jack made him promise not to take his soul. Jack was afraid to go back, because it was dark and he couldn’t find his way. The Devil tossed Jack a glowing coal, which Jack put into a turnip and that is how Jack-O-Lantern happened. And the legend further claims that Stingy Jack’s lonely soul has been roaming the Earth. If you enjoyed this information, please check out the following pages for some great Halloween ideas! Please send in your comments, suggestions and experiences – your input is always welcomed and very much appreciated	888	ENGLISH	1
By John Powell Andrew Johnson was a southerner born in Ralegh, North Carolina in 1808. His grandfather, a small farmer, hailed from Ballyeaston in County Antrim. Coming from a humble background Johnson had little formal education and was largely self-taught and decided to become a tailor. He settled in Tennessee and set up his own tailoring business in the small town of Greenville. When he decided to enter politics, it was a champion of the small man. The future Republican President was elected to Congress in 1843 by the Democrats and to the United State Senate in 1857. When the American Civil War broke out Johnson took a strong stand against secession. His loyalty to the cause of the Union was rewarded by President Lincoln who appointed him as the military governor of Tennessee. On Lincoln’s second election to the Presidency by the Republicans Johnson was elected Vice-President. On the 14th of April, 1965, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth and Johnson became President of post Civil War America. The position which Johnson found himself in was peculiarly hard and trying; as Lincoln’s successor he was faced with the difficult and delicate task of reconstructing a devastated and resentful South. A promising start was made when the Union army of a million men was disbanded. President Johnson issued a proclamation of pardon on the 29th of May, 1965, to the greater part of the people of the seceded states on condition that they would swear allegiance to the Union. Most did so. They also accepted the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution which banned slavery. Johnson’s hopes for an easy readmission of the rebel states back into the Union resulted in clashes between the President and Congress. Congress established a Freedmen’s Bureau to measures unduly interfered with the rights of states. Northern politicians, known as “carpetbaggers”, descended on the South and allied themselves with Negro representatives to take political control of several states. A northern army of occupation remained in the South for several years. As a backlash the Ku Klux Klan was organised in Pulaski, Tennessee by General Nathan Bedford Forest to intimidate Negro voters and harass the Union authorities. They had some success in re-establishing white supremacist regimes. Despite these problems, during President Johnson’s administration six of the former Confederate states were readmitted to the United States. However, Congress, enraged by the President’s stand on the reconstruction programme and other issues, passed over his veto on a bill forbidding him from dismissing members of his cabinet or private council without the consent of the Senate. The President defied the Tenure of Office Act by removing his Secretary of State, Edwin M. Stanton. In 1868, Congress commenced impeachment proceedings against Johnson. Under the American Constitution the House of Representatives makes the charges and the Senate tries the case. At his trial 35 senators voted “guilty” and 19 “not guilty”. As this was one less than the two-thirds vote required to convict him, President Johnson was acquitted. A single vote more against him would have removed him from office. Johnson’s term of office has often been denounced as a failure but in the case of Alaska he showed extraordinary foresight. In 1867, Secretary of State Seward persuaded Congress to purchase Alaska from Russia. Denounced at the time as “Seward’s Folly” or the “refrigerator of the United States” the Russians were paid $7,000,000 for 590,000 square miles of territory. This raised the total area of the United States to roughly 3,600,000 square miles. The territory yielded furs, lumber, fisheries and mineral deposits plus gold. In the twentieth century the State of Alaska became a major oil producer. Besides enlarging the United States, the Johnson Presidency begun to pay of the Civil War debt, amounting to nearly $3,000,000, 000. In 1866, the Atlantic Telegraph Cable was laid between the Old World and the New. Johnson was succeeded as President by Ulysses Simpson Grant. He was the only ex-President to serve as US Senator after being President. He died on the 31st of July, 1875, at Carters Station, Tennessee of paralysis, at the age of 66 and was buried in Greenville, Tennessee.	<urn:uuid:cfdd07a8-817b-430a-ad17-6aaf01206acb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://irelandseye.ie/president-andrew-johnson-the-irish-american-with-extraordinary-foresight	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00472.warc.gz	en	0.983085	903	3.578125	4	[ -0.25342780351638794, 0.41555118560791016, 0.5242581367492676, 0.06630973517894745, -0.009066141210496426, 0.3045211434364319, 0.29220050573349, 0.07970073819160461, -0.39996689558029175, 0.13577742874622345, 0.24158917367458344, 0.5043309330940247, 0.274689257144928, 0.30255502462387085, ...	7	By John Powell Andrew Johnson was a southerner born in Ralegh, North Carolina in 1808. His grandfather, a small farmer, hailed from Ballyeaston in County Antrim. Coming from a humble background Johnson had little formal education and was largely self-taught and decided to become a tailor. He settled in Tennessee and set up his own tailoring business in the small town of Greenville. When he decided to enter politics, it was a champion of the small man. The future Republican President was elected to Congress in 1843 by the Democrats and to the United State Senate in 1857. When the American Civil War broke out Johnson took a strong stand against secession. His loyalty to the cause of the Union was rewarded by President Lincoln who appointed him as the military governor of Tennessee. On Lincoln’s second election to the Presidency by the Republicans Johnson was elected Vice-President. On the 14th of April, 1965, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth and Johnson became President of post Civil War America. The position which Johnson found himself in was peculiarly hard and trying; as Lincoln’s successor he was faced with the difficult and delicate task of reconstructing a devastated and resentful South. A promising start was made when the Union army of a million men was disbanded. President Johnson issued a proclamation of pardon on the 29th of May, 1965, to the greater part of the people of the seceded states on condition that they would swear allegiance to the Union. Most did so. They also accepted the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution which banned slavery. Johnson’s hopes for an easy readmission of the rebel states back into the Union resulted in clashes between the President and Congress. Congress established a Freedmen’s Bureau to measures unduly interfered with the rights of states. Northern politicians, known as “carpetbaggers”, descended on the South and allied themselves with Negro representatives to take political control of several states. A northern army of occupation remained in the South for several years. As a backlash the Ku Klux Klan was organised in Pulaski, Tennessee by General Nathan Bedford Forest to intimidate Negro voters and harass the Union authorities. They had some success in re-establishing white supremacist regimes. Despite these problems, during President Johnson’s administration six of the former Confederate states were readmitted to the United States. However, Congress, enraged by the President’s stand on the reconstruction programme and other issues, passed over his veto on a bill forbidding him from dismissing members of his cabinet or private council without the consent of the Senate. The President defied the Tenure of Office Act by removing his Secretary of State, Edwin M. Stanton. In 1868, Congress commenced impeachment proceedings against Johnson. Under the American Constitution the House of Representatives makes the charges and the Senate tries the case. At his trial 35 senators voted “guilty” and 19 “not guilty”. As this was one less than the two-thirds vote required to convict him, President Johnson was acquitted. A single vote more against him would have removed him from office. Johnson’s term of office has often been denounced as a failure but in the case of Alaska he showed extraordinary foresight. In 1867, Secretary of State Seward persuaded Congress to purchase Alaska from Russia. Denounced at the time as “Seward’s Folly” or the “refrigerator of the United States” the Russians were paid $7,000,000 for 590,000 square miles of territory. This raised the total area of the United States to roughly 3,600,000 square miles. The territory yielded furs, lumber, fisheries and mineral deposits plus gold. In the twentieth century the State of Alaska became a major oil producer. Besides enlarging the United States, the Johnson Presidency begun to pay of the Civil War debt, amounting to nearly $3,000,000, 000. In 1866, the Atlantic Telegraph Cable was laid between the Old World and the New. Johnson was succeeded as President by Ulysses Simpson Grant. He was the only ex-President to serve as US Senator after being President. He died on the 31st of July, 1875, at Carters Station, Tennessee of paralysis, at the age of 66 and was buried in Greenville, Tennessee.	924	ENGLISH	1
Human history is full of various dark spots. Contemporary people often contemplate events which took place years ago. These people often argue that all those horrors could never have happened if people had been wiser. However, these very ‘thinkers’ do not understand that their ‘right paths’ are far from being realistic. Of course, there are many who understand that what is done cannot be undone, and what has been done could not have been done in any other way. Many understand that history cannot be ‘judged’ as there can be no right and wrong. Primo Levi (2000) stresses that there is no line between the good and the bad, and there are no two camps. Hannah Arendt (2000) and Primo Levi (2000) provide bright examples which confirm that such viewpoints are right. Arendt (2000) reveals the story of a man who made a lot of controversial deeds in his life. However, it is possible to note that the author presents the story in a one-sided manner. Eichmann is depicted as a silly man who was in position which let him send thousands of people to death. Sometimes the author does reveal positive aspects of Eichmann’s character and deeds. For instance, it is stated that he did a lot to help Jews leave the Nazi country when it was possible. However, the general tone of the writing is judgemental. Clearly, the author does not believe the man was forced to act in the way he did. Nonetheless, no one can judge a person if he/she was not there, in that person’s shoes. Levi (2000) provides other insights in a similar discussion. The author notes that even such negative figure as Chaim Rumkowski was not to be judged. Levi states that the man did a lot of horrible things, but he also did some good things. More importantly, Levi claims that it is unclear what contemporary “judges” would do should they be put in the same position. The author stresses that people who were in concentration camps (both inmates and guards) were gradually losing their best qualities. It is important to note that Levi’s position should be exploited when analysing historical events. It is crucial to take into account all details. It is essential to avoid any judgment. Clearly, Arendt’s method is wrongful as it can lead to mere distortion of facts. Notably, this judgemental method has been often used throughout people’s history. Ironically, the Nazis made use of it as well. This one-sided presentation of facts becomes a part of ideology and propaganda. People have witnessed what propaganda can do as such leaders as Hitler and Stalin exploited these means extensively. Of course, people have no right to make the same mistake and focus on one side of the matter. Besides, it is necessary to remember that even the “judges” cannot be sure they would not have done the same if they had found themselves in similar conditions. Obviously, Eichmann did not wake up one morning to accept the fact he was to send thousands of people to die. He was rather a victim of circumstances. To sum up, people should learn their lesson while analysing the darkest events in the history of humanity. It is important to take into account all possible details and listen to all parties involved. The truth can be quite unpleasant, but people still should know the truth about themselves to try to avoid conditions which make people do horrible and inhumane things. Arendt, H. (2000). The portable Hannah Arendt. P. Baehr (Ed.). New York, NY: Penguin Books. Levi, P. (2000). The gray zone. In O. Bartov (Ed.), The holocaust: Origins, implementation, aftermath (pp. 251-273). New York, NY: Routledge.	<urn:uuid:7ffe6a50-d925-4a4b-8e22-0b259a6c8175>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://graceplaceofwillmar.org/human-tragedy-and-cruelty/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00189.warc.gz	en	0.982288	798	3.8125	4	[ -0.15905402600765228, 0.632712185382843, -0.07532680779695511, 0.13511668145656586, -0.2365546077489853, 0.48888254165649414, 0.2798612117767334, 0.054946720600128174, -0.0035677605774253607, 0.21285483241081238, 0.05264293774962425, 0.10574875771999359, -0.08545897156000137, 0.74533867835...	1	Human history is full of various dark spots. Contemporary people often contemplate events which took place years ago. These people often argue that all those horrors could never have happened if people had been wiser. However, these very ‘thinkers’ do not understand that their ‘right paths’ are far from being realistic. Of course, there are many who understand that what is done cannot be undone, and what has been done could not have been done in any other way. Many understand that history cannot be ‘judged’ as there can be no right and wrong. Primo Levi (2000) stresses that there is no line between the good and the bad, and there are no two camps. Hannah Arendt (2000) and Primo Levi (2000) provide bright examples which confirm that such viewpoints are right. Arendt (2000) reveals the story of a man who made a lot of controversial deeds in his life. However, it is possible to note that the author presents the story in a one-sided manner. Eichmann is depicted as a silly man who was in position which let him send thousands of people to death. Sometimes the author does reveal positive aspects of Eichmann’s character and deeds. For instance, it is stated that he did a lot to help Jews leave the Nazi country when it was possible. However, the general tone of the writing is judgemental. Clearly, the author does not believe the man was forced to act in the way he did. Nonetheless, no one can judge a person if he/she was not there, in that person’s shoes. Levi (2000) provides other insights in a similar discussion. The author notes that even such negative figure as Chaim Rumkowski was not to be judged. Levi states that the man did a lot of horrible things, but he also did some good things. More importantly, Levi claims that it is unclear what contemporary “judges” would do should they be put in the same position. The author stresses that people who were in concentration camps (both inmates and guards) were gradually losing their best qualities. It is important to note that Levi’s position should be exploited when analysing historical events. It is crucial to take into account all details. It is essential to avoid any judgment. Clearly, Arendt’s method is wrongful as it can lead to mere distortion of facts. Notably, this judgemental method has been often used throughout people’s history. Ironically, the Nazis made use of it as well. This one-sided presentation of facts becomes a part of ideology and propaganda. People have witnessed what propaganda can do as such leaders as Hitler and Stalin exploited these means extensively. Of course, people have no right to make the same mistake and focus on one side of the matter. Besides, it is necessary to remember that even the “judges” cannot be sure they would not have done the same if they had found themselves in similar conditions. Obviously, Eichmann did not wake up one morning to accept the fact he was to send thousands of people to die. He was rather a victim of circumstances. To sum up, people should learn their lesson while analysing the darkest events in the history of humanity. It is important to take into account all possible details and listen to all parties involved. The truth can be quite unpleasant, but people still should know the truth about themselves to try to avoid conditions which make people do horrible and inhumane things. Arendt, H. (2000). The portable Hannah Arendt. P. Baehr (Ed.). New York, NY: Penguin Books. Levi, P. (2000). The gray zone. In O. Bartov (Ed.), The holocaust: Origins, implementation, aftermath (pp. 251-273). New York, NY: Routledge.	794	ENGLISH	1
This map of the Middle East shows the area presently inhabited by the Kurds. At the end of World War I, the Kurds were promised their own independent homeland under the Treaty of Sèvres. The treaty was never ratified, and the Kurds were divided mainly between Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. "Memorial for Karl Liebknecht" by Käthe Kollwitz, 1921. Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were among the founders of the Berlin Spartakusbund (Spartacus League) that evolved into the Communist Party of Germany. On January 15, 1919, Liebknecht and Luxemburg were shot to death during the Spartacus Revolt on the pretext that they were attempting escape.	<urn:uuid:c3bd12eb-ae33-4171-9c28-bce5d1b8aa5a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library?f%5B0%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A1235&f%5B1%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A1001&f%5B2%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A1317&f%5B3%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A1505&f%5B4%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A1220&f%5B5%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A623&f%5B6%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A630&amp%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A1317&amp%3Bamp%3Bf%5B2%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A619&amp%3Bamp%3Bf%5B3%5D=multi_field_resource_type%3A1343&amp%3Bpage=2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00384.warc.gz	en	0.985211	153	3.46875	3	[ -0.22076064348220825, 0.3227379024028778, 0.24024105072021484, -0.06682396680116653, 0.08928089588880539, -0.03825652599334717, -0.07892061769962311, 0.35501721501350403, -0.22159765660762787, -0.21951782703399658, 0.09869833290576935, -0.4767388701438904, 0.18819186091423035, 0.2322702854...	1	This map of the Middle East shows the area presently inhabited by the Kurds. At the end of World War I, the Kurds were promised their own independent homeland under the Treaty of Sèvres. The treaty was never ratified, and the Kurds were divided mainly between Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. "Memorial for Karl Liebknecht" by Käthe Kollwitz, 1921. Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were among the founders of the Berlin Spartakusbund (Spartacus League) that evolved into the Communist Party of Germany. On January 15, 1919, Liebknecht and Luxemburg were shot to death during the Spartacus Revolt on the pretext that they were attempting escape.	162	ENGLISH	1
Beginning in 1850, the coastal regions increasingly came under control of the governor of the British fortresses, who was assisted by the Executive Council and the Legislative Council. The Executive Council was a small advisory body of European officials that recommended laws and voted taxes, subject to the governor's approval. The Legislative Council included the members of the Executive Council and unofficial members initially chosen from British commercial interests. After 1900 three chiefs and three other Africans were added to the Legislative Council, these being chosen from the Europeanized communities of Accra, Cape Coast, and Sekondi. The inclusion of Africans from Asante and the Northern Territories did not take place until much later. Prior to 1925, all members of the Legislative Council were appointed by the governor. Official members always outnumbered unofficial members. The gradual emergence of centralized colonial government brought about unified control over local services, although the actual administration of these services was still delegated to local authorities. Specific duties and responsibilities came to be clearly delineated, and the role of traditional states in local administration was also clarified. The structure of local government had its roots in traditional patterns of government. Village councils of chiefs and elders were almost exclusively responsible for the immediate needs of individual localities, including traditional law and order and the general welfare. The councils, however, ruled by consent rather than by right. Chiefs were chosen by the ruling class of the society; a traditional leader continued to rule not only because he was the choice of what may be termed the nobility, but also because he was accepted by his people. The unseating or destooling of a chief by tribal elders was a fairly common practice if the chief failed to meet the desires or expectations of the community. Traditional chiefs figured prominently in the system of indirect rule adopted by British authorities to administer their colonies in Africa. According to Frederick Lugard, architect of the policy, indirect rule was cost effective because it reduced the number of European officials in the field. By allowing local rulers to exercise direct administrative control over their people, opposition to European rule from the local population would be minimized. The chiefs, however, were to take instructions from their European supervisors. The plan, according to Lugard, had the further advantage of civilizing the natives, because it exposed traditional rulers to the benefits of European political organization and values. This "civilizing" process notwithstanding, indirect rule had the ultimate advantage of guaranteeing the maintenance of law and order. The application of indirect rule in the Gold Coast became essential, especially after Asante and the Northern Territories were brought under British rule. Before the effective colonization of these territories, the intention of the British was to use both force and agreements to control chiefs in Asante and the north. Once indirect rule was implemented, the chiefs became responsible to the colonial authorities who supported them. In many respects, therefore, the power of each chief was greatly enhanced. Although Lugard pointed to the civilizing influence of indirect rule, critics of the policy argued that the element of popular participation was removed from the traditional political system. Despite the theoretical argument in favor of decentralization, indirect rule in practice caused chiefs to look to Accra (the capital) rather than to their people for all decisions. Many chiefs and elders came to regard themselves as a ruling aristocracy. Their councils were generally led by government commissioners, who often rewarded the chiefs with honors, decorations, and knighthood. Indirect rule tended to preserve traditional forms and sources of power, however, and it failed to provide meaningful opportunities for the growing number of educated young men anxious to find a niche in their country's development. Other groups were dissatisfied because there was not sufficient cooperation between the councils and the central government and because some felt that the local authorities were too dominated by the British district commissioners. In 1925 provincial councils of chiefs were established in all three territories of the colony, partly to give the chiefs a colony-wide function. This move was followed in 1927 by the promulgation of the Native Administration Ordinance, which replaced an 1883 arrangement that had placed chiefs in the Gold Coast Colony under British supervision. The purpose was to clarify and to regulate the powers and areas of jurisdiction of chiefs and councils. Councils were given specific responsibilities over disputed elections and the unseating of chiefs; the procedure for the election of chiefs was set forth; and judicial powers were defined and delegated. Councils were entrusted with the role of defining customary law in their areas (the government had to approve their decisions), and the provincial councils were empowered to become tribunals to decide matters of customary law when the dispute lay between chiefs in different hierarchies. Until 1939, when the Native Treasuries Ordinance was passed, however, there was no provision for local budgets. In 1935 the Native Authorities Ordinance combined the central colonial government and the local authorities into a single governing system. New native authorities, appointed by the governor, were given wide powers of local government under the supervision of the central government's provincial commissioners, who assured that their policies would be those of the central government. The provincial councils and moves to strengthen them were not popular. Even by British standards, the chiefs were not given enough power to be effective instruments of indirect rule. Some Ghanaians believed that the reforms, by increasing the power of the chiefs at the expense of local initiative, permitted the colonial government to avoid movement toward any form of popular participation in the colony's government. Please rate this Gadget Votes: 0 \|NaN out of 5	<urn:uuid:223053b2-183c-4961-bd10-da72c7b1c4ad>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.allghanadata.com/academia/blogs/colonial-administration	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00551.warc.gz	en	0.983186	1,092	3.90625	4	[ -0.08501079678535461, 0.30264171957969666, 0.2349933385848999, -0.2924385070800781, 0.06656723469495773, -0.11728328466415405, 0.1962246298789978, -0.24823281168937683, -0.23931168019771576, 0.35557782649993896, 0.029739953577518463, -0.21475335955619812, 0.00617262301966548, 0.08661793917...	2	Beginning in 1850, the coastal regions increasingly came under control of the governor of the British fortresses, who was assisted by the Executive Council and the Legislative Council. The Executive Council was a small advisory body of European officials that recommended laws and voted taxes, subject to the governor's approval. The Legislative Council included the members of the Executive Council and unofficial members initially chosen from British commercial interests. After 1900 three chiefs and three other Africans were added to the Legislative Council, these being chosen from the Europeanized communities of Accra, Cape Coast, and Sekondi. The inclusion of Africans from Asante and the Northern Territories did not take place until much later. Prior to 1925, all members of the Legislative Council were appointed by the governor. Official members always outnumbered unofficial members. The gradual emergence of centralized colonial government brought about unified control over local services, although the actual administration of these services was still delegated to local authorities. Specific duties and responsibilities came to be clearly delineated, and the role of traditional states in local administration was also clarified. The structure of local government had its roots in traditional patterns of government. Village councils of chiefs and elders were almost exclusively responsible for the immediate needs of individual localities, including traditional law and order and the general welfare. The councils, however, ruled by consent rather than by right. Chiefs were chosen by the ruling class of the society; a traditional leader continued to rule not only because he was the choice of what may be termed the nobility, but also because he was accepted by his people. The unseating or destooling of a chief by tribal elders was a fairly common practice if the chief failed to meet the desires or expectations of the community. Traditional chiefs figured prominently in the system of indirect rule adopted by British authorities to administer their colonies in Africa. According to Frederick Lugard, architect of the policy, indirect rule was cost effective because it reduced the number of European officials in the field. By allowing local rulers to exercise direct administrative control over their people, opposition to European rule from the local population would be minimized. The chiefs, however, were to take instructions from their European supervisors. The plan, according to Lugard, had the further advantage of civilizing the natives, because it exposed traditional rulers to the benefits of European political organization and values. This "civilizing" process notwithstanding, indirect rule had the ultimate advantage of guaranteeing the maintenance of law and order. The application of indirect rule in the Gold Coast became essential, especially after Asante and the Northern Territories were brought under British rule. Before the effective colonization of these territories, the intention of the British was to use both force and agreements to control chiefs in Asante and the north. Once indirect rule was implemented, the chiefs became responsible to the colonial authorities who supported them. In many respects, therefore, the power of each chief was greatly enhanced. Although Lugard pointed to the civilizing influence of indirect rule, critics of the policy argued that the element of popular participation was removed from the traditional political system. Despite the theoretical argument in favor of decentralization, indirect rule in practice caused chiefs to look to Accra (the capital) rather than to their people for all decisions. Many chiefs and elders came to regard themselves as a ruling aristocracy. Their councils were generally led by government commissioners, who often rewarded the chiefs with honors, decorations, and knighthood. Indirect rule tended to preserve traditional forms and sources of power, however, and it failed to provide meaningful opportunities for the growing number of educated young men anxious to find a niche in their country's development. Other groups were dissatisfied because there was not sufficient cooperation between the councils and the central government and because some felt that the local authorities were too dominated by the British district commissioners. In 1925 provincial councils of chiefs were established in all three territories of the colony, partly to give the chiefs a colony-wide function. This move was followed in 1927 by the promulgation of the Native Administration Ordinance, which replaced an 1883 arrangement that had placed chiefs in the Gold Coast Colony under British supervision. The purpose was to clarify and to regulate the powers and areas of jurisdiction of chiefs and councils. Councils were given specific responsibilities over disputed elections and the unseating of chiefs; the procedure for the election of chiefs was set forth; and judicial powers were defined and delegated. Councils were entrusted with the role of defining customary law in their areas (the government had to approve their decisions), and the provincial councils were empowered to become tribunals to decide matters of customary law when the dispute lay between chiefs in different hierarchies. Until 1939, when the Native Treasuries Ordinance was passed, however, there was no provision for local budgets. In 1935 the Native Authorities Ordinance combined the central colonial government and the local authorities into a single governing system. New native authorities, appointed by the governor, were given wide powers of local government under the supervision of the central government's provincial commissioners, who assured that their policies would be those of the central government. The provincial councils and moves to strengthen them were not popular. Even by British standards, the chiefs were not given enough power to be effective instruments of indirect rule. Some Ghanaians believed that the reforms, by increasing the power of the chiefs at the expense of local initiative, permitted the colonial government to avoid movement toward any form of popular participation in the colony's government. Please rate this Gadget Votes: 0 \|NaN out of 5	1,132	ENGLISH	1
He is called the “father of the American cavalry,” a Polish-born Revolutionary War hero who fought for American independence under George Washington and whose legend inspired the dedication of parades, schools, roads and bridges. But for more than 200 years, a mystery persisted about his final resting place. Historical accounts suggested the cavalryman, Casimir Pulaski, had been buried at sea, but others maintained he was buried in an unmarked grave in Savannah, Georgia. Researchers believe they have found the answer — after coming to another significant discovery: The famed general was most likely intersex. New evidence suggests that although Pulaski identified and lived as a man, biologically, he did not fit into the binary definitions of male and female, a twist that helps explain why scientists could not previously identify his remains. The revelatory findings are detailed in a new documentary, “The General Was Female?,” which is showing on the Smithsonian Channel on Monday. The discovery offers historical representation to people who are intersex, a group that has often been stigmatized and overlooked throughout history. About one in 2,000 people is born with ambiguous genitalia, which can lead doctors to perform what advocates say are unnecessary and harmful surgeries, according to the Intersex Society of North America. But intersex includes a variety of conditions, and many more people have subtler variations in sex anatomy, which may manifest later in life — or not at all. Some estimates suggest that about 1.7 percent of the population has intersex traits, making such characteristics about as common as having red hair. You are erasing people like this person who went on, untouched, to be a war hero Though Pulaski’s role in history has long been embraced in areas with strong Polish and Catholic ties — his birthday is an Illinois state holiday and he is celebrated with an annual Polish pride parade in New York City — the new findings now also place him alongside the few historical figures who are known to have had intersex traits. Kimberly Zieselman, executive director of interACT, an advocacy organization for children with intersex traits, said Pulaski’s life showed what can happen when intersex people are allowed to live as they were born, without early surgical intervention. “What’s happening today is so wrong,” Zieselman said. “You are erasing people like this person who went on, untouched, to be a war hero.” “This is what can happen if kids are left alone — natural and healthy as they are,” she added. Born in Poland in 1745, Pulaski fought for his home country against the Russians before fleeing to France, where he met Benjamin Franklin. He came to the United States in 1777 to serve in Washington’s army and helped form the American calvary, which played a crucial role during the Revolutionary War. Some even credit Pulaski with saving Washington’s life during the Battle of Brandywine. In 1779, Pulaski was mortally wounded in battle in Savannah. Some said he had been buried at a local plantation, and later, those remains were moved to a monument honouring him in a downtown square. The remains were exhumed for testing in the 1990s, but a yearslong investigation was inconclusive. The skeleton was about the right height and age for Pulaski, who was most likely about 5-foot-1 to 5-foot-4 and died when he was 34. It also showed injuries consistent with Pulaski’s life, said Virginia Hutton Estabrook, an assistant professor of anthropology at Georgia Southern University who worked on the case. But there was a big catch: “The skeleton looked very female,” she said. The pelvic bones, a primary way of distinguishing sex in skeletons, indicated that the person had probably been a woman, and the body had other female characteristics, including a delicate face and rounded jaw line, Estabrook said. “To our great frustration, we were unable to solve the mystery,” Chuck Powell, a historian who was on the original investigation team, told The Associated Press in 2005, adding that some thought “we ought to stop here and declare it a female and walk away.” But the mystery nagged at researchers, including Estabrook and Powell’s daughter, Lisa Powell, who more recently investigated the case with new technology. A DNA test led to a breakthrough: The remains were a match with a relative of Pulaski who died in the 1800s and whose own remains were exhumed for testing from a grave in Poland. That raised a whole new question: How could researchers square the skeletal evidence with the documented evidence from Pulaski’s life, which showed that he was baptized as a son, fought in battle as a man and displayed certain masculine traits, such as facial hair and male-pattern baldness? Arguably, if urologists had tried to ‘fix’ Pulaski’s body, the U.S. could still be a British colony Researchers concluded he must have had intersex traits. “That is the only way that these two things make sense together,” Estabrook said. That discovery does not change Pulaski’s identity — “he was always a ‘he’ as far as his gender,” she said — but it does open up the possibility for further research into a hidden part of history. According to Estabrook, there have been other cases in which skeletons that appeared to be one sex were found with objects associated with the opposite sex. In 2017, scholars announced that a famous Viking tomb in Sweden contained the remains of a woman, which in that case seemed to provide support for the theory that there were female Viking warriors. “There are quite a few cases like this, and our go-to interpretation has not been intersex,” Estabrook said. In Pulaski’s case, Zieselman said the discovery highlighted the intersex community’s fight against invisibility — first, by history, when it was common for people not to know they were intersex, and more recently, by surgeries that she said erase intersex traits and identity. “Just imagine if Casimir Pulaski were born today,” Zieselman said. He may have been raised as a girl, she said, making it unlikely that he would have joined the military and helped Washington. “Arguably, if urologists had tried to ‘fix’ Pulaski’s body, the U.S. could still be a British colony.”	<urn:uuid:6a81ea79-14df-4e0e-8848-376079be5f5b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nationalpost.com/news/world/the-skeleton-looked-very-female-casimir-pulaski-dubbed-the-father-of-the-american-cavalry-was-most-likely-intersex	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00088.warc.gz	en	0.984111	1,409	3.40625	3	[ -0.15856528282165527, 0.559738278388977, 0.20398372411727905, -0.07366044819355011, -0.2614578902721405, 0.18253332376480103, 0.32792967557907104, 0.16867654025554657, -0.2209286391735077, -0.015383070334792137, 0.007813338190317154, -0.03692317008972168, -0.014113029465079308, 0.371732890...	1	He is called the “father of the American cavalry,” a Polish-born Revolutionary War hero who fought for American independence under George Washington and whose legend inspired the dedication of parades, schools, roads and bridges. But for more than 200 years, a mystery persisted about his final resting place. Historical accounts suggested the cavalryman, Casimir Pulaski, had been buried at sea, but others maintained he was buried in an unmarked grave in Savannah, Georgia. Researchers believe they have found the answer — after coming to another significant discovery: The famed general was most likely intersex. New evidence suggests that although Pulaski identified and lived as a man, biologically, he did not fit into the binary definitions of male and female, a twist that helps explain why scientists could not previously identify his remains. The revelatory findings are detailed in a new documentary, “The General Was Female?,” which is showing on the Smithsonian Channel on Monday. The discovery offers historical representation to people who are intersex, a group that has often been stigmatized and overlooked throughout history. About one in 2,000 people is born with ambiguous genitalia, which can lead doctors to perform what advocates say are unnecessary and harmful surgeries, according to the Intersex Society of North America. But intersex includes a variety of conditions, and many more people have subtler variations in sex anatomy, which may manifest later in life — or not at all. Some estimates suggest that about 1.7 percent of the population has intersex traits, making such characteristics about as common as having red hair. You are erasing people like this person who went on, untouched, to be a war hero Though Pulaski’s role in history has long been embraced in areas with strong Polish and Catholic ties — his birthday is an Illinois state holiday and he is celebrated with an annual Polish pride parade in New York City — the new findings now also place him alongside the few historical figures who are known to have had intersex traits. Kimberly Zieselman, executive director of interACT, an advocacy organization for children with intersex traits, said Pulaski’s life showed what can happen when intersex people are allowed to live as they were born, without early surgical intervention. “What’s happening today is so wrong,” Zieselman said. “You are erasing people like this person who went on, untouched, to be a war hero.” “This is what can happen if kids are left alone — natural and healthy as they are,” she added. Born in Poland in 1745, Pulaski fought for his home country against the Russians before fleeing to France, where he met Benjamin Franklin. He came to the United States in 1777 to serve in Washington’s army and helped form the American calvary, which played a crucial role during the Revolutionary War. Some even credit Pulaski with saving Washington’s life during the Battle of Brandywine. In 1779, Pulaski was mortally wounded in battle in Savannah. Some said he had been buried at a local plantation, and later, those remains were moved to a monument honouring him in a downtown square. The remains were exhumed for testing in the 1990s, but a yearslong investigation was inconclusive. The skeleton was about the right height and age for Pulaski, who was most likely about 5-foot-1 to 5-foot-4 and died when he was 34. It also showed injuries consistent with Pulaski’s life, said Virginia Hutton Estabrook, an assistant professor of anthropology at Georgia Southern University who worked on the case. But there was a big catch: “The skeleton looked very female,” she said. The pelvic bones, a primary way of distinguishing sex in skeletons, indicated that the person had probably been a woman, and the body had other female characteristics, including a delicate face and rounded jaw line, Estabrook said. “To our great frustration, we were unable to solve the mystery,” Chuck Powell, a historian who was on the original investigation team, told The Associated Press in 2005, adding that some thought “we ought to stop here and declare it a female and walk away.” But the mystery nagged at researchers, including Estabrook and Powell’s daughter, Lisa Powell, who more recently investigated the case with new technology. A DNA test led to a breakthrough: The remains were a match with a relative of Pulaski who died in the 1800s and whose own remains were exhumed for testing from a grave in Poland. That raised a whole new question: How could researchers square the skeletal evidence with the documented evidence from Pulaski’s life, which showed that he was baptized as a son, fought in battle as a man and displayed certain masculine traits, such as facial hair and male-pattern baldness? Arguably, if urologists had tried to ‘fix’ Pulaski’s body, the U.S. could still be a British colony Researchers concluded he must have had intersex traits. “That is the only way that these two things make sense together,” Estabrook said. That discovery does not change Pulaski’s identity — “he was always a ‘he’ as far as his gender,” she said — but it does open up the possibility for further research into a hidden part of history. According to Estabrook, there have been other cases in which skeletons that appeared to be one sex were found with objects associated with the opposite sex. In 2017, scholars announced that a famous Viking tomb in Sweden contained the remains of a woman, which in that case seemed to provide support for the theory that there were female Viking warriors. “There are quite a few cases like this, and our go-to interpretation has not been intersex,” Estabrook said. In Pulaski’s case, Zieselman said the discovery highlighted the intersex community’s fight against invisibility — first, by history, when it was common for people not to know they were intersex, and more recently, by surgeries that she said erase intersex traits and identity. “Just imagine if Casimir Pulaski were born today,” Zieselman said. He may have been raised as a girl, she said, making it unlikely that he would have joined the military and helped Washington. “Arguably, if urologists had tried to ‘fix’ Pulaski’s body, the U.S. could still be a British colony.”	1,341	ENGLISH	1
No issue has more scarred our country nor had more long-term effects than slavery. When we celebrate American freedom, we must also be mindful of the long and painful struggle to share in those freedoms that faced and continue to face generations of African Americans. To understand the present, we must look to the past. A painting depicts George Washington and workers on his plantation. (Wikimedia Commons) Before the Civil War, nearly 4 million black slaves toiled in the American South. Modem scholars have assembled a great deal of evidence showing that few slaves accepted their lack of freedom or enjoyed life on the plantation. As one ex-slave put it, “No day dawns for the slave, nor is it looked for. It is all night — night forever.” For many, the long night of slavery only ended in death. In 1841, a bounty hunter kidnapped Solomon Northup, a free black man from Saratoga, New York, on the pretext that he was a runaway slave from Georgia. When the bounty hunter sold him into slavery, Northup lost his family, his home, his freedom, and even his name. Solomon Northup was taken to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was put into a “slave pen” with other men, women, and children waiting to be sold. In “Twelve Years a Slave,” a narrative that Northup wrote after he regained his freedom, the citizen of New York described what it was like to be treated as human property: Freeman [the while slave broker] would make us hold up our heads, walk briskly back and forth, while customers would feel of our heads and arms and bodies, turn us about, ask us what we could do, make us open our mouths and show our teeth…. Sometimes a man or woman was taken back lo the small house in the yard, stripped, and inspected more minutely. Scars upon a slave’s back were considered evidence of a rebellious or unruly spirit, and hurt his sale. By law, slaves were the personal property of their owners in all Southern states except Louisiana. The slave master held absolute authority over his human property as the Louisiana law made clear: “The master may sell him, dispose of his person, his industry, and his labor; [the slave] can do nothing, possess nothing, nor acquire anything but what must belong to his master.” Slaves had no constitutional rights; they could not testify in court against a white person; they could not leave the plantation without permission. Slaves often found themselves rented out, used as prizes in lotteries, or as wagers in card games and horse races. Separation from family and friends was probably the greatest fear a black person in slavery faced. When a master died, his slaves were often sold for the benefit of his heirs. Solomon Northup himself witnessed a sorrowful separation in the New Orleans slave pen when a slave buyer purchased a mother, but not her little girl: The child, sensible of some impending danger, instinctively fastened her hands around her mother’s neck, and nestled her little head upon her bosom. Freeman [the slave broker] sternly ordered [the mother] to be quiet, but she did not heed him. He caught her by the arm and pulled her rudely, but she clung closer to the child. Then with a volley of great oaths he struck her such a heartless blow, that she staggered backward, and was like to fall. Oh! How piteously then did she beseech and beg and pray that they not be separated. Perhaps out of pity, the buyer did offer to purchase the little girl. But the slave broker refused, saying there would be “piles of money to be made of her” when she got older. Of all the crops grown in the South before the Civil War including sugar, rice, and corn, cotton was the chief money-maker. Millions of acres had been turned to cotton production following the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. As more and more cotton lands came under cultivation, especially in Mississippi and Texas, the demand for slaves boomed. By 1860, a mature male slave would cost between $1,000 and $2,000. A mature female would sell for a few hundred dollars less. Slaves worked at all sorts of jobs throughout the slaveholding South, but the majority were field hands on relatively large plantations. Men, women, and children served as field hands. The owner decided when slave children would go into the fields, usually between the ages of 10 and 12. The cotton picking season beginning in August was a time of hard work and fear among the slaves. In his book, Solomon Northup described picking cotton on a plantation along the Red River in Louisiana: An ordinary day’s work is two hundred pounds…. The hands are required to be in the cotton field as soon as if is light in the morning, and, with the exception of ten or fifteen minutes, which is given them at noon to swallow their allowance of cold bacon, they are not permitted to be a moment idle until it is too dark to see…. The day’s work over in the field, the baskets are “toted,” or in other words, carried to the gin house, where the cotton is weighed. No matter how fatigued and weary he may be … a slave never approaches the gin-house with his basket of cotton but with fear. If it falls short of weight … he knows that he must [be whipped]. And if he has exceeded it by ten or twenty pounds, in all probability his master will measure the next day’s task accordingly.	<urn:uuid:b9df2a1d-2637-4be5-8955-2b6d96ad9715>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://woodstock-online.com/buying-selling-slaves/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00346.warc.gz	en	0.980191	1,178	3.703125	4	[ -0.4400046169757843, 0.4803225100040436, 0.24227410554885864, 0.08721049129962921, 0.1976689100265503, 0.043206922709941864, 0.08100152015686035, -0.33362776041030884, 0.004580823704600334, -0.03449247404932976, 0.2967241704463959, 0.4699130058288574, -0.19237685203552246, 0.20438843965530...	2	No issue has more scarred our country nor had more long-term effects than slavery. When we celebrate American freedom, we must also be mindful of the long and painful struggle to share in those freedoms that faced and continue to face generations of African Americans. To understand the present, we must look to the past. A painting depicts George Washington and workers on his plantation. (Wikimedia Commons) Before the Civil War, nearly 4 million black slaves toiled in the American South. Modem scholars have assembled a great deal of evidence showing that few slaves accepted their lack of freedom or enjoyed life on the plantation. As one ex-slave put it, “No day dawns for the slave, nor is it looked for. It is all night — night forever.” For many, the long night of slavery only ended in death. In 1841, a bounty hunter kidnapped Solomon Northup, a free black man from Saratoga, New York, on the pretext that he was a runaway slave from Georgia. When the bounty hunter sold him into slavery, Northup lost his family, his home, his freedom, and even his name. Solomon Northup was taken to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was put into a “slave pen” with other men, women, and children waiting to be sold. In “Twelve Years a Slave,” a narrative that Northup wrote after he regained his freedom, the citizen of New York described what it was like to be treated as human property: Freeman [the while slave broker] would make us hold up our heads, walk briskly back and forth, while customers would feel of our heads and arms and bodies, turn us about, ask us what we could do, make us open our mouths and show our teeth…. Sometimes a man or woman was taken back lo the small house in the yard, stripped, and inspected more minutely. Scars upon a slave’s back were considered evidence of a rebellious or unruly spirit, and hurt his sale. By law, slaves were the personal property of their owners in all Southern states except Louisiana. The slave master held absolute authority over his human property as the Louisiana law made clear: “The master may sell him, dispose of his person, his industry, and his labor; [the slave] can do nothing, possess nothing, nor acquire anything but what must belong to his master.” Slaves had no constitutional rights; they could not testify in court against a white person; they could not leave the plantation without permission. Slaves often found themselves rented out, used as prizes in lotteries, or as wagers in card games and horse races. Separation from family and friends was probably the greatest fear a black person in slavery faced. When a master died, his slaves were often sold for the benefit of his heirs. Solomon Northup himself witnessed a sorrowful separation in the New Orleans slave pen when a slave buyer purchased a mother, but not her little girl: The child, sensible of some impending danger, instinctively fastened her hands around her mother’s neck, and nestled her little head upon her bosom. Freeman [the slave broker] sternly ordered [the mother] to be quiet, but she did not heed him. He caught her by the arm and pulled her rudely, but she clung closer to the child. Then with a volley of great oaths he struck her such a heartless blow, that she staggered backward, and was like to fall. Oh! How piteously then did she beseech and beg and pray that they not be separated. Perhaps out of pity, the buyer did offer to purchase the little girl. But the slave broker refused, saying there would be “piles of money to be made of her” when she got older. Of all the crops grown in the South before the Civil War including sugar, rice, and corn, cotton was the chief money-maker. Millions of acres had been turned to cotton production following the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. As more and more cotton lands came under cultivation, especially in Mississippi and Texas, the demand for slaves boomed. By 1860, a mature male slave would cost between $1,000 and $2,000. A mature female would sell for a few hundred dollars less. Slaves worked at all sorts of jobs throughout the slaveholding South, but the majority were field hands on relatively large plantations. Men, women, and children served as field hands. The owner decided when slave children would go into the fields, usually between the ages of 10 and 12. The cotton picking season beginning in August was a time of hard work and fear among the slaves. In his book, Solomon Northup described picking cotton on a plantation along the Red River in Louisiana: An ordinary day’s work is two hundred pounds…. The hands are required to be in the cotton field as soon as if is light in the morning, and, with the exception of ten or fifteen minutes, which is given them at noon to swallow their allowance of cold bacon, they are not permitted to be a moment idle until it is too dark to see…. The day’s work over in the field, the baskets are “toted,” or in other words, carried to the gin house, where the cotton is weighed. No matter how fatigued and weary he may be … a slave never approaches the gin-house with his basket of cotton but with fear. If it falls short of weight … he knows that he must [be whipped]. And if he has exceeded it by ten or twenty pounds, in all probability his master will measure the next day’s task accordingly.	1,158	ENGLISH	1
Anne Hutchinson was born in England in 1591. A few years after she was born, she and her family moved to Boston, Massachusetts. When Anne was in her twenties, she married a man named William Hutchinson. When she was about twenty-five, she started a place where women could go every Sunday. They would talk about the Sunday services, slavery, her messages from God and women's rights. Anne Hutchinson believed all of these things should be changed. The men did not like a woman telling their wives "untrue" things about the Puritan religon and telling their wives they should not have slaves. The men thought they were just so good and should not have to work. Anne would ask them, " Why should the Africans and Native Americans have to work just because they have different skins and different beliefs? Why do you enslave them? If they were more powerful than us would you want to be a slave?" They would reply, "We're better than them and we deserve better things." But Anne believed in fairness. Just because Africans and Natives were different than Americans, that didn't mean Americans were better. She always had the Sunday meetings and sometimes she preached. In 1631, ministers got tired of Anne saying she got messages from God. They said they they were the only ones who got messages from God. she was tried in the court of Massachusetts. She was found guilty and was banished from the state of Massachusetts. She moved to an island in Rhode Island and while she was there, her husband died. In Rhode Island, she had Sunday meetings but did not preach. She lived there for two years and then moved to New York. She was killed there by a NativeA massacre. She was fifty-two years old. When she died, her beliefs still lived on. She had a great life helping and making life better for other people.	<urn:uuid:4873fd74-d235-4216-aba4-c3adc74a00bc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.germantownacademy.org/academics/LS/4/sstudies/Colonial/4R/4r98/Jackie.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00097.warc.gz	en	0.995343	380	4.03125	4	[ 0.04727000370621681, 0.10164486616849899, 0.32872068881988525, -0.17692625522613525, -0.03832830861210823, -0.10848931968212128, -0.3226456940174103, -0.10455211251974106, -0.1332293152809143, 0.43158891797065735, 0.08873052150011063, -0.18388013541698456, 0.13084295392036438, -0.025222484...	1	Anne Hutchinson was born in England in 1591. A few years after she was born, she and her family moved to Boston, Massachusetts. When Anne was in her twenties, she married a man named William Hutchinson. When she was about twenty-five, she started a place where women could go every Sunday. They would talk about the Sunday services, slavery, her messages from God and women's rights. Anne Hutchinson believed all of these things should be changed. The men did not like a woman telling their wives "untrue" things about the Puritan religon and telling their wives they should not have slaves. The men thought they were just so good and should not have to work. Anne would ask them, " Why should the Africans and Native Americans have to work just because they have different skins and different beliefs? Why do you enslave them? If they were more powerful than us would you want to be a slave?" They would reply, "We're better than them and we deserve better things." But Anne believed in fairness. Just because Africans and Natives were different than Americans, that didn't mean Americans were better. She always had the Sunday meetings and sometimes she preached. In 1631, ministers got tired of Anne saying she got messages from God. They said they they were the only ones who got messages from God. she was tried in the court of Massachusetts. She was found guilty and was banished from the state of Massachusetts. She moved to an island in Rhode Island and while she was there, her husband died. In Rhode Island, she had Sunday meetings but did not preach. She lived there for two years and then moved to New York. She was killed there by a NativeA massacre. She was fifty-two years old. When she died, her beliefs still lived on. She had a great life helping and making life better for other people.	381	ENGLISH	1
The Gable Mansion, located in Woodland, was built in 1885 and is a classic example of 19th century Victorian Italianate architecture. The mansion’s romantic exterior and remarkable interior will surely astound even the least enthusiastic visitor. But, the most impressive aspect about this California Historical Landmark is how it symbolizes the perseverance of Yolo County pioneers Amos and Harvey C. Gable. The Gable Brothers Amos and Harvey C. Gable were two of fourteen children born to Pennsylvania natives Solomon Gable (May 21, 1796) and Elizabeth Dull. The two married in 1817 at the Christ Lutheran Church in York, PA, and went on to have 6 children in the Keystone state before moving to Washington County, Ohio. Both Amos and Harvey were born in Ohio, along with 6 other siblings, giving the Gables their impressive total of 14 children. In 1843, Solomon took his family to Van Buren County, Iowa, and settled on a rented farm. For the next three years, he vigorously labored the land and became very proficient in farming and raising livestock. In the spring of 1846, Solomon took Government acres in Appanoose County and moved his family once again. Sadly, a few months after moving, Solomon died from a broken blood vessel in June of 1846. The death of Solomon, believed to be the second death ever in Appanoose County, also dealt a fatal blow to his wife and kids. After his passing, most of the children were forced into laboring for other farmers just to survive. The family was painfully torn apart. Eventually, Elizabeth would remarry, but many of her children went their separate ways, never to reunite again. Who was Amos Gable? Amos W. Gable, born on September 13, 1834, did not have the typical childhood of this era. After his father died, a 12-year old Amos was forced into the hard life of farming. He would spend the next 7 years laboring on farms, learning many trades, and never completing any real schooling. But, a young Amos did gain invaluable knowledge on topics like survival, perseverance and work ethic. In 1853, at the age of 19, Amos worked out a deal with Harvey Porterfield to drive a team of over 100 cattle across the plains to California. They would eventually settle in Yolo County where Amos would remain under the employment of Porterfield. Eventually, his persistent hard work would pay off as his monthly wages went up from $30 to $100. Who was Harvey C. Gable? Harvey Clinton Gable, born on March 11, 1836, suffered the same fate as his brother Amos – a childhood spent farming. Like Amos and his other siblings, Harvey never really went to school or play sports like many other kids did. He toiled away on farms just to earn meals, clothing and boarding. After his brother Amos left for California, Harvey constantly dreamed of the day when he could escape the farms of Iowa and head to the land filled with riches and new beginnings. In 1854, Harvey found his chance to head West. Unfortunately, his journey wasn’t as successful as Amos’ journey. There was nobody waiting for Harvey when he made it to California. In fact, he had no shoes, only the ragged and torn clothes that he was wearing. Even worse, he had no money to get to his brother in Yolo County. Harvey would immediately take odd jobs just for pay. Eventually, he tried his luck in the mines where he had modest success. Despite his difficult livelihood in California, the hopes of reuniting with his brother fueled a young Harvey to work even harder and to not give up. Reunited in California In 1861, the brothers finally reunited. Harvey made it to Yolo County with $700 in cash, a far cry from having nothing when he first arrived in California. The happily reunited brothers formed a partnership and almost immediately bought some cattle. Eventually, they would purchase Mr. Porterfield’s ranch. By 1864, due to a severe drought and a mountain of debt, the brothers faced the possibility of losing everything. But, an act of kindness by the creditors was just the spark that the Gables needed. Finally, after all of their hardships in life, they received the break that would pay off in a major way. The brothers worked their ranch and continued to invest in livestock. They slowly built up their estate eventually accruing over 8,500 acres of land and large herds of cattle, flocks of sheep, horses and hogs. Despite their commitments to farming and raising livestock, both Amos and Harvey were also dedicated to the Masons as they were members of the blue lodge, Royal Arch Chapter and Knights Templar Commandery. Putting Down Roots As their prosperity grew, so did their status within the county. The brothers were becoming highly respected residents of Yolo County and never failed to lend a hand when needed. Among many of their business endeavors, the brothers went on to become stockholders and directors of both the Yolo County Savings Bank and the Bank of Yolo. Out of the two, Amos was the only one to get married. On June 4, 1874, he wed Mary Gottwals and they went on to have four children. With a family, and a thriving business, Amos moved to Woodland in 1882 and made his home at Laurel and First streets. Within three years, Amos erected one of the most recognized and attractive homes in all of Woodland – The Gable Mansion. The home was designed and built by Edward Carlton Gilbert along with A. Jackson. The Daily Democrat states that the home cost roughly $36,000 to build, which was more than the county courthouse at the time. Although Harvey never married, he continued to dedicate his life to the Gable estate and Yolo County. He passed in 1901, roughly three years after Amos. Harvey Hayes Gable, the son of Amos, would take over the estate and continue the Gable name for decades to come. Unlike his father and uncle, Harvey Hayes attended school and even went to a University. But, after his mother died in 1903, Harvey became completely immersed in the family business. He would go on to emulate the Gable pioneers through his hard work on the land, participation in the Masonry and also becoming a stockholder and director in Yolo County Savings Bank. Harvey Hayes Gable was also highly regarded like his father and uncle. He passed on November 2, 1954, as a lifelong member of Yolo County. The beloved Gable home remained in the family until the early 1970’s. As of this writing, I’m uncertain as to why the family sold the home in the early 70’s, but it had fallen into despair by then. New owner Robert L. McWhirk purchased the historical property in 1973 and spent the next few decades working to restore the home. Not much information can be found on the purchase and the repairs that McWhirk did. In 1997, Jeff and Starr Barrow purchased the historic home from McWhirk. They immediately began extensive renovations with some modern upgrades. Their vision of the home paid off in a major way. In fact, the Gable family would be amazed with how the Barrows have punctuated this home by turning it into an artistic masterpiece. According to DailyDemocrat.com, the Barrows made the following changes and additions to the treasured home: The basement was completely dug out and now contains a theater with ticket booth, an indoor pool, a wine cellar and a section that shows the original construction elements. The unfinished attic was converted into a living space complete with a kitchen, bedroom, bathroom and a gym. Overall, this almost 12,000 square foot home now has 6 bedrooms, 6 bathrooms, 5 fireplaces, a pool, a theater, an elevator, a parlor, a 500-gallon aquarium, a carriage house, a wine cellar, upgraded kitchen, dining room, a lovely rose garden with fountains, a gazebo and many more fascinating rooms and attributes. Additionally, there is some original furniture and two funeral wreaths of the Gable brothers that were found during the basement excavation. The plight of Amos and Harvey C. Gable tugs at the heart. A large family broken apart because of a father’s untimely death. Most of the children were unschooled and never reunited with their siblings or mother. An incredible journey out west with nothing but hope and a childhood spent laboring on farms just to survive. It truly is a remarkable pioneer story. Factor in the marvelous renovations that the current owners have done, and this home is a one-of-a-kind experience. It’s easy to see why the Gable Mansion is a revered landmark in Yolo County. I would like to make mention of two tremendous historical resources that helped in the research of this article. Both of these books provide amazing accounts of Yolo County’s history and pioneers. The first book is by James Miller Guinn titled History of the State of California and Biographical Record of the Sacramento Valley, California, and was published in 1906. The second book is by Tom Gregory titled History of Yolo County, California, and was published in 1913. Take I-5 North toward Woodland and exit on Main St./Highway 16 heading west toward the historic downtown. Pass by Highway 113, and make a left on East St. Head down about 1 mile and then make a Right onto Cross St. Head down about another mile and the Mansion will be on your right side at the corner of 1st and Cross Streets.	<urn:uuid:4cee3181-5324-4a46-a537-ddad3fb68a9a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.calexplornia.com/gable-mansion-woodlands-historic-home-symbol-perseverance/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00450.warc.gz	en	0.983969	2,006	3.296875	3	[ 0.10071729123592377, -0.0008979649282991886, 0.3600107431411743, 0.06774763017892838, -0.37402719259262085, -0.16332204639911652, -0.13115058839321136, 0.0695788711309433, 0.10974010825157166, -0.032359469681978226, 0.24714535474777222, -0.12857384979724884, 0.11618101596832275, 0.32664173...	6	The Gable Mansion, located in Woodland, was built in 1885 and is a classic example of 19th century Victorian Italianate architecture. The mansion’s romantic exterior and remarkable interior will surely astound even the least enthusiastic visitor. But, the most impressive aspect about this California Historical Landmark is how it symbolizes the perseverance of Yolo County pioneers Amos and Harvey C. Gable. The Gable Brothers Amos and Harvey C. Gable were two of fourteen children born to Pennsylvania natives Solomon Gable (May 21, 1796) and Elizabeth Dull. The two married in 1817 at the Christ Lutheran Church in York, PA, and went on to have 6 children in the Keystone state before moving to Washington County, Ohio. Both Amos and Harvey were born in Ohio, along with 6 other siblings, giving the Gables their impressive total of 14 children. In 1843, Solomon took his family to Van Buren County, Iowa, and settled on a rented farm. For the next three years, he vigorously labored the land and became very proficient in farming and raising livestock. In the spring of 1846, Solomon took Government acres in Appanoose County and moved his family once again. Sadly, a few months after moving, Solomon died from a broken blood vessel in June of 1846. The death of Solomon, believed to be the second death ever in Appanoose County, also dealt a fatal blow to his wife and kids. After his passing, most of the children were forced into laboring for other farmers just to survive. The family was painfully torn apart. Eventually, Elizabeth would remarry, but many of her children went their separate ways, never to reunite again. Who was Amos Gable? Amos W. Gable, born on September 13, 1834, did not have the typical childhood of this era. After his father died, a 12-year old Amos was forced into the hard life of farming. He would spend the next 7 years laboring on farms, learning many trades, and never completing any real schooling. But, a young Amos did gain invaluable knowledge on topics like survival, perseverance and work ethic. In 1853, at the age of 19, Amos worked out a deal with Harvey Porterfield to drive a team of over 100 cattle across the plains to California. They would eventually settle in Yolo County where Amos would remain under the employment of Porterfield. Eventually, his persistent hard work would pay off as his monthly wages went up from $30 to $100. Who was Harvey C. Gable? Harvey Clinton Gable, born on March 11, 1836, suffered the same fate as his brother Amos – a childhood spent farming. Like Amos and his other siblings, Harvey never really went to school or play sports like many other kids did. He toiled away on farms just to earn meals, clothing and boarding. After his brother Amos left for California, Harvey constantly dreamed of the day when he could escape the farms of Iowa and head to the land filled with riches and new beginnings. In 1854, Harvey found his chance to head West. Unfortunately, his journey wasn’t as successful as Amos’ journey. There was nobody waiting for Harvey when he made it to California. In fact, he had no shoes, only the ragged and torn clothes that he was wearing. Even worse, he had no money to get to his brother in Yolo County. Harvey would immediately take odd jobs just for pay. Eventually, he tried his luck in the mines where he had modest success. Despite his difficult livelihood in California, the hopes of reuniting with his brother fueled a young Harvey to work even harder and to not give up. Reunited in California In 1861, the brothers finally reunited. Harvey made it to Yolo County with $700 in cash, a far cry from having nothing when he first arrived in California. The happily reunited brothers formed a partnership and almost immediately bought some cattle. Eventually, they would purchase Mr. Porterfield’s ranch. By 1864, due to a severe drought and a mountain of debt, the brothers faced the possibility of losing everything. But, an act of kindness by the creditors was just the spark that the Gables needed. Finally, after all of their hardships in life, they received the break that would pay off in a major way. The brothers worked their ranch and continued to invest in livestock. They slowly built up their estate eventually accruing over 8,500 acres of land and large herds of cattle, flocks of sheep, horses and hogs. Despite their commitments to farming and raising livestock, both Amos and Harvey were also dedicated to the Masons as they were members of the blue lodge, Royal Arch Chapter and Knights Templar Commandery. Putting Down Roots As their prosperity grew, so did their status within the county. The brothers were becoming highly respected residents of Yolo County and never failed to lend a hand when needed. Among many of their business endeavors, the brothers went on to become stockholders and directors of both the Yolo County Savings Bank and the Bank of Yolo. Out of the two, Amos was the only one to get married. On June 4, 1874, he wed Mary Gottwals and they went on to have four children. With a family, and a thriving business, Amos moved to Woodland in 1882 and made his home at Laurel and First streets. Within three years, Amos erected one of the most recognized and attractive homes in all of Woodland – The Gable Mansion. The home was designed and built by Edward Carlton Gilbert along with A. Jackson. The Daily Democrat states that the home cost roughly $36,000 to build, which was more than the county courthouse at the time. Although Harvey never married, he continued to dedicate his life to the Gable estate and Yolo County. He passed in 1901, roughly three years after Amos. Harvey Hayes Gable, the son of Amos, would take over the estate and continue the Gable name for decades to come. Unlike his father and uncle, Harvey Hayes attended school and even went to a University. But, after his mother died in 1903, Harvey became completely immersed in the family business. He would go on to emulate the Gable pioneers through his hard work on the land, participation in the Masonry and also becoming a stockholder and director in Yolo County Savings Bank. Harvey Hayes Gable was also highly regarded like his father and uncle. He passed on November 2, 1954, as a lifelong member of Yolo County. The beloved Gable home remained in the family until the early 1970’s. As of this writing, I’m uncertain as to why the family sold the home in the early 70’s, but it had fallen into despair by then. New owner Robert L. McWhirk purchased the historical property in 1973 and spent the next few decades working to restore the home. Not much information can be found on the purchase and the repairs that McWhirk did. In 1997, Jeff and Starr Barrow purchased the historic home from McWhirk. They immediately began extensive renovations with some modern upgrades. Their vision of the home paid off in a major way. In fact, the Gable family would be amazed with how the Barrows have punctuated this home by turning it into an artistic masterpiece. According to DailyDemocrat.com, the Barrows made the following changes and additions to the treasured home: The basement was completely dug out and now contains a theater with ticket booth, an indoor pool, a wine cellar and a section that shows the original construction elements. The unfinished attic was converted into a living space complete with a kitchen, bedroom, bathroom and a gym. Overall, this almost 12,000 square foot home now has 6 bedrooms, 6 bathrooms, 5 fireplaces, a pool, a theater, an elevator, a parlor, a 500-gallon aquarium, a carriage house, a wine cellar, upgraded kitchen, dining room, a lovely rose garden with fountains, a gazebo and many more fascinating rooms and attributes. Additionally, there is some original furniture and two funeral wreaths of the Gable brothers that were found during the basement excavation. The plight of Amos and Harvey C. Gable tugs at the heart. A large family broken apart because of a father’s untimely death. Most of the children were unschooled and never reunited with their siblings or mother. An incredible journey out west with nothing but hope and a childhood spent laboring on farms just to survive. It truly is a remarkable pioneer story. Factor in the marvelous renovations that the current owners have done, and this home is a one-of-a-kind experience. It’s easy to see why the Gable Mansion is a revered landmark in Yolo County. I would like to make mention of two tremendous historical resources that helped in the research of this article. Both of these books provide amazing accounts of Yolo County’s history and pioneers. The first book is by James Miller Guinn titled History of the State of California and Biographical Record of the Sacramento Valley, California, and was published in 1906. The second book is by Tom Gregory titled History of Yolo County, California, and was published in 1913. Take I-5 North toward Woodland and exit on Main St./Highway 16 heading west toward the historic downtown. Pass by Highway 113, and make a left on East St. Head down about 1 mile and then make a Right onto Cross St. Head down about another mile and the Mansion will be on your right side at the corner of 1st and Cross Streets.	2,092	ENGLISH	1
Willow White became acquainted with Aphra Behn in her Restoration and 18th Century Literature class. When it came time for the English honours student to decide upon a topic for her undergraduate thesis topic, Willow kept returning to the author and playwright. “I was always thinking about her plays and her as a person, and I decided to do my project on her,” says Willow (pictured above). In spring 2013, Willow began her research on Restoration-period theatre and Aphra Behn, the first professional female playwright in England. The Restoration period refers to the restoration of the monarchy to the English throne in 1660 after an 11-year period in which the parliament ruled. During that period known as the “Interregnum,” many forms of art were discouraged by the government. When Charles II regained the throne, his love of theatre and the arts—as well as his reputation for being sexually promiscuous—spread throughout England. A key aspect of this time, and an important point in Willow’s research, is that for the first time ever in England, women were permitted to act and write professionally for the stage. Aphra Behn was a key figure in this period, as England’s first professional female writer. “I was specifically interested in understanding how Behn would deal with male characters when she needed to write them in a libertine style that was popular in the day and that was popular with Charles II, who wanted to see that kind of character on stage – but how would she deal with the inequality and the mistreatment of women that goes along with libertinism almost inherently?” Willow explains that during this time period, to be a libertine man meant to pursue one’s desires at all costs, but women could not behave in the same manner without fear of being harshly judged and condemned by society. “What I found in my research of her plays was a subtle critique of libertinism through Behn’s treatment of the male characters, not just the female characters,” says Willow. She explains that this is an important distinction because many contemporary feminist critics have focused on Behn’s treatment of her smart, confident and witty female characters, rather than her male characters. “She writes great female characters, and people have talked about how she’s using them to subvert this inequality, but I wanted to look at the male characters, and see what she was doing differently with them.” Willow explains that Behn wrote male characters that were just as resourceful, just as witty and just as rakish as other male playwrights’ characters, while at the same time she was fighting for equality in the theatre community. Willow will be presenting her research at the Student Research Showcase, and later at the English Undergraduate Conference. “Lots of people maybe won’t consider research in English literature to be as important as, say, cutting-edge research in science, but for me, the historical issues I’m dealing with – gender and equality – are issues that still exist for women and female writers today,” says Willow. “It does have relevance.”	<urn:uuid:6cfa1841-1bf2-40c2-82cb-541de9e75920>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.macewan.ca/wcm/OfficeofResearchServices/CelebratingExcellence/News/ENGLISH_LIT_RESEARCH_STUDENT	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00372.warc.gz	en	0.986533	671	3.28125	3	[ -0.12897595763206482, 0.03592192754149437, 0.167345330119133, 0.01393907330930233, -0.3100169897079468, 0.41143521666526794, -0.05920616164803505, 0.0814312994480133, 0.12942704558372498, -0.07430081814527512, -0.43402186036109924, 0.1374349296092987, 0.1618996262550354, 0.0315578021109104...	2	Willow White became acquainted with Aphra Behn in her Restoration and 18th Century Literature class. When it came time for the English honours student to decide upon a topic for her undergraduate thesis topic, Willow kept returning to the author and playwright. “I was always thinking about her plays and her as a person, and I decided to do my project on her,” says Willow (pictured above). In spring 2013, Willow began her research on Restoration-period theatre and Aphra Behn, the first professional female playwright in England. The Restoration period refers to the restoration of the monarchy to the English throne in 1660 after an 11-year period in which the parliament ruled. During that period known as the “Interregnum,” many forms of art were discouraged by the government. When Charles II regained the throne, his love of theatre and the arts—as well as his reputation for being sexually promiscuous—spread throughout England. A key aspect of this time, and an important point in Willow’s research, is that for the first time ever in England, women were permitted to act and write professionally for the stage. Aphra Behn was a key figure in this period, as England’s first professional female writer. “I was specifically interested in understanding how Behn would deal with male characters when she needed to write them in a libertine style that was popular in the day and that was popular with Charles II, who wanted to see that kind of character on stage – but how would she deal with the inequality and the mistreatment of women that goes along with libertinism almost inherently?” Willow explains that during this time period, to be a libertine man meant to pursue one’s desires at all costs, but women could not behave in the same manner without fear of being harshly judged and condemned by society. “What I found in my research of her plays was a subtle critique of libertinism through Behn’s treatment of the male characters, not just the female characters,” says Willow. She explains that this is an important distinction because many contemporary feminist critics have focused on Behn’s treatment of her smart, confident and witty female characters, rather than her male characters. “She writes great female characters, and people have talked about how she’s using them to subvert this inequality, but I wanted to look at the male characters, and see what she was doing differently with them.” Willow explains that Behn wrote male characters that were just as resourceful, just as witty and just as rakish as other male playwrights’ characters, while at the same time she was fighting for equality in the theatre community. Willow will be presenting her research at the Student Research Showcase, and later at the English Undergraduate Conference. “Lots of people maybe won’t consider research in English literature to be as important as, say, cutting-edge research in science, but for me, the historical issues I’m dealing with – gender and equality – are issues that still exist for women and female writers today,” says Willow. “It does have relevance.”	616	ENGLISH	1
Robert Frost: Modern day poet In spite of the Pastoral element that was predominant in all of Robert Frost’s poems, he was still considered a modern poet because the poetry that he wrote was well endowed with the many problems that men who lived in the modern world faced with Science and Technology. He was a contemporary and great friend to such modernist greats as Ezra Pound and Wallace Stevens. Although he resembled these modernist poets, Frost was quite different from the rest of the modern poets of his time. The modern elements of his poetry are those of capitalism, the self-centeredness of the mordent man, the bored existence, isolation, dilemma, and symbolism. The two poems that seemed to me most striking modern in nature were The Death of the Hired Man and Home Burial. The two poems are similar in nature that in both of them there is a conflict between the husband and the wife. Here the husbands represent a view of life which is very antithetical to wives’. In the former poem, there are three characters: Warren, Mary and Silas. Warren, the domineering husband, represented capitalism, Mary, the cowed wife, is a foil to her husband, and Silas represents the lot of the millions of the workers who are the victims of the modern capitalistic society . There are millions of workers, such as Silas, around the world who toil and toil , but remain unrewarded die of an unlamented death. In this poem, Silas was the central figure, due to the poem recording his death. Silas’s character is that of pathetic and sympathetically arousing, who in his old age, is a helpless and useless soul. He is alienated from the world, with no shelter over his head or home to go to. His very poor self respect makes him feel ashamed to his brother and as a result he is also isolated from his rich banker brother. During the busy days, Silas was accused by Warren of abandoning the farm. This confused Warren, and he often wondered why Silas would leave. It turned out that Silas was leaving for higher wages. This would indicate that he was paid very poorly for his labor. So, Warren does not find any fault in his own capitalistic manner by which he tried to buy the labor of Silas in return of the little wages. In this way he represents the capitalist society of the modern world. The poem Home Burial is also based on a modernist theme that is known as self-centeredness. In this poem, the over-wrought wife is merely a foil to her practical husband. Each of their views on life is very diametrically opposite. The wife, who is under the burden of the grief over the death of her first born, cannot forget the fact that her husband was the one who dug the grave of their child, and also buried him there. To the husband, it seems like a normal act that he dug the grave of his own son. This shows that he has accepted the fact that his son has passed due to an accident and whose grief can be submerged beneath the daily existence of life. The husband makes some arguments in order to prove to his wife that the death of their son was accidental. He says that “from the time one is sick to death, one is alone and he dies more alone, and that friends make pretence of following to the grave, but before one is in it, their mind is turned.” This is viewed as the husband speaking out in a selfish nature. All human sympathy is gone and it has been, therefore, replaced by mere selfishness. In this way the poem is a modern domestic epic, which exposes some modern crises to our eyes. The next poem that proved that Frost was a modernist poet was Mending Wall. This poem was based on the modern theme of isolation. The modern men established boundaries and isolated themselves from each other. Frost’s metaphysical treatment of this physical and psychological isolation is also evidence of his modernity. In this poem, he juxtaposes the two opposite aspects of the theme of the poem and leaves it to us, the reader, to draw our own conclusion. The truth of Frost’s poems are that they are set in the presence of pastures and plains, mountains and rivers, woods and gardens, groves and bowers, fruits and flowers, and seeds and birds. However, this approach to nature and this natural phenomenon are different from the romantic poets and are set in a more realistic and modern in nature. Unlike the Romantics, Frost took notice of both the bright and dark aspects of nature. The example that points this out is “Two Tramps in Mud Time.” It tells that, below the beautiful calm, there is a lurking turmoil and storm. In fact, the world of nature, according to Frost, is not a world of dream at all. It is more of a harsh, horrible and hostile, which is just the opposite of the modern urban world. This would explain his experience of the pastoral technique to the way he commented on the issue of humans in the modern world, his employment of symbolic and metaphysical techniques and his awareness of the problems that many humans had in modern society. This would justify his presence as a modern poet. Literary Articles: Robert Frost as a modern poet. n. Web 22 Sep 2013 Cite this page Robert Frost as a Modernist Poet. (2016, Apr 14). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/robert-frost-as-a-modernist-poet-essay	<urn:uuid:21dba64f-dd80-4cbb-a4fa-97d158321641>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studymoose.com/robert-frost-as-a-modernist-poet-essay	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00249.warc.gz	en	0.985569	1,161	3.59375	4	[ -0.057038530707359314, 0.2878974676132202, 0.025152066722512245, 0.5063140392303467, 0.40208086371421814, -0.2505691349506378, 0.05478738993406296, 0.08111820369958878, -0.24721528589725494, -0.1704721450805664, -0.0173407681286335, -0.05627916008234024, 0.2956326901912689, 0.3954746723175...	1	Robert Frost: Modern day poet In spite of the Pastoral element that was predominant in all of Robert Frost’s poems, he was still considered a modern poet because the poetry that he wrote was well endowed with the many problems that men who lived in the modern world faced with Science and Technology. He was a contemporary and great friend to such modernist greats as Ezra Pound and Wallace Stevens. Although he resembled these modernist poets, Frost was quite different from the rest of the modern poets of his time. The modern elements of his poetry are those of capitalism, the self-centeredness of the mordent man, the bored existence, isolation, dilemma, and symbolism. The two poems that seemed to me most striking modern in nature were The Death of the Hired Man and Home Burial. The two poems are similar in nature that in both of them there is a conflict between the husband and the wife. Here the husbands represent a view of life which is very antithetical to wives’. In the former poem, there are three characters: Warren, Mary and Silas. Warren, the domineering husband, represented capitalism, Mary, the cowed wife, is a foil to her husband, and Silas represents the lot of the millions of the workers who are the victims of the modern capitalistic society . There are millions of workers, such as Silas, around the world who toil and toil , but remain unrewarded die of an unlamented death. In this poem, Silas was the central figure, due to the poem recording his death. Silas’s character is that of pathetic and sympathetically arousing, who in his old age, is a helpless and useless soul. He is alienated from the world, with no shelter over his head or home to go to. His very poor self respect makes him feel ashamed to his brother and as a result he is also isolated from his rich banker brother. During the busy days, Silas was accused by Warren of abandoning the farm. This confused Warren, and he often wondered why Silas would leave. It turned out that Silas was leaving for higher wages. This would indicate that he was paid very poorly for his labor. So, Warren does not find any fault in his own capitalistic manner by which he tried to buy the labor of Silas in return of the little wages. In this way he represents the capitalist society of the modern world. The poem Home Burial is also based on a modernist theme that is known as self-centeredness. In this poem, the over-wrought wife is merely a foil to her practical husband. Each of their views on life is very diametrically opposite. The wife, who is under the burden of the grief over the death of her first born, cannot forget the fact that her husband was the one who dug the grave of their child, and also buried him there. To the husband, it seems like a normal act that he dug the grave of his own son. This shows that he has accepted the fact that his son has passed due to an accident and whose grief can be submerged beneath the daily existence of life. The husband makes some arguments in order to prove to his wife that the death of their son was accidental. He says that “from the time one is sick to death, one is alone and he dies more alone, and that friends make pretence of following to the grave, but before one is in it, their mind is turned.” This is viewed as the husband speaking out in a selfish nature. All human sympathy is gone and it has been, therefore, replaced by mere selfishness. In this way the poem is a modern domestic epic, which exposes some modern crises to our eyes. The next poem that proved that Frost was a modernist poet was Mending Wall. This poem was based on the modern theme of isolation. The modern men established boundaries and isolated themselves from each other. Frost’s metaphysical treatment of this physical and psychological isolation is also evidence of his modernity. In this poem, he juxtaposes the two opposite aspects of the theme of the poem and leaves it to us, the reader, to draw our own conclusion. The truth of Frost’s poems are that they are set in the presence of pastures and plains, mountains and rivers, woods and gardens, groves and bowers, fruits and flowers, and seeds and birds. However, this approach to nature and this natural phenomenon are different from the romantic poets and are set in a more realistic and modern in nature. Unlike the Romantics, Frost took notice of both the bright and dark aspects of nature. The example that points this out is “Two Tramps in Mud Time.” It tells that, below the beautiful calm, there is a lurking turmoil and storm. In fact, the world of nature, according to Frost, is not a world of dream at all. It is more of a harsh, horrible and hostile, which is just the opposite of the modern urban world. This would explain his experience of the pastoral technique to the way he commented on the issue of humans in the modern world, his employment of symbolic and metaphysical techniques and his awareness of the problems that many humans had in modern society. This would justify his presence as a modern poet. Literary Articles: Robert Frost as a modern poet. n. Web 22 Sep 2013 Cite this page Robert Frost as a Modernist Poet. (2016, Apr 14). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/robert-frost-as-a-modernist-poet-essay	1,140	ENGLISH	1
Help Now > FREE Catholic Classes Formerly a duchy and diocese of northwestern Germany, now a part of the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein. In the early Middle Ages the southern part of the peninsula of Jutland was a bone of contention between the Germans and the Danes. When in the fifth century the greater part of the Germanic population had left the region in order to seek a new home in Britain, the Danes or Jutes pushed their way into the country and the part of the Germanic population that had remained behind amalgamated with the new masters. The Frisians were the only ones to retain their national peculiarities after losing their national independence. About the beginning of the ninth century Charlemagne conquered the southernmost part of the peninsula; he formed the territory on the Eider into a Mark as a protection against the Slavs. As early as his reign Christian missions began to gain a foothold in the region. The first preacher of the Christian faith was the priest Atrebanus, who was a Pupil of Willehad, the first Bishop of Bremen. Atrebanus founded a mission station among the heathen Dithmarschians, but suffered the death of a martyr during the Saxon revolt in 780. During the reign of Louis the Pious, Archbishop Ebo of Reims the emperor's confidential friend, re-established the mission, but without great success. About 850 Ebo's companion, Ansgar the Apostle of the North, erected the first church in the little town of Schleswig; this was soon followed in 860 by the building of the church at Ripen. These successes of the mission of the Carlovingian period were destroyed during the heathen reaction that followed. Under the vigorous administration of the German king, Henry I, the Mark on the Eider was re-established in 934, and soon after this Unni, Archbishop of Hamburg, once more took in hand the bringing of the north to Christianity. Christian communities increased, especially after the Danish King Harold Blue Tooth (d. 986) had accepted Christianity, and the three dioceses of Schleswig, Ripen, and Aarhaus were founded at the request of Archbishop Adaldag of Bremen. These dioceses were made suffragans of Bremen. The first Bishop of Schleswig was Hored, who was present in 948 at the German synod of Ingelheim. The Diocese of Schleswig, though, did not include the whole of the later Duchy of Schleswig, as the north-western part belonged to the Diocese of Ripen, and the Islands of Alsen, Arö and Fehmarn to the Diocese of Funen. During the reign of King Harold Blue Tooth , Christianity became the dominating religion of Denmark and Schleswig. Paganism, however, regained the supremacy when Harold's son Sven with the Forked Beard, who had been a viking, returned home in 985 and overthrew his father. Christians were ill-treated, the Diocese of Aarhaus was suppressed, and the two other bishops were driven away. Yet in the last years of his life Sven with the Forked Beard turned to Christianity, and his son Canute the Great, who by the conquest of England created a great northern empire, established Christianity at last in his territories. In 1035 his son-in-law the German King Conrad II gave him the Mark of Schleswig as compensation for the alliance he had maintained with Germany for many years. The Mark included the territory between the Eider, Schlei, and Treene. The political separation from the German Empire was soon followed by the ecclesiastical. Canute had reorganized the Danish Church and had divided it into nine dioceses. In 1103 or 1104 a separate Danish archdiocese was erected at Lund for all these bishoprics, and, notwithstanding the protests of the Archbishop of Bremen, Schleswig was made a suffragan of Lund. Before long the political union with Denmark was weakened again. From the time that the whole of Schleswig belonged to Denmark it was ruled by royal governors; these governors were generally princes of the royal house who grew steadily more independent of the king. In 1115 Knut Laward was able to gain the viceregency of Schleswig in fief from the Danish King Niels, and was also made duke of this territory. Thus a basis was laid for a more independent position of the province within the Kingdom of Denmark. Under Knut's successors Schleswig was often united with Denmark, as Waldemar I and II, dukes of Schleswig, were also kings of Denmark. These kings, however, sought to keep Schleswig as their personal domain, separate from the administration of Denmark. In 1231 Abel, the youngest son of Waldemar II, was granted the duchy; he founded an independent ducal line that ruled the duchy for over a hundred and fifty years. Both politically and ecclesiastically the two centuries following tire reign of Knut Laward form the most prosperous period of the province. Of the bishops, Alberus (1096-1134), in particular, was very active in his office, and laboured among the Frisians who had been conquered by Knut. The diocese received large grants of land from Waldemar I, possessions that were scattered through all parts, of the duchy; in 1187 the diocese was released from all payment of imposts and taxes to the king. A number of monasteries arose that did much for the intellectual and material development of the country; nearly thirty monasteries can be proved to have existed in the period before the Reformation. The most important of these were the Cistercian abbeys of Lugumkloster, Guldhom, and Schleswig, the convent of St. John for Benedictine nuns at Schleswig, the Franciscan monasteries at Hadersleben, Tondern, and Schleswig, and the Dominican monastery at Schleswig. In the course of time many of these monasteries had obtained large landed possessions, When in 1325 Duke Eric II died and left a minor son Waldemar V, King Christopher II of Denmark wished to become the guardian and thus gain control of the duchy. However, the powerful Count Gerhard III of Holstein of the Schauenburg line, who was an uncle of Waldemar, and also the latter's guardian, opposed the king. Gerhard gained control of the government, and drove Christopher out of his own kingdom. Waldemar V was elected King of Denmark and in return gave the Duchy of Schleswig to his uncle, the Count of Holstein. Thus the duchies Schleswig and Holstein became united at the same time (1326) Waldemar made a law, called the "Constitutio Waldemariana", by which in future the same person could never be the ruler both of Denmark and Schleswig. During the troubles caused by the return of the banished King Christopher the Counts of Holstein were not able to maintain their control of the Duchy of Schleswig. It was not until the era of Gerhard VI, the grandson of Gerhard III (assassinated 1340), that the counts of Holstein regained possession of Schleswig; Gerhard VI was granted the duchy in fief by Queen Margaret of Denmark, and in 1403 gain possession of almost the whole of the duchy of Holstein on account of the extinction of the line of Kiel. Since this time Schleswig has always been united with Holstein which was a state of the German Empire. On the death in 1459 of Adolf VII, son of Gerhard VI, the line of the counts of Schauenburg became extinct, and the estates of Schleswig and of Holstein elected in 1460 as duke and count the Danish King Christian of the Oldenburg dynasty, who was the sob of Adolf's sister. The new duke and count, though, was obliged to swear that both countries should be "forever undivided", and that they should be independent of Denmark in their internal administration and constitution. Thus both territories were united by personal union with Denmark, the Duchy, of Schleswig (which had been a Danish fief), and the Countship of Holstein, which in 1474 was also raised to a duchy by the Emperor Frederick III. In spite of this union with Denmark both territories remained German in character ; the language of the courts and official documents was German, the law of the cities was German, the nobility was German, the bishop and chapter of the Diocese of Schleswig were chosen from German families. The close intellectual union with Germany was still further promoted by the Reformation, which in Schleswig as in the whole of Denmark was largely the work of the rulers. The Bishop of Schleswig of that period, Gottschalk of Ahlefeld (1527-41), fearlessly opposed, indeed, the intrusion of the new doctrine, but his efforts had little success. For in the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, especially during the rule of the counts of Holstein, the bishops had ceased to be independent of the dukes; from vassals of the king they had become vassals of the dukes and had sunk into mere local bishops. In 1536 Lutheranism was declared the religion of the state by Christian III, the exercise of the Catholic faith was forbidden, and the property of the diocese was confiscated. After Gottschalk's death Tileman of Hussen was appointed in 1541 the first Lutheran Bishop of Schleswig. He was followed by four other Lutheran bishops, after which the diocese was suppressed in 1624. While the Catholic Church was entirely suppressed in Schleswig, in Holstein a few Catholic communities were permitted to remain in existence. In the seventeenth century Catholic Church services were allowed to be held again in a few places. In 1667 all these Catholic communities were placed under the care of the newly-established Vicariate Apostolic of the Northern Missions, and shared its vicissitudes. In 1544 the two duchies were divided between the three sons of the king and Duke Frederick I (d. 1533). The basis of the division was this: three equal portions were formed for the three brothers out of the duchies, which portions were named after the castles of Sonderburg, Gottorp, and Hadersleben, while the courts, the system of taxation, the army, and the diets that were held at Flensburg for Schleswig, and at Kiel for Holstein, remained in common. When in 1580 the Hadersleben line became extinct, another division was made, the possessions of the Hadersleben line being divided between King Frederick II and Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp (1581). After this there were two lines: the royal, which was called Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt after the seat of administration for the duchies, and from which in the course of time several branches sprang; second, a ducal line called the Gottorp, line which, besides sharing in the two duchies, also owned the former Diocese of Lubeck. Duke Frederick III of Gottorp, who ruled from 1616 to 1659, put an end to the subdivisions of the Gottorp line by introducing primogeniture. During the eighteenth century the two ruling dynasties were generally hostile to each other because the Gottorp line sought alliance with Sweden, the enemy of Denmark. Thus the duchies became involved in the Thirty Years War and the two wars of the North. In the Treaty of Roeskilde that closed the first war of the North, the Gottorp dynasty received, through the intervention of Sweden, full sovereignty by the suppression of Denmark's suzerainty over its share of the duchies. However, in the Treaty of Stockholm that in 1720 closed the second war of the North, which had not been fortunate for Sweden, the Gottorp line was obliged to concede its share of Schleswig to Denmark and only retained its possessions in Holstein. The whole of Schleswig was now obliged to recognize the Danish king as its ruler. In the treaties of 1767 and 1773 the Gottorp dynasty, which had gained the throne of Russia in the person of Peter III, was obliged to renounce its possessions in Holstein also, in return for which it received Oldenburg. In this way Denmark became the sole ruler of Schleswig-Holstein. The union of the two duchies with the German Empire grew continually weaker, especially as after the dissolution of the German Empire in 1806 the duchies had no protection against the policy. of their ruler; this policy, which was to stamp a Danish character upon them, was not affected by the fact that the Congress of Vienna made Holstein a part of the German Empire. The Danes showed plainly more and more their determination to separate the two duchies, which by right should never have been divided, and to gain at least Schleswig as a part of the Danish nation, because the population of Schleswig was largely Danish in speech. The people, however, accepted all the measures of the Danish government very composedly, as the male line of the royal dynasty would soon be extinct and the female line was, by the Salic law of succession, not capable of succeeding in the duchies, although it could in Denmark. The duchies were satisfied even with the constitution granted in 1834, although it was not one in common for both duchies and did not preserve any essential right of the people. King Christian, however, in 1846 published a letter in which he declared the Danish right of succession to be also valid in the duchies, and his successor Frederick VIII (1848-63) was forced by popular assemblies at Copenhagen, soon after he came to the throne, to promise the incorporation of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom. These two events were followed by a revolt of the people of the duchies. On 24 March, 1848, a temporary provincial government was established at Kiel, which declared that it assumed for the time being in the name of the ruler, the Danish king, the maintenance of the rights of both duchies, as the ruler had been forced by mob rule to take a hostile position to the duchies. When, upon this, Denmark sent troops into Schleswig-Holstein, not only did the population of the duchies take up arms, but there was also a great national movement in Germany in favour of their endangered countrymen in the North. Volunteers from all parts of Germany went to the aid of the people of Schleswig-Holstein. King Frederick William IV of Prussia sent an army into the duchies and even the Diet of the German Confederation was carried away by the national enthusiasm. It proclaimed that Schleswig was made a member of the German Confederation and gave to Prussia the direction of the war against Denmark. The Prussian troops and those of the confederation won, it is true, several brilliant victories, especially the carrying of the fortifications of Duppel. However, the lack of a German fleet, and the threatened interference of Russia and Great Britain led Prussia to consent to a truce, which was followed by a treaty in 1850 that was also accepted by the German Confederation. Contrary to the general promise that the rights of the duchies should be respected, they were again given to Denmark. After this the five Great Powers declared at a conference held at London in 1852, that the Danish Kingdom was indivisible in all its parts, that the separate position of the duchies should be maintained within this kingdom, and that should the male line of the Danish dynasty become extinct the succession was to fall to the House of Glücksburg. In this way the right of succession previously valid in the duchies of the Elbe was thrown aside, and the Augustenburg line, that had branched off from the Danish royal house in the sixteenth century, was excluded from the succession to Schleswig Holstein. Consequently the German Confederation and Frederick, Crown prince of Augustenburg, protested against the London protocol, while Prussia and Austria recognized it. After the duchies were handed over to Denmark there was an energetic attempt, especially in Schleswig, to make these provinces entirely Danish in character. All connexion with Holstein was set aside, a custom-house was erected on the Eider, Danish preachers, teachers, and troops were sent into Schleswig, while the German soldiers and officers were brought into Danish garrisons, and lastly Danish was made the language of the Church and schools. When the male line of the Danish royal family became extinct at the death of Frederick VII (15 November, 1863), according to the regulations of the London protocol Christian of Glücksburg succeeded as Christian IX. Immediately after his accession Christian announced a constitution which included the unconditional incorporation of Schleswig into Denmark. The proclamation of this Constitution of November was followed in Germany by unprecendented excitement and manifestations of disapproval, and the demand was made for the complete separation of the duchies from Denmark. Holstein was occupied by the troops of the German Confederation; even Prussia and Austria now took the part of the duchies. These powers called upon Denmark to withdraw the Constitution of November, and when these demands were rejected they sent Prussian and Austrian troops under the command of the Prussian Field Marshal Wrangel into Schleswig in Feb., 1864. After the fortifications of Duppel, the Island of Alsen, and the entire peninsula of Jutland had been gained by the Germans the Danes saw themselves compelled to yield. In the Peace of Vienna (October, 1864) King Christian renounced all rights over Schleswig and Holstein in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia, and recognized in advance whatever disposition the two monarchs should make of these provinces. The possession in common of the duchies only increased the strain of the relations existing between Prussia and Austria. Austria desired to form a new state of the German Confederation under the government of the Duke of Augustenburg, while Prussia, on the contrary, preferred to keep the region for itself and only permit the country to have a ruler of its own if all traffic, all customs, and the army of the new state were under the control of Prussia. The Prince of Augustenburg would not consent to such an arrangement. In the Treaty of Gastein of 14 Aug., 1865, the duchies were divided between the two powers. Austria took in charge the administration of Holstein, Prussia that of Schleswig. It was seen from the start that this solution of the question could not be of long duration. The tension between the two powers for pre-eminence in Germany led in the next year to a war between them. Austria was defeated, was obliged to withdraw from the German Confederation and to renounce all rights to Schleswig and Holstein in favour of Prussia. From 1867 the two duchies have formed the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein (see GERMANY, VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF NORTHERN). FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	<urn:uuid:9b3d7acd-9ef3-435d-8166-4513b6204469>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=10573	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00090.warc.gz	en	0.980743	4,191	3.53125	4	[ 0.0906868726015091, 0.4414592981338501, -0.18723547458648682, -0.18509811162948608, 0.11057928949594498, -0.1226225420832634, -0.3710647523403168, 0.27595239877700806, 0.23820388317108154, -0.44876527786254883, -0.14835454523563385, -0.6914041042327881, -0.06835214793682098, 0.320197612047...	1	Help Now > FREE Catholic Classes Formerly a duchy and diocese of northwestern Germany, now a part of the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein. In the early Middle Ages the southern part of the peninsula of Jutland was a bone of contention between the Germans and the Danes. When in the fifth century the greater part of the Germanic population had left the region in order to seek a new home in Britain, the Danes or Jutes pushed their way into the country and the part of the Germanic population that had remained behind amalgamated with the new masters. The Frisians were the only ones to retain their national peculiarities after losing their national independence. About the beginning of the ninth century Charlemagne conquered the southernmost part of the peninsula; he formed the territory on the Eider into a Mark as a protection against the Slavs. As early as his reign Christian missions began to gain a foothold in the region. The first preacher of the Christian faith was the priest Atrebanus, who was a Pupil of Willehad, the first Bishop of Bremen. Atrebanus founded a mission station among the heathen Dithmarschians, but suffered the death of a martyr during the Saxon revolt in 780. During the reign of Louis the Pious, Archbishop Ebo of Reims the emperor's confidential friend, re-established the mission, but without great success. About 850 Ebo's companion, Ansgar the Apostle of the North, erected the first church in the little town of Schleswig; this was soon followed in 860 by the building of the church at Ripen. These successes of the mission of the Carlovingian period were destroyed during the heathen reaction that followed. Under the vigorous administration of the German king, Henry I, the Mark on the Eider was re-established in 934, and soon after this Unni, Archbishop of Hamburg, once more took in hand the bringing of the north to Christianity. Christian communities increased, especially after the Danish King Harold Blue Tooth (d. 986) had accepted Christianity, and the three dioceses of Schleswig, Ripen, and Aarhaus were founded at the request of Archbishop Adaldag of Bremen. These dioceses were made suffragans of Bremen. The first Bishop of Schleswig was Hored, who was present in 948 at the German synod of Ingelheim. The Diocese of Schleswig, though, did not include the whole of the later Duchy of Schleswig, as the north-western part belonged to the Diocese of Ripen, and the Islands of Alsen, Arö and Fehmarn to the Diocese of Funen. During the reign of King Harold Blue Tooth , Christianity became the dominating religion of Denmark and Schleswig. Paganism, however, regained the supremacy when Harold's son Sven with the Forked Beard, who had been a viking, returned home in 985 and overthrew his father. Christians were ill-treated, the Diocese of Aarhaus was suppressed, and the two other bishops were driven away. Yet in the last years of his life Sven with the Forked Beard turned to Christianity, and his son Canute the Great, who by the conquest of England created a great northern empire, established Christianity at last in his territories. In 1035 his son-in-law the German King Conrad II gave him the Mark of Schleswig as compensation for the alliance he had maintained with Germany for many years. The Mark included the territory between the Eider, Schlei, and Treene. The political separation from the German Empire was soon followed by the ecclesiastical. Canute had reorganized the Danish Church and had divided it into nine dioceses. In 1103 or 1104 a separate Danish archdiocese was erected at Lund for all these bishoprics, and, notwithstanding the protests of the Archbishop of Bremen, Schleswig was made a suffragan of Lund. Before long the political union with Denmark was weakened again. From the time that the whole of Schleswig belonged to Denmark it was ruled by royal governors; these governors were generally princes of the royal house who grew steadily more independent of the king. In 1115 Knut Laward was able to gain the viceregency of Schleswig in fief from the Danish King Niels, and was also made duke of this territory. Thus a basis was laid for a more independent position of the province within the Kingdom of Denmark. Under Knut's successors Schleswig was often united with Denmark, as Waldemar I and II, dukes of Schleswig, were also kings of Denmark. These kings, however, sought to keep Schleswig as their personal domain, separate from the administration of Denmark. In 1231 Abel, the youngest son of Waldemar II, was granted the duchy; he founded an independent ducal line that ruled the duchy for over a hundred and fifty years. Both politically and ecclesiastically the two centuries following tire reign of Knut Laward form the most prosperous period of the province. Of the bishops, Alberus (1096-1134), in particular, was very active in his office, and laboured among the Frisians who had been conquered by Knut. The diocese received large grants of land from Waldemar I, possessions that were scattered through all parts, of the duchy; in 1187 the diocese was released from all payment of imposts and taxes to the king. A number of monasteries arose that did much for the intellectual and material development of the country; nearly thirty monasteries can be proved to have existed in the period before the Reformation. The most important of these were the Cistercian abbeys of Lugumkloster, Guldhom, and Schleswig, the convent of St. John for Benedictine nuns at Schleswig, the Franciscan monasteries at Hadersleben, Tondern, and Schleswig, and the Dominican monastery at Schleswig. In the course of time many of these monasteries had obtained large landed possessions, When in 1325 Duke Eric II died and left a minor son Waldemar V, King Christopher II of Denmark wished to become the guardian and thus gain control of the duchy. However, the powerful Count Gerhard III of Holstein of the Schauenburg line, who was an uncle of Waldemar, and also the latter's guardian, opposed the king. Gerhard gained control of the government, and drove Christopher out of his own kingdom. Waldemar V was elected King of Denmark and in return gave the Duchy of Schleswig to his uncle, the Count of Holstein. Thus the duchies Schleswig and Holstein became united at the same time (1326) Waldemar made a law, called the "Constitutio Waldemariana", by which in future the same person could never be the ruler both of Denmark and Schleswig. During the troubles caused by the return of the banished King Christopher the Counts of Holstein were not able to maintain their control of the Duchy of Schleswig. It was not until the era of Gerhard VI, the grandson of Gerhard III (assassinated 1340), that the counts of Holstein regained possession of Schleswig; Gerhard VI was granted the duchy in fief by Queen Margaret of Denmark, and in 1403 gain possession of almost the whole of the duchy of Holstein on account of the extinction of the line of Kiel. Since this time Schleswig has always been united with Holstein which was a state of the German Empire. On the death in 1459 of Adolf VII, son of Gerhard VI, the line of the counts of Schauenburg became extinct, and the estates of Schleswig and of Holstein elected in 1460 as duke and count the Danish King Christian of the Oldenburg dynasty, who was the sob of Adolf's sister. The new duke and count, though, was obliged to swear that both countries should be "forever undivided", and that they should be independent of Denmark in their internal administration and constitution. Thus both territories were united by personal union with Denmark, the Duchy, of Schleswig (which had been a Danish fief), and the Countship of Holstein, which in 1474 was also raised to a duchy by the Emperor Frederick III. In spite of this union with Denmark both territories remained German in character ; the language of the courts and official documents was German, the law of the cities was German, the nobility was German, the bishop and chapter of the Diocese of Schleswig were chosen from German families. The close intellectual union with Germany was still further promoted by the Reformation, which in Schleswig as in the whole of Denmark was largely the work of the rulers. The Bishop of Schleswig of that period, Gottschalk of Ahlefeld (1527-41), fearlessly opposed, indeed, the intrusion of the new doctrine, but his efforts had little success. For in the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, especially during the rule of the counts of Holstein, the bishops had ceased to be independent of the dukes; from vassals of the king they had become vassals of the dukes and had sunk into mere local bishops. In 1536 Lutheranism was declared the religion of the state by Christian III, the exercise of the Catholic faith was forbidden, and the property of the diocese was confiscated. After Gottschalk's death Tileman of Hussen was appointed in 1541 the first Lutheran Bishop of Schleswig. He was followed by four other Lutheran bishops, after which the diocese was suppressed in 1624. While the Catholic Church was entirely suppressed in Schleswig, in Holstein a few Catholic communities were permitted to remain in existence. In the seventeenth century Catholic Church services were allowed to be held again in a few places. In 1667 all these Catholic communities were placed under the care of the newly-established Vicariate Apostolic of the Northern Missions, and shared its vicissitudes. In 1544 the two duchies were divided between the three sons of the king and Duke Frederick I (d. 1533). The basis of the division was this: three equal portions were formed for the three brothers out of the duchies, which portions were named after the castles of Sonderburg, Gottorp, and Hadersleben, while the courts, the system of taxation, the army, and the diets that were held at Flensburg for Schleswig, and at Kiel for Holstein, remained in common. When in 1580 the Hadersleben line became extinct, another division was made, the possessions of the Hadersleben line being divided between King Frederick II and Duke Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp (1581). After this there were two lines: the royal, which was called Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt after the seat of administration for the duchies, and from which in the course of time several branches sprang; second, a ducal line called the Gottorp, line which, besides sharing in the two duchies, also owned the former Diocese of Lubeck. Duke Frederick III of Gottorp, who ruled from 1616 to 1659, put an end to the subdivisions of the Gottorp line by introducing primogeniture. During the eighteenth century the two ruling dynasties were generally hostile to each other because the Gottorp line sought alliance with Sweden, the enemy of Denmark. Thus the duchies became involved in the Thirty Years War and the two wars of the North. In the Treaty of Roeskilde that closed the first war of the North, the Gottorp dynasty received, through the intervention of Sweden, full sovereignty by the suppression of Denmark's suzerainty over its share of the duchies. However, in the Treaty of Stockholm that in 1720 closed the second war of the North, which had not been fortunate for Sweden, the Gottorp line was obliged to concede its share of Schleswig to Denmark and only retained its possessions in Holstein. The whole of Schleswig was now obliged to recognize the Danish king as its ruler. In the treaties of 1767 and 1773 the Gottorp dynasty, which had gained the throne of Russia in the person of Peter III, was obliged to renounce its possessions in Holstein also, in return for which it received Oldenburg. In this way Denmark became the sole ruler of Schleswig-Holstein. The union of the two duchies with the German Empire grew continually weaker, especially as after the dissolution of the German Empire in 1806 the duchies had no protection against the policy. of their ruler; this policy, which was to stamp a Danish character upon them, was not affected by the fact that the Congress of Vienna made Holstein a part of the German Empire. The Danes showed plainly more and more their determination to separate the two duchies, which by right should never have been divided, and to gain at least Schleswig as a part of the Danish nation, because the population of Schleswig was largely Danish in speech. The people, however, accepted all the measures of the Danish government very composedly, as the male line of the royal dynasty would soon be extinct and the female line was, by the Salic law of succession, not capable of succeeding in the duchies, although it could in Denmark. The duchies were satisfied even with the constitution granted in 1834, although it was not one in common for both duchies and did not preserve any essential right of the people. King Christian, however, in 1846 published a letter in which he declared the Danish right of succession to be also valid in the duchies, and his successor Frederick VIII (1848-63) was forced by popular assemblies at Copenhagen, soon after he came to the throne, to promise the incorporation of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom. These two events were followed by a revolt of the people of the duchies. On 24 March, 1848, a temporary provincial government was established at Kiel, which declared that it assumed for the time being in the name of the ruler, the Danish king, the maintenance of the rights of both duchies, as the ruler had been forced by mob rule to take a hostile position to the duchies. When, upon this, Denmark sent troops into Schleswig-Holstein, not only did the population of the duchies take up arms, but there was also a great national movement in Germany in favour of their endangered countrymen in the North. Volunteers from all parts of Germany went to the aid of the people of Schleswig-Holstein. King Frederick William IV of Prussia sent an army into the duchies and even the Diet of the German Confederation was carried away by the national enthusiasm. It proclaimed that Schleswig was made a member of the German Confederation and gave to Prussia the direction of the war against Denmark. The Prussian troops and those of the confederation won, it is true, several brilliant victories, especially the carrying of the fortifications of Duppel. However, the lack of a German fleet, and the threatened interference of Russia and Great Britain led Prussia to consent to a truce, which was followed by a treaty in 1850 that was also accepted by the German Confederation. Contrary to the general promise that the rights of the duchies should be respected, they were again given to Denmark. After this the five Great Powers declared at a conference held at London in 1852, that the Danish Kingdom was indivisible in all its parts, that the separate position of the duchies should be maintained within this kingdom, and that should the male line of the Danish dynasty become extinct the succession was to fall to the House of Glücksburg. In this way the right of succession previously valid in the duchies of the Elbe was thrown aside, and the Augustenburg line, that had branched off from the Danish royal house in the sixteenth century, was excluded from the succession to Schleswig Holstein. Consequently the German Confederation and Frederick, Crown prince of Augustenburg, protested against the London protocol, while Prussia and Austria recognized it. After the duchies were handed over to Denmark there was an energetic attempt, especially in Schleswig, to make these provinces entirely Danish in character. All connexion with Holstein was set aside, a custom-house was erected on the Eider, Danish preachers, teachers, and troops were sent into Schleswig, while the German soldiers and officers were brought into Danish garrisons, and lastly Danish was made the language of the Church and schools. When the male line of the Danish royal family became extinct at the death of Frederick VII (15 November, 1863), according to the regulations of the London protocol Christian of Glücksburg succeeded as Christian IX. Immediately after his accession Christian announced a constitution which included the unconditional incorporation of Schleswig into Denmark. The proclamation of this Constitution of November was followed in Germany by unprecendented excitement and manifestations of disapproval, and the demand was made for the complete separation of the duchies from Denmark. Holstein was occupied by the troops of the German Confederation; even Prussia and Austria now took the part of the duchies. These powers called upon Denmark to withdraw the Constitution of November, and when these demands were rejected they sent Prussian and Austrian troops under the command of the Prussian Field Marshal Wrangel into Schleswig in Feb., 1864. After the fortifications of Duppel, the Island of Alsen, and the entire peninsula of Jutland had been gained by the Germans the Danes saw themselves compelled to yield. In the Peace of Vienna (October, 1864) King Christian renounced all rights over Schleswig and Holstein in favour of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia, and recognized in advance whatever disposition the two monarchs should make of these provinces. The possession in common of the duchies only increased the strain of the relations existing between Prussia and Austria. Austria desired to form a new state of the German Confederation under the government of the Duke of Augustenburg, while Prussia, on the contrary, preferred to keep the region for itself and only permit the country to have a ruler of its own if all traffic, all customs, and the army of the new state were under the control of Prussia. The Prince of Augustenburg would not consent to such an arrangement. In the Treaty of Gastein of 14 Aug., 1865, the duchies were divided between the two powers. Austria took in charge the administration of Holstein, Prussia that of Schleswig. It was seen from the start that this solution of the question could not be of long duration. The tension between the two powers for pre-eminence in Germany led in the next year to a war between them. Austria was defeated, was obliged to withdraw from the German Confederation and to renounce all rights to Schleswig and Holstein in favour of Prussia. From 1867 the two duchies have formed the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein (see GERMANY, VICARIATE APOSTOLIC OF NORTHERN). FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Catholic Online is a Project of Your Catholic Voice Foundation, a Not-for-Profit Corporation. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Federal Tax Identification Number: 81-0596847. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law.	4,330	ENGLISH	1
Women enslavement in the United States was most rampant in the south during1780s. They were used by the Agricultural entrepreneurs in the south as farm workers. Most of these women were bought from slave traders who had brought them from Africa. When the first slaves arrived into America in 1619, they were hired by the landowners and were allowed to sign terms of agreement. Most of them then worked for a specified duration of time after which they were free to go. Infact, the landowners paid them wages for their services and therefore they could save some money for their future use. However, in 1640 a law was legislated by American government which gave slave owners exclusive authority to hire slaves and use them for lifetime without pay. According to this, women slaves were not granted indenture servitude and hence they were exploited for life. Especially, in Virginia and Maryland, whites owned many slaves and were using them in their firms. The state also instituted another law which allowed slave owners to brutally discipline the slaves (Horn & Schaffner, 2003, p.8). These laws rendered the slaves powerless and became victims of human torture by the affluent capitalist in the Southern United States of America. Origin of Capitalism in the United States of America Buy Gendered Bodies as Machines in Building Capitalism essay paper online Historians have recorded that the capitalism in the United States of America was introduced by many people-men and women- whose origin is unknown. Capitalism is a system that is broadly composed of economic and social structure which upholds the principle of private ownership (Mink & O'Connor, 2004, p.123). This system basically, allows private owners to produce goods that are sold for profit. Interestingly, the free market system of the United States made it easy for the capitalism to thrive. The United States government had limited restriction and regulations that govern private ownership. The capitalist system encouraged competition between companies and maximization of profits. As a result, firms were forced to search for efficient and cheap systems of operation eventually leading to the exploitation of other human beings as slaves. It is believed that by 1770 the capitalist economy was well established and was driven by slaves. Many people have suggested that capitalism in the United States was introduced by small scale traders who dealt with buying of shoes from local artisans and directly exchanging with imported tea. They believed that as the trade flourished, the traders decided to mobilize labor and started making their own hand-sewn leather shoes. Eventually, by 1800 the merchants had established their own manufacturing companies, and were producing a hundreds of thousands of leather shoes per year. They hired women and men who worked for them long hours and they held them as slaves. Established farmers in Pennsylvania rented their houses to interested people in exchange of labor services (Henretta, 1991, p.257). Most of those who rented houses and plots were landless men and women who spend most of their time weaving and cleaning of other people's gardens. It is noted that by the year 1780 the Established Agricultural entrepreneurs were exploiting most of these landless employees, and is estimated that nearly half of the Agricultural workers in Pennsylvania were landless. Mink and O'Connor (2004) asserted that the capitalist system was the cause of high poverty rates and inequality in the United States. In 1784, the adult and children slaves were used in Agricultural farms for a pay of approximately sixty-five pounds in the state of Virginia. Henretta (1991) asserts that hiring of casual laborers 'was not a new culture in the 1780s, however its extent was' (p.258). The transition from simple to more intensive capitalism was attributed to four key factors. First, there was high demand for Agricultural goods from the transatlantic market. Second, the increases in population due to high influx of immigrants resulted to adoption of wage labor. Third, the American landowners and traders started intensive agricultural farming and utilized effectively the abundant labour and the market. Lastly, the political power was willing to support the needs of the entrepreneurs. Women Slavery and its Aid to Capitalism Slavery was a system that selfishly exploited free human labour for the benefit of an individual person. Slaves in the United States of America and especially Southern America were used as labour force to run agricultural plantation firms owned by white settlers. Specifically, the agricultural firms produced crops such as rice, cotton, indigo, corn, sugarcane, tobacco and many more. Black slaves were considered as inferior and were not allowed to sign any agreement as compared to other slaves. Horn and Schaffner (2003) pointed out that the South valued slavery in their lifestyle and considered it as fundamental in economic prosperity (p.8). However, some states were a bit human to the slaves and offered them compensation for their work. Besides, they allowed them to save their earnings and use it later to free themselves and their family members. Slavery existed for a long period of time in the Southern United States; by mid-nineteenth century other regions of the United States had abandoned it but the South still practiced slavery at large. DenBeste et al. (2005) pointed out that 'in the South slave codes forbade slaves to own property' (p.192). In addition, slaves were not allowed to go out of the plantation farms without authorization from the firm owners. Worse still, they were prohibited from congregating at night and severe punishment was given to those who failed to observe these rules. Slaves working in the slave owners household were not treated harshly like their counterparts in the plantation firms; most of them, had good relationship with their masters. However, some women slaves were sexually assaulted by the male masters. Moreover, the female masters would sometimes release their anger to the female slaves for the problems that existed between herself and her husband. Some times these landowners women would either beat the slave women or increase the workload if they did a mistake. Things were a bit worse for the slaves who worked in the plantation firms; men and women were subjected to long hours in the field with heavy work under very difficult conditions (DenBeste et al., 2005). Some slaves were authorized to look after other slaves in the firm and were given benefits such as more food than other slaves. During the period of harvest, the slaves spend long hours in the field. Female slaves were given a role of cooking and taking care of the other slaves' children. It is believed that the owners of the plantation firms were powerful politically, economically and in social life (p.194). As stated earlier black women in the United States were forced into indentured servitude. By 1860 the white settlers who owned slaves were almost 400,000. These affluent white settlers mistreated the blacks and they insulted them. The blacks were not allowed to answer back any time they were insulted by white land owners. Surprisingly, even the poorest whites were accorded respect and were considered superior than the black slaves. More to this point, the affluent white settlers acquired big offices and extensive tracks of lands which they generously rented to poor and landless whites. In respect to this, they gained more power to influence other whites in the community (DenBeste et al., 2005). In this capitalist society women were supposed to respect men at all time. Their obligation was to take care of men and children and so, they were not allowed to go out. DenBeste et al. (2005) asserts that women in the South had only one right, 'right to protection'; this meant that they were supposed to be subordinate to men. The training centres in the south were only meant to teach women to be good mothers and wives. It was ideologically believed that Agriculture was women's role in the United States since time immemorial. Women were mandated to clear and burn the agricultural fields to prepare it for planting of seeds. They planted 'corns, beans and squash' using wooden hoes (Horn and Schaffner, 2003, p.12). In the flood plain of south western part of the United States women grew cotton; they constructed tunnels which they used to irrigate their firms. Intriguingly, most of the Native Americans men declined to take part in agricultural work and they considered it as against their culture. The slaves worked in the fields; however women were allowed to work as domestic servants in the merchants' homesteads and sometimes assisted on plantations farms. In 1619, more African slaves were imported to Virginia to support the existing workforce. According to Horn and Schaffner (2003) the population of the South States was approximately 22 percent Africans by 1770 (p.13). It is estimated that, two-thirds of the slaves in the south served in the tobacco plantation of Chesapeake Bay while the rest work in the rice and indigo plantation of Carolina and Georgia states (p.13). Most of the slaves who worked in the rice plantation suffered from the yellow fever and malaria illnesses. Generally, slaves were organized into groups and assigned a specific task to perform within a specified time and when they completed the work they could participate in leisure activities. With expansion of intensive agriculture in the south, more slaves were imported and by 1800 about a million were already serving in the southern plantations farms (Horn and Schaffner, 2003, p.13). The increase in the population of slaves in the south contributed significantly to the high profits made by the Agricultural farms owners in 1860s. Horn and Schaffner (2003) revealed that 'slaves could produce 3,000 pounds of cotton in a year while costing only about 50 Dollars to feed and clothe' (p.13). Hence slavery practices sustained capitalist economy. The most widely grown crops in the South United States were cotton, rice and sugar plantation. The lower southern part grew rice and sugar plantation while the upper south area grew cotton. Thus, most of the lower south slaves worked in the rice fields while the upper south slaves served in the cotton fields. According to this, most of the lower southern slaves suffered from yellow fever and malaria diseases. Since the conditions in the lower south was harsh, slaves were threatened that they could be sold to the lower south if they don't work hard. Therefore, women slaves worked zealously fearing of being sold to the lower south. Interestingly, about a quarter of the slave owners, owned more than 70 percent of the slaves in the south. Since they had excess slaves, they hired out some of these slaves to landowners who needed their services. The landowners persisted with their system of slavery even after the civil war. Horn and Schaffner (2003) notes that 'former slaves and poor whites often found themselves part of the sharecropping system' (p.13). Although the landowners rented their land to the freed African slaves, they imposed heavy fees to the tenants; they were obliged to pay the landlord nearly half of their years output for the rented house and land. Eventually, the landowners dominated the lives of these freed slaves again and controlled all what they do. According to Kulikoff (1992) the white household often disagreed with the slave families due to unjust treatment. He elaborated that most of the black women taken to Carolina were forcefully separated from their families, and therefore most of the time they were anxious of the welfare of their loved ones. The southern states were entirely of capitalist society which depended upon the cheap labour from slave. Some slaves, especially women, were highly affected by their isolation from their families and they refused to work. Intriguingly, the slave owners adopted a system of inheritance whereby they gave out slaves to their daughters and sons. They gave out male slaves to their sons to provide labour in their plantation firms while female slaves were given out to the daughters to serve as house helps. This contributed to the splitting of the slaves families. But, some scholars have suggested that slave families got more united since the slave owners lived in adjacent neighborhood where it was a walking distance (Kulikoff, 1992, p.228). Performance of Capitalist System Slavery in the United States increased significantly in the early 1790 and continued till 1808 when the slave trade was abolished. By this time approximately 235,000 African slaves had entered America (Matson, 2007, p.346). Studies have revealed that both female and male slaves contributed to the increase in output from cotton production in the Southern United States. Infact, Matson described that, more acres of land were cultivated for cotton growing in the south. The landowners got high yields that were enough for the local market and for export. In respect to this, Southern States was pronounced as the largest exporter of cotton in America. The cotton was exported to Europe through Transatlantic trade that existed between United States and the Europe countries. Slaves and specifically women played a crucial role in the growth and development of the capitalist economy in the south. Women worked tirelessly, in cotton plantation farms without any pay. While most of the profits accrued from selling these, cotton was invested in the Northern America banks. It was also noted that the capitalist used part of their income to construct railway lines and roads which were intended to serve the manufacturing industries that were springing up. Leiman (1993) asserted that slavery was the stronghold of cotton industry in the Southern United States. He believed that without the slaves' labour, cotton industries would not have emerged and prospered as it was. Most of these slaves working in the cotton industry were women; entrepreneurs preferred women than men. Hence slavery was viewed as of economic importance in the south. More to this point capitalist controlled largest number of slaves; studies have revealed that, they accumulated a lot of wealth from the sell of the products from their farms, and this is attributed to the cheap labour from the slaves. The entrepreneurs furthermore, developed more manufacturing industries from the profits acquired from the sale of agricultural products. Leiman explained that about 20,000 manufacturing companies had been established by the year 1860 with a capital of 96 million dollars (p.27). The companies employed about 110,000 workers including white workers. To reduce racial and gender discrimination an access to employment affirmative action was introduced in the United States of America. It was introduced to end the slavery, isolation and racial-based hiring of workers. It is noted that largest percentage of African American women spend more hours working than the white women (Horn & Schaffner, 2003, p.4). They are believed to work longer years in their lifetime than the white women and still earn less wage than their white counterparts. Their work is entirely, cooking, cleaning, driving taxis, teaching at local schools and working as bar maids but they are not respected. The Second World War brought new fortunes to the African American women; they were able to be absorbed into better paying jobs in well established industries such as electrical manufacturing factories, transportation and automobile industry. During the civil war in United States the slaves participated in the fight, however, they also engaged themselves in trade union war attempt to liberate black slaves (p.9). This movement by the women contributed greatly to the emancipation of women from the slavery in the Southern United States and America at large. In conclusion the slaves and especially female slaves contributed immensely to the prosperity of the capitalist economies in the Southern America. The development of capitalistic economies in the United States was facilitated by the 'free market' which had limited regulations on private ownerships. It is not well known who introduced the capitalist system in the United States, however, it is believed that the process evolved simultaneously from simple artisan sewing shoes to well established entrepreneurs employing several workers. The high demand for cotton, sugar and rice led to the development of intensive farming and plantation in the South. There was scarcity of labour in the south and the only available labour was very expensive. The landowners had to seek elsewhere for cheap labour that could sustain their need. The first slaves to arrive in the United States were in 1619 from Africa. Most of these slaves were sold to the landowners to work in the plantation. More to this point they worked in the Southern United States of such as Georgia, Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, Meryland, Louisiana, Alabama and Carolina. Both male and female slaves worked in the plantation firms although some women were overworked in the white household. Women working in the plantation were subjected to long hours in the field under extreme conditions. The lower south of the Southern United States was considered to be having harsh conditions as compared to other places of the United States and the women slaves working in those areas suffered from illnesses such as yellow fever and malaria. It is noted that by 1790s the production of cotton had increased and the south was able to supply enough cotton for industries and the surpluses to be exported. Most of the women and other slave workers were prohibited from going out and anyone failing to observe these rules was severely punished. Due to this Agricultural boom the landowners made a lot of profits and managed to oppress the slaves more. They rented land and houses to these landless men and women slaves and in return slaves paid them half of their total output from the land. Women worked in the whites household for long hours and many of them were sexually assaulted by the family husbands. All the African slaves were not accorded indenture servitude and were obligated to work for free in the slave owners firms. Since the women salves had not right over their life they were sold to other slave owners who needed their services. Finally, the enslavement of women by the capitalist economies in the Southern United States is a practice that all human beings should and must condemn and not allow to thrive in any society. Most popular orders	<urn:uuid:28db7882-b04f-468e-a224-1296b58932ad>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/economics/gendered-bodies-as-machines-in-building-capitalism.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00271.warc.gz	en	0.98497	3,563	3.75	4	[ -0.400310754776001, 0.054015081375837326, -0.004333219490945339, 0.04884157329797745, 0.08788229525089264, 0.0994597002863884, 0.013571970164775848, -0.312335729598999, 0.017287451773881912, 0.2699246108531952, 0.2977731227874756, 0.18916761875152588, -0.17426583170890808, -0.1287124156951...	1	Women enslavement in the United States was most rampant in the south during1780s. They were used by the Agricultural entrepreneurs in the south as farm workers. Most of these women were bought from slave traders who had brought them from Africa. When the first slaves arrived into America in 1619, they were hired by the landowners and were allowed to sign terms of agreement. Most of them then worked for a specified duration of time after which they were free to go. Infact, the landowners paid them wages for their services and therefore they could save some money for their future use. However, in 1640 a law was legislated by American government which gave slave owners exclusive authority to hire slaves and use them for lifetime without pay. According to this, women slaves were not granted indenture servitude and hence they were exploited for life. Especially, in Virginia and Maryland, whites owned many slaves and were using them in their firms. The state also instituted another law which allowed slave owners to brutally discipline the slaves (Horn & Schaffner, 2003, p.8). These laws rendered the slaves powerless and became victims of human torture by the affluent capitalist in the Southern United States of America. Origin of Capitalism in the United States of America Buy Gendered Bodies as Machines in Building Capitalism essay paper online Historians have recorded that the capitalism in the United States of America was introduced by many people-men and women- whose origin is unknown. Capitalism is a system that is broadly composed of economic and social structure which upholds the principle of private ownership (Mink & O'Connor, 2004, p.123). This system basically, allows private owners to produce goods that are sold for profit. Interestingly, the free market system of the United States made it easy for the capitalism to thrive. The United States government had limited restriction and regulations that govern private ownership. The capitalist system encouraged competition between companies and maximization of profits. As a result, firms were forced to search for efficient and cheap systems of operation eventually leading to the exploitation of other human beings as slaves. It is believed that by 1770 the capitalist economy was well established and was driven by slaves. Many people have suggested that capitalism in the United States was introduced by small scale traders who dealt with buying of shoes from local artisans and directly exchanging with imported tea. They believed that as the trade flourished, the traders decided to mobilize labor and started making their own hand-sewn leather shoes. Eventually, by 1800 the merchants had established their own manufacturing companies, and were producing a hundreds of thousands of leather shoes per year. They hired women and men who worked for them long hours and they held them as slaves. Established farmers in Pennsylvania rented their houses to interested people in exchange of labor services (Henretta, 1991, p.257). Most of those who rented houses and plots were landless men and women who spend most of their time weaving and cleaning of other people's gardens. It is noted that by the year 1780 the Established Agricultural entrepreneurs were exploiting most of these landless employees, and is estimated that nearly half of the Agricultural workers in Pennsylvania were landless. Mink and O'Connor (2004) asserted that the capitalist system was the cause of high poverty rates and inequality in the United States. In 1784, the adult and children slaves were used in Agricultural farms for a pay of approximately sixty-five pounds in the state of Virginia. Henretta (1991) asserts that hiring of casual laborers 'was not a new culture in the 1780s, however its extent was' (p.258). The transition from simple to more intensive capitalism was attributed to four key factors. First, there was high demand for Agricultural goods from the transatlantic market. Second, the increases in population due to high influx of immigrants resulted to adoption of wage labor. Third, the American landowners and traders started intensive agricultural farming and utilized effectively the abundant labour and the market. Lastly, the political power was willing to support the needs of the entrepreneurs. Women Slavery and its Aid to Capitalism Slavery was a system that selfishly exploited free human labour for the benefit of an individual person. Slaves in the United States of America and especially Southern America were used as labour force to run agricultural plantation firms owned by white settlers. Specifically, the agricultural firms produced crops such as rice, cotton, indigo, corn, sugarcane, tobacco and many more. Black slaves were considered as inferior and were not allowed to sign any agreement as compared to other slaves. Horn and Schaffner (2003) pointed out that the South valued slavery in their lifestyle and considered it as fundamental in economic prosperity (p.8). However, some states were a bit human to the slaves and offered them compensation for their work. Besides, they allowed them to save their earnings and use it later to free themselves and their family members. Slavery existed for a long period of time in the Southern United States; by mid-nineteenth century other regions of the United States had abandoned it but the South still practiced slavery at large. DenBeste et al. (2005) pointed out that 'in the South slave codes forbade slaves to own property' (p.192). In addition, slaves were not allowed to go out of the plantation farms without authorization from the firm owners. Worse still, they were prohibited from congregating at night and severe punishment was given to those who failed to observe these rules. Slaves working in the slave owners household were not treated harshly like their counterparts in the plantation firms; most of them, had good relationship with their masters. However, some women slaves were sexually assaulted by the male masters. Moreover, the female masters would sometimes release their anger to the female slaves for the problems that existed between herself and her husband. Some times these landowners women would either beat the slave women or increase the workload if they did a mistake. Things were a bit worse for the slaves who worked in the plantation firms; men and women were subjected to long hours in the field with heavy work under very difficult conditions (DenBeste et al., 2005). Some slaves were authorized to look after other slaves in the firm and were given benefits such as more food than other slaves. During the period of harvest, the slaves spend long hours in the field. Female slaves were given a role of cooking and taking care of the other slaves' children. It is believed that the owners of the plantation firms were powerful politically, economically and in social life (p.194). As stated earlier black women in the United States were forced into indentured servitude. By 1860 the white settlers who owned slaves were almost 400,000. These affluent white settlers mistreated the blacks and they insulted them. The blacks were not allowed to answer back any time they were insulted by white land owners. Surprisingly, even the poorest whites were accorded respect and were considered superior than the black slaves. More to this point, the affluent white settlers acquired big offices and extensive tracks of lands which they generously rented to poor and landless whites. In respect to this, they gained more power to influence other whites in the community (DenBeste et al., 2005). In this capitalist society women were supposed to respect men at all time. Their obligation was to take care of men and children and so, they were not allowed to go out. DenBeste et al. (2005) asserts that women in the South had only one right, 'right to protection'; this meant that they were supposed to be subordinate to men. The training centres in the south were only meant to teach women to be good mothers and wives. It was ideologically believed that Agriculture was women's role in the United States since time immemorial. Women were mandated to clear and burn the agricultural fields to prepare it for planting of seeds. They planted 'corns, beans and squash' using wooden hoes (Horn and Schaffner, 2003, p.12). In the flood plain of south western part of the United States women grew cotton; they constructed tunnels which they used to irrigate their firms. Intriguingly, most of the Native Americans men declined to take part in agricultural work and they considered it as against their culture. The slaves worked in the fields; however women were allowed to work as domestic servants in the merchants' homesteads and sometimes assisted on plantations farms. In 1619, more African slaves were imported to Virginia to support the existing workforce. According to Horn and Schaffner (2003) the population of the South States was approximately 22 percent Africans by 1770 (p.13). It is estimated that, two-thirds of the slaves in the south served in the tobacco plantation of Chesapeake Bay while the rest work in the rice and indigo plantation of Carolina and Georgia states (p.13). Most of the slaves who worked in the rice plantation suffered from the yellow fever and malaria illnesses. Generally, slaves were organized into groups and assigned a specific task to perform within a specified time and when they completed the work they could participate in leisure activities. With expansion of intensive agriculture in the south, more slaves were imported and by 1800 about a million were already serving in the southern plantations farms (Horn and Schaffner, 2003, p.13). The increase in the population of slaves in the south contributed significantly to the high profits made by the Agricultural farms owners in 1860s. Horn and Schaffner (2003) revealed that 'slaves could produce 3,000 pounds of cotton in a year while costing only about 50 Dollars to feed and clothe' (p.13). Hence slavery practices sustained capitalist economy. The most widely grown crops in the South United States were cotton, rice and sugar plantation. The lower southern part grew rice and sugar plantation while the upper south area grew cotton. Thus, most of the lower south slaves worked in the rice fields while the upper south slaves served in the cotton fields. According to this, most of the lower southern slaves suffered from yellow fever and malaria diseases. Since the conditions in the lower south was harsh, slaves were threatened that they could be sold to the lower south if they don't work hard. Therefore, women slaves worked zealously fearing of being sold to the lower south. Interestingly, about a quarter of the slave owners, owned more than 70 percent of the slaves in the south. Since they had excess slaves, they hired out some of these slaves to landowners who needed their services. The landowners persisted with their system of slavery even after the civil war. Horn and Schaffner (2003) notes that 'former slaves and poor whites often found themselves part of the sharecropping system' (p.13). Although the landowners rented their land to the freed African slaves, they imposed heavy fees to the tenants; they were obliged to pay the landlord nearly half of their years output for the rented house and land. Eventually, the landowners dominated the lives of these freed slaves again and controlled all what they do. According to Kulikoff (1992) the white household often disagreed with the slave families due to unjust treatment. He elaborated that most of the black women taken to Carolina were forcefully separated from their families, and therefore most of the time they were anxious of the welfare of their loved ones. The southern states were entirely of capitalist society which depended upon the cheap labour from slave. Some slaves, especially women, were highly affected by their isolation from their families and they refused to work. Intriguingly, the slave owners adopted a system of inheritance whereby they gave out slaves to their daughters and sons. They gave out male slaves to their sons to provide labour in their plantation firms while female slaves were given out to the daughters to serve as house helps. This contributed to the splitting of the slaves families. But, some scholars have suggested that slave families got more united since the slave owners lived in adjacent neighborhood where it was a walking distance (Kulikoff, 1992, p.228). Performance of Capitalist System Slavery in the United States increased significantly in the early 1790 and continued till 1808 when the slave trade was abolished. By this time approximately 235,000 African slaves had entered America (Matson, 2007, p.346). Studies have revealed that both female and male slaves contributed to the increase in output from cotton production in the Southern United States. Infact, Matson described that, more acres of land were cultivated for cotton growing in the south. The landowners got high yields that were enough for the local market and for export. In respect to this, Southern States was pronounced as the largest exporter of cotton in America. The cotton was exported to Europe through Transatlantic trade that existed between United States and the Europe countries. Slaves and specifically women played a crucial role in the growth and development of the capitalist economy in the south. Women worked tirelessly, in cotton plantation farms without any pay. While most of the profits accrued from selling these, cotton was invested in the Northern America banks. It was also noted that the capitalist used part of their income to construct railway lines and roads which were intended to serve the manufacturing industries that were springing up. Leiman (1993) asserted that slavery was the stronghold of cotton industry in the Southern United States. He believed that without the slaves' labour, cotton industries would not have emerged and prospered as it was. Most of these slaves working in the cotton industry were women; entrepreneurs preferred women than men. Hence slavery was viewed as of economic importance in the south. More to this point capitalist controlled largest number of slaves; studies have revealed that, they accumulated a lot of wealth from the sell of the products from their farms, and this is attributed to the cheap labour from the slaves. The entrepreneurs furthermore, developed more manufacturing industries from the profits acquired from the sale of agricultural products. Leiman explained that about 20,000 manufacturing companies had been established by the year 1860 with a capital of 96 million dollars (p.27). The companies employed about 110,000 workers including white workers. To reduce racial and gender discrimination an access to employment affirmative action was introduced in the United States of America. It was introduced to end the slavery, isolation and racial-based hiring of workers. It is noted that largest percentage of African American women spend more hours working than the white women (Horn & Schaffner, 2003, p.4). They are believed to work longer years in their lifetime than the white women and still earn less wage than their white counterparts. Their work is entirely, cooking, cleaning, driving taxis, teaching at local schools and working as bar maids but they are not respected. The Second World War brought new fortunes to the African American women; they were able to be absorbed into better paying jobs in well established industries such as electrical manufacturing factories, transportation and automobile industry. During the civil war in United States the slaves participated in the fight, however, they also engaged themselves in trade union war attempt to liberate black slaves (p.9). This movement by the women contributed greatly to the emancipation of women from the slavery in the Southern United States and America at large. In conclusion the slaves and especially female slaves contributed immensely to the prosperity of the capitalist economies in the Southern America. The development of capitalistic economies in the United States was facilitated by the 'free market' which had limited regulations on private ownerships. It is not well known who introduced the capitalist system in the United States, however, it is believed that the process evolved simultaneously from simple artisan sewing shoes to well established entrepreneurs employing several workers. The high demand for cotton, sugar and rice led to the development of intensive farming and plantation in the South. There was scarcity of labour in the south and the only available labour was very expensive. The landowners had to seek elsewhere for cheap labour that could sustain their need. The first slaves to arrive in the United States were in 1619 from Africa. Most of these slaves were sold to the landowners to work in the plantation. More to this point they worked in the Southern United States of such as Georgia, Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, Meryland, Louisiana, Alabama and Carolina. Both male and female slaves worked in the plantation firms although some women were overworked in the white household. Women working in the plantation were subjected to long hours in the field under extreme conditions. The lower south of the Southern United States was considered to be having harsh conditions as compared to other places of the United States and the women slaves working in those areas suffered from illnesses such as yellow fever and malaria. It is noted that by 1790s the production of cotton had increased and the south was able to supply enough cotton for industries and the surpluses to be exported. Most of the women and other slave workers were prohibited from going out and anyone failing to observe these rules was severely punished. Due to this Agricultural boom the landowners made a lot of profits and managed to oppress the slaves more. They rented land and houses to these landless men and women slaves and in return slaves paid them half of their total output from the land. Women worked in the whites household for long hours and many of them were sexually assaulted by the family husbands. All the African slaves were not accorded indenture servitude and were obligated to work for free in the slave owners firms. Since the women salves had not right over their life they were sold to other slave owners who needed their services. Finally, the enslavement of women by the capitalist economies in the Southern United States is a practice that all human beings should and must condemn and not allow to thrive in any society. Most popular orders	3,741	ENGLISH	1
Wheat and Flour Wheat and Flour Throughout the war, strenuous efforts were made to maintain adequate reserves of essential imported foodstuffs. Arrangements with regard to wheat, which had to be imported in substantial quantities to augment New Zealand production, furnish a good illustration of one of the more successful schemes. The satisfactory New Zealand supply position for wheat was attributable, in the early stages, to the precautions taken by the National Supply Committee prior to the outbreak of war. Arrangements had been made with the flour millers to carry additional stocks of wheat.1 New Zealand wheat production was boosted by a guaranteed price and it was possible to import substantial quantities of wheat from Australia at favourable prices. New Zealand's requirements of wheat were estimated, in 1939, at nearly ten million bushels a year, but were to rise to over thirteen million bushels a year by 1945. Extra demands for flour, as a result of some other foods being rationed, and the loss of supplies of alternative grains, such as rice, sago, and tapioca, contributed to the extra need for domestic use. Wheat requirements for poultry also more than doubled as imported feeds such as barley, maize, bran and pollard became unobtainable from Australia, and wheat had to be used in their place. Australia placed an export embargo on bran and pollard in November 1940. New Zealand production of wheat increased considerably during the war years but was at no time large enough to avoid the necessity for substantial imports. In most years, well over half of New Zealand's requirements were imported. Towards the end of the war, arrangements were made to obtain extra wheat from Canada under Mutual Aid. Some two and three-quarter million bushels were so landed and a further nearly two and a half million bushels were received after hostilities ceased, and paid for at the ruling rate. About one million bushels of this wheat went to the poultry industry. Chart 32 shows sources of New Zealand's wheat supply. 1 The Flour Extraction Control Notice, 1946. Gazetted 26 April (1946/60). New Zealand was well supplied with wheat during the war years. Some countries would have regarded her low extraction rate throughout the war, and her practice of feeding so much wheat to poultry, as evidence of over-supply to the extent of waste. There was, in fact, some criticism by the Combined Food Board and its successor, the International Emergency Food Council, which were responsible for the allocation of allied wheat supplies and had to approve shipments from Australia; however, New Zealand usually got the quota she asked.	<urn:uuid:8b1b4cfa-3eb7-498f-93b0-8774f5a506f9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Econ-c6-27.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00065.warc.gz	en	0.984038	540	3.671875	4	[ -0.21077628433704376, 0.3341124653816223, -0.2885866165161133, -0.21794649958610535, 0.29638969898223877, 0.4140746593475342, -0.18284137547016144, 0.15305519104003906, -0.5252817869186401, 0.25698304176330566, -0.16488370299339294, -0.6937679648399353, 0.33161354064941406, 0.5597994327545...	6	Wheat and Flour Wheat and Flour Throughout the war, strenuous efforts were made to maintain adequate reserves of essential imported foodstuffs. Arrangements with regard to wheat, which had to be imported in substantial quantities to augment New Zealand production, furnish a good illustration of one of the more successful schemes. The satisfactory New Zealand supply position for wheat was attributable, in the early stages, to the precautions taken by the National Supply Committee prior to the outbreak of war. Arrangements had been made with the flour millers to carry additional stocks of wheat.1 New Zealand wheat production was boosted by a guaranteed price and it was possible to import substantial quantities of wheat from Australia at favourable prices. New Zealand's requirements of wheat were estimated, in 1939, at nearly ten million bushels a year, but were to rise to over thirteen million bushels a year by 1945. Extra demands for flour, as a result of some other foods being rationed, and the loss of supplies of alternative grains, such as rice, sago, and tapioca, contributed to the extra need for domestic use. Wheat requirements for poultry also more than doubled as imported feeds such as barley, maize, bran and pollard became unobtainable from Australia, and wheat had to be used in their place. Australia placed an export embargo on bran and pollard in November 1940. New Zealand production of wheat increased considerably during the war years but was at no time large enough to avoid the necessity for substantial imports. In most years, well over half of New Zealand's requirements were imported. Towards the end of the war, arrangements were made to obtain extra wheat from Canada under Mutual Aid. Some two and three-quarter million bushels were so landed and a further nearly two and a half million bushels were received after hostilities ceased, and paid for at the ruling rate. About one million bushels of this wheat went to the poultry industry. Chart 32 shows sources of New Zealand's wheat supply. 1 The Flour Extraction Control Notice, 1946. Gazetted 26 April (1946/60). New Zealand was well supplied with wheat during the war years. Some countries would have regarded her low extraction rate throughout the war, and her practice of feeding so much wheat to poultry, as evidence of over-supply to the extent of waste. There was, in fact, some criticism by the Combined Food Board and its successor, the International Emergency Food Council, which were responsible for the allocation of allied wheat supplies and had to approve shipments from Australia; however, New Zealand usually got the quota she asked.	542	ENGLISH	1
Реферат на тему Transcendentalism Essay Research Paper Transcendentalism was an Transcendentalism Essay, Research Paper Transcendentalism was an important movement in literature that occurred during the years of 1836-1860. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were the best-known transcendentalists. Ralph Waldo Emerson gave the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, the credit for making ?Transcendentalism? a familiar term. Kant had said that there were certain experiences that could be acquired only through ?intuitions of the mind.? In Kant?s thoughts, transcendentalism was the knowledge or understanding a person gains intuitively. This, for the most part, sums up all of the transcendental writings that have been written to this day. Both Emerson and Thoreau were very similar in their thoughts on transcendentalism and personalities. Emerson was very strict on his-self and worked to make his writings spiritual. He made it clear that he wanted no followers. Emerson thought that if anyone were to copy his style of writing that the whole purpose would be defeated. He wanted his writings to inspire individuality. Thoreau was rigid and almost military-like. He cared little for group activities, and avoided organized orm movements. Emerson and Thoreau both wrote about how the world had an influence on their soul. They let the nature around them be their inspiration, and they wrote down the effects it had on them spiritually. Ralph Emerson wrote Nature, an essay about his surroundings, and the effect they had on him. Emerson said, ?Its effect is like that of a higher thought or a better emotion coming over me,?.? This quote came from Nature, which he wrote in 1836. Henry Thoreau wrote Walden, a book he wrote after keeping a journal about the nature around him while living at Walden Pond for seven years. Both of these works were prime examples of transcendentalism and its ideas and philosophies. After these works were published, writers started interpreting the idea in their own way. Today, we are still seeing the effects of Emerson and Thoreau in poems and other literature. The effect that nature has on us is, now, often a common thought among many of us. Transcendentalism is something we are well aware of because of Emerson and Thoreau, and their new ideas and theories. I am influenced most by transcendentalism when I sit underneath a clear starry sky on a warm summer evening. When you sit there, you can not help but let your mind wander. You start to realize how small you are compared to the rest of the world. The stars, which are, in reality, large and bright, are only a twinkle in the deep blue sky. While sitting there I take in the peacefulness of the night. You hear the crickets and other animals of the night and are forced to understand that humans are not alone in the world. We are accompanied everyday by so many other species, yet we do not pay attention to anyone but ourselves. I can also see a whole separate meaning and significance of nature, when I take in everything around me. It is not only our surroundings, but it is much greater. Nature has been here since the beginning of earth. The true aspects of nature have always been here. It shows what little amount of time we take up on Earth. We are nothing but a tiny dot on a never-ending time line of life.	<urn:uuid:30274486-2313-4f89-ab48-063e1200da72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://1001referat.ru/referat-transcendentalism-essay-research-paper-transcendentalism-was-an	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00281.warc.gz	en	0.981669	722	3.421875	3	[ -0.04073019325733185, 0.2997588515281677, -0.07246686518192291, 0.020470740273594856, -0.232227623462677, 0.41186749935150146, 0.18950819969177246, 0.2687685489654541, 0.07084493339061737, 0.07353684306144714, 0.29135459661483765, -0.10211643576622009, 0.16085019707679749, 0.15022751688957...	1	Реферат на тему Transcendentalism Essay Research Paper Transcendentalism was an Transcendentalism Essay, Research Paper Transcendentalism was an important movement in literature that occurred during the years of 1836-1860. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were the best-known transcendentalists. Ralph Waldo Emerson gave the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, the credit for making ?Transcendentalism? a familiar term. Kant had said that there were certain experiences that could be acquired only through ?intuitions of the mind.? In Kant?s thoughts, transcendentalism was the knowledge or understanding a person gains intuitively. This, for the most part, sums up all of the transcendental writings that have been written to this day. Both Emerson and Thoreau were very similar in their thoughts on transcendentalism and personalities. Emerson was very strict on his-self and worked to make his writings spiritual. He made it clear that he wanted no followers. Emerson thought that if anyone were to copy his style of writing that the whole purpose would be defeated. He wanted his writings to inspire individuality. Thoreau was rigid and almost military-like. He cared little for group activities, and avoided organized orm movements. Emerson and Thoreau both wrote about how the world had an influence on their soul. They let the nature around them be their inspiration, and they wrote down the effects it had on them spiritually. Ralph Emerson wrote Nature, an essay about his surroundings, and the effect they had on him. Emerson said, ?Its effect is like that of a higher thought or a better emotion coming over me,?.? This quote came from Nature, which he wrote in 1836. Henry Thoreau wrote Walden, a book he wrote after keeping a journal about the nature around him while living at Walden Pond for seven years. Both of these works were prime examples of transcendentalism and its ideas and philosophies. After these works were published, writers started interpreting the idea in their own way. Today, we are still seeing the effects of Emerson and Thoreau in poems and other literature. The effect that nature has on us is, now, often a common thought among many of us. Transcendentalism is something we are well aware of because of Emerson and Thoreau, and their new ideas and theories. I am influenced most by transcendentalism when I sit underneath a clear starry sky on a warm summer evening. When you sit there, you can not help but let your mind wander. You start to realize how small you are compared to the rest of the world. The stars, which are, in reality, large and bright, are only a twinkle in the deep blue sky. While sitting there I take in the peacefulness of the night. You hear the crickets and other animals of the night and are forced to understand that humans are not alone in the world. We are accompanied everyday by so many other species, yet we do not pay attention to anyone but ourselves. I can also see a whole separate meaning and significance of nature, when I take in everything around me. It is not only our surroundings, but it is much greater. Nature has been here since the beginning of earth. The true aspects of nature have always been here. It shows what little amount of time we take up on Earth. We are nothing but a tiny dot on a never-ending time line of life.	718	ENGLISH	1
More than two years after the Berlin Wall was constructed by East Germany to prevent its citizens from fleeing its communist regime, nearly 4,000 West Berliners are allowed to cross into East Berlin to visit relatives. Under an agreement reached between East and West Berlin, over 170,000 passes were eventually issued to West Berlin citizens, each pass allowing a one-day visit to communist East Berlin. The day was marked by moments of poignancy and propaganda. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 separated families and friends. Tears, laughter, and other outpourings of emotions characterized the reunions that took place as mothers and fathers, sons and daughters met again, if only for a short time. Cold War tensions were never far removed from the scene, however. Loudspeakers in East Berlin greeted visitors with the news that they were now in “the capital of the German Democratic Republic,” a political division that most West Germans refused to accept. Each visitor was also given a brochure that explained that the wall was built to “protect our borders against the hostile attacks of the imperialists.” Decadent western culture, including “Western movies” and “gangster stories,” were flooding into East Germany before the wall sealed off such dangerous trends. On the West Berlin side, many newspapers berated the visitors, charging that they were pawns of East German propaganda. Editorials argued that the communists would use this shameless ploy to gain West German acceptance of a permanent division of Germany. The visits, and the high-powered rhetoric that surrounded them, were stark reminders that the Cold War involved very human, often quite heated, emotions. READ MORE: Berlin Wall - History, Dates & The Fall	<urn:uuid:f8d16609-677c-4c6b-86bd-24d2976add8f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/berlin-wall-opened-for-first-time	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00327.warc.gz	en	0.981359	352	3.5625	4	[ -0.1454249918460846, 0.2992842495441437, 0.1523829847574234, 0.2611282765865326, 0.10780414193868637, 0.4202544689178467, -0.24675387144088745, -0.1544312685728073, -0.3253847360610962, -0.21748782694339752, 0.18612660467624664, -0.16912215948104858, 0.2893441319465637, -0.1122719421982765...	5	More than two years after the Berlin Wall was constructed by East Germany to prevent its citizens from fleeing its communist regime, nearly 4,000 West Berliners are allowed to cross into East Berlin to visit relatives. Under an agreement reached between East and West Berlin, over 170,000 passes were eventually issued to West Berlin citizens, each pass allowing a one-day visit to communist East Berlin. The day was marked by moments of poignancy and propaganda. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 separated families and friends. Tears, laughter, and other outpourings of emotions characterized the reunions that took place as mothers and fathers, sons and daughters met again, if only for a short time. Cold War tensions were never far removed from the scene, however. Loudspeakers in East Berlin greeted visitors with the news that they were now in “the capital of the German Democratic Republic,” a political division that most West Germans refused to accept. Each visitor was also given a brochure that explained that the wall was built to “protect our borders against the hostile attacks of the imperialists.” Decadent western culture, including “Western movies” and “gangster stories,” were flooding into East Germany before the wall sealed off such dangerous trends. On the West Berlin side, many newspapers berated the visitors, charging that they were pawns of East German propaganda. Editorials argued that the communists would use this shameless ploy to gain West German acceptance of a permanent division of Germany. The visits, and the high-powered rhetoric that surrounded them, were stark reminders that the Cold War involved very human, often quite heated, emotions. READ MORE: Berlin Wall - History, Dates & The Fall	350	ENGLISH	1
China has a bunch of Pyramids. There are approximately forty of them, and they were built thousands of years ago. Just as the Pyramids of Egypt are curiously aligned, the Chinese pyramids too feature an intricate alignment which experts were unable to fully understand. And while the Chinese Pyramids may not be as famous and spectacular as those in Egypt, they share similar characteristics with them. They are aligned with the cardinal points, but very little is known about them, and there is something that has always intrigued experts. While some of those pyramids show a perfect alignment to the North, some of the Chinese Pyramids have a small deviation, of almost 14 degrees. Some were built to align with the cardinal points, but others seem to have been built with an error. But were they? Is that deviation the result of a mistake made by its builders? Perhaps, but an Italian scientist believes he has an answer. Italian astronomer Giulio Magli has proposed a really interesting hypothesis. Maybe the builders of the Pyramids did not want to align the structures to the North, but rather to the North Star. According to Magli ‘s study which investigated more than 40 of such structures, some of the Chinese Pyramids were not oriented to the cardinal points but rather built to point in alignment with the North Star. Magli takes as reference the movement of our planet known as the precession of the equinoxes, the axis on which Earth rotates leans in one direction as it orbits the Sun, pointing towards two spots in the sky called the celestial poles. This takes about 25,700 years to complete. That means that if the North Pole and the Polar Star are aligned today, they were not in the same position 2,000 years ago. And all of that begins to make sense. In fact, according to scholars, the North Star was an important celestial object in Chinese tradition, as it was seen as the great emperor of the heavens. This is why some experts believe that the builders of some of the Chinese pyramids decided to stop aligning the structures to the cardinal points and align them with the mighty North Star. Using satellite images and field surveys, Magli discovered two ‘families’ of monuments in the northwestern region near Xian, along the Wei River. One family of monuments aligns to the cardinal points – north, south, east, and west. But the other family of monuments does not. It used to align with the North Star. The study was published in Archaeological Research in Asia.	<urn:uuid:9938a862-bb83-492b-a892-1f78bdd69b8a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://curiosmos.com/massive-chinese-pyramids-were-built-in-alignment-with-the-north-star/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00482.warc.gz	en	0.980467	523	3.546875	4	[ -0.34159258008003235, 0.22580865025520325, -0.03899938985705376, -0.18688438832759857, -0.2691681683063507, 0.1546173095703125, 0.059535231441259384, -0.22582116723060608, 0.0607236810028553, -0.04295553267002106, 0.297948956489563, -0.5551225543022156, -0.1515919417142868, -0.023101035505...	2	China has a bunch of Pyramids. There are approximately forty of them, and they were built thousands of years ago. Just as the Pyramids of Egypt are curiously aligned, the Chinese pyramids too feature an intricate alignment which experts were unable to fully understand. And while the Chinese Pyramids may not be as famous and spectacular as those in Egypt, they share similar characteristics with them. They are aligned with the cardinal points, but very little is known about them, and there is something that has always intrigued experts. While some of those pyramids show a perfect alignment to the North, some of the Chinese Pyramids have a small deviation, of almost 14 degrees. Some were built to align with the cardinal points, but others seem to have been built with an error. But were they? Is that deviation the result of a mistake made by its builders? Perhaps, but an Italian scientist believes he has an answer. Italian astronomer Giulio Magli has proposed a really interesting hypothesis. Maybe the builders of the Pyramids did not want to align the structures to the North, but rather to the North Star. According to Magli ‘s study which investigated more than 40 of such structures, some of the Chinese Pyramids were not oriented to the cardinal points but rather built to point in alignment with the North Star. Magli takes as reference the movement of our planet known as the precession of the equinoxes, the axis on which Earth rotates leans in one direction as it orbits the Sun, pointing towards two spots in the sky called the celestial poles. This takes about 25,700 years to complete. That means that if the North Pole and the Polar Star are aligned today, they were not in the same position 2,000 years ago. And all of that begins to make sense. In fact, according to scholars, the North Star was an important celestial object in Chinese tradition, as it was seen as the great emperor of the heavens. This is why some experts believe that the builders of some of the Chinese pyramids decided to stop aligning the structures to the cardinal points and align them with the mighty North Star. Using satellite images and field surveys, Magli discovered two ‘families’ of monuments in the northwestern region near Xian, along the Wei River. One family of monuments aligns to the cardinal points – north, south, east, and west. But the other family of monuments does not. It used to align with the North Star. The study was published in Archaeological Research in Asia.	518	ENGLISH	1
What Gandhi realized early on was that the people of the British Empire were basically civilized and wanted to think of themselves as good people. The British had put in place a system of laws that made Indians in their own homeland into second class citizens. These laws were designed to preserve Indian dependence on Britain. In effect, law was being used to legitimize British oppression of Indians, and as a lawyer, Gandhi could see this, clearly. He also understood that it was easy for the British people to put this oppression out of their minds as long as Indians avoided confrontations with the legal system. Gandhi's strategy was to look for the most absurd legal tools of British oppression that he could find and to use them to confront the British with their oppression by making a public spectacle of his defiance of the worst of these laws. Gandhi knew that the British were basically good people who were, on the whole, deceiving themselves about their role in India. He knew that if they really had to face up to what they were doing in India, they would loose their will to retain power there. When Gandhi marched to the sea and unlawfully picked up an handful of salt from the beach, he was publicly daring the British government to show the British people just how brutal they could be over something so silly as a law criminalizing the manufacture of salt by Indians in India. He was certain that the people in Britain, if they understood what was happening in India, would be forced by their conscience to give up power in India. When we look at Gandhi's strategy this way, it is obvious that the Indians should not respond with violence. Any attempt by Indians to respond violently to their oppressors could easily be distorted into an excuse for the British to exert more power. There were British government officials in power in India who would have willingly distorted the facts to justify the power that they held. Gandhi's strategy was to appeal to the people of Britain, and for that appeal to work, Gandhi could not give anyone room to argue that the Indians were the source of their own problems and were too uncivilized to rule themselves. While Gandhi was confident that the British people and would do the right thing if they understood the truth, he also knew they were already trying avoid that truth and could easily be swayed to continue to avoid it if the Indians could be portrayed as barbaric. All this is not to say that Gandhi only avoided violence for this pragmatic purpose. I believe nonviolence had an appeal of its own for Gandhi, as it must for all good people. I think there were already many important elements in Indian culture that prepared them to resist the impulse to respond to injustice with violence, once Gandhi urged them to resist that impulse. But I don't believe Gandhi would have ever endorsed the avoidance of violence at all costs under all circumstances. Gandhi's strategy showed uncommon brilliance and extraordinary insight into the character of his oppressors. If the British had not been the good people that Gandhi thought they were, his strategy could never had worked. To characterize his strategy simply as one of "nonviolence" misses the entire point of what he accomplished and creates a kind of caricature of the man and of his accomplishments. While all good people should look for nonviolent solutions to problems over violent solutions, this laudable goal should not tempt us to characterize a brilliant strategy that included nonviolence as a simple minded strategy that simply was nonviolence.	<urn:uuid:a14f5b14-dfad-4dee-a241-cb5a797cb3b4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://adriang.livejournal.com/849.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00395.warc.gz	en	0.992737	684	3.515625	4	[ -0.28934556245803833, 0.5572090148925781, 0.1604241579771042, -0.05973433330655098, -0.24847730994224548, -0.22860905528068542, 0.6287052631378174, -0.18734575808048248, 0.2297913283109665, 0.22182518243789673, -0.026463055983185768, -0.13941490650177002, -0.10476239025592804, 0.3050309717...	3	What Gandhi realized early on was that the people of the British Empire were basically civilized and wanted to think of themselves as good people. The British had put in place a system of laws that made Indians in their own homeland into second class citizens. These laws were designed to preserve Indian dependence on Britain. In effect, law was being used to legitimize British oppression of Indians, and as a lawyer, Gandhi could see this, clearly. He also understood that it was easy for the British people to put this oppression out of their minds as long as Indians avoided confrontations with the legal system. Gandhi's strategy was to look for the most absurd legal tools of British oppression that he could find and to use them to confront the British with their oppression by making a public spectacle of his defiance of the worst of these laws. Gandhi knew that the British were basically good people who were, on the whole, deceiving themselves about their role in India. He knew that if they really had to face up to what they were doing in India, they would loose their will to retain power there. When Gandhi marched to the sea and unlawfully picked up an handful of salt from the beach, he was publicly daring the British government to show the British people just how brutal they could be over something so silly as a law criminalizing the manufacture of salt by Indians in India. He was certain that the people in Britain, if they understood what was happening in India, would be forced by their conscience to give up power in India. When we look at Gandhi's strategy this way, it is obvious that the Indians should not respond with violence. Any attempt by Indians to respond violently to their oppressors could easily be distorted into an excuse for the British to exert more power. There were British government officials in power in India who would have willingly distorted the facts to justify the power that they held. Gandhi's strategy was to appeal to the people of Britain, and for that appeal to work, Gandhi could not give anyone room to argue that the Indians were the source of their own problems and were too uncivilized to rule themselves. While Gandhi was confident that the British people and would do the right thing if they understood the truth, he also knew they were already trying avoid that truth and could easily be swayed to continue to avoid it if the Indians could be portrayed as barbaric. All this is not to say that Gandhi only avoided violence for this pragmatic purpose. I believe nonviolence had an appeal of its own for Gandhi, as it must for all good people. I think there were already many important elements in Indian culture that prepared them to resist the impulse to respond to injustice with violence, once Gandhi urged them to resist that impulse. But I don't believe Gandhi would have ever endorsed the avoidance of violence at all costs under all circumstances. Gandhi's strategy showed uncommon brilliance and extraordinary insight into the character of his oppressors. If the British had not been the good people that Gandhi thought they were, his strategy could never had worked. To characterize his strategy simply as one of "nonviolence" misses the entire point of what he accomplished and creates a kind of caricature of the man and of his accomplishments. While all good people should look for nonviolent solutions to problems over violent solutions, this laudable goal should not tempt us to characterize a brilliant strategy that included nonviolence as a simple minded strategy that simply was nonviolence.	690	ENGLISH	1
When humankind first set foot on the moon, it was rightfully seen as the greatest technical feat in all of human history. Ever since that day, however, there have been whispers of a government coverup, with many people citing strange anomalies surrounding the Apollo moon missions as evidence that they were not real. Whether you believe or disbelieve, here are the most popular theories about why it may have been faked. 1. Shadows on the moon There were problems with some of the photographs supposedly taken during the Apollo moon missions. The most common of these are shadow anomalies on the moon where there’s supposed to be only one source of light, the sun. And yet in some instances, the shadows behave as though there are two light sources or more, like almost on a film set. Furthermore, in many photos, there’s a complete absence of stars in the background, which seems odd. While skeptics argue that these anomalies are tricks of light, others are clearly not. Several photos have been airbrushed or manipulated in other ways before they were released to the public. 2. The Cold War Because of how iconic the moon landings are, it’s easy to forget that the Soviet Union put the first satellite, and then the first human being, into space. This sent shockwaves throughout the Western world, as the Soviets had technology the United States and its allies had not yet developed. This is one of the reasons the moon landing was fast-tracked. If America wasn’t the first to put a person in space, they would be the first to put someone on the moon. This would be a huge propaganda win for the West and a blow to the Soviet regime, which believed itself superior. This space race is one of the reasons given for the moon landings being faked. The theory is that NASA was so eager to win that they faked the entire thing and kept that fact from the world so that they could at least appear to be the most technologically advanced. 3. The hazards of space Some who believe the moon landing was faked point to the hazards of space as a definitive proof for their theory. They argue that space is so dangerous to human life that it would have been impossible for crews of the Apollo spacecraft to have reached the moon and returned without losing their lives. A prime example of this is the Van Allen radiation belt, which is a zone of energetic charged particles mostly from the sun and other cosmic sources. While these particles have been captured by the Earth’s gravitational pull and provide protection for the atmosphere from cosmic rays, they also contain large amounts of radiation, enough, it has been suggested, to wipe out any human being attempting to pass through the belt. If this is true, believers argue that there’s no way of getting to and from the moon alive. 4. Richard Nixon Despite nearly 50 years of technological advancement, no one has stepped foot on the moon since the final lunar mission of 1972. Many have questioned why this is the case. Some have cited that it’s been too expensive and couldn’t be justified when the space race had essentially already been won by the United States. However, others point out that all of the manned moon missions took place under Richard Nixon’s presidency. Perhaps the most controversial president of all time, Nixon had to resign his presidency because of nefarious behaviors which culminated in an abuse of power. It’s not difficult, then, to believe that he could have been involved in orchestrating a series of faked moon missions in order to boost his own standing and that of the United States. 5. Insurance policy theory A more elaborate moon hoax theory is that the landings shown to the public were faked, but the real ones were attempted. The footage from the Apollo missions were therefore faked in a film studio in case the real missions failed. The American government could not afford for their crews to die live on television. That would have been disastrous, so the footage which was broadcast was an insurance policy against this. Depending on which moon hoax theory you encounter, this means that Neil Armstrong and his crew did go to the moon, but the footage broadcast was faked. Or, in a horrifying twist, astronauts were sent to the moon and died either on the surface or during the flight. The decision was then made to broadcast the footage that they had shot to conceal the truth from the general population. 6. Lunar wind As we’ve already covered, there are a number of photographic anomalies surrounding the lunar missions, but one of the most compelling, according to moon hoax theorists, is the film footage of the astronauts planting the American flag in the lunar soil. As they move the flag into position, the flag moves in a strange way. In fact, it appears to respond to a subtle change in air pressure or an unseen breeze. Of course, there is no breeze or air to speak of on the moon, so why then would the flag move in this way? Moon hoax believers cite this footage as definitive evidence. The fabric of the flag should have remained almost completely still as it was being moved. The only thing in their eyes which could account for this is micro weather in a large indoor film studio. 7. Photographic technology We’ve looked at the hazards of space and how they could have stopped anyone from even getting to the moon, never mind standing on it. But it wasn’t just the crews of the Apollo missions who would have had to negotiate the radiation of space. The technology would have had to survive too. It’s been suggested that the photographic equipment used to both film and take stills of the lunar surface could not have operated on the lunar surface. They would have been degraded by the harsh environment, rendering them useless. Also, the Apollo missions returned thousands of still photographs. Proponents of the fake moon landing theory argue that it would have been impossible for them to have taken so many photographs while carrying out the exploration and experiments that the official accounts suggest. 8. Lunar sand The topsoil or sand of the moon’s surface was described by astronauts as being very fine, and yet to moon hoax proponents, it behaved not as though it were on a distant stellar body, but as if it were on Earth itself. Despite the fine dust-like description of the lunar surface, the lunar lander made no impression on it. This, even though the lander was supposed to weigh a substantial amount. There also seems to have been no blast crater on landing. And yet the astronauts’ footprints can be clearly seen. It’s as if the lander was suspended from a crane, not depositing its full weight on the sand. The footprints themselves also cause problems, as the lunar surface should have little or no moisture, and yet the footprints were captured as though there was moisture present. 9. Fake souvenirs Pieces of moon rock and samples of moon dust were brought back to Earth by all of the Apollo missions. These were analyzed by scientists, and then some of them were given as presents to other countries around the world on behalf of the U.S. Now, this would be fine if it wasn’t for the fact that some of those pieces have definitively been shown to be from Earth. Specifically, a piece given to the Dutch prime minister in 1969 has been shown to be fake. More than this, hoax believers argue that even the pieces which are supposedly real bear an uncanny resemblance to Earth rocks collected by scientific expeditions to Antarctica. To many, this is a smoking gun, and a testament to advances in science which can test these samples now and truly determine their origin. Part of the official record of the first Apollo landing was that Buzz Aldrin experimented with different ways to move across the lunar landscape. Because of the reduced gravity, new forms of more efficient travel could be developed. This included hopping, jumping, and leaping actions, which would allow the astronauts to cover more ground effortlessly. There are several pieces of footage of astronauts on the surface moving in this way. When the footage is sped up, it looks as though astronauts are moving normally, as though they were on Earth. Moon hoax believers suggest that the strange movements on the surface were achieved simply by slowing down the footage as the astronauts moved across a faked moon set constructed by experts in Hollywood.	<urn:uuid:3745316a-0f8a-4b2c-806b-00c6973f2801>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.originofidea.com/10-logical-reasons-the-moon-landing-could-be-a-false/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00528.warc.gz	en	0.981298	1,697	3.453125	3	[ -0.35475170612335205, 0.1415594518184662, -0.0388040766119957, -0.1710425615310669, 0.16974879801273346, 0.1366756111383438, 0.11352106928825378, 0.07567580044269562, -0.09624190628528595, -0.08552390336990356, 0.42979201674461365, 0.21009711921215057, -0.2857583165168762, 0.47120609879493...	1	When humankind first set foot on the moon, it was rightfully seen as the greatest technical feat in all of human history. Ever since that day, however, there have been whispers of a government coverup, with many people citing strange anomalies surrounding the Apollo moon missions as evidence that they were not real. Whether you believe or disbelieve, here are the most popular theories about why it may have been faked. 1. Shadows on the moon There were problems with some of the photographs supposedly taken during the Apollo moon missions. The most common of these are shadow anomalies on the moon where there’s supposed to be only one source of light, the sun. And yet in some instances, the shadows behave as though there are two light sources or more, like almost on a film set. Furthermore, in many photos, there’s a complete absence of stars in the background, which seems odd. While skeptics argue that these anomalies are tricks of light, others are clearly not. Several photos have been airbrushed or manipulated in other ways before they were released to the public. 2. The Cold War Because of how iconic the moon landings are, it’s easy to forget that the Soviet Union put the first satellite, and then the first human being, into space. This sent shockwaves throughout the Western world, as the Soviets had technology the United States and its allies had not yet developed. This is one of the reasons the moon landing was fast-tracked. If America wasn’t the first to put a person in space, they would be the first to put someone on the moon. This would be a huge propaganda win for the West and a blow to the Soviet regime, which believed itself superior. This space race is one of the reasons given for the moon landings being faked. The theory is that NASA was so eager to win that they faked the entire thing and kept that fact from the world so that they could at least appear to be the most technologically advanced. 3. The hazards of space Some who believe the moon landing was faked point to the hazards of space as a definitive proof for their theory. They argue that space is so dangerous to human life that it would have been impossible for crews of the Apollo spacecraft to have reached the moon and returned without losing their lives. A prime example of this is the Van Allen radiation belt, which is a zone of energetic charged particles mostly from the sun and other cosmic sources. While these particles have been captured by the Earth’s gravitational pull and provide protection for the atmosphere from cosmic rays, they also contain large amounts of radiation, enough, it has been suggested, to wipe out any human being attempting to pass through the belt. If this is true, believers argue that there’s no way of getting to and from the moon alive. 4. Richard Nixon Despite nearly 50 years of technological advancement, no one has stepped foot on the moon since the final lunar mission of 1972. Many have questioned why this is the case. Some have cited that it’s been too expensive and couldn’t be justified when the space race had essentially already been won by the United States. However, others point out that all of the manned moon missions took place under Richard Nixon’s presidency. Perhaps the most controversial president of all time, Nixon had to resign his presidency because of nefarious behaviors which culminated in an abuse of power. It’s not difficult, then, to believe that he could have been involved in orchestrating a series of faked moon missions in order to boost his own standing and that of the United States. 5. Insurance policy theory A more elaborate moon hoax theory is that the landings shown to the public were faked, but the real ones were attempted. The footage from the Apollo missions were therefore faked in a film studio in case the real missions failed. The American government could not afford for their crews to die live on television. That would have been disastrous, so the footage which was broadcast was an insurance policy against this. Depending on which moon hoax theory you encounter, this means that Neil Armstrong and his crew did go to the moon, but the footage broadcast was faked. Or, in a horrifying twist, astronauts were sent to the moon and died either on the surface or during the flight. The decision was then made to broadcast the footage that they had shot to conceal the truth from the general population. 6. Lunar wind As we’ve already covered, there are a number of photographic anomalies surrounding the lunar missions, but one of the most compelling, according to moon hoax theorists, is the film footage of the astronauts planting the American flag in the lunar soil. As they move the flag into position, the flag moves in a strange way. In fact, it appears to respond to a subtle change in air pressure or an unseen breeze. Of course, there is no breeze or air to speak of on the moon, so why then would the flag move in this way? Moon hoax believers cite this footage as definitive evidence. The fabric of the flag should have remained almost completely still as it was being moved. The only thing in their eyes which could account for this is micro weather in a large indoor film studio. 7. Photographic technology We’ve looked at the hazards of space and how they could have stopped anyone from even getting to the moon, never mind standing on it. But it wasn’t just the crews of the Apollo missions who would have had to negotiate the radiation of space. The technology would have had to survive too. It’s been suggested that the photographic equipment used to both film and take stills of the lunar surface could not have operated on the lunar surface. They would have been degraded by the harsh environment, rendering them useless. Also, the Apollo missions returned thousands of still photographs. Proponents of the fake moon landing theory argue that it would have been impossible for them to have taken so many photographs while carrying out the exploration and experiments that the official accounts suggest. 8. Lunar sand The topsoil or sand of the moon’s surface was described by astronauts as being very fine, and yet to moon hoax proponents, it behaved not as though it were on a distant stellar body, but as if it were on Earth itself. Despite the fine dust-like description of the lunar surface, the lunar lander made no impression on it. This, even though the lander was supposed to weigh a substantial amount. There also seems to have been no blast crater on landing. And yet the astronauts’ footprints can be clearly seen. It’s as if the lander was suspended from a crane, not depositing its full weight on the sand. The footprints themselves also cause problems, as the lunar surface should have little or no moisture, and yet the footprints were captured as though there was moisture present. 9. Fake souvenirs Pieces of moon rock and samples of moon dust were brought back to Earth by all of the Apollo missions. These were analyzed by scientists, and then some of them were given as presents to other countries around the world on behalf of the U.S. Now, this would be fine if it wasn’t for the fact that some of those pieces have definitively been shown to be from Earth. Specifically, a piece given to the Dutch prime minister in 1969 has been shown to be fake. More than this, hoax believers argue that even the pieces which are supposedly real bear an uncanny resemblance to Earth rocks collected by scientific expeditions to Antarctica. To many, this is a smoking gun, and a testament to advances in science which can test these samples now and truly determine their origin. Part of the official record of the first Apollo landing was that Buzz Aldrin experimented with different ways to move across the lunar landscape. Because of the reduced gravity, new forms of more efficient travel could be developed. This included hopping, jumping, and leaping actions, which would allow the astronauts to cover more ground effortlessly. There are several pieces of footage of astronauts on the surface moving in this way. When the footage is sped up, it looks as though astronauts are moving normally, as though they were on Earth. Moon hoax believers suggest that the strange movements on the surface were achieved simply by slowing down the footage as the astronauts moved across a faked moon set constructed by experts in Hollywood.	1,680	ENGLISH	1
Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, on March 14, 1879. He had a speech problem and often paused to think about what to say next. Einstein wrote about two events he thought were important in his childhood. He remembered how he marveled at the invisible forces that turned the needle of a compass when he was five and a geometry book that he found when he was twelve. He read the book over and over. He enjoyed classical music and played the violin. Brilliant Mind; Poor Student Einstein renounced his German citizenship to avoid military service and enrolled at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich, Switzerland. Because he liked to study on his own, he cut classes, which made some of his professors angry. Heinrich Weber wrote a letter of “recommendation” that led to Einstein being turned down for every teaching job he applied for after graduation. In 1902, the father of a friend recommended him for a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern, Switzerland. Theory of Relativity In 1905, Einstein obtained his doctorate degree and published four papers describing his research, including the Special Theory of Relativity. This theory has his famous equation e = mc2, which means that when matter is converted to energy, the amount of energy is equal to the mass of an object times the square of the speed of light in a vacuum. It also means that the speed of light is fixed and independent of the observer’s motion. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Against the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Einstein moved to Princeton, New Jersey, in 1933 to become a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1939, World War II broke out. Einstein was afraid that Germany was working on atomic bombs and wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to explain his position. Although Einstein never actually worked on an American atomic bomb, his theories helped to make its construction possible. After the war, Einstein worked with others who wanted to see nuclear weapons abolished. From 1901 to 1954, Albert Einstein published more than 300 scientific works. In later years, he worked on a new theory, the Unified Field Theory. Scientists recently discovered a new particle using the Large Hadron Collider, which may help prove his theory. Here are two Einstein quotes: “If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music… I do know that I get most joy in life out of my violin.” “I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.”	<urn:uuid:ab1b2b00-8e97-4b50-960b-e6321b58a397>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mrnussbaum.com/albert-einstein-biography-math-pioneers-series	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00106.warc.gz	en	0.985501	579	3.5	4	[ -0.27614304423332214, 0.18161040544509888, -0.13881951570510864, 0.05621333047747612, -0.2932756841182709, -0.03289766609668732, 0.24266324937343597, 0.19417822360992432, -0.027497820556163788, -0.3274022936820984, 0.6282557845115662, -0.323122501373291, -0.02580275945365429, 0.26549562811...	1	Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, on March 14, 1879. He had a speech problem and often paused to think about what to say next. Einstein wrote about two events he thought were important in his childhood. He remembered how he marveled at the invisible forces that turned the needle of a compass when he was five and a geometry book that he found when he was twelve. He read the book over and over. He enjoyed classical music and played the violin. Brilliant Mind; Poor Student Einstein renounced his German citizenship to avoid military service and enrolled at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich, Switzerland. Because he liked to study on his own, he cut classes, which made some of his professors angry. Heinrich Weber wrote a letter of “recommendation” that led to Einstein being turned down for every teaching job he applied for after graduation. In 1902, the father of a friend recommended him for a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern, Switzerland. Theory of Relativity In 1905, Einstein obtained his doctorate degree and published four papers describing his research, including the Special Theory of Relativity. This theory has his famous equation e = mc2, which means that when matter is converted to energy, the amount of energy is equal to the mass of an object times the square of the speed of light in a vacuum. It also means that the speed of light is fixed and independent of the observer’s motion. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Against the Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Einstein moved to Princeton, New Jersey, in 1933 to become a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1939, World War II broke out. Einstein was afraid that Germany was working on atomic bombs and wrote to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to explain his position. Although Einstein never actually worked on an American atomic bomb, his theories helped to make its construction possible. After the war, Einstein worked with others who wanted to see nuclear weapons abolished. From 1901 to 1954, Albert Einstein published more than 300 scientific works. In later years, he worked on a new theory, the Unified Field Theory. Scientists recently discovered a new particle using the Large Hadron Collider, which may help prove his theory. Here are two Einstein quotes: “If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music… I do know that I get most joy in life out of my violin.” “I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.”	596	ENGLISH	1
Herodotus’ Histories were to some extent undoubtedly determined by the intellectual climate of the times. This essay will explore ways in which aspects such as literacy, myth and causation of the intellectual climate have influenced Herodotus in his writings. Herodotus was born in Halicarnassus which is modern Bodrum in what is now Turkey. This city was a melting pot of Greeks and non Greeks which almost certainly contributed to Herodotus’ open minded interest in cultures. He lived for a number of years in Athens whose history and affairs he described with admiration. As he makes no effort to limit his reporting to objectively factual material, any reader should use caution when relying on him as a source for events. But because of his broad appreciation for how culture, legend, personality and accident can shape history, his work offers insights into ancient history that can be found nowhere else. As stated by Carr ‘The society in which history is written shapes the history written’1 and to some extent this can be seen to apply to Herodotus. The intellectual climate of Athens has undoubtedly played a role in Herodotus’ ‘histories’. At this time Athens was the centre of intellectual life and could boast an almost unique galaxy of talent. It was clear that Herodotus was impressed by Athens and this was demonstrated by his pro Athenian bias in his narrative. ‘Herodotus was said to have recited a part of the ‘Histories’ at Athens and to have received a reward for it. To add greater precision, the absurdly high sum of ten talents was later fixed on the amount of the reward, the consequence of Athenian delight at being favourably depicted in the ‘Histories’. This shows how he was influenced by the intellectual climate because he was eager to show Athens in a positive light and this was clearly because of him having lived there for a period of his life. The form in which he communicated his research was the recital or public performance. The narrative structure is deliberately articulated and artistically constructed specifically for oral presentation. ‘The use of prospective sentences draw attention to the process of narration and draw the audience onward into the story’2, his narrative is obviously written with the purpose of entertaining an audience and oral presentation in mind. ‘The earlier books can be seen as independent almost detachable performance pieces’3 and this was simply because they were originally for oral tradition and they were written down at a later stage. The presentation of the narrative in this way is clearly due to the intellectual climate of the times as. ‘Herodotus lived in a largely oral society where the level of functional literacy cannot have been high’4, and so most would know of his work from oral presentations or performances. His work was therefore presented in the most appropriate way which suited the intellectual climate of the times. Much of his work shows a strong influence of Homer who provided Herodotus with a useful model for his composition. ‘He was Homeric in terms of explanation as to why events occur and often reduced motives to one simple reason’5. Homer provided him with the structure he needed for his dramatic interpretation of history, using the Iliad and Odyssey as a guide. The Iliad was mainly concerned with the Trojan wars, and Homer was renound for blaming Gods for acts of war. It was here also that Herodotus used Homer as an influence. ‘Herodotus’, work was more than just influenced by Homer; it was a conscious attempt to present the history of the Persian wars as the history of a new Trojan war’6. This shows how the intellectual climate of the times determine approaches to the past as there is substantial evidence to show that in a literary sense Herodotus had been strongly influenced by Homer and his works. As Langinus stated ‘Herodotus was the most Homeric of all writers of the antiquity’7, which demonstrates Homers importance in the ‘Histories’. In terms of mythological elements Herodotus also demonstrates influences from the intellectual climate. His stories are often described as folklore partly due to his interest in the unusual which mostly came from his fascination of extraordinary objects such as the Egyptian pyramids or Labyrinth. Due to his interest in the unusual his was sometimes regarded as the ‘Father of Lies; as opposed to the ‘Father of History’ as his reputation became tarnished because of his elaborate often mythological ideas. However his influence from the intellectual climate has to be acknowledged. In Greece the Gods formed the basis for meta-physics and they firmly believed that much happened through the Gods. ‘The Greeks of the fifth century B.C believed in the actual existence of their Gods’8. This idea substantially affected Herodotus as in the ‘Histories’ the Gods chose to retaliate to specific crimes of individuals or groups of divine individuals which was also a reoccurring theme in the Iliad and Odyssey. He frequently mentions the Gods and his acknowledgement of them suggests he believes in them. ‘The Massagetae worship only the sun’9, as this quote from his ‘Histories’ emphasises he frequently mentions the Gods which indicates his belief in them which would subsequently mean that he was being influenced by the climate of the times because the Greeks also shared this belief. It also has to be acknowledged that his interest in the unusual was part of a ‘long tradition of Ionian story telling which helped to bring his works to a level of inspired brilliance’10. This shows how the intellectual climate had had an effect on Herodotus’ work as the Greek view of myth as well as traditional story telling impacted him and again this is clearly demonstrated in his works. Herodotus was the first Greek to attempt in prose to order the mass of Greek traditions and to investigate the customs and people of the Mediterranean using his own inquiry and rational analysis. It could also be argued that Herodotus wrote his ‘Histories’ in prose because that was what the form that the philosophers of the time wrote in. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle wrote predominantly in prose and discussion. It could be seen that Herodotus wanted to be taken more seriously and so decided to write like the philosophers as he knew how highly regarded they were. ‘Herodotus doesn’t write in poetry because people do not mind whether poetry is true or false’11. He wants to be taken seriously as his aim ‘why the Greeks… and Barbarians fought with each other’12 must not be forgotten. He is determined to pass his history down to generations so that people can understand his times. As a result of this he does want to be acknowledged as truthful and wants people to take his history as being serious, therefore knowing that the philosophers are predominant people of the time he decides to take their influence and write in prose as they would. This again shows the impact of the climate of the times as Herodotus is attempting to relate his works to the public in this way as it is the best way at the time for them to be taken seriously. In terms of causation Herodotus again shows Homeric attributes which highlights how he was influenced by the climate of the times as Homer was a key role model for him. He views causation similar to Homer; an example of this would be the tale of Croesus. Herodotus commences by informing the reader of the tale of Gyges rise to the throne of Candules. The effect of this usurpation of the Lydian dynasty was that a curse was brought upon the family, which would take effect on the fifth generation of Gyges, namely Croesus. Herodotus uses Homers attributes in so much as his terms of explanation as to why events occur, the structure of the ‘Histories’ is based around a concept of cause and effect. The theme of retribution and vengeance- that those who commit evil deeds will pay for them now or in the future is also deeply woven into Herodotus’ view of human action and historical causation. Like Homer, Herodotus often reduces motives to one simple reason and although this is effective it also causes Herodotus to be criticised. By being similar to Homer in terms of causation it shows how approaches to the past are determined by the intellectual climate of the times as Herodotus was clearly knowledgeable about authors who came before him as he shows substantial use of some of their methods and concepts which show their influence. However to a certain extent it can be argued that Herodotus’ work was not determined by the climate of the times. One suggestion of this would be that although he freely mentions and discusses Gods he does not actually print that he believes in them. ‘It may be objected that we have no right to assert that Herodotus accepted the existence of Gods because he did not expressly deny it. A modern anthropologist never thinks of denying the existence of the Gods worshipped by the primitive peoples whose culture he is studying: but we do not for that reason conclude that he believes in their existence’13 If this were true then it would mean that Herodotus’ works were not determined by the intellectual climate of the times. The Greeks had a strong belief in their Gods and if Herodotus did not express his belief then it would imply that he was not a believer which would go against the society of the times. Although it has to be noted that more can be said about the influences of the intellectual climate of the times such as in terms of religion and perhaps philosophy it can still be attained that the society in which Herodotus lived proved to be a clear influence on him and his works. Any counter arguments against this are weak and as shown earlier can be discredited in support of the intellectual climate. Herodotus clearly liked Athens and was careful not to offend in his works. His aim was to show the history of his time in his way so he was careful to avoid too strong opinions so as more people would read his work. Although he has faced criticism, for example in the ”On the malice of Herodotus’, Plutarch accuses him of slander, spite partially for the Barbarians and general maliciousness’14 it is a known fact that ‘although criticised he was never replaced’15and so being influenced by society was clearly not negative as it simply made his work more popular which was what he ultimately wanted.	<urn:uuid:49be8f4e-7ec7-4d82-bcac-ed7c9f2b2d60>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://thecaledonestates.com/approaches-past-largely-determined-intellectual-climate-times/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00011.warc.gz	en	0.989353	2,167	3.34375	3	[ 0.25431889295578003, 0.3087543249130249, 0.43937137722969055, 0.19347664713859558, -0.29814374446868896, -0.0976436585187912, 0.3619912266731262, 0.5105190277099609, -0.2791116237640381, -0.04724927619099617, -0.2692513167858124, -0.42805588245391846, 0.04583297297358513, 0.612935006618499...	2	Herodotus’ Histories were to some extent undoubtedly determined by the intellectual climate of the times. This essay will explore ways in which aspects such as literacy, myth and causation of the intellectual climate have influenced Herodotus in his writings. Herodotus was born in Halicarnassus which is modern Bodrum in what is now Turkey. This city was a melting pot of Greeks and non Greeks which almost certainly contributed to Herodotus’ open minded interest in cultures. He lived for a number of years in Athens whose history and affairs he described with admiration. As he makes no effort to limit his reporting to objectively factual material, any reader should use caution when relying on him as a source for events. But because of his broad appreciation for how culture, legend, personality and accident can shape history, his work offers insights into ancient history that can be found nowhere else. As stated by Carr ‘The society in which history is written shapes the history written’1 and to some extent this can be seen to apply to Herodotus. The intellectual climate of Athens has undoubtedly played a role in Herodotus’ ‘histories’. At this time Athens was the centre of intellectual life and could boast an almost unique galaxy of talent. It was clear that Herodotus was impressed by Athens and this was demonstrated by his pro Athenian bias in his narrative. ‘Herodotus was said to have recited a part of the ‘Histories’ at Athens and to have received a reward for it. To add greater precision, the absurdly high sum of ten talents was later fixed on the amount of the reward, the consequence of Athenian delight at being favourably depicted in the ‘Histories’. This shows how he was influenced by the intellectual climate because he was eager to show Athens in a positive light and this was clearly because of him having lived there for a period of his life. The form in which he communicated his research was the recital or public performance. The narrative structure is deliberately articulated and artistically constructed specifically for oral presentation. ‘The use of prospective sentences draw attention to the process of narration and draw the audience onward into the story’2, his narrative is obviously written with the purpose of entertaining an audience and oral presentation in mind. ‘The earlier books can be seen as independent almost detachable performance pieces’3 and this was simply because they were originally for oral tradition and they were written down at a later stage. The presentation of the narrative in this way is clearly due to the intellectual climate of the times as. ‘Herodotus lived in a largely oral society where the level of functional literacy cannot have been high’4, and so most would know of his work from oral presentations or performances. His work was therefore presented in the most appropriate way which suited the intellectual climate of the times. Much of his work shows a strong influence of Homer who provided Herodotus with a useful model for his composition. ‘He was Homeric in terms of explanation as to why events occur and often reduced motives to one simple reason’5. Homer provided him with the structure he needed for his dramatic interpretation of history, using the Iliad and Odyssey as a guide. The Iliad was mainly concerned with the Trojan wars, and Homer was renound for blaming Gods for acts of war. It was here also that Herodotus used Homer as an influence. ‘Herodotus’, work was more than just influenced by Homer; it was a conscious attempt to present the history of the Persian wars as the history of a new Trojan war’6. This shows how the intellectual climate of the times determine approaches to the past as there is substantial evidence to show that in a literary sense Herodotus had been strongly influenced by Homer and his works. As Langinus stated ‘Herodotus was the most Homeric of all writers of the antiquity’7, which demonstrates Homers importance in the ‘Histories’. In terms of mythological elements Herodotus also demonstrates influences from the intellectual climate. His stories are often described as folklore partly due to his interest in the unusual which mostly came from his fascination of extraordinary objects such as the Egyptian pyramids or Labyrinth. Due to his interest in the unusual his was sometimes regarded as the ‘Father of Lies; as opposed to the ‘Father of History’ as his reputation became tarnished because of his elaborate often mythological ideas. However his influence from the intellectual climate has to be acknowledged. In Greece the Gods formed the basis for meta-physics and they firmly believed that much happened through the Gods. ‘The Greeks of the fifth century B.C believed in the actual existence of their Gods’8. This idea substantially affected Herodotus as in the ‘Histories’ the Gods chose to retaliate to specific crimes of individuals or groups of divine individuals which was also a reoccurring theme in the Iliad and Odyssey. He frequently mentions the Gods and his acknowledgement of them suggests he believes in them. ‘The Massagetae worship only the sun’9, as this quote from his ‘Histories’ emphasises he frequently mentions the Gods which indicates his belief in them which would subsequently mean that he was being influenced by the climate of the times because the Greeks also shared this belief. It also has to be acknowledged that his interest in the unusual was part of a ‘long tradition of Ionian story telling which helped to bring his works to a level of inspired brilliance’10. This shows how the intellectual climate had had an effect on Herodotus’ work as the Greek view of myth as well as traditional story telling impacted him and again this is clearly demonstrated in his works. Herodotus was the first Greek to attempt in prose to order the mass of Greek traditions and to investigate the customs and people of the Mediterranean using his own inquiry and rational analysis. It could also be argued that Herodotus wrote his ‘Histories’ in prose because that was what the form that the philosophers of the time wrote in. Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle wrote predominantly in prose and discussion. It could be seen that Herodotus wanted to be taken more seriously and so decided to write like the philosophers as he knew how highly regarded they were. ‘Herodotus doesn’t write in poetry because people do not mind whether poetry is true or false’11. He wants to be taken seriously as his aim ‘why the Greeks… and Barbarians fought with each other’12 must not be forgotten. He is determined to pass his history down to generations so that people can understand his times. As a result of this he does want to be acknowledged as truthful and wants people to take his history as being serious, therefore knowing that the philosophers are predominant people of the time he decides to take their influence and write in prose as they would. This again shows the impact of the climate of the times as Herodotus is attempting to relate his works to the public in this way as it is the best way at the time for them to be taken seriously. In terms of causation Herodotus again shows Homeric attributes which highlights how he was influenced by the climate of the times as Homer was a key role model for him. He views causation similar to Homer; an example of this would be the tale of Croesus. Herodotus commences by informing the reader of the tale of Gyges rise to the throne of Candules. The effect of this usurpation of the Lydian dynasty was that a curse was brought upon the family, which would take effect on the fifth generation of Gyges, namely Croesus. Herodotus uses Homers attributes in so much as his terms of explanation as to why events occur, the structure of the ‘Histories’ is based around a concept of cause and effect. The theme of retribution and vengeance- that those who commit evil deeds will pay for them now or in the future is also deeply woven into Herodotus’ view of human action and historical causation. Like Homer, Herodotus often reduces motives to one simple reason and although this is effective it also causes Herodotus to be criticised. By being similar to Homer in terms of causation it shows how approaches to the past are determined by the intellectual climate of the times as Herodotus was clearly knowledgeable about authors who came before him as he shows substantial use of some of their methods and concepts which show their influence. However to a certain extent it can be argued that Herodotus’ work was not determined by the climate of the times. One suggestion of this would be that although he freely mentions and discusses Gods he does not actually print that he believes in them. ‘It may be objected that we have no right to assert that Herodotus accepted the existence of Gods because he did not expressly deny it. A modern anthropologist never thinks of denying the existence of the Gods worshipped by the primitive peoples whose culture he is studying: but we do not for that reason conclude that he believes in their existence’13 If this were true then it would mean that Herodotus’ works were not determined by the intellectual climate of the times. The Greeks had a strong belief in their Gods and if Herodotus did not express his belief then it would imply that he was not a believer which would go against the society of the times. Although it has to be noted that more can be said about the influences of the intellectual climate of the times such as in terms of religion and perhaps philosophy it can still be attained that the society in which Herodotus lived proved to be a clear influence on him and his works. Any counter arguments against this are weak and as shown earlier can be discredited in support of the intellectual climate. Herodotus clearly liked Athens and was careful not to offend in his works. His aim was to show the history of his time in his way so he was careful to avoid too strong opinions so as more people would read his work. Although he has faced criticism, for example in the ”On the malice of Herodotus’, Plutarch accuses him of slander, spite partially for the Barbarians and general maliciousness’14 it is a known fact that ‘although criticised he was never replaced’15and so being influenced by society was clearly not negative as it simply made his work more popular which was what he ultimately wanted.	2,128	ENGLISH	1
The Black Seminoles were a group of people that history, for the most part, forgot about. Their alliance with the native Seminole tribes resulted in a unique relationship that had never been seen before, and that changed the course of history for both the Seminoles and the State of Florida as a whole. The Black Seminoles, sometimes called Maroons, were a group of freed men and runaway slaves living in Florida during the mid-16th century. They settled the first free black town in American history, attained their freedom by joining the Spanish and converting to Catholicism, and formed a tight cultural bond with the Seminole tribes. The participation of the Seminole tribes turned out to be the key to the largest slave rebellion in the United States, although their efforts - and those of the runaway slaves who fought beside them - were largely swept under the rug. The Black Seminoles were a fierce, proud, and extremely unique group, and still exist today scattered throughout the Southern US, the Caribbean, and Mexico. Read on to see how they formed their alliance with the Seminoles and fought hard for their freedom. Spanish settlers in Florida were in the middle of a huge conflict with their British neighbors in the late 1600s, namely the residents of Carolina (which consisted of modern-day Georgia and North/South Carolina). As a result, they needed a fort that could act as a buffer to protect them; so in 1681, Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, or "Fort Mose," was founded just north of St. Augustine. With so many escaped slaves seeking freedom in Spanish Florida, the settlers decided that the fort should be run by freed black men. In total, 38 men ran the fort and established the very first all-black town in North America. When Florida was later ceded to Britain in the Paris Treaty of 1763, the freed men were no longer welcome and many were forced to flee to the Seminole Nation, thus beginning The Seminole Nation's alliance with the Black Seminoles. The relationship between the Black Seminoles and the Native Seminoles was complex - they were partners of fate who joined together as a team when it was to their benefit and parted ways when it wasn't. The two groups shared much of their cultures with one another and further unified themselves by practicing intermarriage over the generations. They were one of the first communities to navigate the murky waters of joining two different ethnic groups, and though they weren't recognized for it back then, today's scholars are finally beginning to acknowledge the great strides that they made as true American pioneers. The home of the Seminole Nation has changed many times and spans across several states and countries. After the War of 1812, both the Native and Black Seminoles moved from northern Florida into the southern and central areas of the state, away from the encroaching white settlers. In the early 1820s, a large group also escaped to the Bahamas. After the Second Seminole War, many Seminoles and escaped slaves were removed to yet another new territory in Oklahoma, but others chose a different path and ended up in Texas and Northern Mexico. Around 1816, General Andrew Jackson was tasked with the forced removal of any runaway slaves who were being sheltered by the bands of Black Seminoles. The burning and raiding of villages quickly became the catalyst for the first major conflict between whites and the Seminole Nation. Although the Black Seminoles fought back, Jackson was able to capture the Spanish-held cities of Pensacola and St. Marks. The Spanish ended up ceding Florida in 1819, giving up their claims for sovereign Spanish rule in Texas.	<urn:uuid:0b7f6f96-8631-40b1-8306-b6bb09428e25>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ranker.com/list/alliance-florida-seminoles/rachel-souerbry	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00512.warc.gz	en	0.98036	740	4.21875	4	[ -0.21016772091388702, 0.33688685297966003, 0.019413303583860397, 0.25170791149139404, -0.09982949495315552, -0.35846757888793945, -0.07043543457984924, -0.24458229541778564, 0.20344720780849457, -0.26465868949890137, 0.13926944136619568, -0.173578143119812, -0.3886502981185913, 0.435569763...	1	The Black Seminoles were a group of people that history, for the most part, forgot about. Their alliance with the native Seminole tribes resulted in a unique relationship that had never been seen before, and that changed the course of history for both the Seminoles and the State of Florida as a whole. The Black Seminoles, sometimes called Maroons, were a group of freed men and runaway slaves living in Florida during the mid-16th century. They settled the first free black town in American history, attained their freedom by joining the Spanish and converting to Catholicism, and formed a tight cultural bond with the Seminole tribes. The participation of the Seminole tribes turned out to be the key to the largest slave rebellion in the United States, although their efforts - and those of the runaway slaves who fought beside them - were largely swept under the rug. The Black Seminoles were a fierce, proud, and extremely unique group, and still exist today scattered throughout the Southern US, the Caribbean, and Mexico. Read on to see how they formed their alliance with the Seminoles and fought hard for their freedom. Spanish settlers in Florida were in the middle of a huge conflict with their British neighbors in the late 1600s, namely the residents of Carolina (which consisted of modern-day Georgia and North/South Carolina). As a result, they needed a fort that could act as a buffer to protect them; so in 1681, Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, or "Fort Mose," was founded just north of St. Augustine. With so many escaped slaves seeking freedom in Spanish Florida, the settlers decided that the fort should be run by freed black men. In total, 38 men ran the fort and established the very first all-black town in North America. When Florida was later ceded to Britain in the Paris Treaty of 1763, the freed men were no longer welcome and many were forced to flee to the Seminole Nation, thus beginning The Seminole Nation's alliance with the Black Seminoles. The relationship between the Black Seminoles and the Native Seminoles was complex - they were partners of fate who joined together as a team when it was to their benefit and parted ways when it wasn't. The two groups shared much of their cultures with one another and further unified themselves by practicing intermarriage over the generations. They were one of the first communities to navigate the murky waters of joining two different ethnic groups, and though they weren't recognized for it back then, today's scholars are finally beginning to acknowledge the great strides that they made as true American pioneers. The home of the Seminole Nation has changed many times and spans across several states and countries. After the War of 1812, both the Native and Black Seminoles moved from northern Florida into the southern and central areas of the state, away from the encroaching white settlers. In the early 1820s, a large group also escaped to the Bahamas. After the Second Seminole War, many Seminoles and escaped slaves were removed to yet another new territory in Oklahoma, but others chose a different path and ended up in Texas and Northern Mexico. Around 1816, General Andrew Jackson was tasked with the forced removal of any runaway slaves who were being sheltered by the bands of Black Seminoles. The burning and raiding of villages quickly became the catalyst for the first major conflict between whites and the Seminole Nation. Although the Black Seminoles fought back, Jackson was able to capture the Spanish-held cities of Pensacola and St. Marks. The Spanish ended up ceding Florida in 1819, giving up their claims for sovereign Spanish rule in Texas.	775	ENGLISH	1
In Shakespeare's Hamlet, how does the ghost want Hamlet to treat Claudius and Gertrude? It is in the fifth scene of Act One that Old Hamlet gives his son direction regarding how he should proceed in punishing his brother Claudius who not only wears Old Hamlet's crown, but also sleeps with Gertrude in the bonds of incestuous marriage. He also instructs Hamlet as to how he should treat his mother. If thou hast nature in thee, bear it not. Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damned incest. But, howsoever thou pursuest this act, Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven, And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge To prick and sting her. (86-93) It is noteworthy that Elizabethans believed that when a man and woman married, they became as one. It was understood that one could no longer tell where the husband's physicality ended and his wife's began because they were joined so closely in flesh and in spirit. With this said, Elizabethans also believed that if one died, the essence of the deceased spouse lingered on, still living in the spouse that survived. Claudius is Old Hamlet's brother. With the conviction that something of Old Hamlet still lived in Gertrude, Old Hamlet and Hamlet refer to the incestuous marriage of which Gertrude is a part. This means that when she and her new husband sleep together, the essence of Old Hamlet within Gertrude is also having sex with his brother Claudius. This certainty would have greatly offended Shakespeare's audience. Not only would its members be horrified by Gertrude's behavior in marrying her brother-in-law, but also (and even more) they would be disgusted by Claudius' marriage to his brother's widow. The Ghost tells Hamlet that as far as he is concerned, Hamlet should not let the marriage continue is such a state—making the king's bed a mockery of matrimony with such lecherous behavior. The only way this can take place is if Claudius is killed. However, killing a king is also a mortal sin. It is because of his father's wish and his fear of losing his soul that Hamlet spends so much time in the play trying to prove that Claudius is guilty. Then later, even when he has done so, Hamlet refrains from killing the King because he is praying. (Hamlet does not want Claudius to go to heaven having confessed all of his sins when Hamlet's father was never afforded the same opportunity and now must suffer in purgatory.) Old Hamlet has far different wishes where Gertrude is concerned. The Ghost instructs Hamlet to make no move against his mother. Instead, he tells his son to let heaven deal with her (in whatever manner God may choose), and let her live on with the stabbing of her conscience to feed the guilt she experiences over what she has done. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:b9da4478-c104-449b-9859-25fd62e27a30>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/hamlet-how-does-ghost-want-hamlet-treat-cladius-550479	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00301.warc.gz	en	0.984607	651	3.578125	4	[ 0.14354485273361206, 0.16325289011001587, 0.4527024030685425, -0.15685059130191803, -0.06732551753520966, 0.0007474335725419223, 0.472031831741333, 0.32674717903137207, -0.09209983050823212, -0.18179452419281006, 0.2506890594959259, -0.18508993089199066, -0.43160784244537354, 0.33402261137...	1	In Shakespeare's Hamlet, how does the ghost want Hamlet to treat Claudius and Gertrude? It is in the fifth scene of Act One that Old Hamlet gives his son direction regarding how he should proceed in punishing his brother Claudius who not only wears Old Hamlet's crown, but also sleeps with Gertrude in the bonds of incestuous marriage. He also instructs Hamlet as to how he should treat his mother. If thou hast nature in thee, bear it not. Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damned incest. But, howsoever thou pursuest this act, Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven, And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge To prick and sting her. (86-93) It is noteworthy that Elizabethans believed that when a man and woman married, they became as one. It was understood that one could no longer tell where the husband's physicality ended and his wife's began because they were joined so closely in flesh and in spirit. With this said, Elizabethans also believed that if one died, the essence of the deceased spouse lingered on, still living in the spouse that survived. Claudius is Old Hamlet's brother. With the conviction that something of Old Hamlet still lived in Gertrude, Old Hamlet and Hamlet refer to the incestuous marriage of which Gertrude is a part. This means that when she and her new husband sleep together, the essence of Old Hamlet within Gertrude is also having sex with his brother Claudius. This certainty would have greatly offended Shakespeare's audience. Not only would its members be horrified by Gertrude's behavior in marrying her brother-in-law, but also (and even more) they would be disgusted by Claudius' marriage to his brother's widow. The Ghost tells Hamlet that as far as he is concerned, Hamlet should not let the marriage continue is such a state—making the king's bed a mockery of matrimony with such lecherous behavior. The only way this can take place is if Claudius is killed. However, killing a king is also a mortal sin. It is because of his father's wish and his fear of losing his soul that Hamlet spends so much time in the play trying to prove that Claudius is guilty. Then later, even when he has done so, Hamlet refrains from killing the King because he is praying. (Hamlet does not want Claudius to go to heaven having confessed all of his sins when Hamlet's father was never afforded the same opportunity and now must suffer in purgatory.) Old Hamlet has far different wishes where Gertrude is concerned. The Ghost instructs Hamlet to make no move against his mother. Instead, he tells his son to let heaven deal with her (in whatever manner God may choose), and let her live on with the stabbing of her conscience to feed the guilt she experiences over what she has done. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	632	ENGLISH	1
(Editorial Note: As a gift to our readers, we’re posting a second time this week on the theme of Christmas; Enjoy!) Matthew and Luke both give brief discussions of Jesus’ birth. They emphasize the importance of his birth, but they manifest little interest in the circumstances. Matthew, for example, mentions only that Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea during the reign of Herod the king. He offers no insight into the specific location of Jesus’ birth or the circumstances surrounding it. Luke provides a little more information, but even he focuses his attention on the significance of Jesus’ birth rather than on the situation in which Jesus was born. He notes that Joseph and Mary traveled from Nazareth to Bethlehem “because he was of the house and lineage of David.” The text does not say that Jesus was born shortly after their arrival in Bethlehem, but that may be the implication of the passage. Luke states only that there was no room for them in the inn and that the baby was placed in a manger after the birth. Luke devotes no attention to the location of Jesus’ birth or how his birth affected Joseph and Mary. In his discussion of where Jesus was born, Luke uses two significant terms. The first is kataluma which is the Greek word translated “inn” in most English translations. It is a very general word, rather similar to the words “lodging” in English or “posada” in Spanish. This word is used in various ways in the Bible and in Greek literature outside the Bible. It may describe a public inn where people rent lodging. It is used in Luke 22:11 to describe the guest room in a private home. It is used in the Septuagint to describe a public shelter where people might gather for the night. Some commentators note that it may describe an eastern inn which often consisted of a series of rooms arranged around an open courtyard. The second important term is phatnē which is often translated “manger.” This word was used in two primary ways. It was used to describe a stall or stable in which animals were kept. It was also used to describe a feeding pan or trough that was used to feed animals. The use of this term may indicate that Jesus was born in a stable, but it is by no means conclusive proof. It was common in first-century Palestine to keep animals at night inside the family home or in a shed attached to the family home. It is also possible that Mary and Joseph were allowed to camp out in the open area of the village inn. There is also an early Christian tradition that locates the birth of Jesus in a nearby cave that was used to stable animals. In the mild climate of Palestine, animals often spent a good part of the year outdoors in the pasture. It is possible that Joseph and Mary were allowed the use of an area where animals were sheltered in cooler weather. Luke makes no mention of animals being present at the time Jesus was born. The circumstances of Jesus’ birth are certainly interesting; we wish we knew more about them. The evidence does not indicate that Jesus was born into a situation of absolute poverty; it seems that Joseph and Mary were making the best of a difficult situation. It does indicate that He was not born among the rich and powerful. He came to earth as one of the common people of the land; He came as one uniquely qualified to be our Lord and Savior.	<urn:uuid:2817deb6-bebf-4f8e-8f84-f978080922a6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.fwbtheology.com/tag/nativity/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00475.warc.gz	en	0.987434	712	3.703125	4	[ 0.18658748269081116, 0.25048232078552246, 0.20734567940235138, 0.045449674129486084, -0.12381041049957275, 0.030471256002783775, 0.3472839593887329, 0.15318571031093597, 0.34575867652893066, 0.06226367503404617, 0.07399431616067886, 0.09337341785430908, 0.08831945806741714, 0.1362114399671...	17	(Editorial Note: As a gift to our readers, we’re posting a second time this week on the theme of Christmas; Enjoy!) Matthew and Luke both give brief discussions of Jesus’ birth. They emphasize the importance of his birth, but they manifest little interest in the circumstances. Matthew, for example, mentions only that Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea during the reign of Herod the king. He offers no insight into the specific location of Jesus’ birth or the circumstances surrounding it. Luke provides a little more information, but even he focuses his attention on the significance of Jesus’ birth rather than on the situation in which Jesus was born. He notes that Joseph and Mary traveled from Nazareth to Bethlehem “because he was of the house and lineage of David.” The text does not say that Jesus was born shortly after their arrival in Bethlehem, but that may be the implication of the passage. Luke states only that there was no room for them in the inn and that the baby was placed in a manger after the birth. Luke devotes no attention to the location of Jesus’ birth or how his birth affected Joseph and Mary. In his discussion of where Jesus was born, Luke uses two significant terms. The first is kataluma which is the Greek word translated “inn” in most English translations. It is a very general word, rather similar to the words “lodging” in English or “posada” in Spanish. This word is used in various ways in the Bible and in Greek literature outside the Bible. It may describe a public inn where people rent lodging. It is used in Luke 22:11 to describe the guest room in a private home. It is used in the Septuagint to describe a public shelter where people might gather for the night. Some commentators note that it may describe an eastern inn which often consisted of a series of rooms arranged around an open courtyard. The second important term is phatnē which is often translated “manger.” This word was used in two primary ways. It was used to describe a stall or stable in which animals were kept. It was also used to describe a feeding pan or trough that was used to feed animals. The use of this term may indicate that Jesus was born in a stable, but it is by no means conclusive proof. It was common in first-century Palestine to keep animals at night inside the family home or in a shed attached to the family home. It is also possible that Mary and Joseph were allowed to camp out in the open area of the village inn. There is also an early Christian tradition that locates the birth of Jesus in a nearby cave that was used to stable animals. In the mild climate of Palestine, animals often spent a good part of the year outdoors in the pasture. It is possible that Joseph and Mary were allowed the use of an area where animals were sheltered in cooler weather. Luke makes no mention of animals being present at the time Jesus was born. The circumstances of Jesus’ birth are certainly interesting; we wish we knew more about them. The evidence does not indicate that Jesus was born into a situation of absolute poverty; it seems that Joseph and Mary were making the best of a difficult situation. It does indicate that He was not born among the rich and powerful. He came to earth as one of the common people of the land; He came as one uniquely qualified to be our Lord and Savior.	690	ENGLISH	1
It all started in 1903 when Emmeline Pankhurst started the Women’s Social and Political Union. Protests and marches quickly became apart of the suffragettes campaign for votes for women and women’s rights. Feminists like Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Lucy Stone all joined the Women’s Social and Political Union by wearing white in protest. This was the first major political fashion statement. Throughout history leading women have been making history “Her Story” with daring fashion choices to make a political statement. The next huge political fashion statement was when women started wearing trousers in the 1920s and 30s. Luisa Capetillo was the first women to wear pants in Puerto Rico in 1919. Capetillo was then arrested for committing the crime of wearing pants as a woman. After Capetillo’s breakthrough women started wearing pants in leisure. Trends setters like Katharine Hepburn and Amelia Earhart inspired more and more women to wear trousers. During World War ll it was common for women to wear their husband’s trousers and work suits to industrial war effort jobs. In 1960 blue jeans were introduced for women, and it became very common for women and girls to wear jeans during leisure activities and around the house. Although women were still expected to wear dresses and skirts in restaurants, the workplace and out in public. This was a gender stereotype at the time and an unfair gender role. Women were expected to step up during World War ll to help the war and economy when their husbands’ were away, but they were diminished when their husband’s returned from war. In 1961 Jackie O was the first First Lady to wear pants in social settings and in casual settings. In 1969 Charlotte Reid was the first woman to wear trousers in the U.S. Congress, otherwise known as the paint suit today, later made famous by Hillary Clinton. Fist women wearing pants and pant suits was a rare occasion but became more frequent throughout Nixon and Reagan’s presidency. But really started to boom in 1993 with First Lady Hillary Clinton. Hillary set the tone for fashion as a power for women. It’s hard to feel your most confident in a work or political setting in a tight dress and tall heels. Hillary set the trend of women wearing pant suits, otherwise known as a power suit. Hillary Clinton showed her fashion statements in the 90s as First Lady of Arkansas, First Lady of the U.S. , then again as senator for New York, next as Secretary of State and hit the epitome of her political fashion as the first female democratic nominee to run for President. Hillary made pant suits for women a political statement and a fashion statement.	<urn:uuid:27d6438c-3a31-45b2-b7ad-3fc5f5d9f83f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theodysseyonline.com/the-evolution-of-fashion-in-politics	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00263.warc.gz	en	0.981641	558	3.3125	3	[ -0.21800678968429565, 0.6180288791656494, 0.535832941532135, 0.11349806934595108, -0.362490177154541, 0.6397376656532288, 0.1874120533466339, 0.2564188838005066, -0.16256797313690186, -0.06963177025318146, 0.10780562460422516, 0.2603268027305603, -0.10375189036130905, 0.29240864515304565, ...	2	It all started in 1903 when Emmeline Pankhurst started the Women’s Social and Political Union. Protests and marches quickly became apart of the suffragettes campaign for votes for women and women’s rights. Feminists like Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Lucy Stone all joined the Women’s Social and Political Union by wearing white in protest. This was the first major political fashion statement. Throughout history leading women have been making history “Her Story” with daring fashion choices to make a political statement. The next huge political fashion statement was when women started wearing trousers in the 1920s and 30s. Luisa Capetillo was the first women to wear pants in Puerto Rico in 1919. Capetillo was then arrested for committing the crime of wearing pants as a woman. After Capetillo’s breakthrough women started wearing pants in leisure. Trends setters like Katharine Hepburn and Amelia Earhart inspired more and more women to wear trousers. During World War ll it was common for women to wear their husband’s trousers and work suits to industrial war effort jobs. In 1960 blue jeans were introduced for women, and it became very common for women and girls to wear jeans during leisure activities and around the house. Although women were still expected to wear dresses and skirts in restaurants, the workplace and out in public. This was a gender stereotype at the time and an unfair gender role. Women were expected to step up during World War ll to help the war and economy when their husbands’ were away, but they were diminished when their husband’s returned from war. In 1961 Jackie O was the first First Lady to wear pants in social settings and in casual settings. In 1969 Charlotte Reid was the first woman to wear trousers in the U.S. Congress, otherwise known as the paint suit today, later made famous by Hillary Clinton. Fist women wearing pants and pant suits was a rare occasion but became more frequent throughout Nixon and Reagan’s presidency. But really started to boom in 1993 with First Lady Hillary Clinton. Hillary set the tone for fashion as a power for women. It’s hard to feel your most confident in a work or political setting in a tight dress and tall heels. Hillary set the trend of women wearing pant suits, otherwise known as a power suit. Hillary Clinton showed her fashion statements in the 90s as First Lady of Arkansas, First Lady of the U.S. , then again as senator for New York, next as Secretary of State and hit the epitome of her political fashion as the first female democratic nominee to run for President. Hillary made pant suits for women a political statement and a fashion statement.	563	ENGLISH	1
The Brave Three Hundred LL Greece was in danger. A mighty army, led by the great King of Persia, had come from the east. It was marching along the seashore, and in a few days would be in Greece. The great king had sent messengers into every city and state, bidding them give him water and earth in token that the land and the sea were his. But they "No: we will be free." And so there was a great stir throughout all the land. The men armed themselves, and made haste to go out and drive back their foe; and the women stayed at home, weeping and waiting, and trembling with fear. There was only one way by which the Persian army could go into Greece on that side, and that was by a narrow pass between the mountains and the sea. This pass was guarded by Leonidas, the King of the Spartans, with three hundred Spartan soldiers. Soon the Persian soldiers were seen coming. There were so many of them that no man could count them. How could a handful of men hope to stand against so great a host? And yet Leonidas and his Spartans held their ground. They had made up their minds to die at their post. Some one brought them word that there were so many Persians that their arrows darkened the sun. "So much the better," said the Spartans; "we shall fight in the shade." Bravely they stood in the narrow pass. Bravely they faced their foes. To Spartans there was no such thing as fear. The Persians came forward, only to meet death at the points of their spears. But one by one the Spartans fell. At last their spears were broken; yet still they stood side by side, fighting to the last. Some fought with swords, some with daggers, and some with only their fists and teeth. All day long the army of the Persians was kept at bay. But when the sun went down, there was not one Spartan left alive. Where they had stood there was only a heap of the slain, all bristled over with spears and arrows. Twenty thousand Persian soldiers had fallen before that handful of men. And Greece was saved. Thousands of years have passed since then; but men still like to tell the story of Leonidas and the brave three hundred who died for their country's sake.	<urn:uuid:94aea151-6202-4be9-a60a-752227334de2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/display.php?author=baldwin&book=fifty&story=brave	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00338.warc.gz	en	0.992318	489	3.453125	3	[ -0.4129941165447235, 0.3411167860031128, -0.050362445414066315, 0.18021194636821747, -0.04348744451999664, -0.6860875487327576, -0.05325417220592499, 0.7166141271591187, -0.13066911697387695, -0.351857990026474, -0.29151207208633423, -0.26143524050712585, 0.1585914045572281, 0.076009131968...	5	The Brave Three Hundred LL Greece was in danger. A mighty army, led by the great King of Persia, had come from the east. It was marching along the seashore, and in a few days would be in Greece. The great king had sent messengers into every city and state, bidding them give him water and earth in token that the land and the sea were his. But they "No: we will be free." And so there was a great stir throughout all the land. The men armed themselves, and made haste to go out and drive back their foe; and the women stayed at home, weeping and waiting, and trembling with fear. There was only one way by which the Persian army could go into Greece on that side, and that was by a narrow pass between the mountains and the sea. This pass was guarded by Leonidas, the King of the Spartans, with three hundred Spartan soldiers. Soon the Persian soldiers were seen coming. There were so many of them that no man could count them. How could a handful of men hope to stand against so great a host? And yet Leonidas and his Spartans held their ground. They had made up their minds to die at their post. Some one brought them word that there were so many Persians that their arrows darkened the sun. "So much the better," said the Spartans; "we shall fight in the shade." Bravely they stood in the narrow pass. Bravely they faced their foes. To Spartans there was no such thing as fear. The Persians came forward, only to meet death at the points of their spears. But one by one the Spartans fell. At last their spears were broken; yet still they stood side by side, fighting to the last. Some fought with swords, some with daggers, and some with only their fists and teeth. All day long the army of the Persians was kept at bay. But when the sun went down, there was not one Spartan left alive. Where they had stood there was only a heap of the slain, all bristled over with spears and arrows. Twenty thousand Persian soldiers had fallen before that handful of men. And Greece was saved. Thousands of years have passed since then; but men still like to tell the story of Leonidas and the brave three hundred who died for their country's sake.	491	ENGLISH	1
THURSDAY, JAN. 18, 2018 The story of slavery is embedded in the story of Albany. But it isn't always told — not the way stories of the Dutch traders in Fort Orange are told, of the old patroons and their sprawling families who settled and thrived in the bustling northern tangle of New Netherland. Yet it's there. They enslaved people. The commerce of New Netherland benefited from the forced migration of millions in the global slave trade. Dutch merchants, paradoxically known for their religious tolerance, profited from their sale. So did New York banks. "New York state was, in fact a slave state," said L. Lloyd Stewart, author of a 2005 book on the subject. Slave ships landed at the port in New York City, and their cargo was then brought south. Individuals sold at New York City's slave market ended up everywhere, including Albany County — then a wide swath that encompassed much of what's now considered the broader Capital Region. According to Oscar Williams, who heads the Africana studies department at the University at Albany, as many as 5,000 enslaved people lived in Albany County around the Colonial period. In a new, searchable, statewide database compiled by professors at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, slavery records tell bits and pieces of some of those stories — through census records, manumission documents, ads for runaways, fugitive records. By definition, it's a work in progress. But just type "Albany" into the "County or Borough" tab, and 2,530 records pop up. The first on the page lists Hercules, enslaved by Myndert Fredericksen in 1686. "Order for the trial of Hercules, charged with robbing the poor box of the Lutheran Church," the record notes. And so, in just a few words, a whole forgotten life emerges of a desperate and penniless man. » TOOL: SEARCH FOR CAPITAL REGION ENSLAVERS Comb the results a little further, scanning for slaveholders. Among them are names now found on the region's streets and schools and stadiums: Schuylers, Pruyns, Bleeckers, Van Rensselaers, Ten Eycks, Ten Broecks. In 1790, according to the first U.S. census, Philip Schuyler enslaved 13 people at his home in Albany. Abraham Ten Broeck enslaved 12. The names of those 25 individuals weren't documented by the census. But other names found their way into the database – Hercules is joined by Morris, Josephine, Ann Maria. "We want every individual enslaved person to have their own record — and when we can name them, we want to name them. We don't know what else we can do, but we don't want to deprive them their identities when it's possible," said Ned Benton, one of the John Jay professors behind the New York State Slavery Records Index. Names are precious. Artifacts are few. Because the law considered the enslaved property, not people, they could not own property themselves. Because they or their forebears were stolen from their homes in Africa, no records exist of their origin. "As a black person, so much of my people's history just has never been written," said Judy-Lynne Peters, Benton's colleague on the project, who knows her family came from the Caribbean but doesn't know much else. Unlike that of most white people, who can trace their own roots and tell their own stories, "The history of most black people has never been written." » A NOTE ABOUT THE CHANGING LANGUAGE OF SLAVERY Efforts to tell that history have increased in recent years, with the creation of Black Heritage Tours, an ongoing Crailo exhibition on the "Dishonorable Trade" of slavery in the region and the dedication last year of the Historic African Burial Ground at St. Agnes Cemetery in Menands, which holds the remains of 14 people unearthed at Schuyler Flatts. And at the region's historic homes, tour guides are talking about the enslaved servants who lived in them, toiled in them, often died in them. "Just to tell the story accurately — about who was here, what their lives were like, and what they were doing — you can't tell it without telling the history of the enslaved population," said Sam Huntington, historic site assistant at Crailo. "Enslaved people," agreed Deborah Emmons-Andarawis, curator at Historic Cherry Hill, "are integral to the story." Here are four such stories. Dinah Jackson was a cook at Cherry Hill, the timber mansion built in 1787 for Philip and Maria Van Rensselaer. Aside from making meals, she likely washed dishes, cleaned, made clothes and did farmwork — the usual chores for female slaves up north. Her room was in the basement, a dank, uncomfortable space where she slept and worked on one side of a partition. A group of hired men, including handyman Joseph Orton, slept on the other.Dinah \| Cherry Hill On the evening of Monday, May 7, 1827, Orton (real name: Jesse Strang) shot and killed John Whipple from the roof of a shed at Cherry Hill with a bullet stolen from the victim by his wife and Jesse's lover, Elsie. She was a Van Rensselaer on her mother's side, and the trial that followed caused a stir. Strang was found guilty and died by hanging. Elsie, who put the blame on her lover and benefited from family connections, got off. Jackson was a witness for the prosecution. In her testimony, she dropped a whopper, revealing that Strang had interrupted her dinner prep to ask how much she would charge for poisoning Whipple. When Jackson refused — not "for the State or the whole world!" — he laughed. Later on, Strang tried to spook her with talk of prowlers around the house. "This is my home, my proper place," she objected, "and I should not go." Jackson, 50, was apparently the last slave in the Cherry Hill household at the time of the murder. Around two months later, she was freed, or manumitted (10 years after New York state passed its problematic, foot-dragging "gradual emancipation"), allowing her to testify. Many details remain elusive. Did she have family in Albany? A husband, kids? "It's totally a story that can never be told sufficiently," said Emmons-Andarawis. "But we certainly have tried." Prince was a butler at the Schuyler Mansion, where he tended to the family and their guests at the Georgian-style manse built in the 1760s for Gen. Philip Schuyler and his wife, Catherine. He arrived there after issuing a 1776 appeal to "the Honourable Lady Schuyler," explaining the dire circumstances under his current owner and asking the Schuylers to take him on.Prince \| Schuyler Mansion He "has quite lost the use of my limbs with cold for want of Cloaths or Blanket," he wrote — or perhaps someone else wrote on his behalf. "I am very willing to go to work for his Excellency the General at any sort of employ or any of the inhabitants in the town for my victuals & Cloaths." Of all the slaves in the Schuyler manse, said Heidi Hill, historic site manager at Schuyler and Crailo, "We know the most about Prince." Not everything: His age was unknown. But Prince must have been on in years by the time Angelica Schuyler Church wrote to her mother from London, asking: "How is old Prince? When I don't see the old man's name I think he is dead." Church's letter is quoted in a 1911 book by Georgina Schuyler that tracks the mansion's history from 1762 to 1804. The author notes: "Prince was an African, a slave. It was reported soon after he became a member of the household that he refused to eat with the other negroes on the ground that he was their superior in rank in Africa. ... Soon he was promoted, and he became a trusted and faithful servant." Prince was such a fixture in the household that no less than John Jay himself — Founding Father and second governor of New York state — used his name as a cipher. "Let the Keyword be the name of the man who so long and regularly placed every day a Toot-pick by Mrs. Schuyler's plate," he explained in a 1780 letter to Philip Schuyler. "Written backwards, that is — The last letter in the Place of the first, and so on." As with so many enslaved people, not much is known about Susanah. Not her parentage, not her past, not the exact rendering of her name. One clear fact: she was freed in 1810. "I Elizabeth Ten Broeck ... Do manumit liberate and forever set free my negro woman slave named Susan or Susanah aged about Thirty seven years," wrote the widow and executrix of Abraham Ten Broeck.Susanah \| Ten Broeck But the folks at Ten Broeck Mansion have teased out some facts from her manumission documents. What they have so far: Susanah was likely born in 1773, as the record lists her as 37. She bore three children in the mansion: Diana, 1803. Susan, 1805. Mary, 1807. All were freed with their mother, but Susanah's freedom was conditional — one of many loopholes favoring slaveholders in New York state. Manumitted or not, she still had to work at Ten Broeck one day a week: "Susan will and doth promise and engage faithfully and without fail during the lifetime of her former mistress Elizabeth Ten Broeck ... the washing and ironing of the family." In addition, each spring and fall she had to return to the household to "assist in whitewashing and cleaning house and helping at killing time" — i.e., slaughtering animals. Susanah worked as a house cleaner, probably. But who fathered her children? Unknown. When did she die? Unknown. "We've kind of just started to tug at the threads of her story," said Samantha Hall-Saladino, the mansion's executive director, adding that they hope to find more sources and tell a fuller tale. "We're really at the very beginning of this. We want to weave Susanah's story and the stories of others like her through the entire home." The word "slavery" evokes, for most people, an image of Southern plantations and captive people in cotton fields. In reality, slaves held all sorts of positions and performed all sorts of complex tasks, particularly up North, where the institution manifested in smaller households.Andries \| Crailo Andries provided veterinary care for horses. Previously enslaved on the island of Curacao by the Dutch West India Company, he came north to New Amsterdam with a company bigwig in 1655 and two years later was sold to Jan Baptist van Rensselaer, son of Kiliaen — the West India Company founder and first patroon of Rensselaerswyck, the vast estate that occupied much of what is now the Capital Region. The newly acquired Andries was "a tall, quick fellow who can work well," reported Jan Baptist's younger brother, Jeremias. His equine-care services were highly valued, becoming a matter of dispute when Jan Baptist returned to the Netherlands. Jeremias stayed behind, and from 1659 to 1660 the brothers corresponded, bickering repeatedly over Andries. Jeremias wanted to keep him. But Jan Baptist wanted him to care for a horse that was "full of worms." Jeremias responded: "It is bad enough here to get him to do anything for anybody if I have not expressly ordered him to do so, so that at times I have to punish him for it ... for that sort of Negroes is too treacherous, although he is among the best. I have not had him appraised here, I do not think that he would [be] rated so high, for Negroes who had been 12 or 13 years in the West Indies and who for a year or two had always lived here with Dutch people have been sold here at public sale for 300 or 350 guilders, and they were of a better sort of Negroes." In the end, Andries stayed. What became of him — when he died, where he's buried, whether he had family in New Netherland — no one knows. firstname.lastname@example.org • 518-454-5439 • @AmyBiancolli	<urn:uuid:841b8e3f-5fd7-4810-b181-871987ad867e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.timesunion.com/living/article/New-York-s-slave-past-unearthed-12620012.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00146.warc.gz	en	0.980645	2,668	3.3125	3	[ 0.09675253927707672, 0.2092379778623581, 0.1132713183760643, 0.04780726879835129, 0.11239863932132721, -0.25510403513908386, -0.1649121642112732, -0.327868789434433, -0.08612611144781113, 0.2364029437303543, -0.08279938250780106, 0.21990817785263062, -0.585310697555542, 0.3478773832321167,...	1	THURSDAY, JAN. 18, 2018 The story of slavery is embedded in the story of Albany. But it isn't always told — not the way stories of the Dutch traders in Fort Orange are told, of the old patroons and their sprawling families who settled and thrived in the bustling northern tangle of New Netherland. Yet it's there. They enslaved people. The commerce of New Netherland benefited from the forced migration of millions in the global slave trade. Dutch merchants, paradoxically known for their religious tolerance, profited from their sale. So did New York banks. "New York state was, in fact a slave state," said L. Lloyd Stewart, author of a 2005 book on the subject. Slave ships landed at the port in New York City, and their cargo was then brought south. Individuals sold at New York City's slave market ended up everywhere, including Albany County — then a wide swath that encompassed much of what's now considered the broader Capital Region. According to Oscar Williams, who heads the Africana studies department at the University at Albany, as many as 5,000 enslaved people lived in Albany County around the Colonial period. In a new, searchable, statewide database compiled by professors at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, slavery records tell bits and pieces of some of those stories — through census records, manumission documents, ads for runaways, fugitive records. By definition, it's a work in progress. But just type "Albany" into the "County or Borough" tab, and 2,530 records pop up. The first on the page lists Hercules, enslaved by Myndert Fredericksen in 1686. "Order for the trial of Hercules, charged with robbing the poor box of the Lutheran Church," the record notes. And so, in just a few words, a whole forgotten life emerges of a desperate and penniless man. » TOOL: SEARCH FOR CAPITAL REGION ENSLAVERS Comb the results a little further, scanning for slaveholders. Among them are names now found on the region's streets and schools and stadiums: Schuylers, Pruyns, Bleeckers, Van Rensselaers, Ten Eycks, Ten Broecks. In 1790, according to the first U.S. census, Philip Schuyler enslaved 13 people at his home in Albany. Abraham Ten Broeck enslaved 12. The names of those 25 individuals weren't documented by the census. But other names found their way into the database – Hercules is joined by Morris, Josephine, Ann Maria. "We want every individual enslaved person to have their own record — and when we can name them, we want to name them. We don't know what else we can do, but we don't want to deprive them their identities when it's possible," said Ned Benton, one of the John Jay professors behind the New York State Slavery Records Index. Names are precious. Artifacts are few. Because the law considered the enslaved property, not people, they could not own property themselves. Because they or their forebears were stolen from their homes in Africa, no records exist of their origin. "As a black person, so much of my people's history just has never been written," said Judy-Lynne Peters, Benton's colleague on the project, who knows her family came from the Caribbean but doesn't know much else. Unlike that of most white people, who can trace their own roots and tell their own stories, "The history of most black people has never been written." » A NOTE ABOUT THE CHANGING LANGUAGE OF SLAVERY Efforts to tell that history have increased in recent years, with the creation of Black Heritage Tours, an ongoing Crailo exhibition on the "Dishonorable Trade" of slavery in the region and the dedication last year of the Historic African Burial Ground at St. Agnes Cemetery in Menands, which holds the remains of 14 people unearthed at Schuyler Flatts. And at the region's historic homes, tour guides are talking about the enslaved servants who lived in them, toiled in them, often died in them. "Just to tell the story accurately — about who was here, what their lives were like, and what they were doing — you can't tell it without telling the history of the enslaved population," said Sam Huntington, historic site assistant at Crailo. "Enslaved people," agreed Deborah Emmons-Andarawis, curator at Historic Cherry Hill, "are integral to the story." Here are four such stories. Dinah Jackson was a cook at Cherry Hill, the timber mansion built in 1787 for Philip and Maria Van Rensselaer. Aside from making meals, she likely washed dishes, cleaned, made clothes and did farmwork — the usual chores for female slaves up north. Her room was in the basement, a dank, uncomfortable space where she slept and worked on one side of a partition. A group of hired men, including handyman Joseph Orton, slept on the other.Dinah \| Cherry Hill On the evening of Monday, May 7, 1827, Orton (real name: Jesse Strang) shot and killed John Whipple from the roof of a shed at Cherry Hill with a bullet stolen from the victim by his wife and Jesse's lover, Elsie. She was a Van Rensselaer on her mother's side, and the trial that followed caused a stir. Strang was found guilty and died by hanging. Elsie, who put the blame on her lover and benefited from family connections, got off. Jackson was a witness for the prosecution. In her testimony, she dropped a whopper, revealing that Strang had interrupted her dinner prep to ask how much she would charge for poisoning Whipple. When Jackson refused — not "for the State or the whole world!" — he laughed. Later on, Strang tried to spook her with talk of prowlers around the house. "This is my home, my proper place," she objected, "and I should not go." Jackson, 50, was apparently the last slave in the Cherry Hill household at the time of the murder. Around two months later, she was freed, or manumitted (10 years after New York state passed its problematic, foot-dragging "gradual emancipation"), allowing her to testify. Many details remain elusive. Did she have family in Albany? A husband, kids? "It's totally a story that can never be told sufficiently," said Emmons-Andarawis. "But we certainly have tried." Prince was a butler at the Schuyler Mansion, where he tended to the family and their guests at the Georgian-style manse built in the 1760s for Gen. Philip Schuyler and his wife, Catherine. He arrived there after issuing a 1776 appeal to "the Honourable Lady Schuyler," explaining the dire circumstances under his current owner and asking the Schuylers to take him on.Prince \| Schuyler Mansion He "has quite lost the use of my limbs with cold for want of Cloaths or Blanket," he wrote — or perhaps someone else wrote on his behalf. "I am very willing to go to work for his Excellency the General at any sort of employ or any of the inhabitants in the town for my victuals & Cloaths." Of all the slaves in the Schuyler manse, said Heidi Hill, historic site manager at Schuyler and Crailo, "We know the most about Prince." Not everything: His age was unknown. But Prince must have been on in years by the time Angelica Schuyler Church wrote to her mother from London, asking: "How is old Prince? When I don't see the old man's name I think he is dead." Church's letter is quoted in a 1911 book by Georgina Schuyler that tracks the mansion's history from 1762 to 1804. The author notes: "Prince was an African, a slave. It was reported soon after he became a member of the household that he refused to eat with the other negroes on the ground that he was their superior in rank in Africa. ... Soon he was promoted, and he became a trusted and faithful servant." Prince was such a fixture in the household that no less than John Jay himself — Founding Father and second governor of New York state — used his name as a cipher. "Let the Keyword be the name of the man who so long and regularly placed every day a Toot-pick by Mrs. Schuyler's plate," he explained in a 1780 letter to Philip Schuyler. "Written backwards, that is — The last letter in the Place of the first, and so on." As with so many enslaved people, not much is known about Susanah. Not her parentage, not her past, not the exact rendering of her name. One clear fact: she was freed in 1810. "I Elizabeth Ten Broeck ... Do manumit liberate and forever set free my negro woman slave named Susan or Susanah aged about Thirty seven years," wrote the widow and executrix of Abraham Ten Broeck.Susanah \| Ten Broeck But the folks at Ten Broeck Mansion have teased out some facts from her manumission documents. What they have so far: Susanah was likely born in 1773, as the record lists her as 37. She bore three children in the mansion: Diana, 1803. Susan, 1805. Mary, 1807. All were freed with their mother, but Susanah's freedom was conditional — one of many loopholes favoring slaveholders in New York state. Manumitted or not, she still had to work at Ten Broeck one day a week: "Susan will and doth promise and engage faithfully and without fail during the lifetime of her former mistress Elizabeth Ten Broeck ... the washing and ironing of the family." In addition, each spring and fall she had to return to the household to "assist in whitewashing and cleaning house and helping at killing time" — i.e., slaughtering animals. Susanah worked as a house cleaner, probably. But who fathered her children? Unknown. When did she die? Unknown. "We've kind of just started to tug at the threads of her story," said Samantha Hall-Saladino, the mansion's executive director, adding that they hope to find more sources and tell a fuller tale. "We're really at the very beginning of this. We want to weave Susanah's story and the stories of others like her through the entire home." The word "slavery" evokes, for most people, an image of Southern plantations and captive people in cotton fields. In reality, slaves held all sorts of positions and performed all sorts of complex tasks, particularly up North, where the institution manifested in smaller households.Andries \| Crailo Andries provided veterinary care for horses. Previously enslaved on the island of Curacao by the Dutch West India Company, he came north to New Amsterdam with a company bigwig in 1655 and two years later was sold to Jan Baptist van Rensselaer, son of Kiliaen — the West India Company founder and first patroon of Rensselaerswyck, the vast estate that occupied much of what is now the Capital Region. The newly acquired Andries was "a tall, quick fellow who can work well," reported Jan Baptist's younger brother, Jeremias. His equine-care services were highly valued, becoming a matter of dispute when Jan Baptist returned to the Netherlands. Jeremias stayed behind, and from 1659 to 1660 the brothers corresponded, bickering repeatedly over Andries. Jeremias wanted to keep him. But Jan Baptist wanted him to care for a horse that was "full of worms." Jeremias responded: "It is bad enough here to get him to do anything for anybody if I have not expressly ordered him to do so, so that at times I have to punish him for it ... for that sort of Negroes is too treacherous, although he is among the best. I have not had him appraised here, I do not think that he would [be] rated so high, for Negroes who had been 12 or 13 years in the West Indies and who for a year or two had always lived here with Dutch people have been sold here at public sale for 300 or 350 guilders, and they were of a better sort of Negroes." In the end, Andries stayed. What became of him — when he died, where he's buried, whether he had family in New Netherland — no one knows. firstname.lastname@example.org • 518-454-5439 • @AmyBiancolli	2,731	ENGLISH	1
Oh, the wonderous circle of joy. Hanging a wreath on a door or a wall is almost as essential to decorating for yuletide as setting up a Christmas tree. Actually, wreaths are more than just decorations, and I thought I would share some of the rich history behind them. The word wreath comes from the word “writhen” that was an old English word meaning “to writhe” or “to twist.” The oldest historical origination came from the Greco-Roman era where wreaths were hung on doors as a sign of victory and achievement or a person’s occupation and status in society. Women would wear them as headdresses as a symbol of pride, and also donned them during special occasions such as weddings. Additionally, the victors of Panhellenic sporting events in ancient Greece were given laurel wreaths. As you are probably aware, this tradition is still being used to this day during the Olympic games in which the medals are engraved with springs of laurel. The custom of the more modern wreath began in the 16th century among northern and eastern Europeans—with Germans commonly credited with starting the Christmas tree tradition to usher in Christmastide and Epiphanytide. During this period, pruning the tree was a part of the preparation process. Limbs were often cut off in an attempt to make the tree more uniform in shape or to fit into a room. Instead of throwing the pieces of greenery away, the Europeans wove the excess into wreaths adorned with pinecones and various colored ribbons. These people were living in a time when everything was used until it was gone. “The tree gave birth to the wreath.” Christmas wreaths are made by twisting or bending evergreen branches into a large circle which are then enriched with a variety of treasures . Such wreaths originally served as Christmas tree ornaments, and not as the standalone decoration we’re familiar with today. They were formed into a wheel-like shape partially for convenience—it was simple to hang a circle onto a branch—but the shape was also significant as a representation of divining perfection. It symbolized eternity and the creation of life, as the shape has no end. Evergreens are commonly used in the construction of the wreath due to their hardiness throughout the harsh winters, and they denote strength as well as immortality, and were a symbol of power, resilience, and hope. A German Lutheran pastor named Johann Hinrich Wichern is often given credit for turning the wreath into a symbol of the Advent, and lighting candles of various sizes and colors in a circle as Christmas approached. Christmas wreaths in the Catholic tradition had four candles—three of which were purple, symbolizing penance and expectation, and one of red or pink to represent the coming day and the joy of new life. Similar to Catholic customs, traditional Pagan wreaths were also evergreen circles consisting of four candles, representing the elements of Earth, Wind, Fire and Water. These wreaths were used in rituals that were meant to ensure the continuance of the circle of life. Inasmuch as wreaths started with humble beginnings, some were even used to commemorate the harvest of the autumnal season, the wreaths of today are widespread in popularity and are a metaphor for beautiful decorations for your home or office that really show off your true holiday cheer. Spread that holiday spirit and buy a Christmas wreath for yourself or someone you love, or spend a few minutes making one as I showed you in my previous blog. Thank you for indulging me on this trip down history lane. I am your BoomerGal, Connie, wishing you a wreath-full of memories this holiday season. Contributing editorial content: Gerry Wilson, Wilson Enterprises, Wilson, MI Ace Collins, author of Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Kat Moon at TIME, Inc. Disclaimer: I subscribe to no authorship of this article, other than to have had the distinct privilege of assembling bits and pieces of historical information from the internet. The purpose was to share insight into what is documented as chronicled accounts of the evolution of the Christmas wreath. I trust you enjoyed the reading as much as I did researching it.	<urn:uuid:11337182-3e5f-4a8c-a9fc-e00980699831>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://boomergal.com/christmas-wreath-history/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00032.warc.gz	en	0.980173	894	3.40625	3	[ -0.06787984073162079, 0.4355715811252594, 0.4956846833229065, 0.04525395482778549, -0.21597114205360413, -0.1187385842204094, 0.11355821043252945, 0.1022205576300621, 0.17532625794410706, 0.1753438413143158, 0.010962443426251411, 0.006763075012713671, -0.23978933691978455, 0.22264638543128...	14	Oh, the wonderous circle of joy. Hanging a wreath on a door or a wall is almost as essential to decorating for yuletide as setting up a Christmas tree. Actually, wreaths are more than just decorations, and I thought I would share some of the rich history behind them. The word wreath comes from the word “writhen” that was an old English word meaning “to writhe” or “to twist.” The oldest historical origination came from the Greco-Roman era where wreaths were hung on doors as a sign of victory and achievement or a person’s occupation and status in society. Women would wear them as headdresses as a symbol of pride, and also donned them during special occasions such as weddings. Additionally, the victors of Panhellenic sporting events in ancient Greece were given laurel wreaths. As you are probably aware, this tradition is still being used to this day during the Olympic games in which the medals are engraved with springs of laurel. The custom of the more modern wreath began in the 16th century among northern and eastern Europeans—with Germans commonly credited with starting the Christmas tree tradition to usher in Christmastide and Epiphanytide. During this period, pruning the tree was a part of the preparation process. Limbs were often cut off in an attempt to make the tree more uniform in shape or to fit into a room. Instead of throwing the pieces of greenery away, the Europeans wove the excess into wreaths adorned with pinecones and various colored ribbons. These people were living in a time when everything was used until it was gone. “The tree gave birth to the wreath.” Christmas wreaths are made by twisting or bending evergreen branches into a large circle which are then enriched with a variety of treasures . Such wreaths originally served as Christmas tree ornaments, and not as the standalone decoration we’re familiar with today. They were formed into a wheel-like shape partially for convenience—it was simple to hang a circle onto a branch—but the shape was also significant as a representation of divining perfection. It symbolized eternity and the creation of life, as the shape has no end. Evergreens are commonly used in the construction of the wreath due to their hardiness throughout the harsh winters, and they denote strength as well as immortality, and were a symbol of power, resilience, and hope. A German Lutheran pastor named Johann Hinrich Wichern is often given credit for turning the wreath into a symbol of the Advent, and lighting candles of various sizes and colors in a circle as Christmas approached. Christmas wreaths in the Catholic tradition had four candles—three of which were purple, symbolizing penance and expectation, and one of red or pink to represent the coming day and the joy of new life. Similar to Catholic customs, traditional Pagan wreaths were also evergreen circles consisting of four candles, representing the elements of Earth, Wind, Fire and Water. These wreaths were used in rituals that were meant to ensure the continuance of the circle of life. Inasmuch as wreaths started with humble beginnings, some were even used to commemorate the harvest of the autumnal season, the wreaths of today are widespread in popularity and are a metaphor for beautiful decorations for your home or office that really show off your true holiday cheer. Spread that holiday spirit and buy a Christmas wreath for yourself or someone you love, or spend a few minutes making one as I showed you in my previous blog. Thank you for indulging me on this trip down history lane. I am your BoomerGal, Connie, wishing you a wreath-full of memories this holiday season. Contributing editorial content: Gerry Wilson, Wilson Enterprises, Wilson, MI Ace Collins, author of Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Kat Moon at TIME, Inc. Disclaimer: I subscribe to no authorship of this article, other than to have had the distinct privilege of assembling bits and pieces of historical information from the internet. The purpose was to share insight into what is documented as chronicled accounts of the evolution of the Christmas wreath. I trust you enjoyed the reading as much as I did researching it.	852	ENGLISH	1
ELLLO Intermediate English Lesson #5-10 The Past Conditional Watch these videos to learn how to use the past conditional. Point 1: We use modals plus the present perfect to speculate an alternative outcome to a completed action. - I should have studied more in school. - We should have saved some money. - I would have been upset. - I could have been a contender. Point 2: We use the third conditional to express an outcome we cannot change. - If I were you, I would have said something. - If I could do it over, I would have changed jobs. - If we had won, I wold have been happy. - If the weather had been nicer, we would have stayed longer. Point 3: We use wish + past perfect or wish + would + present perfect to show regret. The meaning is the same. - I wish I had tried harder in school. - I wish I would have tried harder in school. - She wishes she had applied for the job. - She wishes she would have appled for the job. Point 4: The modal changes the meaning of the word. - I would have said something. (I did not have the chance) - I could have said something. (I had a chance, but did not) - I should have said something. (I regret not saying something) - I must have said something. (I speculate I said something) - I might have said something. (The outcome might differ) - I may have said something. To download the free PDF, view the lesson full-screen and click the link in the top right corner.	<urn:uuid:12d5d2c3-a85e-447f-b192-e4b590b4e26b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.elllo.org/english/course/L5-10-Past-Conditional.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00468.warc.gz	en	0.986806	357	3.390625	3	[ -0.5442380905151367, 0.04638601094484329, 0.35888829827308655, 0.01441664807498455, -0.35707077383995056, 0.23462167382240295, 0.11896521598100662, 0.12888965010643005, 0.42573392391204834, 0.1623236984014511, 0.16941869258880615, -0.3228001296520233, -0.15981031954288483, 0.42668676376342...	1	ELLLO Intermediate English Lesson #5-10 The Past Conditional Watch these videos to learn how to use the past conditional. Point 1: We use modals plus the present perfect to speculate an alternative outcome to a completed action. - I should have studied more in school. - We should have saved some money. - I would have been upset. - I could have been a contender. Point 2: We use the third conditional to express an outcome we cannot change. - If I were you, I would have said something. - If I could do it over, I would have changed jobs. - If we had won, I wold have been happy. - If the weather had been nicer, we would have stayed longer. Point 3: We use wish + past perfect or wish + would + present perfect to show regret. The meaning is the same. - I wish I had tried harder in school. - I wish I would have tried harder in school. - She wishes she had applied for the job. - She wishes she would have appled for the job. Point 4: The modal changes the meaning of the word. - I would have said something. (I did not have the chance) - I could have said something. (I had a chance, but did not) - I should have said something. (I regret not saying something) - I must have said something. (I speculate I said something) - I might have said something. (The outcome might differ) - I may have said something. To download the free PDF, view the lesson full-screen and click the link in the top right corner.	335	ENGLISH	1
This sculpture of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (born AD 76, died AD 138), was probably inspired by an original antique bust now in the Capitoline Museum in Rome. From AD 117 to his death, Hadrian ruled an empire that stretched from Scotland to the Sahara. The presence of a full beard on this bust makes it easier to identify as Hadrian. He was the first Roman Emperor to wear a full beard. It is thought that this was a mark of his devotion to Greek art and culture. The breastplate that he wears has lions heads on the shoulders. Lions are often used as a symbol of strength. Hadrian married Vibia Sabina in about AD 100. However, we know from ancient sources that he also had several relationships with other men. Hadrian spent much of the early years as Emperor touring his vast empire. It was during these travels that he met the beautiful youth, Antinous and became enamored with him. Antinous became his beloved and accompanied him on his travels. Hadrian visited Egypt in AD 130, along with both his wife and Antinous, and embarked on a voyage up the River Nile. On 24 October Antinous drowned in the river. It lead to a public outpouring of grief on the part of Hadrian.	<urn:uuid:7daef931-0e96-405f-a036-dc11a4301ae1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/collections/lgbt/love-and-relationships/queer-relationships/antinous-and-hadrian/item-226963.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00073.warc.gz	en	0.994267	256	3.328125	3	[ -0.10954730212688446, 0.3250943422317505, 0.6721965074539185, -0.041703686118125916, -0.5340999364852905, -0.16075517237186432, 0.29946744441986084, 0.4237344563007355, -0.20085933804512024, -0.33584222197532654, 0.14194585382938385, -0.7368158102035522, 0.1680721789598465, 0.3500331044197...	1	This sculpture of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (born AD 76, died AD 138), was probably inspired by an original antique bust now in the Capitoline Museum in Rome. From AD 117 to his death, Hadrian ruled an empire that stretched from Scotland to the Sahara. The presence of a full beard on this bust makes it easier to identify as Hadrian. He was the first Roman Emperor to wear a full beard. It is thought that this was a mark of his devotion to Greek art and culture. The breastplate that he wears has lions heads on the shoulders. Lions are often used as a symbol of strength. Hadrian married Vibia Sabina in about AD 100. However, we know from ancient sources that he also had several relationships with other men. Hadrian spent much of the early years as Emperor touring his vast empire. It was during these travels that he met the beautiful youth, Antinous and became enamored with him. Antinous became his beloved and accompanied him on his travels. Hadrian visited Egypt in AD 130, along with both his wife and Antinous, and embarked on a voyage up the River Nile. On 24 October Antinous drowned in the river. It lead to a public outpouring of grief on the part of Hadrian.	272	ENGLISH	1
Ralph Waldo Emerson was born on May 25, 1803, in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the middle child of William and Ruth Emerson. Ralph attended the Boston Latin School as a child. He went to college at Harvard University, graduating in 1821. While in college, he dropped the “Ralph” in his name. After attending Harvard University, Emerson studied at the Harvard School of Divinity. He was ordained a minister of the Second Church in Boston. In 1829, Emerson married Ellen Tucker. She died in 1832 from tuberculosis. Struck with grief, Emerson resigned as minister the same year. In 1832, he traveled to Europe and met well-known writers such as Thomas Carlyle, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. He returned home in 1833 and started to give public lectures on spirituality. In 1834, Emerson moved to Concord, Massachusetts. The next year he married Lydia Jackson. They had four children together. Emerson met other writers and thinkers living in Concord who shared similar views to his own, including Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau and Amos Bronson Alcott. In 1836, Emerson published Nature, an essay about transcendentalism, the idea that reality could be understood through nature and that people fail to recognize the beauty of nature because of the demands and distractions of their personal lives. The essay The American Scholar was based on a lecture that he gave in 1837. The American Scholar encouraged Americans to forge their own identity apart from European influence. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. called The American Scholar the “Intellectual Declaration of Independence” because it encouraged authors to find their own unique style of writing. In 1840, Emerson, Bronson Alcott, and George Ripley decided to start a magazine called The Dial. Margaret Fuller was the editor of the magazine. Emerson served as the editor for the last two years the magazine was published. He also contributed essays to several issues of the magazine. In 1841, Emerson published his first book of essays. Shortly after, in 1844, his second book of essays was published. These volumes included some of his most well known works, such as Self Reliance, Friendship and Experience. In 1847, Emerson traveled to England. He returned to Massachusetts nine months later. He expressed his new approach to English culture in his lectures on the Natural History of Intellect and in his book, English Traits. In 1850, Representative Men was published. At this time, Emerson was giving about 80 lectures per year. Throughout his career he gave about 1500 lectures to the public. In 1851, he began a series of lectures, which would become a book called The Conduct of Life. This book was published in 1860. In this book he advocated for the abolition of slavery. At this time Emerson had become a well-known writer and inspiration to many other writers including Henry Thoreau and Walt Whitman. Emerson continued his speeches against slavery. In 1857, he wrote an essay called Memory. Ironically, as he aged, his own memory began to fail him. However, he still continued to write, publishing Society and Solitude and Parnassus, a collection of poetry. Emerson died on April 27, 1882 from pneumonia in Concord.	<urn:uuid:96cd3cd3-7a3b-4411-aa4e-13b12d63500b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mrnussbaum.com/ralph-waldo-emerson-authors-series	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00013.warc.gz	en	0.985753	667	3.46875	3	[ 0.05800186097621918, 0.04656071960926056, 0.1638883799314499, -0.39664775133132935, -0.42941153049468994, 0.19813604652881622, -0.07021152228116989, -0.03697042912244797, -0.006260019727051258, 0.07840339839458466, 0.33752381801605225, -0.11034885048866272, 0.43940049409866333, 0.118867650...	1	Ralph Waldo Emerson was born on May 25, 1803, in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the middle child of William and Ruth Emerson. Ralph attended the Boston Latin School as a child. He went to college at Harvard University, graduating in 1821. While in college, he dropped the “Ralph” in his name. After attending Harvard University, Emerson studied at the Harvard School of Divinity. He was ordained a minister of the Second Church in Boston. In 1829, Emerson married Ellen Tucker. She died in 1832 from tuberculosis. Struck with grief, Emerson resigned as minister the same year. In 1832, he traveled to Europe and met well-known writers such as Thomas Carlyle, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. He returned home in 1833 and started to give public lectures on spirituality. In 1834, Emerson moved to Concord, Massachusetts. The next year he married Lydia Jackson. They had four children together. Emerson met other writers and thinkers living in Concord who shared similar views to his own, including Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau and Amos Bronson Alcott. In 1836, Emerson published Nature, an essay about transcendentalism, the idea that reality could be understood through nature and that people fail to recognize the beauty of nature because of the demands and distractions of their personal lives. The essay The American Scholar was based on a lecture that he gave in 1837. The American Scholar encouraged Americans to forge their own identity apart from European influence. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. called The American Scholar the “Intellectual Declaration of Independence” because it encouraged authors to find their own unique style of writing. In 1840, Emerson, Bronson Alcott, and George Ripley decided to start a magazine called The Dial. Margaret Fuller was the editor of the magazine. Emerson served as the editor for the last two years the magazine was published. He also contributed essays to several issues of the magazine. In 1841, Emerson published his first book of essays. Shortly after, in 1844, his second book of essays was published. These volumes included some of his most well known works, such as Self Reliance, Friendship and Experience. In 1847, Emerson traveled to England. He returned to Massachusetts nine months later. He expressed his new approach to English culture in his lectures on the Natural History of Intellect and in his book, English Traits. In 1850, Representative Men was published. At this time, Emerson was giving about 80 lectures per year. Throughout his career he gave about 1500 lectures to the public. In 1851, he began a series of lectures, which would become a book called The Conduct of Life. This book was published in 1860. In this book he advocated for the abolition of slavery. At this time Emerson had become a well-known writer and inspiration to many other writers including Henry Thoreau and Walt Whitman. Emerson continued his speeches against slavery. In 1857, he wrote an essay called Memory. Ironically, as he aged, his own memory began to fail him. However, he still continued to write, publishing Society and Solitude and Parnassus, a collection of poetry. Emerson died on April 27, 1882 from pneumonia in Concord.	722	ENGLISH	1
(Last Updated on : 05/02/2014) Udyoga Parva describes the preparations for the great battle at Kurukshetra and the efforts to bring about peace. This Parva consists of eleven sub-parvas and forms the fifth Parva of Mahabharata. It narrates the preparations of the Kauravas for war by getting the aid of various princes and kings who were there friends and relatives and the Pandavas after completing thirteen years of exile returned with full glory and they stayed in the kingdom of Drupada and from there they raised a great army with a large number of their alleys as different kings and warriors. The effort of Krishna to bring about peace between the Pandavas and the Kauravas has also been described in this Parva of Mahabharata. In this Parva the meeting of Krishna with Karna has also been described prior to the war at Kurukshetra. Ambassador from Dhritarashtra When the thirteen years of exile were over, the Pandavas made themselves visible to the world. The held a great council of kings at the court of one of their allies, the king Drupada who was the father of Draupadi , the king of Hastinapur, after hearing about the return of the Pandavas along with Draupadi from exile, sent an ambassador charged with vague words of peace and friendship to the Pandavas. However, he did not give any definite proposal for giving the Pandavas their kingdom and property through the ambassador. The ambassador from Dhritarashtra reached the place where the five Pandavas were staying and he narrated those which were told to him by the Kauravas to convey the Pandavas. After hearing the words of the ambassador, which were full of vague message of friendship and peace and no mention of the return of the half of the kingdom to the Pandavas, all agreed with Yudhisthir that there was only one answer to the peace message of Dhritarashtra and that was that either the Kauravas would return them their kingdom which was due to them or they would be ready for a fatal combat. War Preparations of Pandavas and Kauravas The aggression of Duryodhana was very severe and persistent and the insult to the Pandavas and Draupadi at the gambling party was too personal and offensive. Duryodhana, however, had had all the opportunity he craved and for thirteen years, while the Pandavas were in exile, he had enjoyed the power of making alliances and dispensing benefits. Thus, that was the right time to test the faithfulness and the courage of the friends he had won. The clouds of war hung thick and black above the rival houses, and both knew then that the contest would end up in death. Duryodhana put the command of the Kaurava forces into the hands of Bhishma , while Karna , in order not to create a separate faction in the army, decided not to fight till the grandsire was slain. The Pandava forces were put under the command of Draupadi's brother, the Panchala prince, Dhrishtadyumna Hastinapur, at the approach of battle, crowded with kings and armed personnel, with elephants and chariots and thousands of foot-soldiers, looked like the ocean at the moment of moonrise. The Pandavas gathered their forces in the capital of Drupada. From the beginning Duryodhana had given orders that Bhishma, as commander, was to be protected, and having heard vaguely from Bhishma that through Shikhandi alone he could be killed, he ordered that every effort was to be made in the battle to kill Shikhandi. Since Krishna was the cousin of both the Pandavas and the Kauravas, thus it was his duty to help both the sides in the great battle at Kurukshetra . Both Arjuna and Duryodhana went to Lord Krishna to ask for his help in the battle. While Duryodhana was pleased after getting the huge army of Krishna to fight in his side, Arjuna got the consent of Krishna to let him perform the duty of his charioteer in the great battle. Krishna as an Envoy to Hastinapur went on behalf of the Pandavas before the outbreak of hostilities to see if it were possible to persuade Dhritarashtra to restore Indraprastha peacefully to the Pandavas, and thus to avoid war. Krishna tried his best in his mission as an envoy, but the blind king Dhritarashtra, blinded even of his sense of reason and wisdom, was unable to accept the proposal of Krishna. He was however deeply influenced by the love of his elder son Duryodhana and was, from the beginning, unable to deny his son of any matter. That time, while Krishna was an ambassador of peace in the court of the Kauravas, Duryodhana even tried to arrest Krishna, ignorant of his actual self. By that act of foolishness of Duryodhana Krishna showed his real self and departed from Hastinapur by warning al of a severe consequence. Krishna Meets Karna in Hastinapur When the peace mission of Krishna failed in Hastinapur court, he tried a last attempt to avoid war and thus met Karna in a lonely place. He told Karna of his real identity and asked him to be a part of the Pandavas since he was the eldest of all the Pandava brothers and the first son of Kunti . Karna listened with his usual courtesy and he told that the same was known to him for long. He also told that it was by the command of the Sun god that his mother Kunti abandoned him and floated him out on the river beside which he was born. At the same time, he was unable to forget all the love and devotion of the old charioteer and his wife, who adopted him when he was very small and treated him as they own son. He was also unable to forget that they had no other child, and that if he gave them up there would be none to make the ancestral offerings for them. He had also married in the caste of the charioteer, and his children and grandchildren were all of that rank. Thus, out of mere desire for empire, he was not able to cut loose his heart from those bonds. His gratitude, which he owed to Duryodhana for all his help, could not be overlooked. Only for his fearless and heroic friendship he had enjoyed a kingdom for thirteen years without any care. His desire in life for a single combat with Arjuna was the only thing for which Duryodhana was bold enough to declare war. Thus, he was not able to change his mind and be a part of the Pandavas, since that would be a treachery to his friend Duryodhana. Meeting of Kunti and Karna The Udyoga Parva in Mahabharata also describes the meeting of Kunti with Karna. Before the start of the war at Kurukshetra, Kunti tried to strengthen the side of her sons by persuading Karna to fight for the Pandavas. Thus, one morning, by the river-side, as Karna ended his devotions after bathing, and turned, he was surprised to find the aged Kunti, mother of the Pandavas, waiting behind him. He bowed gravely and introduced himself as the son of Adiratha, the charioteer, and asked if he could do anything for her. Then Kunti quivered at his words and told to Karna that he was not the son of a charioteer, but her eldest son and asked him to let the fact known to the five Pandavas and urged him to fight from their side in the battle. Replying to what Kunti told him, Karna asked her the reason to demand his obedience at that time while he was left to death by her when he was newly born and for the charioteer and his wife he was saved and grew up into what he was then. Then he told that he could not abandon his friend Duryodhana even for the sake of his mother. However, he promised to Kunti that he would only fight against Arjuna and also assured her that her total number of sons would remain five. Either he would kill Arjuna or Arjuna would kill him, in both the cases the sons of Kunti would remain five. Thus, one after the other, the udyoga or effort made by the Pandavas to find an alternative for the war failed and at last it was decided from both the sides that the ultimate war would decide the fate of both the princely families. The Udyoga Parva thus covers all the incidents starting from the end of the thirteen years of exile of the Pandavas and the preparations for war by the Pandavas and the Kauravas.	<urn:uuid:8681db3a-cce7-4f5d-b4ec-49cdb600a6c9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.indianetzone.com/38/udyoga_parva.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00518.warc.gz	en	0.988973	1,916	3.578125	4	[ -0.5314998030662537, 0.007166500203311443, -0.12862002849578857, -0.3712522089481354, -0.3135181665420532, -0.21532197296619415, 0.2873231768608093, 0.09761027246713638, -0.24944491684436798, 0.14350539445877075, 0.09316672384738922, -0.644439697265625, 0.35072726011276245, 0.2916932404041...	1	(Last Updated on : 05/02/2014) Udyoga Parva describes the preparations for the great battle at Kurukshetra and the efforts to bring about peace. This Parva consists of eleven sub-parvas and forms the fifth Parva of Mahabharata. It narrates the preparations of the Kauravas for war by getting the aid of various princes and kings who were there friends and relatives and the Pandavas after completing thirteen years of exile returned with full glory and they stayed in the kingdom of Drupada and from there they raised a great army with a large number of their alleys as different kings and warriors. The effort of Krishna to bring about peace between the Pandavas and the Kauravas has also been described in this Parva of Mahabharata. In this Parva the meeting of Krishna with Karna has also been described prior to the war at Kurukshetra. Ambassador from Dhritarashtra When the thirteen years of exile were over, the Pandavas made themselves visible to the world. The held a great council of kings at the court of one of their allies, the king Drupada who was the father of Draupadi , the king of Hastinapur, after hearing about the return of the Pandavas along with Draupadi from exile, sent an ambassador charged with vague words of peace and friendship to the Pandavas. However, he did not give any definite proposal for giving the Pandavas their kingdom and property through the ambassador. The ambassador from Dhritarashtra reached the place where the five Pandavas were staying and he narrated those which were told to him by the Kauravas to convey the Pandavas. After hearing the words of the ambassador, which were full of vague message of friendship and peace and no mention of the return of the half of the kingdom to the Pandavas, all agreed with Yudhisthir that there was only one answer to the peace message of Dhritarashtra and that was that either the Kauravas would return them their kingdom which was due to them or they would be ready for a fatal combat. War Preparations of Pandavas and Kauravas The aggression of Duryodhana was very severe and persistent and the insult to the Pandavas and Draupadi at the gambling party was too personal and offensive. Duryodhana, however, had had all the opportunity he craved and for thirteen years, while the Pandavas were in exile, he had enjoyed the power of making alliances and dispensing benefits. Thus, that was the right time to test the faithfulness and the courage of the friends he had won. The clouds of war hung thick and black above the rival houses, and both knew then that the contest would end up in death. Duryodhana put the command of the Kaurava forces into the hands of Bhishma , while Karna , in order not to create a separate faction in the army, decided not to fight till the grandsire was slain. The Pandava forces were put under the command of Draupadi's brother, the Panchala prince, Dhrishtadyumna Hastinapur, at the approach of battle, crowded with kings and armed personnel, with elephants and chariots and thousands of foot-soldiers, looked like the ocean at the moment of moonrise. The Pandavas gathered their forces in the capital of Drupada. From the beginning Duryodhana had given orders that Bhishma, as commander, was to be protected, and having heard vaguely from Bhishma that through Shikhandi alone he could be killed, he ordered that every effort was to be made in the battle to kill Shikhandi. Since Krishna was the cousin of both the Pandavas and the Kauravas, thus it was his duty to help both the sides in the great battle at Kurukshetra . Both Arjuna and Duryodhana went to Lord Krishna to ask for his help in the battle. While Duryodhana was pleased after getting the huge army of Krishna to fight in his side, Arjuna got the consent of Krishna to let him perform the duty of his charioteer in the great battle. Krishna as an Envoy to Hastinapur went on behalf of the Pandavas before the outbreak of hostilities to see if it were possible to persuade Dhritarashtra to restore Indraprastha peacefully to the Pandavas, and thus to avoid war. Krishna tried his best in his mission as an envoy, but the blind king Dhritarashtra, blinded even of his sense of reason and wisdom, was unable to accept the proposal of Krishna. He was however deeply influenced by the love of his elder son Duryodhana and was, from the beginning, unable to deny his son of any matter. That time, while Krishna was an ambassador of peace in the court of the Kauravas, Duryodhana even tried to arrest Krishna, ignorant of his actual self. By that act of foolishness of Duryodhana Krishna showed his real self and departed from Hastinapur by warning al of a severe consequence. Krishna Meets Karna in Hastinapur When the peace mission of Krishna failed in Hastinapur court, he tried a last attempt to avoid war and thus met Karna in a lonely place. He told Karna of his real identity and asked him to be a part of the Pandavas since he was the eldest of all the Pandava brothers and the first son of Kunti . Karna listened with his usual courtesy and he told that the same was known to him for long. He also told that it was by the command of the Sun god that his mother Kunti abandoned him and floated him out on the river beside which he was born. At the same time, he was unable to forget all the love and devotion of the old charioteer and his wife, who adopted him when he was very small and treated him as they own son. He was also unable to forget that they had no other child, and that if he gave them up there would be none to make the ancestral offerings for them. He had also married in the caste of the charioteer, and his children and grandchildren were all of that rank. Thus, out of mere desire for empire, he was not able to cut loose his heart from those bonds. His gratitude, which he owed to Duryodhana for all his help, could not be overlooked. Only for his fearless and heroic friendship he had enjoyed a kingdom for thirteen years without any care. His desire in life for a single combat with Arjuna was the only thing for which Duryodhana was bold enough to declare war. Thus, he was not able to change his mind and be a part of the Pandavas, since that would be a treachery to his friend Duryodhana. Meeting of Kunti and Karna The Udyoga Parva in Mahabharata also describes the meeting of Kunti with Karna. Before the start of the war at Kurukshetra, Kunti tried to strengthen the side of her sons by persuading Karna to fight for the Pandavas. Thus, one morning, by the river-side, as Karna ended his devotions after bathing, and turned, he was surprised to find the aged Kunti, mother of the Pandavas, waiting behind him. He bowed gravely and introduced himself as the son of Adiratha, the charioteer, and asked if he could do anything for her. Then Kunti quivered at his words and told to Karna that he was not the son of a charioteer, but her eldest son and asked him to let the fact known to the five Pandavas and urged him to fight from their side in the battle. Replying to what Kunti told him, Karna asked her the reason to demand his obedience at that time while he was left to death by her when he was newly born and for the charioteer and his wife he was saved and grew up into what he was then. Then he told that he could not abandon his friend Duryodhana even for the sake of his mother. However, he promised to Kunti that he would only fight against Arjuna and also assured her that her total number of sons would remain five. Either he would kill Arjuna or Arjuna would kill him, in both the cases the sons of Kunti would remain five. Thus, one after the other, the udyoga or effort made by the Pandavas to find an alternative for the war failed and at last it was decided from both the sides that the ultimate war would decide the fate of both the princely families. The Udyoga Parva thus covers all the incidents starting from the end of the thirteen years of exile of the Pandavas and the preparations for war by the Pandavas and the Kauravas.	1,897	ENGLISH	1
The 8 Ancient Greek Values Ancient Greek Values In Ancient Greeks, there were some ideas and beliefs that were held in higher esteem than in others. In Homer's epic The Odyssey, there are many examples of how the Ancient Greeks viewed these certain ideals. These values are rules and traditions that the Ancient Greeks lived by in their society. One of the most important values to the Greeks was loyalty. This meant that you had an obligation to your family and your home, to remain loyal to both. Young boys trained to fight in war and stay loyal to their native land. Men were expected to remain loyal to the honor of their families. Home was seen as the most important and central part of life in Ancient Greece. The idea of "homecoming" is a term that refers to coming home from a long adventure or journey and being reunited with the ones you love. This ideal is first introduced in Homer's text The Odyssey, reflecting the Ancient Greek's emphasis of the importance of the home, family, and loyalty in Greek life. The second-most important value in Ancient Greece, hospitality is known as the idea of being welcoming and giving to strangers and guests in your home. In Ancient Greece, it was a custom to invite friends and strangers to stay in your home, offering them food, drink, and gifts. The idea of "make yourself at home", is a tenant of hospitality derived from Ancient Greece. It was seen as rude if you did not treat your guests with the upmost hospitality in your home. The Power of Storytelling In Ancient Greece, boys, often as young as 12, would begin training to fight in war. As such, the ideal of being fit and athletic was very important to the Greeks. In addition, Greeks were very competitive by nature, so any sporting or competitions were held in high regard. Those with strength and athletic abilities were seen as more appealing, noble, and attractive in society. The character Odysseus in Homer's The Odyssey is described as very strong, being the only man who can successfully string his bow. He is respected by many of his men for his abilities and strength in war. Men were expected to fit this ideal in Ancient Greece. Just as important as it was for young men to train to fight in war, it was also important for them to understand the value of teamwork. Often in battle and in intense competitions, these men has to come together to defeat their enemies. Therefore, teamwork was held in high regard in Ancient Greece. Intuition, or your ability to use your insight to make decisions and solve problems, was another characteristic that was highly reveled in Ancient Greek society. The Ancient Greeks often told stories of the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus, using them as a foundation for building on these core values. The Olympian gods and goddesses each had their own strengths, and many of them used intuition to their advantage to solve problems. Ingenuity, another core value of the Greeks, is the ability to use creativity to find your way out of challenges or problems. In Homer's The Odyssey, Odysseus uses his clever and cunning skills to get out of many problems that he faces on his journey back to Ithaca. He thinks of new and inventive ways to get out of situations, such as hiding under the bellies of the sheep to escape The Cyclops cave. The Ancient Greeks saw the value of ingenuity as a mark of intelligence and nobility in a person, and those with this unique talent were highly respected. An Eye for An Eye Justice is another core value that the Ancient Greeks lived by. Just as Hammurabi's code states "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth", the Greeks has a similar viewpoint on justice. They felt that karma had a way of catching up with people, and that those who have done wrong should be punished by the gods with the appropriate sentence. Many stories in Ancient Greek mythology explain how the gods punished those who did not obey their words. Those who do not mind the gods and their advice pay the price, sometimes with their own lives. The last and final value of the Ancient Greeks is respect. In many ways, this directly correlates with their religious beliefs and the Greek gods and goddesses. If you did not have respect for the gods, you were basically going against everything the Ancient Greeks stood for. They help the Olympian gods and goddesses in high regard. Family and friends were also an important part of respect. If you did not have respect for your family and your home, you were looked down upon in society and cast off from everyone else. Core Beliefs and Values The Ancient Greeks established a lot of core beliefs and values in their time, and surprisingly enough, we can relate to a lot of these values today. Most of these values are still very cherished and important in many different societies. Although we might have different religious beliefs, backgrounds, and upbringings, we can all agree upon the fact that these core beliefs are still being used around the world today.	<urn:uuid:b474d7eb-3851-472e-8a21-f10a5cebbf74>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://hubpages.com/education/The-8-Ancient-Greek-Values	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00249.warc.gz	en	0.98336	1,023	4.15625	4	[ 0.12658770382404327, 0.2883976101875305, 0.1621273159980774, -0.5308144092559814, -0.5572298169136047, -0.44911447167396545, 0.2382032573223114, 0.674496054649353, 0.12897679209709167, -0.15369683504104614, -0.4202960133552551, -0.5324655771255493, 0.005999291315674782, 0.21251289546489716...	1	The 8 Ancient Greek Values Ancient Greek Values In Ancient Greeks, there were some ideas and beliefs that were held in higher esteem than in others. In Homer's epic The Odyssey, there are many examples of how the Ancient Greeks viewed these certain ideals. These values are rules and traditions that the Ancient Greeks lived by in their society. One of the most important values to the Greeks was loyalty. This meant that you had an obligation to your family and your home, to remain loyal to both. Young boys trained to fight in war and stay loyal to their native land. Men were expected to remain loyal to the honor of their families. Home was seen as the most important and central part of life in Ancient Greece. The idea of "homecoming" is a term that refers to coming home from a long adventure or journey and being reunited with the ones you love. This ideal is first introduced in Homer's text The Odyssey, reflecting the Ancient Greek's emphasis of the importance of the home, family, and loyalty in Greek life. The second-most important value in Ancient Greece, hospitality is known as the idea of being welcoming and giving to strangers and guests in your home. In Ancient Greece, it was a custom to invite friends and strangers to stay in your home, offering them food, drink, and gifts. The idea of "make yourself at home", is a tenant of hospitality derived from Ancient Greece. It was seen as rude if you did not treat your guests with the upmost hospitality in your home. The Power of Storytelling In Ancient Greece, boys, often as young as 12, would begin training to fight in war. As such, the ideal of being fit and athletic was very important to the Greeks. In addition, Greeks were very competitive by nature, so any sporting or competitions were held in high regard. Those with strength and athletic abilities were seen as more appealing, noble, and attractive in society. The character Odysseus in Homer's The Odyssey is described as very strong, being the only man who can successfully string his bow. He is respected by many of his men for his abilities and strength in war. Men were expected to fit this ideal in Ancient Greece. Just as important as it was for young men to train to fight in war, it was also important for them to understand the value of teamwork. Often in battle and in intense competitions, these men has to come together to defeat their enemies. Therefore, teamwork was held in high regard in Ancient Greece. Intuition, or your ability to use your insight to make decisions and solve problems, was another characteristic that was highly reveled in Ancient Greek society. The Ancient Greeks often told stories of the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus, using them as a foundation for building on these core values. The Olympian gods and goddesses each had their own strengths, and many of them used intuition to their advantage to solve problems. Ingenuity, another core value of the Greeks, is the ability to use creativity to find your way out of challenges or problems. In Homer's The Odyssey, Odysseus uses his clever and cunning skills to get out of many problems that he faces on his journey back to Ithaca. He thinks of new and inventive ways to get out of situations, such as hiding under the bellies of the sheep to escape The Cyclops cave. The Ancient Greeks saw the value of ingenuity as a mark of intelligence and nobility in a person, and those with this unique talent were highly respected. An Eye for An Eye Justice is another core value that the Ancient Greeks lived by. Just as Hammurabi's code states "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth", the Greeks has a similar viewpoint on justice. They felt that karma had a way of catching up with people, and that those who have done wrong should be punished by the gods with the appropriate sentence. Many stories in Ancient Greek mythology explain how the gods punished those who did not obey their words. Those who do not mind the gods and their advice pay the price, sometimes with their own lives. The last and final value of the Ancient Greeks is respect. In many ways, this directly correlates with their religious beliefs and the Greek gods and goddesses. If you did not have respect for the gods, you were basically going against everything the Ancient Greeks stood for. They help the Olympian gods and goddesses in high regard. Family and friends were also an important part of respect. If you did not have respect for your family and your home, you were looked down upon in society and cast off from everyone else. Core Beliefs and Values The Ancient Greeks established a lot of core beliefs and values in their time, and surprisingly enough, we can relate to a lot of these values today. Most of these values are still very cherished and important in many different societies. Although we might have different religious beliefs, backgrounds, and upbringings, we can all agree upon the fact that these core beliefs are still being used around the world today.	1,018	ENGLISH	1
SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE (1897-1945) was, along with Gandhi, one of the most important fighters for the independence of India. Without doubt, the activities of Bose and their consequences were one of the main reasons that the British left India in 1947. A one time president of the Indian National Congress, he later parted ways with it. Before 1940, Bose was placed under house arrest in Calcutta by the British. In 1940, he escaped and made his way to Nazi Germany, where he arrived in 1941. The German authorities were prepared to cooperate with him to bring about the downfall of the British Empire in India. After the surrender of Singapore to the Japanese, Bose and his colleague Abid Hassan Saffrani (1911-84), who was studying engineeringin Germany and anti-British, were placed on a German submarine in early 1943. It took them to Madagascar, where they boarded a Japanese submarine that took them to Japanese occupied Sumatra. Then, they proceeded to Singapore, where Bose persuaded captured Indian troops to fight the British to gain independence for India. It was during this time that Abid Hassan Saffrani coined the salutation ‘Jai Hind’. Bose led his Indian National Army on an ill fated military expedition to enter India via Burma. In 1945, Bose was killed in an air accident in Japanese held Taiwan. Abid Hassan Saffrani returned to India and after Independence served his country as a diplomat. The photograph shows Bose with Abid during their journey on the German submarine in 1943. (Bose is on the left with spectacles)The print I saw is in the possession of a nephew of Abid, who lives in Hyderabad. Some days before I met Abid’s nephew, we met a lady in Calcutta. After spending an evening with her, I expressed my interest in the anti-British activists, who lived in Calcutta. Hearing this, she revealed that she is related to one of them. We asked which one. She told us that her grandfather was Sarat Chandra Bose, the brother of Subhas Chandra Bose who helped Subhas to escape from Calcutta in 1940. We were amazed to hear this.	<urn:uuid:66d60c12-45a5-4e84-a31d-63082a5474b2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://adam-yamey-writes.com/tag/calcutta/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00179.warc.gz	en	0.982675	468	3.53125	4	[ 0.07711778581142426, 0.18571874499320984, -0.09742027521133423, -0.30322638154029846, -0.2543625831604004, -0.13022398948669434, 0.7050684690475464, 0.06282854825258255, -0.22441062331199646, 0.329844206571579, 0.13016699254512787, -0.3600713908672333, 0.2957349717617035, 0.640818774700164...	10	SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE (1897-1945) was, along with Gandhi, one of the most important fighters for the independence of India. Without doubt, the activities of Bose and their consequences were one of the main reasons that the British left India in 1947. A one time president of the Indian National Congress, he later parted ways with it. Before 1940, Bose was placed under house arrest in Calcutta by the British. In 1940, he escaped and made his way to Nazi Germany, where he arrived in 1941. The German authorities were prepared to cooperate with him to bring about the downfall of the British Empire in India. After the surrender of Singapore to the Japanese, Bose and his colleague Abid Hassan Saffrani (1911-84), who was studying engineeringin Germany and anti-British, were placed on a German submarine in early 1943. It took them to Madagascar, where they boarded a Japanese submarine that took them to Japanese occupied Sumatra. Then, they proceeded to Singapore, where Bose persuaded captured Indian troops to fight the British to gain independence for India. It was during this time that Abid Hassan Saffrani coined the salutation ‘Jai Hind’. Bose led his Indian National Army on an ill fated military expedition to enter India via Burma. In 1945, Bose was killed in an air accident in Japanese held Taiwan. Abid Hassan Saffrani returned to India and after Independence served his country as a diplomat. The photograph shows Bose with Abid during their journey on the German submarine in 1943. (Bose is on the left with spectacles)The print I saw is in the possession of a nephew of Abid, who lives in Hyderabad. Some days before I met Abid’s nephew, we met a lady in Calcutta. After spending an evening with her, I expressed my interest in the anti-British activists, who lived in Calcutta. Hearing this, she revealed that she is related to one of them. We asked which one. She told us that her grandfather was Sarat Chandra Bose, the brother of Subhas Chandra Bose who helped Subhas to escape from Calcutta in 1940. We were amazed to hear this.	492	ENGLISH	1
In the 1800s and early 1900s, before federal protections for all birds were established, egg collecting thrived as a hobby. Collectors bought, sold, and traded eggs with one another. In 1918, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act was established to stop the commercialization of birds, primarily because market hunting for restaurants and to provide feathers for the hat trade was decimating populations. As egg collecting slowly disappeared in the years following, many collectors gave their collections to museums. The Illinois State Museum has been the beneficiary of this, receiving collections that are now irreplaceable. Many of the thousands of eggs in the ISM collection are well over 100 years old. Egg collections such as these serve a valuable purpose. For example, historic egg collections held by museums were used to demonstrate eggshell thinning caused by use of the pesticide DDT. This ultimately led to a ban on the use of DDT in the United States to protect bird populations that were declining. The study of eggs is known as oology. Not only do the eggs have scientific value, they have aesthetic value as well. Looking closely, it is apparent that many eggs are small works of art. To learn more, follow the link to this video about the ISM’s collection of bird eggs.	<urn:uuid:7f1f88e3-bf91-4bd1-bcee-a1e7e2125ce5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://story.illinoisstatemuseum.org/content/study-oology	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00266.warc.gz	en	0.980621	259	3.609375	4	[ 0.12809740006923676, -0.23635414242744446, 0.16804707050323486, -0.007238514255732298, 0.26111122965812683, 0.24388878047466278, 0.35206711292266846, 0.5541930794715881, -0.322418749332428, -0.20888911187648773, -0.24841953814029694, -0.241641104221344, -0.013812053948640823, 0.44110652804...	7	In the 1800s and early 1900s, before federal protections for all birds were established, egg collecting thrived as a hobby. Collectors bought, sold, and traded eggs with one another. In 1918, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act was established to stop the commercialization of birds, primarily because market hunting for restaurants and to provide feathers for the hat trade was decimating populations. As egg collecting slowly disappeared in the years following, many collectors gave their collections to museums. The Illinois State Museum has been the beneficiary of this, receiving collections that are now irreplaceable. Many of the thousands of eggs in the ISM collection are well over 100 years old. Egg collections such as these serve a valuable purpose. For example, historic egg collections held by museums were used to demonstrate eggshell thinning caused by use of the pesticide DDT. This ultimately led to a ban on the use of DDT in the United States to protect bird populations that were declining. The study of eggs is known as oology. Not only do the eggs have scientific value, they have aesthetic value as well. Looking closely, it is apparent that many eggs are small works of art. To learn more, follow the link to this video about the ISM’s collection of bird eggs.	270	ENGLISH	1
A BRIEF HISTORY OF BULGARIA By Tim Lambert From about 400 BC a race called the Thracians lived in parts of what is now Bulgaria. The Thracians were a tribal society and they were superb horsemen. They were also known for making beautiful gold and silver jewelry. By 100 AD the Romans conquered Bulgaria. The Romans founded the city of Trimontium (modern-day Plovdiv). They also built the city of Serdica on the site of Sofia. In 395 the Roman Empire split in two. Bulgaria became part of the Eastern Roman Empire (later called the Byzantine Empire). However, Byzantium grew weaker and about 500 AD Slavs settled in Bulgaria. Then in 680 the Bulgars invaded led by their ruler Khan Asparukh. They were descended from the Huns from Central Asia. They crossed the Danube and founded the state of Bulgaria. They then intermarried with the Slavs. In 716 the Byzantine Empire recognized the state of Bulgaria. However in the late 8th century Emperor Constantine V tried to destroy Bulgaria - but without success. Then the pendulum swung the other way. From 809 Khan Krum attacked the Byzantine Empire. Led by Khan Krum the Bulgars were victorious. In 811 the Byzantine Emperor, Nicephorus was killed in battle. Krum had his skull covered in silver and used it for drinking. In 813 Krum even lay siege to Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium but he failed to capture it. Finally, in 816 Khan Omurtag made peace. Then in 846 Boris I of Bulgaria accepted Christianity and his subjects followed. Bulgaria accepted the Eastern Orthodox Church rather than the western Catholic Church. Bulgaria reached a peak under Simeon the Great 893-927. He called himself 'Emperor of all the Bulgars and Greeks'. The pope recognized him but the Byzantine emperor did not! However in the later 10th century Bulgaria declined. In 971 the Byzantines took the capital Preslav along with a large part of eastern Bulgaria. Finally in 1014 after the battle of Belasita, the Byzantines captured 15,000 Bulgars. Out of every 100 men, 99 were blinded and one was left with one eye to lead the others home. In 1018 Bulgaria became part of the Byzantine Empire. BULGARIA IN THE MIDDLE AGES The Byzantines ruled Bulgaria until 1185. Then heavy taxation provoked rebellion. A new Bulgarian kingdom was founded with its capital at Turnovo. In 1202 the Byzantines accepted the situation and made peace. Then in 1204 the Crusaders captured Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. The Crusaders claimed that the Bulgars were their vassals however the Bulgars defeated them in battle. The second Bulgarian kingdom reached its peak under Ivan Asen II 1218-1241. Bulgaria became prosperous and powerful. However the Bulgarians had powerful enemies. In 1330 the Bulgarians were defeated by the Serbians at the battle of Velbuzhd. Bulgaria came temporarily under Serbian domination. The Bogomils in Bulgaria From the 9th century to the 15th century a religious sect called the Bogomils flourished in Bulgaria. The Bogomils were probably named after an 8th-century priest named Bogomil. The Bogomils were dualists. It was a very old belief in the Middle East that there were two gods, one good and one evil. The evil god created the material world while the good God created the spiritual one. This belief entered Bulgaria and took on some Christian elements. Bogomils believed that Satan created the material universe while God made the soul. Bogomils did not believe in the incarnation (the doctrine that God became a man - Jesus). They did not believe in infant baptism or in the Eucharist (sharing bread at mass). They also rejected the whole organization of the Orthodox Church. The leaders of the Bogomils led austere lives. They abstained from marriage, eating meat and drinking wine. However, their followers did not have to live such strict lives. The Bogomil sect spread to the Byzantine Empire and other parts of Southeast Europe. However, it died out after the Turks conquered the area. BULGARIA UNDER TURKISH RULE In the 14th century the Ottoman Turks were a rising power in the region. In 1393 they captured Turnovo. All Bulgarian resistance to the Turks ended in 1396. Bulgaria was under Turkish rule for nearly 500 years. Nevertheless the Bulgarians had to pay taxes to the Turks. They also had to surrender their sons. At intervals, the Turks would take the cream of Bulgarian boys aged 7 to 14. They were taken from their families and brought up as Muslims. They were also trained to be soldiers called Janissaries. In 1688 the Bulgarians around Chirpiest rose in rebellion. However, the rebellion was crushed. Nevertheless from the late 17th century onward the Turkish Empire went into inexorable decline. Then in the 19th-century nationalism became a powerful force in Europe including Bulgaria and the ideas of the French Revolution spread. There was a growing interest in Bulgarian culture and history and a growing resentment of Turkish rule. Finally in April 1876 some Bulgarians rose in revolt. However, the Turks easily crushed the rebellion. Then in April 1877 Russia declared war on Turkey. In January 1878 the Russians captured Sofia. Then on 3 March, the Treaty of Stefano ended the war. The treaty created an independent Bulgaria. However, the British and Austro-Hungarians were afraid that this new Bulgaria might be a powerful ally for Russia and they insisted the treaty be revised. By the treaty of Berlin, July 1878 Bulgaria was split in two. The northern half was not allowed to be totally independent. Instead, Bulgaria was to be a vassal state of Turkey called a principality. It was to be ruled by a prince with a parliament called the Sobranie. The southern half of Bulgaria was made only semi-autonomous within the Turkish Empire. It was given the name Eastern Rumelia. The Bulgarians would not accept this solution. In 1885 people in Eastern Rumelia staged a coup and they united with the northern half of Bulgaria. However other countries intervened again. In November 1885 the Serbians declared war. However, they were crushed at the battle of Slivnitsa. The great powers then drew up a new agreement. The two halves of Bulgaria were not allowed to completely unite. Instead, they remained two separate entities but the Prince of (northern) Bulgaria was made 'governor-general' of Eastern Rumelia. This arrangement was only a stopgap measure. In 1908 the Bulgarians overturned it. On 5 October Prince Ferdinand announced the complete independence of Bulgaria. He became King Ferdinand of Bulgaria. BULGARIA IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY Meanwhile at the beginning of the 20th-century Turkish rule in Europe was crumbling. The Turks were faced with rebellions. The Balkan states feared that the great powers might intervene. They wanted to liberate the territories still held by the Turks - and impose their own solutions. So they formed a triple alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. In October 1912 the three countries invaded Turkish territory in Europe. However the great powers did interfere. They insisted that an independent Albania be created. The three allies could do what they wanted with the rest of Turkish territory. However the allies soon quarreled and on 29 June 1913, Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece. However, Romania intervened and Bulgaria was forced to make peace. Bulgaria was forced to surrender some of its territory. Then in 1914 came the First World War. In October 1915 Germany persuaded Bulgaria to join its side promising territory as a reward. However, an allied blockade caused severe shortages in Bulgaria and eventually near starvation. Then in September 1918 French and British troops entered Bulgaria and on 29 September 1918 Bulgaria signed an armistice. On 3 October 1918, Ferdinand abdicated. His son Boris III replaced him. In 1919 Bulgaria was forced to sign the treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. She lost significant parts of her territory. Furthermore, Bulgaria was not allowed to have more than 20,000 men in her army and she was forced to pay reparations (a form of compensation for the war). However, the reparations were canceled in 1932. In the elections of 1919 those parties who had supported Bulgaria's entry into the war lost votes while those who had opposed it (The Communists and the Agrarian Party) gained them. In December 1919 the Communists and the Social Democrats joined forces and called a general strike in Bulgaria. However, Prime Minister Stamboliyski arrested the strike leaders and the strike was called off on 5 January 1920. Despite its troubles in 1920 Bulgaria was allowed to join the League of Nations, the first of the nations on the losing side to do so. However democracy in Bulgaria gave way to an authoritarian regime. In 1922 some disaffected army officers formed an organization called the Military League. In 1923 a group of conspirators including members of the Military League seized power in a coup. Prime Minister Stamboliyski was murdered. A new government was formed by Aleksandar Tsankov. Then in 1925, the Communists exploded a bomb in a Sofia cathedral. Afterward, thousands of Communists were arrested and many were executed. However in 1926 Tsankov was replaced by Andrei Liapchev. He removed some of the restrictions imposed by Tsankov. Trade unions were allowed to form and in 1927 the Communist Party was allowed to reform. In 1931 elections were held in Bulgaria. However in the early 1930s Bulgaria suffered severely from the depression. Peasant incomes fell by half and in the towns unemployment rocketed. Then in May 1934, a group of officers carried out a coup. However the new government were split over what to do with the king. Their leader Colonel Damian Velchev was a republican but in January 1935 his opponents managed to force to him out of office. In 1936 Boris dissolved the Military League and promised to return to constitutional government. Elections were held in 1938. When the Second World War began in 1939 King Boris was, at first, determined to keep Bulgaria neutral. However, from March 1941, he agreed to allow German troops to pass through Bulgaria on their way to Greece. As a reward, Bulgaria was given territory in Thrace and Macedonia. However, although some anti-Semitic laws were passed in Bulgaria the Bulgarian Jews were not deported to concentration camps. King Boris died in August 1943. By the summer of 1944 Germany was obviously losing the war and the Russians were approaching Bulgaria. Russia declared war on Bulgaria on 5 September 1944. Bulgaria declared on Germany on 7 September 1944 (with effect from 8 September). However, on 8 September 1944 Russian troops entered Bulgaria. In 1942 the Fatherland Front or FF was formed. It consisted of Communists, Social Democrats, and Agrarians. On 9 September 1944, the FF staged a coup and formed the new government. Crucially in the new cabinet, the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Justice were Communists. (They were also helped by the fact that Russian troops were stationed in Bulgaria). The Communist takeover of Bulgaria was gradual. From the start, they controlled the radio and many newspapers. However, the Communists removed their opponents one by one. New Peoples Courts were formed under the Ministry of Justice to try 'war criminals' and 'collaborators'. All the supporters of the old regime were rounded up and executed or imprisoned in labor camps. They included not just politicians but priests, teachers, and policemen. Furthermore, they removed 'unreliable' officers from the army. Eliminating all right-wingers made the Communists even more powerful. The Communists then turned on their fellow left-wingers in Bulgaria. They managed to cause splits in the Social Democratic Party and the Agrarian Party between pro and anti-Communist factions. In both cases, the Communist-controlled Ministry of Justice decided that the property of the parties belonged to the pro-Communist factions. Meanwhile in 1946 the Bulgarian army was purged again. This time about 2,000 officers were removed. In September 1946 a referendum on the monarchy resulted in Bulgaria becoming a republic. In an election in November 1946, the Communists insisted that all FF candidates should form a single list. Previously the votes had been able to vote for individual parties (Communist, Agrarian of Social Democrat). Now they would only be able to vote for the FF or against it. The FF gained most of the seats in the National Assembly. However, most of the FF seats were taken by Communists rather than Social Democrats or Agrarians (far more than support for the Communists among the voters would justify). In this way, the Communists gained control of the Assembly. Finally in June 1947 Nikola Petkov (1889-1947), the leader of the anti-Communist part of the Agrarian Party and the leader of the opposition to the Communists were arrested. He was executed in August 1947 after a show trial. Then in 1947, the Communists introduced the Dimitrov Constitution. It was named after Georgi Dimitrov, leader of the Communists after 1945 and it brought in a full Communist regime in Bulgaria. The Communists nationalized industry and collectivized agriculture in Bulgaria. They also persecuted the Orthodox Church. Finally after imposing Communism the Communist Party turned on its own members. After the anti-Communist uprising in Hungary in 1956, there was a purge in Bulgaria in which many communists were expelled from the party. Some were sent to labor camps. So for many years, Bulgaria was burdened with a totalitarian regime, slavishly obedient to the Soviet Union. From 1954 it was ruled by Todor Zhivkov. He reigned until 1989. During the communist era attempts were made to increase industry in Bulgaria but it remained a mainly agricultural country. In 1985 Zhikov tried to 'Bulgarianize' the Bulgarian Turks. Bulgarian Turks were ordered to choose from a list of Bulgarian names. If they refused one was chosen for them. Troops were sent to enforce the law but the Bulgarian Turks continued to resist. Finally in the summer of 1989 Zhikov announced that the Turks could leave Bulgaria and go to Turkey if they wished. Many of them did. Finally in the late 1980s the Communist tyranny in Bulgaria began to crumble. On 10 November 1989 Zhikov was deposed. In April the Communists renamed themselves the Bulgarian Socialist Party. The totalitarian regime was dismantled. On 6 March 1990 strikes were made legal. However multi-party elections were not held until June 1990. The Bulgarian Socialist Party continued to hold power. However, state socialism was scrapped in Bulgaria. From 1991 controls on prices were removed and industry was privatized. Collective farms were dissolved. A new constitution was introduced in July 1991 and after further elections in October 1991 the Socialist Party lost power. Today Bulgaria is a relatively poor country and it suffered badly in the recession of 2009. However, Bulgaria recovered and today the economy is growing steadily.Today tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Bulgaria. Tourists are attracted by the beautiful architecture and beaches in Bulgaria. Bulgaria joined NATO in 2004 and Bulgaria joined the EU in 2007. Today the population of Bulgaria is 7.1 million. A timeline of Bulgaria A brief history of Romania A brief history of Greece A brief history of Poland A brief History of Russia A brief history of Slovenia A brief history of Hungary Last revised 2019	<urn:uuid:ce7e029c-8e03-444d-a0f9-851c3a142dc2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://localhistories.org/bulgaria.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00321.warc.gz	en	0.982781	3,224	3.734375	4	[ -0.39532363414764404, -0.036061108112335205, 0.09387707710266113, 0.37936264276504517, -0.2003391683101654, -0.43699756264686584, -0.2127244770526886, 0.541332483291626, 0.3232077658176422, 0.45016714930534363, -0.1751103550195694, -0.8078274130821228, 0.08876203000545502, -0.0992517843842...	3	A BRIEF HISTORY OF BULGARIA By Tim Lambert From about 400 BC a race called the Thracians lived in parts of what is now Bulgaria. The Thracians were a tribal society and they were superb horsemen. They were also known for making beautiful gold and silver jewelry. By 100 AD the Romans conquered Bulgaria. The Romans founded the city of Trimontium (modern-day Plovdiv). They also built the city of Serdica on the site of Sofia. In 395 the Roman Empire split in two. Bulgaria became part of the Eastern Roman Empire (later called the Byzantine Empire). However, Byzantium grew weaker and about 500 AD Slavs settled in Bulgaria. Then in 680 the Bulgars invaded led by their ruler Khan Asparukh. They were descended from the Huns from Central Asia. They crossed the Danube and founded the state of Bulgaria. They then intermarried with the Slavs. In 716 the Byzantine Empire recognized the state of Bulgaria. However in the late 8th century Emperor Constantine V tried to destroy Bulgaria - but without success. Then the pendulum swung the other way. From 809 Khan Krum attacked the Byzantine Empire. Led by Khan Krum the Bulgars were victorious. In 811 the Byzantine Emperor, Nicephorus was killed in battle. Krum had his skull covered in silver and used it for drinking. In 813 Krum even lay siege to Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium but he failed to capture it. Finally, in 816 Khan Omurtag made peace. Then in 846 Boris I of Bulgaria accepted Christianity and his subjects followed. Bulgaria accepted the Eastern Orthodox Church rather than the western Catholic Church. Bulgaria reached a peak under Simeon the Great 893-927. He called himself 'Emperor of all the Bulgars and Greeks'. The pope recognized him but the Byzantine emperor did not! However in the later 10th century Bulgaria declined. In 971 the Byzantines took the capital Preslav along with a large part of eastern Bulgaria. Finally in 1014 after the battle of Belasita, the Byzantines captured 15,000 Bulgars. Out of every 100 men, 99 were blinded and one was left with one eye to lead the others home. In 1018 Bulgaria became part of the Byzantine Empire. BULGARIA IN THE MIDDLE AGES The Byzantines ruled Bulgaria until 1185. Then heavy taxation provoked rebellion. A new Bulgarian kingdom was founded with its capital at Turnovo. In 1202 the Byzantines accepted the situation and made peace. Then in 1204 the Crusaders captured Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. The Crusaders claimed that the Bulgars were their vassals however the Bulgars defeated them in battle. The second Bulgarian kingdom reached its peak under Ivan Asen II 1218-1241. Bulgaria became prosperous and powerful. However the Bulgarians had powerful enemies. In 1330 the Bulgarians were defeated by the Serbians at the battle of Velbuzhd. Bulgaria came temporarily under Serbian domination. The Bogomils in Bulgaria From the 9th century to the 15th century a religious sect called the Bogomils flourished in Bulgaria. The Bogomils were probably named after an 8th-century priest named Bogomil. The Bogomils were dualists. It was a very old belief in the Middle East that there were two gods, one good and one evil. The evil god created the material world while the good God created the spiritual one. This belief entered Bulgaria and took on some Christian elements. Bogomils believed that Satan created the material universe while God made the soul. Bogomils did not believe in the incarnation (the doctrine that God became a man - Jesus). They did not believe in infant baptism or in the Eucharist (sharing bread at mass). They also rejected the whole organization of the Orthodox Church. The leaders of the Bogomils led austere lives. They abstained from marriage, eating meat and drinking wine. However, their followers did not have to live such strict lives. The Bogomil sect spread to the Byzantine Empire and other parts of Southeast Europe. However, it died out after the Turks conquered the area. BULGARIA UNDER TURKISH RULE In the 14th century the Ottoman Turks were a rising power in the region. In 1393 they captured Turnovo. All Bulgarian resistance to the Turks ended in 1396. Bulgaria was under Turkish rule for nearly 500 years. Nevertheless the Bulgarians had to pay taxes to the Turks. They also had to surrender their sons. At intervals, the Turks would take the cream of Bulgarian boys aged 7 to 14. They were taken from their families and brought up as Muslims. They were also trained to be soldiers called Janissaries. In 1688 the Bulgarians around Chirpiest rose in rebellion. However, the rebellion was crushed. Nevertheless from the late 17th century onward the Turkish Empire went into inexorable decline. Then in the 19th-century nationalism became a powerful force in Europe including Bulgaria and the ideas of the French Revolution spread. There was a growing interest in Bulgarian culture and history and a growing resentment of Turkish rule. Finally in April 1876 some Bulgarians rose in revolt. However, the Turks easily crushed the rebellion. Then in April 1877 Russia declared war on Turkey. In January 1878 the Russians captured Sofia. Then on 3 March, the Treaty of Stefano ended the war. The treaty created an independent Bulgaria. However, the British and Austro-Hungarians were afraid that this new Bulgaria might be a powerful ally for Russia and they insisted the treaty be revised. By the treaty of Berlin, July 1878 Bulgaria was split in two. The northern half was not allowed to be totally independent. Instead, Bulgaria was to be a vassal state of Turkey called a principality. It was to be ruled by a prince with a parliament called the Sobranie. The southern half of Bulgaria was made only semi-autonomous within the Turkish Empire. It was given the name Eastern Rumelia. The Bulgarians would not accept this solution. In 1885 people in Eastern Rumelia staged a coup and they united with the northern half of Bulgaria. However other countries intervened again. In November 1885 the Serbians declared war. However, they were crushed at the battle of Slivnitsa. The great powers then drew up a new agreement. The two halves of Bulgaria were not allowed to completely unite. Instead, they remained two separate entities but the Prince of (northern) Bulgaria was made 'governor-general' of Eastern Rumelia. This arrangement was only a stopgap measure. In 1908 the Bulgarians overturned it. On 5 October Prince Ferdinand announced the complete independence of Bulgaria. He became King Ferdinand of Bulgaria. BULGARIA IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY Meanwhile at the beginning of the 20th-century Turkish rule in Europe was crumbling. The Turks were faced with rebellions. The Balkan states feared that the great powers might intervene. They wanted to liberate the territories still held by the Turks - and impose their own solutions. So they formed a triple alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. In October 1912 the three countries invaded Turkish territory in Europe. However the great powers did interfere. They insisted that an independent Albania be created. The three allies could do what they wanted with the rest of Turkish territory. However the allies soon quarreled and on 29 June 1913, Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece. However, Romania intervened and Bulgaria was forced to make peace. Bulgaria was forced to surrender some of its territory. Then in 1914 came the First World War. In October 1915 Germany persuaded Bulgaria to join its side promising territory as a reward. However, an allied blockade caused severe shortages in Bulgaria and eventually near starvation. Then in September 1918 French and British troops entered Bulgaria and on 29 September 1918 Bulgaria signed an armistice. On 3 October 1918, Ferdinand abdicated. His son Boris III replaced him. In 1919 Bulgaria was forced to sign the treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. She lost significant parts of her territory. Furthermore, Bulgaria was not allowed to have more than 20,000 men in her army and she was forced to pay reparations (a form of compensation for the war). However, the reparations were canceled in 1932. In the elections of 1919 those parties who had supported Bulgaria's entry into the war lost votes while those who had opposed it (The Communists and the Agrarian Party) gained them. In December 1919 the Communists and the Social Democrats joined forces and called a general strike in Bulgaria. However, Prime Minister Stamboliyski arrested the strike leaders and the strike was called off on 5 January 1920. Despite its troubles in 1920 Bulgaria was allowed to join the League of Nations, the first of the nations on the losing side to do so. However democracy in Bulgaria gave way to an authoritarian regime. In 1922 some disaffected army officers formed an organization called the Military League. In 1923 a group of conspirators including members of the Military League seized power in a coup. Prime Minister Stamboliyski was murdered. A new government was formed by Aleksandar Tsankov. Then in 1925, the Communists exploded a bomb in a Sofia cathedral. Afterward, thousands of Communists were arrested and many were executed. However in 1926 Tsankov was replaced by Andrei Liapchev. He removed some of the restrictions imposed by Tsankov. Trade unions were allowed to form and in 1927 the Communist Party was allowed to reform. In 1931 elections were held in Bulgaria. However in the early 1930s Bulgaria suffered severely from the depression. Peasant incomes fell by half and in the towns unemployment rocketed. Then in May 1934, a group of officers carried out a coup. However the new government were split over what to do with the king. Their leader Colonel Damian Velchev was a republican but in January 1935 his opponents managed to force to him out of office. In 1936 Boris dissolved the Military League and promised to return to constitutional government. Elections were held in 1938. When the Second World War began in 1939 King Boris was, at first, determined to keep Bulgaria neutral. However, from March 1941, he agreed to allow German troops to pass through Bulgaria on their way to Greece. As a reward, Bulgaria was given territory in Thrace and Macedonia. However, although some anti-Semitic laws were passed in Bulgaria the Bulgarian Jews were not deported to concentration camps. King Boris died in August 1943. By the summer of 1944 Germany was obviously losing the war and the Russians were approaching Bulgaria. Russia declared war on Bulgaria on 5 September 1944. Bulgaria declared on Germany on 7 September 1944 (with effect from 8 September). However, on 8 September 1944 Russian troops entered Bulgaria. In 1942 the Fatherland Front or FF was formed. It consisted of Communists, Social Democrats, and Agrarians. On 9 September 1944, the FF staged a coup and formed the new government. Crucially in the new cabinet, the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Justice were Communists. (They were also helped by the fact that Russian troops were stationed in Bulgaria). The Communist takeover of Bulgaria was gradual. From the start, they controlled the radio and many newspapers. However, the Communists removed their opponents one by one. New Peoples Courts were formed under the Ministry of Justice to try 'war criminals' and 'collaborators'. All the supporters of the old regime were rounded up and executed or imprisoned in labor camps. They included not just politicians but priests, teachers, and policemen. Furthermore, they removed 'unreliable' officers from the army. Eliminating all right-wingers made the Communists even more powerful. The Communists then turned on their fellow left-wingers in Bulgaria. They managed to cause splits in the Social Democratic Party and the Agrarian Party between pro and anti-Communist factions. In both cases, the Communist-controlled Ministry of Justice decided that the property of the parties belonged to the pro-Communist factions. Meanwhile in 1946 the Bulgarian army was purged again. This time about 2,000 officers were removed. In September 1946 a referendum on the monarchy resulted in Bulgaria becoming a republic. In an election in November 1946, the Communists insisted that all FF candidates should form a single list. Previously the votes had been able to vote for individual parties (Communist, Agrarian of Social Democrat). Now they would only be able to vote for the FF or against it. The FF gained most of the seats in the National Assembly. However, most of the FF seats were taken by Communists rather than Social Democrats or Agrarians (far more than support for the Communists among the voters would justify). In this way, the Communists gained control of the Assembly. Finally in June 1947 Nikola Petkov (1889-1947), the leader of the anti-Communist part of the Agrarian Party and the leader of the opposition to the Communists were arrested. He was executed in August 1947 after a show trial. Then in 1947, the Communists introduced the Dimitrov Constitution. It was named after Georgi Dimitrov, leader of the Communists after 1945 and it brought in a full Communist regime in Bulgaria. The Communists nationalized industry and collectivized agriculture in Bulgaria. They also persecuted the Orthodox Church. Finally after imposing Communism the Communist Party turned on its own members. After the anti-Communist uprising in Hungary in 1956, there was a purge in Bulgaria in which many communists were expelled from the party. Some were sent to labor camps. So for many years, Bulgaria was burdened with a totalitarian regime, slavishly obedient to the Soviet Union. From 1954 it was ruled by Todor Zhivkov. He reigned until 1989. During the communist era attempts were made to increase industry in Bulgaria but it remained a mainly agricultural country. In 1985 Zhikov tried to 'Bulgarianize' the Bulgarian Turks. Bulgarian Turks were ordered to choose from a list of Bulgarian names. If they refused one was chosen for them. Troops were sent to enforce the law but the Bulgarian Turks continued to resist. Finally in the summer of 1989 Zhikov announced that the Turks could leave Bulgaria and go to Turkey if they wished. Many of them did. Finally in the late 1980s the Communist tyranny in Bulgaria began to crumble. On 10 November 1989 Zhikov was deposed. In April the Communists renamed themselves the Bulgarian Socialist Party. The totalitarian regime was dismantled. On 6 March 1990 strikes were made legal. However multi-party elections were not held until June 1990. The Bulgarian Socialist Party continued to hold power. However, state socialism was scrapped in Bulgaria. From 1991 controls on prices were removed and industry was privatized. Collective farms were dissolved. A new constitution was introduced in July 1991 and after further elections in October 1991 the Socialist Party lost power. Today Bulgaria is a relatively poor country and it suffered badly in the recession of 2009. However, Bulgaria recovered and today the economy is growing steadily.Today tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Bulgaria. Tourists are attracted by the beautiful architecture and beaches in Bulgaria. Bulgaria joined NATO in 2004 and Bulgaria joined the EU in 2007. Today the population of Bulgaria is 7.1 million. A timeline of Bulgaria A brief history of Romania A brief history of Greece A brief history of Poland A brief History of Russia A brief history of Slovenia A brief history of Hungary Last revised 2019	3,543	ENGLISH	1
Scripture Reference: Esther 1-10 Suggested Emphasis: Blessings God gives us should be used to help others. Xerxes (son of Darius) now ruled. Because he had deposed his queen in a drunken feast, a search was made throughout the kingdom for a new queen. Under the direction of her cousin, Mordecai, Esther was put forward and chosen. Not knowing that his beautiful queen was Jewish, Xerxes fell in with a plan to destroy the Jewish captives living in his land. Queen Esther saved her people by revealing her Jewish origins to the king and convincing him to let the Jews defend and protect themselves. The book of Esther is an unusual book because God’s name is not mentioned once in the entire book. Even so, the book clearly outlines the power of God over the plans of men. Years have passed since Daniel was thrown into a lion’s den. Xerxes (sometimes called Ahasuerus) has succeeded Cyrus and is now the ruler of Persia. Xerxes and his queen, Vashti, were living at the winter capital city of Susa. The king gave a six-month-long feast. He invited many important men of the kingdom to the feast. The men drank much wine. At the climax of the feast, King Xerxes asked Vashti to come in so all the other men could see what a beautiful wife he had. Vashti refused to obey the king. We are not told what her reason was (despite all of the speculation we might have heard) but we do know that her refusal angered the King so much that he deposed her as his queen. After the feast was over, and King Xerxes was not drinking wine, he began to think about Queen Vashti. He remembered the law he had written, stating she could no longer be queen. Maybe Xerxes was sorry he had written that law. He may have wished he could destroy the law, but he could not. The law of the Medes and Persians, once written, could not be changed or destroyed by anyone, not even the king. The king’s servants suggested that a new queen be found. He could choose from all of the beautiful young women of the kingdom. Girl’s were gathered together and taken care of in the palace for one year. One of the girl’s who went to the palace was a young Jewish girl named Hadassah, or Esther. Her cousin, Mordecai took care of her since her parents had died. If 2:5-6 were read to mean that Mordecai was personally taken from Jerusalem then he would be over a hundred years old. It might mean that he was descended from one who was taken. Even though many of the Jews had returned to Jerusalem, there was still a large population living in Babylon (and in this case, Susa). The king chose Esther as the new queen. At Mordecai’s suggestion, Esther did not reveal the fact that she was Jewish. As time passed, Mordecai happened to overhear an assassination plot being hatched. He told Esther who, in turn, told the king. The would-be assassins were hanged and Mordecai was honoured. All was recorded in the annals (record books) of the king (2:23). Five years passed. A man named Haman also gained favour with the king and royal officials were ordered by the king to bow to Haman when he passed. We are not told why, but Mordecai refused to bow to him. Haman’s anger was such that he began to plot to kill not only Mordecai, but also all of the Jews. Haman convinced the king that the Jews were a menace to Persia and should be destroyed. Not knowing that his own queen was a Jew, the king passed a law that the Jews could be attacked. Mordecai heard of the plan and went straight to Esther. He asked her to use her position to save the Jews. Esther knew that she needed to approach the king but she had to do so very carefully. She could not have forgotten what happened to the last queen who had displeased King Xerxes. Esther took a big chance by approaching the King. It was not the place of the queen to approach the king but, instead, the king summoned the queen when he wanted her. She also knew she had a duty (4:14). The king did not reject Esther when she approached him. In fact he told her he would give her anything she requested. Esther could not ask him to change his own law (to kill the Jews) but she set forth a plan to let the king make the needed discoveries himself. The king granted her request to throw Haman a banquet the next day. Haman was thrilled to be invited to a banquet with the king but he was galled to notice that Mordecai still refused to bow to him. Before coming to the banquet, Haman ordered a gallows built on which to hang Mordecai. The hand of God is seen in the fact that the night before the banquet, the king could not sleep. He asked that his annals (record books) be brought to him and read. Listening to these history books should put him to sleep! The king listened to the old account of Mordecai uncovering the plot to kill the king. It occurred to him that he should honour Mordecai. It must have again been galling for Haman to be summoned to the king and ordered to honour Mordecai. And Haman was also now in a lot of trouble. He had built gallows to hang a man who was now being honoured by the king! At the feast, Esther revealed that she was a Jew and that Haman had tricked the king into decreeing the Jews killed and Mordecai hung. The king was enraged and ordered Haman hung on the gallows. Despite the fact that the king might have regretted making the new law to kill all the Jews, he could not change it. His solution was to issue a decree that allowed the Jews to protect themselves. In this way, the Jews protected themselves and were saved. - What happened before this story? - What happens after this story? - List of all Bible stories and themes on this website. Way to Introduce the Story: Begin the class by playing hangman. Use words like “beautiful, kingdom, queen, Jews, and honour”. Let this lead you into the story. Tell the children that all of these words and the gallows will be in the story. King Xerxes was King over the Persian Empire. That meant that he was king over the biggest kingdom in the world at that time. Even though King Xerxes was rich and powerful, he was sad because he did not have a queen. The first queen’s name was Vashti. King Xerxes had thrown a big feast and gotten drunk. He wanted Vashti to dance in front of all the men at the feast but Queen Vashti said “no.” The King became so angry that he told her that she would never be the queen again. He never saw her again. The king’s helpers searched the whole kingdom to find the most beautiful girls so the king could choose a new queen. The girls were brought to the palace. The girls were given the best makeup and perfumes. They spent a whole year learning how to be a queen. One of the girls was a beautiful young Jewish girl called Esther. Esther did not have a father or a mother. Her cousin, Mordecai had raised her and treated her like a daughter. Mordecai taught Esther how to love God and how to be a Jew. When it came time to choose the new queen, the king chose Esther. Esther was a good queen. The king did not believe in God but Esther did. She never forgot her cousin Mordecai and she never forgot that she was one of God’s children. Sometimes it was hard for Esther because the other Jews were treated badly. They did not have the riches that Esther had. Esther tried to use the good things that God had given her to help other people. One time Mordecai helped the king. Mordecai heard that someone was trying to kill the king. He told Esther about it and she told the king. The plan was stopped. Mordecai saved the king’s life! This was very special so it was written about in the king’s record book. Another man became famous in the kingdom. His name was Haman. The king thought Haman was a good man so he ordered everyone in the kingdom to bow down to Haman. But Haman was a bad man and he hated the Jews. Mordecai would not bow down to Haman. Haman was so angry that he planned a way to kill Mordecai and all of the Jews. Haman told the king that the Jews were bad. Finally, the king believed him and made a law. The law said that people could kill the Jews and not get in trouble. Haman was glad. He had a huge gallows built and he planned to have Mordecai hanged. When Mordecai heard about the plan he told Esther. “Please, Esther, you have to save our people! Maybe God knew this would happen and that is why he let you be Queen.” Esther was very frightened. She had never told the king that she was a Jew. Would he be mad at her like he was mad at the first queen? No one was allowed to go to the king unless he asked them first. Even the queen could not go to the king without an invitation. If anyone went to the king without an invitation they could be put to death. The only thing that could change this was if the king pointed his sceptre at the person who came to him. Finally, Esther decided to go to the king without being asked. When she came to him she was very frightened. Would she be put to death? Then the king pointed his sceptre at her and told her to come to him. The king liked Esther. He told her she could have anything she wanted. Esther had a plan. She told the king that she wanted to have a special feast just for the two of them and for Haman. Esther and the king planned the feast for the very next day. The king went to bed that night but he could not sleep. Sometimes reading a book helps you sleep. So the king asked one of his helpers to bring one of the old record books. The helper brought the book and began to read to the king about things that had happened long ago. He read about the time Mordecai had saved the king’s life! The king got very excited. He wanted to do something special for Mordecai. The king called for Haman to come into his chamber. Haman was happy because he thought the king was going to do something nice for him. The king asked Haman what should be done for someone who deserved honour. Haman thought the king was about to honour him so he said: “That person should be given a royal robe and one of the king’s horses. They should be led through the streets so everyone knows that the king likes them.” “That is a great idea,” said the king. “Go and do those things for Mordecai!” Haman was shocked! He could not believe that the king liked Mordecai. Now, Haman knew he was in big trouble. The king liked Mordecai but Haman was trying to kill Mordecai. What would the king do when he found out? The next day Haman went to the special feast with Esther and the King. The worst thing that Haman imagined happened. Esther told the king that someone was trying to kill the good man, Mordecai, who had saved the king’s life. The king was very angry. He said that the man should be put to death. Haman was hung on the very gallows that he had built for Mordecai. Then Esther told the king that she was a Jew. He was very sorry that he had made the law that Jews could kill the Jews. Even the king could not change the law. Then Esther asked the king to make another law – a law that said the Jews could fight back if someone tried to kill them. The king knew that this was a good idea so he made the law. From then on, if someone tried to hurt the Jews then the Jews fought back. Soon, no one wanted to hurt the Jews anymore. Mordecai and all of the Jews were saved because of Esther. Ways to Tell the Story: This story can be told using a variety of methods. Always remain true to the facts found in the Bible but help children connect to its meaning by using drama, visual aids, voice inflection, student interaction and/or emotion. Click here for visual aids and story-telling methods. Click here to download these illustrations and slideshows from freebibleimages.org: Be selective. Each teacher is unique so only use the illustrations that best relate to the way YOU are telling the story in THIS lesson. Too many illustrations can be confusing so eliminate any that cover other stories or details you do not wish to emphasise in this lesson. - Who was the young Jewish girl who was chosen to be queen? Esther - Who was Esther’s cousin? Mordecai - What did Haman try to do to Mordecai? Hang him on the gallows - When Esther approached the king, what did he point at her? His sceptre - Who did Haman have to lead through the streets in honour? Mordecai - What finally happened to Haman? He was hanged on the gallows he built for Mordecai - Ha-la-la-la Song - Love is Something If You Give It Away Song - Books of the Old Testament Song - Refer to the Song Page on this website for more options. Learning Activities and Crafts: - Write talents or blessings on cards (money, good cook, singing, etc) and let the children take turns drawing a card and telling the class how they could use that talent to help other people. - Play hangman with words from the story. - Read Esther 2:7, 17 and 1 Peter 3:3-4. Divide the board into two columns. Head them with “Inward Beauty” and “Outward Beauty”. Write examples of each in the columns. - Puppet Skit for Pre-schoolers: Try using simple finger puppets or dolls for this cute Queen Esther Puppet Skit which was submitted by Jenny Ancell, Australia. You’ll just need to change some Australian references to adapt to your situation. - (Costumed Bible Characters) A little play-acting is often a fun way to tell the story or review what has been learned. Here are some ways you might use the idea: - After telling the story guide the children in dressing up in costumes and acting it out. - Or, you can dress up in a simple costume to act the part of one of the Bible characters. As you begin to speak “get into character” as if you were actually the person in the story visiting the class today to tell them what has happened to you. - Or, later in the class session, as a review, the teacher can also use the same method to ask the children review questions as if you are one of the characters in the story talking to the children. - Write each child’s name at the top of a blank paper and then ask them to draw a picture or write about what they might like to be when they grow up. Then let each child share their answers. As each child shares their answer then ask the class how a person doing that job might help others. Then, guide the discussion toward specific ways people in these jobs might share the good news of Jesus. You may have to lead younger children in answering but older children will be able to answer for themselves. Example: “I want to be a fireman when I grow up. If someone is in a fire I can save them.” You might add…”And, if a fireman gets hurt you might ask to pray for them.” Once you have done this a few times the children will probably begin to think of other ways they might share their faith in various occupations. You could do this same activity but use flash cards instead of drawing. I found printable flash cards at http://www.kids-pages.com/folders/flashcards/Occupations.htm - Make and decorate crowns. Use glue and glitter to write the name “Queen Esther” on the crown. Check the Teaching Ideas page on this website for ideas that are adaptable to any lesson. Other Online Resources: - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Esther becomes Queen (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Mordecai and Haman (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Esther pleads for her people(Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Haman’s anger at Mordecai (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Mordecai is honoured (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Haman’s evil is repaid (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Esther saves her people (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Jews rejoice and declare a feast (Calvary Curriculum) - These flash cards depicting various occupations can be used as discussion starters for how to help people when you are in various occupations. Find these at http://www.kids-pages.com/ - Craft: Instructions for a simple paper crown at http://www.dltk-kids.com/ - Online activities and games at http://gardenofpraise.com/	<urn:uuid:20d46beb-b16a-465e-98c0-8e5e213f4133>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://missionbibleclass.org/old-testament/part2/kingdom-ends-captivity-return-prophets/queen-esther/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00026.warc.gz	en	0.983565	3,830	3.40625	3	[ -0.5187390446662903, 0.5603294968605042, 0.30542105436325073, -0.12659570574760437, -0.06114300340414047, -0.15744327008724213, 0.1423940807580948, 0.2512221336364746, 0.14661675691604614, -0.026497166603803635, -0.1766483038663864, -0.04635029286146164, -0.07259787619113922, 0.11870551109...	5	Scripture Reference: Esther 1-10 Suggested Emphasis: Blessings God gives us should be used to help others. Xerxes (son of Darius) now ruled. Because he had deposed his queen in a drunken feast, a search was made throughout the kingdom for a new queen. Under the direction of her cousin, Mordecai, Esther was put forward and chosen. Not knowing that his beautiful queen was Jewish, Xerxes fell in with a plan to destroy the Jewish captives living in his land. Queen Esther saved her people by revealing her Jewish origins to the king and convincing him to let the Jews defend and protect themselves. The book of Esther is an unusual book because God’s name is not mentioned once in the entire book. Even so, the book clearly outlines the power of God over the plans of men. Years have passed since Daniel was thrown into a lion’s den. Xerxes (sometimes called Ahasuerus) has succeeded Cyrus and is now the ruler of Persia. Xerxes and his queen, Vashti, were living at the winter capital city of Susa. The king gave a six-month-long feast. He invited many important men of the kingdom to the feast. The men drank much wine. At the climax of the feast, King Xerxes asked Vashti to come in so all the other men could see what a beautiful wife he had. Vashti refused to obey the king. We are not told what her reason was (despite all of the speculation we might have heard) but we do know that her refusal angered the King so much that he deposed her as his queen. After the feast was over, and King Xerxes was not drinking wine, he began to think about Queen Vashti. He remembered the law he had written, stating she could no longer be queen. Maybe Xerxes was sorry he had written that law. He may have wished he could destroy the law, but he could not. The law of the Medes and Persians, once written, could not be changed or destroyed by anyone, not even the king. The king’s servants suggested that a new queen be found. He could choose from all of the beautiful young women of the kingdom. Girl’s were gathered together and taken care of in the palace for one year. One of the girl’s who went to the palace was a young Jewish girl named Hadassah, or Esther. Her cousin, Mordecai took care of her since her parents had died. If 2:5-6 were read to mean that Mordecai was personally taken from Jerusalem then he would be over a hundred years old. It might mean that he was descended from one who was taken. Even though many of the Jews had returned to Jerusalem, there was still a large population living in Babylon (and in this case, Susa). The king chose Esther as the new queen. At Mordecai’s suggestion, Esther did not reveal the fact that she was Jewish. As time passed, Mordecai happened to overhear an assassination plot being hatched. He told Esther who, in turn, told the king. The would-be assassins were hanged and Mordecai was honoured. All was recorded in the annals (record books) of the king (2:23). Five years passed. A man named Haman also gained favour with the king and royal officials were ordered by the king to bow to Haman when he passed. We are not told why, but Mordecai refused to bow to him. Haman’s anger was such that he began to plot to kill not only Mordecai, but also all of the Jews. Haman convinced the king that the Jews were a menace to Persia and should be destroyed. Not knowing that his own queen was a Jew, the king passed a law that the Jews could be attacked. Mordecai heard of the plan and went straight to Esther. He asked her to use her position to save the Jews. Esther knew that she needed to approach the king but she had to do so very carefully. She could not have forgotten what happened to the last queen who had displeased King Xerxes. Esther took a big chance by approaching the King. It was not the place of the queen to approach the king but, instead, the king summoned the queen when he wanted her. She also knew she had a duty (4:14). The king did not reject Esther when she approached him. In fact he told her he would give her anything she requested. Esther could not ask him to change his own law (to kill the Jews) but she set forth a plan to let the king make the needed discoveries himself. The king granted her request to throw Haman a banquet the next day. Haman was thrilled to be invited to a banquet with the king but he was galled to notice that Mordecai still refused to bow to him. Before coming to the banquet, Haman ordered a gallows built on which to hang Mordecai. The hand of God is seen in the fact that the night before the banquet, the king could not sleep. He asked that his annals (record books) be brought to him and read. Listening to these history books should put him to sleep! The king listened to the old account of Mordecai uncovering the plot to kill the king. It occurred to him that he should honour Mordecai. It must have again been galling for Haman to be summoned to the king and ordered to honour Mordecai. And Haman was also now in a lot of trouble. He had built gallows to hang a man who was now being honoured by the king! At the feast, Esther revealed that she was a Jew and that Haman had tricked the king into decreeing the Jews killed and Mordecai hung. The king was enraged and ordered Haman hung on the gallows. Despite the fact that the king might have regretted making the new law to kill all the Jews, he could not change it. His solution was to issue a decree that allowed the Jews to protect themselves. In this way, the Jews protected themselves and were saved. - What happened before this story? - What happens after this story? - List of all Bible stories and themes on this website. Way to Introduce the Story: Begin the class by playing hangman. Use words like “beautiful, kingdom, queen, Jews, and honour”. Let this lead you into the story. Tell the children that all of these words and the gallows will be in the story. King Xerxes was King over the Persian Empire. That meant that he was king over the biggest kingdom in the world at that time. Even though King Xerxes was rich and powerful, he was sad because he did not have a queen. The first queen’s name was Vashti. King Xerxes had thrown a big feast and gotten drunk. He wanted Vashti to dance in front of all the men at the feast but Queen Vashti said “no.” The King became so angry that he told her that she would never be the queen again. He never saw her again. The king’s helpers searched the whole kingdom to find the most beautiful girls so the king could choose a new queen. The girls were brought to the palace. The girls were given the best makeup and perfumes. They spent a whole year learning how to be a queen. One of the girls was a beautiful young Jewish girl called Esther. Esther did not have a father or a mother. Her cousin, Mordecai had raised her and treated her like a daughter. Mordecai taught Esther how to love God and how to be a Jew. When it came time to choose the new queen, the king chose Esther. Esther was a good queen. The king did not believe in God but Esther did. She never forgot her cousin Mordecai and she never forgot that she was one of God’s children. Sometimes it was hard for Esther because the other Jews were treated badly. They did not have the riches that Esther had. Esther tried to use the good things that God had given her to help other people. One time Mordecai helped the king. Mordecai heard that someone was trying to kill the king. He told Esther about it and she told the king. The plan was stopped. Mordecai saved the king’s life! This was very special so it was written about in the king’s record book. Another man became famous in the kingdom. His name was Haman. The king thought Haman was a good man so he ordered everyone in the kingdom to bow down to Haman. But Haman was a bad man and he hated the Jews. Mordecai would not bow down to Haman. Haman was so angry that he planned a way to kill Mordecai and all of the Jews. Haman told the king that the Jews were bad. Finally, the king believed him and made a law. The law said that people could kill the Jews and not get in trouble. Haman was glad. He had a huge gallows built and he planned to have Mordecai hanged. When Mordecai heard about the plan he told Esther. “Please, Esther, you have to save our people! Maybe God knew this would happen and that is why he let you be Queen.” Esther was very frightened. She had never told the king that she was a Jew. Would he be mad at her like he was mad at the first queen? No one was allowed to go to the king unless he asked them first. Even the queen could not go to the king without an invitation. If anyone went to the king without an invitation they could be put to death. The only thing that could change this was if the king pointed his sceptre at the person who came to him. Finally, Esther decided to go to the king without being asked. When she came to him she was very frightened. Would she be put to death? Then the king pointed his sceptre at her and told her to come to him. The king liked Esther. He told her she could have anything she wanted. Esther had a plan. She told the king that she wanted to have a special feast just for the two of them and for Haman. Esther and the king planned the feast for the very next day. The king went to bed that night but he could not sleep. Sometimes reading a book helps you sleep. So the king asked one of his helpers to bring one of the old record books. The helper brought the book and began to read to the king about things that had happened long ago. He read about the time Mordecai had saved the king’s life! The king got very excited. He wanted to do something special for Mordecai. The king called for Haman to come into his chamber. Haman was happy because he thought the king was going to do something nice for him. The king asked Haman what should be done for someone who deserved honour. Haman thought the king was about to honour him so he said: “That person should be given a royal robe and one of the king’s horses. They should be led through the streets so everyone knows that the king likes them.” “That is a great idea,” said the king. “Go and do those things for Mordecai!” Haman was shocked! He could not believe that the king liked Mordecai. Now, Haman knew he was in big trouble. The king liked Mordecai but Haman was trying to kill Mordecai. What would the king do when he found out? The next day Haman went to the special feast with Esther and the King. The worst thing that Haman imagined happened. Esther told the king that someone was trying to kill the good man, Mordecai, who had saved the king’s life. The king was very angry. He said that the man should be put to death. Haman was hung on the very gallows that he had built for Mordecai. Then Esther told the king that she was a Jew. He was very sorry that he had made the law that Jews could kill the Jews. Even the king could not change the law. Then Esther asked the king to make another law – a law that said the Jews could fight back if someone tried to kill them. The king knew that this was a good idea so he made the law. From then on, if someone tried to hurt the Jews then the Jews fought back. Soon, no one wanted to hurt the Jews anymore. Mordecai and all of the Jews were saved because of Esther. Ways to Tell the Story: This story can be told using a variety of methods. Always remain true to the facts found in the Bible but help children connect to its meaning by using drama, visual aids, voice inflection, student interaction and/or emotion. Click here for visual aids and story-telling methods. Click here to download these illustrations and slideshows from freebibleimages.org: Be selective. Each teacher is unique so only use the illustrations that best relate to the way YOU are telling the story in THIS lesson. Too many illustrations can be confusing so eliminate any that cover other stories or details you do not wish to emphasise in this lesson. - Who was the young Jewish girl who was chosen to be queen? Esther - Who was Esther’s cousin? Mordecai - What did Haman try to do to Mordecai? Hang him on the gallows - When Esther approached the king, what did he point at her? His sceptre - Who did Haman have to lead through the streets in honour? Mordecai - What finally happened to Haman? He was hanged on the gallows he built for Mordecai - Ha-la-la-la Song - Love is Something If You Give It Away Song - Books of the Old Testament Song - Refer to the Song Page on this website for more options. Learning Activities and Crafts: - Write talents or blessings on cards (money, good cook, singing, etc) and let the children take turns drawing a card and telling the class how they could use that talent to help other people. - Play hangman with words from the story. - Read Esther 2:7, 17 and 1 Peter 3:3-4. Divide the board into two columns. Head them with “Inward Beauty” and “Outward Beauty”. Write examples of each in the columns. - Puppet Skit for Pre-schoolers: Try using simple finger puppets or dolls for this cute Queen Esther Puppet Skit which was submitted by Jenny Ancell, Australia. You’ll just need to change some Australian references to adapt to your situation. - (Costumed Bible Characters) A little play-acting is often a fun way to tell the story or review what has been learned. Here are some ways you might use the idea: - After telling the story guide the children in dressing up in costumes and acting it out. - Or, you can dress up in a simple costume to act the part of one of the Bible characters. As you begin to speak “get into character” as if you were actually the person in the story visiting the class today to tell them what has happened to you. - Or, later in the class session, as a review, the teacher can also use the same method to ask the children review questions as if you are one of the characters in the story talking to the children. - Write each child’s name at the top of a blank paper and then ask them to draw a picture or write about what they might like to be when they grow up. Then let each child share their answers. As each child shares their answer then ask the class how a person doing that job might help others. Then, guide the discussion toward specific ways people in these jobs might share the good news of Jesus. You may have to lead younger children in answering but older children will be able to answer for themselves. Example: “I want to be a fireman when I grow up. If someone is in a fire I can save them.” You might add…”And, if a fireman gets hurt you might ask to pray for them.” Once you have done this a few times the children will probably begin to think of other ways they might share their faith in various occupations. You could do this same activity but use flash cards instead of drawing. I found printable flash cards at http://www.kids-pages.com/folders/flashcards/Occupations.htm - Make and decorate crowns. Use glue and glitter to write the name “Queen Esther” on the crown. Check the Teaching Ideas page on this website for ideas that are adaptable to any lesson. Other Online Resources: - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Esther becomes Queen (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Mordecai and Haman (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Esther pleads for her people(Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Haman’s anger at Mordecai (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Mordecai is honoured (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Haman’s evil is repaid (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Esther saves her people (Calvary Curriculum) - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets-Jews rejoice and declare a feast (Calvary Curriculum) - These flash cards depicting various occupations can be used as discussion starters for how to help people when you are in various occupations. Find these at http://www.kids-pages.com/ - Craft: Instructions for a simple paper crown at http://www.dltk-kids.com/ - Online activities and games at http://gardenofpraise.com/	3,645	ENGLISH	1
Did You Know? The song Jingle Bells was originally written for Thanksgiving. “Jingle Bells” is a classic song sung at Christmas time, but it didn’t start out that way. First published in 1857, it was written by James Lord Pierpont, to be sung on Thanksgiving — not Christmas. There is some question as to where it was written — Massachusetts and Georgia both are plausible. Medford, Mass., where sleigh races were popular in the 1800s, claims itself as the birthplace of the song. There is a plaque at 19 High Street, the site of the former Simpson Tavern, where Pierpont was said to have penned the ditty in 1850. The original title of the song was “One Horse Open Sleigh,” but that was changed to “Jingle Bells, or the One Horse Open Sleigh” when it was reprinted in 1859.	<urn:uuid:f646c498-a87c-44e0-bb69-a45f72324eb0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://didyouknowstuff.com/the-song-jingle-bells-was-originally-written-for-thanksgiving	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00395.warc.gz	en	0.986463	194	3.265625	3	[ 0.1122419536113739, -0.1830594837665558, 0.30609941482543945, -0.07101838290691376, -0.34457045793533325, -0.24160298705101013, -0.1438826620578766, 0.1908659189939499, 0.19478395581245422, -0.0045454129576683044, 0.06767875701189041, 0.39592984318733215, 0.001786926994100213, -0.070624224...	15	Did You Know? The song Jingle Bells was originally written for Thanksgiving. “Jingle Bells” is a classic song sung at Christmas time, but it didn’t start out that way. First published in 1857, it was written by James Lord Pierpont, to be sung on Thanksgiving — not Christmas. There is some question as to where it was written — Massachusetts and Georgia both are plausible. Medford, Mass., where sleigh races were popular in the 1800s, claims itself as the birthplace of the song. There is a plaque at 19 High Street, the site of the former Simpson Tavern, where Pierpont was said to have penned the ditty in 1850. The original title of the song was “One Horse Open Sleigh,” but that was changed to “Jingle Bells, or the One Horse Open Sleigh” when it was reprinted in 1859.	199	ENGLISH	1
Charles I.—The Story of How the King Was Brought to His Death T HIS poetry was written by James to his son, and perhaps it would have been better both for James and Charles had they tried to rule as the poem says kings ought to rule. After Charles became the prisoner of the army, letters and messages passed continually between him and Parliament, and between him and the leaders of the army. Both parties offered to replace the King upon the throne if he would only promise them certain things. But these things Charles would not promise, for all the time he was secretly plotting with his friends, and hoping to free himself. The leaders of the army treated Charles very kindly, allowing him to see his friends, and to have a great deal of liberty. This made it easy for him to escape, which he did, and fled to Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight. But although he thought that he was going to friends, he found that he was again a prisoner, and more carefully guarded than before. The struggle for power between Parliament and army still went on. But Cromwell was master of the army, and he meant to be master of Parliament too. So one day when Parliament was about to meet, a man called Colonel Pride surrounded the House with soldiers. As they arrived, each member who would not do exactly as Cromwell and the other army leaders wished, was seized and turned away. When this was done there were only about fifty members left. This was called Pride's Purge, because he purged or cleaned away all those who did not think exactly as he did. It was still the Long Parliament that was sitting, but people now called it the Rump Parliament, because it was not a real parliament, but only part of one. Cromwell was master of King and Parliament, but the army was too strong even for him. Against his will he was driven to do a deed from which he shrank. He was driven to condemn the King to death. Charles was accused of high treason against the nation, and was brought to London to be tried. This was a crime which had never been heard of before, as high treason means a crime against the ruler. More than a hundred men were called as judges of the King, but scarcely half of them came. Many of them were angry with Charles, and wished him to be punished. But the punishment for treason they knew was death, and they did not wish the King to be killed. The judges assembled at Westminster Hall, and King Charles was brought before them as a prisoner. They who had always stood bareheaded in his presence, now sat with their hats upon their heads. Seeing that, Charles too kept on his hat, but it was seen that his hair, which had been very beautiful, had grown grey, and that he looked old and worn. Charles had been foolish, he had been wicked, but now, in the face of death, he behaved with the dignity of a king. The men who sat before him, he said, had no right to judge or condemn him. He would not plead for mercy. Three times he was brought before the court, three times he refused to plead. At last the judges, without further trial, sentenced him to death as a "tyrant, a traitor, a murderer, and a public enemy." Calm and dignified as ever, Charles walked out of the hall after the sentence had been pronounced. "God bless your Majesty," cried a soldier as he passed, and was struck by his officer for daring to say such words. "Methinks," said the King, pausing and smiling at the man, "the punishment is greater than the fault." Three days later Charles the King walked for the last time through the streets of London, from St. James's Palace to Whitehall. The way was lined with soldiers, soldiers marched in front of him and behind him; the air was filled with the noise of trampling feet and the sound of drums. The scaffold was raised outside the Palace of Whitehall, and hundreds of people crowded to see the dreadful end of their King, some in joy, very many in grief and awe. Charles knelt by the block amid deep silence. And when a man in a black mask held up the King's head, crying, "Behold the head of a traitor!" a groan burst from the shuddering crowd.	<urn:uuid:78f36751-4bbe-4d05-b702-c9a3a9d6792a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/display.php?author=marshall&book=island&story=brought	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00363.warc.gz	en	0.995582	907	3.984375	4	[ -0.23914091289043427, 0.5812215209007263, 0.351730614900589, -0.1637549102306366, -0.1573825627565384, -0.3607657551765442, 0.5324697494506836, -0.2517419457435608, -0.05321170389652252, -0.13162577152252197, 0.06539270281791687, 0.057172998785972595, 0.3387150764465332, 0.0131254903972148...	6	Charles I.—The Story of How the King Was Brought to His Death T HIS poetry was written by James to his son, and perhaps it would have been better both for James and Charles had they tried to rule as the poem says kings ought to rule. After Charles became the prisoner of the army, letters and messages passed continually between him and Parliament, and between him and the leaders of the army. Both parties offered to replace the King upon the throne if he would only promise them certain things. But these things Charles would not promise, for all the time he was secretly plotting with his friends, and hoping to free himself. The leaders of the army treated Charles very kindly, allowing him to see his friends, and to have a great deal of liberty. This made it easy for him to escape, which he did, and fled to Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight. But although he thought that he was going to friends, he found that he was again a prisoner, and more carefully guarded than before. The struggle for power between Parliament and army still went on. But Cromwell was master of the army, and he meant to be master of Parliament too. So one day when Parliament was about to meet, a man called Colonel Pride surrounded the House with soldiers. As they arrived, each member who would not do exactly as Cromwell and the other army leaders wished, was seized and turned away. When this was done there were only about fifty members left. This was called Pride's Purge, because he purged or cleaned away all those who did not think exactly as he did. It was still the Long Parliament that was sitting, but people now called it the Rump Parliament, because it was not a real parliament, but only part of one. Cromwell was master of King and Parliament, but the army was too strong even for him. Against his will he was driven to do a deed from which he shrank. He was driven to condemn the King to death. Charles was accused of high treason against the nation, and was brought to London to be tried. This was a crime which had never been heard of before, as high treason means a crime against the ruler. More than a hundred men were called as judges of the King, but scarcely half of them came. Many of them were angry with Charles, and wished him to be punished. But the punishment for treason they knew was death, and they did not wish the King to be killed. The judges assembled at Westminster Hall, and King Charles was brought before them as a prisoner. They who had always stood bareheaded in his presence, now sat with their hats upon their heads. Seeing that, Charles too kept on his hat, but it was seen that his hair, which had been very beautiful, had grown grey, and that he looked old and worn. Charles had been foolish, he had been wicked, but now, in the face of death, he behaved with the dignity of a king. The men who sat before him, he said, had no right to judge or condemn him. He would not plead for mercy. Three times he was brought before the court, three times he refused to plead. At last the judges, without further trial, sentenced him to death as a "tyrant, a traitor, a murderer, and a public enemy." Calm and dignified as ever, Charles walked out of the hall after the sentence had been pronounced. "God bless your Majesty," cried a soldier as he passed, and was struck by his officer for daring to say such words. "Methinks," said the King, pausing and smiling at the man, "the punishment is greater than the fault." Three days later Charles the King walked for the last time through the streets of London, from St. James's Palace to Whitehall. The way was lined with soldiers, soldiers marched in front of him and behind him; the air was filled with the noise of trampling feet and the sound of drums. The scaffold was raised outside the Palace of Whitehall, and hundreds of people crowded to see the dreadful end of their King, some in joy, very many in grief and awe. Charles knelt by the block amid deep silence. And when a man in a black mask held up the King's head, crying, "Behold the head of a traitor!" a groan burst from the shuddering crowd.	894	ENGLISH	1
Next How much opposition was there to the Nazis in Germany during the war years? The History Learning Site, 9 Mar Youth protest movements did exist in Nazi Germany. The Nazi propagandists of the time would have had the world believe that the youth population of Nazi Germany was fully behind Hitler. It is true that many did join the Hitler Youth movement but in membership was made compulsory and all other youth movements were banned so there was no alternative. However, there were some youths who were ideologically against the regime and who were brave enough to make a stand. In one such protest movement was started — the Edelweiss Pirates Eidelweisspiraten. The movement started in the Rhineland and then spread out. Members were mainly working class male youths. They would gather together and act in a manner that they would know would anger the local Nazi leaders. Whereas the Nazi Party required Hitler Youth members to wear a uniform that was semi-military, Edelweiss members wore more bohemian clothing, knowing that it would anger the powers-that-be. They also sang songs that the Nazis had banned and played music that was also banned, such as jazz and blues tunes. They created areas within a town or city where members of the Hitler Youth were not tolerated. At no stage were they ever a danger to the Nazi regime and for years they were seen as nothing more than a youthful irritant — youths going through that phase in their lives where rebellion as they perceived it was the order of the day. They too engaged in what would have been perceived as non-Germanic activities, which once again involved the ways they dressed and the music they listened to. This change from irritant to threat is best seen in a series of letters found after the war had ended. It must be made clear that they will never be allowed to go back to their studies. We must investigate how much encouragement they have had from their parents. If they have encouraged them, then they should also be put into a concentration camp and have their property confiscated. It claimed that this particular city group had an age range from 12 to 17 and that members of the army associated with them when they were on leave. However, it is clearly stated that these were only suspicions. One of the most famous youth movements that campaigned against Hitler was the White Rose movement founded by Hans and Sophie Scholl. Members of this movement openly campaigned against Hitler and the continuation of World War Two, which they believed was lost as early as We shall only do this by cooperation between many convinced and bold men who are agreed on how to achieve their aims. Scholl encouraged members of the White Rose movement to engage in sabotage. With mathematical certainty, Hitler is leading the German nation to disaster. Now is the time for those Germans to act who want to avoid being lumped with the Nazis barbarians by the outside world. Such was the all-embracing nature of a police state that it was only a matter of time before they were caught.Join Hebrew College President Rabbi Daniel Lehmann and German Consul General Ralf Horlemann for a conversation on youth opposition to Hitler and The White Rose revolt. The White. The white rose movement was a non-violent resistance group operating in Nazi-Germany from June till February The movement used propaganda in an attempt to change the views of Germans and Austrians against Adolf Hitler. The White Rose was influenced by the German Youth Movement, of which Christoph Probst was a member. Hans Scholl was a member of the Hitler Youth until and Sophie was a member of the Bund Deutscher Mädel. White Rose Youth Opposition. Topics: Sophie Scholl, The White Rose - Resistance to the Nazis One of the biggest Resistances to the Nazis was the the White Rose, which was formed by the Students of the University of Munich in to take action against the Nazis. The group included the Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl, Cristoph Probst, Alexander. Youth opposition [pic] The German public was only familiar with the resistance group WR, before the actual research began. The late research in the resistance from the youth also arose from mutual beliefs that the youth followed the Nazis from and that wasn’t looked upon as being likely that the youth had started opposition and . Opposition to the Nazi regime also arose among a very small number of German youth, some of whom resented mandatory membership in the Hitler Youth. In Munich in , university students formed the White Rose resistance group.	<urn:uuid:cb80c752-c112-4d90-8761-b6c939de0854>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://fojojyqyleresubi.monstermanfilm.com/white-rose-youth-opposition-8802dy.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00319.warc.gz	en	0.988977	921	3.5625	4	[ -0.3049537241458893, 0.4360927641391754, -0.187066450715065, -0.008572948165237904, 0.033547207713127136, 0.46115022897720337, -0.4895058274269104, 0.015095029957592487, -0.13704615831375122, -0.18879055976867676, 0.41027629375457764, 0.0391874685883522, 0.10325154662132263, -0.01492667011...	1	Next How much opposition was there to the Nazis in Germany during the war years? The History Learning Site, 9 Mar Youth protest movements did exist in Nazi Germany. The Nazi propagandists of the time would have had the world believe that the youth population of Nazi Germany was fully behind Hitler. It is true that many did join the Hitler Youth movement but in membership was made compulsory and all other youth movements were banned so there was no alternative. However, there were some youths who were ideologically against the regime and who were brave enough to make a stand. In one such protest movement was started — the Edelweiss Pirates Eidelweisspiraten. The movement started in the Rhineland and then spread out. Members were mainly working class male youths. They would gather together and act in a manner that they would know would anger the local Nazi leaders. Whereas the Nazi Party required Hitler Youth members to wear a uniform that was semi-military, Edelweiss members wore more bohemian clothing, knowing that it would anger the powers-that-be. They also sang songs that the Nazis had banned and played music that was also banned, such as jazz and blues tunes. They created areas within a town or city where members of the Hitler Youth were not tolerated. At no stage were they ever a danger to the Nazi regime and for years they were seen as nothing more than a youthful irritant — youths going through that phase in their lives where rebellion as they perceived it was the order of the day. They too engaged in what would have been perceived as non-Germanic activities, which once again involved the ways they dressed and the music they listened to. This change from irritant to threat is best seen in a series of letters found after the war had ended. It must be made clear that they will never be allowed to go back to their studies. We must investigate how much encouragement they have had from their parents. If they have encouraged them, then they should also be put into a concentration camp and have their property confiscated. It claimed that this particular city group had an age range from 12 to 17 and that members of the army associated with them when they were on leave. However, it is clearly stated that these were only suspicions. One of the most famous youth movements that campaigned against Hitler was the White Rose movement founded by Hans and Sophie Scholl. Members of this movement openly campaigned against Hitler and the continuation of World War Two, which they believed was lost as early as We shall only do this by cooperation between many convinced and bold men who are agreed on how to achieve their aims. Scholl encouraged members of the White Rose movement to engage in sabotage. With mathematical certainty, Hitler is leading the German nation to disaster. Now is the time for those Germans to act who want to avoid being lumped with the Nazis barbarians by the outside world. Such was the all-embracing nature of a police state that it was only a matter of time before they were caught.Join Hebrew College President Rabbi Daniel Lehmann and German Consul General Ralf Horlemann for a conversation on youth opposition to Hitler and The White Rose revolt. The White. The white rose movement was a non-violent resistance group operating in Nazi-Germany from June till February The movement used propaganda in an attempt to change the views of Germans and Austrians against Adolf Hitler. The White Rose was influenced by the German Youth Movement, of which Christoph Probst was a member. Hans Scholl was a member of the Hitler Youth until and Sophie was a member of the Bund Deutscher Mädel. White Rose Youth Opposition. Topics: Sophie Scholl, The White Rose - Resistance to the Nazis One of the biggest Resistances to the Nazis was the the White Rose, which was formed by the Students of the University of Munich in to take action against the Nazis. The group included the Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl, Cristoph Probst, Alexander. Youth opposition [pic] The German public was only familiar with the resistance group WR, before the actual research began. The late research in the resistance from the youth also arose from mutual beliefs that the youth followed the Nazis from and that wasn’t looked upon as being likely that the youth had started opposition and . Opposition to the Nazi regime also arose among a very small number of German youth, some of whom resented mandatory membership in the Hitler Youth. In Munich in , university students formed the White Rose resistance group.	902	ENGLISH	1
In the early 1600s, William Strachey, secretary of the Jamestown colony, observed, "the land we see around us is overgrown with trees and woods, being a plain wilderness, as God first ordained it." It is no wonder that the region seemed so strange to the newcomers. Europe had only about 25 prominent tree species, while the New World had about 525, many of which were seen along the Bay. Lumber quickly become one of the first exports from the colony; the first ship returning to England brought along a cargo of wood. Soon, the colony became an important supplier of ship masts and timber. Land was also cleared for farming, and wood was important within the colony for building and for firewood. Land clearing continued at a rapid pace through the 1800s as the demand for wood -- primarily for fuel -- grew. By the early 1900s, only about 30 percent to 40 percent of the watershed was still covered by forest. The forest clearing greatly increased the amount of sediment flowing into the Bay, permanently closing some navigable waterways. After the early part of this century, forests gradually reclaimed some land. By 1970, more than 60 percent of the watershed was forested. But since then, the amount had declined.	<urn:uuid:e3575dd9-be4c-48f2-8dbc-637d5ef1b36b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bayjournal.com/article/_forest_trends_in_the_bay_watershed	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00227.warc.gz	en	0.985289	258	3.71875	4	[ 0.21800635755062103, -0.10014739632606506, 0.5302090644836426, -0.5187733173370361, 0.3426438868045807, -0.2125537395477295, -0.3562225103378296, 0.1391550600528717, -0.07802487909793854, 0.1990971565246582, 0.10291104763746262, -0.5543124675750732, -0.459091454744339, 0.4958442747592926, ...	1	In the early 1600s, William Strachey, secretary of the Jamestown colony, observed, "the land we see around us is overgrown with trees and woods, being a plain wilderness, as God first ordained it." It is no wonder that the region seemed so strange to the newcomers. Europe had only about 25 prominent tree species, while the New World had about 525, many of which were seen along the Bay. Lumber quickly become one of the first exports from the colony; the first ship returning to England brought along a cargo of wood. Soon, the colony became an important supplier of ship masts and timber. Land was also cleared for farming, and wood was important within the colony for building and for firewood. Land clearing continued at a rapid pace through the 1800s as the demand for wood -- primarily for fuel -- grew. By the early 1900s, only about 30 percent to 40 percent of the watershed was still covered by forest. The forest clearing greatly increased the amount of sediment flowing into the Bay, permanently closing some navigable waterways. After the early part of this century, forests gradually reclaimed some land. By 1970, more than 60 percent of the watershed was forested. But since then, the amount had declined.	279	ENGLISH	1
The author of the book Sir Gawain and the Green Knight teaches the reader many different things about facing challenges such as how they come unexpecteantly and how they must be faced. Throughout the ballad there are numerous refernces to the challenges that Sir Gawain and the different ways that he must deal with them. The author shows that people have to face a challenge straight on. You cannot run away and hope that the problem will go away. One reason for this is that challenges, unless dealt with, will follow you forever. An expample of this is the challenge that the Green Knight bestows upon Sir Gawain. He must find the Green Knight in a year and a day to have the Green Knight hit him with a weapon of his choosing. The author shows through the description of chivarly that if Sir Gawain were not hold up his end of the deal, the knights and the people of Camalot would be forever shamed by his presence. The author shows that challenges cannot be lefy alone, they must be faced straight on and dealt with. In the Ballad the author also shows that challenges can come from unexpected sources and that these also cannot be ignored. That is shown in the ballad through the example of the challenge that arose from the Green Knight. The challenge is aimed at King Authorm but is spontaneously taken on by Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain has no time to prepare for the challenge and only took it to protect his king. With a little forethought and knowledge, he might have concluded that the challenge was not woth the risks. There are other examples of unexpected challenges, such as the problems he had during his travel for the court of King Arthur to the Green Chapel. These challenges came up as he was traveling and he had no choice about taking them on, it was that or for him to die. The other main challenge was from the lady of the house. This challenge was totally unexpected; Sir Gawain did not even know that it was a challenge until his talk with the Green Knight right at the end. Sir Gawain did not know that the Green Knight was testing the young knight to see how strong his sense of chivalry really is. This shows us that he has passed all the tests and challenges because the Green Knight allows him to live. In this ballad there are many challenges and problems that Sir Gawain faces and in each one he must overcome this challenge only to pass onto another one. I believe that the author is showing the reader that life is just a string of challenges that must be overcomeby being honest, brave, etc. He shows many ways of defeating the problems and, as in life, there are many ways of handling problems that come out of nowhere.	<urn:uuid:303da02d-f1a3-4c77-bee1-73eabdeabf41>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://windsongcastlecottage.com/the-author-of-the-book-sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00029.warc.gz	en	0.987553	557	3.34375	3	[ -0.32274240255355835, 0.08337466418743134, 0.020830120891332626, 0.034354500472545624, -0.1004999577999115, -0.2865517735481262, 0.14909076690673828, -0.3403506278991699, -0.1106615960597992, -0.10330251604318619, -0.44727811217308044, -0.2278633713722229, -0.28519219160079956, 0.277004420...	3	The author of the book Sir Gawain and the Green Knight teaches the reader many different things about facing challenges such as how they come unexpecteantly and how they must be faced. Throughout the ballad there are numerous refernces to the challenges that Sir Gawain and the different ways that he must deal with them. The author shows that people have to face a challenge straight on. You cannot run away and hope that the problem will go away. One reason for this is that challenges, unless dealt with, will follow you forever. An expample of this is the challenge that the Green Knight bestows upon Sir Gawain. He must find the Green Knight in a year and a day to have the Green Knight hit him with a weapon of his choosing. The author shows through the description of chivarly that if Sir Gawain were not hold up his end of the deal, the knights and the people of Camalot would be forever shamed by his presence. The author shows that challenges cannot be lefy alone, they must be faced straight on and dealt with. In the Ballad the author also shows that challenges can come from unexpected sources and that these also cannot be ignored. That is shown in the ballad through the example of the challenge that arose from the Green Knight. The challenge is aimed at King Authorm but is spontaneously taken on by Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain has no time to prepare for the challenge and only took it to protect his king. With a little forethought and knowledge, he might have concluded that the challenge was not woth the risks. There are other examples of unexpected challenges, such as the problems he had during his travel for the court of King Arthur to the Green Chapel. These challenges came up as he was traveling and he had no choice about taking them on, it was that or for him to die. The other main challenge was from the lady of the house. This challenge was totally unexpected; Sir Gawain did not even know that it was a challenge until his talk with the Green Knight right at the end. Sir Gawain did not know that the Green Knight was testing the young knight to see how strong his sense of chivalry really is. This shows us that he has passed all the tests and challenges because the Green Knight allows him to live. In this ballad there are many challenges and problems that Sir Gawain faces and in each one he must overcome this challenge only to pass onto another one. I believe that the author is showing the reader that life is just a string of challenges that must be overcomeby being honest, brave, etc. He shows many ways of defeating the problems and, as in life, there are many ways of handling problems that come out of nowhere.	552	ENGLISH	1
The American Civil War was the war fought between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) within the United States. The war erupted after years worth of conflicts between the two sides. Eventually, the Union was able to take the victory home, which ultimately united both sides. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Importance Of Military Communication" essay for youCreate order If the South would have taken the victory, it would have been two distinct sides. The victory of the Civil War has been accredited to the skill of the commanders, the fighting qualities of troops, and resources in men and material, when in truth, it was all thanks to much more than that, such as the militarys intelligence and communication networks. The use of communication in the military was essential for the victory of the Civil War. Although many people may believe that the Union won due to the North having larger and many more companies and factories, larger cities, and a better economy than the South, nevertheless the Union attained the victory due to their communication networks within the military because they gained insight into the other sides locations and etc., looked at tactics they were using and were able to advance. The use of communication in the military was essential to the victory of the war for the North. Whether if it was through the form of letters, spies, an etc. Due to the fact that the main source of communication during the civil war was through letters, people had to advance so that others for whom the letters werent intended for, wouldnt be able to identify the content of what was being said. Many of the times, letters were intercepted, and the information was leaked, which affected either the Union or the Confederacy. Letters evolved over time, using ciphers to uncover the true motive of the letter. Military communication was a prominent aspect to the victory of the Civil War. If the military had no type of communication, they wouldnt have been able to gain insight, know when they were overpowered, and other information that was essentially a necessity. Communication between the military and others was a necessity because they needed to know information, because they could not just go in blindly, they needed to know that they were doing the correct thing. For instance, the Battle at Gettysburg, was not a mere collision of the two armies, the Confederates were going in blindly, but not the Union. The Union had marched 150 miles knowing that they would be there, because of the soldier-spies, that had reported back to them. The Union had spies that communicated back to them, fourteen locally organized groups of spies, had granted the Union the information necessary for the victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. According to the primary source, Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820-1891) to Colonel Robert Crooke Wood, the historical context is that it describes the armies preparedness, during the time of the Battle at Vicksburg. Furthermore, the importance of this document is that it demonstrates how with the communication they held between each other, they were able to continue the war because they had knowledge of what was occurring and if they were ready at the moment. The intended audience is Colonel Robert Crooke Wood and the purpose is to inform the Colonel of his army being well supplied with surgeons, medicines, medical supplies and hospital accommodations. It is a piece of letter that informs about the soldiers battling at the Vicksburg and how he was worried because many of the population had been wounded. The perspective is from William Tecumseh Sherman, who commands an army, and this is important because it is a form of communication, in which was effective because they informed each other whether they were prepared to go to battle. This piece of evidence demonstrates how a method of communication within the military was through letters, which was very so effective because they were able to communicate important information such as being prepared to continue going into war. Based on the primary source, Knox, William (1756-1795) Knoxs army diary (incomplete), the historical context is that it is on information about military tactics around the Battle of Germantown. It mentions movements of the army and important events that had occurred. Additionally, the importance of this document is that it represents how the army was doing in terms of ground they covered, materials they were in need of, things they had encountered that was information that could benefit them. The intended audience is that due to it being a diary, it was either for himself or for future references, if anything ever happened to him, or if he had to make reports to someone higher in power or status. The purpose was to record the movements of the army around Philadelphia in September and October 1777. The perspective was from William Knox who was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the U.S. Army, who also served as the 1st United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794. It is important because it records important information that was helpful for others in the military, like when it states on September 19, Intelligence recd. of the enemys pushing for Philadelphia the army crossd the Schylkill. According to a primary source, Knox, Henry (1750-1806) to Nicholas Eveleigh, it is another primitive example of how military communication helped the Union be at a stage of benefit. The historical context is that is notes important events that relate to that of war. For instance, it mentions how ships loaded with arms had arrived from France and that Lord Cornwallis nearly captured General Benjamin Lincoln. Moreover, the context is that it informs the intended audience of prominent information such as the shipment of materials that were needed for the continuation of the war. The intended audience was Nicholas Eveleigh, who was an American planter and political leader who was a delegate to the Continental Congress for South Carolina in 1781 and 1782. The purpose is to inform of important details regarding the war and possible information that would help in the future of the war. The perspective is from Henry Knox, the secretary of War and it is important because it lists reports that were prominent to the continuation of the war, such as war materials arriving. If they hadnt received insight on the arrival of the materials, they wouldnt have known, when to continue and when to go pick up the latest arrival. Military communication was also used to let others know of plans that had went through, whether they were struggling or etc. According to a primary source named, Schuyler, Philip John (1733-1804) to James Duane, it demonstrates how the military communicated hardships or celebrations. In addition, the source is a piece of evidence that altered the war because many of those fighting the war, communicated about their losses and victories, in order to tell them details about how the other side was doing and the locations of where they were last at.The historical context is that it goes into great detail of the battle fought in New York, where they had to take the defeat due to them being overwhelmed. It states, abandon the fortress on York Island because the enemys strength was overwhelming. The intended audience is James Duane, a political leader throughout the war. The purpose is to inform the and give a response to James in terms of military actions that were taken and should be taken. It also informs of insight in terms of counties wanting to break away from New York and etc. The perspective is from Philip John Schuyler, a general in the American Revolution, and a United States senator from New York. This is important because it is a letter with intelligence that would benefit the Union, if they had received such important information. According to a primary source, Knox, Henry (1750-1806) to Lucy Knox, it demonstrates how even within family, military information was passed. The historical context is that it reports little activities since the retreat in the Battle of Long Island. It discusses military activities and the effects of such movements. The intended audience is Lucy Knox, the wife of Henry Know, I believe. The purpose is to inform her of important information such as military movements and life. Albeit, the information may seem to broad, in terms of its relation to the topic, the context of the letter was prominent because anyone who might intercept the letter would just see that there is communication between family, therefore, they would not care much of what the information could have potentially said. The perspective is from Henry Knox, a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the 1st United States Secretary of War. It is important because they oftentimes speculated of military activities that would occur later on, due to the information they had received. They informed one another of details regarding the military and etc. Military communication was more like military intelligence because it helped the military advance and know certain information, such as locations, names of certain people, the events of the current situation and more. According to a secondary source, Military Intelligence During Americas Civil War,it mentioned how a major part of intelligence used during the Civil War was through the following source: spies, scouts, cavalry reconnaissance, captured documents, mail, newspapers, interrogation of enemy prisoners, deserters, refugees, contrabands (fugitive slaves) ordinary civilians, balloonists and signal corps stations of observation. According to a secondary source, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War, it mentions how essential communication in the military actually was. It discusses how the electric telegraph maintained speedy communication between Washington and armies in distant fields. By the ending of the war, the Union had strung over fifteen hundred miles of military telegraph line, whereas the Confederacy had only about a thousand. It was estimated that 6,500,00 Union messages passed over the wires during the war at a cost of about 40 cents per message. Ciphers were also very commonly used. The service arbitrarily assigned significance to certain words, or arranged words in a false position, throwing in meaningless words to confuse certain readers. According to a secondary source, The secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War, it mentions how the success was due to the militarys communication. It states, for example, the standard depiction of the Battle of Gettysburg as the accidental collision of two armies marching half blindly is found to be true only for the Confederates. Their 150-mile march from the Rappahannock River to Pennsylvania was penetrated by soldier-spies whose findings enabled the pursuing Federals to cross the Potomac simultaneously with the main body of the invaders, and unbeknown to them. The Confederates assumed dangerously dispersed positions across South-Central Pennsylvania, their movements reported by fourteen locally organized groups of citizen-spies and scouts. In conclusion, the communication within the military was essential to the victory of the Union. Without the military communication, the Union would have been unable to win against the Confederates. Although many historians may believe that the Union was able to take the victory to the South due to its tactics or a better sustained economy, nevertheless, the Union was able to become victorious due to the communication networks in the military because they were able to gain insight, they were able to learn certain tactics from the other team, being able to know the location from the other side and etc. Communication network was an aspect of the Civil War that was essentially the victory of the war, due to the reaps of benefits, such as the importance of information. We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper	<urn:uuid:257864f5-a625-431f-b39b-d91aa0a69ebd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studydriver.com/an-importance-of-military-communication/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00199.warc.gz	en	0.981904	2,377	3.65625	4	[ -0.47728413343429565, 0.26360535621643066, 0.22221079468727112, -0.12294239550828934, -0.06957362592220306, 0.2733502984046936, 0.08595220744609833, 0.26417502760887146, -0.21875117719173431, 0.06608659029006958, -0.11476295441389084, 0.022558338940143585, 0.43706896901130676, 0.2579638361...	2	The American Civil War was the war fought between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) within the United States. The war erupted after years worth of conflicts between the two sides. Eventually, the Union was able to take the victory home, which ultimately united both sides. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Importance Of Military Communication" essay for youCreate order If the South would have taken the victory, it would have been two distinct sides. The victory of the Civil War has been accredited to the skill of the commanders, the fighting qualities of troops, and resources in men and material, when in truth, it was all thanks to much more than that, such as the militarys intelligence and communication networks. The use of communication in the military was essential for the victory of the Civil War. Although many people may believe that the Union won due to the North having larger and many more companies and factories, larger cities, and a better economy than the South, nevertheless the Union attained the victory due to their communication networks within the military because they gained insight into the other sides locations and etc., looked at tactics they were using and were able to advance. The use of communication in the military was essential to the victory of the war for the North. Whether if it was through the form of letters, spies, an etc. Due to the fact that the main source of communication during the civil war was through letters, people had to advance so that others for whom the letters werent intended for, wouldnt be able to identify the content of what was being said. Many of the times, letters were intercepted, and the information was leaked, which affected either the Union or the Confederacy. Letters evolved over time, using ciphers to uncover the true motive of the letter. Military communication was a prominent aspect to the victory of the Civil War. If the military had no type of communication, they wouldnt have been able to gain insight, know when they were overpowered, and other information that was essentially a necessity. Communication between the military and others was a necessity because they needed to know information, because they could not just go in blindly, they needed to know that they were doing the correct thing. For instance, the Battle at Gettysburg, was not a mere collision of the two armies, the Confederates were going in blindly, but not the Union. The Union had marched 150 miles knowing that they would be there, because of the soldier-spies, that had reported back to them. The Union had spies that communicated back to them, fourteen locally organized groups of spies, had granted the Union the information necessary for the victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. According to the primary source, Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820-1891) to Colonel Robert Crooke Wood, the historical context is that it describes the armies preparedness, during the time of the Battle at Vicksburg. Furthermore, the importance of this document is that it demonstrates how with the communication they held between each other, they were able to continue the war because they had knowledge of what was occurring and if they were ready at the moment. The intended audience is Colonel Robert Crooke Wood and the purpose is to inform the Colonel of his army being well supplied with surgeons, medicines, medical supplies and hospital accommodations. It is a piece of letter that informs about the soldiers battling at the Vicksburg and how he was worried because many of the population had been wounded. The perspective is from William Tecumseh Sherman, who commands an army, and this is important because it is a form of communication, in which was effective because they informed each other whether they were prepared to go to battle. This piece of evidence demonstrates how a method of communication within the military was through letters, which was very so effective because they were able to communicate important information such as being prepared to continue going into war. Based on the primary source, Knox, William (1756-1795) Knoxs army diary (incomplete), the historical context is that it is on information about military tactics around the Battle of Germantown. It mentions movements of the army and important events that had occurred. Additionally, the importance of this document is that it represents how the army was doing in terms of ground they covered, materials they were in need of, things they had encountered that was information that could benefit them. The intended audience is that due to it being a diary, it was either for himself or for future references, if anything ever happened to him, or if he had to make reports to someone higher in power or status. The purpose was to record the movements of the army around Philadelphia in September and October 1777. The perspective was from William Knox who was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the U.S. Army, who also served as the 1st United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794. It is important because it records important information that was helpful for others in the military, like when it states on September 19, Intelligence recd. of the enemys pushing for Philadelphia the army crossd the Schylkill. According to a primary source, Knox, Henry (1750-1806) to Nicholas Eveleigh, it is another primitive example of how military communication helped the Union be at a stage of benefit. The historical context is that is notes important events that relate to that of war. For instance, it mentions how ships loaded with arms had arrived from France and that Lord Cornwallis nearly captured General Benjamin Lincoln. Moreover, the context is that it informs the intended audience of prominent information such as the shipment of materials that were needed for the continuation of the war. The intended audience was Nicholas Eveleigh, who was an American planter and political leader who was a delegate to the Continental Congress for South Carolina in 1781 and 1782. The purpose is to inform of important details regarding the war and possible information that would help in the future of the war. The perspective is from Henry Knox, the secretary of War and it is important because it lists reports that were prominent to the continuation of the war, such as war materials arriving. If they hadnt received insight on the arrival of the materials, they wouldnt have known, when to continue and when to go pick up the latest arrival. Military communication was also used to let others know of plans that had went through, whether they were struggling or etc. According to a primary source named, Schuyler, Philip John (1733-1804) to James Duane, it demonstrates how the military communicated hardships or celebrations. In addition, the source is a piece of evidence that altered the war because many of those fighting the war, communicated about their losses and victories, in order to tell them details about how the other side was doing and the locations of where they were last at.The historical context is that it goes into great detail of the battle fought in New York, where they had to take the defeat due to them being overwhelmed. It states, abandon the fortress on York Island because the enemys strength was overwhelming. The intended audience is James Duane, a political leader throughout the war. The purpose is to inform the and give a response to James in terms of military actions that were taken and should be taken. It also informs of insight in terms of counties wanting to break away from New York and etc. The perspective is from Philip John Schuyler, a general in the American Revolution, and a United States senator from New York. This is important because it is a letter with intelligence that would benefit the Union, if they had received such important information. According to a primary source, Knox, Henry (1750-1806) to Lucy Knox, it demonstrates how even within family, military information was passed. The historical context is that it reports little activities since the retreat in the Battle of Long Island. It discusses military activities and the effects of such movements. The intended audience is Lucy Knox, the wife of Henry Know, I believe. The purpose is to inform her of important information such as military movements and life. Albeit, the information may seem to broad, in terms of its relation to the topic, the context of the letter was prominent because anyone who might intercept the letter would just see that there is communication between family, therefore, they would not care much of what the information could have potentially said. The perspective is from Henry Knox, a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the 1st United States Secretary of War. It is important because they oftentimes speculated of military activities that would occur later on, due to the information they had received. They informed one another of details regarding the military and etc. Military communication was more like military intelligence because it helped the military advance and know certain information, such as locations, names of certain people, the events of the current situation and more. According to a secondary source, Military Intelligence During Americas Civil War,it mentioned how a major part of intelligence used during the Civil War was through the following source: spies, scouts, cavalry reconnaissance, captured documents, mail, newspapers, interrogation of enemy prisoners, deserters, refugees, contrabands (fugitive slaves) ordinary civilians, balloonists and signal corps stations of observation. According to a secondary source, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War, it mentions how essential communication in the military actually was. It discusses how the electric telegraph maintained speedy communication between Washington and armies in distant fields. By the ending of the war, the Union had strung over fifteen hundred miles of military telegraph line, whereas the Confederacy had only about a thousand. It was estimated that 6,500,00 Union messages passed over the wires during the war at a cost of about 40 cents per message. Ciphers were also very commonly used. The service arbitrarily assigned significance to certain words, or arranged words in a false position, throwing in meaningless words to confuse certain readers. According to a secondary source, The secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War, it mentions how the success was due to the militarys communication. It states, for example, the standard depiction of the Battle of Gettysburg as the accidental collision of two armies marching half blindly is found to be true only for the Confederates. Their 150-mile march from the Rappahannock River to Pennsylvania was penetrated by soldier-spies whose findings enabled the pursuing Federals to cross the Potomac simultaneously with the main body of the invaders, and unbeknown to them. The Confederates assumed dangerously dispersed positions across South-Central Pennsylvania, their movements reported by fourteen locally organized groups of citizen-spies and scouts. In conclusion, the communication within the military was essential to the victory of the Union. Without the military communication, the Union would have been unable to win against the Confederates. Although many historians may believe that the Union was able to take the victory to the South due to its tactics or a better sustained economy, nevertheless, the Union was able to become victorious due to the communication networks in the military because they were able to gain insight, they were able to learn certain tactics from the other team, being able to know the location from the other side and etc. Communication network was an aspect of the Civil War that was essentially the victory of the war, due to the reaps of benefits, such as the importance of information. We will send an essay sample to you in 2 Hours. If you need help faster you can always use our custom writing service.Get help with my paper	2,412	ENGLISH	1
Giant rats, bigger than humans, stand in a circle. Leaning towards the outside of the circle, they are holding their front legs up high. The giant rats want to go ahead, but they can’t budge as their tails are tied together. Rat King, created by German sculptor Katharina Fritsch, garnered great attention for its strong image and overwhelming scale at the Venice Biennale in 1999. Why did the sculptor choose rats as a theme? The sculptor is famous for painting his sculptures in recognizable shapes such as snakes, chickens, the Pope in black and other strong colors. Inspired by fairy tales or legends, the artist expressed the image of Rat King based on a story she had known as a child. Though they symbolize diligence, wisdom, abundance in the Buddhist culture, mice were perceived negatively in the Western culture, usually associated with the pest disease. Rat King, which is Rattenkönig in German, refers to a group of mice whose tails are tied together. It is often used as a metaphor to refer to a stream of unpleasant or complicated events. The sculptor explains that these mice are a reflection of herself and a highly complicated situation that cannot be relieved. Gordias, in Greek mythology, was a king that tied his wagon on the pillar of a temple. Oracle said that the one who unties the know would become the king of Asia. Many tried to no avail. The one that finally succeeded was Alexander the Great, who actually cut the knot instead of untying it. The Gordian Knot has become a proverbial term for a problem solvable by bold action. The message appears to be clear. These mice have been together for so long that their tails have been tied together. Unless they escape the situation, they are doomed. To survive, they must be decisive. Whether it involves work or a relationship, difficult situations can be faced by anyone at any time. The solution may be simpler than you think.	<urn:uuid:dff2a510-def2-4c7c-8a69-d6a4ea71a0c6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.donga.com/en/List/article/all/20200102/1941560/1/The-Gordian-Knot	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00527.warc.gz	en	0.981821	401	3.53125	4	[ 0.14443080127239227, -0.05792997032403946, 0.42621609568595886, -0.07197205722332001, -0.4761826694011688, 0.11949001997709274, 0.6910642385482788, 0.14729495346546173, -0.1897585690021515, -0.15759417414665222, -0.051916997879743576, -0.21632252633571625, -0.003104069735854864, 0.58129698...	4	Giant rats, bigger than humans, stand in a circle. Leaning towards the outside of the circle, they are holding their front legs up high. The giant rats want to go ahead, but they can’t budge as their tails are tied together. Rat King, created by German sculptor Katharina Fritsch, garnered great attention for its strong image and overwhelming scale at the Venice Biennale in 1999. Why did the sculptor choose rats as a theme? The sculptor is famous for painting his sculptures in recognizable shapes such as snakes, chickens, the Pope in black and other strong colors. Inspired by fairy tales or legends, the artist expressed the image of Rat King based on a story she had known as a child. Though they symbolize diligence, wisdom, abundance in the Buddhist culture, mice were perceived negatively in the Western culture, usually associated with the pest disease. Rat King, which is Rattenkönig in German, refers to a group of mice whose tails are tied together. It is often used as a metaphor to refer to a stream of unpleasant or complicated events. The sculptor explains that these mice are a reflection of herself and a highly complicated situation that cannot be relieved. Gordias, in Greek mythology, was a king that tied his wagon on the pillar of a temple. Oracle said that the one who unties the know would become the king of Asia. Many tried to no avail. The one that finally succeeded was Alexander the Great, who actually cut the knot instead of untying it. The Gordian Knot has become a proverbial term for a problem solvable by bold action. The message appears to be clear. These mice have been together for so long that their tails have been tied together. Unless they escape the situation, they are doomed. To survive, they must be decisive. Whether it involves work or a relationship, difficult situations can be faced by anyone at any time. The solution may be simpler than you think.	403	ENGLISH	1
Mariana of Austria’s Portraits as Ruler-Governor and Curadora Mariana of Austria played an important role in the history of the Spanish monarchy in the seventeenth century. Born in Neustadt on December 23, 1634, María Anna of Austria was the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III and the Infanta María, who was the sister of Philip IV. Mariana was to have married Prince Baltasar Carlos, Philip IV’s son, but when her cousin the prince died, she instead married his father, her uncle, the king. The new queen consort arrived in Madrid in 1649; in Spain she was called Mariana, and this is the name by which she has come to be known. She gave birth to five children but only two survived to adulthood, the Infanta Margarita and King Carlos II. After the death of Philip IV, Queen Mariana became regent, guardian-tutor, and guardian-curadora of her son, the child-king, and in his name ruled the monarchy.1 It was the first time for nearly two hundred years that Spain had a regency, and during that time, Mariana had both to invent her role and create a new image for herself as governor. When King Carlos II reached his majority, Queen Mariana continued to play an important role as guardiancuradora. It was only when Carlos II married María Luisa of Orleans that a new period began for Mariana as queen mother, indeed the first queen mother in the Spanish monarchy since medieval times. She became a key figure in factional struggles concerning the future succession to the Spanish throne; Carlos II was to be the last Habsburg king of Spain.2 Mariana died on May 16, 1696 in Madrid. Mariana played different and important roles never before seen in the life of a Spanish Habsburg queen.	<urn:uuid:aff06e39-2b50-4415-9b88-bfb54c974167>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315578477/chapters/10.4324/9781315578477-19	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00173.warc.gz	en	0.985532	388	3.46875	3	[ 0.18006935715675354, 0.3114190995693207, 0.3820726275444031, -0.33271777629852295, -0.0984334871172905, -0.31755900382995605, 0.20444054901599884, -0.08277063816785812, 0.048862434923648834, 0.13598927855491638, 0.1332935392856598, -0.5389002561569214, 0.2973107099533081, 0.514168620109558...	1	Mariana of Austria’s Portraits as Ruler-Governor and Curadora Mariana of Austria played an important role in the history of the Spanish monarchy in the seventeenth century. Born in Neustadt on December 23, 1634, María Anna of Austria was the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III and the Infanta María, who was the sister of Philip IV. Mariana was to have married Prince Baltasar Carlos, Philip IV’s son, but when her cousin the prince died, she instead married his father, her uncle, the king. The new queen consort arrived in Madrid in 1649; in Spain she was called Mariana, and this is the name by which she has come to be known. She gave birth to five children but only two survived to adulthood, the Infanta Margarita and King Carlos II. After the death of Philip IV, Queen Mariana became regent, guardian-tutor, and guardian-curadora of her son, the child-king, and in his name ruled the monarchy.1 It was the first time for nearly two hundred years that Spain had a regency, and during that time, Mariana had both to invent her role and create a new image for herself as governor. When King Carlos II reached his majority, Queen Mariana continued to play an important role as guardiancuradora. It was only when Carlos II married María Luisa of Orleans that a new period began for Mariana as queen mother, indeed the first queen mother in the Spanish monarchy since medieval times. She became a key figure in factional struggles concerning the future succession to the Spanish throne; Carlos II was to be the last Habsburg king of Spain.2 Mariana died on May 16, 1696 in Madrid. Mariana played different and important roles never before seen in the life of a Spanish Habsburg queen.	388	ENGLISH	1
As I write, this site contains data going back to the start of the nineteenth century but our aim is to get back another hundred years – to 1701 when the Act of Settlement was passed. Why choose that year? Well, it’s the last time in British history that there was a major change in the way the line of succession worked. In this article I’ll explain what happened (and why). But before we need to set the scene by going back in time another 170 years to 1534 when Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church and created the Church of England. Protestants vs Catholics Everyone, surely, knows the story of how the Pope refused to give Henry VIII a divorce (strictly speaking, an annulment) from Catherine of Aragon, so he split from Rome, divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn. This didn’t really work out all that well for Henry but it was worse for the country. Over the following 150 years we pretty much alternated between Protestant and Catholic monarchs and when one faith controlled the throne it usually went pretty badly for followers of the other faith. This all came to a head in 1688 when parliament decided that they really weren’t happy with the current king – James II (James VII in Scotland) who was a Catholic. James was removed from power and ran away to the continent. He was replaced on the throne by his daughter, Mary, and her husband (who was also her cousin) William of Orange. The Bill of Rights In 1689, parliament passed the Bill of Rights. The main reason for the bill was to establish parliament’s right to determine who was Britain’s monarch, but it also contained a few bits of housekeeping about how the line of succession would work in the future. For our story, the most important provisions of the bill were: - Catholics were barred from the throne. - The line of succession was limited to a) descendants of William and Mary, b) descendants of William and any future wife, c) Mary’s sister Anne and d) Anne’s descendants. And, yes, that sister is the Queen Anne who current Oscar favourite, The Favourite, is about. A Lack of Heirs Only a few years later, it became apparent that the line of succession didn’t have enough heirs. Mary had died, childless, in 1694 and William had shown no interest in marrying again. Anne had given birth to many children, but none of them had lived past childhood. In July 1700 her son, Prince William, died just after his eleventh birthday. Anne was now 35 and seemed unlikely to have more children. It was clear that something needed to be done. Parliament set out to find more heirs. They started by looking at other descendants of James II/VII. He had plenty of descendants, but the problem was that most of them were Catholic. Eventually, they had to go back three more generations and look for descendants of James I/VI. Again, a lot of the options were Catholic and it’s estimated that over fifty Catholics were skipped over before they found a Protestant heir in Sophia of Hanover. Sophia was the twelfth child of Elizabeth Stuart, the oldest daughter of James I/VI. But she was his senior surviving Protestant heir (her mother had died in 1662). She had been born in The Hague in 1630 and in 1658 she married Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg and in 1692 he had become Elector of Hanover. Her first son, George, was born in 1660. The Act of Settlement Having found their heir, parliament passed the Act of Settlement which “settled” the crown on Sophia and her descendants. At the time the Act was passed, William III was still on the throne and the line of succession looked like this: - Princess Anne - Electress Sophia - Prince George - Prince George - Princess Sophia - Prince Maximilian - Prince Christian - Prince Ernest - Princess Sophia - Prince Frederick - Prince George The Act also reiterated the removal of all Catholics from the line of succession. Over 200 years later, this is still the most important law controlling the British line of succession. The House of Hanover It took a few years for the Act of Succession to have any real effect. William died in 1702 and was succeeded by Anne (as he would have been under the Bill of Rights). In 1707, the Acts of Union were passed making England and Scotland a single country called Great Britain, so Queen Anne was the last monarch of England and the first monarch of Great Britain. Anne died in August 1714. Sophia had died seven weeks earlier, so it was her son, George, who became the first monarch of the House of Hanover, as George I. In 1727, he died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George II. And over the following three hundred years the British crown has passed peacefully from parent to child (or, occasionally, parent to grandchild or sibling to sibling). In 1701, the line of succession contained ten names. It’s estimated that currently there are around 7,000 names on the list.	<urn:uuid:7782f461-73e6-4f5a-9115-944ee10b758c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://blog.lineofsuccession.co.uk/2019/01/the-act-of-settlement/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00501.warc.gz	en	0.985188	1,091	3.53125	4	[ -0.32091930508613586, 0.05287082493305206, 0.42623627185821533, -0.29728424549102783, -0.05289944261312485, -0.14998361468315125, -0.30148154497146606, -0.016782186925411224, 0.17481018602848053, -0.1309705674648285, -0.16224390268325806, -0.14986282587051392, -0.20305445790290833, 0.16093...	15	As I write, this site contains data going back to the start of the nineteenth century but our aim is to get back another hundred years – to 1701 when the Act of Settlement was passed. Why choose that year? Well, it’s the last time in British history that there was a major change in the way the line of succession worked. In this article I’ll explain what happened (and why). But before we need to set the scene by going back in time another 170 years to 1534 when Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church and created the Church of England. Protestants vs Catholics Everyone, surely, knows the story of how the Pope refused to give Henry VIII a divorce (strictly speaking, an annulment) from Catherine of Aragon, so he split from Rome, divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn. This didn’t really work out all that well for Henry but it was worse for the country. Over the following 150 years we pretty much alternated between Protestant and Catholic monarchs and when one faith controlled the throne it usually went pretty badly for followers of the other faith. This all came to a head in 1688 when parliament decided that they really weren’t happy with the current king – James II (James VII in Scotland) who was a Catholic. James was removed from power and ran away to the continent. He was replaced on the throne by his daughter, Mary, and her husband (who was also her cousin) William of Orange. The Bill of Rights In 1689, parliament passed the Bill of Rights. The main reason for the bill was to establish parliament’s right to determine who was Britain’s monarch, but it also contained a few bits of housekeeping about how the line of succession would work in the future. For our story, the most important provisions of the bill were: - Catholics were barred from the throne. - The line of succession was limited to a) descendants of William and Mary, b) descendants of William and any future wife, c) Mary’s sister Anne and d) Anne’s descendants. And, yes, that sister is the Queen Anne who current Oscar favourite, The Favourite, is about. A Lack of Heirs Only a few years later, it became apparent that the line of succession didn’t have enough heirs. Mary had died, childless, in 1694 and William had shown no interest in marrying again. Anne had given birth to many children, but none of them had lived past childhood. In July 1700 her son, Prince William, died just after his eleventh birthday. Anne was now 35 and seemed unlikely to have more children. It was clear that something needed to be done. Parliament set out to find more heirs. They started by looking at other descendants of James II/VII. He had plenty of descendants, but the problem was that most of them were Catholic. Eventually, they had to go back three more generations and look for descendants of James I/VI. Again, a lot of the options were Catholic and it’s estimated that over fifty Catholics were skipped over before they found a Protestant heir in Sophia of Hanover. Sophia was the twelfth child of Elizabeth Stuart, the oldest daughter of James I/VI. But she was his senior surviving Protestant heir (her mother had died in 1662). She had been born in The Hague in 1630 and in 1658 she married Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg and in 1692 he had become Elector of Hanover. Her first son, George, was born in 1660. The Act of Settlement Having found their heir, parliament passed the Act of Settlement which “settled” the crown on Sophia and her descendants. At the time the Act was passed, William III was still on the throne and the line of succession looked like this: - Princess Anne - Electress Sophia - Prince George - Prince George - Princess Sophia - Prince Maximilian - Prince Christian - Prince Ernest - Princess Sophia - Prince Frederick - Prince George The Act also reiterated the removal of all Catholics from the line of succession. Over 200 years later, this is still the most important law controlling the British line of succession. The House of Hanover It took a few years for the Act of Succession to have any real effect. William died in 1702 and was succeeded by Anne (as he would have been under the Bill of Rights). In 1707, the Acts of Union were passed making England and Scotland a single country called Great Britain, so Queen Anne was the last monarch of England and the first monarch of Great Britain. Anne died in August 1714. Sophia had died seven weeks earlier, so it was her son, George, who became the first monarch of the House of Hanover, as George I. In 1727, he died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George II. And over the following three hundred years the British crown has passed peacefully from parent to child (or, occasionally, parent to grandchild or sibling to sibling). In 1701, the line of succession contained ten names. It’s estimated that currently there are around 7,000 names on the list.	1,111	ENGLISH	1
- Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861-1876 Schooling the Freed People adds to the historiography of black education in Reconstruction. This carefully crafted book examines the varying motivations of men and women, black and white who taught freed people. It also dispels the commonly held views of who those teachers were. In the past some historians have focused on northern white women, religiously motivated with an abolitionist bent as the symbol of teaching force of freed people in the South. Ronald Butchart argues that a large number of southern whites also taught. Furthermore, he states, "The portrait of the teachers must reveal the remarkable minority of teachers who strove to add their mite to reconstruction, yet it must at the same time portray accurately the majority, who had no interest in social reconstruction." For many teachers, particularly white teachers, black freedom was not among their concerns. Teachers also tended to be older than previously noted. The average age of teachers was around thirty. For the most part, men and women were almost equal in numbers. Social class backgrounds are also [End Page 247] varied, as many teachers were middle class. There were also many who came from declining class status as a result of the war and others who were poor. Butchart begins the book with an examination of freed people's desire for schooling and its equation with freedom. This history has long been documented, but scholars cannot address a discussion of the education of freed people without an acknowledgement of their thirst for knowledge. The book then divides the teachers examining black teachers from the North and South, southern white teachers, and northern white teachers. More than a third of all teachers of freed people were black teachers. Black teachers were usually younger and less well educated than their white counterparts. They were, however, committed to racial uplift and elevation, and their commitment was expressed in part by the fact that they remained teachers longer than the other two groups. For the most part, southern white teachers certainly did not have the same commitment as black teachers and often taught out of necessity. More than half of these teachers only taught one term. They also tended to be the oldest group among the three. Few southern white teachers embraced black equality. Most expected them to remain in their inferior positions. Northern white teachers left more records about their motivations than the other two groups. Northern white men were less likely to teach than northern white women. The other two groups were about even. These teachers were usually well educated. For some northern white teachers, teaching in black schools was seen as convenient. Those teachers usually taught for just one year. For many other teachers, they saw their teaching as "being useful" and "doing good." This was often tied to religious motivation. Many of these teachers did not mention freed people or the needs of blacks in their writings, for which Butchart surmised that the teachers were more concerned with meeting their own needs. Those who did mention freed people saw their work like black teachers. They wanted to uplift the people for whom they worked. Yet, few had abolitionist's roots. The book also discusses the curriculum the schools used. It is often a difficult endeavor for historians of education to piece together what actually occurred in schools. However, the author does a fair job of teasing out the curriculum and pedagogy employed in southern black schools. He ends the book with a discussion of southern resistance to black schooling. Methodologically, this book is groundbreaking as Butchart assembled a database called the Freedman's Teacher Project. The project attempts to identify "every" teacher who taught freed people in the Reconstruction era to minimally attain their names, years they taught and states in which they taught. The project also seeks to get more detailed data on the teachers including race, gender, date of birth, marital and social class...	<urn:uuid:a06bd777-20ee-41d2-b112-94f5f5890d05>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://muse.jhu.edu/article/485557	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00179.warc.gz	en	0.987571	775	3.671875	4	[ 0.00006125727668404579, 0.20227375626564026, -0.1186017394065857, 0.13542108237743378, -0.11234837770462036, 0.07551761716604233, -0.3379223942756653, -0.16448643803596497, -0.2987954616546631, 0.11205394566059113, 0.13730187714099884, 0.08716503530740738, 0.025266287848353386, 0.326183617...	1	- Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861-1876 Schooling the Freed People adds to the historiography of black education in Reconstruction. This carefully crafted book examines the varying motivations of men and women, black and white who taught freed people. It also dispels the commonly held views of who those teachers were. In the past some historians have focused on northern white women, religiously motivated with an abolitionist bent as the symbol of teaching force of freed people in the South. Ronald Butchart argues that a large number of southern whites also taught. Furthermore, he states, "The portrait of the teachers must reveal the remarkable minority of teachers who strove to add their mite to reconstruction, yet it must at the same time portray accurately the majority, who had no interest in social reconstruction." For many teachers, particularly white teachers, black freedom was not among their concerns. Teachers also tended to be older than previously noted. The average age of teachers was around thirty. For the most part, men and women were almost equal in numbers. Social class backgrounds are also [End Page 247] varied, as many teachers were middle class. There were also many who came from declining class status as a result of the war and others who were poor. Butchart begins the book with an examination of freed people's desire for schooling and its equation with freedom. This history has long been documented, but scholars cannot address a discussion of the education of freed people without an acknowledgement of their thirst for knowledge. The book then divides the teachers examining black teachers from the North and South, southern white teachers, and northern white teachers. More than a third of all teachers of freed people were black teachers. Black teachers were usually younger and less well educated than their white counterparts. They were, however, committed to racial uplift and elevation, and their commitment was expressed in part by the fact that they remained teachers longer than the other two groups. For the most part, southern white teachers certainly did not have the same commitment as black teachers and often taught out of necessity. More than half of these teachers only taught one term. They also tended to be the oldest group among the three. Few southern white teachers embraced black equality. Most expected them to remain in their inferior positions. Northern white teachers left more records about their motivations than the other two groups. Northern white men were less likely to teach than northern white women. The other two groups were about even. These teachers were usually well educated. For some northern white teachers, teaching in black schools was seen as convenient. Those teachers usually taught for just one year. For many other teachers, they saw their teaching as "being useful" and "doing good." This was often tied to religious motivation. Many of these teachers did not mention freed people or the needs of blacks in their writings, for which Butchart surmised that the teachers were more concerned with meeting their own needs. Those who did mention freed people saw their work like black teachers. They wanted to uplift the people for whom they worked. Yet, few had abolitionist's roots. The book also discusses the curriculum the schools used. It is often a difficult endeavor for historians of education to piece together what actually occurred in schools. However, the author does a fair job of teasing out the curriculum and pedagogy employed in southern black schools. He ends the book with a discussion of southern resistance to black schooling. Methodologically, this book is groundbreaking as Butchart assembled a database called the Freedman's Teacher Project. The project attempts to identify "every" teacher who taught freed people in the Reconstruction era to minimally attain their names, years they taught and states in which they taught. The project also seeks to get more detailed data on the teachers including race, gender, date of birth, marital and social class...	781	ENGLISH	1
Battle of Brandywine George Washington ordered his overseers to begin the 1767 wheat harvest on June 24, a hot, cloudy Saturday at the end of a dry week. Thus began twenty days of unrelenting exertion for Mount Vernon’s slaves and no little anxiety for their master, who for the first time had given over his holding almost entirely to the cultivation of grain. Much depended on the success of this experiment, which was a crucial element in Washington’s scheme to free himself of the debts he had accumulated over the years of failing to produce tobacco that would sell on London’s finicky market. Rich as he was in land, he feared that, like so many of his fellow planters, he too would become permanently dependent on his English merchant creditors. It was a fate he dreaded above all, for to suffer it meant that he would lose the essence of a gentleman’s character, independence, and with it the capacity to behave in a truly virtuous way.	<urn:uuid:8c0bf031-cbc9-4661-a9b8-8065d6de015e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.americanrevolution.com/revolution/war/battles/brandywine	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00288.warc.gz	en	0.986508	202	3.40625	3	[ -0.3330698311328888, 0.6293191313743591, -0.050348103046417236, 0.033133722841739655, -0.14926689863204956, -0.2877167761325836, 0.10746989399194717, 0.04326687008142471, -0.4931819438934326, -0.0301040168851614, -0.20784440636634827, -0.2319181114435196, 0.12008640915155411, 0.39375388622...	1	Battle of Brandywine George Washington ordered his overseers to begin the 1767 wheat harvest on June 24, a hot, cloudy Saturday at the end of a dry week. Thus began twenty days of unrelenting exertion for Mount Vernon’s slaves and no little anxiety for their master, who for the first time had given over his holding almost entirely to the cultivation of grain. Much depended on the success of this experiment, which was a crucial element in Washington’s scheme to free himself of the debts he had accumulated over the years of failing to produce tobacco that would sell on London’s finicky market. Rich as he was in land, he feared that, like so many of his fellow planters, he too would become permanently dependent on his English merchant creditors. It was a fate he dreaded above all, for to suffer it meant that he would lose the essence of a gentleman’s character, independence, and with it the capacity to behave in a truly virtuous way.	201	ENGLISH	1
Colonial Development of Municipal Clerks Profession When the early colonists came to America they set up forms of local government to which they had been accustomed, and the office of clerk was one of the first to be established. When the colonists first settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, they quickly appointed a person to act as recorder. That person kept all the vital records for birth, marriages and deaths for the church, as well as various other records of appointments, deeds, meetings, and the election of officers at the annual town meeting. Indeed, in Massachusetts, the town clerk was one of the earliest offices established in colonial towns. The settlers were well aware of the importance of keeping accurate written records of their agreements and actions including grants of land, regulations governing animals, the collection of taxes and the expenditure of town funds. The person given the responsibility for recording these orders was also often given other duties, such as sweeping the meeting-house and selling the seats, ringing the bell, and paying the bounty for jays and blackbirds whose heads were presented to him by the citizens. By the middle of the 17th century, the title town clerk appears in town records and this title has continued to the present. One of the earliest statutory duties imposed by the Massachusetts General Court on town clerks was recording births, deaths and marriages. Since that time, the General Court has formalized by statute many of the duties first delegated by vote of the town and has added others. By 1692, the town clerk was required to enter and record divisions of land and orders of the selectmen as well as all town votes, orders and grants. Warrants directed to the constable for the collection of taxes were to be signed by the assessors or the town clerk. Between 1742 and 1756, the General Court made the town clerk responsible for maintaining a list showing each inhabitant's property value and for producing it, if necessary, to substantiate a person's voting rights. The town clerk was required to administer and record the oath of office taken by town officials. By 1776, the town clerk was empowered to call town meetings to elect selectmen if a majority of the selectmen had moved from the town or were absent in the service of the country. The office of town clerk of Wethersfield, Connecticut, was established in 1639 and that person was to "keep a record of every man's house and land," and to present "a fairly written" copy of such to every General Court to be recorded by the secretary of the colony. In the first municipal election in New York City in 1689, the offices of Sheriff, Mayor and City Clerk were on the ballot. The Puritan town of Woodstock, Massachusetts, appointed a town clerk in 1693 to record deeds and mortgages and to record the books. Because the town's people wanted to keep him on a permanent basis, he was given 20 acres of land and a fee of 12 pence for each town meeting plus 6 pence for each grant filed. The Town Clerk of Middleboro, Massachusetts, on the other hand was compensated with "one load of fish taken at the herring-weir and delivered to his house." Three centuries later, one of his seventh-great-grandchildren is serving as City Recorder of the city of Newport, Oregon.	<urn:uuid:675e2459-6259-4832-885b-692b5a871302>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.ctclerks.com/content/5645/5936/5940.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00018.warc.gz	en	0.985864	673	3.703125	4	[ -0.019149472936987877, -0.16858573257923126, 0.4493693709373474, -0.5072464346885681, -0.6472503542900085, -0.10142140090465546, 0.2140059769153595, -0.1024755984544754, -0.07319410145282745, 0.30576735734939575, -0.3545514643192291, 0.36091023683547974, 0.12973365187644958, 0.299046844244...	5	Colonial Development of Municipal Clerks Profession When the early colonists came to America they set up forms of local government to which they had been accustomed, and the office of clerk was one of the first to be established. When the colonists first settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, they quickly appointed a person to act as recorder. That person kept all the vital records for birth, marriages and deaths for the church, as well as various other records of appointments, deeds, meetings, and the election of officers at the annual town meeting. Indeed, in Massachusetts, the town clerk was one of the earliest offices established in colonial towns. The settlers were well aware of the importance of keeping accurate written records of their agreements and actions including grants of land, regulations governing animals, the collection of taxes and the expenditure of town funds. The person given the responsibility for recording these orders was also often given other duties, such as sweeping the meeting-house and selling the seats, ringing the bell, and paying the bounty for jays and blackbirds whose heads were presented to him by the citizens. By the middle of the 17th century, the title town clerk appears in town records and this title has continued to the present. One of the earliest statutory duties imposed by the Massachusetts General Court on town clerks was recording births, deaths and marriages. Since that time, the General Court has formalized by statute many of the duties first delegated by vote of the town and has added others. By 1692, the town clerk was required to enter and record divisions of land and orders of the selectmen as well as all town votes, orders and grants. Warrants directed to the constable for the collection of taxes were to be signed by the assessors or the town clerk. Between 1742 and 1756, the General Court made the town clerk responsible for maintaining a list showing each inhabitant's property value and for producing it, if necessary, to substantiate a person's voting rights. The town clerk was required to administer and record the oath of office taken by town officials. By 1776, the town clerk was empowered to call town meetings to elect selectmen if a majority of the selectmen had moved from the town or were absent in the service of the country. The office of town clerk of Wethersfield, Connecticut, was established in 1639 and that person was to "keep a record of every man's house and land," and to present "a fairly written" copy of such to every General Court to be recorded by the secretary of the colony. In the first municipal election in New York City in 1689, the offices of Sheriff, Mayor and City Clerk were on the ballot. The Puritan town of Woodstock, Massachusetts, appointed a town clerk in 1693 to record deeds and mortgages and to record the books. Because the town's people wanted to keep him on a permanent basis, he was given 20 acres of land and a fee of 12 pence for each town meeting plus 6 pence for each grant filed. The Town Clerk of Middleboro, Massachusetts, on the other hand was compensated with "one load of fish taken at the herring-weir and delivered to his house." Three centuries later, one of his seventh-great-grandchildren is serving as City Recorder of the city of Newport, Oregon.	694	ENGLISH	1
Oligarchy — “rule by the few” was a form of government which Athens had not experienced since the 6th century, though it was common in many of the Greek states. This closing stage was surprisingly long. Alcibiades, having made himself unpopular at Sparta, was allowed once more to take command of the Athenian fleet, which he did with some success. On the home front the Spartans were not in a hurry. For a people of such high military reputation they were astonishingly cautious. Year after year they were content to operate from Decelea. They never tried to capture Athens by assault. In this they were wise. The thorn festering in the flesh would infect the whole body in time. The Sicilian disaster roused so much distrust in democracy at Athens that it was possible for an oligarch); to seize power (411). In referring to earlier times the word “aristocracy” — “rule by the best”, i.e. the old-established wealthy families, is sometimes used, but the form of government described is the same as oligarchy-rule by a small wealthy group. The change of word simply indicates that, as time went on, the old families were not the only wealthy ones. The oligarchs only stayed in power for a few months. The men of the fleet at Samos threatened to sail against Athens if democracy was not restored. So in the autumn the chief oligarchs fled to Decelea and a limited democracy, which still excluded the poor, was established. Next year (410), again under pressure from the sailors, who were poor and justifiably pleased with themselves after a victory over the Spartan fleet, the full democracy was restored. There followed five years in which Spartan peace offers were contemptuously rejected, while good conduct of the war was made impossible owing to the reckless spite of the democratic Assembly. They dismissed Alcibiades because of a defeat suffered by one of his subordinates. (He was finally murdered in Persia in 404.) They ordered the execution of six high officers who had helped to win a victory but, it was said, at too great a cost in lives. Socrates, who happened to be chairman on this last occasion, protested in vain. Accusations of treachery were the fashion. A witch hunt was on. No one was safe. Euripides, aged 75, left for Macedonia, where he died in 406. Sophocles, aged 90, had less to fear. He died a few months later and was therefore spared the sight of his city’s final abasement. The end came in 405 when Lysander, the Spartan admiral, after capturing the entire Athenian fleet, proceeded to blockade Athens and cut off her corn supply. The terms offered were that the Long Walls should be broken down and the Empire finally surrendered; only twelve ships might be kept and Athens was to become a member of the Spartan alliance. She accepted. In a way she was lucky. The Thebans had wanted her totally destroyed. Instead, she was spared to commit one more stupendous folly.	<urn:uuid:b3a1ef1f-1598-49d9-99a0-6fca5838f03c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://worldhistoryvolume.com/hellenes-ancient-greece/oligarchy-and-athens-in-defeat/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00093.warc.gz	en	0.991273	638	3.78125	4	[ -0.13463646173477173, 0.14376693964004517, 0.3992527723312378, -0.4997239410877228, -0.10075074434280396, -0.2718542218208313, -0.1158464252948761, 0.39697229862213135, -0.17024627327919006, 0.20164279639720917, -0.15031811594963074, 0.12916193902492523, -0.05167786777019501, 0.31709077954...	3	Oligarchy — “rule by the few” was a form of government which Athens had not experienced since the 6th century, though it was common in many of the Greek states. This closing stage was surprisingly long. Alcibiades, having made himself unpopular at Sparta, was allowed once more to take command of the Athenian fleet, which he did with some success. On the home front the Spartans were not in a hurry. For a people of such high military reputation they were astonishingly cautious. Year after year they were content to operate from Decelea. They never tried to capture Athens by assault. In this they were wise. The thorn festering in the flesh would infect the whole body in time. The Sicilian disaster roused so much distrust in democracy at Athens that it was possible for an oligarch); to seize power (411). In referring to earlier times the word “aristocracy” — “rule by the best”, i.e. the old-established wealthy families, is sometimes used, but the form of government described is the same as oligarchy-rule by a small wealthy group. The change of word simply indicates that, as time went on, the old families were not the only wealthy ones. The oligarchs only stayed in power for a few months. The men of the fleet at Samos threatened to sail against Athens if democracy was not restored. So in the autumn the chief oligarchs fled to Decelea and a limited democracy, which still excluded the poor, was established. Next year (410), again under pressure from the sailors, who were poor and justifiably pleased with themselves after a victory over the Spartan fleet, the full democracy was restored. There followed five years in which Spartan peace offers were contemptuously rejected, while good conduct of the war was made impossible owing to the reckless spite of the democratic Assembly. They dismissed Alcibiades because of a defeat suffered by one of his subordinates. (He was finally murdered in Persia in 404.) They ordered the execution of six high officers who had helped to win a victory but, it was said, at too great a cost in lives. Socrates, who happened to be chairman on this last occasion, protested in vain. Accusations of treachery were the fashion. A witch hunt was on. No one was safe. Euripides, aged 75, left for Macedonia, where he died in 406. Sophocles, aged 90, had less to fear. He died a few months later and was therefore spared the sight of his city’s final abasement. The end came in 405 when Lysander, the Spartan admiral, after capturing the entire Athenian fleet, proceeded to blockade Athens and cut off her corn supply. The terms offered were that the Long Walls should be broken down and the Empire finally surrendered; only twelve ships might be kept and Athens was to become a member of the Spartan alliance. She accepted. In a way she was lucky. The Thebans had wanted her totally destroyed. Instead, she was spared to commit one more stupendous folly.	646	ENGLISH	1
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Revisited Frederick Douglass circa In SeptemberAbraham Lincoln gave notice that he intended to free the slaves held in states still in rebellion against the Union, a promise fulfilled by the Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1, Lincoln himself remains the subject of scrutiny and celebration as the nation marks the th anniversary of that major step toward the abolition of American slavery. The book found a wide transatlantic audience and went through many printings, but like most accounts of slave life it fell from favor as memory of the Civil War receded into myth and popular historical narratives tended toward reconciliation. The narrative in its entirety is a record of the brutality of slavery Douglass had witnessed and been a part of. It is successful in arguing against slavery, and persuades his audience of its need for abolishment through the use of ethos and personal anecdotes. For example, Douglass begins to build his credibility and authority to write about slavery in the opening of the book, when he states that he is unaware of his birthday, as opposed to the white children, who knew all the details of their lives page 1. Beginning with this fact establishes that Douglass can be trusted because of his direct experiences with the slave system. His credibility continues to inflate as the story progresses. Slave masters were expected to be as brutal as possible, and Douglass bore the pains of assignation to a number of owners, from which he can accurately mention the rights they never had. The freedom of speech never applied to the black slaves, as they were punished when giving realistic answers to whatever they were asked of. These go on to explain the absolute necessity to demolish slavery and its counterparts, for all the pain and suffering it brought the people. As Douglass continues to recognize himself for his accuracy in detail and credit himself on being informed in certain parts and facts relating to his previous life in slavery, chapter 11 depicts how his overall experience as a slave brought him the unspoken responsibility to represent slaves who were treated as unjustly as he. The author here testifies that only those who were slaves or had close ties to slavery, were those who could truly understand the full extent of its barbarity; again, elevating the validity of his words. Douglass concludes the narration of his life, and mentions a slave convention at which he felt obliged at speak because of all that he had been through and escaped from, due to slavery and its bonds. He felt accountable for speaking of what he had been through, to further reveal to the audience of all that went on between slaves and their masters, planting seeds of hatred of the practice in their hearts, gaining supporters for his abolitionist movement. During his time in Baltimore, Douglass had encountered the bridge between slavery and freedom, and found it to be education chapter 6, page This was a happy accident for Douglass because he now knew how to break his chains of slavery and began to work towards it — it was his first step in rebellion which grew into his abolitionist motives, for nothing was seen more dangerous than a literate slave. This glimmer of hope was soon contradicted in chapter 10 page My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed…and behold a man transformed into a brute! This relates to the purpose in terms of how slavery takes its toll on the slaves, demolishing any and all self-confidence they had previously had. This marks both the allowance of violence towards slaves, and the instilled fright in white and black men alike, of protest against the existing slave system. The explicit scenes that Douglass describes throughout the narrative were common occurrences of slavery, and actions that took place in other plantations as well. This narrative serves as an historical document, issuing the different kinds of inhumane restrictions, punishment and mental pressures the enslaved had to go through, since they were children. Douglass through his escape, also depicts that the abolishment of slavery from his life was no easy or supported feat, but that he had done so by changing his identity and running away."Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave" These documents include a portion of the text of Chapter X from Frederick Douglass' "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave," (which is a fair use document), a question reading assessment, and an answer key. Frederick Douglass and Rhetorical Devices Using the text select passages, cite page numbers, and write in a journal format. On the left side of the page write the text. the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Repetition- Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to What rhetorical appeals—logos, ethos, pathos—is Douglass using? Frederick Douglass wrote and published three slave narratives: A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (), My Bondage and My Freedom (), Life and Times of. Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs: American Slave Narrators. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave () as literary works valuable not only as historical evidence but as life writing that employed a wide range of rhetorical and literary devices. Nov 07, · Ethos, Logos, & Pathos of Frederick Douglass’s Rhetoric Frederick Douglass was a former slave “turned abolitionist orator, newspaper editor, social reformer, race leader, and Republican party advocate” (Martin, Preface).	<urn:uuid:03144898-fc63-49ee-aaa5-fe63b700b7ee>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://vomanozahezo.lausannecongress2018.com/an-analysis-of-the-rhetorical-devices-in-narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass-2989ab.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00061.warc.gz	en	0.982476	1,139	4.09375	4	[ -0.13682490587234497, 0.5309040546417236, 0.38725578784942627, 0.37896326184272766, -0.15612980723381042, 0.19505846500396729, 0.11451944708824158, -0.05098529905080795, -0.16905692219734192, 0.0290050208568573, -0.10704366117715836, 0.06087899208068848, -0.39360445737838745, 0.32239511609...	2	Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Revisited Frederick Douglass circa In SeptemberAbraham Lincoln gave notice that he intended to free the slaves held in states still in rebellion against the Union, a promise fulfilled by the Emancipation Proclamation issued on January 1, Lincoln himself remains the subject of scrutiny and celebration as the nation marks the th anniversary of that major step toward the abolition of American slavery. The book found a wide transatlantic audience and went through many printings, but like most accounts of slave life it fell from favor as memory of the Civil War receded into myth and popular historical narratives tended toward reconciliation. The narrative in its entirety is a record of the brutality of slavery Douglass had witnessed and been a part of. It is successful in arguing against slavery, and persuades his audience of its need for abolishment through the use of ethos and personal anecdotes. For example, Douglass begins to build his credibility and authority to write about slavery in the opening of the book, when he states that he is unaware of his birthday, as opposed to the white children, who knew all the details of their lives page 1. Beginning with this fact establishes that Douglass can be trusted because of his direct experiences with the slave system. His credibility continues to inflate as the story progresses. Slave masters were expected to be as brutal as possible, and Douglass bore the pains of assignation to a number of owners, from which he can accurately mention the rights they never had. The freedom of speech never applied to the black slaves, as they were punished when giving realistic answers to whatever they were asked of. These go on to explain the absolute necessity to demolish slavery and its counterparts, for all the pain and suffering it brought the people. As Douglass continues to recognize himself for his accuracy in detail and credit himself on being informed in certain parts and facts relating to his previous life in slavery, chapter 11 depicts how his overall experience as a slave brought him the unspoken responsibility to represent slaves who were treated as unjustly as he. The author here testifies that only those who were slaves or had close ties to slavery, were those who could truly understand the full extent of its barbarity; again, elevating the validity of his words. Douglass concludes the narration of his life, and mentions a slave convention at which he felt obliged at speak because of all that he had been through and escaped from, due to slavery and its bonds. He felt accountable for speaking of what he had been through, to further reveal to the audience of all that went on between slaves and their masters, planting seeds of hatred of the practice in their hearts, gaining supporters for his abolitionist movement. During his time in Baltimore, Douglass had encountered the bridge between slavery and freedom, and found it to be education chapter 6, page This was a happy accident for Douglass because he now knew how to break his chains of slavery and began to work towards it — it was his first step in rebellion which grew into his abolitionist motives, for nothing was seen more dangerous than a literate slave. This glimmer of hope was soon contradicted in chapter 10 page My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed…and behold a man transformed into a brute! This relates to the purpose in terms of how slavery takes its toll on the slaves, demolishing any and all self-confidence they had previously had. This marks both the allowance of violence towards slaves, and the instilled fright in white and black men alike, of protest against the existing slave system. The explicit scenes that Douglass describes throughout the narrative were common occurrences of slavery, and actions that took place in other plantations as well. This narrative serves as an historical document, issuing the different kinds of inhumane restrictions, punishment and mental pressures the enslaved had to go through, since they were children. Douglass through his escape, also depicts that the abolishment of slavery from his life was no easy or supported feat, but that he had done so by changing his identity and running away."Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave" These documents include a portion of the text of Chapter X from Frederick Douglass' "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave," (which is a fair use document), a question reading assessment, and an answer key. Frederick Douglass and Rhetorical Devices Using the text select passages, cite page numbers, and write in a journal format. On the left side of the page write the text. the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Repetition- Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to What rhetorical appeals—logos, ethos, pathos—is Douglass using? Frederick Douglass wrote and published three slave narratives: A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (), My Bondage and My Freedom (), Life and Times of. Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs: American Slave Narrators. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave () as literary works valuable not only as historical evidence but as life writing that employed a wide range of rhetorical and literary devices. Nov 07, · Ethos, Logos, & Pathos of Frederick Douglass’s Rhetoric Frederick Douglass was a former slave “turned abolitionist orator, newspaper editor, social reformer, race leader, and Republican party advocate” (Martin, Preface).	1,127	ENGLISH	1
After the end of the second civil war, America was faced with a daunting task of uniting the nation and especially rebuilding the south. Reconstruction was a period from 1865 – 1877 as the government tried to put the country together after the war. African-American took advantage of opportunities for education and political involvement but the gains were bitterly resented in the south. This essay will explore economic and social conditions blacks faced during the reconstruction period Social and economic First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service - Your research paper is written by a PhD professor - Your requirements and targets are always met - You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment - You get a chance to become an excellent student! After the civil war, the south was economically devastated and socially revolutionalized by emancipation. The Republicans tried to build their party in the south to guarante black rights. But the reconstruction aims were often limited due to divisions between moderate and radical Republicans; this was even after passage of 14th and 15th amendments. Terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan and bitter whites hated the radical governments’ proposal and acted bitterly to restore white supremacy. These groups exhibited racism and they even beat black voter who had been granted the right to vote. The KKK used violence on blacks to bar them from voting. Blacks were also obliged to sign year long contracts and whipping was still permitted (Hazen, W. 2004). Reconstruction also failed to help blacks economically. They continued to be poor farm workers who worked for rich landowners as they did not get the "40 acres and a mule" they hadd hoped for. This was like during slavery times. The blacks had no education and thus they could not secure any good jobs as they were extremely limited. They had farming skills, that of doing manual labor and not running a farm. They had no money and clothing themselves was hard. They thus remained in plantations and worked as sharecroppers. The main point during reconstruction was to help African-American become equal citizens. However this was met with resistance by such groups like white terrorists and the KKK in the south. Laws that were meant to protect the rights of blacks who were former slaves were not abided by the southerners. The blacks thus remained poor and continued to work in plantations owned by rich whites. Most popular orders	<urn:uuid:805943e1-7687-4f5a-b230-7d018b2ed4b9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essaysexperts.com/essays/history/economic-and-social-reconstruction.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00200.warc.gz	en	0.989086	475	4.21875	4	[ -0.41104641556739807, 0.16730928421020508, -0.09729008376598358, -0.05272446572780609, 0.061909645795822144, 0.0885791927576065, -0.45529893040657043, -0.16972632706165314, -0.5720036029815674, 0.061872608959674835, 0.4292823076248169, 0.05346274375915527, 0.11987714469432831, 0.2771246135...	1	After the end of the second civil war, America was faced with a daunting task of uniting the nation and especially rebuilding the south. Reconstruction was a period from 1865 – 1877 as the government tried to put the country together after the war. African-American took advantage of opportunities for education and political involvement but the gains were bitterly resented in the south. This essay will explore economic and social conditions blacks faced during the reconstruction period Social and economic First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service - Your research paper is written by a PhD professor - Your requirements and targets are always met - You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment - You get a chance to become an excellent student! After the civil war, the south was economically devastated and socially revolutionalized by emancipation. The Republicans tried to build their party in the south to guarante black rights. But the reconstruction aims were often limited due to divisions between moderate and radical Republicans; this was even after passage of 14th and 15th amendments. Terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan and bitter whites hated the radical governments’ proposal and acted bitterly to restore white supremacy. These groups exhibited racism and they even beat black voter who had been granted the right to vote. The KKK used violence on blacks to bar them from voting. Blacks were also obliged to sign year long contracts and whipping was still permitted (Hazen, W. 2004). Reconstruction also failed to help blacks economically. They continued to be poor farm workers who worked for rich landowners as they did not get the "40 acres and a mule" they hadd hoped for. This was like during slavery times. The blacks had no education and thus they could not secure any good jobs as they were extremely limited. They had farming skills, that of doing manual labor and not running a farm. They had no money and clothing themselves was hard. They thus remained in plantations and worked as sharecroppers. The main point during reconstruction was to help African-American become equal citizens. However this was met with resistance by such groups like white terrorists and the KKK in the south. Laws that were meant to protect the rights of blacks who were former slaves were not abided by the southerners. The blacks thus remained poor and continued to work in plantations owned by rich whites. Most popular orders	487	ENGLISH	1
Henry IV, also known as Henry Bolingbroke, was King of England from 1399 to 1413. He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III, a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France, to the Kingdom of France. Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Henry is best known for his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. His disagreement with the Pope on the question of such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy"; he invested heavily in the Navy, increasing its size greatly from a few to more than 50 ships. Edward IV was the King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. He was the first Yorkist King of England. The first half of his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to the throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king, he was Duke of York, Earl of March, Earl of Cambridge and Earl of Ulster. Shivaji Bhonsle was an Indian warrior king and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the chhatrapati (monarch) of his realm at Raigad. Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonized by Paschal III, whom Roman Catholics regard as an antipope Paschal III. William IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. Richard II, also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard, a son of Edward the Black Prince, was born in Bordeaux during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. His father was Prince of Aquitaine. Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême, upon whose death Richard, at three years of age, became second in line to the throne after his father. Upon the death of Richard's father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by primogeniture, became the heir apparent to the throne. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten. Richard III was King of England from 1483 until his death at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat at Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the protagonist of Richard III, one of William Shakespeare's history plays. Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as The Lord Edward. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 19 August. Richard I was King of England from 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was known as Richard Cœur de Lion or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. He was also known in Occitan as Oc e No, because of his reputation for terseness.	<urn:uuid:eae7c28f-a12a-4e1e-be74-c8c5a81d8015>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.spectroom.com/category/180718100-monarchs	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00228.warc.gz	en	0.988695	1,186	3.296875	3	[ -0.10487952083349228, 0.33957940340042114, -0.09943884611129761, -0.2617037296295166, -0.450822114944458, -0.5025166273117065, 0.27165794372558594, 0.10400469601154327, 0.04351826757192612, -0.12877856194972992, -0.20308572053909302, -0.8897147178649902, -0.028485391288995743, 0.2134083956...	1	Henry IV, also known as Henry Bolingbroke, was King of England from 1399 to 1413. He asserted the claim of his grandfather King Edward III, a maternal grandson of Philip IV of France, to the Kingdom of France. Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Henry is best known for his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. His disagreement with the Pope on the question of such an annulment led Henry to initiate the English Reformation, separating the Church of England from papal authority. He appointed himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England and dissolved convents and monasteries, for which he was excommunicated. Henry is also known as "the father of the Royal Navy"; he invested heavily in the Navy, increasing its size greatly from a few to more than 50 ships. Edward IV was the King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death. He was the first Yorkist King of England. The first half of his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to the throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king, he was Duke of York, Earl of March, Earl of Cambridge and Earl of Ulster. Shivaji Bhonsle was an Indian warrior king and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the chhatrapati (monarch) of his realm at Raigad. Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonized by Paschal III, whom Roman Catholics regard as an antipope Paschal III. William IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. Richard II, also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard, a son of Edward the Black Prince, was born in Bordeaux during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III. His father was Prince of Aquitaine. Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême, upon whose death Richard, at three years of age, became second in line to the throne after his father. Upon the death of Richard's father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by primogeniture, became the heir apparent to the throne. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten. Richard III was King of England from 1483 until his death at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat at Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the protagonist of Richard III, one of William Shakespeare's history plays. Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as The Lord Edward. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 19 August. Richard I was King of England from 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was known as Richard Cœur de Lion or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. He was also known in Occitan as Oc e No, because of his reputation for terseness.	1,256	ENGLISH	1
Abstract: Margaret Thatcher The essay explores the life, times and legacy of Margaret Thatcher, the most outstanding female in the 20th century. The controlling idea is that she was a woman with great ambition, endeavour and determination to overcome difficulties of reaching her dream. Her ambition gained her trust from others gradually and made her the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. She struck to sweep away a great prejudice against the mere idea of having a woman as an important political member . As a Prime Minister, she determinedly made three notable achievements to Britain. She won admiration from all over the world. Thus, she should be remembered to all. Margaret Thatcher: Britain’s “Iron Lady” In the 1930s, a teenage girl named Margaret began thinking seriously about becoming a chemist and decided to acquire the best possible training in this field. Instead of an ordinary university, her goal was Oxford. The headmistress of her grammar school, Miss Gillies, plainly disapproved her ambition for two reasons. First, the daughter of a local grocer like Margaret had better not try to push herself beyond her proper place in life. Second, five years of Latin was required to pass the entrance exam at Oxford but Margaret knew no Latin at all. Faced with these obstacles, Margaret simply shook her head, refusing to give up. In just a year, her Latin miraculously became well enough to pass the Oxford exam with a high mark. Margaret was no luckier than others. She deserved it. Margaret Thatcher, nicknamed “The Iron Lady”, was later known to the whole world as the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the leader of the Conservative Party. Nothing is impossible. Her constant ambition, endeavour and determination in the long battle of her political career clearly prove it. According to her own words, “What is success? I think it is a mixture of having a flair for the thing that you are doing; knowing that it is not enough, that you have got to have hard work and a certain sense of purpose.”(Brainy Quote Website) Margaret Hilda Roberts, was born on October 13, 1925 in a grocer’s family in Grantham, a quiet old town in the dullest county of England. Later on December 13, 1951, she married Denis Thatcher and became Mrs.Thatcher. Early at the age of ten, Margaret had shown her special interest in political activities. There was a heated election contest that year, which made many men stop in at her father’s shop and discussed politics. When Margaret was helping her father one evening, she listened eagerly to the discussion and even dared to ask to offer assistants to the cause. So she was given a job of delivering a list to her father’s political party on the day of election. On the list were names of those who had already cast their ballots. Standing outside the place where people were voting, she felt thrilled. Later she attended Oxford and was excitingly...	<urn:uuid:bf555d4b-a6bc-4ab9-bca8-44c1bd697a20>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/abstract-margaret-thatcher	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00079.warc.gz	en	0.986462	614	3.53125	4	[ -0.4034308195114136, 0.2834666967391968, 0.1635034680366516, -0.1136864423751831, -0.1540016531944275, 0.37808507680892944, 0.17391303181648254, 0.03734868764877319, 0.057033516466617584, -0.059815663844347, 0.23370157182216644, -0.1947825402021408, 0.3867027759552002, -0.2162991762161255,...	1	Abstract: Margaret Thatcher The essay explores the life, times and legacy of Margaret Thatcher, the most outstanding female in the 20th century. The controlling idea is that she was a woman with great ambition, endeavour and determination to overcome difficulties of reaching her dream. Her ambition gained her trust from others gradually and made her the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. She struck to sweep away a great prejudice against the mere idea of having a woman as an important political member . As a Prime Minister, she determinedly made three notable achievements to Britain. She won admiration from all over the world. Thus, she should be remembered to all. Margaret Thatcher: Britain’s “Iron Lady” In the 1930s, a teenage girl named Margaret began thinking seriously about becoming a chemist and decided to acquire the best possible training in this field. Instead of an ordinary university, her goal was Oxford. The headmistress of her grammar school, Miss Gillies, plainly disapproved her ambition for two reasons. First, the daughter of a local grocer like Margaret had better not try to push herself beyond her proper place in life. Second, five years of Latin was required to pass the entrance exam at Oxford but Margaret knew no Latin at all. Faced with these obstacles, Margaret simply shook her head, refusing to give up. In just a year, her Latin miraculously became well enough to pass the Oxford exam with a high mark. Margaret was no luckier than others. She deserved it. Margaret Thatcher, nicknamed “The Iron Lady”, was later known to the whole world as the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the leader of the Conservative Party. Nothing is impossible. Her constant ambition, endeavour and determination in the long battle of her political career clearly prove it. According to her own words, “What is success? I think it is a mixture of having a flair for the thing that you are doing; knowing that it is not enough, that you have got to have hard work and a certain sense of purpose.”(Brainy Quote Website) Margaret Hilda Roberts, was born on October 13, 1925 in a grocer’s family in Grantham, a quiet old town in the dullest county of England. Later on December 13, 1951, she married Denis Thatcher and became Mrs.Thatcher. Early at the age of ten, Margaret had shown her special interest in political activities. There was a heated election contest that year, which made many men stop in at her father’s shop and discussed politics. When Margaret was helping her father one evening, she listened eagerly to the discussion and even dared to ask to offer assistants to the cause. So she was given a job of delivering a list to her father’s political party on the day of election. On the list were names of those who had already cast their ballots. Standing outside the place where people were voting, she felt thrilled. Later she attended Oxford and was excitingly...	613	ENGLISH	1
« 이전계속 » direction, — not in line abreast, as before, — ships taking course and interval from the flagship. Later again, at 11.50, the signal was made, "agreeable to the 21st Article of the Additional Fighting Instructions, for every ship to steer for her opposite in the enemy's line;" and here the trouble began. Rodney meant the ship opposite when the signal was hauled down. He had steered slanting, till he had gained as nearly as possible the position he wanted, probably till within long range; then it was desirable to cover the remaining ground as rapidly and orderly as possible, for which purpose the enemy's ship then abreast gave each of his fleet its convenient point of direction. He conceived that his signalled purpose to attack the enemy's rear, never having been altered, remained imperative; and further, that the signal for two cables' length interval should govern all ships, and would tie them to him, and to his movements, in the centre. Carkett construed "opposite" to mean opposite in numerical order, British van ship against French van ship, wherever the latter was. Rodney states — in his letter to Carkett — that the French van was then two leagues away. "You led to the van ship, notwithstanding you had answered my signals signifying that it was my intention to attack the enemy's rear; which signal I had never altered. . . . Your leading in the manner you did, induced others to follow so bad an example; and thereby, forgetting that the signal for the line was only at two cables' length distance from each other, the van division was led by you to more than two leagues' distance from the centre division, which was thereby not properly supported." 1 1 The words in Rodney's public letter, suppressed at the time by the Admiralty, agree with these, but are even more explicit. "I cannot conclude this letter without acquainting their Lordships that had Captain Carkett, who led the van, properly obeyed my signal for attacking the enemy, and agreeable to the 21st Article of the Additional Fighting Instructions, bore down instantly to the ship Carkett was the oldest captain in the fleet, his post commission being dated March 12th, 1758. How far he may have been excusable in construing as he did Fighting Instructions, which originated in the inane conception that the supreme duty of a Commander-in-Chief was to oppose ship to ship, and that a fleet action was only an agglomeration of naval duels, is not very material, though historically interesting. There certainly was that in the past history of the British Navy which extenuated the offence of a man who must have been well on in middle life. But since the Fighting Instructions had been first issued there had been the courts-martial, also instructive, on Mathews, Lestock, Byng, Keppel, and Palliser, all of which turned more or less on the constraint of the line of battle, and the duty of supporting ships engaged, — above all, an engaged Commander-in-Chief. Rodney perhaps understimated the weight of the Fighting Instructions upon a dull man; but he was justified in claiming that his previous signals, and the prescription of distance, created at that time abreast of him, instead of leading as he did to the van ship, the action had commenced much sooner, and the fleet engaged in a more compact manner. . . ." This clearly implies that the Additional Fighting Instructions prescribed the direction which Rodney expected Carkett to take. If these Additional Instructions are to be found, their testimony would be interesting. Since this account was written, the Navy Records Society has published (1905) a volume, "Fighting Instructions, 1530-1816," by Mr. Julian Corbett, whose diligent researches in matters of naval history and warfare are appreciated by those interested in such subjects. The specific "Additional Instructions" quoted by Rodney appear not to have been found. Among those given prior to 1780 there is none that extends to twenty-one articles. In a set issued by Rodney in 1782 an article (No. 17, p. 227) is apparently designed to prevent the recurrence of Carkett's mistake. This, like one by Hawke, in 1756 (p. 217), prescribes the intended action rather by directing that the line of battle shall not prevent each ship engaging its opponent, irrespective of the conduct of other ships, than by making clear which that opponent was. Lucidity on this point cannot be claimed for either. at the least a conflict of orders, a doubt, to which there should have been but one solution, namely: to support the ships engaged, and to close down upon the enemy, as near as possible to the Commander-in-Chief. And in moments of actual perplexity such will always be the truth. It is like marching towards the sound of guns, or, to use Nelson's words, "In case signals cannot be understood, no captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside that of an enemy." The "In Case," however, needs also to be kept in mind; and that it was Nelson who said it. Utterances of to-day, like utterances of all time, show how few are the men who can hold both sides of a truth firmly, without exaggeration or defect. Judicial impartiality can be had, and positive convictions too; but their combination is rare. A two-sided man is apt also to be double-minded. The loss of men in this sharp encounter was: British, killed, 120, wounded, 354; French, killed, 222, wounded, 537.1 This gives three French hit for every two British, from which, and from the much greater damage received aloft by the latter, it may be inferred that both followed their usual custom of aiming, the British at the hull, the French at the spars. To the latter conduced also the leegage, which the French had. The British, as the attacking party, suffered likewise a raking fire as they bore down. Rodney repaired damages at sea, and pursued, taking care to keep between Martinique and the French. The latter going into Guadeloupe, he reconnoitred them there under the batteries, and then took his station off Fort Royal. "The only chance of bringing them to action," he wrote to the Admiralty on the 26th of April, "was to be off that port before them, where the fleet now is, in daily expectation of 1 Lapeyrouse Bonflls, "Histoire de la Marine Francaise," iii, 132. Chevalier gives much smaller numbers, but the former has particularised the ships. their arrival." The French represent that he avoided them, but as they assert that they came out best on the 17th, and yet admit that he appeared off Guadeloupe, the claim is not tenable. Rodney here showed thorough tenacity of purpose. De Guichen's orders were "to keep the sea, so far as the force maintained by England in the Windward Islands would permit, without too far compromising the fleet intrusted to him."1 With such instructions, he naturally and consistently shrunk from decisive engagement. After landing his wounded and refitting in Guadeloupe, he again put to sea, with the intention of proceeding to Santa Lucia, resuming against that island the project which both he and De Bouille continuously entertained. The latter and his troops remained with the fleet. Rodney meantime had felt compelled to return momentarily to Santa Lucia. "The fleet continued before Fort Royal till the condition of many of the ships under my command, and the lee currents,2 rendered it necessary to anchor in Choque Bay (Anse du Choc), St. Lucie, in order to put the wounded and sick men on shore, and to water and refit the fleet, frigates having been detached both to leeward and to windward of every island, in order to gain intelligence of the motions of the enemy, and timely notice of their approach towards Martinique, the only place they could refit at in these seas." In this last clause is seen the strategic idea of the British Admiral: the French must come back to Martinique. From the vigilance of his frigates it resulted that when the look-outs of de Guichen, who passed to windward of Martinique on the 7th of May, came in sight of Gros Het on the 9th, it was simply to find the British getting under way to meet the enemy. During the five following days both fleets were 1 Chevalier, "Marine Francaise," 1778, p. 185. 2 A lee current is one that sets to leeward, with the wind, in this case the trade-wind. engaged in constant movements, upon the character of which the writers of each nation put different constructions. Both are agreed, however, that the French were to windward throughout, except for a brief hour on the 15th, when a fleeting change of wind gave the British that advantage, only to lose it soon again. They at once used it to force action. As the windward position carries the power to attack, and as the French were twenty-three to the British twenty, it is probably not a strained inference to say that the latter were chasing to windward, and the former avoiding action, in favour, perhaps, of that ulterior motive, the conquest of Santa Lucia, for which they had sailed. Rodney states in his letter that, when the two fleets parted on the 20th of May, they were forty leagues to windward (eastward) of Martinique, in sight of which they had been on the 10th. During these days de Guichen, whose fleet, according to Rodney, sailed the better, and certainly sufficiently well to preserve the advantage of the wind, bore down more than once, generally in the afternoon, when the breeze is steadiest, to within distant range of the British. Upon this movement, the French base the statement that the British Admiral was avoiding an encounter; it is equally open to the interpretation that he would not throw away ammunition until sure of effective distance. Both admirals showed much skill and mastery of their profession, great wariness also, and quickness of eye; but it is wholly untenable to claim that a fleet having the weather-gage for five days, in the tradewinds, was unable to bring its enemy to action, especially when it is admitted that the latter closed the instant the wind permitted him to do so. On the afternoon of May 15th, about the usual hour, Rodney "made a great deal of sail upon the wind." The French, inferring that he was trying to get off, which he meant them to do, approached somewhat closer than on the	<urn:uuid:96276ce9-7820-43f6-9945-48c695184358>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=Atp2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140&vq=broadsides&dq=editions:LCCN13021458&lr=&hl=ko&output=html_text&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00409.warc.gz	en	0.981678	2,263	3.28125	3	[ -0.4831177592277527, 0.03670091927051544, 0.03338179737329483, -0.36327940225601196, -0.27371007204055786, -0.20747821033000946, 0.06836874037981033, 0.5474835634231567, -0.08290646970272064, -0.07303805649280548, 0.1912175416946411, -0.2633930444717407, -0.15148690342903137, -0.0272015966...	2	« 이전계속 » direction, — not in line abreast, as before, — ships taking course and interval from the flagship. Later again, at 11.50, the signal was made, "agreeable to the 21st Article of the Additional Fighting Instructions, for every ship to steer for her opposite in the enemy's line;" and here the trouble began. Rodney meant the ship opposite when the signal was hauled down. He had steered slanting, till he had gained as nearly as possible the position he wanted, probably till within long range; then it was desirable to cover the remaining ground as rapidly and orderly as possible, for which purpose the enemy's ship then abreast gave each of his fleet its convenient point of direction. He conceived that his signalled purpose to attack the enemy's rear, never having been altered, remained imperative; and further, that the signal for two cables' length interval should govern all ships, and would tie them to him, and to his movements, in the centre. Carkett construed "opposite" to mean opposite in numerical order, British van ship against French van ship, wherever the latter was. Rodney states — in his letter to Carkett — that the French van was then two leagues away. "You led to the van ship, notwithstanding you had answered my signals signifying that it was my intention to attack the enemy's rear; which signal I had never altered. . . . Your leading in the manner you did, induced others to follow so bad an example; and thereby, forgetting that the signal for the line was only at two cables' length distance from each other, the van division was led by you to more than two leagues' distance from the centre division, which was thereby not properly supported." 1 1 The words in Rodney's public letter, suppressed at the time by the Admiralty, agree with these, but are even more explicit. "I cannot conclude this letter without acquainting their Lordships that had Captain Carkett, who led the van, properly obeyed my signal for attacking the enemy, and agreeable to the 21st Article of the Additional Fighting Instructions, bore down instantly to the ship Carkett was the oldest captain in the fleet, his post commission being dated March 12th, 1758. How far he may have been excusable in construing as he did Fighting Instructions, which originated in the inane conception that the supreme duty of a Commander-in-Chief was to oppose ship to ship, and that a fleet action was only an agglomeration of naval duels, is not very material, though historically interesting. There certainly was that in the past history of the British Navy which extenuated the offence of a man who must have been well on in middle life. But since the Fighting Instructions had been first issued there had been the courts-martial, also instructive, on Mathews, Lestock, Byng, Keppel, and Palliser, all of which turned more or less on the constraint of the line of battle, and the duty of supporting ships engaged, — above all, an engaged Commander-in-Chief. Rodney perhaps understimated the weight of the Fighting Instructions upon a dull man; but he was justified in claiming that his previous signals, and the prescription of distance, created at that time abreast of him, instead of leading as he did to the van ship, the action had commenced much sooner, and the fleet engaged in a more compact manner. . . ." This clearly implies that the Additional Fighting Instructions prescribed the direction which Rodney expected Carkett to take. If these Additional Instructions are to be found, their testimony would be interesting. Since this account was written, the Navy Records Society has published (1905) a volume, "Fighting Instructions, 1530-1816," by Mr. Julian Corbett, whose diligent researches in matters of naval history and warfare are appreciated by those interested in such subjects. The specific "Additional Instructions" quoted by Rodney appear not to have been found. Among those given prior to 1780 there is none that extends to twenty-one articles. In a set issued by Rodney in 1782 an article (No. 17, p. 227) is apparently designed to prevent the recurrence of Carkett's mistake. This, like one by Hawke, in 1756 (p. 217), prescribes the intended action rather by directing that the line of battle shall not prevent each ship engaging its opponent, irrespective of the conduct of other ships, than by making clear which that opponent was. Lucidity on this point cannot be claimed for either. at the least a conflict of orders, a doubt, to which there should have been but one solution, namely: to support the ships engaged, and to close down upon the enemy, as near as possible to the Commander-in-Chief. And in moments of actual perplexity such will always be the truth. It is like marching towards the sound of guns, or, to use Nelson's words, "In case signals cannot be understood, no captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside that of an enemy." The "In Case," however, needs also to be kept in mind; and that it was Nelson who said it. Utterances of to-day, like utterances of all time, show how few are the men who can hold both sides of a truth firmly, without exaggeration or defect. Judicial impartiality can be had, and positive convictions too; but their combination is rare. A two-sided man is apt also to be double-minded. The loss of men in this sharp encounter was: British, killed, 120, wounded, 354; French, killed, 222, wounded, 537.1 This gives three French hit for every two British, from which, and from the much greater damage received aloft by the latter, it may be inferred that both followed their usual custom of aiming, the British at the hull, the French at the spars. To the latter conduced also the leegage, which the French had. The British, as the attacking party, suffered likewise a raking fire as they bore down. Rodney repaired damages at sea, and pursued, taking care to keep between Martinique and the French. The latter going into Guadeloupe, he reconnoitred them there under the batteries, and then took his station off Fort Royal. "The only chance of bringing them to action," he wrote to the Admiralty on the 26th of April, "was to be off that port before them, where the fleet now is, in daily expectation of 1 Lapeyrouse Bonflls, "Histoire de la Marine Francaise," iii, 132. Chevalier gives much smaller numbers, but the former has particularised the ships. their arrival." The French represent that he avoided them, but as they assert that they came out best on the 17th, and yet admit that he appeared off Guadeloupe, the claim is not tenable. Rodney here showed thorough tenacity of purpose. De Guichen's orders were "to keep the sea, so far as the force maintained by England in the Windward Islands would permit, without too far compromising the fleet intrusted to him."1 With such instructions, he naturally and consistently shrunk from decisive engagement. After landing his wounded and refitting in Guadeloupe, he again put to sea, with the intention of proceeding to Santa Lucia, resuming against that island the project which both he and De Bouille continuously entertained. The latter and his troops remained with the fleet. Rodney meantime had felt compelled to return momentarily to Santa Lucia. "The fleet continued before Fort Royal till the condition of many of the ships under my command, and the lee currents,2 rendered it necessary to anchor in Choque Bay (Anse du Choc), St. Lucie, in order to put the wounded and sick men on shore, and to water and refit the fleet, frigates having been detached both to leeward and to windward of every island, in order to gain intelligence of the motions of the enemy, and timely notice of their approach towards Martinique, the only place they could refit at in these seas." In this last clause is seen the strategic idea of the British Admiral: the French must come back to Martinique. From the vigilance of his frigates it resulted that when the look-outs of de Guichen, who passed to windward of Martinique on the 7th of May, came in sight of Gros Het on the 9th, it was simply to find the British getting under way to meet the enemy. During the five following days both fleets were 1 Chevalier, "Marine Francaise," 1778, p. 185. 2 A lee current is one that sets to leeward, with the wind, in this case the trade-wind. engaged in constant movements, upon the character of which the writers of each nation put different constructions. Both are agreed, however, that the French were to windward throughout, except for a brief hour on the 15th, when a fleeting change of wind gave the British that advantage, only to lose it soon again. They at once used it to force action. As the windward position carries the power to attack, and as the French were twenty-three to the British twenty, it is probably not a strained inference to say that the latter were chasing to windward, and the former avoiding action, in favour, perhaps, of that ulterior motive, the conquest of Santa Lucia, for which they had sailed. Rodney states in his letter that, when the two fleets parted on the 20th of May, they were forty leagues to windward (eastward) of Martinique, in sight of which they had been on the 10th. During these days de Guichen, whose fleet, according to Rodney, sailed the better, and certainly sufficiently well to preserve the advantage of the wind, bore down more than once, generally in the afternoon, when the breeze is steadiest, to within distant range of the British. Upon this movement, the French base the statement that the British Admiral was avoiding an encounter; it is equally open to the interpretation that he would not throw away ammunition until sure of effective distance. Both admirals showed much skill and mastery of their profession, great wariness also, and quickness of eye; but it is wholly untenable to claim that a fleet having the weather-gage for five days, in the tradewinds, was unable to bring its enemy to action, especially when it is admitted that the latter closed the instant the wind permitted him to do so. On the afternoon of May 15th, about the usual hour, Rodney "made a great deal of sail upon the wind." The French, inferring that he was trying to get off, which he meant them to do, approached somewhat closer than on the	2,305	ENGLISH	1
In winters we wear wool, in summers we wear cotton and during monsoon we wear raincoats made of nylon. Why do we wear different clothes during different seasons? We wear different clothes for different occasions too. Where do we get this variety in fabrics from? Let us dig a little into time and find out about the variety in fabrics. History of fabrics in India Cotton clothing was the most popular in India. It was India where cotton was first grown dating back as early as 5000 BC in the stone age. Men wore a cloth that was to be wrapped around their waists and knotted at the back which was and is known as ‘dhoti’. Often men would also wear turbans on their heads along with man-buns and kept their beards short or shaved. For thousands of years, men kept on dressing like this. On the other hand, women wore short skirts, whose length went from waist to knees, and a cloth head wrap, to keep the sun off. Women also would often wear necklaces and bracelets, made of stone and shell beads, and as industrialization kicked in they wore jewellery made of bronze and silver and gold. Browse more Topics under Fibre To Fabric Variety of Fabrics in Vedic Period As people approached the Vedic period, women wore only a cloth wrapped and pinned around themselves similar to the outfits worn by Iranian women or Greek women. Often women would also wear skirts wrapped and pleated around their waists and knotted in front, with a separate piece of fabric for a shawl or veil, and a tight shirt which was worn underneath. As the Guptan period approached in, about 500 AD, many women had shifted to wearing one very long piece of cloth – sari which they wrapped around themselves in different ways. The word sari comes from a Sanskrit word meaning cloth. The Vedas that were first written stories mention saris, about 600 BC. The women of elite class wore saris made of silk from China, and most women who were commoners wore cotton saris. The style of draping a sari varied depending on how rich the woman was and to which part of India did she belong. Women wore their sari like skirts with a top part draped over their shoulder or worn over their heads as a veil. Working women often draped their sari up between their legs to make a sort of pants. Women in defense tucked in the top part of the sari in the back, to free up their arms for fighting. Most saris were five or six meters long. Younger women generally wore brightly colored saris, although widows wore only white saris. During the same time, sharp steel needles had reached India from China, and as a result, rich men and women began wearing stitched clothing tightly fitted to their bodies, with lots of embroideries. Yet a majority of the people still wore saris. People would also wear embroidered saris over tight shirts. Variety of Fabrics During Islamic Period As the Islamic invasions around 1000 AD grew, Iranian fashions entered India. Ancient Indian clothing became medieval Indian clothing. Both women and men wore trousers with long tunics over them down to their knees, called churidar or salwar kameez. Women would usually wear churidar with a long veil or scarf over it.These became popular, especially in northern India. But they could never replace the sari or the dhoti. Question For You Q. Which of the following is not synthetic fibres? a. Polyester b. Nylon c. Acrylic d. Hemp Sol: d. Hemp Hemp is one of the fastest growing plants and one of the first plants to be spun into usable fibre.	<urn:uuid:60c1da04-b50e-4aa1-bcfa-ca1826cf85c2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/fibre-to-fabric/variety-in-fabrics/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00090.warc.gz	en	0.982225	782	3.625	4	[ -0.40530747175216675, 0.684150218963623, 0.014937302097678185, -0.01721561886370182, 0.3208775520324707, 0.2647610008716583, 0.6625886559486389, -0.15697811543941498, -0.12226738780736923, -0.5488276481628418, -0.04860393702983856, -0.22929248213768005, 0.23436738550662994, 0.5204324722290...	6	In winters we wear wool, in summers we wear cotton and during monsoon we wear raincoats made of nylon. Why do we wear different clothes during different seasons? We wear different clothes for different occasions too. Where do we get this variety in fabrics from? Let us dig a little into time and find out about the variety in fabrics. History of fabrics in India Cotton clothing was the most popular in India. It was India where cotton was first grown dating back as early as 5000 BC in the stone age. Men wore a cloth that was to be wrapped around their waists and knotted at the back which was and is known as ‘dhoti’. Often men would also wear turbans on their heads along with man-buns and kept their beards short or shaved. For thousands of years, men kept on dressing like this. On the other hand, women wore short skirts, whose length went from waist to knees, and a cloth head wrap, to keep the sun off. Women also would often wear necklaces and bracelets, made of stone and shell beads, and as industrialization kicked in they wore jewellery made of bronze and silver and gold. Browse more Topics under Fibre To Fabric Variety of Fabrics in Vedic Period As people approached the Vedic period, women wore only a cloth wrapped and pinned around themselves similar to the outfits worn by Iranian women or Greek women. Often women would also wear skirts wrapped and pleated around their waists and knotted in front, with a separate piece of fabric for a shawl or veil, and a tight shirt which was worn underneath. As the Guptan period approached in, about 500 AD, many women had shifted to wearing one very long piece of cloth – sari which they wrapped around themselves in different ways. The word sari comes from a Sanskrit word meaning cloth. The Vedas that were first written stories mention saris, about 600 BC. The women of elite class wore saris made of silk from China, and most women who were commoners wore cotton saris. The style of draping a sari varied depending on how rich the woman was and to which part of India did she belong. Women wore their sari like skirts with a top part draped over their shoulder or worn over their heads as a veil. Working women often draped their sari up between their legs to make a sort of pants. Women in defense tucked in the top part of the sari in the back, to free up their arms for fighting. Most saris were five or six meters long. Younger women generally wore brightly colored saris, although widows wore only white saris. During the same time, sharp steel needles had reached India from China, and as a result, rich men and women began wearing stitched clothing tightly fitted to their bodies, with lots of embroideries. Yet a majority of the people still wore saris. People would also wear embroidered saris over tight shirts. Variety of Fabrics During Islamic Period As the Islamic invasions around 1000 AD grew, Iranian fashions entered India. Ancient Indian clothing became medieval Indian clothing. Both women and men wore trousers with long tunics over them down to their knees, called churidar or salwar kameez. Women would usually wear churidar with a long veil or scarf over it.These became popular, especially in northern India. But they could never replace the sari or the dhoti. Question For You Q. Which of the following is not synthetic fibres? a. Polyester b. Nylon c. Acrylic d. Hemp Sol: d. Hemp Hemp is one of the fastest growing plants and one of the first plants to be spun into usable fibre.	774	ENGLISH	1
They hit 11 people; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting, and two died after the incident. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoats. It was the phrase 'taxation without representation' "that was to draw many to the cause of the American patriots against the mother country" 6. The Acts prohibited British producers from growing tobacco and also encouraged shipbuilding, particularly in the New England colonies. The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Actswhich further darkened colonial opinion towards the British. Compared to their British brethren across the pond, American colonists enjoyed relative prosperity and freedom. Large plantations that grew cash crops like tobacco and rice dominated the mid-Atlantic and southern landscape. First, the British government did allow for a degree of self-government. Ultimately the Townshend Acts were repealed except for a tax on tea that was retained as a British gesture that they still had every right to tax as they wished in North America. The leadership of the Association was able to fan "public opinion into revolutionary ardor" 9. The best way to protect these rights was by limiting the power of government and allowing people to govern themselves.	<urn:uuid:a7a576fa-2d98-441f-8741-bccab1d45f3f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lisylafadiciwu.whatshanesaid.com/pre-american-revolution511879274la.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00208.warc.gz	en	0.983502	260	3.421875	3	[ -0.23208899796009064, 0.0245199091732502, 0.4408043324947357, -0.37345466017723083, 0.25287124514579773, 0.14080798625946045, 0.4394475817680359, 0.04292051121592522, -0.3583570718765259, 0.23334629833698273, 0.03914361819624901, 0.049009114503860474, -0.2039375901222229, 0.242757007479667...	1	They hit 11 people; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting, and two died after the incident. Paul Revere and other riders sounded the alarm, and colonial militiamen began mobilizing to intercept the Redcoats. It was the phrase 'taxation without representation' "that was to draw many to the cause of the American patriots against the mother country" 6. The Acts prohibited British producers from growing tobacco and also encouraged shipbuilding, particularly in the New England colonies. The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Actswhich further darkened colonial opinion towards the British. Compared to their British brethren across the pond, American colonists enjoyed relative prosperity and freedom. Large plantations that grew cash crops like tobacco and rice dominated the mid-Atlantic and southern landscape. First, the British government did allow for a degree of self-government. Ultimately the Townshend Acts were repealed except for a tax on tea that was retained as a British gesture that they still had every right to tax as they wished in North America. The leadership of the Association was able to fan "public opinion into revolutionary ardor" 9. The best way to protect these rights was by limiting the power of government and allowing people to govern themselves.	260	ENGLISH	1
On July 20, 1944, Adolf Hitler and senior Nazi military officers met at the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg, Eastern Prussia. As the Nazi military leaders took their seats to discuss troop movements on the Eastern Front, an explosion ripped through the humid conference room - and, through the thick black smoke, Hitler's body was seen strewn across the table. The Führer was dead, and Europe was potentially freed from the Nazi scourge. Or so it initially seemed. For a brief moment in history, Claus von Stauffenberg and his co-conspirators thought they had succeeded in turning the tide of World War II and potentially saving thousands of additional lives. Unfortunately, the most well-known assassination plot on Hitler's life, popularly known as the July Plot or Operation Valkyrie, proved unsuccessful for reasons that could have been avoided, and others that are unexplained to this day. The July Plot Is Hatched By the summer of 1944, a sizable portion of the German populace, including a number of Germany's senior military leaders were beginning to lose hope that Germany could win the war. Many blamed Hitler for leading Germany to disaster. Several notable politicians and senior military officials hatched a plot to assassinate the Führer by planting a bomb during a meeting at the Wolfsschanze (the Wolf's Lair, one of Hitler's military headquarters) and by doing so, to trigger a political consolidation and coup d'état. The plan was known as Operation Valkyrie. The idea was that, once Hitler was dead, the military would claim that the assassination was part of an attempted coup by the Nazi Party and the Reserve Army would seize key installations in Berlin and arrest high-ranking Nazi leadership. A new government would be established with Carl Friedrich Goerdeler as Chancellor of Germany and Ludwig Beck as president. The new government had the aim of negotiating an end to the war, preferably with favorable terms for Germany. According to Philipp Freiherr Von Boeselager, one of the last surviving members of the July Plot, the motivations of the key conspirators varied. For many of them, it was simply a way to avoid military defeat, while others wanted to salvage at least a part of the country's morality. They selected a young German army colonel by the name of Claus von Stauffenberg to carry out the attempt. Stauffenberg was a committed German nationalist, despite not being an official Nazi party member. He ultimately came to believe that it was his patriotic duty to rid Germany of Adolf Hitler if the country was to be saved. However, Hitler was no stranger to assassination attempts. Since the late 1930s and his meteoric rise to the top of Germany's political scene, assassination attempts against him had become somewhat routine. Growing increasingly paranoid, Hitler routinely changed his schedule at the last minute and with no prior notice. Get your history fix in one place: sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter What Went Wrong On July 20, 1944, Stauffenberg arrived to the bunker at Wolfsschanze. The conspirators had counted on the meeting taking place in a concrete, windowless underground bunker sealed by a heavy steel door. By ensuring it took place within such a facility, the blast would be contained and the shrapnel would instantly kill anyone in the proximity of the explosive device. According to Pierre Galante's Operation Valkyrie: The German Generals' Plot Against Hitler, July 20 was an unbearably hot day and the meeting planners decided to move the meeting to a wooden bunker, above ground, which had greater air circulation. The room had numerous windows as well as a wooden table and other decorative pieces of furniture, meaning the potential explosion would be significantly reduced as the energy of the blast would be absorbed and dissipated. Even though Stauffenberg knew this was the case, he pushed forward, believing that two bombs would still be adequate to level the room and kill anyone inside of it. When he arrived, Stauffenberg excused himself to a private chamber with the premise of having to change his shirt. He needed to prime and arm the two explosive devices. However, an unexpected phone call, as well as hurried knocking on his door, meant he only had time to arm one of the two devices. The potential for a larger blast was thus reduced by half. Stauffenberg understood that, as a result, the explosive device had to be as close to Hitler as possible in order to do any sort of damage. Under the pretext that his hearing was damaged because of his injuries, he was able to secure a seat as close to Hitler as possible, with only one other person between him and the Führer. Stauffenberg placed the suitcase as close to Hitler as he could, and under the pretext of a personal phone call, exited the room. In the interim, another official took his seat and unwittingly moved the briefcase to a position on the other side of a heavy wooden leg supporting the meeting-room table. At precisely 12:42pm, the bomb detonated and panic ensued. A stenographer was instantly killed, and 20 people were injured, including three officers who later perished from their wounds. Believing that Hitler was truly dead, Stauffenberg and his aide Werner von Haeften jumped into a staff car and bluffed their way past three separate military checkpoints to escape the chaos at the Wolfsschanze complex. But Hitler, along with everyone else shielded by the heavy wooden table leg, survived with a few minor scrapes and a perforated eardrum. His trousers were completely tattered and Nazi leadership would later use photographs of the pants as part of a propaganda campaign. According to historian Ian Kershaw, conflicting reports arrived about the fate of Hitler during the explosion. Despite the confusion, the Reserve Army began arresting high-ranking Nazi leadership in Berlin. However, delays and a lack of clear communication, along with the broadcasting of the fact that Hitler was alive, ultimately unraveled the entire plan. That same night, General Friedrich Fromm convened an impromptu court martial and sentenced all of the conspirators to death. Ludwig Beck committed suicide whilst Stauffenberg, von Haeften, Olbricht and another officer, Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, were executed by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock. Stauffenberg's brother Berthold was slowly strangled at Plötzensee prison in Berlin while the entire ordeal was filmed for Hitler's viewing pleasure. Several factors playing in concert ended up being decisive in saving Hitler's life that day, but the conspirators were correct that Germany was on its way to defeat. The Nazi leader and his closest aides died by suicide less than a year later.	<urn:uuid:78a98395-f730-4f22-8957-dde9267f8b62>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.dailymagazine.news/a-group-of-german-leaders-tried-to-kill-hitler-in-1944-here-s-why-they-failed-nid-876292.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00525.warc.gz	en	0.982162	1,385	3.40625	3	[ -0.3282506465911865, 0.7714769244194031, -0.23448950052261353, 0.00458926148712635, 0.2067420780658722, 0.5256227254867554, -0.107645183801651, 0.06388448923826218, -0.15302743017673492, 0.02907833829522133, 0.5096045732498169, 0.06045997887849808, 0.06559596955776215, 0.40390586853027344,...	1	On July 20, 1944, Adolf Hitler and senior Nazi military officers met at the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg, Eastern Prussia. As the Nazi military leaders took their seats to discuss troop movements on the Eastern Front, an explosion ripped through the humid conference room - and, through the thick black smoke, Hitler's body was seen strewn across the table. The Führer was dead, and Europe was potentially freed from the Nazi scourge. Or so it initially seemed. For a brief moment in history, Claus von Stauffenberg and his co-conspirators thought they had succeeded in turning the tide of World War II and potentially saving thousands of additional lives. Unfortunately, the most well-known assassination plot on Hitler's life, popularly known as the July Plot or Operation Valkyrie, proved unsuccessful for reasons that could have been avoided, and others that are unexplained to this day. The July Plot Is Hatched By the summer of 1944, a sizable portion of the German populace, including a number of Germany's senior military leaders were beginning to lose hope that Germany could win the war. Many blamed Hitler for leading Germany to disaster. Several notable politicians and senior military officials hatched a plot to assassinate the Führer by planting a bomb during a meeting at the Wolfsschanze (the Wolf's Lair, one of Hitler's military headquarters) and by doing so, to trigger a political consolidation and coup d'état. The plan was known as Operation Valkyrie. The idea was that, once Hitler was dead, the military would claim that the assassination was part of an attempted coup by the Nazi Party and the Reserve Army would seize key installations in Berlin and arrest high-ranking Nazi leadership. A new government would be established with Carl Friedrich Goerdeler as Chancellor of Germany and Ludwig Beck as president. The new government had the aim of negotiating an end to the war, preferably with favorable terms for Germany. According to Philipp Freiherr Von Boeselager, one of the last surviving members of the July Plot, the motivations of the key conspirators varied. For many of them, it was simply a way to avoid military defeat, while others wanted to salvage at least a part of the country's morality. They selected a young German army colonel by the name of Claus von Stauffenberg to carry out the attempt. Stauffenberg was a committed German nationalist, despite not being an official Nazi party member. He ultimately came to believe that it was his patriotic duty to rid Germany of Adolf Hitler if the country was to be saved. However, Hitler was no stranger to assassination attempts. Since the late 1930s and his meteoric rise to the top of Germany's political scene, assassination attempts against him had become somewhat routine. Growing increasingly paranoid, Hitler routinely changed his schedule at the last minute and with no prior notice. Get your history fix in one place: sign up for the weekly TIME History newsletter What Went Wrong On July 20, 1944, Stauffenberg arrived to the bunker at Wolfsschanze. The conspirators had counted on the meeting taking place in a concrete, windowless underground bunker sealed by a heavy steel door. By ensuring it took place within such a facility, the blast would be contained and the shrapnel would instantly kill anyone in the proximity of the explosive device. According to Pierre Galante's Operation Valkyrie: The German Generals' Plot Against Hitler, July 20 was an unbearably hot day and the meeting planners decided to move the meeting to a wooden bunker, above ground, which had greater air circulation. The room had numerous windows as well as a wooden table and other decorative pieces of furniture, meaning the potential explosion would be significantly reduced as the energy of the blast would be absorbed and dissipated. Even though Stauffenberg knew this was the case, he pushed forward, believing that two bombs would still be adequate to level the room and kill anyone inside of it. When he arrived, Stauffenberg excused himself to a private chamber with the premise of having to change his shirt. He needed to prime and arm the two explosive devices. However, an unexpected phone call, as well as hurried knocking on his door, meant he only had time to arm one of the two devices. The potential for a larger blast was thus reduced by half. Stauffenberg understood that, as a result, the explosive device had to be as close to Hitler as possible in order to do any sort of damage. Under the pretext that his hearing was damaged because of his injuries, he was able to secure a seat as close to Hitler as possible, with only one other person between him and the Führer. Stauffenberg placed the suitcase as close to Hitler as he could, and under the pretext of a personal phone call, exited the room. In the interim, another official took his seat and unwittingly moved the briefcase to a position on the other side of a heavy wooden leg supporting the meeting-room table. At precisely 12:42pm, the bomb detonated and panic ensued. A stenographer was instantly killed, and 20 people were injured, including three officers who later perished from their wounds. Believing that Hitler was truly dead, Stauffenberg and his aide Werner von Haeften jumped into a staff car and bluffed their way past three separate military checkpoints to escape the chaos at the Wolfsschanze complex. But Hitler, along with everyone else shielded by the heavy wooden table leg, survived with a few minor scrapes and a perforated eardrum. His trousers were completely tattered and Nazi leadership would later use photographs of the pants as part of a propaganda campaign. According to historian Ian Kershaw, conflicting reports arrived about the fate of Hitler during the explosion. Despite the confusion, the Reserve Army began arresting high-ranking Nazi leadership in Berlin. However, delays and a lack of clear communication, along with the broadcasting of the fact that Hitler was alive, ultimately unraveled the entire plan. That same night, General Friedrich Fromm convened an impromptu court martial and sentenced all of the conspirators to death. Ludwig Beck committed suicide whilst Stauffenberg, von Haeften, Olbricht and another officer, Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, were executed by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock. Stauffenberg's brother Berthold was slowly strangled at Plötzensee prison in Berlin while the entire ordeal was filmed for Hitler's viewing pleasure. Several factors playing in concert ended up being decisive in saving Hitler's life that day, but the conspirators were correct that Germany was on its way to defeat. The Nazi leader and his closest aides died by suicide less than a year later.	1,392	ENGLISH	1
Travel to China Travel to distant countries was complicated, expensive, slow, and often outright dangerous during the eighteenth century. The voyage to China would take the better part of a year, and it was riddled with countless perils, of which pirates and scurvy are only the most obvious. And likewise, among the very few Chinese individuals who came to Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries—and who unfailingly caused a sensation—there were no musicians. Chinese musicians would not be heard in Europe until well into the nineteenth century, when the World‘s Fairs began including cultural products such as music in their international displays. Up until then, only a handful of Europeans who had traveled to China could claim to have any first–hand knowledge of Chinese music. Most of these were missionaries, and they knew when they arrived in the Middle Kingdom that their sojourn would likely span the rest of their life. Of these missionaries it was especially the Jesuits whose missions were especially attuned to their cultural environments. They wrote long letters and reports on what they saw, heard, and experienced, and sent their new–found knowledge back to Europe, where it was disseminated. One of the few ways in which Europeans could gain knowledge about music from China was by means of this kind of musical transcription. Find out more about: Return to top	<urn:uuid:a96a9bf3-9fa1-4a13-8b72-715d0c9beba1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/soundingchina/1D.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00348.warc.gz	en	0.988007	275	3.65625	4	[ 0.16891127824783325, -0.030610017478466034, 0.3289896845817566, -0.3167920708656311, -0.0026282365433871746, 0.15790434181690216, -0.20156137645244598, 0.0508347749710083, 0.06956164538860321, -0.4349049925804138, 0.24030673503875732, 0.09254056960344315, 0.19526003301143646, 0.07121445238...	2	Travel to China Travel to distant countries was complicated, expensive, slow, and often outright dangerous during the eighteenth century. The voyage to China would take the better part of a year, and it was riddled with countless perils, of which pirates and scurvy are only the most obvious. And likewise, among the very few Chinese individuals who came to Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries—and who unfailingly caused a sensation—there were no musicians. Chinese musicians would not be heard in Europe until well into the nineteenth century, when the World‘s Fairs began including cultural products such as music in their international displays. Up until then, only a handful of Europeans who had traveled to China could claim to have any first–hand knowledge of Chinese music. Most of these were missionaries, and they knew when they arrived in the Middle Kingdom that their sojourn would likely span the rest of their life. Of these missionaries it was especially the Jesuits whose missions were especially attuned to their cultural environments. They wrote long letters and reports on what they saw, heard, and experienced, and sent their new–found knowledge back to Europe, where it was disseminated. One of the few ways in which Europeans could gain knowledge about music from China was by means of this kind of musical transcription. Find out more about: Return to top	272	ENGLISH	1
There are few battles that are as famous as the Battle of Thermopylae, a battle that pitted the Ancient Spartans and other Greeks against the Persian Empire. Although the Greeks didn’t win this particular fight, the heroic actions of the Greeks, particularly the Spartans, were instrumental in helping Ancient Greece win the war as a whole. Here’s more information about this battle: Leading Up to the Battle Between 499 and 494 B.C., the Greek city states of Athens and Eretria helped the Ionian people revolt against their Persian overlords. The revolt was unsuccessful, but the Persian King Darius I remembered the part they played. His army decimated Eretria, but was fought off by the Athenians. Darius’ son Xerxes took up the cause after he gained the throne in 486. The Greeks met and formed a rough alliance of mutual defense. The Spartans were considered the military leaders of this alliance, and King Leonidas was the ultimate leader. In spring 480 B.C., Xerxes and his army crossed the divide between Asia and Europe, on their way to the Greek peninsula. About the Battle of Thermopylae The decision was made to meet the Persians at the Thermopylae pass. It was a very narrow pass filled with smooth stones, marshy ground, and pre-existing defenses. Accounts from the day say the pass was so tight, only one chariot could pass through it. As the Persians approached, Sparta was celebrating the festival of Carneia, during which military activity was banned. It was also the time of the Olympic truce which also prevented military action. Due to these restrictions, Leonidas could not muster the Spartan army as a whole. His forces limited, he decided to lead an expedition of 300 men to block the pass. He picked up additional troops from other city-states along the way. Leonidas and his troops took a stance at the narrowest point of the pass, known as the Hot Gates. Before Xerxes decided to attack, he sent an emissary to negotiate with the Spartan king. Leonidas refused. The emissary then gave him a note that told him to surrender his arms. His response was basically “come and get them.” The battle underway, the Spartans initially made a serious dent in the Persian army. In fact, it truly did look like the Spartans had a real chance to win the battle. However, Leonidas and the Spartans would not have their victory because a traitor named Ephialtes betrayed them. Second Day of the Battle On the second day, Xerxes found out from Ephialtes that a mountain pass existed that would allow his troops to outflank the Greeks. The traitor led a Persian commander and 20,000 troops over the pass. Leonidas received word of the betrayal. He called a council of war with the commanders of the other troops. Leonidas decided he and his 300 troops would stay. He told the others to retreat to fight another day. Most of them left. However, 700 Thespians and 400 Thebans decided to stay. At dawn on the third day, the Persians attacked the front with 10,000 troops, while the other Persian troops attacked from the rear. The Greek troops retreated to a hill. Xerxes ordered his archers to rain arrows down until every Greek was dead. The Ancient Greeks may have lost the Battle of Thermopylae, but they ultimately won the war. While Thermopylae was going on, the Athenians were able to plan a naval battle at Salamis that would result in a crushing loss of the Persians. The Athenians were outnumbered because the Persian fleet was much larger.	<urn:uuid:f8fd4241-bf55-4a38-be48-f3d560c58fb1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://blog.myparea.com/battle-of-thermopylae/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00194.warc.gz	en	0.983385	769	4.09375	4	[ -0.4531070590019226, 0.5543057918548584, 0.48659223318099976, -0.06056012958288193, -0.6267990469932556, -0.5466595888137817, 0.08706291019916534, 0.6385658383369446, -0.3350272476673126, -0.0882985070347786, -0.3519290089607239, -0.37171661853790283, -0.029280448332428932, 0.3520402908325...	4	There are few battles that are as famous as the Battle of Thermopylae, a battle that pitted the Ancient Spartans and other Greeks against the Persian Empire. Although the Greeks didn’t win this particular fight, the heroic actions of the Greeks, particularly the Spartans, were instrumental in helping Ancient Greece win the war as a whole. Here’s more information about this battle: Leading Up to the Battle Between 499 and 494 B.C., the Greek city states of Athens and Eretria helped the Ionian people revolt against their Persian overlords. The revolt was unsuccessful, but the Persian King Darius I remembered the part they played. His army decimated Eretria, but was fought off by the Athenians. Darius’ son Xerxes took up the cause after he gained the throne in 486. The Greeks met and formed a rough alliance of mutual defense. The Spartans were considered the military leaders of this alliance, and King Leonidas was the ultimate leader. In spring 480 B.C., Xerxes and his army crossed the divide between Asia and Europe, on their way to the Greek peninsula. About the Battle of Thermopylae The decision was made to meet the Persians at the Thermopylae pass. It was a very narrow pass filled with smooth stones, marshy ground, and pre-existing defenses. Accounts from the day say the pass was so tight, only one chariot could pass through it. As the Persians approached, Sparta was celebrating the festival of Carneia, during which military activity was banned. It was also the time of the Olympic truce which also prevented military action. Due to these restrictions, Leonidas could not muster the Spartan army as a whole. His forces limited, he decided to lead an expedition of 300 men to block the pass. He picked up additional troops from other city-states along the way. Leonidas and his troops took a stance at the narrowest point of the pass, known as the Hot Gates. Before Xerxes decided to attack, he sent an emissary to negotiate with the Spartan king. Leonidas refused. The emissary then gave him a note that told him to surrender his arms. His response was basically “come and get them.” The battle underway, the Spartans initially made a serious dent in the Persian army. In fact, it truly did look like the Spartans had a real chance to win the battle. However, Leonidas and the Spartans would not have their victory because a traitor named Ephialtes betrayed them. Second Day of the Battle On the second day, Xerxes found out from Ephialtes that a mountain pass existed that would allow his troops to outflank the Greeks. The traitor led a Persian commander and 20,000 troops over the pass. Leonidas received word of the betrayal. He called a council of war with the commanders of the other troops. Leonidas decided he and his 300 troops would stay. He told the others to retreat to fight another day. Most of them left. However, 700 Thespians and 400 Thebans decided to stay. At dawn on the third day, the Persians attacked the front with 10,000 troops, while the other Persian troops attacked from the rear. The Greek troops retreated to a hill. Xerxes ordered his archers to rain arrows down until every Greek was dead. The Ancient Greeks may have lost the Battle of Thermopylae, but they ultimately won the war. While Thermopylae was going on, the Athenians were able to plan a naval battle at Salamis that would result in a crushing loss of the Persians. The Athenians were outnumbered because the Persian fleet was much larger.	789	ENGLISH	1
- Join over 1.2 million students every month - Accelerate your learning by 29% - Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Currently browsing by: - Remove1000-1999 words Meet our team of inspirational teachers This meant that they believed that they were the only people who went to heaven after they died. The Mormons believed in sharing everything and they owned nothing themselves. They were a closely-knit community who looked out for and supported one another. The Mormons also believed that they had to build a 'Zion', which means 'God's place on earth'. They built their Zion in Nauvoo, Illinois and set about creating a place where everyone would treat, and be treated equally. These beliefs were very important to the Mormons and they took them very seriously. The Mormon beliefs were very strong and they were aware of their identity and had a lot of focus in their religion. - Word count: 1252 Within a year his church had over 1000 followers. The Mormons believed they were God's chosen people on Earth and that eventually one day inherit the Earth and all its wealth. This partly explains why they became very unpopular amongst gentiles (non- Mormons).In 1844 Joseph Smith claimed to have received a revelation from God which he said allowed certain Mormons to practise polygamy; by this time he already had more than one wife and his bodyguard John Scott had five. Some Mormons thought this was wrong and denounced Smith as a false prophet this led to a series of hate attacks and eventually him get arrested then shot in jail by an angry mob of gentiles. - Word count: 1303 People living in he East of America had trouble accepting the Mormon's views on polygamy because to them it was unnatural and an absurd idea. People in the East did not practice polygamy so were not used to this kind of practice in religion. Once they heard news of the Mormons now practising polygamy, they were out raged and they thought it was immoral and they felt worried and threatened that it would lead to a rapid increase in Mormon population. - Word count: 1621	<urn:uuid:b8f6779e-4fa0-41a4-bd79-fb2b8397c659>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/religious-studies-philosophy-and-ethics/religions/christianity/mormons/?essay_length=295	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00089.warc.gz	en	0.992623	425	3.421875	3	[ -0.15374621748924255, 0.05690803378820419, -0.060294993221759796, -0.2230716347694397, -0.16793705523014069, 0.22472111880779266, -0.09531079977750778, 0.15794941782951355, 0.24507685005664825, 0.14445476233959198, 0.3497750759124756, 0.2039206326007843, 0.35592353343963623, -0.31590002775...	2	- Join over 1.2 million students every month - Accelerate your learning by 29% - Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Currently browsing by: - Remove1000-1999 words Meet our team of inspirational teachers This meant that they believed that they were the only people who went to heaven after they died. The Mormons believed in sharing everything and they owned nothing themselves. They were a closely-knit community who looked out for and supported one another. The Mormons also believed that they had to build a 'Zion', which means 'God's place on earth'. They built their Zion in Nauvoo, Illinois and set about creating a place where everyone would treat, and be treated equally. These beliefs were very important to the Mormons and they took them very seriously. The Mormon beliefs were very strong and they were aware of their identity and had a lot of focus in their religion. - Word count: 1252 Within a year his church had over 1000 followers. The Mormons believed they were God's chosen people on Earth and that eventually one day inherit the Earth and all its wealth. This partly explains why they became very unpopular amongst gentiles (non- Mormons).In 1844 Joseph Smith claimed to have received a revelation from God which he said allowed certain Mormons to practise polygamy; by this time he already had more than one wife and his bodyguard John Scott had five. Some Mormons thought this was wrong and denounced Smith as a false prophet this led to a series of hate attacks and eventually him get arrested then shot in jail by an angry mob of gentiles. - Word count: 1303 People living in he East of America had trouble accepting the Mormon's views on polygamy because to them it was unnatural and an absurd idea. People in the East did not practice polygamy so were not used to this kind of practice in religion. Once they heard news of the Mormons now practising polygamy, they were out raged and they thought it was immoral and they felt worried and threatened that it would lead to a rapid increase in Mormon population. - Word count: 1621	456	ENGLISH	1
Built as a fortification process to guard the middle Rhine region, this fortress was constructed between 1817 and 1828. It is situated 118 meters high above the Rhine and is the second largest fortress in Europe. In 1672, while there was war between France and Germany, the Archbishop refused the request permits from both the sides for the troops to pass by the Rhine. Today, this fortress is open to the visitors and public and is connected to the town by cable car. The fortress is beautifully below by the british poet Lord Byron: “Here Ehrenbreitstein, with her shattered wall Black with the miner's blast, upon her height Yet shows of what she was, when shell and ball Rebounding idly on her strength did light; A tower of victory! from whence the flight Of baffled foes was watch'd along the plain: But Peace destroyed what War could never blight, And laid those proud roofs bare to Summer's rain-- On which the iron shower for years had poured in vain.” When the fortress was destroyed by the french troops in 1801, the poet wrote these words; which lead to the rebuilt of the fortress.	<urn:uuid:395cf6a0-c7ac-4051-8d46-edc69724d59b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.tripadvisor.ca/AttractionProductReview-g187391-d16797030-Koblenz_Guided_tour_of_the_Ehrenbreitstein_Fortress-Koblenz_Rhineland_Palatinate.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00130.warc.gz	en	0.980257	248	3.28125	3	[ -0.07288195937871933, 0.4169600307941437, -0.04629054665565491, 0.3722761571407318, -0.03701247647404671, -0.42573967576026917, -0.08264245837926865, 0.1855604350566864, -0.20899194478988647, -0.39095208048820496, 0.19472776353359222, -0.7025564312934875, -0.28782060742378235, 0.3251286447...	1	Built as a fortification process to guard the middle Rhine region, this fortress was constructed between 1817 and 1828. It is situated 118 meters high above the Rhine and is the second largest fortress in Europe. In 1672, while there was war between France and Germany, the Archbishop refused the request permits from both the sides for the troops to pass by the Rhine. Today, this fortress is open to the visitors and public and is connected to the town by cable car. The fortress is beautifully below by the british poet Lord Byron: “Here Ehrenbreitstein, with her shattered wall Black with the miner's blast, upon her height Yet shows of what she was, when shell and ball Rebounding idly on her strength did light; A tower of victory! from whence the flight Of baffled foes was watch'd along the plain: But Peace destroyed what War could never blight, And laid those proud roofs bare to Summer's rain-- On which the iron shower for years had poured in vain.” When the fortress was destroyed by the french troops in 1801, the poet wrote these words; which lead to the rebuilt of the fortress.	253	ENGLISH	1

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