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Ludwig van Beethoven Biography Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist, who is arguably the defining figure in the history of Western music. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Decemberbut no-one is completely sure on which date. Emily Upton and Karl Smallwood 13 comments Carmen asks: Was Beethoven really deaf when he wrote all his music? How did he communicate with people? Of course, the biggest question is how did he compose what is considered some of his greatest music while he was deaf. Beethoven was born inand was introduced to music at a young age by his father who was a piano and violin teacher as well as a talented tenor. Young Beethoven was considered a child prodigy when it came to music, and performed his first public concert in his hometown of Bonn when he was just seven years old. He continued his musical career while learning from some of his great contemporaries, like Christian Gottlob Neefe, who taught him composition. He played viola in the court orchestra and became familiar with operas, several of which were by Mozart. He continued to study Mozart, along with Bach and other famous composers. ByBeethoven had composed several of his own works and began publishing these compositions just a few years later. InBeethoven performed publicly in Vienna for the first time. He had developed a reputation with the piano, and wowed crowds with either Piano Concerto 1 or Piano Concerto 2. Specifically, Beethoven wrote to his physician, stating: For the last three years my hearing has grown steadily weaker. Sometimes too I hardly hear people who speak softly. The sound I can hear it is true, but not the words. There are documented instances of people needing to shout in his ear in order for Beethoven to hear them in the s, and his hearing continued to decline from there. It is known that Beethoven continued seeking fruitless medical advice and treatment for his hearing up untilafter which the composer finally accepted that his hearing was never going to improve and stopped seeking medical aid for his condition. During this period, he could mostly hear and his music was characterised by higher notes. This period is characterised by lower notes, with the number of high notes he used dropping significantly. As you can probably guess, since high notes were giving him trouble, he switched to lower notes so that he could better hear the music he was creating. Compositions like the Moonlight sonata, the opera Fidelio, and six symphonies, among others, were written during the Middle Period The Late Period starts just before During this time, his music switched back to including more high notes. Unsurprisingly given his deafness and the importance of timing in conducting, most historians think that he merely assisted the actual conductor on stage, but did not conduct himself. Whatever the case, it was reported that he received a standing ovation. While the loss of his hearing was a crushing blow to the man, this was actually a boon to history. For instance, in a letter to a friend he vocalized his social struggles and his concern over his future on account of losing his hearing: Where the disability ended up causing the most trouble was simply in performing in concerts, which he could no longer do with ease. Unfortunately for him, this was a significant source of income that, once he became functionally deaf, he could no longer earn. On account of his deafness there was scarcely anything left of the virtuosity of the artist which had formerly been so greatly admired.A song for the Jewish sabbath! Shabbat is the Hebrew word for Sabbath, and Shalom means peace. Shabbat Shalom is a common greeting on Friday evening . The young Beethoven was known as the most important musician since Mozart. By his mids, he had studied with Haydn and was celebrated as a brilliant, virtuoso pianist.. Beethoven's life timeline: - . What did Ludwig van Beethoven compose? Beethoven composed music in the transitional period between the Classical and the Romantic eras, and his work has been divided into (roughly) three periods. The first period, between and , is characterized by traditional 18th-century technique and sounds. You don’t need to know anything at all about classical music, nor have any liking for it even, to be deeply moved by that most famous of symphonies, Ludwig van Beethoven’s 9th“perhaps the most iconic work of the Western musical tradition,” writes The Juilliard Journal in an article about its handwritten score. Commissioned in , the sublime work was only completed in Beethoven composed only the one opera, probably because he lacked great talent in that area of music. He could not live up to the high standards that Mozart had set him only a few years before. In October of Beethoven retired from Heiligenstadt and returned to Vienna. Shortly after his return, he was engaged as theater composer by theater owner Emanuel Schikaneder (librettist and producer of Mozart's Die Zauberflöte) with the expectation he would compose an monstermanfilm.com that end, Beethoven and his brother Casper Carl took up residence in the theater in January of	<urn:uuid:ac05080f-05e6-432d-8542-8cbb88bbb5b5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://qoxyvakecohokax.monstermanfilm.com/what-famous-music-did-beethoven-write-an-opera-14925kk.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00321.warc.gz	en	0.99286	1,100	3.359375	3	[ -0.05014854669570923, 0.05251815542578697, 0.20894403755664825, 0.12816959619522095, -0.7387604117393494, -0.15021440386772156, -0.12989655137062073, 0.1433480679988861, 0.14956729114055634, -0.4499518871307373, 0.11455460637807846, -0.1945313960313797, -0.4365684986114502, -0.092142567038...	1	Ludwig van Beethoven Biography Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist, who is arguably the defining figure in the history of Western music. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Decemberbut no-one is completely sure on which date. Emily Upton and Karl Smallwood 13 comments Carmen asks: Was Beethoven really deaf when he wrote all his music? How did he communicate with people? Of course, the biggest question is how did he compose what is considered some of his greatest music while he was deaf. Beethoven was born inand was introduced to music at a young age by his father who was a piano and violin teacher as well as a talented tenor. Young Beethoven was considered a child prodigy when it came to music, and performed his first public concert in his hometown of Bonn when he was just seven years old. He continued his musical career while learning from some of his great contemporaries, like Christian Gottlob Neefe, who taught him composition. He played viola in the court orchestra and became familiar with operas, several of which were by Mozart. He continued to study Mozart, along with Bach and other famous composers. ByBeethoven had composed several of his own works and began publishing these compositions just a few years later. InBeethoven performed publicly in Vienna for the first time. He had developed a reputation with the piano, and wowed crowds with either Piano Concerto 1 or Piano Concerto 2. Specifically, Beethoven wrote to his physician, stating: For the last three years my hearing has grown steadily weaker. Sometimes too I hardly hear people who speak softly. The sound I can hear it is true, but not the words. There are documented instances of people needing to shout in his ear in order for Beethoven to hear them in the s, and his hearing continued to decline from there. It is known that Beethoven continued seeking fruitless medical advice and treatment for his hearing up untilafter which the composer finally accepted that his hearing was never going to improve and stopped seeking medical aid for his condition. During this period, he could mostly hear and his music was characterised by higher notes. This period is characterised by lower notes, with the number of high notes he used dropping significantly. As you can probably guess, since high notes were giving him trouble, he switched to lower notes so that he could better hear the music he was creating. Compositions like the Moonlight sonata, the opera Fidelio, and six symphonies, among others, were written during the Middle Period The Late Period starts just before During this time, his music switched back to including more high notes. Unsurprisingly given his deafness and the importance of timing in conducting, most historians think that he merely assisted the actual conductor on stage, but did not conduct himself. Whatever the case, it was reported that he received a standing ovation. While the loss of his hearing was a crushing blow to the man, this was actually a boon to history. For instance, in a letter to a friend he vocalized his social struggles and his concern over his future on account of losing his hearing: Where the disability ended up causing the most trouble was simply in performing in concerts, which he could no longer do with ease. Unfortunately for him, this was a significant source of income that, once he became functionally deaf, he could no longer earn. On account of his deafness there was scarcely anything left of the virtuosity of the artist which had formerly been so greatly admired.A song for the Jewish sabbath! Shabbat is the Hebrew word for Sabbath, and Shalom means peace. Shabbat Shalom is a common greeting on Friday evening . The young Beethoven was known as the most important musician since Mozart. By his mids, he had studied with Haydn and was celebrated as a brilliant, virtuoso pianist.. Beethoven's life timeline: - . What did Ludwig van Beethoven compose? Beethoven composed music in the transitional period between the Classical and the Romantic eras, and his work has been divided into (roughly) three periods. The first period, between and , is characterized by traditional 18th-century technique and sounds. You don’t need to know anything at all about classical music, nor have any liking for it even, to be deeply moved by that most famous of symphonies, Ludwig van Beethoven’s 9th“perhaps the most iconic work of the Western musical tradition,” writes The Juilliard Journal in an article about its handwritten score. Commissioned in , the sublime work was only completed in Beethoven composed only the one opera, probably because he lacked great talent in that area of music. He could not live up to the high standards that Mozart had set him only a few years before. In October of Beethoven retired from Heiligenstadt and returned to Vienna. Shortly after his return, he was engaged as theater composer by theater owner Emanuel Schikaneder (librettist and producer of Mozart's Die Zauberflöte) with the expectation he would compose an monstermanfilm.com that end, Beethoven and his brother Casper Carl took up residence in the theater in January of	1,058	ENGLISH	1
Author: John Stuart Mill was an Englishman, living from 1806 to 1873. He worked as a philosopher, political economist, civil servant, and member of Parliament. Taught by his father, he experienced a rigorous, home-schooled education. His close relationship with his wife influenced his writings on women’s rights. Mill was an atheist. Context: 1869. Britain was prosperous and was continuing to experience effects of industrial revolution. During period of British imperialism. Language: Mill writes in a tone that is intelligent, thought-provoking, and subjective. He includes many hypothetical questions in this work in an attempt to make his readers understand his point of view. Furthermore, he admits in many instances throughout his paper that many people may disagree with him. Audience: Mill writes for a well-educated audience, and having been well-educated himself, he incorporates some challenging concepts and vocabulary. He appeals mainly to men, for they are the only ones with enough power capable of changing the situation at hand. Intent: The purpose of The Subjection of Women is to make society aware of the unjust inequalities between the sexes, and also the wide range of capabilities that women possess. Message: Women are born into subordination, and this subordination extends into marriage, where they have no property rights or control over their children. Mill makes the argument that equality in the institution of marriage would be beneficial to the happiness of both men and women, and would further society’s progress. He mentions that religion imposes obedience on women. Circumstances and education are the factors that explain the psychological differences between men and women. Mill recognizes that women, given that they have adequate education, possess capabilities that would allow them to hold positions of responsibility in society.	<urn:uuid:c13ffc97-5a7c-432c-94df-90785b17ce07>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://blogs.dickinson.edu/quallsk/2014/03/04/the-subjection-of-women/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00368.warc.gz	en	0.984657	361	3.984375	4	[ 0.012443377636373043, 0.45639151334762573, -0.31322476267814636, 0.2223401963710785, -0.06428033858537674, 0.2306990623474121, -0.09353817254304886, 0.3300408720970154, -0.06060967221856117, -0.0738089382648468, -0.3201182782649994, -0.21482637524604797, 0.23064248263835907, -0.14819109439...	7	Author: John Stuart Mill was an Englishman, living from 1806 to 1873. He worked as a philosopher, political economist, civil servant, and member of Parliament. Taught by his father, he experienced a rigorous, home-schooled education. His close relationship with his wife influenced his writings on women’s rights. Mill was an atheist. Context: 1869. Britain was prosperous and was continuing to experience effects of industrial revolution. During period of British imperialism. Language: Mill writes in a tone that is intelligent, thought-provoking, and subjective. He includes many hypothetical questions in this work in an attempt to make his readers understand his point of view. Furthermore, he admits in many instances throughout his paper that many people may disagree with him. Audience: Mill writes for a well-educated audience, and having been well-educated himself, he incorporates some challenging concepts and vocabulary. He appeals mainly to men, for they are the only ones with enough power capable of changing the situation at hand. Intent: The purpose of The Subjection of Women is to make society aware of the unjust inequalities between the sexes, and also the wide range of capabilities that women possess. Message: Women are born into subordination, and this subordination extends into marriage, where they have no property rights or control over their children. Mill makes the argument that equality in the institution of marriage would be beneficial to the happiness of both men and women, and would further society’s progress. He mentions that religion imposes obedience on women. Circumstances and education are the factors that explain the psychological differences between men and women. Mill recognizes that women, given that they have adequate education, possess capabilities that would allow them to hold positions of responsibility in society.	357	ENGLISH	1
Around the time of 469 to 399 A.D. Socrates existed as a stone cutter who had a passion for philosophy. He taught many pupils, including the well-known philosopher Plato, and created a method of teaching called the Socratic Method. This new method of thinking encouraged people to question everything around them and invest in critical evaluation. One day Socrates was accused of corrupting the minds of the Athenian youth. Was Socrates wrongly convicted, or was what the Athenians did just? In the present day many people see that his conviction was unjust, but there are some people, including people who existed during the time of the trial, who believed his accusers were right to judge Socrates as such. People who believed Socrates was an evil man might have thought that they had sufficient evidence that proved so based on how they viewed him. They sincerely believed that Socrates was a threat to Athenian society at the time, and they truly believed that the evidence presented during Socrates ' trial was accurate and logical even though in current times those reasons may seem unethical. Another possible reason Socrates was found guilty could most likely be that his accusers were corrupt and just wanted an excuse to get rid of Socrates in order to achieve something for themselves. This reason could have most likely influenced some people’s reasoning to believe Socrates was in fact guilty of certain crimes, thus distorting their judgment, or the whole accusation process and result were all completely on purpose. Socrates was guilty in the eyes of his corrupted accusers. During his trial, Socrates righteously acknowledges that he has two types of people accusing him. There were new accusers, those wh... ... middle of paper ... ...s correct, the jury saw that the only method of stopping Socrates from preaching about the ethical flaws and weaknesses of Athenian society was sentencing him to death. By eradicating Socrates from Athens, civilization had been purified and ratified. Socrates, although seemingly brave and educated, was a threat to certain people of Athens. He believed in his teachings so indefinitely that it brought him to his death. Despite the possibility of bias by Plato and others who have record of the trial, it can be determined that the reasons for his indictment can range from corrupted justifications, hatred for and biased against Socrates, and fear of change. Socrates was almost destined to be opposed because his beliefs were so different from the norm. Whatever the reason or reasons may be, Socrates was a significant figure who had a strong influence on Athenian society. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - The Defence of Socrates chronicles Socrates’ trial, which the elite members of Athenian society conducted in order to determine whether or not Socrates was guilty of the charges against him. Those charges included: 1) refusing to believe in the gods of the City; 2) corrupting the youth; and 3) introducing gods of his own in place of the Athenian deities. Although Socrates believed, along with his loved ones, Plato, and his students, that he was wrongly accused and was served an injustice by the City of Athens, he is forced to defend himself and his actions at trial.... [tags: Socrates, Plato, Trial of Socrates, Crito] 1185 words (3.4 pages) - Socrates, in his conviction from the Athenian jury, was both innocent and guilty as charged. In Plato’s Five Dialogues, accounts of events ranging from just prior to Socrates’ entry into the courthouse up until his mouthful of hemlock, both points are represented. Socrates’ in dealing with moral law was not guilty of the crimes he was accused of by Meletus. Socrates was only guilty as charged because his peers had concluded him as such. The laws didn’t find Socrates guilty; Socrates was guilty because his jurors enforced the laws.... [tags: Innocence of Socrates Essay] 1660 words (4.7 pages) - Socrates was a well-known philosopher in Ancient Greek who was named the father of Western philosophy. Yet, the counselors and state jurors did not believe that Socrates was the knowledgeable man that the city of Athens claims that he is. Therefore, the state accused Socrates for depraving the youth of Athens, as well as creating new gods that were not recognized by the state. In the Apology, one can understand that it was not much of an apology or an acknowledgment of offense. Later on, Socrates is sentenced to death and later writes Crito, where his friend Crito endeavors to convince Socrates to escape his jail cell.... [tags: Plato, Socrates, State, Trial of Socrates] 1285 words (3.7 pages) - Plato’s Portrayal of Socrates The portrayal of Socrates by his student Plato creates one of the most controversial characters of all time. There are few other personalities in history that have drawn criticism and praise from the furthest ends of each spectrum. Socrates has been called the inventor of reason and logic, and at the same time has been condemned as a corruptor and a flake. Perhaps he was all of these. Despite this disagreement, one is a certainty: Socrates had a very interesting and active sense of humor.... [tags: Plato Socrates] 2381 words (6.8 pages) - Socrates was one of the most influential thinkers in the West, even though he left no writings of himself, it was possible to reconstruct an accurate account of his life from the writings of his Greek students because he always engaged them. He was a man with a very strong conviction because he lived his life for the pursuit of knowledge, true wisdom, God’s will, and piety. Though he never wrote anything, his soul source of knowledge about him came from one of his students, Plato. Socrates was born in 469 B.C.... [tags: Socrates Essays] 1268 words (3.6 pages) - Socrates (470-399 BC) was a credited philosopher born in the city of Athens to father Sophroniscus and mother Phaenarete. Despite his world-renowned contributions, he did not leave any written accounts of his life. His story was taught through the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, along with Aristotle and Aristophanes in various forms of dramatic texts and histories. Among others, Plato wrote many dialogues that quoted Socrates’ exact words. Much of what we know comes from this greatly influenced student.... [tags: Biography, Contributions, Philosophies] 806 words (2.3 pages) - Socrates discusses the good, what we can know, and what is I. Socrates is asked to give an account of the good, but declines, saying that the best he can do is to speak of the child of the good. II. The analogy of the sun, the eye and the world. 1. Preparatory remarks: Socrates reverts to an “old theme.” a. He divides the world into the seen and the unseen, the one and the many. b. This means that many visible/physical things (“the many”) can be subsumed under a single idea or concept (“the one”) which he calls “absolute” or “essence.” c.... [tags: Soul, Mind, World, Socrates] 992 words (2.8 pages) - ... Socrates concluded that focusing on fulfilling a wider scope of the world through knowledge of our souls was far more valuable than being limited to the study of the anatomical aspects of the universe. By gauging not only the palpable aspects of the world gives a greater understanding of which surrounds us. Socrates acknowledged the significance of this and, concluded that we must focus our study on the mind itself. However Socrates set on self-analysis it did not stop him from alienating himself from society.... [tags: observation, actions,values, purpose] 639 words (1.8 pages) - Introduction Socrates argues in the Crito that he shouldn't escape his death sentence because it isn't just. Crito is distressed by Socrates reasoning and wishes to convince him to escape since Crito and friends can provide the ransom the warden demands. If not for himself, Socrates should escape for the sake of his friends, sons, and those who benefit from his teaching. Socrates and Crito's argument proceeds from this point. As an aside, I would like to note that, though I believe that a further objection could be made to Socrates conclusions in “The Philosopher's Defense”, due to space considerations, I didn't write the fourth section “Failure of the Philosopher's Defense”.... [tags: Philosophy] 1099 words (3.1 pages) - Was Socrates Wise. Webster defines wise as: (1) having or showing good judgment; (2) informed; (3) learned; (4) shrewd or cunning. In my opinion, Socrates was wise in all aspects of the word. If I were placed in his position and were to make the same decisions, I would not consider myself wise. I would consider myself to be a great fool, but given the circumstances and the parties involved I believe that Socrates made proper decisions in his defense. Socrates knew that the jury was prejudiced against him from the start and addressed it immediately.... [tags: Papers] 587 words (1.7 pages)	<urn:uuid:e409a645-8ad4-488b-bf35-4379f19acf76>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.123helpme.com/socrates-conviction-how-and-why-preview.asp?id=514476	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00476.warc.gz	en	0.98391	1,930	3.8125	4	[ -0.1078607514500618, 0.41525161266326904, -0.02457110397517681, -0.4529697299003601, -0.445652037858963, -0.34867390990257263, 0.5171880722045898, 0.32649141550064087, 0.12790219485759735, -0.014564245007932186, 0.13677293062210083, 0.08705846220254898, 0.0714610293507576, 0.36919301748275...	1	Around the time of 469 to 399 A.D. Socrates existed as a stone cutter who had a passion for philosophy. He taught many pupils, including the well-known philosopher Plato, and created a method of teaching called the Socratic Method. This new method of thinking encouraged people to question everything around them and invest in critical evaluation. One day Socrates was accused of corrupting the minds of the Athenian youth. Was Socrates wrongly convicted, or was what the Athenians did just? In the present day many people see that his conviction was unjust, but there are some people, including people who existed during the time of the trial, who believed his accusers were right to judge Socrates as such. People who believed Socrates was an evil man might have thought that they had sufficient evidence that proved so based on how they viewed him. They sincerely believed that Socrates was a threat to Athenian society at the time, and they truly believed that the evidence presented during Socrates ' trial was accurate and logical even though in current times those reasons may seem unethical. Another possible reason Socrates was found guilty could most likely be that his accusers were corrupt and just wanted an excuse to get rid of Socrates in order to achieve something for themselves. This reason could have most likely influenced some people’s reasoning to believe Socrates was in fact guilty of certain crimes, thus distorting their judgment, or the whole accusation process and result were all completely on purpose. Socrates was guilty in the eyes of his corrupted accusers. During his trial, Socrates righteously acknowledges that he has two types of people accusing him. There were new accusers, those wh... ... middle of paper ... ...s correct, the jury saw that the only method of stopping Socrates from preaching about the ethical flaws and weaknesses of Athenian society was sentencing him to death. By eradicating Socrates from Athens, civilization had been purified and ratified. Socrates, although seemingly brave and educated, was a threat to certain people of Athens. He believed in his teachings so indefinitely that it brought him to his death. Despite the possibility of bias by Plato and others who have record of the trial, it can be determined that the reasons for his indictment can range from corrupted justifications, hatred for and biased against Socrates, and fear of change. Socrates was almost destined to be opposed because his beliefs were so different from the norm. Whatever the reason or reasons may be, Socrates was a significant figure who had a strong influence on Athenian society. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - The Defence of Socrates chronicles Socrates’ trial, which the elite members of Athenian society conducted in order to determine whether or not Socrates was guilty of the charges against him. Those charges included: 1) refusing to believe in the gods of the City; 2) corrupting the youth; and 3) introducing gods of his own in place of the Athenian deities. Although Socrates believed, along with his loved ones, Plato, and his students, that he was wrongly accused and was served an injustice by the City of Athens, he is forced to defend himself and his actions at trial.... [tags: Socrates, Plato, Trial of Socrates, Crito] 1185 words (3.4 pages) - Socrates, in his conviction from the Athenian jury, was both innocent and guilty as charged. In Plato’s Five Dialogues, accounts of events ranging from just prior to Socrates’ entry into the courthouse up until his mouthful of hemlock, both points are represented. Socrates’ in dealing with moral law was not guilty of the crimes he was accused of by Meletus. Socrates was only guilty as charged because his peers had concluded him as such. The laws didn’t find Socrates guilty; Socrates was guilty because his jurors enforced the laws.... [tags: Innocence of Socrates Essay] 1660 words (4.7 pages) - Socrates was a well-known philosopher in Ancient Greek who was named the father of Western philosophy. Yet, the counselors and state jurors did not believe that Socrates was the knowledgeable man that the city of Athens claims that he is. Therefore, the state accused Socrates for depraving the youth of Athens, as well as creating new gods that were not recognized by the state. In the Apology, one can understand that it was not much of an apology or an acknowledgment of offense. Later on, Socrates is sentenced to death and later writes Crito, where his friend Crito endeavors to convince Socrates to escape his jail cell.... [tags: Plato, Socrates, State, Trial of Socrates] 1285 words (3.7 pages) - Plato’s Portrayal of Socrates The portrayal of Socrates by his student Plato creates one of the most controversial characters of all time. There are few other personalities in history that have drawn criticism and praise from the furthest ends of each spectrum. Socrates has been called the inventor of reason and logic, and at the same time has been condemned as a corruptor and a flake. Perhaps he was all of these. Despite this disagreement, one is a certainty: Socrates had a very interesting and active sense of humor.... [tags: Plato Socrates] 2381 words (6.8 pages) - Socrates was one of the most influential thinkers in the West, even though he left no writings of himself, it was possible to reconstruct an accurate account of his life from the writings of his Greek students because he always engaged them. He was a man with a very strong conviction because he lived his life for the pursuit of knowledge, true wisdom, God’s will, and piety. Though he never wrote anything, his soul source of knowledge about him came from one of his students, Plato. Socrates was born in 469 B.C.... [tags: Socrates Essays] 1268 words (3.6 pages) - Socrates (470-399 BC) was a credited philosopher born in the city of Athens to father Sophroniscus and mother Phaenarete. Despite his world-renowned contributions, he did not leave any written accounts of his life. His story was taught through the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, along with Aristotle and Aristophanes in various forms of dramatic texts and histories. Among others, Plato wrote many dialogues that quoted Socrates’ exact words. Much of what we know comes from this greatly influenced student.... [tags: Biography, Contributions, Philosophies] 806 words (2.3 pages) - Socrates discusses the good, what we can know, and what is I. Socrates is asked to give an account of the good, but declines, saying that the best he can do is to speak of the child of the good. II. The analogy of the sun, the eye and the world. 1. Preparatory remarks: Socrates reverts to an “old theme.” a. He divides the world into the seen and the unseen, the one and the many. b. This means that many visible/physical things (“the many”) can be subsumed under a single idea or concept (“the one”) which he calls “absolute” or “essence.” c.... [tags: Soul, Mind, World, Socrates] 992 words (2.8 pages) - ... Socrates concluded that focusing on fulfilling a wider scope of the world through knowledge of our souls was far more valuable than being limited to the study of the anatomical aspects of the universe. By gauging not only the palpable aspects of the world gives a greater understanding of which surrounds us. Socrates acknowledged the significance of this and, concluded that we must focus our study on the mind itself. However Socrates set on self-analysis it did not stop him from alienating himself from society.... [tags: observation, actions,values, purpose] 639 words (1.8 pages) - Introduction Socrates argues in the Crito that he shouldn't escape his death sentence because it isn't just. Crito is distressed by Socrates reasoning and wishes to convince him to escape since Crito and friends can provide the ransom the warden demands. If not for himself, Socrates should escape for the sake of his friends, sons, and those who benefit from his teaching. Socrates and Crito's argument proceeds from this point. As an aside, I would like to note that, though I believe that a further objection could be made to Socrates conclusions in “The Philosopher's Defense”, due to space considerations, I didn't write the fourth section “Failure of the Philosopher's Defense”.... [tags: Philosophy] 1099 words (3.1 pages) - Was Socrates Wise. Webster defines wise as: (1) having or showing good judgment; (2) informed; (3) learned; (4) shrewd or cunning. In my opinion, Socrates was wise in all aspects of the word. If I were placed in his position and were to make the same decisions, I would not consider myself wise. I would consider myself to be a great fool, but given the circumstances and the parties involved I believe that Socrates made proper decisions in his defense. Socrates knew that the jury was prejudiced against him from the start and addressed it immediately.... [tags: Papers] 587 words (1.7 pages)	1,960	ENGLISH	1
Help Now > The Brehon Laws FREE Catholic Classes Brehon law is the usual term for Irish native law, as administered in Ireland down to almost the middle of the seventeenth century, and in fact amongst the native Irish until the final consummation of the English conquest. It derives its name from the Irish word Breitheamh (genitive Breitheamhan , pronounced Brehoon or Brehon) which means a judge. That we have ample means for becoming acquainted with some of the principal provisions of the Brehon code is entirely owing to the labours of two men, O'Curry and O'Donovan, who were the first Irish scholars since the death of the great hereditary Irish antiquarian, Duald Mac Firbis ( murdered by an English settler in 1670), to penetrate and understand the difficult and highly technical language of the ancient law tracts. After much laborious work in the libraries of Trinity College Dublin, in the Royal Irish Academy, in the British Museum, and in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, O'Curry transcribed eight volumes full of the so-called Brehon Laws containing 2,906 pages, and O'Donovan nine more volumes containing 2,491 pages. Nor was their labour by any means exhaustive. There are many more valuable Brehon documents still untranscribed in the library of Trinity College, in the British Museum, and in the Bodleian, and possibly some fragments in the Royal Irish Academy and other repositories. From the labours of O'Donovan and O'Curry the Government published in the Master of the Rolls series five great tomes and a sixth containing a glossary. But these five large volumes do not by any means contain the whole of Irish law literature, which, in its widest sense, that is, including such pieces as the "Book of Rights ", would probably fill at least ten such volumes. CONTENTS OF THE BREHON LAW BOOKS The first two volumes of the Brehon Law, as published, contain the Seanchus Mór (Shanahus More) or "Great Immemorial Custom" which includes a preface to the text, in which we are told the occasion of its being first put together and "purified", and the Law of Distress, a process which always had much influence in Irish legislation. The second volume contains the Law of Hostage Sureties, also a very important item in ancient Irish life, the law of fosterage, of tenure of stock, and of social connections. The third volume contains the important document known as the "Book of Acaill" which is chiefly taken up with the law of torts and injuries. This book professes to be a compilation of the various dicta and judgments of King Cormac Mac Airt who lived in the third century, and of Cennfaeladh, a famous warrior who fought in the Battle of Moyrath (c. 634), and afterwards became a renowned jurist, who lived in the seventh. The fourth and fifth volumes consist of isolated law tracts, on taking possession, on tenancy, right of water, divisions of land, social ranks, the laws relating to poets and their verse, the laws relating to the Church, chiefs, husbandmen, pledges, renewals of covenants, etc. Although all these tracts go commonly under the generic name of the Brehon Laws, they are not really codes of law at all, or at least not essentially so. They are rather the digests or compilations of generations of learned lawyers. The text of the Seanchus Mór , for instance, which is contained in the first two volumes, is comparatively brief. That part of it relating to the law of immediate seizure must, according to M. d'Arbois de Jubainville, have been written before the year 600, but not before the introduction of Christianity into Ireland, which probably took place in the third century. The rest of the Seanchus is not so old. The year 438 is that given by the Irish annalists themselves for the redaction of the Seanchus Mór which according to its own commentary was the joint effort of three kings, of two clerics, of Ross a doctor of the Bérla Féine or legal dialect, of Dubhthach a doctor of literature, of Fergus a doctor of poetry, and of St. Patrick himself, who struck out of it all that "clashed with the law of God ". It is impossible to say how far certain parts of the law may have reached back into antiquity and become stereotyped by usage before they became stereotyped in writing. The text of the Seanchus Mór itself is not extensive. It is the great amount of commentaries written by generations of lawyers upon the text, and then the additional annotations written upon these commentaries by other lawyers, which swells the whole to such a size. IRISH SOCIAL ORGANIZATION We are able to gather fairly well from these books the remains only of what must once have been an immense law literature, the social organization of a pure Aryan people, closely cognate with the ancestors of the modern Gauls, Spaniards, and Britons; and from what we learn of the ancestors of the present Irish people we may deduce a good deal that is probably no less applicable to the other Aryan Celts. Broadly speaking, the country was governed by a ruling class called "Kings", of different grades, the highest being the King of Ireland, and next to these were the nobles or princes called in Irish Flaith (pronounced like flah or floih). In all there were, including kings and flaiths , nominally at least, seven different kinds of aires (arras), or nobles, and provision was carefully made that a wealthy farmer, or peasant grown rich through cattle, could, if he possessed twice the wealth of the lowest of the seven, and had held it for certain generations, become an aire , or noble, of the seventh, or lowest degree. Thus wealth and descent were carefully balanced over against each other. "He is an inferior chief whose father is not a chief", says the law. But it took care at the same time not to close to anyone the avenues to chieftainship. Under ancient Irish law the land did not belong to the king or the chief or the landlord, but to the tribe, and the lowest of the free-tribesmen had as much an inalienable right to his share as had the chief himself. In process of time parts of the tribal territory appear to have become alienated to subtribes or families, and the chief, who always exercised certain administrative duties with respect to the land, appears to have had certain specific portions of the tribal land allotted to himself for his own use, and for the maintenance of his household and relatives. He was in no sense, however, what is now known as a landlord, although the whole tendency of later times was to increase his power at the expense of his tribe and vassals. The great bulk of the ancient Irish cultivators were the Féine (Faina) or free-tribesmen from whom the Brehon law is called in Irish Féineachas , or the "Law of the Free-tribesmen". In process of time many of these in hours of distress naturally found themselves involved in something like pecuniary transactions with their head-chiefs, and, owing to poverty, or for some other reason, were driven to borrow or accept cattle from them, either for milk or tillage. These tribesmen then became the chieftain's céiles (kailas) or vassals. They were known as Saer-stock and Daer-stock Céiles . The Saer-stock tenant — saer means free in the Irish language — accepted only a limited amount of stock; and retained his tribal rights, always most carefully guarded by the Brehon law, in their integrity. But the Daer-stock — daer means unfree — tenant, who took stock from his chief, became liable for heavier but still carefully defined duties. For instance for every three heifers deposited with him by his chief, he became liable to pay his chief the "proportionate stock of a calf of the value of a sack with its accompaniments", and refections for three persons in the summer, and work for three days. The tribesman, it will be observed, by accepting stock from his chief parted to some extent with his freedom, but his interests were carefully looked after by law, and it was provided that after food-rent and service had been rendered for seven years, if the chief should die, the tenant should become entitled to the stock deposited with him. If, on the other hand, the tenant died, his heirs were partly relieved from their obligation. It will be observed that while this to some extent resembles the well-known Metayer system, so common on the continent of Europe, where the landlord supplies the stock and the land, and the tenant the labour and the skill, it differs from it in this, namely that in Ireland the saer- and daer-stock farmer did not supply the land, which was theirs by right of their free tribesmanship. In this way, namely, by accepting stock from their overlords, a rent-paying class grew up in Ireland, to which undoubtedly in time a large proportion of the ancient Irish came to belong, but the rent was paid not for the land but for the chief's property deposited with the tenant. But outside of the Free-tribesman (the Féine and Céile ) there grew up gradually a class of tenants who were not free, who in fact must have been in something very like a state of servitude. These were known by the name of fuidirs or bothachs , i.e. cottiers. They appear to have been principally composed of broken men, outcasts from foreign tribes, fugitives from justice, and the like, who, driven out of or forsaking their own tribes, sought refuge under some other chief. These men must have been natural objects of suspicion if not of detestation to the free tribesmen, and, being themselves absolutely helpless, and having no tribal rights of their own, they became entirely dependent upon their chief, who settled them down upon the outlying or waste lands of the tribe, or possibly at times upon his own separate land which as chief he held in severalty, and imposed upon them far heavier tolls or rents than the law permitted to be exacted from any other members of the tribe. As Ireland became more troubled by Northmen, Normans, and English, this class of tenant increased in numbers, so many tribes were broken or destroyed, and the survivors dispersed to find refuge in other tribes and under other chiefs. In this way there grew up gradually, even under Irish law, a body of tenants to whom their chiefs must have stood in the light of something like English landlords. THE IRISH FAMILY OR FINE A curious Irish social unit was the fine (finna), consisting of one group of five persons and three groups of four, all males. The head of the family, called the ceann-fine (Kan-finna), and four members made up the first group, called geil-fine , the other three groups of four each were called deirbh-fine ( true family ), iar-fine (after family ), and inn-fine (end family ). On the birth of a new male member in the geil-fine the eldest member of the group was moved up into the next four (the deirbh-fine ), and one out of that four into the next four, and one out of the last four was moved out of the fine altogether, into the clan, or sept, this last male thereby ceasing to be a member of the family, or fine. The sept, to use the English term, sprang from the family, or the family after some generations grew into the sept and then into the clan, contracting a greater share of artificiality in proportion to its enlargement. Because, while all the members of the sept could actually point to a common descent, the descent from a single ancestor in the case of the whole tribe was more or less founded upon fiction. The portion of territory ruled over by a sub-king was called tuath (too-a) and contained within it, at all events in later times, members of different descents. The chief, both of the tuath and the sept, was elected by the tribe or clansmen. The law of primogeniture did not obtain in Ireland, and the selection was made of the man who being of the chieftain's near blood could best defend the tribe and lead it in both war and peace. "The head of every tribe", says the Brehon Law tract the Cain Aigillne , "should be the man of the tribe who is the most experienced, the most notable, the most wealthy, the most learned, the most truly popular, the most powerful to oppose, the most steadfast to sue for profits and to be sued for losses." As early as the third century, in a well-known piece of Irish literature, Cairbre, afterwards King of Ireland, is depicted as asking his father Cormac Mac Airt the question: "For what qualifications is a king elected over countries and tribes of people?" And Cormac in his answer embodied the views of practically every clan in Ireland down to the beginning of the seventeenth century. "He is chosen", said the king, "from the goodness of his shape and family, from his experience and wisdom, from his prudence and magnanimity, from his eloquence and bravery in battle, and from the number of his friends." He was, however, always chosen from the near kindred of the reigning chieftain. IRISH CRIMINAL LAW There seems to have been no hard and fast line drawn between civil and criminal offences in the Brehon law. They were both sued for in the same way before a Brehon, who heard the case argued, and either acquitted or else found guilty and assessed the fine. In the case of a crime committed by an individual all the sept were liable. If the offence were one against the person, and the criminal happened to die, then the liability of the sept was wiped out, for, according to the maxim, "the crime dies with the criminal". If, however, the offence had been one causing damage to property or causing material loss, then the sept remained still liable for it, even after the death of the criminal. This regulation resulted in every member of the sept having a direct interest in suppressing crime. There was always a fine inflicted for manslaughter, even unpremeditated, which was called an eric. If the manslaughter was premeditated, or what we would call murder, the eric was doubled, and it was distributed to the relatives of the slain in the proportion to which they were entitled to inherit his property. If the eric were not paid, then the injured person or family had a right to put the criminal to death. This acceptance of a blood-fine or eric for murder was a great source of scandal to the English, but, as Keating points out in the preface to his history of Ireland written in Irish, it was really a beneficent and logical institution, made necessary by the number of tribes into which Ireland was divided. Nor was the punishment, though short of the capital one, by any means light, and it at least insured compensation to the murdered man's relatives, a compensation amounting to the entire "honour-price" of the murderer. For every man, from king to fuidir (the lowest class of tenant), had what was in Irish law termed his eineachlan , or honour-price, and this was forfeited in part or in whole, according to well-defined rules for various crimes. It was always forfeited for taking human life. Clergy we find more heavily punished than laymen. A man of high rank was always fined more than one of low rank for the same misdemeanour. An assault on a person of rank was more severely punished than one on an ordinary man. Fines for crimes against the person were particularly heavy; two cows, for instance, was the fine for a blow which raised a lump but did not draw the blood. The punishments awarded by the Brehons were of a most humane character. There is no trace of torture or of ordeal in ancient Irish law. FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything From the earliest times in which the English invaders made the acquaintance of the Brehon law system they denounced it with the most unsparing invective. But all the Norman chiefs who ruled over Irish tribal lands governed their territories by it in preference to English law, and in Elizabeth's reign the great Shane O'Neill pointed out with bitter irony that if his Irish laws were so barbarous as the queen's ministers alleged, it was passing strange that three hundred families had migrated from the English pale and the beneficent operations of English law to take refuge in his dominions. As early as 1367 an English Statute of Kilkenny denounced Brehon laws "wicked and damnable". "Lewd" and "unreasonable" are the epithets applied to it by Sir John Davies. "In many things repugning quite both to God's law and man's " is how the poet Edmund Spenser characterized it. The student, however, who views these laws dispassionately today, and merely from a juridical point of view, will find in them, to use the words of the great English jurist Sir Henry Maine, "a very remarkable body of archaic law unusually pure from its origin". It is, in fact, a body of law that reflects for us early Aryan custom in its purity, almost perfectly untainted or uninfluenced by that Roman law which overran so much of the rest of Europe. It is true that Brehon law does bear certain resemblances to Roman law, but they are of the slightest, and not even so strong as its resemblance to the Hindoo codes. It has in truth certain relations to all known bodies of Aryan law from the Tiber to the Ganges, some to the Roman laws of earliest times, some to the Scandinavian, some to the Slavonic, and some particularly strong ones to the Hindoo laws and quite enough to old Germanic law of all kinds "to render valueless", to use the words of Sir Henry Maine, "the comparison which the English observers so constantly institute with the laws of England ". "Much of it", says Maine, "is (now) worthless save for historical purposes, but on some points it really does come close to the most advanced legal doctrines of our day". "There is a singularly close approach", he remarks in another place, "to modern doctrines on the subject of contributory negligence, and I have found it possible to extract from the quaint texts of the 'Book of Acaill' some extremely sensible rulings on the difficult subject of the measure of damages, for which it would he in vain to study the writings of Lord Coke though these last are relatively of much later date ". But he points out how heavily the Brehon Law pays in other respects for this striking anticipation of the modern legal spirit by its too frequent air of fancifulness and unreality and indulgence of imagination. In the "Book of Acaill", for instance, which, as mentioned before, is chiefly concerned with the law of torts, we find four long pages concerned solely with the injuries received from dogs in dogfights — Ireland was famous for its hounds, and dog-fights figure more than once in old Irish literature — setting forth in the most elaborate way all the qualifications of the governing rule required in the case of owners, in the case of spectators, in the case of the "impartial interposer", in the case of the "half-interposer", that is the man who tries to separate the dogs with a bias in favour of one of them, in the case of an accidental onlooker, in the case of a youth under age, and in the case of an idiot. The Brehons, in fact, appear to have never hesitated about inventing or imagining facts upon which to base their theoretical judgments. They endeavour to deal with all cases and all varieties of circumstances, and they have special rules for almost every relation of life and every detail of the social economy. A great number of the cases which come under discussion in the law books appear to be rather problematical than real, cases propounded by a teacher to his pupils to be argued on according to general principles, rather than actual subject for legal discussion. ORIGIN AND GRADUAL GROWTH Ancient Irish law was not produced by a process resembling legislation, but grew up gradually round the dicta and judgments of the most famous Brehons. These Brehons may very well have been in old times the Irish equivalents of the Gaulish Druids. There were only four periods in the entire history of Ireland when special laws were said to have been enacted by legislative authority: first during the reign of that Cormac Mac Airt already mentioned, in the third century; second, when St. Patrick came; third, by Cormac mac Culinan, the King- Bishop of Cashel, who died in 908; and lastly by Brian Boru, about a century later. But the great mass of the Brehon code appears to have been traditional or to have grown with the slow growth of custom. The very first paragraph of the Law of Distress takes us back to a case which happened in the reign of Conn of the Hundred Battles in the second century, and this passage was already so antique at the close of the ninth century that it required a gloss, for Cormac mac Culinan (who died in 908) alludes in his glossary to the gloss upon this passage. There are many allusions in this glossary to the Seanchus Mór , always referring to the glossed text, which must consequently have been in existence before the year 900. The text of the Seanchus Mor relies upon the judgments of famous Brehons such as Sencha in the first century, but there is no allusion in its text to any books or treatises. The gloss, however, is full of such allusions. Fourteen different books of civil law are alluded to in it. Cormac in his glossary alludes to five. Only one of the five alluded to by Cormac is among the fourteen mentioned in the Seanchus Mor. This shows that the number of books upon law must in old times have been legion. They perished, with so much of the rest of Irish literature, under the horrors of the English invasion and the penal laws, when an Irish manuscripts was a source of danger to the possessor. The essential idea of modern law is entirely absent from the Brehons, if by law is meant a command, given by some one possessing authority, to do or to forbear doing a certain thing under pains and penalties. There is no sanction laid down in the Brehon laws against those who violated them, nor did the State provide any such sanction. This was the great inherent weakness of Irish jurisprudence, that it lacked the controlling hand of a strong central government to enforce its decisions. It is a weakness inseparable from a tribal organization in which the idea of the State, which had begun to emerge under the early Irish kings, had been repressed. When a Brehon had heard a case and delivered his judgment, there was no machinery of law set in motion to force the litigant to accept it. The only executive authority in ancient Ireland which lay behind the decision of the judge was the traditional obedience and good sense of the people, and it does not appear that this was ever found wanting. The Brehons never appear to have had any trouble in getting their decisions accepted by the common people. The public appear to have seen to it that the Brehon's decision was always carried out. This was indeed the very essence of democratic government, with no executive authority behind it but the will of the people. There can be no doubt whatever that the system trained an intelligent and law-abiding public. Even Sir John Davies, the Elizabethan jurist, confesses "there is no nation or people under the Sunne that doth love equall and indifferent justice better than the Irish ; or will rest better satisfied with the execution thereof although it be against themselves, so that they may have the protection and benefit of the law when upon just cause they do desire it". INFLUENCE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH UPON BREHON LAW With regard to the influence of the Catholic Church upon Irish law as administered by the Brehons it is difficult to say much that is positive. Its influence was probably greatest in a negative direction. We have seen that the Brehons claimed the sanction of St. Patrick for the laws contained in the Seanchus Mór . We may also take it for granted that it was owing to the introduction of Christianity that Irish law began to be written down. The Gauls, as Caesar tells us, had a superstition about committing their sacred things, which of course included their law, to writing, and if the Irish had the same, as is very probable, it did not survive the introduction of the Christian religion. Then the eric-fine for homicide, although it probably did not owe its origin to Christianity, yet supported itself "as a middle course between forgiveness and retaliation" by the case of one Nuada who had murdered St. Patrick's charioteer, being put to death for his crime and Patrick obtaining heaven for him. "At this day", says the text, "we keep between forgiveness an retaliation, for as at present no one has the power of bestowing heaven, as Patrick had at that day, so no one is put to death for his intentional crimes so long as eric-fine is obtained, and whenever eric-fine is not obtained he is put to death for his intentional crimes, and exposed on the sea for his unintentional crimes." Sir Henry Maine seems to think that the conception of a Will was grafted upon the Brehon Law by the Church, but if this were so, one would have expected that the law terms relating to it would have been derived from Latin sources; this, however, is not so, the terms being of purely native origin. In another most important matter, however, the Law of Contract, the Church may have exercised a greater influence; the sacredness of bequests and of promises being equally important to it as the donee of pious gifts. It is also likely that much of the law relating to the alienation of land, all the land belonging originally to the tribe, was influenced by the Church, and indeed the Church seems to have been the grantee primarily contemplated in these regulations. There is a great mass of jurisdiction relating to its territorial rights, and no doubt this must have affected the outside body of law as well. But all bodies of law are exceedingly unmalleable, and tend to resist the absorption of foreign elements; and Sir Henry Maine's conclusion is that "there has certainly been nothing like an intimate interpenetration of ancient Irish law by Christian principle". Still the effect of Christian principles must certainly have been great, but they were probably powerful as a negative rather than as a positive factor. EXTINGUISHED BY THE ENGLISH The Brehon law code was ultimately extinguished by the English in every part of Ireland. So soon as they conquered a territory they stamped it out, banished or slew the Brehons, and governed the land by English law. It would have been a very inconvenient doctrine for them that the tribe owned the land or that the people had rights as apart from the chief. Whenever a chief made his submission he was recognized as owner and landlord of the territory of the tribe, and the territory was adjudged to descend by primogeniture to his eldest son. In this way the hereditary rights of the mass of the people of Ireland were taken from them, and they were reduced to the rank of ordinary tenants, and, the native nobility being soon exterminated, they mostly fell into the hands of English landlords, and were finally subjected to those rack rents which have made the name of Irish tenant an object of commiseration for so many generations. The Brehon laws remained in force in every part of Ireland where the Irish held sway until the final conquest of the country. It has been shown that the system of land-tenure which the Fitzgeralds found obtaining in Munster in 1170 was left unchanged by them, and the land burdened with no additional charges until their subjugation in 1586. Duald Mac Firbis, the celebrated antiquary, who died in 1670, mentions that even in his own day he had known Irish chieftains who governed their clans according to "the words of Fithal and the Royal Precepts", that is according to the books of the Brehon Law. Amongst the many bitter injustices inflicted upon Ireland and the Irish by the English conquest none has had more cruel or more far-reaching effects than the abrogation of the Brehon law relating to land-tenure and division of property. CONFIRMED: Kobe Bryant and daughter Gianna attended Mass before fatal crash - Celebrity St. Thomas Aquinas Kobe Bryant - a soul transformed by the Catholic faith - Celebrity Saint of the Day for Tuesday, Jan 28th, 2020 Mysteries of the Rosary Unfailing Prayer to St. Anthony Prayer of the Day for Tuesday, Jan 28 Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. 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It derives its name from the Irish word Breitheamh (genitive Breitheamhan , pronounced Brehoon or Brehon) which means a judge. That we have ample means for becoming acquainted with some of the principal provisions of the Brehon code is entirely owing to the labours of two men, O'Curry and O'Donovan, who were the first Irish scholars since the death of the great hereditary Irish antiquarian, Duald Mac Firbis ( murdered by an English settler in 1670), to penetrate and understand the difficult and highly technical language of the ancient law tracts. After much laborious work in the libraries of Trinity College Dublin, in the Royal Irish Academy, in the British Museum, and in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, O'Curry transcribed eight volumes full of the so-called Brehon Laws containing 2,906 pages, and O'Donovan nine more volumes containing 2,491 pages. Nor was their labour by any means exhaustive. There are many more valuable Brehon documents still untranscribed in the library of Trinity College, in the British Museum, and in the Bodleian, and possibly some fragments in the Royal Irish Academy and other repositories. From the labours of O'Donovan and O'Curry the Government published in the Master of the Rolls series five great tomes and a sixth containing a glossary. But these five large volumes do not by any means contain the whole of Irish law literature, which, in its widest sense, that is, including such pieces as the "Book of Rights ", would probably fill at least ten such volumes. CONTENTS OF THE BREHON LAW BOOKS The first two volumes of the Brehon Law, as published, contain the Seanchus Mór (Shanahus More) or "Great Immemorial Custom" which includes a preface to the text, in which we are told the occasion of its being first put together and "purified", and the Law of Distress, a process which always had much influence in Irish legislation. The second volume contains the Law of Hostage Sureties, also a very important item in ancient Irish life, the law of fosterage, of tenure of stock, and of social connections. The third volume contains the important document known as the "Book of Acaill" which is chiefly taken up with the law of torts and injuries. This book professes to be a compilation of the various dicta and judgments of King Cormac Mac Airt who lived in the third century, and of Cennfaeladh, a famous warrior who fought in the Battle of Moyrath (c. 634), and afterwards became a renowned jurist, who lived in the seventh. The fourth and fifth volumes consist of isolated law tracts, on taking possession, on tenancy, right of water, divisions of land, social ranks, the laws relating to poets and their verse, the laws relating to the Church, chiefs, husbandmen, pledges, renewals of covenants, etc. Although all these tracts go commonly under the generic name of the Brehon Laws, they are not really codes of law at all, or at least not essentially so. They are rather the digests or compilations of generations of learned lawyers. The text of the Seanchus Mór , for instance, which is contained in the first two volumes, is comparatively brief. That part of it relating to the law of immediate seizure must, according to M. d'Arbois de Jubainville, have been written before the year 600, but not before the introduction of Christianity into Ireland, which probably took place in the third century. The rest of the Seanchus is not so old. The year 438 is that given by the Irish annalists themselves for the redaction of the Seanchus Mór which according to its own commentary was the joint effort of three kings, of two clerics, of Ross a doctor of the Bérla Féine or legal dialect, of Dubhthach a doctor of literature, of Fergus a doctor of poetry, and of St. Patrick himself, who struck out of it all that "clashed with the law of God ". It is impossible to say how far certain parts of the law may have reached back into antiquity and become stereotyped by usage before they became stereotyped in writing. The text of the Seanchus Mór itself is not extensive. It is the great amount of commentaries written by generations of lawyers upon the text, and then the additional annotations written upon these commentaries by other lawyers, which swells the whole to such a size. IRISH SOCIAL ORGANIZATION We are able to gather fairly well from these books the remains only of what must once have been an immense law literature, the social organization of a pure Aryan people, closely cognate with the ancestors of the modern Gauls, Spaniards, and Britons; and from what we learn of the ancestors of the present Irish people we may deduce a good deal that is probably no less applicable to the other Aryan Celts. Broadly speaking, the country was governed by a ruling class called "Kings", of different grades, the highest being the King of Ireland, and next to these were the nobles or princes called in Irish Flaith (pronounced like flah or floih). In all there were, including kings and flaiths , nominally at least, seven different kinds of aires (arras), or nobles, and provision was carefully made that a wealthy farmer, or peasant grown rich through cattle, could, if he possessed twice the wealth of the lowest of the seven, and had held it for certain generations, become an aire , or noble, of the seventh, or lowest degree. Thus wealth and descent were carefully balanced over against each other. "He is an inferior chief whose father is not a chief", says the law. But it took care at the same time not to close to anyone the avenues to chieftainship. Under ancient Irish law the land did not belong to the king or the chief or the landlord, but to the tribe, and the lowest of the free-tribesmen had as much an inalienable right to his share as had the chief himself. In process of time parts of the tribal territory appear to have become alienated to subtribes or families, and the chief, who always exercised certain administrative duties with respect to the land, appears to have had certain specific portions of the tribal land allotted to himself for his own use, and for the maintenance of his household and relatives. He was in no sense, however, what is now known as a landlord, although the whole tendency of later times was to increase his power at the expense of his tribe and vassals. The great bulk of the ancient Irish cultivators were the Féine (Faina) or free-tribesmen from whom the Brehon law is called in Irish Féineachas , or the "Law of the Free-tribesmen". In process of time many of these in hours of distress naturally found themselves involved in something like pecuniary transactions with their head-chiefs, and, owing to poverty, or for some other reason, were driven to borrow or accept cattle from them, either for milk or tillage. These tribesmen then became the chieftain's céiles (kailas) or vassals. They were known as Saer-stock and Daer-stock Céiles . The Saer-stock tenant — saer means free in the Irish language — accepted only a limited amount of stock; and retained his tribal rights, always most carefully guarded by the Brehon law, in their integrity. But the Daer-stock — daer means unfree — tenant, who took stock from his chief, became liable for heavier but still carefully defined duties. For instance for every three heifers deposited with him by his chief, he became liable to pay his chief the "proportionate stock of a calf of the value of a sack with its accompaniments", and refections for three persons in the summer, and work for three days. The tribesman, it will be observed, by accepting stock from his chief parted to some extent with his freedom, but his interests were carefully looked after by law, and it was provided that after food-rent and service had been rendered for seven years, if the chief should die, the tenant should become entitled to the stock deposited with him. If, on the other hand, the tenant died, his heirs were partly relieved from their obligation. It will be observed that while this to some extent resembles the well-known Metayer system, so common on the continent of Europe, where the landlord supplies the stock and the land, and the tenant the labour and the skill, it differs from it in this, namely that in Ireland the saer- and daer-stock farmer did not supply the land, which was theirs by right of their free tribesmanship. In this way, namely, by accepting stock from their overlords, a rent-paying class grew up in Ireland, to which undoubtedly in time a large proportion of the ancient Irish came to belong, but the rent was paid not for the land but for the chief's property deposited with the tenant. But outside of the Free-tribesman (the Féine and Céile ) there grew up gradually a class of tenants who were not free, who in fact must have been in something very like a state of servitude. These were known by the name of fuidirs or bothachs , i.e. cottiers. They appear to have been principally composed of broken men, outcasts from foreign tribes, fugitives from justice, and the like, who, driven out of or forsaking their own tribes, sought refuge under some other chief. These men must have been natural objects of suspicion if not of detestation to the free tribesmen, and, being themselves absolutely helpless, and having no tribal rights of their own, they became entirely dependent upon their chief, who settled them down upon the outlying or waste lands of the tribe, or possibly at times upon his own separate land which as chief he held in severalty, and imposed upon them far heavier tolls or rents than the law permitted to be exacted from any other members of the tribe. As Ireland became more troubled by Northmen, Normans, and English, this class of tenant increased in numbers, so many tribes were broken or destroyed, and the survivors dispersed to find refuge in other tribes and under other chiefs. In this way there grew up gradually, even under Irish law, a body of tenants to whom their chiefs must have stood in the light of something like English landlords. THE IRISH FAMILY OR FINE A curious Irish social unit was the fine (finna), consisting of one group of five persons and three groups of four, all males. The head of the family, called the ceann-fine (Kan-finna), and four members made up the first group, called geil-fine , the other three groups of four each were called deirbh-fine ( true family ), iar-fine (after family ), and inn-fine (end family ). On the birth of a new male member in the geil-fine the eldest member of the group was moved up into the next four (the deirbh-fine ), and one out of that four into the next four, and one out of the last four was moved out of the fine altogether, into the clan, or sept, this last male thereby ceasing to be a member of the family, or fine. The sept, to use the English term, sprang from the family, or the family after some generations grew into the sept and then into the clan, contracting a greater share of artificiality in proportion to its enlargement. Because, while all the members of the sept could actually point to a common descent, the descent from a single ancestor in the case of the whole tribe was more or less founded upon fiction. The portion of territory ruled over by a sub-king was called tuath (too-a) and contained within it, at all events in later times, members of different descents. The chief, both of the tuath and the sept, was elected by the tribe or clansmen. The law of primogeniture did not obtain in Ireland, and the selection was made of the man who being of the chieftain's near blood could best defend the tribe and lead it in both war and peace. "The head of every tribe", says the Brehon Law tract the Cain Aigillne , "should be the man of the tribe who is the most experienced, the most notable, the most wealthy, the most learned, the most truly popular, the most powerful to oppose, the most steadfast to sue for profits and to be sued for losses." As early as the third century, in a well-known piece of Irish literature, Cairbre, afterwards King of Ireland, is depicted as asking his father Cormac Mac Airt the question: "For what qualifications is a king elected over countries and tribes of people?" And Cormac in his answer embodied the views of practically every clan in Ireland down to the beginning of the seventeenth century. "He is chosen", said the king, "from the goodness of his shape and family, from his experience and wisdom, from his prudence and magnanimity, from his eloquence and bravery in battle, and from the number of his friends." He was, however, always chosen from the near kindred of the reigning chieftain. IRISH CRIMINAL LAW There seems to have been no hard and fast line drawn between civil and criminal offences in the Brehon law. They were both sued for in the same way before a Brehon, who heard the case argued, and either acquitted or else found guilty and assessed the fine. In the case of a crime committed by an individual all the sept were liable. If the offence were one against the person, and the criminal happened to die, then the liability of the sept was wiped out, for, according to the maxim, "the crime dies with the criminal". If, however, the offence had been one causing damage to property or causing material loss, then the sept remained still liable for it, even after the death of the criminal. This regulation resulted in every member of the sept having a direct interest in suppressing crime. There was always a fine inflicted for manslaughter, even unpremeditated, which was called an eric. If the manslaughter was premeditated, or what we would call murder, the eric was doubled, and it was distributed to the relatives of the slain in the proportion to which they were entitled to inherit his property. If the eric were not paid, then the injured person or family had a right to put the criminal to death. This acceptance of a blood-fine or eric for murder was a great source of scandal to the English, but, as Keating points out in the preface to his history of Ireland written in Irish, it was really a beneficent and logical institution, made necessary by the number of tribes into which Ireland was divided. Nor was the punishment, though short of the capital one, by any means light, and it at least insured compensation to the murdered man's relatives, a compensation amounting to the entire "honour-price" of the murderer. For every man, from king to fuidir (the lowest class of tenant), had what was in Irish law termed his eineachlan , or honour-price, and this was forfeited in part or in whole, according to well-defined rules for various crimes. It was always forfeited for taking human life. Clergy we find more heavily punished than laymen. A man of high rank was always fined more than one of low rank for the same misdemeanour. An assault on a person of rank was more severely punished than one on an ordinary man. Fines for crimes against the person were particularly heavy; two cows, for instance, was the fine for a blow which raised a lump but did not draw the blood. The punishments awarded by the Brehons were of a most humane character. There is no trace of torture or of ordeal in ancient Irish law. FREE Catholic Classes Pick a class, you can learn anything From the earliest times in which the English invaders made the acquaintance of the Brehon law system they denounced it with the most unsparing invective. But all the Norman chiefs who ruled over Irish tribal lands governed their territories by it in preference to English law, and in Elizabeth's reign the great Shane O'Neill pointed out with bitter irony that if his Irish laws were so barbarous as the queen's ministers alleged, it was passing strange that three hundred families had migrated from the English pale and the beneficent operations of English law to take refuge in his dominions. As early as 1367 an English Statute of Kilkenny denounced Brehon laws "wicked and damnable". "Lewd" and "unreasonable" are the epithets applied to it by Sir John Davies. "In many things repugning quite both to God's law and man's " is how the poet Edmund Spenser characterized it. The student, however, who views these laws dispassionately today, and merely from a juridical point of view, will find in them, to use the words of the great English jurist Sir Henry Maine, "a very remarkable body of archaic law unusually pure from its origin". It is, in fact, a body of law that reflects for us early Aryan custom in its purity, almost perfectly untainted or uninfluenced by that Roman law which overran so much of the rest of Europe. It is true that Brehon law does bear certain resemblances to Roman law, but they are of the slightest, and not even so strong as its resemblance to the Hindoo codes. It has in truth certain relations to all known bodies of Aryan law from the Tiber to the Ganges, some to the Roman laws of earliest times, some to the Scandinavian, some to the Slavonic, and some particularly strong ones to the Hindoo laws and quite enough to old Germanic law of all kinds "to render valueless", to use the words of Sir Henry Maine, "the comparison which the English observers so constantly institute with the laws of England ". "Much of it", says Maine, "is (now) worthless save for historical purposes, but on some points it really does come close to the most advanced legal doctrines of our day". "There is a singularly close approach", he remarks in another place, "to modern doctrines on the subject of contributory negligence, and I have found it possible to extract from the quaint texts of the 'Book of Acaill' some extremely sensible rulings on the difficult subject of the measure of damages, for which it would he in vain to study the writings of Lord Coke though these last are relatively of much later date ". But he points out how heavily the Brehon Law pays in other respects for this striking anticipation of the modern legal spirit by its too frequent air of fancifulness and unreality and indulgence of imagination. In the "Book of Acaill", for instance, which, as mentioned before, is chiefly concerned with the law of torts, we find four long pages concerned solely with the injuries received from dogs in dogfights — Ireland was famous for its hounds, and dog-fights figure more than once in old Irish literature — setting forth in the most elaborate way all the qualifications of the governing rule required in the case of owners, in the case of spectators, in the case of the "impartial interposer", in the case of the "half-interposer", that is the man who tries to separate the dogs with a bias in favour of one of them, in the case of an accidental onlooker, in the case of a youth under age, and in the case of an idiot. The Brehons, in fact, appear to have never hesitated about inventing or imagining facts upon which to base their theoretical judgments. They endeavour to deal with all cases and all varieties of circumstances, and they have special rules for almost every relation of life and every detail of the social economy. A great number of the cases which come under discussion in the law books appear to be rather problematical than real, cases propounded by a teacher to his pupils to be argued on according to general principles, rather than actual subject for legal discussion. ORIGIN AND GRADUAL GROWTH Ancient Irish law was not produced by a process resembling legislation, but grew up gradually round the dicta and judgments of the most famous Brehons. These Brehons may very well have been in old times the Irish equivalents of the Gaulish Druids. There were only four periods in the entire history of Ireland when special laws were said to have been enacted by legislative authority: first during the reign of that Cormac Mac Airt already mentioned, in the third century; second, when St. Patrick came; third, by Cormac mac Culinan, the King- Bishop of Cashel, who died in 908; and lastly by Brian Boru, about a century later. But the great mass of the Brehon code appears to have been traditional or to have grown with the slow growth of custom. The very first paragraph of the Law of Distress takes us back to a case which happened in the reign of Conn of the Hundred Battles in the second century, and this passage was already so antique at the close of the ninth century that it required a gloss, for Cormac mac Culinan (who died in 908) alludes in his glossary to the gloss upon this passage. There are many allusions in this glossary to the Seanchus Mór , always referring to the glossed text, which must consequently have been in existence before the year 900. The text of the Seanchus Mor relies upon the judgments of famous Brehons such as Sencha in the first century, but there is no allusion in its text to any books or treatises. The gloss, however, is full of such allusions. Fourteen different books of civil law are alluded to in it. Cormac in his glossary alludes to five. Only one of the five alluded to by Cormac is among the fourteen mentioned in the Seanchus Mor. This shows that the number of books upon law must in old times have been legion. They perished, with so much of the rest of Irish literature, under the horrors of the English invasion and the penal laws, when an Irish manuscripts was a source of danger to the possessor. The essential idea of modern law is entirely absent from the Brehons, if by law is meant a command, given by some one possessing authority, to do or to forbear doing a certain thing under pains and penalties. There is no sanction laid down in the Brehon laws against those who violated them, nor did the State provide any such sanction. This was the great inherent weakness of Irish jurisprudence, that it lacked the controlling hand of a strong central government to enforce its decisions. It is a weakness inseparable from a tribal organization in which the idea of the State, which had begun to emerge under the early Irish kings, had been repressed. When a Brehon had heard a case and delivered his judgment, there was no machinery of law set in motion to force the litigant to accept it. The only executive authority in ancient Ireland which lay behind the decision of the judge was the traditional obedience and good sense of the people, and it does not appear that this was ever found wanting. The Brehons never appear to have had any trouble in getting their decisions accepted by the common people. The public appear to have seen to it that the Brehon's decision was always carried out. This was indeed the very essence of democratic government, with no executive authority behind it but the will of the people. There can be no doubt whatever that the system trained an intelligent and law-abiding public. Even Sir John Davies, the Elizabethan jurist, confesses "there is no nation or people under the Sunne that doth love equall and indifferent justice better than the Irish ; or will rest better satisfied with the execution thereof although it be against themselves, so that they may have the protection and benefit of the law when upon just cause they do desire it". INFLUENCE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH UPON BREHON LAW With regard to the influence of the Catholic Church upon Irish law as administered by the Brehons it is difficult to say much that is positive. Its influence was probably greatest in a negative direction. We have seen that the Brehons claimed the sanction of St. Patrick for the laws contained in the Seanchus Mór . We may also take it for granted that it was owing to the introduction of Christianity that Irish law began to be written down. The Gauls, as Caesar tells us, had a superstition about committing their sacred things, which of course included their law, to writing, and if the Irish had the same, as is very probable, it did not survive the introduction of the Christian religion. Then the eric-fine for homicide, although it probably did not owe its origin to Christianity, yet supported itself "as a middle course between forgiveness and retaliation" by the case of one Nuada who had murdered St. Patrick's charioteer, being put to death for his crime and Patrick obtaining heaven for him. "At this day", says the text, "we keep between forgiveness an retaliation, for as at present no one has the power of bestowing heaven, as Patrick had at that day, so no one is put to death for his intentional crimes so long as eric-fine is obtained, and whenever eric-fine is not obtained he is put to death for his intentional crimes, and exposed on the sea for his unintentional crimes." Sir Henry Maine seems to think that the conception of a Will was grafted upon the Brehon Law by the Church, but if this were so, one would have expected that the law terms relating to it would have been derived from Latin sources; this, however, is not so, the terms being of purely native origin. In another most important matter, however, the Law of Contract, the Church may have exercised a greater influence; the sacredness of bequests and of promises being equally important to it as the donee of pious gifts. It is also likely that much of the law relating to the alienation of land, all the land belonging originally to the tribe, was influenced by the Church, and indeed the Church seems to have been the grantee primarily contemplated in these regulations. There is a great mass of jurisdiction relating to its territorial rights, and no doubt this must have affected the outside body of law as well. But all bodies of law are exceedingly unmalleable, and tend to resist the absorption of foreign elements; and Sir Henry Maine's conclusion is that "there has certainly been nothing like an intimate interpenetration of ancient Irish law by Christian principle". Still the effect of Christian principles must certainly have been great, but they were probably powerful as a negative rather than as a positive factor. EXTINGUISHED BY THE ENGLISH The Brehon law code was ultimately extinguished by the English in every part of Ireland. So soon as they conquered a territory they stamped it out, banished or slew the Brehons, and governed the land by English law. It would have been a very inconvenient doctrine for them that the tribe owned the land or that the people had rights as apart from the chief. Whenever a chief made his submission he was recognized as owner and landlord of the territory of the tribe, and the territory was adjudged to descend by primogeniture to his eldest son. In this way the hereditary rights of the mass of the people of Ireland were taken from them, and they were reduced to the rank of ordinary tenants, and, the native nobility being soon exterminated, they mostly fell into the hands of English landlords, and were finally subjected to those rack rents which have made the name of Irish tenant an object of commiseration for so many generations. The Brehon laws remained in force in every part of Ireland where the Irish held sway until the final conquest of the country. It has been shown that the system of land-tenure which the Fitzgeralds found obtaining in Munster in 1170 was left unchanged by them, and the land burdened with no additional charges until their subjugation in 1586. Duald Mac Firbis, the celebrated antiquary, who died in 1670, mentions that even in his own day he had known Irish chieftains who governed their clans according to "the words of Fithal and the Royal Precepts", that is according to the books of the Brehon Law. Amongst the many bitter injustices inflicted upon Ireland and the Irish by the English conquest none has had more cruel or more far-reaching effects than the abrogation of the Brehon law relating to land-tenure and division of property. CONFIRMED: Kobe Bryant and daughter Gianna attended Mass before fatal crash - Celebrity St. Thomas Aquinas Kobe Bryant - a soul transformed by the Catholic faith - Celebrity Saint of the Day for Tuesday, Jan 28th, 2020 Mysteries of the Rosary Unfailing Prayer to St. Anthony Prayer of the Day for Tuesday, Jan 28 Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. All materials contained on this site, whether written, audible or visual are the exclusive property of Catholic Online and are protected under U.S. and International copyright laws, © Copyright 2020 Catholic Online. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. 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Born: 2 March 1836 in Berlin, Germany Died: 16 June 1910 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany Click the picture above to see two larger pictures to see two larger pictures \|Main Index\|\|Biographies index\| Julius Weingarten was born in Germany, but his family were Polish and had emigrated to Germany. He certainly did not come from an academic family for his father was a weaver, and the family were not well off which would have a serious effect on the whole of Weingarten's career. Weingarten attended the Municipal Trade School in Berlin. He completed his studies there in 1852 and, in the same year, he entered the University of Berlin to embark on a course of study which involved mainly mathematics and physics. At the University of Berlin Weingarten attended lectures on potential theory given by Dirichlet. These lectures were particularly inspiring and, although this would not be Weingarten's main area of research, he continued to work, from time to time, on problems related to this topic throughout his career. He also studied chemistry at the Berlin Gewerbeinstitut (the Institute for Crafts) during these years. Coming from a poor family Weingarten did not have the financial support to allow him to complete his doctorate at Berlin without earning his living so, in 1858, he began teaching at a school in Berlin. Despite having to work as a teacher at various schools while he undertook research, his work on the theory of surfaces progressed remarkably well. In fact the work was of such quality that Weingarten received a prize for work on the lines of curvature of a surface in 1857. In 1864 he received a doctorate from the University of Halle for the same work which had won him the prize from the University of Berlin, but he had been far from idle over the years for he had published other important work on the theory of surfaces. The theory of surfaces was the most important topic in differential geometry and :- ... one of its main problems was that of stating all the surfaces isometric to a given surface. The only class of such surfaces known before Weingarten consisted of the developable surfaces isometric to the plane.In 1863 Weingarten was able to make a major step forward in the topic when he gave a class of surfaces isometric to a given surface of revolution. Surfaces of constant mean curvature or constant Gaussian curvature are now called the Weingarten surfaces. Having produced work of outstanding quality, while one must remember he was teaching in schools, it would be reasonable to expect that Weingarten would find a good academic post. However, this was not easy at that time except for those who had the necessary funds to allow them the luxury of starting an academic career with little income. Weingarten had to take the option which would provide him with an income so he accepted a rather unsatisfactory position at the Bauakademie in Berlin. Weingarten was promoted to professor at the Bauakademie in 1871 but left the rather unsatisfactory post to take on what was another rather unsatisfactory position at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin. By 1902, at the age of 66, his health began to fail and for that reason he moved to Friburg im Breisgau where he was appointed as an honorary professor. He taught there until 1908 in what was in many ways the most satisfactory of his teaching positions. Weingarten's work on the infinitesimal deformation of surfaces, undertaken around 1886, was praised by Darboux who included it in his four volume treatise on the theory of surfaces. In fact Darboux said that Weingarten's work was worthy of Gauss, a compliment indeed. The interest which Darboux showed in his work, encouraged Weingarten to push his results further and he wrote a long paper which won the Grand Prix of the Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1894. The work was published in Acta mathematica in 1897 and was another major step forward in solving the problems on which Weingarten had worked all his life. In this work he reduced the problem of finding all surfaces isometric to a given surface to the problem of determining all solutions to a partial differential equation of the Monge-Ampère type. Darboux was not the only leading mathematician in Weingarten's time who was also interested in the theory of surfaces. Another was Bianchi and a major correspondence grew up between Weingarten and Bianchi. In fact in , which is a 304 page book containing all Bianchi's correspondence, the most extensive correspondence of all is the one with Weingarten. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F RobertsonClick on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page List of References (5 books/articles) Mathematicians born in the same country Other Web sites - Dictionary of Scientific Biography - Mathematical Genealogy Project - MathSciNet Author profile - zbMATH entry - ERAM Jahrbuch entry	<urn:uuid:f63ecd35-c219-4aeb-8cf1-5d22d42f73a0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Weingarten.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00102.warc.gz	en	0.983418	1,061	3.28125	3	[ -0.3753058910369873, 0.47433048486709595, 0.29397696256637573, 0.16730552911758423, -0.12564003467559814, 0.2845919728279114, -0.02953587844967842, 0.4500052332878113, -0.45308494567871094, -0.6134600043296814, -0.14017486572265625, -0.7197834253311157, 0.0335882306098938, 0.53087985515594...	1	Born: 2 March 1836 in Berlin, Germany Died: 16 June 1910 in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany Click the picture above to see two larger pictures to see two larger pictures \|Main Index\|\|Biographies index\| Julius Weingarten was born in Germany, but his family were Polish and had emigrated to Germany. He certainly did not come from an academic family for his father was a weaver, and the family were not well off which would have a serious effect on the whole of Weingarten's career. Weingarten attended the Municipal Trade School in Berlin. He completed his studies there in 1852 and, in the same year, he entered the University of Berlin to embark on a course of study which involved mainly mathematics and physics. At the University of Berlin Weingarten attended lectures on potential theory given by Dirichlet. These lectures were particularly inspiring and, although this would not be Weingarten's main area of research, he continued to work, from time to time, on problems related to this topic throughout his career. He also studied chemistry at the Berlin Gewerbeinstitut (the Institute for Crafts) during these years. Coming from a poor family Weingarten did not have the financial support to allow him to complete his doctorate at Berlin without earning his living so, in 1858, he began teaching at a school in Berlin. Despite having to work as a teacher at various schools while he undertook research, his work on the theory of surfaces progressed remarkably well. In fact the work was of such quality that Weingarten received a prize for work on the lines of curvature of a surface in 1857. In 1864 he received a doctorate from the University of Halle for the same work which had won him the prize from the University of Berlin, but he had been far from idle over the years for he had published other important work on the theory of surfaces. The theory of surfaces was the most important topic in differential geometry and :- ... one of its main problems was that of stating all the surfaces isometric to a given surface. The only class of such surfaces known before Weingarten consisted of the developable surfaces isometric to the plane.In 1863 Weingarten was able to make a major step forward in the topic when he gave a class of surfaces isometric to a given surface of revolution. Surfaces of constant mean curvature or constant Gaussian curvature are now called the Weingarten surfaces. Having produced work of outstanding quality, while one must remember he was teaching in schools, it would be reasonable to expect that Weingarten would find a good academic post. However, this was not easy at that time except for those who had the necessary funds to allow them the luxury of starting an academic career with little income. Weingarten had to take the option which would provide him with an income so he accepted a rather unsatisfactory position at the Bauakademie in Berlin. Weingarten was promoted to professor at the Bauakademie in 1871 but left the rather unsatisfactory post to take on what was another rather unsatisfactory position at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin. By 1902, at the age of 66, his health began to fail and for that reason he moved to Friburg im Breisgau where he was appointed as an honorary professor. He taught there until 1908 in what was in many ways the most satisfactory of his teaching positions. Weingarten's work on the infinitesimal deformation of surfaces, undertaken around 1886, was praised by Darboux who included it in his four volume treatise on the theory of surfaces. In fact Darboux said that Weingarten's work was worthy of Gauss, a compliment indeed. The interest which Darboux showed in his work, encouraged Weingarten to push his results further and he wrote a long paper which won the Grand Prix of the Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1894. The work was published in Acta mathematica in 1897 and was another major step forward in solving the problems on which Weingarten had worked all his life. In this work he reduced the problem of finding all surfaces isometric to a given surface to the problem of determining all solutions to a partial differential equation of the Monge-Ampère type. Darboux was not the only leading mathematician in Weingarten's time who was also interested in the theory of surfaces. Another was Bianchi and a major correspondence grew up between Weingarten and Bianchi. In fact in , which is a 304 page book containing all Bianchi's correspondence, the most extensive correspondence of all is the one with Weingarten. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F RobertsonClick on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page List of References (5 books/articles) Mathematicians born in the same country Other Web sites - Dictionary of Scientific Biography - Mathematical Genealogy Project - MathSciNet Author profile - zbMATH entry - ERAM Jahrbuch entry	1,086	ENGLISH	1
Mile End is recorded in 1288 as ’La Mile ende’ and means ’the hamlet a mile away’. It was a mile distance from Aldgate in the City of London as reached by the London to Colchester road. In around 1691 Mile End became known as Mile End Old Town because a new unconnected settlement to the west and adjacent to Spitalfields had taken the name Mile End New Town. Excavations have suggested there were very few buildings before 1300. Mile End Road moved to its present-day alignment after the foundation of Bow Bridge in 1110. In the medieval period, it was known as ‘Aldgatestrete’, as it led to the eastern entrance to the City of London at Aldgate. The area running alongside Mile End Road was known as Mile End Green, and became known as a place of assembly for Londoners, as reflected in the name of Assembly Passage For most of the medieval period, this road was surrounded by open fields on either side. Speculative developments existed by the end of the 16th century and continued throughout the 18th century. It developed as an area of working and lower-class housing, often occupied by immigrants and migrants new to the city. Mile End was hit by the first V-1 flying bomb to strike London. On 13 June 1944, this ’doodlebug’ impacted next to the railway bridge on Grove Road Mile End underground station was opened in 1902 by the Whitechapel & Bow Railway. Electrified services started in 1905. The first services were provided by the District Railway (now the District line); the Metropolitan line followed in 1936 In 1988 this section of the Metropolitan was renamed the Hammersmith & City line. In 1946 the station was expanded and rebuilt by the Chief Architect of London Underground, Stanley Heaps and his assistant Thomas Bilbow, as part of the Central line eastern extension, with services starting on 4 December 1946.	<urn:uuid:f50d79fc-6c38-41a8-b612-4688b51fb786>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://theundergroundmap.com/article.html?id=3733	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00025.warc.gz	en	0.985881	412	3.609375	4	[ 0.05184227600693703, -0.43830856680870056, 0.7255948185920715, 0.45838725566864014, -0.04168592020869255, 0.07378772646188736, -0.6526132822036743, -0.03262526914477348, -0.15874749422073364, -0.0960497111082077, 0.27494046092033386, -0.3797527551651001, -0.30893537402153015, 0.22545604407...	1	Mile End is recorded in 1288 as ’La Mile ende’ and means ’the hamlet a mile away’. It was a mile distance from Aldgate in the City of London as reached by the London to Colchester road. In around 1691 Mile End became known as Mile End Old Town because a new unconnected settlement to the west and adjacent to Spitalfields had taken the name Mile End New Town. Excavations have suggested there were very few buildings before 1300. Mile End Road moved to its present-day alignment after the foundation of Bow Bridge in 1110. In the medieval period, it was known as ‘Aldgatestrete’, as it led to the eastern entrance to the City of London at Aldgate. The area running alongside Mile End Road was known as Mile End Green, and became known as a place of assembly for Londoners, as reflected in the name of Assembly Passage For most of the medieval period, this road was surrounded by open fields on either side. Speculative developments existed by the end of the 16th century and continued throughout the 18th century. It developed as an area of working and lower-class housing, often occupied by immigrants and migrants new to the city. Mile End was hit by the first V-1 flying bomb to strike London. On 13 June 1944, this ’doodlebug’ impacted next to the railway bridge on Grove Road Mile End underground station was opened in 1902 by the Whitechapel & Bow Railway. Electrified services started in 1905. The first services were provided by the District Railway (now the District line); the Metropolitan line followed in 1936 In 1988 this section of the Metropolitan was renamed the Hammersmith & City line. In 1946 the station was expanded and rebuilt by the Chief Architect of London Underground, Stanley Heaps and his assistant Thomas Bilbow, as part of the Central line eastern extension, with services starting on 4 December 1946.	441	ENGLISH	1
- Join over 1.2 million students every month - Accelerate your learning by 29% - Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month AS and A Level: John Steinbeck Meet our team of inspirational teachers John Steinbeck's biography - 1 John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902. His family owned land in the area so he spent a lot of time outdoors and had a strong appreciation for the natural world. - 2 Most of his early work is set in Southern California and describes the life of people working on the land. Many of his novels, including Of Mice and Men, are set in this area and portray the lives of working men and women. The natural world he describes is beautiful, but it is also wild and can be cruel and savage. - 3 In his early novels Steinbeck portrays a world of men, and violence is a common occurrence. His female characters have little status, reflecting the role of women at the time. - 4 During the war years Steinbeck worked for the American government and in 1943 he went to Europe as a war correspondent for the New York Herald Tribune. He lived the latter part of his life in New York where he died in 1968. - 5 The title of Of Mice and Men is taken from Robert Burns’ famous poem To A Mouse, On Turning Her Up In Her Nest With The Plough (1785). The last line of the poem refers to things often going wrong and Steinbeck links this to the poor men whose plans were often wrecked by an unkind fate. Five facts about 'Of Mice and Men' - 1 It was first published in America in 1937. In the same year it was adapted as a stage play and later as a film. The novel is short and has only a few characters. There are no chapters but the action is broken up into six distinct parts which made it easy to adapt for the stage. - 2 The novel is set in the 1930s which was a period of economic depression. During this time of failed businesses, harsh poverty and long-term unemployment, hoards of migrant workers went to California in search of work. Men travelled alone, moving from ranch to ranch on short-term, poorly paid contracts. - 3 By setting the novel on the ranch, Steinbeck shows the reader a microcosm of 1930s American society and portrays the life of the migrant workers in California at the time of the depression. Workers, like George and Lennie, were hoping to earn enough money to settle down on their own piece of land. - 4 Steinbeck has a distinctive style and structure; the novel starts and finishes with the same description and setting, and each section opens with a specific description of a scene which establishes the setting of place and mood. - 5 As each character enters we get a brief physical description of him/her. Aspects of the characters are conveyed through their actions, their dialogue and how they respond to each other. Writing about 'Of Mice and Men' - 1 When studying the novel it is important to know the social, cultural and historical background of the text. Having this knowledge will help you better understand why Steinbeck has included his characters and how they relate to the themes. - 2 Characters in the text are revealed through a variety of stylistic features: description, narrative style and how they communicate with each other. All of these features are so that the reader can empathise with the characters. - 3 There are several themes running throughout the novel: loneliness, friendship, isolation, prejudice, and dreams; and you must understand how the themes are woven through the text and how they link directly to the characters and the society portrayed in the novel. For example, Curley’s wife links to the theme of loneliness because she is the only woman on the ranch and has no-one with whom to talk. - 4 You must be able to analyse how Steinbeck has used language to create effects – some of his description and storytelling reads almost like stage directions through which he creates a strong sense of atmosphere and mood. This analysis of language is needed to achieve a high grade. - 5 You must develop your own critical sense and personal response to the novel, showing that you have thought about it, and that you have ideas and reactions of your own, not just those of your teacher. You must never write to a formula or try to recreate an essay you have previously done; you must approach every essay with a fresh, open mind. Of mice and men - Show how the constant suggestion and realisation of anger and violence makes this a gripping story. First Lennie neglects where they are going and George constantly has to prompt him, corresponding to that George detects Lennie's got a inanimate mouse in his pocket but the only reason George is mad at this point is, as the reader finds out later on in the book, Lennie does not know his own strength, even though he loves 'pettin' small animals such as mice, he keeps exterminating them, "... You've broke it pettin' it.... you always killed 'em." All this about the dead mouse is significant to the manslaughter of Curley's wife, whom due to the sexist character of the male workers on the ranch has not been given a name. - Word count: 2911 George is amking a big effort to protect, advise and save Lennie from the dangers of life. George and Lennie had to escape from Weed due to Lennie�s ununtentionally aggressive behaviour towars a woman. George warns Lennie about everything. Foe example, when he told Lennie ��hide till I come for you. Don�t let nobody see you.�� This type of advice is of the sort George tells him constantly so he doesn�t forget the simple issue of what or where to go in case of getting involved in a problem. Another characteristic sign of George�s father figure behaviour is when George is tired of having to listen to Lennie�s complaints about everything. - Word count: 931 The film shows a threshing machine on the ranch, which is showing that the men on the ranch are forced to work at un-human rate; they are working at the pace of the machine. In the book the macrocosm and microcosm reflect on each other. In the film pools of light are used to insolate people for example: whilst George is seeing to Lennie's wounds and whilst Crooks is alone in his room. The idea of Crooks joining the dream has been omitted from the film. - Word count: 777 The Killing of Candy’s Old Dog For Foreshadowed Lennie’s death. Describe the two killings and point out any similarities. Carlson persuades Candy to let him shoot the dog with his lugar and says he will shoot him at the back of his head so he won't feel it at all. Whit and Slim tried to change the subject but Carlson wouldn't be put off and kept on persisting. Candy eventually gave up and disappointingly agreed. Carlson then put the dog out of his misery. Afterwards candy felt the guilt of not shooting the dog himself and told George " I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldn't ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog." - Word count: 1347 It was a warm summers night and Carlson, Fredrick, Slim, George and Curly were at a tavern in Soledad. The tavern was lit brightly and it was swarming with men. "You're pretty lucky, that's what you are," replied the girl, " most guys, I know, get their entire han' cut off. In fact, I ain't never met a guy, who's han' was spared from a machine before." Curly was suddenly uneasy. He wasn't sure whether Rose knew it was all a lie or whether she was just curious. Thinking hard, yet quickly, it struck him, he could use the story of the fight to his advantage and impress this girl. - Word count: 797 Although there are social outcasts on the ranch who are not allowed to socialise with the others. This can be because of their skin colour or maybe even just for the fact that nobody likes them. I am now going to focus on four characters in the novel, exploring how, and explaining why each of them is lonely. The four characters are George Milton, Old Candy, Crooks and Curley's Wife. The first character who I am going to talk about is Old Candy. - Word count: 3247 I remember the old days when I use to swimming in the lake on those hot summer days, but I would go near it now with all the pollution, which has been pumped, into it. "Where are we going to start our search?" George asked " On the top floor, follow me" I locked the car and headed to the door. Weeds and insects have taken over the hotel now. Nettles grew up from the floorboards. We entered... Outside the rain stopped, but how long I asked myself The hotel was very quite accepted of the noises of the insects, too quite in my opinion. - Word count: 2507 It is at this point when Guy calls Bruno crazy. Bruno begins to invade Guys life after murdering Miriam, as he wants Guy to kill his father. Bruno has a close up shot done of his hands when his mother is acting as though she is his servant and this shows that Bruno has no respect for his mother, but more than his father. This is shown when Bruno says that his mothers painting looks just like his father. Bruno's mother's painting is very strange and sinister, and could symbolise that Bruno's mother has a twisted mind too. - Word count: 832 How does the beginning of 'Of mice and men' differ from chapters one and two of the novel? Why do you think these changes have been made? How successful do you think the start of the film is? Candy shows the men to their bunkhouse, which is very basic. Lennie and George meet the boss of the ranch who is angry with them for not being at the ranch the night before, so they could work the next morning like their wok cards told them to. Lennie has a run in with the boss's son Curley who sets on Lennie when he doesn't say anything to him, as George told Lennie the previous night to keep his mouth shut. George and Lennie meet Slim and the other characters from the ranch. - Word count: 2129 This raises alarm and he and George are forced to hide in a pool of water before they could run away at night. Lennie is a very strange person, not only is he very simple minded but he is also very complicated. He can be very gentle and then flare up with emotion. For example, after George threw his mouse away Lennie started to cry "Lennie's lip quivered and tears started in his eyes." Although he may be simple minded he very much possesses a conscience. - Word count: 1100 The 25-year-old ranch worker unlike his surname is big in size, has a round face and is retarded. He attempted to rape the young weak Sally whom had just visited her father at his ranch to give him his lunch. When she delivered her fathers lunch she went and sat peacefully at the ranch gate. There stood Lennie who attacked her and attempted to rape her. - Word count: 419 Its safe and hidden away so I could easily find him! But if it comes to that, if he messes up again. I'll kill him, I'm sure I will. I've had my full of him and I don't think I have much patience left! Oh yeah, he made me tell him yet again about the house we're gonna get. Him and his rabbits. He always makes me remind him about our house and his damned rabbits! I love thinking about what our life will be like too when we get the house but he drives me crazy, having to remind him every two seconds. - Word count: 2883 Although it seems as though Lennie is dependent on George, this is not the case. I believe that George, enjoys the company of Lennie; however a burden he may seem. Together they both hold the goal of accomplishing the ?American dream? This dream is what boosts both Lennie and George to go on. Lennie is set on ?tending rabbits? while George could have more freedom in general. Steinbeck places importance on these two and dream, while we believe they will be successful as the story develops. - Word count: 1948	<urn:uuid:70a6119d-bbd7-42b4-8f8d-8200152f9e4c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/english/english-literature/prose/modern/john-steinbeck/?p=4	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00511.warc.gz	en	0.980681	2,624	3.390625	3	[ 0.024212554097175598, 0.12305998057126999, 0.22793446481227875, -0.2805345058441162, -0.05542521923780441, -0.1172061562538147, -0.521571159362793, 0.2812427282333374, 0.07571570575237274, -0.31112033128738403, 0.1527116298675537, 0.24701419472694397, -0.027514778077602386, -0.160931199789...	3	- Join over 1.2 million students every month - Accelerate your learning by 29% - Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month AS and A Level: John Steinbeck Meet our team of inspirational teachers John Steinbeck's biography - 1 John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California in 1902. His family owned land in the area so he spent a lot of time outdoors and had a strong appreciation for the natural world. - 2 Most of his early work is set in Southern California and describes the life of people working on the land. Many of his novels, including Of Mice and Men, are set in this area and portray the lives of working men and women. The natural world he describes is beautiful, but it is also wild and can be cruel and savage. - 3 In his early novels Steinbeck portrays a world of men, and violence is a common occurrence. His female characters have little status, reflecting the role of women at the time. - 4 During the war years Steinbeck worked for the American government and in 1943 he went to Europe as a war correspondent for the New York Herald Tribune. He lived the latter part of his life in New York where he died in 1968. - 5 The title of Of Mice and Men is taken from Robert Burns’ famous poem To A Mouse, On Turning Her Up In Her Nest With The Plough (1785). The last line of the poem refers to things often going wrong and Steinbeck links this to the poor men whose plans were often wrecked by an unkind fate. Five facts about 'Of Mice and Men' - 1 It was first published in America in 1937. In the same year it was adapted as a stage play and later as a film. The novel is short and has only a few characters. There are no chapters but the action is broken up into six distinct parts which made it easy to adapt for the stage. - 2 The novel is set in the 1930s which was a period of economic depression. During this time of failed businesses, harsh poverty and long-term unemployment, hoards of migrant workers went to California in search of work. Men travelled alone, moving from ranch to ranch on short-term, poorly paid contracts. - 3 By setting the novel on the ranch, Steinbeck shows the reader a microcosm of 1930s American society and portrays the life of the migrant workers in California at the time of the depression. Workers, like George and Lennie, were hoping to earn enough money to settle down on their own piece of land. - 4 Steinbeck has a distinctive style and structure; the novel starts and finishes with the same description and setting, and each section opens with a specific description of a scene which establishes the setting of place and mood. - 5 As each character enters we get a brief physical description of him/her. Aspects of the characters are conveyed through their actions, their dialogue and how they respond to each other. Writing about 'Of Mice and Men' - 1 When studying the novel it is important to know the social, cultural and historical background of the text. Having this knowledge will help you better understand why Steinbeck has included his characters and how they relate to the themes. - 2 Characters in the text are revealed through a variety of stylistic features: description, narrative style and how they communicate with each other. All of these features are so that the reader can empathise with the characters. - 3 There are several themes running throughout the novel: loneliness, friendship, isolation, prejudice, and dreams; and you must understand how the themes are woven through the text and how they link directly to the characters and the society portrayed in the novel. For example, Curley’s wife links to the theme of loneliness because she is the only woman on the ranch and has no-one with whom to talk. - 4 You must be able to analyse how Steinbeck has used language to create effects – some of his description and storytelling reads almost like stage directions through which he creates a strong sense of atmosphere and mood. This analysis of language is needed to achieve a high grade. - 5 You must develop your own critical sense and personal response to the novel, showing that you have thought about it, and that you have ideas and reactions of your own, not just those of your teacher. You must never write to a formula or try to recreate an essay you have previously done; you must approach every essay with a fresh, open mind. Of mice and men - Show how the constant suggestion and realisation of anger and violence makes this a gripping story. First Lennie neglects where they are going and George constantly has to prompt him, corresponding to that George detects Lennie's got a inanimate mouse in his pocket but the only reason George is mad at this point is, as the reader finds out later on in the book, Lennie does not know his own strength, even though he loves 'pettin' small animals such as mice, he keeps exterminating them, "... You've broke it pettin' it.... you always killed 'em." All this about the dead mouse is significant to the manslaughter of Curley's wife, whom due to the sexist character of the male workers on the ranch has not been given a name. - Word count: 2911 George is amking a big effort to protect, advise and save Lennie from the dangers of life. George and Lennie had to escape from Weed due to Lennie�s ununtentionally aggressive behaviour towars a woman. George warns Lennie about everything. Foe example, when he told Lennie ��hide till I come for you. Don�t let nobody see you.�� This type of advice is of the sort George tells him constantly so he doesn�t forget the simple issue of what or where to go in case of getting involved in a problem. Another characteristic sign of George�s father figure behaviour is when George is tired of having to listen to Lennie�s complaints about everything. - Word count: 931 The film shows a threshing machine on the ranch, which is showing that the men on the ranch are forced to work at un-human rate; they are working at the pace of the machine. In the book the macrocosm and microcosm reflect on each other. In the film pools of light are used to insolate people for example: whilst George is seeing to Lennie's wounds and whilst Crooks is alone in his room. The idea of Crooks joining the dream has been omitted from the film. - Word count: 777 The Killing of Candy’s Old Dog For Foreshadowed Lennie’s death. Describe the two killings and point out any similarities. Carlson persuades Candy to let him shoot the dog with his lugar and says he will shoot him at the back of his head so he won't feel it at all. Whit and Slim tried to change the subject but Carlson wouldn't be put off and kept on persisting. Candy eventually gave up and disappointingly agreed. Carlson then put the dog out of his misery. Afterwards candy felt the guilt of not shooting the dog himself and told George " I ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldn't ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog." - Word count: 1347 It was a warm summers night and Carlson, Fredrick, Slim, George and Curly were at a tavern in Soledad. The tavern was lit brightly and it was swarming with men. "You're pretty lucky, that's what you are," replied the girl, " most guys, I know, get their entire han' cut off. In fact, I ain't never met a guy, who's han' was spared from a machine before." Curly was suddenly uneasy. He wasn't sure whether Rose knew it was all a lie or whether she was just curious. Thinking hard, yet quickly, it struck him, he could use the story of the fight to his advantage and impress this girl. - Word count: 797 Although there are social outcasts on the ranch who are not allowed to socialise with the others. This can be because of their skin colour or maybe even just for the fact that nobody likes them. I am now going to focus on four characters in the novel, exploring how, and explaining why each of them is lonely. The four characters are George Milton, Old Candy, Crooks and Curley's Wife. The first character who I am going to talk about is Old Candy. - Word count: 3247 I remember the old days when I use to swimming in the lake on those hot summer days, but I would go near it now with all the pollution, which has been pumped, into it. "Where are we going to start our search?" George asked " On the top floor, follow me" I locked the car and headed to the door. Weeds and insects have taken over the hotel now. Nettles grew up from the floorboards. We entered... Outside the rain stopped, but how long I asked myself The hotel was very quite accepted of the noises of the insects, too quite in my opinion. - Word count: 2507 It is at this point when Guy calls Bruno crazy. Bruno begins to invade Guys life after murdering Miriam, as he wants Guy to kill his father. Bruno has a close up shot done of his hands when his mother is acting as though she is his servant and this shows that Bruno has no respect for his mother, but more than his father. This is shown when Bruno says that his mothers painting looks just like his father. Bruno's mother's painting is very strange and sinister, and could symbolise that Bruno's mother has a twisted mind too. - Word count: 832 How does the beginning of 'Of mice and men' differ from chapters one and two of the novel? Why do you think these changes have been made? How successful do you think the start of the film is? Candy shows the men to their bunkhouse, which is very basic. Lennie and George meet the boss of the ranch who is angry with them for not being at the ranch the night before, so they could work the next morning like their wok cards told them to. Lennie has a run in with the boss's son Curley who sets on Lennie when he doesn't say anything to him, as George told Lennie the previous night to keep his mouth shut. George and Lennie meet Slim and the other characters from the ranch. - Word count: 2129 This raises alarm and he and George are forced to hide in a pool of water before they could run away at night. Lennie is a very strange person, not only is he very simple minded but he is also very complicated. He can be very gentle and then flare up with emotion. For example, after George threw his mouse away Lennie started to cry "Lennie's lip quivered and tears started in his eyes." Although he may be simple minded he very much possesses a conscience. - Word count: 1100 The 25-year-old ranch worker unlike his surname is big in size, has a round face and is retarded. He attempted to rape the young weak Sally whom had just visited her father at his ranch to give him his lunch. When she delivered her fathers lunch she went and sat peacefully at the ranch gate. There stood Lennie who attacked her and attempted to rape her. - Word count: 419 Its safe and hidden away so I could easily find him! But if it comes to that, if he messes up again. I'll kill him, I'm sure I will. I've had my full of him and I don't think I have much patience left! Oh yeah, he made me tell him yet again about the house we're gonna get. Him and his rabbits. He always makes me remind him about our house and his damned rabbits! I love thinking about what our life will be like too when we get the house but he drives me crazy, having to remind him every two seconds. - Word count: 2883 Although it seems as though Lennie is dependent on George, this is not the case. I believe that George, enjoys the company of Lennie; however a burden he may seem. Together they both hold the goal of accomplishing the ?American dream? This dream is what boosts both Lennie and George to go on. Lennie is set on ?tending rabbits? while George could have more freedom in general. Steinbeck places importance on these two and dream, while we believe they will be successful as the story develops. - Word count: 1948	2,650	ENGLISH	1
Article abstract: Kawabata was the first Japanese writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Considered to be among the most Japanese of Japanese writers, he served as a critic and as a mentor for other writers as well. Yasunari Kawabata was born in Osaka, Japan, on June 11, 1899. His father, a physician, was interested in Chinese poetry, and Kawabata himself was at first more drawn to painting than to literature in his youth. In middle school, however, he decided to be a writer and had some pieces published in magazines and local newspapers while still a schoolboy. Entering Tokyo Imperial University in 1920, Kawabata first was enrolled in the English literature department and then moved to the Department of Japanese Literature; he was graduated in 1924. Some doubt remains regarding the date of Kawabata’s first work, an account of twelve days in May, 1914, a short time before the death of his grandfather. The piece, Jurukosai no nikki (diary of a sixteen-year-old), was published in 1925, at which time Kawabata wrote an afterword describing his discovery of the diary that he had kept eleven years before. Some scholars cite stylistic evidence to argue that it was written much later. This dispute over the dates of composition of Kawabata’s first work may be of interest to the general reader as a memorable foreshadowing of the way Kawabata composed so many of his pieces, many of which were published serially, some of which were continually revised, and still more never completed. The aspect of Kawabata’s early years most significant to understanding his fiction is the tragic loss of so many members of his family: When he was two years old, his father died; a year later, his mother died. The maternal grandmother who took him in died when Kawabata was seven, and two years later, his only sister died. By the time he was nine, Kawabata only had a grandfather left. Later in life, Kawabata was cast into the position of mourner several times as well, penning eulogies for his close friends. Critics note as well the romantic loss that may have indelibly marked Kawabata’s youth. When he was about twenty years old, Kawabata was jilted by the young girl he had hoped to marry. This early loss of love may account for Kawabata’s pessimistic attitudes toward love and happiness, which are so eloquently evoked in his writing. The sad events in Kawabata’s personal life did not, fortunately, mirror his professional life. Rather, with his very first published story, Shokonsai ikkei (1921; a scene of the memorial service for the war dead), Kawabata attracted the attention of a powerful literary figure, Kikuchi Kan, who introduced him to other writers. One of these, Riichi Yokomitsu, was a lifelong friend and among the twenty writers who founded a literary magazine, Bungei jidai (literary age), which became the center of a short-lived but influential literary group called the Shinkankaku-ha (Neo-Perceptionist or Neo-Sensationist group). Initially, Kawabata made his name as a literary theorist and critic by vigorously espousing the goals of this movement. Modeled on European modernists, this group of writers sought to break away from established ways of expression and valued new ways of recording what could be perceived through the senses. Newness was valued for itself, a goal that naturally tended to result in manneristic writing. Even Kawabata’s doomed love affair served him professionally. Heartbroken by his failed engagement, Kawabata joined a group of itinerant entertainers while on a walking tour of the Izu Peninsula in 1918 and, in 1922, wrote an account of his travels. Though he never published that work, he used it as the basis for one of his earliest successes, Izu no odoriko (1926; The Izu Dancer , 1955). Ironically enough, this brief story of the narrator’s attraction to a dancer and his subsequent loss of desire when he discovers that she is but a child is not particularly distinguished by any new modes of... (The entire section is 2,172 words.)	<urn:uuid:e91558a2-dc19-43cd-b912-9d30ff429267>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/topics/yasunari-kawabata?en_action=content_body_click&en_label=%2Ftopics%2Fgrasshopper-bell-cricket&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00528.warc.gz	en	0.988588	904	3.609375	4	[ -0.5583933591842651, 0.6034447550773621, 0.2506764233112335, 0.2562485933303833, -0.3827798664569855, 0.3831751346588135, 0.14474530518054962, 0.18914106488227844, 0.03949568793177605, 0.14398717880249023, -0.03901916742324829, 0.17963381111621857, 0.2480001151561737, 0.7897590398788452, ...	3	Article abstract: Kawabata was the first Japanese writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Considered to be among the most Japanese of Japanese writers, he served as a critic and as a mentor for other writers as well. Yasunari Kawabata was born in Osaka, Japan, on June 11, 1899. His father, a physician, was interested in Chinese poetry, and Kawabata himself was at first more drawn to painting than to literature in his youth. In middle school, however, he decided to be a writer and had some pieces published in magazines and local newspapers while still a schoolboy. Entering Tokyo Imperial University in 1920, Kawabata first was enrolled in the English literature department and then moved to the Department of Japanese Literature; he was graduated in 1924. Some doubt remains regarding the date of Kawabata’s first work, an account of twelve days in May, 1914, a short time before the death of his grandfather. The piece, Jurukosai no nikki (diary of a sixteen-year-old), was published in 1925, at which time Kawabata wrote an afterword describing his discovery of the diary that he had kept eleven years before. Some scholars cite stylistic evidence to argue that it was written much later. This dispute over the dates of composition of Kawabata’s first work may be of interest to the general reader as a memorable foreshadowing of the way Kawabata composed so many of his pieces, many of which were published serially, some of which were continually revised, and still more never completed. The aspect of Kawabata’s early years most significant to understanding his fiction is the tragic loss of so many members of his family: When he was two years old, his father died; a year later, his mother died. The maternal grandmother who took him in died when Kawabata was seven, and two years later, his only sister died. By the time he was nine, Kawabata only had a grandfather left. Later in life, Kawabata was cast into the position of mourner several times as well, penning eulogies for his close friends. Critics note as well the romantic loss that may have indelibly marked Kawabata’s youth. When he was about twenty years old, Kawabata was jilted by the young girl he had hoped to marry. This early loss of love may account for Kawabata’s pessimistic attitudes toward love and happiness, which are so eloquently evoked in his writing. The sad events in Kawabata’s personal life did not, fortunately, mirror his professional life. Rather, with his very first published story, Shokonsai ikkei (1921; a scene of the memorial service for the war dead), Kawabata attracted the attention of a powerful literary figure, Kikuchi Kan, who introduced him to other writers. One of these, Riichi Yokomitsu, was a lifelong friend and among the twenty writers who founded a literary magazine, Bungei jidai (literary age), which became the center of a short-lived but influential literary group called the Shinkankaku-ha (Neo-Perceptionist or Neo-Sensationist group). Initially, Kawabata made his name as a literary theorist and critic by vigorously espousing the goals of this movement. Modeled on European modernists, this group of writers sought to break away from established ways of expression and valued new ways of recording what could be perceived through the senses. Newness was valued for itself, a goal that naturally tended to result in manneristic writing. Even Kawabata’s doomed love affair served him professionally. Heartbroken by his failed engagement, Kawabata joined a group of itinerant entertainers while on a walking tour of the Izu Peninsula in 1918 and, in 1922, wrote an account of his travels. Though he never published that work, he used it as the basis for one of his earliest successes, Izu no odoriko (1926; The Izu Dancer , 1955). Ironically enough, this brief story of the narrator’s attraction to a dancer and his subsequent loss of desire when he discovers that she is but a child is not particularly distinguished by any new modes of... (The entire section is 2,172 words.)	918	ENGLISH	1
After learning and reading about the Tyler rationale and curriculum as a product method, I realized that this was extremely common within my own schooling. This approach is based on providing clear guidelines of the outcomes so that educators have appropriate methods to how they teach and assess their students. My experience throughout elementary and high school was closely related to this approach as it was based on repetition and meeting objectives. In order to accomplish these objectives, we would learn through set PowerPoints and notes. After learning the material, we were asked to show what we know through repetitions of assignments and quizzes/exams. By displaying everything learned onto the exams and assignments, I was given a grade that would tell me if I achieved what was expected of me. When looking at the Tyler rationale, it is evident that there are some limitations to using it within education and the classroom. One of these limitations is the fact that students are told exactly what they have to learn and how this will become possible. By having such strict outcomes and teaching methods, the students will not be given a voice. All students learn differently, and by using only one learning style, could result in students not benefitting from the teaching methods being used in class and therefore, will not meet the expected outcomes. Another limitation is the measurability of objectives. In order to measure, objects need to be broken down. This can cause a problem in education as the focus is shifted onto “the parts rather than the whole; on the trivial rather than the significant.” This is largely evident in schools today. The students are learning so they can pass or “check a box” relating to meeting the objectives. The actual purpose of learning is often missed, and students only seem to be memorizing answers so they can pass the course. Even though the Tyler rationale has disadvantages, there are some benefits. By using this method, everything becomes more structured. Teachers were more structured because they all had a pre-determined plan to what they will teach and how they will teach it. The clear guidelines and outcomes make it easy for students to understand what they need to do and learn in order to become successful. Additionally, it gives students the responsibility in knowing what they need to do in order to achieve their academic goals. The repetitiveness of this method can also be seen as a benefit as to some students. Learning and practicing something over and over again, can help to remember and understand what is being taught and also what is expected of them. I believe that the structure within the Tyler rationale is necessary for education, but students should still be able to have a say in how they are learning so they can not only be successful, but also enjoy what they are learning.	<urn:uuid:361b9537-4138-4007-95cc-df768bd557c9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://chandriayang.video.blog/category/ecs-210/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00258.warc.gz	en	0.98703	547	3.453125	3	[ 0.191940575838089, 0.12188218533992767, 0.15185891091823578, -0.15880461037158966, -0.5218871831893921, -0.033123113214969635, 0.19737258553504944, 0.139353945851326, 0.4082063138484955, -0.12551942467689514, 0.13367995619773865, -0.030808955430984497, -0.09141695499420166, 0.2733923792839...	1	After learning and reading about the Tyler rationale and curriculum as a product method, I realized that this was extremely common within my own schooling. This approach is based on providing clear guidelines of the outcomes so that educators have appropriate methods to how they teach and assess their students. My experience throughout elementary and high school was closely related to this approach as it was based on repetition and meeting objectives. In order to accomplish these objectives, we would learn through set PowerPoints and notes. After learning the material, we were asked to show what we know through repetitions of assignments and quizzes/exams. By displaying everything learned onto the exams and assignments, I was given a grade that would tell me if I achieved what was expected of me. When looking at the Tyler rationale, it is evident that there are some limitations to using it within education and the classroom. One of these limitations is the fact that students are told exactly what they have to learn and how this will become possible. By having such strict outcomes and teaching methods, the students will not be given a voice. All students learn differently, and by using only one learning style, could result in students not benefitting from the teaching methods being used in class and therefore, will not meet the expected outcomes. Another limitation is the measurability of objectives. In order to measure, objects need to be broken down. This can cause a problem in education as the focus is shifted onto “the parts rather than the whole; on the trivial rather than the significant.” This is largely evident in schools today. The students are learning so they can pass or “check a box” relating to meeting the objectives. The actual purpose of learning is often missed, and students only seem to be memorizing answers so they can pass the course. Even though the Tyler rationale has disadvantages, there are some benefits. By using this method, everything becomes more structured. Teachers were more structured because they all had a pre-determined plan to what they will teach and how they will teach it. The clear guidelines and outcomes make it easy for students to understand what they need to do and learn in order to become successful. Additionally, it gives students the responsibility in knowing what they need to do in order to achieve their academic goals. The repetitiveness of this method can also be seen as a benefit as to some students. Learning and practicing something over and over again, can help to remember and understand what is being taught and also what is expected of them. I believe that the structure within the Tyler rationale is necessary for education, but students should still be able to have a say in how they are learning so they can not only be successful, but also enjoy what they are learning.	537	ENGLISH	1
Hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) are difficult to breed in captivity. Behavioral observations are necessary for the aviculturist to provide proper food, shelter and breeding environments. These observations are also useful for understanding similarities and differences among species. They may provide insight for better bird pairing and egg production. In order to learn more about the behavioral patterns of the Hyacinth Macaw, a colony breeding experiment was initiated at ABRC in November 1989. The goals of the experiment were: To find if colonizing (housing birds in a communal cage) increases breeding activity. To study flocking behavior and territoriality, and To observe the interaction between adults and juveniles. Materials And Methods Four pair of wild-caught adult Hyacinth Macaws were selected to establish the colony. One of the females had previously produced eggs and was subsequently re-paired following the death of her mate. Otherwise these birds had not produced in captivity. Unproven pairs were selected in the hope that the colonization process would stimulate breeding, strengthen pair bonds or establish new pairs. Four (2.2) hand-raised, imprinted juvenile Hyacinth Macaws (four years of age and younger) were also introduced into the colony. They were included to see what effect they may have on adult behavior, and to see if they would learn breeding behavior from the wild-caught adults. All twelve birds were permanently identified. The adults were identified by implantation of a uniquely encoded transponder in the left pectoral muscle. For visual identification tail feathers of one pair were cut and certain behavioral tendencies of some individuals were noted. Other pairs of adults were not visually identifiable. Closed bands were left on juveniles. An existing chain link flight (8' x 19' x 72') with a concrete floor was used as the colony cage. Private breeding sites in which pairs that showed breeding behavior could be separated were constructed adjacent to the flight cage. Five individual chain link suspended cages, each measuring 6' x 6' x 12' were extended from the west side of the flight. Chain link tunnels with doors connected the individual cages to the flight. The tunnel doors were designed to be closed for individual breeding pairs. Each individual cage was equipped with a front and rear perch. For nesting, a burned out whiskey barrel with 4-6" of wood shavings was hung horizontally in the back of the cage, 41/2 feet from the cage floor. One end was replaced with plywood with an eight inch entrance hole. A 12" x 12" rear check door was installed to provide access to the box. To provide privacy, Ficus trees (Ficus benjamina) were planted around the north, south and east sides of the flight. Queen palm trees (Syagrus romanzoffianum), 20' tall, were planted on the west side approximately six feet apart to shade the nest barrels. At the north and south ends of the flight 3' PVC feed troughs (6" PVC cut in half horizontally with a 6" cap cut in half and riveted on) were mounted on metal poles six feet from the floor. The macaws were fed large macaw mix, hazel and Brazil nuts, fresh fruits and vegetables and monkey biscuits. Water bowls were placed on the floor in the middle of the flight. Vertical tree trunks were cemented into the floor along the sides of the flight. Perches of different sizes and shapes were mounted on these trunks to supply adequate perching area.. Queen palm logs were placed on the floor to provide a landing area around the water bowls. The Hyacinth Macaws showed flocking behavior in the flight and participated in most activities as a flock. If one pair started to display to its mate, with head bobbing, wings flapPing, small hops and vocalization, another pair would often start to display. Birds would rarely drink alone. When one bird would approach the water bowl, two or three more would often fly down to drink. The flock generally roosted together at one end of the flight. Pairs roosted close together. Queen palm fronds were often placed in the flight to give the birds natural branches for chewing. Socialisation as a flock was observed primarily at these times. Four adults could often be seen perching on the same branch displaying and calling to each other. Palm fruits ((Acrocomia sp) make up a major part of the diet of wild Hyacinth Macaws in the Pantanal region of Brazil. (1) This palm fruit is similar to the queen palm fruit. When available, fruit sprays from the queen palm were offered to the flock by hanging them in the flight. As many as six birds were observed hanging on the fruit sprays eating at one time. In the wild several birds can be seen feeding on the sprays of a single palm tree at the same time. Juveniles learned this style of feeding very quickly. The birds would become so excited about having the palm fruits hung in the flight that many times they would land on the stem and begin eating before it was hung. The adults would normally retreat as a flock when the keeper entered the flight. Juveniles on the other hand would fly toward the keeper and curiously observe any activity. One pair of birds claimed the alpha (dominant) position within days of placement in the cage. The male showed aggressive behavior with the female quick to back him up in any confrontation. It was interesting to observe the alpha pair when new objects were added to the flight. For instance, when a new perch was placed in the flight the alpha pair would immediately fly near the perch. They appeared to be examining it, heads bobbing up and down, side to side at each other, then towards the perch. They vocalized back and forth using a "baby call" for the duration of the investigation. Together they landed on the new perch and displayed. When finished they flew away and the other birds came over to examine and chew on the new perch. If during the initial display, other birds flew to the new perch, they were quickly chased off, and the alpha pair display began again. The alpha pair spent a great deal of time displaying and calling inside cage 5. If other adults approached cage 5, the alpha pair would challenge them and chase them away from the cage. Juvenile birds were allowed to approach and even enter the cage at any time. It was observed on many occasions that the alpha pair copulated, or displayed as if copulating, in the side cage on the back perch with the juveniles watching from the front perch. Adult Response To Juvenile Pairs In general adults birds exhibited no negative response to the juvenile birds, but rather left them alone. When the juvenile birds were introduced they spent the first three days inside cage #1, rarely coming out. Initially they came out for short periods, with the length of time gradually increasing. The adults seemed to tolerate the younger birds as if showing them pair bonding courtship behavior. The four juveniles would line up on one perch and watch the adults in courtship display on the opposite perch. The juveniles were aware of the pecking order and would never interrupt the alpha pair when they were displaying on new perches or around the cage. They could however, skip ranks when a spray of palm fruits was hung in the cage. The alpha pair would feed first, but as soon as they left it was every bird for itself and the juveniles could hold their own. A Fatal Act Of Aggression In the spring of 1990, the alpha female was being courted by another male. This bold male would only attempt courtship when the keeper was in the flight. During this time the alpha male would be distracted. As soon as the alpha male noticed what was happening to his female he would quickly fly over and chase the intruding male away. On the evening of April 30, the birds were especially loud. Upon investigation one of the birds was seen being attacked by the others. The bird was quickly removed to the hospital. Emergency therapy was initiated, but he died later that evening due to shock and trauma. Necropsy revealed that the crop was punctured. Bite wounds were present on the breast, accompanied by deep linear scrapes and bruising of the musculature. Bite wounds were also present on the back with a deep puncture wound just above the right shoulder. The second, third and fourth toes on the right foot were severely bitten. What really happened among the birds that evening and why that male was singled out and attacked will never be known. Perhaps the male was courting the alpha female. The alpha male took his revenge, and quickly was helped by the rest of the flock. However, blood was found on the wire indicating that his foot may have been caught, or he perched there after his toes were injured. He may have been attacked by the other birds thinking he was weakened. This fatal attack caused many problems the next day. The alpha pair was placed inside cage 5. The remaining adults were caught, identified by transponder and paired with their original mates and placed in cages # 3 and # 4. Original pairs were maintained since no indication was given that the birds were re-pairing, with the exception of the above described male. The juvenile pairs were left in the flight along with the single adult female. On May 15,1990, a new male was released into the flight (his tail was clipped for identification). He took very little time in showing the other adult birds how tough he was with aggressive displays at the wire doors of the side cages. Once again this adult left the juvenile birds alone. At times it almost seemed that they were ganging up on him by trying to take all the food from the food troughs for themselves. By May 28, the new male had started courting the widowed female. In late August this last pair of adults was caught and placed inside cage # l. Almost immediately upon placing the three adult pairs in the side breeding cages, their breeding call could be heard more often. Only one pair of the four laid in 1990. In mid July,1990, two eggs were found in cage #4. They were not fertile but it was the first time the pair had laid. It was surprising that the alpha pair did not lay, despite their aggression, displaying and copulation. Return To The Group Flight In late November 1990, during the traditional "non-breeding" season for macaws, the adults were again released into the flight cage· This time the tails were cut so each adult was visually distinct. Fights broke out immediately between the alpha pair (from cage 5) and the new pair (from cage 1) mainly with the new male. The birds were caught again to avoid loss of another bird and put back in the side cages. Only the adult pair from cage 1 was left out in the flight with the juveniles, because they were a relatively new pair. The pairs in cages 3 and 5 were returned to the main hyacinth breeding aviary. Cage 4 contains the only remaining pair in the side breeding cages. The adult pair and four juvenile birds still remain in the cage. Since the failure of this experiment in colony breeding Hyacinth Macaws, the flight will be used for socialization and pair formation for juvenile birds. When chicks are ready to be released from the nursery, they will be released into the flight cage. Perhaps the new juveniles will learn normal macaw behavior from the older birds. Wednesday 4th December 2019 Good news from Brazil Some positive news from Brazil. The breeding station Criadouro Fazenda Cachoeira has hatched since May earlier this year 10 Spix’s Macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii), of which the first two are flying. The breeding station is a state ... Read More » " Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret " ( If you drive out nature with a pitchfork, she will soon find a way back) Horace (65-8 BC)	<urn:uuid:e2320288-0785-4a60-8874-e5e9be9626aa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bluemacaws.org/en-gb/article/an-experiment-in-colony-breeding-the-hyacinth-macaw	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00545.warc.gz	en	0.982407	2,494	3.625	4	[ 0.003274038899689913, 0.12562572956085205, -0.18957898020744324, 0.29430535435676575, -0.1260945051908493, 0.5438689589500427, -0.10151921212673187, 0.3553524613380432, 0.059747543185949326, -0.07498399168252945, -0.05142767354846001, -0.8300634026527405, 0.02603730745613575, 0.03731754049...	1	Hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) are difficult to breed in captivity. Behavioral observations are necessary for the aviculturist to provide proper food, shelter and breeding environments. These observations are also useful for understanding similarities and differences among species. They may provide insight for better bird pairing and egg production. In order to learn more about the behavioral patterns of the Hyacinth Macaw, a colony breeding experiment was initiated at ABRC in November 1989. The goals of the experiment were: To find if colonizing (housing birds in a communal cage) increases breeding activity. To study flocking behavior and territoriality, and To observe the interaction between adults and juveniles. Materials And Methods Four pair of wild-caught adult Hyacinth Macaws were selected to establish the colony. One of the females had previously produced eggs and was subsequently re-paired following the death of her mate. Otherwise these birds had not produced in captivity. Unproven pairs were selected in the hope that the colonization process would stimulate breeding, strengthen pair bonds or establish new pairs. Four (2.2) hand-raised, imprinted juvenile Hyacinth Macaws (four years of age and younger) were also introduced into the colony. They were included to see what effect they may have on adult behavior, and to see if they would learn breeding behavior from the wild-caught adults. All twelve birds were permanently identified. The adults were identified by implantation of a uniquely encoded transponder in the left pectoral muscle. For visual identification tail feathers of one pair were cut and certain behavioral tendencies of some individuals were noted. Other pairs of adults were not visually identifiable. Closed bands were left on juveniles. An existing chain link flight (8' x 19' x 72') with a concrete floor was used as the colony cage. Private breeding sites in which pairs that showed breeding behavior could be separated were constructed adjacent to the flight cage. Five individual chain link suspended cages, each measuring 6' x 6' x 12' were extended from the west side of the flight. Chain link tunnels with doors connected the individual cages to the flight. The tunnel doors were designed to be closed for individual breeding pairs. Each individual cage was equipped with a front and rear perch. For nesting, a burned out whiskey barrel with 4-6" of wood shavings was hung horizontally in the back of the cage, 41/2 feet from the cage floor. One end was replaced with plywood with an eight inch entrance hole. A 12" x 12" rear check door was installed to provide access to the box. To provide privacy, Ficus trees (Ficus benjamina) were planted around the north, south and east sides of the flight. Queen palm trees (Syagrus romanzoffianum), 20' tall, were planted on the west side approximately six feet apart to shade the nest barrels. At the north and south ends of the flight 3' PVC feed troughs (6" PVC cut in half horizontally with a 6" cap cut in half and riveted on) were mounted on metal poles six feet from the floor. The macaws were fed large macaw mix, hazel and Brazil nuts, fresh fruits and vegetables and monkey biscuits. Water bowls were placed on the floor in the middle of the flight. Vertical tree trunks were cemented into the floor along the sides of the flight. Perches of different sizes and shapes were mounted on these trunks to supply adequate perching area.. Queen palm logs were placed on the floor to provide a landing area around the water bowls. The Hyacinth Macaws showed flocking behavior in the flight and participated in most activities as a flock. If one pair started to display to its mate, with head bobbing, wings flapPing, small hops and vocalization, another pair would often start to display. Birds would rarely drink alone. When one bird would approach the water bowl, two or three more would often fly down to drink. The flock generally roosted together at one end of the flight. Pairs roosted close together. Queen palm fronds were often placed in the flight to give the birds natural branches for chewing. Socialisation as a flock was observed primarily at these times. Four adults could often be seen perching on the same branch displaying and calling to each other. Palm fruits ((Acrocomia sp) make up a major part of the diet of wild Hyacinth Macaws in the Pantanal region of Brazil. (1) This palm fruit is similar to the queen palm fruit. When available, fruit sprays from the queen palm were offered to the flock by hanging them in the flight. As many as six birds were observed hanging on the fruit sprays eating at one time. In the wild several birds can be seen feeding on the sprays of a single palm tree at the same time. Juveniles learned this style of feeding very quickly. The birds would become so excited about having the palm fruits hung in the flight that many times they would land on the stem and begin eating before it was hung. The adults would normally retreat as a flock when the keeper entered the flight. Juveniles on the other hand would fly toward the keeper and curiously observe any activity. One pair of birds claimed the alpha (dominant) position within days of placement in the cage. The male showed aggressive behavior with the female quick to back him up in any confrontation. It was interesting to observe the alpha pair when new objects were added to the flight. For instance, when a new perch was placed in the flight the alpha pair would immediately fly near the perch. They appeared to be examining it, heads bobbing up and down, side to side at each other, then towards the perch. They vocalized back and forth using a "baby call" for the duration of the investigation. Together they landed on the new perch and displayed. When finished they flew away and the other birds came over to examine and chew on the new perch. If during the initial display, other birds flew to the new perch, they were quickly chased off, and the alpha pair display began again. The alpha pair spent a great deal of time displaying and calling inside cage 5. If other adults approached cage 5, the alpha pair would challenge them and chase them away from the cage. Juvenile birds were allowed to approach and even enter the cage at any time. It was observed on many occasions that the alpha pair copulated, or displayed as if copulating, in the side cage on the back perch with the juveniles watching from the front perch. Adult Response To Juvenile Pairs In general adults birds exhibited no negative response to the juvenile birds, but rather left them alone. When the juvenile birds were introduced they spent the first three days inside cage #1, rarely coming out. Initially they came out for short periods, with the length of time gradually increasing. The adults seemed to tolerate the younger birds as if showing them pair bonding courtship behavior. The four juveniles would line up on one perch and watch the adults in courtship display on the opposite perch. The juveniles were aware of the pecking order and would never interrupt the alpha pair when they were displaying on new perches or around the cage. They could however, skip ranks when a spray of palm fruits was hung in the cage. The alpha pair would feed first, but as soon as they left it was every bird for itself and the juveniles could hold their own. A Fatal Act Of Aggression In the spring of 1990, the alpha female was being courted by another male. This bold male would only attempt courtship when the keeper was in the flight. During this time the alpha male would be distracted. As soon as the alpha male noticed what was happening to his female he would quickly fly over and chase the intruding male away. On the evening of April 30, the birds were especially loud. Upon investigation one of the birds was seen being attacked by the others. The bird was quickly removed to the hospital. Emergency therapy was initiated, but he died later that evening due to shock and trauma. Necropsy revealed that the crop was punctured. Bite wounds were present on the breast, accompanied by deep linear scrapes and bruising of the musculature. Bite wounds were also present on the back with a deep puncture wound just above the right shoulder. The second, third and fourth toes on the right foot were severely bitten. What really happened among the birds that evening and why that male was singled out and attacked will never be known. Perhaps the male was courting the alpha female. The alpha male took his revenge, and quickly was helped by the rest of the flock. However, blood was found on the wire indicating that his foot may have been caught, or he perched there after his toes were injured. He may have been attacked by the other birds thinking he was weakened. This fatal attack caused many problems the next day. The alpha pair was placed inside cage 5. The remaining adults were caught, identified by transponder and paired with their original mates and placed in cages # 3 and # 4. Original pairs were maintained since no indication was given that the birds were re-pairing, with the exception of the above described male. The juvenile pairs were left in the flight along with the single adult female. On May 15,1990, a new male was released into the flight (his tail was clipped for identification). He took very little time in showing the other adult birds how tough he was with aggressive displays at the wire doors of the side cages. Once again this adult left the juvenile birds alone. At times it almost seemed that they were ganging up on him by trying to take all the food from the food troughs for themselves. By May 28, the new male had started courting the widowed female. In late August this last pair of adults was caught and placed inside cage # l. Almost immediately upon placing the three adult pairs in the side breeding cages, their breeding call could be heard more often. Only one pair of the four laid in 1990. In mid July,1990, two eggs were found in cage #4. They were not fertile but it was the first time the pair had laid. It was surprising that the alpha pair did not lay, despite their aggression, displaying and copulation. Return To The Group Flight In late November 1990, during the traditional "non-breeding" season for macaws, the adults were again released into the flight cage· This time the tails were cut so each adult was visually distinct. Fights broke out immediately between the alpha pair (from cage 5) and the new pair (from cage 1) mainly with the new male. The birds were caught again to avoid loss of another bird and put back in the side cages. Only the adult pair from cage 1 was left out in the flight with the juveniles, because they were a relatively new pair. The pairs in cages 3 and 5 were returned to the main hyacinth breeding aviary. Cage 4 contains the only remaining pair in the side breeding cages. The adult pair and four juvenile birds still remain in the cage. Since the failure of this experiment in colony breeding Hyacinth Macaws, the flight will be used for socialization and pair formation for juvenile birds. When chicks are ready to be released from the nursery, they will be released into the flight cage. Perhaps the new juveniles will learn normal macaw behavior from the older birds. Wednesday 4th December 2019 Good news from Brazil Some positive news from Brazil. The breeding station Criadouro Fazenda Cachoeira has hatched since May earlier this year 10 Spix’s Macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii), of which the first two are flying. The breeding station is a state ... Read More » " Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret " ( If you drive out nature with a pitchfork, she will soon find a way back) Horace (65-8 BC)	2,514	ENGLISH	1
All of the grizzly bears in the forest were mostly the same size. They were all different colors, but the thing that made them the same was their size. They were all large. After the bears came out of hibernation in the spring, they had lots of new offspring. One of these bears ended up looking a little different than all the other bears. He was skinnier than all the other ones. It was an inherited mutation. As the bear grew up, they started to realize this bear was much more fit and agile than all the other larger bears. He could run to the fish better and he could run longer, so he was able to survive better. This allowed him to live longer and he outlived everyone. On top of being faster than all the other bears, because he was able to outlive the other bears, he mated with lots of female bears, having lots of new offspring that looked like him. When the bear mated, he had four offspring. Three of these cubs were skinny, and the other one was larger. This proves that he passed on his mutation to his offspring. 100 years later, the majority of the bears were skinny. Over the years the allele frequency had changed because the skinnier bears were living longer. Natural selection had selected the skinny trait, and from then on, most of the bears were fit.	<urn:uuid:c7d5148d-a9c0-4a58-b33c-f2e2c9353e3c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/050ff7ad/natural-selection	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00194.warc.gz	en	0.994062	282	3.734375	4	[ -0.12838613986968994, 0.10664131492376328, -0.05453537032008171, -0.13599424064159393, 0.10759599506855011, 0.06702608615159988, 0.1646002233028412, 0.0850682407617569, 0.03254396468400955, 0.14705654978752136, 0.4298383593559265, -0.770224928855896, 0.3397849202156067, -0.1261893510818481...	1	All of the grizzly bears in the forest were mostly the same size. They were all different colors, but the thing that made them the same was their size. They were all large. After the bears came out of hibernation in the spring, they had lots of new offspring. One of these bears ended up looking a little different than all the other bears. He was skinnier than all the other ones. It was an inherited mutation. As the bear grew up, they started to realize this bear was much more fit and agile than all the other larger bears. He could run to the fish better and he could run longer, so he was able to survive better. This allowed him to live longer and he outlived everyone. On top of being faster than all the other bears, because he was able to outlive the other bears, he mated with lots of female bears, having lots of new offspring that looked like him. When the bear mated, he had four offspring. Three of these cubs were skinny, and the other one was larger. This proves that he passed on his mutation to his offspring. 100 years later, the majority of the bears were skinny. Over the years the allele frequency had changed because the skinnier bears were living longer. Natural selection had selected the skinny trait, and from then on, most of the bears were fit.	281	ENGLISH	1
The area of Africa now known as Malawi had a very small population of hunter-gatherers before waves of Bantu peoples began emigrating from the north around the 10th century. Although most of the Bantu peoples continued south, some remained and founded ethnic groups based on common ancestry. By 1500 AD, the tribes had established the Kingdom of Maravi that reached from north of what is now Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River and from Lake Malawi to the Luangwa River in what is now Zambia. Soon after 1600, with the area mostly united under one native ruler, native tribesmen began encountering, trading with and making alliances with Portuguese traders and members of the military. By 1700, however, the empire had broken up into areas controlled by many individual ethnic groups. The Arab slave trade reached its height in the mid- 1800s, when approximately 20,000 people were enslaved and considered to be carried yearly from Nkhotakota to Kilwa where they were sold. Missionary and explorer David Livingstone reached Lake Malawi (then Lake Nyasa) in 1859 and identified the Shire Highlands south of the lake as an area suitable for European settlement. As the result of Livingstone's visit, several Anglican and Presbyterian missions were established in the area in the 1860s and 1870s, the African Lakes Company Limited was established in 1878 to set up a trade and transport concern working closely with the missions, and a small mission and trading settlement was established at Blantyre in 1876 and a British Consul took up residence there in 1883. The Portuguese government was also interested in the area so, to prevent Portuguese occupation, the British government sent Harry Johnston as British consul with instructions to make treaties with local rulers beyond Portuguese jurisdiction. In 1889, a British protectorate was proclaimed over the Shire Highlands, which was extended in 1891 to include the whole of present-day Malawi as the British Central Africa Protectorate. In 1907, the protectorate was renamed Nyasaland, a name it retained for the remainder of its time under British rule. In a prime example of what is sometimes called the "Thin White Line" of colonial authority in Africa, the colonial government of Nyasaland was formed in 1891. The administrators were given a budget of £10,000 (1891 nominal value) per year, which was enough to employ ten European civilians, two military officers, seventy Punjab Sikhs and eighty-five Zanzibar porters. These few employees were then expected to administer and police a territory of around 94,000 square kilometres with between one and two million people. In 1944, the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was formed by the Africans of Nyasaland to promote local interests to the British government. In 1953, Britain linked Nyasaland with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in what was the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, often called the Central African Federation (CAF), for mainly political reasons. Even though the Federation was semi-independent, the linking provoked opposition from African nationalists, and the NAC gained popular support. An influential opponent of the CAF was Dr. Hastings Banda, a European-trained doctor working in Ghana who was persuaded to return to Nyasaland in 1958 to assist the nationalist cause. Banda was elected president of the NAC and worked to mobilise nationalist sentiment before being jailed by colonial authorities in 1959. He was released in 1960 and asked to help draft a new constitution for Nyasaland, with a clause granting Africans the majority in the colony's Legislative Council. In 1961, Banda's Malawi Congress Party (MCP) gained a majority in the Legislative Council elections and Banda became Prime Minister in 1963. The Federation was dissolved in 1963, and on 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became independent from British rule and renamed itself Malawi, and that is commemorated as the nation's Independence Day, a public holiday. Under a new constitution, Malawi became a republic with Banda as its first president. The new document also formally made Malawi a one-party state with the MCP as the only legal party. In 1971, Banda was declared president-for-life. For almost 30 years, Banda presided over a rigidly totalitarian regime, which ensured that Malawi did not suffer armed conflict. Opposition parties, including the Malawi Freedom Movement of Orton Chirwa and the Socialist League of Malawi, were founded in exile. Malawi's economy while Banda was president was often cited as an example of how a poor, landlocked, heavily populated, mineral-poor country could achieve progress in both agriculture and industrial development. While in office, and using his control of the country, Banda constructed a business empire that eventually produced one-third of the country's GDP and employed 10% of the wage-earning workforce. This burgeoning elite was symbolised by the building of a top boarding school called Kamuzu Academy (Eton of Africa). In Banda's own words "I do not want my boys and girls to do what I had to do—to leave their homes and their families and go away from Malawi to get an education". Under pressure for increased political freedom, Banda agreed to a referendum in 1993, where the populace voted for a multi-party democracy. In late 1993 a presidential council was formed, the life presidency was abolished and a new constitution was put into place, effectively ending the MCP's rule. In 1994 the first multi-party elections were held in Malawi, and Banda was defeated by Bakili Muluzi (a former Secretary General of the MCP and former Banda Cabinet Minister). Re-elected in 1999, Muluzi remained president until 2004, when Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika was elected. Although the political environment was described as "challenging", it was stated in 2009 that a multi-party system still existed in Malawi. Multiparty parliamentary and presidential elections were held for the fourth time in Malawi in May 2009, and President Mutharika was successfully re-elected, despite charges of election fraud from his rival. President Mutharika was seen by some as increasingly autocratic and dismissive of human rights, and in July 2011 protests over high costs of living, devolving foreign relations, poor governance and a lack of foreign exchange reserves erupted. The protests left 18 people dead and at least 44 others suffering from gunshot wounds. In April 2012, Mutharika died of a heart attack; the presidential title was taken over by former Vice-President Joyce Banda. In 2014 Joyce Banda lost elections (coming third) and was replaced by Arthur Peter Mutharika, the brother of ex-President Mutharika.	<urn:uuid:842917cc-936b-49e7-b894-9dfb7d6286be>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.wikiplanet.click/enciclopedia/en/Malawi	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00056.warc.gz	en	0.981107	1,401	4.09375	4	[ -0.13240472972393036, 0.4096605181694031, 0.2265665978193283, 0.14484570920467377, 0.03543582558631897, -0.37578532099723816, 0.17162463068962097, -0.056560248136520386, -0.49629074335098267, 0.18199926614761353, 0.271469384431839, -0.5632635354995728, 0.3567279577255249, 0.312119483947753...	1	The area of Africa now known as Malawi had a very small population of hunter-gatherers before waves of Bantu peoples began emigrating from the north around the 10th century. Although most of the Bantu peoples continued south, some remained and founded ethnic groups based on common ancestry. By 1500 AD, the tribes had established the Kingdom of Maravi that reached from north of what is now Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River and from Lake Malawi to the Luangwa River in what is now Zambia. Soon after 1600, with the area mostly united under one native ruler, native tribesmen began encountering, trading with and making alliances with Portuguese traders and members of the military. By 1700, however, the empire had broken up into areas controlled by many individual ethnic groups. The Arab slave trade reached its height in the mid- 1800s, when approximately 20,000 people were enslaved and considered to be carried yearly from Nkhotakota to Kilwa where they were sold. Missionary and explorer David Livingstone reached Lake Malawi (then Lake Nyasa) in 1859 and identified the Shire Highlands south of the lake as an area suitable for European settlement. As the result of Livingstone's visit, several Anglican and Presbyterian missions were established in the area in the 1860s and 1870s, the African Lakes Company Limited was established in 1878 to set up a trade and transport concern working closely with the missions, and a small mission and trading settlement was established at Blantyre in 1876 and a British Consul took up residence there in 1883. The Portuguese government was also interested in the area so, to prevent Portuguese occupation, the British government sent Harry Johnston as British consul with instructions to make treaties with local rulers beyond Portuguese jurisdiction. In 1889, a British protectorate was proclaimed over the Shire Highlands, which was extended in 1891 to include the whole of present-day Malawi as the British Central Africa Protectorate. In 1907, the protectorate was renamed Nyasaland, a name it retained for the remainder of its time under British rule. In a prime example of what is sometimes called the "Thin White Line" of colonial authority in Africa, the colonial government of Nyasaland was formed in 1891. The administrators were given a budget of £10,000 (1891 nominal value) per year, which was enough to employ ten European civilians, two military officers, seventy Punjab Sikhs and eighty-five Zanzibar porters. These few employees were then expected to administer and police a territory of around 94,000 square kilometres with between one and two million people. In 1944, the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was formed by the Africans of Nyasaland to promote local interests to the British government. In 1953, Britain linked Nyasaland with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in what was the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, often called the Central African Federation (CAF), for mainly political reasons. Even though the Federation was semi-independent, the linking provoked opposition from African nationalists, and the NAC gained popular support. An influential opponent of the CAF was Dr. Hastings Banda, a European-trained doctor working in Ghana who was persuaded to return to Nyasaland in 1958 to assist the nationalist cause. Banda was elected president of the NAC and worked to mobilise nationalist sentiment before being jailed by colonial authorities in 1959. He was released in 1960 and asked to help draft a new constitution for Nyasaland, with a clause granting Africans the majority in the colony's Legislative Council. In 1961, Banda's Malawi Congress Party (MCP) gained a majority in the Legislative Council elections and Banda became Prime Minister in 1963. The Federation was dissolved in 1963, and on 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became independent from British rule and renamed itself Malawi, and that is commemorated as the nation's Independence Day, a public holiday. Under a new constitution, Malawi became a republic with Banda as its first president. The new document also formally made Malawi a one-party state with the MCP as the only legal party. In 1971, Banda was declared president-for-life. For almost 30 years, Banda presided over a rigidly totalitarian regime, which ensured that Malawi did not suffer armed conflict. Opposition parties, including the Malawi Freedom Movement of Orton Chirwa and the Socialist League of Malawi, were founded in exile. Malawi's economy while Banda was president was often cited as an example of how a poor, landlocked, heavily populated, mineral-poor country could achieve progress in both agriculture and industrial development. While in office, and using his control of the country, Banda constructed a business empire that eventually produced one-third of the country's GDP and employed 10% of the wage-earning workforce. This burgeoning elite was symbolised by the building of a top boarding school called Kamuzu Academy (Eton of Africa). In Banda's own words "I do not want my boys and girls to do what I had to do—to leave their homes and their families and go away from Malawi to get an education". Under pressure for increased political freedom, Banda agreed to a referendum in 1993, where the populace voted for a multi-party democracy. In late 1993 a presidential council was formed, the life presidency was abolished and a new constitution was put into place, effectively ending the MCP's rule. In 1994 the first multi-party elections were held in Malawi, and Banda was defeated by Bakili Muluzi (a former Secretary General of the MCP and former Banda Cabinet Minister). Re-elected in 1999, Muluzi remained president until 2004, when Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika was elected. Although the political environment was described as "challenging", it was stated in 2009 that a multi-party system still existed in Malawi. Multiparty parliamentary and presidential elections were held for the fourth time in Malawi in May 2009, and President Mutharika was successfully re-elected, despite charges of election fraud from his rival. President Mutharika was seen by some as increasingly autocratic and dismissive of human rights, and in July 2011 protests over high costs of living, devolving foreign relations, poor governance and a lack of foreign exchange reserves erupted. The protests left 18 people dead and at least 44 others suffering from gunshot wounds. In April 2012, Mutharika died of a heart attack; the presidential title was taken over by former Vice-President Joyce Banda. In 2014 Joyce Banda lost elections (coming third) and was replaced by Arthur Peter Mutharika, the brother of ex-President Mutharika.	1,508	ENGLISH	1
Robot-Like Machines Helped People With Spinal Injuries Regain Function Thursday, August 11, 2016 Researchers in Brazil who are trying to help people with spine injuries gain mobility have made a surprising discovery: Injured people doing brain training while interacting with robot-like machines were able to regain some sensation and movement. The findings, published in Scientific Reports (one of the Nature journals), suggest that damaged spinal tissue in some people with paraplegia can be retrained to a certain extent — somewhat the way certain people can regain some brain function following stroke though repetition and practice. In fact, this isn't a new idea for treating injuries of the spinal cord. Even people with severe injuries can regain some sensation and function through physical therapy if some nerve fibers remain. The eight paralyzed people in the Brazilian study didn't regain enough mobility to support their own weight on their legs, but Dr. Miguel Nicolelis, a neuroscientist and physician with Duke University who led the research, says his experimental subjects did make "partial recovery" — improvements that significantly helped their quality of life. They had better control of bowel and bladder functions, he says. Some men were able to have erections and one woman decided to deliver a baby vaginally. "She could feel the baby for the first time," he says. "She could feel the contractions." The study of the first 12 months of training didn't document the most dramatic quality-of-life improvements that Nicolelis announced in a telephone briefing with reporters. But it did describe some of the improvements in sensation and movement. Nicolelis previously garnered worldwide publicity for his work by arranging for one of his patients to kick out a ceremonial soccer ball during the World Cup tournament in Rio de Janeiro in 2014. The build-up for that moment was more dramatic than the actual event. But it did highlight Nicolelis' ambitious efforts to help people with paralysis improve their mobility through robotics, through an international scientific collaboration known as the Walk Again Project. Other research groups are pursuing similar strategies, and there are several products on the market that help people with spinal cord injuries to walk. In his work, Nicolelis and his team trained people with paraplegia to visualize moving their muscles, by having them wear virtual reality goggles and giving them tactile feedback on their arms. The idea was to create brain signals that could be picked up by electrodes and used to control the bulky robotic apparatus. Nicolelis was surprised to see that, as people improved their ability to visualize limb movements, they were also regaining some feeling and movement as well. His patients had been paralyzed for three to 13 years. "For the first time in many years they were able to voluntarily control their muscles," he says. "They could move their legs or contract muscles under voluntary control." Some people had their level of paralysis upgraded to a less severe rating of "incomplete paraplegia." "This has not been seen before," he says. "I call this an important milestone." But Edelle Field-Fote, director of spinal cord injury research at the Shepherd Center at Emory University, wasn't so rhapsodic. "I would not say it's unprecedented," she tells Shots. "I'd say the intervention [used in Brazil] is unprecedented." Nicolelis' therapy involves not just the virtual-reality training; it includes physical therapy and extensive stimulation as the robotic machines move their muscles. "If you gave anybody [with some remaining spinal cord] 12 months of therapy, you'd see improvement," Field-Fote says, even years after an injury. She notes that at the outset of the study, all the participants had some ability to walk — with assistance from crutches, walkers, braces and in some cases human attendants. "If you exercise with the body-weight support and treadmill training, you also get improvements," says Monica Perez, a scientist at the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis who studies mechanisms involved in the control of human movement. "The question is whether this is superior to previous approaches and which are the mechanisms," Perez says. "This was a long period of training, so it's hard to compare." The findings from Brazil raise the possibility that more prolonged efforts to restore some movement in paralyzed people could pay off. "Overall, the study is plausible and interesting," says Dr. Lyn Jakeman, a neuroscientist who oversees extramural research on spinal cord injury for the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. But she also notes that the participants had so many different interventions, it's not entirely clear whether the visualization exercises or some other combination of factors was responsible for the reported effects. And the study had no control group for comparison. These independent experts couldn't evaluate the claims Nicolelis made in his press call but didn't include in his published report. Nicolelis tells reporters that two women in his study who had been paralyzed for more than a decade showed the most improvement. They "can generate leg movements, move their legs out and in and flex their knees," he says. Some of that is captured in a video he released with the published study. "They are continuously improving," he says, beyond what he reports in his peer-reviewed paper. One woman now has enough mobility to get out and about, Nicolelis said. "Now she can sit [and] she can basically drive." Nicolelis says it's possible that people with even weak muscles in their legs can more easily control the robotic machinery that he and his collaborators are developing. He suspects that residual nerve fibers through the spinal injury are able to carry sensations up to the brain, along with some rudimentary commands from the brain down to the muscles. Other researchers internationally are pursuing several different approaches to treating spinal injuries. Those include drugs to limit the damage caused by an injury, along with various approaches to cell transplantation, as well as electrical stimulation and efforts to retrain the central nervous system. There are roughly 25 million people worldwide with severe spinal injuries. Nicolelis acknowledges that his experiments have been expensive. But if the virtual reality training is indeed key to the improvements he has documented, that could be the basis of less expensive therapy, he believes. Given the success he has seen with his first eight volunteers, he says, he's planning to expand his research to a new study group. Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. To view PDF documents, Download Acrobat Reader.	<urn:uuid:f10d39e2-5f55-4431-9f92-990bcaee07e8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.kpbs.org/news/2016/aug/11/robot-like-machines-helped-people-with-spinal/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00065.warc.gz	en	0.981654	1,325	3.28125	3	[ -0.3953098654747009, -0.35946226119995117, 0.23929241299629211, 0.14134036004543304, -0.21979013085365295, 0.5634030699729919, 0.21254700422286987, 0.8943109512329102, -0.1780376434326172, -0.26622480154037476, 0.21100178360939026, -0.08823610842227936, -0.010957404039800167, 0.45134189724...	2	Robot-Like Machines Helped People With Spinal Injuries Regain Function Thursday, August 11, 2016 Researchers in Brazil who are trying to help people with spine injuries gain mobility have made a surprising discovery: Injured people doing brain training while interacting with robot-like machines were able to regain some sensation and movement. The findings, published in Scientific Reports (one of the Nature journals), suggest that damaged spinal tissue in some people with paraplegia can be retrained to a certain extent — somewhat the way certain people can regain some brain function following stroke though repetition and practice. In fact, this isn't a new idea for treating injuries of the spinal cord. Even people with severe injuries can regain some sensation and function through physical therapy if some nerve fibers remain. The eight paralyzed people in the Brazilian study didn't regain enough mobility to support their own weight on their legs, but Dr. Miguel Nicolelis, a neuroscientist and physician with Duke University who led the research, says his experimental subjects did make "partial recovery" — improvements that significantly helped their quality of life. They had better control of bowel and bladder functions, he says. Some men were able to have erections and one woman decided to deliver a baby vaginally. "She could feel the baby for the first time," he says. "She could feel the contractions." The study of the first 12 months of training didn't document the most dramatic quality-of-life improvements that Nicolelis announced in a telephone briefing with reporters. But it did describe some of the improvements in sensation and movement. Nicolelis previously garnered worldwide publicity for his work by arranging for one of his patients to kick out a ceremonial soccer ball during the World Cup tournament in Rio de Janeiro in 2014. The build-up for that moment was more dramatic than the actual event. But it did highlight Nicolelis' ambitious efforts to help people with paralysis improve their mobility through robotics, through an international scientific collaboration known as the Walk Again Project. Other research groups are pursuing similar strategies, and there are several products on the market that help people with spinal cord injuries to walk. In his work, Nicolelis and his team trained people with paraplegia to visualize moving their muscles, by having them wear virtual reality goggles and giving them tactile feedback on their arms. The idea was to create brain signals that could be picked up by electrodes and used to control the bulky robotic apparatus. Nicolelis was surprised to see that, as people improved their ability to visualize limb movements, they were also regaining some feeling and movement as well. His patients had been paralyzed for three to 13 years. "For the first time in many years they were able to voluntarily control their muscles," he says. "They could move their legs or contract muscles under voluntary control." Some people had their level of paralysis upgraded to a less severe rating of "incomplete paraplegia." "This has not been seen before," he says. "I call this an important milestone." But Edelle Field-Fote, director of spinal cord injury research at the Shepherd Center at Emory University, wasn't so rhapsodic. "I would not say it's unprecedented," she tells Shots. "I'd say the intervention [used in Brazil] is unprecedented." Nicolelis' therapy involves not just the virtual-reality training; it includes physical therapy and extensive stimulation as the robotic machines move their muscles. "If you gave anybody [with some remaining spinal cord] 12 months of therapy, you'd see improvement," Field-Fote says, even years after an injury. She notes that at the outset of the study, all the participants had some ability to walk — with assistance from crutches, walkers, braces and in some cases human attendants. "If you exercise with the body-weight support and treadmill training, you also get improvements," says Monica Perez, a scientist at the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis who studies mechanisms involved in the control of human movement. "The question is whether this is superior to previous approaches and which are the mechanisms," Perez says. "This was a long period of training, so it's hard to compare." The findings from Brazil raise the possibility that more prolonged efforts to restore some movement in paralyzed people could pay off. "Overall, the study is plausible and interesting," says Dr. Lyn Jakeman, a neuroscientist who oversees extramural research on spinal cord injury for the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. But she also notes that the participants had so many different interventions, it's not entirely clear whether the visualization exercises or some other combination of factors was responsible for the reported effects. And the study had no control group for comparison. These independent experts couldn't evaluate the claims Nicolelis made in his press call but didn't include in his published report. Nicolelis tells reporters that two women in his study who had been paralyzed for more than a decade showed the most improvement. They "can generate leg movements, move their legs out and in and flex their knees," he says. Some of that is captured in a video he released with the published study. "They are continuously improving," he says, beyond what he reports in his peer-reviewed paper. One woman now has enough mobility to get out and about, Nicolelis said. "Now she can sit [and] she can basically drive." Nicolelis says it's possible that people with even weak muscles in their legs can more easily control the robotic machinery that he and his collaborators are developing. He suspects that residual nerve fibers through the spinal injury are able to carry sensations up to the brain, along with some rudimentary commands from the brain down to the muscles. Other researchers internationally are pursuing several different approaches to treating spinal injuries. Those include drugs to limit the damage caused by an injury, along with various approaches to cell transplantation, as well as electrical stimulation and efforts to retrain the central nervous system. There are roughly 25 million people worldwide with severe spinal injuries. Nicolelis acknowledges that his experiments have been expensive. But if the virtual reality training is indeed key to the improvements he has documented, that could be the basis of less expensive therapy, he believes. Given the success he has seen with his first eight volunteers, he says, he's planning to expand his research to a new study group. Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. To view PDF documents, Download Acrobat Reader.	1,307	ENGLISH	1
In May of 1864, Ulysses S. Grant put into action a multi-front offensive campaign that would strike at the very heart of the Confederacy, including marching on Atlanta, Mobile, Alabama, and even the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. His plan relied on many officers to carry out his plan, and when most of his generals were met with firm resistance and turned away, the importance of Union General William T. Sherman was truly exposed. During this campaign Sherman emerged as one of the most important men during the course of the Civil War. Sherman was not as well known as some other generals because he was one of the few officers who had not served during the Mexican War, or the “dress rehearsal for the Civil War.” In 1864, Sherman truly surfaced in the eyes of citizens and troops nationwide as well as making his impact on history. Sherman was chosen by Grant to march on Atlanta as a part of the May offensive that, so far, was not going as well as Grant had hoped. Sherman had an army of one hundred thousand men, and he was marching against the army of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston, who many Confederate officers held in a high regard. The subordinate officers of Braxton Bragg had continuously asked Confederate President Jefferson Davis to replace Bragg with Johnston despite his reputation as an officer who retreated many times. Grant had sent Sherman, a capable officer under Grant’s command, to take Atlanta as the first part of his plan, but then move further into Georgia and further strangle the Confederates. Sherman was an important part of the overall Anaconda Plan that involved a naval blockade and army movement that would surround the Confederacy and attempt to exhaust them and their resources to the point that they would surrender. As Sherman marched toward Atlanta, he was continuously harassed by Johnston’s outnumbered troops for most of May and through most of June. It wasn’t until the end of June that Sherman attacked Johnston, putting his men on the offensive for the first time since he had set off toward Atlanta. Despite Johnston’s ability to defend against the attacks of Sherman, he retreated from direct fighting with Sherman in early July, retreating back to take up a defensive position in Atlanta. His retreat did not do him any favors publicly, and his reputation for retreat only grew. Jefferson Davis replaced Johnston for failing to go on the offensive more forcefully against Sherman, and Officer John Bell Hood took his place. The replacement came as good news to Sherman and the Union army, who knew that Davis demanded offensive maneuvers of Hood, as much of Lee’s success for the Confederate army came while he was constantly on the offensive. Sherman knew that, even if the Confederates were better off taking up a defensive position, Hood would have political pressure to attack. Sherman began to besiege Atlanta, though after two months the citizens in the North as well as Lincoln were getting restless that Sherman was not able to capture Atlanta in a timely fashion. After two months it looked like the Siege of Atlanta would be continuing for an unknown amount of time. It wasn’t until September that Union troops finally occupied Atlanta. Because of the success of the Atlanta Campaign and the time at which it came (September, 1864), Union success translated into the success under Abraham Lincoln’s leadership. Sherman’s success played a large role in Lincoln being re-elected, and the fall of Chattanooga and Atlanta made the signs of a Confederate downslide toward defeat much more apparent. “Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era” by James McPherson Archer Jones and Herman Hattaway – “How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War”	<urn:uuid:b6e01ec4-e55d-4ce7-8cb1-b411d05aeb7f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://yuptab.com/william-t-sherman-emerges-the-american-civil-war-in-1864/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00450.warc.gz	en	0.987819	756	3.8125	4	[ -0.5060815215110779, 0.3363147974014282, 0.32665443420410156, 0.05847354605793953, -0.18720997869968414, 0.14867134392261505, 0.24619880318641663, -0.020056933164596558, -0.32130515575408936, -0.1449507474899292, -0.18243175745010376, 0.06845622509717941, 0.2636004388332367, 0.345154702663...	2	In May of 1864, Ulysses S. Grant put into action a multi-front offensive campaign that would strike at the very heart of the Confederacy, including marching on Atlanta, Mobile, Alabama, and even the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. His plan relied on many officers to carry out his plan, and when most of his generals were met with firm resistance and turned away, the importance of Union General William T. Sherman was truly exposed. During this campaign Sherman emerged as one of the most important men during the course of the Civil War. Sherman was not as well known as some other generals because he was one of the few officers who had not served during the Mexican War, or the “dress rehearsal for the Civil War.” In 1864, Sherman truly surfaced in the eyes of citizens and troops nationwide as well as making his impact on history. Sherman was chosen by Grant to march on Atlanta as a part of the May offensive that, so far, was not going as well as Grant had hoped. Sherman had an army of one hundred thousand men, and he was marching against the army of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston, who many Confederate officers held in a high regard. The subordinate officers of Braxton Bragg had continuously asked Confederate President Jefferson Davis to replace Bragg with Johnston despite his reputation as an officer who retreated many times. Grant had sent Sherman, a capable officer under Grant’s command, to take Atlanta as the first part of his plan, but then move further into Georgia and further strangle the Confederates. Sherman was an important part of the overall Anaconda Plan that involved a naval blockade and army movement that would surround the Confederacy and attempt to exhaust them and their resources to the point that they would surrender. As Sherman marched toward Atlanta, he was continuously harassed by Johnston’s outnumbered troops for most of May and through most of June. It wasn’t until the end of June that Sherman attacked Johnston, putting his men on the offensive for the first time since he had set off toward Atlanta. Despite Johnston’s ability to defend against the attacks of Sherman, he retreated from direct fighting with Sherman in early July, retreating back to take up a defensive position in Atlanta. His retreat did not do him any favors publicly, and his reputation for retreat only grew. Jefferson Davis replaced Johnston for failing to go on the offensive more forcefully against Sherman, and Officer John Bell Hood took his place. The replacement came as good news to Sherman and the Union army, who knew that Davis demanded offensive maneuvers of Hood, as much of Lee’s success for the Confederate army came while he was constantly on the offensive. Sherman knew that, even if the Confederates were better off taking up a defensive position, Hood would have political pressure to attack. Sherman began to besiege Atlanta, though after two months the citizens in the North as well as Lincoln were getting restless that Sherman was not able to capture Atlanta in a timely fashion. After two months it looked like the Siege of Atlanta would be continuing for an unknown amount of time. It wasn’t until September that Union troops finally occupied Atlanta. Because of the success of the Atlanta Campaign and the time at which it came (September, 1864), Union success translated into the success under Abraham Lincoln’s leadership. Sherman’s success played a large role in Lincoln being re-elected, and the fall of Chattanooga and Atlanta made the signs of a Confederate downslide toward defeat much more apparent. “Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era” by James McPherson Archer Jones and Herman Hattaway – “How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War”	740	ENGLISH	1
Mass removal ("evacuation") On March 2, 1942, Public Proclamation No. 1 began to appear on telephone poles and buildings. This was the first official notice Japanese Americans had of their immediate removal from the West Coast. The notices stated that they had six or seven days to prepare, and were to take only what they could carry. They were not told where they would be taken. People rushed to sell or store, in one week, property and belongings acquired over a lifetime. Some families tucked their valuables away in their attic or basement and locked the door, hoping to return soon. On the appointed "evacuation" day, thousands of Japanese Americans gathered at designated locations, with the numbered identification tags they had been issued tied to their coats. Watched by curious onlookers, they were met by armed soldiers and transported in buses, private cars, and trains to sixteen temporary "assembly centers" in California, Washington, Oregon and Arizona. World War II Mass removal ("evacuation") (152) Related articles from the Densho Encyclopedia : Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942 (book)	<urn:uuid:5349b65c-e1f0-4735-a558-b99837d72987>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ddr.densho.org/browse/topics/57/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00087.warc.gz	en	0.981848	237	3.703125	4	[ -0.04794073849916458, 0.1727001965045929, 0.18727728724479675, 0.043195683509111404, 0.08802046626806259, 0.3072660565376282, 0.0979972556233406, 0.43719273805618286, -0.11157895624637604, 0.30071523785591125, 0.24385373294353485, 0.03623867407441139, 0.35502150654792786, 0.429238796234130...	1	Mass removal ("evacuation") On March 2, 1942, Public Proclamation No. 1 began to appear on telephone poles and buildings. This was the first official notice Japanese Americans had of their immediate removal from the West Coast. The notices stated that they had six or seven days to prepare, and were to take only what they could carry. They were not told where they would be taken. People rushed to sell or store, in one week, property and belongings acquired over a lifetime. Some families tucked their valuables away in their attic or basement and locked the door, hoping to return soon. On the appointed "evacuation" day, thousands of Japanese Americans gathered at designated locations, with the numbered identification tags they had been issued tied to their coats. Watched by curious onlookers, they were met by armed soldiers and transported in buses, private cars, and trains to sixteen temporary "assembly centers" in California, Washington, Oregon and Arizona. World War II Mass removal ("evacuation") (152) Related articles from the Densho Encyclopedia : Final Report, Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942 (book)	245	ENGLISH	1
Marie Antoinette’s refreshing ways and graceful deportment enchanted the French court. She was judged to be ‘aimable’ – the catchword of the Rococo. At first the young dauphine was the darling of court society. However, her position was increasingly jeopardized by the persisting childlessness of her marriage. Doubts grew as to whether this had in fact even been consummated. Marie Antoinette’s new husband was a boyish fifteen-year-old, introverted and unsuited to rule. Helplessly shy with his pretty bride and of a rather simple disposition, Louis Auguste was a compliant instrument of the warring cliques at the French court. The young bride had been instructed by her mother to make every effort to win the affection of her husband. Her chief duty as a wife was to bear offspring as soon as possible in order to secure the succession. This was what her position at court would be measured by. The issue of the consummation of the marriage was an affair of state. The court grew nervous as there was no sign that marital intercourse had taken place. Marie Antoinette was now put under pressure from all sides; Maria Theresa sent letters with well-meaning advice. The fact that her mother far off in Vienna was well-informed about how her daughter’s married life was developing shows how closely she was being observed and that there was no privacy at the court of Versailles. Maria Antoinette’s every step and utterance was monitored and commented upon. At first Marie Antoinette made a conscientious attempt to fulfil the expectations placed in her. However, as time went by she increasingly reacted to the demands made on her with scorn and dismissal. A young company of favourites formed around the dauphine, who began an innocent rebellion against the conventions of the court. This made her numerous enemies, particularly as her position was not adequately secured due to her childlessness after several years of marriage.	<urn:uuid:1ed0d58c-6781-492c-9cd9-5c365be0e1cc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/marie-antoinette-limelight	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00066.warc.gz	en	0.989102	412	3.359375	3	[ -0.5018815398216248, 0.15921376645565033, -0.15077908337116241, -0.43418195843696594, -0.07559043169021606, 0.0050761522725224495, 0.2879241108894348, -0.11400701105594635, 0.21528932452201843, -0.21036307513713837, 0.11540266871452332, 0.27798476815223694, 0.29325032234191895, 0.099603824...	1	Marie Antoinette’s refreshing ways and graceful deportment enchanted the French court. She was judged to be ‘aimable’ – the catchword of the Rococo. At first the young dauphine was the darling of court society. However, her position was increasingly jeopardized by the persisting childlessness of her marriage. Doubts grew as to whether this had in fact even been consummated. Marie Antoinette’s new husband was a boyish fifteen-year-old, introverted and unsuited to rule. Helplessly shy with his pretty bride and of a rather simple disposition, Louis Auguste was a compliant instrument of the warring cliques at the French court. The young bride had been instructed by her mother to make every effort to win the affection of her husband. Her chief duty as a wife was to bear offspring as soon as possible in order to secure the succession. This was what her position at court would be measured by. The issue of the consummation of the marriage was an affair of state. The court grew nervous as there was no sign that marital intercourse had taken place. Marie Antoinette was now put under pressure from all sides; Maria Theresa sent letters with well-meaning advice. The fact that her mother far off in Vienna was well-informed about how her daughter’s married life was developing shows how closely she was being observed and that there was no privacy at the court of Versailles. Maria Antoinette’s every step and utterance was monitored and commented upon. At first Marie Antoinette made a conscientious attempt to fulfil the expectations placed in her. However, as time went by she increasingly reacted to the demands made on her with scorn and dismissal. A young company of favourites formed around the dauphine, who began an innocent rebellion against the conventions of the court. This made her numerous enemies, particularly as her position was not adequately secured due to her childlessness after several years of marriage.	397	ENGLISH	1
This week in Asian history month I will be covering one of the important events in the history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) – the Long March. The Long March ensured the survival of the CCP and capitulated Mao Zedong to the front of the party’s leadership. Due to this importance, the events of the Long March have essentially become myth and legend in Chinese history – the political capital of this event has fuelled CCP propaganda ever since. In this post I will address the history and facts of the events and why it has become so important to the CCP and their propaganda. The Long March lasted from 1934 to 1935 and was a military retreat undertaken by the CCP to evade the Kuomintang Party (KMT). The KMT was founded by Dr. Sun Yat-Sen in 1911 and was considered the Nationalist party in China and the often opposition and partner of the CCP. The KMT and the CCP unified in 1923 to form the First United Front to end Warlordism in China. However leadership of the KMT transferred to Chiang Kai-Shek in 1925 after the death of Sun Yat-Sen and a spilt occurred between the CCP and KMT shortly thereafter, hence the Long March. The Long March was not one continuous trek but rather a series of skirmishes as various CCP fractions escaped the KMT. Under the guidance of Chiang Kai-Shek the KMT launched a series of five encirclement campaigns against the CCP who were then based in the Jiangxi and Fujian provinces in south-east China. This to ensure their demise in 1930 and 1934 – they used guerrilla tactics to surround the CCP camps and essentially starve them out and force them to fight. The CCP managed to resist the first four campaigns but in the fifth Chiang Kai-Shek built massive fortifications, successfully overrunning the CCP. This was because Mao had been removed from his position as an influential leader by Otto Braun (a Russian communist sent as a form of support from the Soviets) who used the tactics that clashed with Mao’s. With defeat clear, the CCP began to break out of the encirclement and the Long March began on October 16, 1934. Using secrecy and undercover tactics meant that it was some weeks before the KMT noticed that the main body of the Red Army had fled. The retreating force of around 85,000 troops often marched under the cover of night. Mao began to gain his influence, emerging as a top military and political leader by offering a change of strategy which saw the main army break up into several smaller fractions to take varying paths to confuse the enemy. After enduring starvation, aerial attacks, and almost daily attacks by the KMT for a year, Mao halted the long March in the northern Shaanxi province on October 20, 1935. By some historians’ estimates, 8,000 or fewer marchers completed the journey – which covered more than 4,000 miles, 24 rivers, and 18 mountain ranges. The CCP were safe from the KMT and they could continue to gain influence over the Chinese masses until 1949 when the KMT was defeated and the People’s Republic of China was claimed. The history of the Long March is so unusual that it almost doesn’t need exaggeration but due to the fact that Mao Zedong emerged as the undisputed leader of the CCP during this, it has almost entered mythical status. From this, Mao would serve as head of the CCP until his death in 1976 and is still remembered by Chinese society as a larger than life figure. It is considered one of the great physical feats of the twentieth century but due to its use in Chinese propaganda, it is surrounded by conflicting accounts of what occurred. For example, the Battle of Luding Bridge has always been portrayed as a glorious and heroic moment in Chinese history. The official account offered by the CCP shows that exhausted CCP forces had to fight across a bridge guarded by the much larger KMT forces. The CCP sent a small battalion that braves the gunfire to assault the enemy positions hence securing the bridge for the army to cross. This event is incorporated into all textbooks in Chinese elementary schools and is used to magnify the heroism of the Red Army. However British-Chinese author Jung Chang and her husband Jon Halliday wrote in their 2005 biography of Mao, Mao: The Unknown Story, claim that there was no battle using eyewitnesses as evidence. Although their claim that the battle did not occur is actually rare most agree that propaganda greatly exaggerated the event. The legend of the Long March is central to the history of the CCP and their Red Army. Military victories during from 1934-35 were few and far between but when they did come, such as the Battle of Luding Bridge, they were exploited to the full. This is all especially true as it was established Mao Zedong as the undisputed leader of the CCP, allowing for him to lead China and become a mythical figure even now, decades after his death It is often said that history is written by winners and the Long March narrative does show support for this. The way it is taught in Chinese schools today still closely reflects the way Mao believed it to be understood. It would be too far to call it a lie – the March happened and is undoubtedly a great feat of physical strength and military tactics. However the narrative has been shaped to showcase the values that Mao believes in – physical toughness, self-sufficiency, and more. Whilst some facts can be disputed, no one can claim that this Long March was not a turning point for the CCP, Mao Zedong, and for China.	<urn:uuid:e19081cd-e069-46e2-9b55-ad0ca79eaf5f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wuhstry.wordpress.com/2017/12/16/chinas-long-march-the-facts-and-the-myths/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00498.warc.gz	en	0.984566	1,133	3.671875	4	[ -0.39783334732055664, 0.30353474617004395, 0.36102038621902466, 0.40554964542388916, -0.07480135560035706, 0.34730497002601624, 0.30025190114974976, 0.07464645802974701, -0.2449871301651001, -0.017042795196175575, 0.42079392075538635, -0.06793466210365295, 0.3030359745025635, 0.61031854152...	3	This week in Asian history month I will be covering one of the important events in the history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) – the Long March. The Long March ensured the survival of the CCP and capitulated Mao Zedong to the front of the party’s leadership. Due to this importance, the events of the Long March have essentially become myth and legend in Chinese history – the political capital of this event has fuelled CCP propaganda ever since. In this post I will address the history and facts of the events and why it has become so important to the CCP and their propaganda. The Long March lasted from 1934 to 1935 and was a military retreat undertaken by the CCP to evade the Kuomintang Party (KMT). The KMT was founded by Dr. Sun Yat-Sen in 1911 and was considered the Nationalist party in China and the often opposition and partner of the CCP. The KMT and the CCP unified in 1923 to form the First United Front to end Warlordism in China. However leadership of the KMT transferred to Chiang Kai-Shek in 1925 after the death of Sun Yat-Sen and a spilt occurred between the CCP and KMT shortly thereafter, hence the Long March. The Long March was not one continuous trek but rather a series of skirmishes as various CCP fractions escaped the KMT. Under the guidance of Chiang Kai-Shek the KMT launched a series of five encirclement campaigns against the CCP who were then based in the Jiangxi and Fujian provinces in south-east China. This to ensure their demise in 1930 and 1934 – they used guerrilla tactics to surround the CCP camps and essentially starve them out and force them to fight. The CCP managed to resist the first four campaigns but in the fifth Chiang Kai-Shek built massive fortifications, successfully overrunning the CCP. This was because Mao had been removed from his position as an influential leader by Otto Braun (a Russian communist sent as a form of support from the Soviets) who used the tactics that clashed with Mao’s. With defeat clear, the CCP began to break out of the encirclement and the Long March began on October 16, 1934. Using secrecy and undercover tactics meant that it was some weeks before the KMT noticed that the main body of the Red Army had fled. The retreating force of around 85,000 troops often marched under the cover of night. Mao began to gain his influence, emerging as a top military and political leader by offering a change of strategy which saw the main army break up into several smaller fractions to take varying paths to confuse the enemy. After enduring starvation, aerial attacks, and almost daily attacks by the KMT for a year, Mao halted the long March in the northern Shaanxi province on October 20, 1935. By some historians’ estimates, 8,000 or fewer marchers completed the journey – which covered more than 4,000 miles, 24 rivers, and 18 mountain ranges. The CCP were safe from the KMT and they could continue to gain influence over the Chinese masses until 1949 when the KMT was defeated and the People’s Republic of China was claimed. The history of the Long March is so unusual that it almost doesn’t need exaggeration but due to the fact that Mao Zedong emerged as the undisputed leader of the CCP during this, it has almost entered mythical status. From this, Mao would serve as head of the CCP until his death in 1976 and is still remembered by Chinese society as a larger than life figure. It is considered one of the great physical feats of the twentieth century but due to its use in Chinese propaganda, it is surrounded by conflicting accounts of what occurred. For example, the Battle of Luding Bridge has always been portrayed as a glorious and heroic moment in Chinese history. The official account offered by the CCP shows that exhausted CCP forces had to fight across a bridge guarded by the much larger KMT forces. The CCP sent a small battalion that braves the gunfire to assault the enemy positions hence securing the bridge for the army to cross. This event is incorporated into all textbooks in Chinese elementary schools and is used to magnify the heroism of the Red Army. However British-Chinese author Jung Chang and her husband Jon Halliday wrote in their 2005 biography of Mao, Mao: The Unknown Story, claim that there was no battle using eyewitnesses as evidence. Although their claim that the battle did not occur is actually rare most agree that propaganda greatly exaggerated the event. The legend of the Long March is central to the history of the CCP and their Red Army. Military victories during from 1934-35 were few and far between but when they did come, such as the Battle of Luding Bridge, they were exploited to the full. This is all especially true as it was established Mao Zedong as the undisputed leader of the CCP, allowing for him to lead China and become a mythical figure even now, decades after his death It is often said that history is written by winners and the Long March narrative does show support for this. The way it is taught in Chinese schools today still closely reflects the way Mao believed it to be understood. It would be too far to call it a lie – the March happened and is undoubtedly a great feat of physical strength and military tactics. However the narrative has been shaped to showcase the values that Mao believes in – physical toughness, self-sufficiency, and more. Whilst some facts can be disputed, no one can claim that this Long March was not a turning point for the CCP, Mao Zedong, and for China.	1,196	ENGLISH	1
In 1643, Londoners were worried about the well-being of street children. So they developed a scheme to improve the children’s lot in life by sending them to America, where they could be apprenticed as laborers. So it was that Nathaniel Sewell arrived in Massachusetts aboard the vessel Seabridge. He was sent to live with William Franklin of Newbury. Hung in the Chimney Franklin and Sewell apparently couldn’t get along, with Franklin determined to reform the boy at all costs. Sewell apparently resisted. John Winthrop devoted quite a passage to the case in his diaries, which turned out badly for all involved. Franklin “used him (Nathaniel Sewell) with continual rigor and unmerciful correction, and exposed him many times to much cold and wet in the winter season,” wrote Winthrop. He also “used divers acts of rigor towards him, as hanging him in the chimney and so forth,” Winthrop noted. But apparently the punishments did little to reform the boy. So Franklin set off toward Boston to take Sewell to court for a hearing about his bad behavior. Winthrop recorded: “the boy being very poor and weak he tied him upon an horse and so brought him (sometimes sitting and sometimes hanging down) to Boston, being five miles off, to a magistrates, and by the way the boy calling much for water, would give him none, though he came close by it, so as the boy was near dead when he came to Boston, and died in a few hours after.” The case created a stir. What was Franklin’s culpability? He had tried to reform the boy and turn him into a productive citizen. Yet his methods were undoubtedly harsh. Winthrop came down on the side of Nathaniel Sewell. The treatment, especially depriving the boy of water on the journey to Boston, was unreasonable. It was “evil because it arose from a distemper of passion,” Winthrop wrote. He turned to the Bible, to Deuteronomy and Exodus, to determine the proper course of action. “If a master strike his servant with a rod, which is a lawful action, and he die under his hand (as the servant did), he was to die for it,” he concluded. Other leaders of the colony had doubts, however, that Franklin was guilty of a crime that warranted the death penalty. Franklin had stature as a respected member of the Newbury community, one of its original settlers and landholders. So in April of 1644, a court of assistants found Franklin guilty of murder. But because of the disagreement among its members, this lower court referred the case to the General Court. It asked if the higher body felt Franklin deserved a second trial. The General Court agreed with the lower court that Franklin was guilty and deserved the death penalty. In May of 1644, William Franklin was hanged — the first American colonist executed for murder while correcting a servant. Thanks to History of Newbury, Mass., 1635-1902, by John James Currier and Town Born: The Political Economy of New England from Its Founding to the Revolution, by Barry Levy. This story was updated in 2020.	<urn:uuid:112fc6fe-eb58-4c0e-bce3-7a74616fdf45>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/nathaniel-sewell-comes-to-america-in-1643-and-regrets-it/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00321.warc.gz	en	0.984734	683	3.328125	3	[ -0.18612343072891235, -0.2086612582206726, 0.25263410806655884, -0.164561927318573, -0.5096004605293274, -0.07400250434875488, 0.16698506474494934, 0.005049865692853928, -0.4103681445121765, 0.15500280261039734, 0.03345341980457306, 0.20016750693321228, 0.044973164796829224, -0.01525902561...	9	In 1643, Londoners were worried about the well-being of street children. So they developed a scheme to improve the children’s lot in life by sending them to America, where they could be apprenticed as laborers. So it was that Nathaniel Sewell arrived in Massachusetts aboard the vessel Seabridge. He was sent to live with William Franklin of Newbury. Hung in the Chimney Franklin and Sewell apparently couldn’t get along, with Franklin determined to reform the boy at all costs. Sewell apparently resisted. John Winthrop devoted quite a passage to the case in his diaries, which turned out badly for all involved. Franklin “used him (Nathaniel Sewell) with continual rigor and unmerciful correction, and exposed him many times to much cold and wet in the winter season,” wrote Winthrop. He also “used divers acts of rigor towards him, as hanging him in the chimney and so forth,” Winthrop noted. But apparently the punishments did little to reform the boy. So Franklin set off toward Boston to take Sewell to court for a hearing about his bad behavior. Winthrop recorded: “the boy being very poor and weak he tied him upon an horse and so brought him (sometimes sitting and sometimes hanging down) to Boston, being five miles off, to a magistrates, and by the way the boy calling much for water, would give him none, though he came close by it, so as the boy was near dead when he came to Boston, and died in a few hours after.” The case created a stir. What was Franklin’s culpability? He had tried to reform the boy and turn him into a productive citizen. Yet his methods were undoubtedly harsh. Winthrop came down on the side of Nathaniel Sewell. The treatment, especially depriving the boy of water on the journey to Boston, was unreasonable. It was “evil because it arose from a distemper of passion,” Winthrop wrote. He turned to the Bible, to Deuteronomy and Exodus, to determine the proper course of action. “If a master strike his servant with a rod, which is a lawful action, and he die under his hand (as the servant did), he was to die for it,” he concluded. Other leaders of the colony had doubts, however, that Franklin was guilty of a crime that warranted the death penalty. Franklin had stature as a respected member of the Newbury community, one of its original settlers and landholders. So in April of 1644, a court of assistants found Franklin guilty of murder. But because of the disagreement among its members, this lower court referred the case to the General Court. It asked if the higher body felt Franklin deserved a second trial. The General Court agreed with the lower court that Franklin was guilty and deserved the death penalty. In May of 1644, William Franklin was hanged — the first American colonist executed for murder while correcting a servant. Thanks to History of Newbury, Mass., 1635-1902, by John James Currier and Town Born: The Political Economy of New England from Its Founding to the Revolution, by Barry Levy. This story was updated in 2020.	664	ENGLISH	1
This object is a single cavity bullet mold for a .58 minié ball muzzle-loading rifle. According to the donor this mold was used during the American Civil War by a man named John Jacob Thomas. According to family tradition, Thomas immigrated from Switzerland and served with the Refugio Home Guard, and also served as a Refugio County constable in 1864. In the spring of 1861 the first shots of the American Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter. Although, Texas had worked hard to join the Union in 1845 they were concerned by the election of Abraham Lincoln and believed he was a threat to slavery. Texans tried to get Sam Houston to call a convention but Houston was devoted to both the Union and Texas and refused to take any steps that would aid secession. A convention was eventually held and Texas seceded from the Union in March 1861. The war would last until 1865 and result in more 600,000 casualties, making it the bloodiest war ever fought by the United States. Bullets like the ones made from this mold were called minié balls and were one of the reasons why the causality number was so high. The minié ball was one of many technological innovations during this time period. The minié ball was invented by a Frenchman named Claude-Etienne Minié. However, the French never adopted the bullet design. It was James Burton a man from Harper’s Ferry, Virginia who perfected the bullet in the United States. “Burton simplified the design…and developed a hollow-based, .58-caliber lead projectile that could be cheaply mass produced.” One person could manufacture about 3,000 bullets an hour. Different from a regular musket ball the minié ball was cylindrical in shape with a hollow base that expanded when fired. “By the mid-1850s, the fully evolved minié bullet made it possible to build an infantry weapon as easy to load as the old smoothbore musket but with the accuracy and range of a rifle. The term rifle-musket was used to show the weapon’s lethal combination.” A soldier using one could fire up to six shots a minute, and with more time to aim could hit a four square-foot target at 500 yards. The minié ball was used by both the North and South. Although, the minié ball was a new ground-breaking invention, musket fire was responsible for a large amount of the casualties. Because of the relative softness of the bullets, they would flatten and deform on impact, creating a larger wound and more severe injuries. With a regular musket ball the entrance wound was usually the same size as the exit wound. However, with the minié ball the exit wound was much larger. Minié ball bullets were also more likely to break and splinter bone than a traditional musket ball, and in turn cause more damage to muscle and tissue. Almost all direct hits from a minié ball were deadly, though some soldiers did survive. The soldiers who survived being hit by one of these bullets would be taken to army surgeons, typically encamped near the battlefield. Cleaning contaminated wounds was time consuming and sometimes did not work. In a battle environment and a mounting number of injured men, amputation was sometimes the only option. An amputation was more successful if done before the wound became infected. With the poor sanitation available at the front, infection was a common problem during the war and caused twice as many deaths as the battle wounds themselves. One reason rate of infection was so high was because it was not yet common practice to sterilize medical equipment prior to surgery, and the concept of germ theory had not been completely accepted. Even though Civil War surgeons saved more lives than not, they had a bad reputation amongst the soldiers and were often called butchers. [Joscelynn Garcia, edited by Jennifer McPhail] The following video shows how soldiers made paper cartridges for the .58 minié ball muzzle-loading rifle. Howey, A. W. (1999, 10). The widow-maker. Civil War Times Iillustrated, 38, 46-51+.	<urn:uuid:6d9baeba-b6a0-48ab-b591-079945769de0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.texancultures.com/object-bullet-mold/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00542.warc.gz	en	0.983644	850	3.515625	4	[ -0.48405230045318604, 0.11038193106651306, 0.23062822222709656, -0.2357141077518463, -0.004074708558619022, 0.1252698302268982, 0.04489314556121826, 0.22355329990386963, -0.4054056406021118, 0.23224100470542908, -0.044793661683797836, -0.34157902002334595, -0.0090523986145854, 0.2696761786...	9	This object is a single cavity bullet mold for a .58 minié ball muzzle-loading rifle. According to the donor this mold was used during the American Civil War by a man named John Jacob Thomas. According to family tradition, Thomas immigrated from Switzerland and served with the Refugio Home Guard, and also served as a Refugio County constable in 1864. In the spring of 1861 the first shots of the American Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter. Although, Texas had worked hard to join the Union in 1845 they were concerned by the election of Abraham Lincoln and believed he was a threat to slavery. Texans tried to get Sam Houston to call a convention but Houston was devoted to both the Union and Texas and refused to take any steps that would aid secession. A convention was eventually held and Texas seceded from the Union in March 1861. The war would last until 1865 and result in more 600,000 casualties, making it the bloodiest war ever fought by the United States. Bullets like the ones made from this mold were called minié balls and were one of the reasons why the causality number was so high. The minié ball was one of many technological innovations during this time period. The minié ball was invented by a Frenchman named Claude-Etienne Minié. However, the French never adopted the bullet design. It was James Burton a man from Harper’s Ferry, Virginia who perfected the bullet in the United States. “Burton simplified the design…and developed a hollow-based, .58-caliber lead projectile that could be cheaply mass produced.” One person could manufacture about 3,000 bullets an hour. Different from a regular musket ball the minié ball was cylindrical in shape with a hollow base that expanded when fired. “By the mid-1850s, the fully evolved minié bullet made it possible to build an infantry weapon as easy to load as the old smoothbore musket but with the accuracy and range of a rifle. The term rifle-musket was used to show the weapon’s lethal combination.” A soldier using one could fire up to six shots a minute, and with more time to aim could hit a four square-foot target at 500 yards. The minié ball was used by both the North and South. Although, the minié ball was a new ground-breaking invention, musket fire was responsible for a large amount of the casualties. Because of the relative softness of the bullets, they would flatten and deform on impact, creating a larger wound and more severe injuries. With a regular musket ball the entrance wound was usually the same size as the exit wound. However, with the minié ball the exit wound was much larger. Minié ball bullets were also more likely to break and splinter bone than a traditional musket ball, and in turn cause more damage to muscle and tissue. Almost all direct hits from a minié ball were deadly, though some soldiers did survive. The soldiers who survived being hit by one of these bullets would be taken to army surgeons, typically encamped near the battlefield. Cleaning contaminated wounds was time consuming and sometimes did not work. In a battle environment and a mounting number of injured men, amputation was sometimes the only option. An amputation was more successful if done before the wound became infected. With the poor sanitation available at the front, infection was a common problem during the war and caused twice as many deaths as the battle wounds themselves. One reason rate of infection was so high was because it was not yet common practice to sterilize medical equipment prior to surgery, and the concept of germ theory had not been completely accepted. Even though Civil War surgeons saved more lives than not, they had a bad reputation amongst the soldiers and were often called butchers. [Joscelynn Garcia, edited by Jennifer McPhail] The following video shows how soldiers made paper cartridges for the .58 minié ball muzzle-loading rifle. Howey, A. W. (1999, 10). The widow-maker. Civil War Times Iillustrated, 38, 46-51+.	868	ENGLISH	1
The Impact of Bioligical Weapons on Human and their Environment 695 WordsFeb 17, 20183 Pages How do biological weapons work and how do they affect humans/environment? A biological weapon is a disease, bacteria, germs, or microorganisms. Although back in the day the very first biological weapons were not bacteria or germs that were altered they were just contaminating the enemies resources to weaken them and to make them more vulnerable.(More Facts About Biological Weapons) These former forms of biological warfare were intended to just be a strategy to be able to win the war. Later on the biological weapons evolved and they soon became plagues. One of these incidents was in the 14th century plague pandemic were more than 25 million Europeans died. There was also an incident were they used the dead bodies of soldiers that were infected and they catapulted them into the enemy ranks, this was in Karolstein in 1422.(Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism) There is now a Biological Weapons convention that bans the research and the use of biological weapons which entered in force in 1975.(Crime of War) Biological Weapons are just a way to make the enemy suffer and struggle during the war so that they could be weakened trying to worry about their problems. What one of the most popular biological warfare agents that there is around is the agent called Anthrax. There are different types of anthrax that have many different effects on the body. For example there is a anthrax on the skin that the infection begins when the spores enter the skin through small cuts or any type of	<urn:uuid:3d421a05-ad09-4b57-8ca3-15d9bdabbc7f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Impact-of-Bioligical-Weapons-on-Human-FK4XCLEJDMRS	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00164.warc.gz	en	0.982105	316	3.421875	3	[ -0.3141871392726898, 0.30631023645401, 0.36769479513168335, -0.06038451939821243, 0.3975484073162079, -0.2932133972644806, 0.5275808572769165, 0.18811090290546417, -0.1654905527830124, -0.05105970427393913, 0.13060840964317322, -0.08608070015907288, -0.1554655134677887, 0.3128182291984558,...	1	The Impact of Bioligical Weapons on Human and their Environment 695 WordsFeb 17, 20183 Pages How do biological weapons work and how do they affect humans/environment? A biological weapon is a disease, bacteria, germs, or microorganisms. Although back in the day the very first biological weapons were not bacteria or germs that were altered they were just contaminating the enemies resources to weaken them and to make them more vulnerable.(More Facts About Biological Weapons) These former forms of biological warfare were intended to just be a strategy to be able to win the war. Later on the biological weapons evolved and they soon became plagues. One of these incidents was in the 14th century plague pandemic were more than 25 million Europeans died. There was also an incident were they used the dead bodies of soldiers that were infected and they catapulted them into the enemy ranks, this was in Karolstein in 1422.(Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism) There is now a Biological Weapons convention that bans the research and the use of biological weapons which entered in force in 1975.(Crime of War) Biological Weapons are just a way to make the enemy suffer and struggle during the war so that they could be weakened trying to worry about their problems. What one of the most popular biological warfare agents that there is around is the agent called Anthrax. There are different types of anthrax that have many different effects on the body. For example there is a anthrax on the skin that the infection begins when the spores enter the skin through small cuts or any type of	333	ENGLISH	1
There were certain things that Montessori saw were very important for a child’s natural development. Montessori saw that children held within them something wonderful, something so special that it could be the key to changing the world. She saw that they were inherently good and that, if allowed to develop freely, they felt connected to everything and were naturally caring to each other and the world around them. The more that she worked with the children, the more convinced she was that they had precise inner guides and that the work of adults was to help them to be all that they could be. She felt that it was the spiritual nature of children that had been forgotten and denied and that children could therefore show adults the way to return to a more meaningful, holistic way of living. Children thrive on order and structure Order plays a very important part in the lives of young children. Order consists in recognising the place for each object in relation to its environment and in remembering where each thing should be. Such an awareness is essential for a child to feel secure within its environment and to build on existing experiences. Order in the environment makes children feel safe and that they know how things should be. Great emphasis is therefore put on order within the Montessori classroom. By ensuring that everything has its place, and that the environment is designed to be as accessible as possible for children to work in, they can then be given the maximum freedom to move and develop. Children move through sensitive periods Montessori noticed that there were certain periods of particular sensitivity that kept occurring in the children. During these periods the child could learn the activity that she was focused on at a particularly intense rate and that such learning appeared to come very easily. They included a sensitive period for order, refinement of the senses, language acquisition, walking and movement, small objects and involvement in social life. What became clear is that at such times it was as though there was a light shining on that particular activity that completely held the childs attention. If left to follow this natural interest the child could achieve much more than would normally be expected. Montessori teachers therefore watch out for these very creative periods and make sure that the children have the freedom to follow their interests. Children learn through their senses Montessori saw that children built on their physical experiences of the world through their senses and that by carefully designing interesting materials which the children were drawn to experiment with, she could help them extend this understanding. She did so by taking each of the senses in turn and developing materials that isolated certain aspects that could then be increasingly explored by the children. She believed that children loved working with beautiful objects so all the materials were prepared with the greatest care. Rather than proving to be outdated in the modern world, these beautifully designed items have gone on to show how accurate Montessoris initial observations were. Many are now reproduced in schools of all types throughout the world. Children need freedom Montessori saw freedom as the single most important factor in allowing children to develop as spontaneous, creative individuals. She saw the role of education as providing environments in which the children could be set free to follow their natural impulses to become the wonderfully dynamic, natural learners they were designed to be. Children absorb their culture Montessori’s emphasis on children being allowed the freedom to work alone and to develop concentration, did not mean that she underestimated the importance of social development. Instead what she saw was that it was precisely because the children were allowed to work in such freedom that they could display such love and care towards others. She saw that children literally absorbed the world around them and that true discipline and harmony was something that came from within and was not something that could be enforced. Montessori called her teachers Directresses because she felt that they sensitively guided, rather than controlled, the childrens activities. She asked that they be more psychologists than teachers and considered that success lay in the ongoing nature of the teachers own personal development as well as on the sensitivity of the observations of individual children. Ultimately she saw their role as not so much to teach the children as to direct the natural energies that they saw emerging. As she watched the children busily going about their work Montessori realised that it was natural and very easy for the younger children to learn by watching and listening to the older children. In fact she saw that children learn best this way and that something wonderful happened when a community of children could actively support and help each other. Montessori schools therefore encourage children of all ages to work together as a social group and do not normally split children by sex or age. Children are natural learners Montessori saw that children underwent extraordinary transformations in overall happiness, self-confidence and self-discipline when they were allowed to follow their innate needs. She saw that the work of a child, therefore, was fundamentally different to that of the adult: that the child worked for the joy of the process rather than for the end result, that the child had a need to repeat activities over and over until an inner need was fulfilled, and that the child was excited and energised through work, rather than burdened and fatigued by it. She felt that children only stopped loving learning when they were forced to go against their natural impulses. Processes not Results Montessori schools believe that children are at their happiest when they are busily involved in processes. Children are natural learners who, if left to follow their instincts, will want to constantly explore the world. All too often what stops children enjoying this natural curiosity are external demands that don’t fit with their needs. The only results young children are interested in are the ones that end up making them feel good about themselves and their abilities. When they learn, instead, that there are unacceptable results that make them feel bad about themselves they start to fear the processes. And that fear can cut them off from the joy of learning forever. Montessori schools therefore believe that each child is an individual and should be encouraged to work at the pace that is right for him or her. There are no grades or tests. Children are never in competition with each other. And Montessorians continue to fight to preserve the rights of each child to be protected from undue pressure.	<urn:uuid:969aef8d-f435-402b-8dcc-a83eae4e818e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lsamontessori.co.uk/the-philosophy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00272.warc.gz	en	0.986417	1,268	3.59375	4	[ 0.26941603422164917, -0.09252652525901794, 0.5911799669265747, -0.25036078691482544, -0.32145994901657104, 0.3817577362060547, 0.31570982933044434, -0.16672241687774658, -0.10162077844142914, 0.15298980474472046, 0.3218536376953125, -0.11778666079044342, -0.011516313068568707, 0.8133723735...	3	There were certain things that Montessori saw were very important for a child’s natural development. Montessori saw that children held within them something wonderful, something so special that it could be the key to changing the world. She saw that they were inherently good and that, if allowed to develop freely, they felt connected to everything and were naturally caring to each other and the world around them. The more that she worked with the children, the more convinced she was that they had precise inner guides and that the work of adults was to help them to be all that they could be. She felt that it was the spiritual nature of children that had been forgotten and denied and that children could therefore show adults the way to return to a more meaningful, holistic way of living. Children thrive on order and structure Order plays a very important part in the lives of young children. Order consists in recognising the place for each object in relation to its environment and in remembering where each thing should be. Such an awareness is essential for a child to feel secure within its environment and to build on existing experiences. Order in the environment makes children feel safe and that they know how things should be. Great emphasis is therefore put on order within the Montessori classroom. By ensuring that everything has its place, and that the environment is designed to be as accessible as possible for children to work in, they can then be given the maximum freedom to move and develop. Children move through sensitive periods Montessori noticed that there were certain periods of particular sensitivity that kept occurring in the children. During these periods the child could learn the activity that she was focused on at a particularly intense rate and that such learning appeared to come very easily. They included a sensitive period for order, refinement of the senses, language acquisition, walking and movement, small objects and involvement in social life. What became clear is that at such times it was as though there was a light shining on that particular activity that completely held the childs attention. If left to follow this natural interest the child could achieve much more than would normally be expected. Montessori teachers therefore watch out for these very creative periods and make sure that the children have the freedom to follow their interests. Children learn through their senses Montessori saw that children built on their physical experiences of the world through their senses and that by carefully designing interesting materials which the children were drawn to experiment with, she could help them extend this understanding. She did so by taking each of the senses in turn and developing materials that isolated certain aspects that could then be increasingly explored by the children. She believed that children loved working with beautiful objects so all the materials were prepared with the greatest care. Rather than proving to be outdated in the modern world, these beautifully designed items have gone on to show how accurate Montessoris initial observations were. Many are now reproduced in schools of all types throughout the world. Children need freedom Montessori saw freedom as the single most important factor in allowing children to develop as spontaneous, creative individuals. She saw the role of education as providing environments in which the children could be set free to follow their natural impulses to become the wonderfully dynamic, natural learners they were designed to be. Children absorb their culture Montessori’s emphasis on children being allowed the freedom to work alone and to develop concentration, did not mean that she underestimated the importance of social development. Instead what she saw was that it was precisely because the children were allowed to work in such freedom that they could display such love and care towards others. She saw that children literally absorbed the world around them and that true discipline and harmony was something that came from within and was not something that could be enforced. Montessori called her teachers Directresses because she felt that they sensitively guided, rather than controlled, the childrens activities. She asked that they be more psychologists than teachers and considered that success lay in the ongoing nature of the teachers own personal development as well as on the sensitivity of the observations of individual children. Ultimately she saw their role as not so much to teach the children as to direct the natural energies that they saw emerging. As she watched the children busily going about their work Montessori realised that it was natural and very easy for the younger children to learn by watching and listening to the older children. In fact she saw that children learn best this way and that something wonderful happened when a community of children could actively support and help each other. Montessori schools therefore encourage children of all ages to work together as a social group and do not normally split children by sex or age. Children are natural learners Montessori saw that children underwent extraordinary transformations in overall happiness, self-confidence and self-discipline when they were allowed to follow their innate needs. She saw that the work of a child, therefore, was fundamentally different to that of the adult: that the child worked for the joy of the process rather than for the end result, that the child had a need to repeat activities over and over until an inner need was fulfilled, and that the child was excited and energised through work, rather than burdened and fatigued by it. She felt that children only stopped loving learning when they were forced to go against their natural impulses. Processes not Results Montessori schools believe that children are at their happiest when they are busily involved in processes. Children are natural learners who, if left to follow their instincts, will want to constantly explore the world. All too often what stops children enjoying this natural curiosity are external demands that don’t fit with their needs. The only results young children are interested in are the ones that end up making them feel good about themselves and their abilities. When they learn, instead, that there are unacceptable results that make them feel bad about themselves they start to fear the processes. And that fear can cut them off from the joy of learning forever. Montessori schools therefore believe that each child is an individual and should be encouraged to work at the pace that is right for him or her. There are no grades or tests. Children are never in competition with each other. And Montessorians continue to fight to preserve the rights of each child to be protected from undue pressure.	1,247	ENGLISH	1
Main / Humor / What did the greek sphinx look like What did the greek sphinx look like A sphinx is a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. In the Bronze Age, the Hellenes had trade and cultural contacts with Egypt. In Greek mythology, a sphinx is represented as a monster with a head This name may be derived from the fact that, in a pride of lions, the. In Greek mythology the Sphinx was a female monster with the body of a lion, the head She was sent by the gods to plague the town of Thebes as punishment for had come to Thebes and was propounding a riddle to anyone who might be . A sphinx was a mythical monster, which had the head of a human and the body of he replied "the man", who crawls on all fours as a baby, walks on two as an adult, This seems to be the literary way in which the ancient Greeks transitioned. This is known to be a portrait statue of the king, and the sphinx continued as a have adopted from the Middle East a pictorial theme that Greek literature did not . In contrast to the Egyptians, the ancient Greeks saw the sphinx as a with the sphinx are the most common depictions in art of the Oedipus myth Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Here are a few things you might not have known about the towering desert dweller. the classical Greek depiction of the Sphinx consists of the body of a lion, the After this event, the statue became known as Horem-Akhet, which restoration effort to undo the damage that earlier restorers had done. Sphinx is the human-headed lion in ancient Greek mythology; the term likely In , an Arab historian reported that a Sufi zealot had disfigured it “to remedy some religious errors.” Yet there are clues to what the face looked like in its prime . In Greek legend, the Sphinx devoured all travelers who could not answer the he ascended the throne as Pharaoh Thutmose IV and quickly had the statue Many scientists speculate they are the result of ancient treasure hunting efforts. That's because there are two creatures called a sphinx. When Oedipus ran into the sphinx, she asked him a riddle she did not expect him to answer. the pharaoh and of the god Horus in its aspect as Haurun-Harmakhis.	<urn:uuid:cb3e157a-1f28-4d99-8529-8385408420f1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://zuqydogibahu.tk/humor/what-did-the-greek-sphinx-look-like.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00168.warc.gz	en	0.985167	519	3.3125	3	[ -0.09997674822807312, 0.474275678396225, 0.48713767528533936, 0.6004099249839783, -0.4609733819961548, -0.34186309576034546, 0.4831640124320984, 0.30081528425216675, -0.3265344798564911, 0.15301595628261566, 0.01307835802435875, -0.5806565284729004, -0.2697606384754181, 0.15283425152301788...	1	Main / Humor / What did the greek sphinx look like What did the greek sphinx look like A sphinx is a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. In the Bronze Age, the Hellenes had trade and cultural contacts with Egypt. In Greek mythology, a sphinx is represented as a monster with a head This name may be derived from the fact that, in a pride of lions, the. In Greek mythology the Sphinx was a female monster with the body of a lion, the head She was sent by the gods to plague the town of Thebes as punishment for had come to Thebes and was propounding a riddle to anyone who might be . A sphinx was a mythical monster, which had the head of a human and the body of he replied "the man", who crawls on all fours as a baby, walks on two as an adult, This seems to be the literary way in which the ancient Greeks transitioned. This is known to be a portrait statue of the king, and the sphinx continued as a have adopted from the Middle East a pictorial theme that Greek literature did not . In contrast to the Egyptians, the ancient Greeks saw the sphinx as a with the sphinx are the most common depictions in art of the Oedipus myth Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Here are a few things you might not have known about the towering desert dweller. the classical Greek depiction of the Sphinx consists of the body of a lion, the After this event, the statue became known as Horem-Akhet, which restoration effort to undo the damage that earlier restorers had done. Sphinx is the human-headed lion in ancient Greek mythology; the term likely In , an Arab historian reported that a Sufi zealot had disfigured it “to remedy some religious errors.” Yet there are clues to what the face looked like in its prime . In Greek legend, the Sphinx devoured all travelers who could not answer the he ascended the throne as Pharaoh Thutmose IV and quickly had the statue Many scientists speculate they are the result of ancient treasure hunting efforts. That's because there are two creatures called a sphinx. When Oedipus ran into the sphinx, she asked him a riddle she did not expect him to answer. the pharaoh and of the god Horus in its aspect as Haurun-Harmakhis.	506	ENGLISH	1
why did cromwell lose patience with the rump parliament? - RandalLv 79 years agoFavorite Answer The Rump Parliament was not intended to be a permanent body. It regarded itself as an interim government with responsibility for preparing the way for a new representative. Oliver Cromwell's decisive victory at the battle of Worcester in September 1651 ended any direct Royalist military threat to the Commonwealth and it was expected that elections would soon take place. However, Parliament was divided over the form that the new representative should take. Sir Henry Vane and his supporters proposed a redistribution of constituencies but with sitting members of the Long Parliament retaining their seats and further "recruiter" elections to fill the vacant places; Oliver Cromwell and the Council of Officers criticised Vane's scheme for promoting the self-interest of sitting MPs and demanded a general election for an entirely new Parliament. A committee to supervise the drafting of plans for new elections was set up soon after Cromwell's return to Parliament after Worcester. A date was finally set for Parliament's dissolution, but MPs were easily distracted from further preparations for the new representative, particularly after the outbreak of the Anglo-Dutch War in May 1652. During the early months of 1653, tension between Parliament and the Army increased. At a conference between Army officers and MPs at Whitehall on 19 April 1653, Cromwell proposed that the parliamentary system be temporarily suspended and replaced with an interim council of godly men to govern while final preparations for an election were put in place. The MPs present agreed to suspend discussion of the new representative at least until Cromwell's proposal has been debated. The following day, however, Cromwell was incensed to learn that discussion of the new representative was continuing in Parliament regardless. At 11 o'clock in the morning of 20 April 1653, Cromwell led a company of musketeers to Westminster. Having secured the approaches to the House, he addressed the Members, calmly at first, then with rising anger as he told them that their sitting was permanently at an end and they must leave. At Cromwell's signal, Lieutenant-Colonel Worsley marched in with the musketeers to drive out the MPs. Major-General Harrison is said to have personally pulled the Speaker of the House from his chair. After the Members had departed, the doors of the Parliament House were sealed and a wit pinned up a notice outside reading: "This House is to be let: now unfurnished." Cromwell's exact reasons for expelling Parliament at this time are unclear. The traditional view is that he had come to believe that Parliament was planning to perpetuate itself by adopting Sir Henry Vane's scheme to allow sitting MPs to remain and to fill vacant places with "recruiter" elections. This view has been questioned by historians in recent times, but no clear explanation of his actions has emerged. There were no plans for an alternative government in place and Cromwell made no attempt to take power himself. I hope this is helpful. - ALANLv 69 years ago When, in 1640, Charles I was forced to recall Parliament, the M.Ps, determined that he should not dissolve it again, passed an Act declaring that "This Parliament shall not be dissolved except with its own consent." A classic case of "It seemed like a good idea at the time", because, after the 1st.Civil War, when the King had been executed and the Monarchy and the House of Lords abolished, the surviving Members of this "Long Parliament" were literally irremoveable dictators ! They were also determined to enforce Presbyterianism in England, and to suppress all other - religions, while. Cromwell and the New Model Army had fought for "liberty of conscience" in matters of religion. The M.Ps then decided to call an election to increase their numbers - but to exclude any candidates of whom they did not approve ! Faced with the prospect of an even more powerful and repressive "dictatorship" which could not be legally removed, Cromwell and the Army very wisely stepped in, expelled the "Runp" and organized a new Parliament. [This, unfortunately, couldn't handle the very difficult situation of the time, resigned, and handed its powers over to Cromwell, who - very reluctantly - became "Lord Protector. Under the "Instrument of Government" though, he had no power to prevent his Parliaments from again introducing severely repressive laws, and - quite wrongly - HE has been blamed for those ever since ! ] - ammianusLv 79 years ago It refused to dissolve itself, as had been agreed,and anyway wasn't doing what Cromwell wanted.Cromwell thus used troops to clear out the House of Commons,thus effectively dissolving the Runmp at gunpoint in 1653.It was replaced with the Barebones Parliament later the same year,but this fell apart before the end of 1653,many MPs walking out and the rest being removed ...at gunpoint by troops! Thereafter,Cromwell ruled as a military dictator without Parliament,using the backing of the large and loyal New Model Army to enforce his policies...at gunpoint! - What do you think of the answers? You can sign in to give your opinion on the answer. - Anonymous9 years ago Because they didn't do his bidding. He got rid of them and ruled as military dictator. A few years earlier, he had the king's head for allegedly doing the same thing. It just goes to show that political hypocrisy is nothing new.	<urn:uuid:438e2078-db37-4100-bcd7-583b22e731dd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110506081015AAi9srP	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00083.warc.gz	en	0.980958	1,134	3.484375	3	[ -0.42625463008880615, 0.15924662351608276, 0.43091505765914917, 0.13865958154201508, -0.12853828072547913, 0.05890723690390587, -0.19568800926208496, -0.3326946496963501, -0.012566931545734406, -0.05021508410573006, -0.008267216384410858, -0.5042454600334167, -0.06932061910629272, 0.465551...	1	why did cromwell lose patience with the rump parliament? - RandalLv 79 years agoFavorite Answer The Rump Parliament was not intended to be a permanent body. It regarded itself as an interim government with responsibility for preparing the way for a new representative. Oliver Cromwell's decisive victory at the battle of Worcester in September 1651 ended any direct Royalist military threat to the Commonwealth and it was expected that elections would soon take place. However, Parliament was divided over the form that the new representative should take. Sir Henry Vane and his supporters proposed a redistribution of constituencies but with sitting members of the Long Parliament retaining their seats and further "recruiter" elections to fill the vacant places; Oliver Cromwell and the Council of Officers criticised Vane's scheme for promoting the self-interest of sitting MPs and demanded a general election for an entirely new Parliament. A committee to supervise the drafting of plans for new elections was set up soon after Cromwell's return to Parliament after Worcester. A date was finally set for Parliament's dissolution, but MPs were easily distracted from further preparations for the new representative, particularly after the outbreak of the Anglo-Dutch War in May 1652. During the early months of 1653, tension between Parliament and the Army increased. At a conference between Army officers and MPs at Whitehall on 19 April 1653, Cromwell proposed that the parliamentary system be temporarily suspended and replaced with an interim council of godly men to govern while final preparations for an election were put in place. The MPs present agreed to suspend discussion of the new representative at least until Cromwell's proposal has been debated. The following day, however, Cromwell was incensed to learn that discussion of the new representative was continuing in Parliament regardless. At 11 o'clock in the morning of 20 April 1653, Cromwell led a company of musketeers to Westminster. Having secured the approaches to the House, he addressed the Members, calmly at first, then with rising anger as he told them that their sitting was permanently at an end and they must leave. At Cromwell's signal, Lieutenant-Colonel Worsley marched in with the musketeers to drive out the MPs. Major-General Harrison is said to have personally pulled the Speaker of the House from his chair. After the Members had departed, the doors of the Parliament House were sealed and a wit pinned up a notice outside reading: "This House is to be let: now unfurnished." Cromwell's exact reasons for expelling Parliament at this time are unclear. The traditional view is that he had come to believe that Parliament was planning to perpetuate itself by adopting Sir Henry Vane's scheme to allow sitting MPs to remain and to fill vacant places with "recruiter" elections. This view has been questioned by historians in recent times, but no clear explanation of his actions has emerged. There were no plans for an alternative government in place and Cromwell made no attempt to take power himself. I hope this is helpful. - ALANLv 69 years ago When, in 1640, Charles I was forced to recall Parliament, the M.Ps, determined that he should not dissolve it again, passed an Act declaring that "This Parliament shall not be dissolved except with its own consent." A classic case of "It seemed like a good idea at the time", because, after the 1st.Civil War, when the King had been executed and the Monarchy and the House of Lords abolished, the surviving Members of this "Long Parliament" were literally irremoveable dictators ! They were also determined to enforce Presbyterianism in England, and to suppress all other - religions, while. Cromwell and the New Model Army had fought for "liberty of conscience" in matters of religion. The M.Ps then decided to call an election to increase their numbers - but to exclude any candidates of whom they did not approve ! Faced with the prospect of an even more powerful and repressive "dictatorship" which could not be legally removed, Cromwell and the Army very wisely stepped in, expelled the "Runp" and organized a new Parliament. [This, unfortunately, couldn't handle the very difficult situation of the time, resigned, and handed its powers over to Cromwell, who - very reluctantly - became "Lord Protector. Under the "Instrument of Government" though, he had no power to prevent his Parliaments from again introducing severely repressive laws, and - quite wrongly - HE has been blamed for those ever since ! ] - ammianusLv 79 years ago It refused to dissolve itself, as had been agreed,and anyway wasn't doing what Cromwell wanted.Cromwell thus used troops to clear out the House of Commons,thus effectively dissolving the Runmp at gunpoint in 1653.It was replaced with the Barebones Parliament later the same year,but this fell apart before the end of 1653,many MPs walking out and the rest being removed ...at gunpoint by troops! Thereafter,Cromwell ruled as a military dictator without Parliament,using the backing of the large and loyal New Model Army to enforce his policies...at gunpoint! - What do you think of the answers? You can sign in to give your opinion on the answer. - Anonymous9 years ago Because they didn't do his bidding. He got rid of them and ruled as military dictator. A few years earlier, he had the king's head for allegedly doing the same thing. It just goes to show that political hypocrisy is nothing new.	1,154	ENGLISH	1
Sight vs. Blindness The concept of sight versus blindness mentioned throughout Sophocles’ famous work Oedipus Rex is truly representative of the idea of knowledge versus ignorance, and is used by this playwright to highlight the ignorance and tragic self-discovery of Oedipus. Many of Sophocles’ characters, including the king himself, incorporate this motif of light versus darkness into their analysis of both Oedipus and the situation at hand. Many statements made by Oedipus in this play show not only the conflict between others’ knowledge and his ignorance, but also the irony of what he believes o be true. Clear vision or having sight serves as a metaphor for insight and knowledge. Oedipus is obviously not “seeing clearly’ or better worded – he is blind, metaphorically. He doesn’t see the error of his ways or acknowledge the fact that he killed his father (although he didn’t know that was his father) or the men that his father was with. He refuses to accept anyone else’s ideas or opinions on the matter. This is also how he is metaphorically blind. People who can “see” take in to consideration all the surrounding details, not Just what they want to see/believe. People are slow to acknowledge that Oedipus is blind to many things because when he became king he was elected based on his quick- comprehension and clear – sightedness and throughout the play he keeps the people deceived by saying things like “My poor children, what you desire is known to me and not unknown, for I see well that everyone is sick. (lines 63-65). ” When he finally is able to see the error of his ways and is no longer blind to his injustice’s he does the most ironic thing Sophocles’ could think of and he ends up blinding himself literally. The prophet Tiresias, on the other hand, although literally blind, “sees” the truth and relays what is revealed to him to Oedipus. Oedipus who is still so blind in his ways refuses to believe Tiresias. Though this motif of seeing and not seeing is laced throughout the beginning of the play, it first becomes crystal clear at this point. It would be very difficult to miss the irony at this point in the play. Teiresias is literally blind, but he can see clearly the horror that is Oedipus’s past, present, and future. Teiresias even says to Oedipus “l ill reply, since you reproach me as blind: You, even though you see clearly, do not see the scope of your evil, nor where you live, nor with whom you dwell. ” (lines 432-435) Oedipus’s eyes work Just fine, but unfortunately he’s completely blind to the dreadful fate the gods have placed upon him. The doomed king’s ignorance on this key matter is made even more ironic by the fact that he was made famous for his keen insight, by solving the riddle of the Sphinx. When Oedipus finally sees the horrible truth of his life, Sophocles emphasizes his etaphor by having the king stab out his own eyes. Oedipus says he does this because he can no longer look on the horrors that his ignorant actions have created. With this final act, Oedipus literally becomes the thing he’s always metaphorically been: blind. The irony involving Oedipus and Teiresias throughout the play brings the play to a whole. Without it there would be no reason for Oedipus to blind himself be the fall of Oedipus, so that everyone could see that Oedipus was blind all along and was never who they believed him to be. Sophocles never intended for the motif of sight vs. blindness to be hard to recognize. He literally mentions the words “see,” “sight,” “vision,” “eyes,” and “blind” over a hundred times. This was one of Sophocles main points for people to recognize when seeing or reading the play, and I agree with him that it is very important and influential. People should live their lives really seeing things and not being blind to things that they don’t want believe and Sophocles demonstrated that through the character Oedipus.	<urn:uuid:efcb187d-03d4-4aff-bd1c-97e46ff41fe8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://finnolux.com/sight-vs-blindness/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00042.warc.gz	en	0.981366	937	3.703125	4	[ 0.07241281867027283, -0.1495431661605835, 0.2940096855163574, -0.07695863395929337, 0.21064439415931702, 0.0734608918428421, 0.6465563178062439, 0.4109727144241333, -0.22428137063980103, -0.27292269468307495, 0.030109860002994537, -0.2937685251235962, -0.1166665256023407, 0.302524983882904...	2	Sight vs. Blindness The concept of sight versus blindness mentioned throughout Sophocles’ famous work Oedipus Rex is truly representative of the idea of knowledge versus ignorance, and is used by this playwright to highlight the ignorance and tragic self-discovery of Oedipus. Many of Sophocles’ characters, including the king himself, incorporate this motif of light versus darkness into their analysis of both Oedipus and the situation at hand. Many statements made by Oedipus in this play show not only the conflict between others’ knowledge and his ignorance, but also the irony of what he believes o be true. Clear vision or having sight serves as a metaphor for insight and knowledge. Oedipus is obviously not “seeing clearly’ or better worded – he is blind, metaphorically. He doesn’t see the error of his ways or acknowledge the fact that he killed his father (although he didn’t know that was his father) or the men that his father was with. He refuses to accept anyone else’s ideas or opinions on the matter. This is also how he is metaphorically blind. People who can “see” take in to consideration all the surrounding details, not Just what they want to see/believe. People are slow to acknowledge that Oedipus is blind to many things because when he became king he was elected based on his quick- comprehension and clear – sightedness and throughout the play he keeps the people deceived by saying things like “My poor children, what you desire is known to me and not unknown, for I see well that everyone is sick. (lines 63-65). ” When he finally is able to see the error of his ways and is no longer blind to his injustice’s he does the most ironic thing Sophocles’ could think of and he ends up blinding himself literally. The prophet Tiresias, on the other hand, although literally blind, “sees” the truth and relays what is revealed to him to Oedipus. Oedipus who is still so blind in his ways refuses to believe Tiresias. Though this motif of seeing and not seeing is laced throughout the beginning of the play, it first becomes crystal clear at this point. It would be very difficult to miss the irony at this point in the play. Teiresias is literally blind, but he can see clearly the horror that is Oedipus’s past, present, and future. Teiresias even says to Oedipus “l ill reply, since you reproach me as blind: You, even though you see clearly, do not see the scope of your evil, nor where you live, nor with whom you dwell. ” (lines 432-435) Oedipus’s eyes work Just fine, but unfortunately he’s completely blind to the dreadful fate the gods have placed upon him. The doomed king’s ignorance on this key matter is made even more ironic by the fact that he was made famous for his keen insight, by solving the riddle of the Sphinx. When Oedipus finally sees the horrible truth of his life, Sophocles emphasizes his etaphor by having the king stab out his own eyes. Oedipus says he does this because he can no longer look on the horrors that his ignorant actions have created. With this final act, Oedipus literally becomes the thing he’s always metaphorically been: blind. The irony involving Oedipus and Teiresias throughout the play brings the play to a whole. Without it there would be no reason for Oedipus to blind himself be the fall of Oedipus, so that everyone could see that Oedipus was blind all along and was never who they believed him to be. Sophocles never intended for the motif of sight vs. blindness to be hard to recognize. He literally mentions the words “see,” “sight,” “vision,” “eyes,” and “blind” over a hundred times. This was one of Sophocles main points for people to recognize when seeing or reading the play, and I agree with him that it is very important and influential. People should live their lives really seeing things and not being blind to things that they don’t want believe and Sophocles demonstrated that through the character Oedipus.	890	ENGLISH	1
Many schools have adapted to new technology without any problems at all. Others, though, are still in the process of making this work for them. The schools that have had the most success are those that are able to afford the best computer systems, which make adapting to the newest technology an easier task. Since teachers know that new technology will mean a lot to students, they do not mind studying how to make the most of it. In many cases, public schools do not have the financial ability to provide new technology to students. Instead, they are stuck using the same old computers, software, and other hardware. Along with this, schools that are struggling financially also find it difficult to pay for system maintenance. There is no rule saying that computer programs are better teaching tools than traditional methods. That being said, many schools are moving in this direction because new technology is taking over the world. If you decide on new technology in your classroom, it is important to monitor students to determine if they are making the expected progress. In other words, new technology should lead to a better learning environment and a more efficient classroom. The way that you adapt to new technology depends on your school’s particular budget. That being said, there are options that can cut out large expenses while still providing new technology needs to students. Take this situation for example: When I was a high school student there was a computer lab, shared by all students. At the time, though, we did not have access to new technology as it was yet to be invented. Of course, we were able to learn enough to see where things were headed in the near future. Back then, since new technology was still in the early growth stages, less money was needed for equipment, maintenance, and teacher training. Another method of adapting to new technology includes taking advantage of mostly advanced technology, including software and computers in all classrooms. This is much better than having a single computer lab for a large number of students to share. The main benefit is more time with the technology for each student, as well as a larger space for working. Students who are used to learning through more traditional means may have a difficult time adapting to new technology. For this reason, expectations for these students will be less than those for future students. In turn, schools are always challenged with an imbalance as they try to get all students on the same page.	<urn:uuid:714d39cc-18b4-4ccb-8d9f-f3765f2fa35f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://lebanonsolidarity.org/adapting-new-technology/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00508.warc.gz	en	0.983387	487	3.265625	3	[ -0.4332863688468933, -0.18544957041740417, 0.2830047309398651, -0.3157535791397095, 0.022556999698281288, -0.05551256239414215, -0.14502188563346863, 0.10511212050914764, 0.07394873350858688, 0.1230519488453865, 0.3644399642944336, 0.3765406608581543, 0.03443136066198349, -0.16394060850143...	3	Many schools have adapted to new technology without any problems at all. Others, though, are still in the process of making this work for them. The schools that have had the most success are those that are able to afford the best computer systems, which make adapting to the newest technology an easier task. Since teachers know that new technology will mean a lot to students, they do not mind studying how to make the most of it. In many cases, public schools do not have the financial ability to provide new technology to students. Instead, they are stuck using the same old computers, software, and other hardware. Along with this, schools that are struggling financially also find it difficult to pay for system maintenance. There is no rule saying that computer programs are better teaching tools than traditional methods. That being said, many schools are moving in this direction because new technology is taking over the world. If you decide on new technology in your classroom, it is important to monitor students to determine if they are making the expected progress. In other words, new technology should lead to a better learning environment and a more efficient classroom. The way that you adapt to new technology depends on your school’s particular budget. That being said, there are options that can cut out large expenses while still providing new technology needs to students. Take this situation for example: When I was a high school student there was a computer lab, shared by all students. At the time, though, we did not have access to new technology as it was yet to be invented. Of course, we were able to learn enough to see where things were headed in the near future. Back then, since new technology was still in the early growth stages, less money was needed for equipment, maintenance, and teacher training. Another method of adapting to new technology includes taking advantage of mostly advanced technology, including software and computers in all classrooms. This is much better than having a single computer lab for a large number of students to share. The main benefit is more time with the technology for each student, as well as a larger space for working. Students who are used to learning through more traditional means may have a difficult time adapting to new technology. For this reason, expectations for these students will be less than those for future students. In turn, schools are always challenged with an imbalance as they try to get all students on the same page.	476	ENGLISH	1
JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER Joseph Mallord William Turner was born in 1775 in London’s Covent Garden. He entered the Royal Academy schools at the age of 14, and exhibited at the Royal Academy one year later.Turner is often cited as the most important landscapist of the 19th century. Trained in the academic traditions of the 18th century, he became a pioneer in the study of light, colour and atmosphere, and is widely viewed as anticipating the Impressionists. He brought Romanticism to his landscapes, which are unparalleled in their luminosity, believing that his work should always express a narrative, be it historical, mythological or literary. From 1792 Turner toured the country, sketching and drawing what he would later build into finished watercolours. At the age of 24, the youngest permitted age, Turner was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1802 he became a full academician. His early work captured exquisite architectural and natural detail, while his later works shifted focus to evoking effects of light, colour and atmosphere. In 1819 Turner made his first visit to Italy and from the on his paintings turn increasingly to the pale brilliance of colour, which he had already achieved in water colour and begins to think in the terms of ‘coloured light.’ In the 20th century these more abstract aspects of Turner’s late compositions received positive reappraisal, further reaffirming him as one of the most skilled and innovative artists of his time. The success of Turner’s career was assured relatively early on. He continued to travel widely across England and the Continent in search of inspiration, and sketched profusely throughout his life. Tate Britain’s Clore gallery is dedicated to Turner’s life and work and with other distinguished private and museum collections around the world also holding his work.	<urn:uuid:88119a24-c50a-4f1b-a240-4fcb94340b7c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.gladwellpatterson.com/artists/joseph-mallord-william-turner/about	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00552.warc.gz	en	0.985808	389	3.34375	3	[ 0.34418439865112305, -0.005545401014387608, 0.6627020835876465, -0.04631325602531433, -0.36425310373306274, 0.3303186595439911, 0.4397273659706116, 0.16322019696235657, -0.05062456801533699, -0.10202349722385406, 0.03651917353272438, -0.15458765625953674, -0.03420238569378853, 0.6353268623...	1	JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER Joseph Mallord William Turner was born in 1775 in London’s Covent Garden. He entered the Royal Academy schools at the age of 14, and exhibited at the Royal Academy one year later.Turner is often cited as the most important landscapist of the 19th century. Trained in the academic traditions of the 18th century, he became a pioneer in the study of light, colour and atmosphere, and is widely viewed as anticipating the Impressionists. He brought Romanticism to his landscapes, which are unparalleled in their luminosity, believing that his work should always express a narrative, be it historical, mythological or literary. From 1792 Turner toured the country, sketching and drawing what he would later build into finished watercolours. At the age of 24, the youngest permitted age, Turner was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1802 he became a full academician. His early work captured exquisite architectural and natural detail, while his later works shifted focus to evoking effects of light, colour and atmosphere. In 1819 Turner made his first visit to Italy and from the on his paintings turn increasingly to the pale brilliance of colour, which he had already achieved in water colour and begins to think in the terms of ‘coloured light.’ In the 20th century these more abstract aspects of Turner’s late compositions received positive reappraisal, further reaffirming him as one of the most skilled and innovative artists of his time. The success of Turner’s career was assured relatively early on. He continued to travel widely across England and the Continent in search of inspiration, and sketched profusely throughout his life. Tate Britain’s Clore gallery is dedicated to Turner’s life and work and with other distinguished private and museum collections around the world also holding his work.	393	ENGLISH	1
After the First English Civil War, King Charles I was a prisoner of the Parliamentarians. They tried to negotiate a compromise with him, but he stuck steadfastly to his view that he was King by Divine Right and attempted in secret to raise an army to fight against them. It became obvious to the leaders of the Parliamentarians that they could not negotiate a settlement with him and they could not trust him to refrain from raising an army against them; they reluctantly came to the conclusion that he would have to be put to death. On 13 December 1648, the House of Commons broke off negotiations with the King. Two days later, the Council of Officers of the New Model Army voted that the King be moved from the Isle of Wight, where he was prisoner, to Windsor "in order to the bringing of him speedily to justice". In the middle of December, the King was moved from Windsor to London. The House of Commons of the Rump Parliament passed a Bill setting up a High Court of Justice in order to try Charles I for high treason in the name of the people of England. From a Royalist and post-restoration perspective this Bill was not lawful, since the House of Lords refused to pass it and it failed to receive Royal Assent. However, the Parliamentary leaders and the Army pressed on with the trial anyway. At his trial in front of The High Court of Justice on Saturday 20 January 1649 in Westminster Hall, Charles asked "I would know by what power I am called hither. I would know by what authority, I mean lawful". In view of the historic issues involved, both sides based themselves on surprisingly technical legal grounds. Charles did not dispute that Parliament as a whole did have some judicial powers, but he maintained that the House of Commons on its own could not try anybody, and so he refused to plead. At that time under English law if a prisoner refused to plead then this was treated as a plea of guilty (This has since been changed; a refusal to plead now is interpreted as a not-guilty plea). He was found guilty on Saturday 27 January 1649, and his death warrant was signed by 59 Commissioners. To show their agreement with the sentence of death, all of the Commissioners who were present rose to their feet. This contemporary print depicts Charles I's decapitation. On the day of his execution, 30 January 1649, Charles dressed in two shirts so that he would not shiver from the cold, lest it be said that he was shivering from fear. His execution was delayed by several hours so that the House of Commons could pass an emergency bill to make it an offence to proclaim a new King, and to declare the representatives of the people, the House of Commons, as the source of all just power. Charles was then escorted through the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall to a scaffold where he would be beheaded. He forgave those who had passed sentence on him and gave instructions to his enemies that they should learn to "know their duty to God, the King - that is, my successors - and the people". He then gave a brief speech outlining his unchanged views of the relationship between the monarchy and the monarch's subjects, ending with the words "I am the martyr of the people". His head was severed from his body with one blow. One week later, the Rump, sitting in the House of Commons, passed a bill abolishing the monarchy. Ardent Royalists refused to accept it on the basis that there could never be a vacancy of the Crown. Others refused because, as the bill had not passed the House of Lords and did not have Royal Assent, it could not become an Act of Parliament. Some regicides, such as Richard Ingoldsby were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment. The bodies of the regicides Cromwell, Bradshaw and Ireton which had been buried in Westminster Abbey were disinterred and hanged, drawn and quartered in posthumous executions. In 1662, three more regicides John Okey, John Barkstead and Miles Corbet were also hanged, drawn and quartered. The officers of the court that tried Charles I, those who prosecuted him and those who signed his death warrant, have been known ever since the restoration as regicides. The Parliamentary Archives in the Palace of Westminster, London, holds the original death warrant of Charles I. List of regicides Different cultures and authors in history have used different definitions for what constitute the crime of regicide, as such it is difficult to make a universally accepted list of what constitutes a regicide. The following is a list of other cases of monarchs in history that have been deliberately killed in some fashion according to recorded history: Regicide has particular resonance within the concept of the divine right of kings, whereby monarchs were presumed by decision of God to have a divinely anointed authority to rule. As such, an attack on a king by one of his own subjects was taken to amount to a direct challenge to the monarch, to his divine right to rule, and thus to God's will. The biblical David refused to harm King Saul, because he was the Lord's anointed, even though Saul was seeking his life; and when Saul eventually was killed in battle and a person reported to David that he helped kill Saul, David put the man to death, even though Saul had been his enemy, because he had raised his hands against the Lord's anointed. Christian concepts of the inviolability of the person of the monarch have great influence from this story. Diarmait mac Cerbaill, King of Tara (mentioned above), was killed by Áed Dub mac Suibni in 565. According to Adomnan of Iona's Life of St Columba, Áed Dub mac Suibni received God's punishment for this crime by being impaled by a treacherous spear many years later and then falling from his ship into a lake and drowning. Even after the disappearance of the divine right of kings and the appearance of constitutional monarchies, the term continued and continues to be used to describe the murder of a king. In France, the judicial penalty for regicides (i.e. those who had murdered, or attempted to murder, the king) was especially hard, even in regard to the harsh judicial practices of pre-revolutionary France. As with many criminals, the regicide was tortured so as to make him tell the names of his accomplices. However, the method of execution itself was a form of torture. Here is a description of the death of Robert-François Damiens, who attempted to kill Louis XV: He was first tortured with red-hot pincers; his hand, holding the knife used in the attempted murder, was burnt using sulphur; molten wax, lead, and boiling oil were poured into his wounds. Horses were then harnessed to his arms and legs for his dismemberment. Damiens' joints would not break; after some hours, representatives of the Parlement ordered the executioner and his aides to cut Damiens' joints. Damiens was then dismembered, to the applause of the crowd. His trunk, apparently still living, was then burnt at the stake. In both the François Ravaillac and the Damiens cases, court papers refer to the offenders as a patricide, rather than as regicide, which lets one deduce that, through divine right, the king was also regarded as "Father of the country". Fifth Monarchists saw the overthrow of Charles I as a divine sign of the second coming of Jesus.	<urn:uuid:c312ecee-d60e-4974-9e3b-455e23585d37>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://popflock.com/learn?s=Regicide	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00332.warc.gz	en	0.988234	1,558	3.734375	4	[ -0.5739467740058899, 0.5098162293434143, 0.2837427258491516, -0.21606694161891937, 0.007201479282230139, -0.30327364802360535, 0.320016086101532, -0.3018304705619812, 0.0717785432934761, -0.024351973086595535, 0.2541963756084442, -0.13378304243087769, 0.12131424248218536, 0.228448361158370...	1	After the First English Civil War, King Charles I was a prisoner of the Parliamentarians. They tried to negotiate a compromise with him, but he stuck steadfastly to his view that he was King by Divine Right and attempted in secret to raise an army to fight against them. It became obvious to the leaders of the Parliamentarians that they could not negotiate a settlement with him and they could not trust him to refrain from raising an army against them; they reluctantly came to the conclusion that he would have to be put to death. On 13 December 1648, the House of Commons broke off negotiations with the King. Two days later, the Council of Officers of the New Model Army voted that the King be moved from the Isle of Wight, where he was prisoner, to Windsor "in order to the bringing of him speedily to justice". In the middle of December, the King was moved from Windsor to London. The House of Commons of the Rump Parliament passed a Bill setting up a High Court of Justice in order to try Charles I for high treason in the name of the people of England. From a Royalist and post-restoration perspective this Bill was not lawful, since the House of Lords refused to pass it and it failed to receive Royal Assent. However, the Parliamentary leaders and the Army pressed on with the trial anyway. At his trial in front of The High Court of Justice on Saturday 20 January 1649 in Westminster Hall, Charles asked "I would know by what power I am called hither. I would know by what authority, I mean lawful". In view of the historic issues involved, both sides based themselves on surprisingly technical legal grounds. Charles did not dispute that Parliament as a whole did have some judicial powers, but he maintained that the House of Commons on its own could not try anybody, and so he refused to plead. At that time under English law if a prisoner refused to plead then this was treated as a plea of guilty (This has since been changed; a refusal to plead now is interpreted as a not-guilty plea). He was found guilty on Saturday 27 January 1649, and his death warrant was signed by 59 Commissioners. To show their agreement with the sentence of death, all of the Commissioners who were present rose to their feet. This contemporary print depicts Charles I's decapitation. On the day of his execution, 30 January 1649, Charles dressed in two shirts so that he would not shiver from the cold, lest it be said that he was shivering from fear. His execution was delayed by several hours so that the House of Commons could pass an emergency bill to make it an offence to proclaim a new King, and to declare the representatives of the people, the House of Commons, as the source of all just power. Charles was then escorted through the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall to a scaffold where he would be beheaded. He forgave those who had passed sentence on him and gave instructions to his enemies that they should learn to "know their duty to God, the King - that is, my successors - and the people". He then gave a brief speech outlining his unchanged views of the relationship between the monarchy and the monarch's subjects, ending with the words "I am the martyr of the people". His head was severed from his body with one blow. One week later, the Rump, sitting in the House of Commons, passed a bill abolishing the monarchy. Ardent Royalists refused to accept it on the basis that there could never be a vacancy of the Crown. Others refused because, as the bill had not passed the House of Lords and did not have Royal Assent, it could not become an Act of Parliament. Some regicides, such as Richard Ingoldsby were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment. The bodies of the regicides Cromwell, Bradshaw and Ireton which had been buried in Westminster Abbey were disinterred and hanged, drawn and quartered in posthumous executions. In 1662, three more regicides John Okey, John Barkstead and Miles Corbet were also hanged, drawn and quartered. The officers of the court that tried Charles I, those who prosecuted him and those who signed his death warrant, have been known ever since the restoration as regicides. The Parliamentary Archives in the Palace of Westminster, London, holds the original death warrant of Charles I. List of regicides Different cultures and authors in history have used different definitions for what constitute the crime of regicide, as such it is difficult to make a universally accepted list of what constitutes a regicide. The following is a list of other cases of monarchs in history that have been deliberately killed in some fashion according to recorded history: Regicide has particular resonance within the concept of the divine right of kings, whereby monarchs were presumed by decision of God to have a divinely anointed authority to rule. As such, an attack on a king by one of his own subjects was taken to amount to a direct challenge to the monarch, to his divine right to rule, and thus to God's will. The biblical David refused to harm King Saul, because he was the Lord's anointed, even though Saul was seeking his life; and when Saul eventually was killed in battle and a person reported to David that he helped kill Saul, David put the man to death, even though Saul had been his enemy, because he had raised his hands against the Lord's anointed. Christian concepts of the inviolability of the person of the monarch have great influence from this story. Diarmait mac Cerbaill, King of Tara (mentioned above), was killed by Áed Dub mac Suibni in 565. According to Adomnan of Iona's Life of St Columba, Áed Dub mac Suibni received God's punishment for this crime by being impaled by a treacherous spear many years later and then falling from his ship into a lake and drowning. Even after the disappearance of the divine right of kings and the appearance of constitutional monarchies, the term continued and continues to be used to describe the murder of a king. In France, the judicial penalty for regicides (i.e. those who had murdered, or attempted to murder, the king) was especially hard, even in regard to the harsh judicial practices of pre-revolutionary France. As with many criminals, the regicide was tortured so as to make him tell the names of his accomplices. However, the method of execution itself was a form of torture. Here is a description of the death of Robert-François Damiens, who attempted to kill Louis XV: He was first tortured with red-hot pincers; his hand, holding the knife used in the attempted murder, was burnt using sulphur; molten wax, lead, and boiling oil were poured into his wounds. Horses were then harnessed to his arms and legs for his dismemberment. Damiens' joints would not break; after some hours, representatives of the Parlement ordered the executioner and his aides to cut Damiens' joints. Damiens was then dismembered, to the applause of the crowd. His trunk, apparently still living, was then burnt at the stake. In both the François Ravaillac and the Damiens cases, court papers refer to the offenders as a patricide, rather than as regicide, which lets one deduce that, through divine right, the king was also regarded as "Father of the country". Fifth Monarchists saw the overthrow of Charles I as a divine sign of the second coming of Jesus.	1,578	ENGLISH	1
A board pin is a device used for fastening objects or material together, and can have three sorts of body. A bulletin board also called as a pinboard, pin board, noticeboard in British English, is a surface intended for the posting of public messages, for example, to advertise items wanted or for sale, announce events, or provide information. According to their function, pins can be made of metals. The development of the pin closely paralleled that of its perforated counterpart, the needle. Archaeological evidence suggests that curved sewing pins have been used for over four thousand years. Originally, these were fashioned out of iron and bone by the Sumerians and were used to hold clothes together. Later, pins were also used to hold pages of books together by threading the needle through their top corner.	<urn:uuid:e1734105-0df4-44ba-97b6-5b8ab04db262>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.7stationery.com/details/board-pin.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00295.warc.gz	en	0.980979	164	3.53125	4	[ 0.18399780988693237, 0.28831377625465393, 0.445965439081192, -0.15603981912136078, 0.0815240889787674, -0.5885787606239319, 0.45180416107177734, 0.23688548803329468, -0.1143769919872284, 0.09165716916322708, 0.048033781349658966, -0.421957790851593, 0.146841362118721, 0.05489180237054825, ...	5	A board pin is a device used for fastening objects or material together, and can have three sorts of body. A bulletin board also called as a pinboard, pin board, noticeboard in British English, is a surface intended for the posting of public messages, for example, to advertise items wanted or for sale, announce events, or provide information. According to their function, pins can be made of metals. The development of the pin closely paralleled that of its perforated counterpart, the needle. Archaeological evidence suggests that curved sewing pins have been used for over four thousand years. Originally, these were fashioned out of iron and bone by the Sumerians and were used to hold clothes together. Later, pins were also used to hold pages of books together by threading the needle through their top corner.	162	ENGLISH	1
Gender and Students' Self-Compassion Level It is believed that self-compassion is beneficial for a human to survive in their environment. Self-compassion is the ability to entertain and care for oneself when suffering, failure and imperfection rather than self-criticism. This research attempts to find out the level of self-compassion in vocational higher education students and to explore the differences in terms of self-compassion between male and female students. Employing Neff's Self-Compassion Scale (short form) measurement tool, this study was conducted through a survey technique. The results show that female students had a slightly higher level of self-compassion than males. Regarding the significant elements of self-compassion which are self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness, it was found that there are differences in the dominant component of self-compassion between male and female students. This finding shows that female students were dominated by self-kindness rather than mindfulness and common humanity. It can be said that female students have more dominant ability to understand and accept themselves as well as to give tenderness. Whereas male students were dominated by common humanity rather than mindfulness and self-kindness. Male students have more dominant ability to perceive difficulties and problem which are part of human life, and these are things that everyone experiences and they always realize that they do not experience it by themselves. Based on the results of the study, it is expected that appropriate handling can be formulated to improve the students’ self-compassion.	<urn:uuid:34a855c0-b4e6-4f99-a67c-d80bdc99ea54>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://ojs.pnb.ac.id/index.php/SOSHUM/article/view/1373	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00357.warc.gz	en	0.985625	308	3.359375	3	[ 0.2359970211982727, 0.046912722289562225, 0.30239805579185486, -0.4142676293849945, 0.013284070417284966, 0.36628955602645874, 0.5594877004623413, 0.15053631365299225, 0.1168190985918045, -0.18289579451084137, 0.2619040310382843, -0.37156379222869873, 0.5457586050033569, 0.1121013239026069...	4	Gender and Students' Self-Compassion Level It is believed that self-compassion is beneficial for a human to survive in their environment. Self-compassion is the ability to entertain and care for oneself when suffering, failure and imperfection rather than self-criticism. This research attempts to find out the level of self-compassion in vocational higher education students and to explore the differences in terms of self-compassion between male and female students. Employing Neff's Self-Compassion Scale (short form) measurement tool, this study was conducted through a survey technique. The results show that female students had a slightly higher level of self-compassion than males. Regarding the significant elements of self-compassion which are self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness, it was found that there are differences in the dominant component of self-compassion between male and female students. This finding shows that female students were dominated by self-kindness rather than mindfulness and common humanity. It can be said that female students have more dominant ability to understand and accept themselves as well as to give tenderness. Whereas male students were dominated by common humanity rather than mindfulness and self-kindness. Male students have more dominant ability to perceive difficulties and problem which are part of human life, and these are things that everyone experiences and they always realize that they do not experience it by themselves. Based on the results of the study, it is expected that appropriate handling can be formulated to improve the students’ self-compassion.	306	ENGLISH	1
The Silk road was a network of trade routes used for centuries which connected the East and the West. It was a route that was very popular and used extensively. The name “Silk Road” comes from the Eurasian Silk, which was a major factor in the creation of the road. This includes the maritime and land routes. The main traders of these routes were China, India, Somalia, Persians, Syrians, Greeks, Romans, Turkmens, Georgians, Bactrians and Sogdians. There were various trades along these roads. Central Eurasia had horse breeding communities. These communities bred horses primarily for trade. They were also craftsman that crafted many things that was used in trade. At the time silk was considered an expensive fabric that were given to royalty. Traces of silk brought from China can be found in tombs and excavated sites in Egypt. The connection between East and West introduced Gold from Central Asia. Further Jade statues from China can be found in countries China as they were traded at the time. The silk road was not really formed but it was created through the connection of many routes used by different countries and empires. An example of this would be the Persian Royal Road which integrated into the silk road. The silk road expanded as territories joined in and the expansion of Alexander the Great’s empire further made the road more expansive. As the empire grew, so did the silk road. At the time, this was one of the only and main form of trading carried. These routes were tried and tested, therefore, made trading easy and it could be done in a matter of days as opposed to it taking months. Today trade happens every second of the day. Companies buy shipping containers Perth and ship many things all the time. It is much more expansive than it was when the silk road existed but the silk road is one of the main reasons for technology growth as well. As empires fell and new ones rose, the silk road was integral for this. The Roman empire was another empire that used the Silk road and connected many regions. Similarly, empires and times such as the Byzantine empire, Tang dynasty, Medieval era, Islamic era and the Mongol route all expanded the silk road. Today we use a shipping container to carry many things but at the time they resorted to different methods. After the fall of the Mongol empire, the silk road disintegrated. This paved way to new routes to be formed. This led to the creation and the expansion of the New silk road that we use up to today.	<urn:uuid:2e9c82bc-83a9-430e-9fe8-6715bf021f01>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://workathomecooperative.com/what-is-the-silk-road/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00466.warc.gz	en	0.985972	515	3.640625	4	[ -0.1776627153158188, -0.19777658581733704, 0.27785131335258484, 0.39204147458076477, -0.09359949827194214, -0.01060766912996769, 0.24051488935947418, 0.06183183565735817, -0.19338291883468628, 0.18720394372940063, 0.4763314127922058, -0.27751219272613525, 0.08502069860696793, 0.38618001341...	12	The Silk road was a network of trade routes used for centuries which connected the East and the West. It was a route that was very popular and used extensively. The name “Silk Road” comes from the Eurasian Silk, which was a major factor in the creation of the road. This includes the maritime and land routes. The main traders of these routes were China, India, Somalia, Persians, Syrians, Greeks, Romans, Turkmens, Georgians, Bactrians and Sogdians. There were various trades along these roads. Central Eurasia had horse breeding communities. These communities bred horses primarily for trade. They were also craftsman that crafted many things that was used in trade. At the time silk was considered an expensive fabric that were given to royalty. Traces of silk brought from China can be found in tombs and excavated sites in Egypt. The connection between East and West introduced Gold from Central Asia. Further Jade statues from China can be found in countries China as they were traded at the time. The silk road was not really formed but it was created through the connection of many routes used by different countries and empires. An example of this would be the Persian Royal Road which integrated into the silk road. The silk road expanded as territories joined in and the expansion of Alexander the Great’s empire further made the road more expansive. As the empire grew, so did the silk road. At the time, this was one of the only and main form of trading carried. These routes were tried and tested, therefore, made trading easy and it could be done in a matter of days as opposed to it taking months. Today trade happens every second of the day. Companies buy shipping containers Perth and ship many things all the time. It is much more expansive than it was when the silk road existed but the silk road is one of the main reasons for technology growth as well. As empires fell and new ones rose, the silk road was integral for this. The Roman empire was another empire that used the Silk road and connected many regions. Similarly, empires and times such as the Byzantine empire, Tang dynasty, Medieval era, Islamic era and the Mongol route all expanded the silk road. Today we use a shipping container to carry many things but at the time they resorted to different methods. After the fall of the Mongol empire, the silk road disintegrated. This paved way to new routes to be formed. This led to the creation and the expansion of the New silk road that we use up to today.	515	ENGLISH	1
File:American Indian Life in the Archaic Period.jpg\| Painting from the Ancient Ohio art series depicting an Archaic base camp along the Maumee River in northwest Ohio. \n==8000 B.C. to 500 B.C.== Archaic hunters and gatherers continued the successful way of life of their Paleoindian ancestors, but moved about in a smaller area. They found new ways to harvest the rich natural bounty of Ohio's forests. Hunting and Gathering in Ohio's Forests The Archaic Period began at the end of the Ice Age. The climate had warmed and thick forests grew across Ohio. Like the Paleoindians before them, Archaic people hunted large and small game animals, fished in the lakes and streams, and gathered nuts and berries. During the early part of the Archaic Period people were always on the move. Their shelters were tents made from wooden poles covered with bark or hides. Later in this period some groups began to settle down and focus on certain rich resources such as nuts or shellfish. They built sturdier houses and dug pits alongside for storing nuts and other foods. One of the Archaic people's more important natural resources was flint. They mined flint from several sources, but in Ohio, their favorite flints continued to be Upper Mercer flint from Coshocton County and Flint Ridge flint from Licking County. Tools made from flint supplied many of their needs, but new kinds of tools were added to the Archaic toolbox. Archaic people made sturdy axes from hard stone such as granite. They used these axes to chop down trees and shape the wood into dugout canoes and other useful forms. They also carved and polished pieces of a rock called slate making them into a variety of shapes. Many of these artistic carvings were used as weights or decorations for their spear-throwers. A spear-thrower, or atlatl, is a wooden shaft with a handle at one end and a hook at the other. The spear-thrower was used to catapult spears much farther and with more force than if they were thrown with the unaided arm. Hunting and gathering bands usually don't have chiefs. The leaders in the group are men and women who have earned the respect of the group because of their abilities at hunting, healing, or providing some other needed goods or services. Men and women were free to leave the band at any time to join another, or to fend for themselves. Late Archaic groups such as the Glacial Kame people also began to trade with distant groups for copper and sea shells. These special ornaments may have belonged to leaders or respected hunters or healers. When these people died, the objects were buried with them as symbols of their high status.	<urn:uuid:6085e631-f8d9-48e2-b832-f18eb1d0c834>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Archaic_Period&direction=next&oldid=5916&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00111.warc.gz	en	0.981858	580	3.828125	4	[ -0.389060378074646, 0.19538436830043793, 0.0626862496137619, 0.11014354228973389, -0.02068871632218361, -0.3072717487812042, -0.003843105398118496, -0.2968956232070923, -0.774389386177063, 0.07136709243059158, 0.08481021970510483, -0.41779232025146484, -0.048310063779354095, 0.098796732723...	2	File:American Indian Life in the Archaic Period.jpg\| Painting from the Ancient Ohio art series depicting an Archaic base camp along the Maumee River in northwest Ohio. \n==8000 B.C. to 500 B.C.== Archaic hunters and gatherers continued the successful way of life of their Paleoindian ancestors, but moved about in a smaller area. They found new ways to harvest the rich natural bounty of Ohio's forests. Hunting and Gathering in Ohio's Forests The Archaic Period began at the end of the Ice Age. The climate had warmed and thick forests grew across Ohio. Like the Paleoindians before them, Archaic people hunted large and small game animals, fished in the lakes and streams, and gathered nuts and berries. During the early part of the Archaic Period people were always on the move. Their shelters were tents made from wooden poles covered with bark or hides. Later in this period some groups began to settle down and focus on certain rich resources such as nuts or shellfish. They built sturdier houses and dug pits alongside for storing nuts and other foods. One of the Archaic people's more important natural resources was flint. They mined flint from several sources, but in Ohio, their favorite flints continued to be Upper Mercer flint from Coshocton County and Flint Ridge flint from Licking County. Tools made from flint supplied many of their needs, but new kinds of tools were added to the Archaic toolbox. Archaic people made sturdy axes from hard stone such as granite. They used these axes to chop down trees and shape the wood into dugout canoes and other useful forms. They also carved and polished pieces of a rock called slate making them into a variety of shapes. Many of these artistic carvings were used as weights or decorations for their spear-throwers. A spear-thrower, or atlatl, is a wooden shaft with a handle at one end and a hook at the other. The spear-thrower was used to catapult spears much farther and with more force than if they were thrown with the unaided arm. Hunting and gathering bands usually don't have chiefs. The leaders in the group are men and women who have earned the respect of the group because of their abilities at hunting, healing, or providing some other needed goods or services. Men and women were free to leave the band at any time to join another, or to fend for themselves. Late Archaic groups such as the Glacial Kame people also began to trade with distant groups for copper and sea shells. These special ornaments may have belonged to leaders or respected hunters or healers. When these people died, the objects were buried with them as symbols of their high status.	577	ENGLISH	1
Alfred Becomes King of Wessex Perhaps the most remarkable thing about Alfred’s remarkable reign was that he should ever have become King of Wessex at all. He was the fifth son of King Ethelwulf , three of his elder brothers reigning before him (the other died before Ethelwulf); and the third of those brothers, Aethelred, had two sons who in more peaceful times might have been expected to inherit the throne. But the 9th century was not a peaceful age: the Danes were ravaging England, long beyond the stage when they merely raided. Shortly before Alfred’s accession Mercia had fallen to the Vikings , leaving only Wessex in Saxon hands. Under such circumstances, with the survival of the kingdom at stake, a warrior king was needed in Winchester , not a minor; thus earlier 871 Aethelred had agreed to Alfred becoming King of Wessex after his death. Alfred proved the saviour of Saxon England, though he would suffer further defeats – the surprise attack at Chippenham in 878 nearly proving the death of his hopes – before securing his kingdom. His long (by the standard of the age) reign lasted until his death in 899: by that time he had created a navy, changed the legal system, accumulated great wealth, and most significantly devised and implemented the plan to use burhs – defensible sites at most 20 miles distant from other settlements in Wessex and eventually Mercia – to protect his people and lands. More famous dates here 7801 views since 4th March 2011 On this day:	<urn:uuid:2a38498e-78dd-47bb-9ceb-a925786c759e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://edit.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=1352	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00349.warc.gz	en	0.984617	334	3.375	3	[ -0.11050621420145035, 0.7759819030761719, 0.19740824401378632, -0.3725034296512604, -0.31345492601394653, -0.13768471777439117, -0.19809682667255402, -0.055578913539648056, 0.01316195260733366, -0.06992296129465103, -0.056172970682382584, -0.3541014790534973, 0.1834232360124588, 0.20361062...	1	Alfred Becomes King of Wessex Perhaps the most remarkable thing about Alfred’s remarkable reign was that he should ever have become King of Wessex at all. He was the fifth son of King Ethelwulf , three of his elder brothers reigning before him (the other died before Ethelwulf); and the third of those brothers, Aethelred, had two sons who in more peaceful times might have been expected to inherit the throne. But the 9th century was not a peaceful age: the Danes were ravaging England, long beyond the stage when they merely raided. Shortly before Alfred’s accession Mercia had fallen to the Vikings , leaving only Wessex in Saxon hands. Under such circumstances, with the survival of the kingdom at stake, a warrior king was needed in Winchester , not a minor; thus earlier 871 Aethelred had agreed to Alfred becoming King of Wessex after his death. Alfred proved the saviour of Saxon England, though he would suffer further defeats – the surprise attack at Chippenham in 878 nearly proving the death of his hopes – before securing his kingdom. His long (by the standard of the age) reign lasted until his death in 899: by that time he had created a navy, changed the legal system, accumulated great wealth, and most significantly devised and implemented the plan to use burhs – defensible sites at most 20 miles distant from other settlements in Wessex and eventually Mercia – to protect his people and lands. More famous dates here 7801 views since 4th March 2011 On this day:	339	ENGLISH	1
Who Is Albert Einstein? Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical scientist who developed the theory of modern physics (in addition to quantum mechanics). His work is also known for their influence on the philosophy of science. Common people are commonly known as Equation Equation-energy = mc2, which is called “the most famous equation in the world.” He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 for physics theory, especially for the discovery of light-effects laws, a major step in the development of quantum theory. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein believes that the Newtonian mechanism is not enough to correct the laws of the legislative mechanical mechanism of the electric field. This led him to develop his theory of relevance during his time at the Swiss Patent Office (Bern, 1902-1909). However, he knew that he was able to expand the principle of gravity-related relationships and disseminate the article on General Relations in 1916 with his theory. He continues to solve the problem of quantum mechanics and quantum mechanics, making his explanation of molecular dynamics and molecular dynamics. He also considered the light-sensitive properties of the photon theory of light. In 1917, he used a general theory of relation with the form of the structure of the universe. Except one year in Prague, Einstein lived in Switzerland between 1895 and 1914, where he resigned from Germany in 1896 and received a postgraduate degree from the Swiss Institute of Applied Arts (later Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in 1900, after becoming president for more than five years. He was granted a Swiss citizenship in 1901, which he retained in his life. In 1905, he received a Ph.D. from the University of Zurich. In the same year, four research papers were published during his (Miracles’) years, which led him to the technical world at the age of 24. Einstein studied physics theoretical in Zurich between 1912 and 1914 before leaving for Berlin, where he was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences In 1933, during his visit to the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power. Due to his Jewish background, Einstein was not in Germany. He was settled in the United States and became a citizen of America in 1940. During the Second World War, he supported the letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt reminding him to develop a “new bomb” of the United States starting a similar research. This also makes the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported allies, but he protested the idea of using nuclear fission as a weapon. The statement Russell-Einstein signed with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, who stressed the dangers of nuclear weapons. He graduated from the Higher Education Institute in Princeton, New Jersey, until he died in 1955. Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers and over 150 unscientific works. His intellectual achievements and origins make the word “Einstein” a “wisdom”. In Albert Iconham, on the 14th March 1879, in the Kingdom of Württemberg of the German Empire, his parents Hormen Austin, the salesman and engineer and the Polyne Kutch. In 1880, the family was migrated to Munich, where he built Jacob Atomicchin-Gabriel Jeanine and Kai, a company constructed as a direct electric wind. Ithine was a neutral architectural inspector and Albert has been involved in Catholic Primary School in Manchester for three years. In the eighteenth year, Leopold Gymnezium (now the Elbert Austin Gymnasium) was moved, where he acquired elementary and secondary education until he left him from the German Church seven years later. In 1894, Hermann and Jacob Monounch lost their efforts to access the supplies of electricity, as they lost their power to change their DD to the most efficient AC standard. Damage on the Munich factory. In the search of work, ion stand extended to the family athlete, first found and found a few months later. When his family was moved to Poyia, ion Stein 15, in Manch, completed his education at the Louopol gymnasium school. His father planned to follow the electronic engineer, but did argue with Such Standards authorities and did not like educational system and teaching methods. He later wrote that his learning and learning emotions lost in the heart of heart. In December 1894, he traveled to Italy to join his family in Piaia, and in school he tried to go with the medical aid from the hospital to school. At that time, in Italy, he wrote a brief article “In The Magnetic Field of Investigation in the Eis Case”. Austin had always mathematical and nature with mathematics from his friends. Austin’s 12-year-old mathematical and academic gymmetric. Estonian children discovered their original guide in the past several years. The family’s family, Michael Toldd, said that after 16 years to learn engineering for Austin Engineering, no later than that, “Irene Stein worked through all the books and then highlights himself … his boy is not his master. Do not follow “12 years have passed, its standard nature can be considered as a” mathematical mathematical month. ” The Austrian attempted to know the age of 12, he said, “Teaching the difference and equality”. How useful was this post? Click on a star to rate it! Average rating / 5. Vote count:	<urn:uuid:8591ad03-c840-433a-bbd0-fce481f5eb48>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ilmizindagi.com/albert-einstein/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00231.warc.gz	en	0.982059	1,125	3.546875	4	[ -0.32230859994888306, 0.26882651448249817, -0.09796113520860672, 0.20366668701171875, -0.44416695833206177, -0.21413354575634003, 0.39655783772468567, 0.15000729262828827, -0.0651550218462944, -0.0497770830988884, 0.5995728969573975, -0.4019797444343567, -0.13902850449085236, 0.34202814102...	1	Who Is Albert Einstein? Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical scientist who developed the theory of modern physics (in addition to quantum mechanics). His work is also known for their influence on the philosophy of science. Common people are commonly known as Equation Equation-energy = mc2, which is called “the most famous equation in the world.” He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 for physics theory, especially for the discovery of light-effects laws, a major step in the development of quantum theory. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein believes that the Newtonian mechanism is not enough to correct the laws of the legislative mechanical mechanism of the electric field. This led him to develop his theory of relevance during his time at the Swiss Patent Office (Bern, 1902-1909). However, he knew that he was able to expand the principle of gravity-related relationships and disseminate the article on General Relations in 1916 with his theory. He continues to solve the problem of quantum mechanics and quantum mechanics, making his explanation of molecular dynamics and molecular dynamics. He also considered the light-sensitive properties of the photon theory of light. In 1917, he used a general theory of relation with the form of the structure of the universe. Except one year in Prague, Einstein lived in Switzerland between 1895 and 1914, where he resigned from Germany in 1896 and received a postgraduate degree from the Swiss Institute of Applied Arts (later Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in 1900, after becoming president for more than five years. He was granted a Swiss citizenship in 1901, which he retained in his life. In 1905, he received a Ph.D. from the University of Zurich. In the same year, four research papers were published during his (Miracles’) years, which led him to the technical world at the age of 24. Einstein studied physics theoretical in Zurich between 1912 and 1914 before leaving for Berlin, where he was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences In 1933, during his visit to the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power. Due to his Jewish background, Einstein was not in Germany. He was settled in the United States and became a citizen of America in 1940. During the Second World War, he supported the letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt reminding him to develop a “new bomb” of the United States starting a similar research. This also makes the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported allies, but he protested the idea of using nuclear fission as a weapon. The statement Russell-Einstein signed with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, who stressed the dangers of nuclear weapons. He graduated from the Higher Education Institute in Princeton, New Jersey, until he died in 1955. Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers and over 150 unscientific works. His intellectual achievements and origins make the word “Einstein” a “wisdom”. In Albert Iconham, on the 14th March 1879, in the Kingdom of Württemberg of the German Empire, his parents Hormen Austin, the salesman and engineer and the Polyne Kutch. In 1880, the family was migrated to Munich, where he built Jacob Atomicchin-Gabriel Jeanine and Kai, a company constructed as a direct electric wind. Ithine was a neutral architectural inspector and Albert has been involved in Catholic Primary School in Manchester for three years. In the eighteenth year, Leopold Gymnezium (now the Elbert Austin Gymnasium) was moved, where he acquired elementary and secondary education until he left him from the German Church seven years later. In 1894, Hermann and Jacob Monounch lost their efforts to access the supplies of electricity, as they lost their power to change their DD to the most efficient AC standard. Damage on the Munich factory. In the search of work, ion stand extended to the family athlete, first found and found a few months later. When his family was moved to Poyia, ion Stein 15, in Manch, completed his education at the Louopol gymnasium school. His father planned to follow the electronic engineer, but did argue with Such Standards authorities and did not like educational system and teaching methods. He later wrote that his learning and learning emotions lost in the heart of heart. In December 1894, he traveled to Italy to join his family in Piaia, and in school he tried to go with the medical aid from the hospital to school. At that time, in Italy, he wrote a brief article “In The Magnetic Field of Investigation in the Eis Case”. Austin had always mathematical and nature with mathematics from his friends. Austin’s 12-year-old mathematical and academic gymmetric. Estonian children discovered their original guide in the past several years. The family’s family, Michael Toldd, said that after 16 years to learn engineering for Austin Engineering, no later than that, “Irene Stein worked through all the books and then highlights himself … his boy is not his master. Do not follow “12 years have passed, its standard nature can be considered as a” mathematical mathematical month. ” The Austrian attempted to know the age of 12, he said, “Teaching the difference and equality”. How useful was this post? Click on a star to rate it! Average rating / 5. Vote count:	1,180	ENGLISH	1
Rosa Parks’ refusal led to her being arrested for civil disobedience, after which her act became a symbol of the Civil Rights Movement. Three days later, plans for the Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced.Rosa Parks was already active in the Civil Rights movement, having been elected secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP at the end of 1943. Outside this role she worked as a housekeeper and seamstress to Clifford Durr, a white lawyer with a history of taking cases that challenged the government.At approximately 6pm on the 1st December, Parks boarded a bus on her way home from work. She took her seat in the segregated “colored” section, but before long the white section of the bus filled up. The driver, James F. Blake, moved the “colored” sign to the row behind where she was sitting and insisted that the black people sitting on the row give up their seats for the newly-boarded white people.Although the three other passengers got up, Parks remained in her seat. After Blake asked her again to move she apparently replied, “I don’t think I should have to stand up.” In response he called his supervisor before then calling the police to arrest her for breaking Chapter 6, Section 11 of the city code which specified that passengers had to obey the driver’s seat assignments. That evening, the Women’s Political Council became the first group to endorse a boycott.	<urn:uuid:6ad7d0d7-c8ca-4992-9345-8d070c36f2f4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://videos.whatfinger.com/2019/12/01/history-december-1-on-this-day-back-in-1955-rosa-parks-refused-to-give-up-her-seat-to-racist-democrats-on-a-bus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00048.warc.gz	en	0.984277	297	4.3125	4	[ -0.3062938153743744, -0.30347973108291626, 0.21474675834178925, 0.06380262970924377, -0.12643904983997345, 0.24213549494743347, 0.5665389895439148, 0.08077756315469742, -0.07171110063791275, 0.09638160467147827, 0.10414934903383255, 0.29419365525245667, -0.08115436881780624, -0.06710919737...	1	Rosa Parks’ refusal led to her being arrested for civil disobedience, after which her act became a symbol of the Civil Rights Movement. Three days later, plans for the Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced.Rosa Parks was already active in the Civil Rights movement, having been elected secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP at the end of 1943. Outside this role she worked as a housekeeper and seamstress to Clifford Durr, a white lawyer with a history of taking cases that challenged the government.At approximately 6pm on the 1st December, Parks boarded a bus on her way home from work. She took her seat in the segregated “colored” section, but before long the white section of the bus filled up. The driver, James F. Blake, moved the “colored” sign to the row behind where she was sitting and insisted that the black people sitting on the row give up their seats for the newly-boarded white people.Although the three other passengers got up, Parks remained in her seat. After Blake asked her again to move she apparently replied, “I don’t think I should have to stand up.” In response he called his supervisor before then calling the police to arrest her for breaking Chapter 6, Section 11 of the city code which specified that passengers had to obey the driver’s seat assignments. That evening, the Women’s Political Council became the first group to endorse a boycott.	293	ENGLISH	1
You may know that King Henry VIII married six wives, and he had two of them beheaded. Did you know that his divorce from his first wife paved the way for the Reformation in England? Henry VIII wanted a son, but he and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, never had one. In 1526, he fell in love with another woman, Anne Boleyn. He wanted a divorce from Catherine, but to get one, he had to ask the pope. When Pope Clement VII refused, Henry decided he didn’t need the pope. He appointed himself ruler of all religious activity in England, then closed the Catholic monasteries and seized their wealth for himself. Henry broke off from Rome and the Catholic Church. By the time Henry died, Bibles in England were written in English, not Latin. When Queen Elizabeth I, his daughter, took the throne, England officially became a Protestant nation in 1559.	<urn:uuid:734a0e6e-f9b6-48a8-9241-77727e163284>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://online.kidsdiscover.com/unit/renaissance-and-reformation/topic/the-reformation-takes-hold/3	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00513.warc.gz	en	0.992244	191	3.375	3	[ -0.21286682784557343, 0.4519781172275543, 0.03811587393283844, -0.4164354205131531, -0.19927075505256653, -0.16807571053504944, 0.20132896304130554, 0.07864782959222794, 0.3163878321647644, -0.1678691953420639, -0.14811068773269653, -0.49539604783058167, 0.02461233176290989, 0.086399838328...	2	You may know that King Henry VIII married six wives, and he had two of them beheaded. Did you know that his divorce from his first wife paved the way for the Reformation in England? Henry VIII wanted a son, but he and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, never had one. In 1526, he fell in love with another woman, Anne Boleyn. He wanted a divorce from Catherine, but to get one, he had to ask the pope. When Pope Clement VII refused, Henry decided he didn’t need the pope. He appointed himself ruler of all religious activity in England, then closed the Catholic monasteries and seized their wealth for himself. Henry broke off from Rome and the Catholic Church. By the time Henry died, Bibles in England were written in English, not Latin. When Queen Elizabeth I, his daughter, took the throne, England officially became a Protestant nation in 1559.	193	ENGLISH	1
Back around 330 B.C. the known world became Greek because of the conquering leader Alexander the Great. Alexander died when he was only 32 years old, and his kingdom was divided between his two generals. Back around 330 B.C. the known world became Greek because of the conquering leader Alexander the Great. Alexander died when he was only 32 years old, and his kingdom was divided between his two generals, one of whom took the southwest, including Egypt (Ptolemy), and the other of them received the northeast, including Syria (Seleucus). This northeastern, Syrian-Greek power kept attacking the Holy Land first to grab it from the Ptolemies and then to gain even more power and to raid its treasuries and sack the temple of its treasures. The Seleucids were horrible to the Jews, killing many and stripping their rights to worship. These are the conquerors who erected a statue of Zeus in the desecrated temple and sacrificed pigs to the idol. There was no strong Jewish leader to form a revolt, but there was a stubborn and strong family of farmers called “the hammerers”—in Hebrew, “Maccabees.” Judas Maccabee and his brothers led the common people against the Syrio-Greeks and won. They entered the temple to reclaim it. They destroyed the idols and cleansed the building. In order to rededicate the temple, they wanted to light the eternal light (ner tamid) but there was only enough oil to burn for one day. Miraculously, the oil lasted for 8 days. Jews celebrate this miracle every year in December as the holiday of Hanukkah. The holiday is sometimes called the festival of lights or the feast of dedication. This is not a high holy pilgrimage feast. There are seven holy feasts feted in 3 pilgrimages to the temple, and these were all established by God during the Exodus. But the feast of dedication was still a festive time to gather at the temple in the time of Jesus, and Jesus did go to teach and testify during His ministry. In John 10 we see Jesus teaching on Solomon’s Porch at the temple that He is the Son of God, for which the leaders tried to stone Him for committing blasphemy.	<urn:uuid:95e1f229-6121-4c3d-8adf-78f2f2edb785>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jesus.christ.org/history-rituals/what-was-the-feast-of-dedication/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00040.warc.gz	en	0.98777	472	3.875	4	[ -0.030169282108545303, 0.48422911763191223, 0.41692283749580383, 0.0395793654024601, -0.5703760385513306, -0.2678435742855072, 0.08145956695079803, 0.46727651357650757, -0.07578486204147339, 0.2029571235179901, -0.15590213239192963, -0.0811970978975296, 0.2042308896780014, 0.10480220615863...	8	Back around 330 B.C. the known world became Greek because of the conquering leader Alexander the Great. Alexander died when he was only 32 years old, and his kingdom was divided between his two generals. Back around 330 B.C. the known world became Greek because of the conquering leader Alexander the Great. Alexander died when he was only 32 years old, and his kingdom was divided between his two generals, one of whom took the southwest, including Egypt (Ptolemy), and the other of them received the northeast, including Syria (Seleucus). This northeastern, Syrian-Greek power kept attacking the Holy Land first to grab it from the Ptolemies and then to gain even more power and to raid its treasuries and sack the temple of its treasures. The Seleucids were horrible to the Jews, killing many and stripping their rights to worship. These are the conquerors who erected a statue of Zeus in the desecrated temple and sacrificed pigs to the idol. There was no strong Jewish leader to form a revolt, but there was a stubborn and strong family of farmers called “the hammerers”—in Hebrew, “Maccabees.” Judas Maccabee and his brothers led the common people against the Syrio-Greeks and won. They entered the temple to reclaim it. They destroyed the idols and cleansed the building. In order to rededicate the temple, they wanted to light the eternal light (ner tamid) but there was only enough oil to burn for one day. Miraculously, the oil lasted for 8 days. Jews celebrate this miracle every year in December as the holiday of Hanukkah. The holiday is sometimes called the festival of lights or the feast of dedication. This is not a high holy pilgrimage feast. There are seven holy feasts feted in 3 pilgrimages to the temple, and these were all established by God during the Exodus. But the feast of dedication was still a festive time to gather at the temple in the time of Jesus, and Jesus did go to teach and testify during His ministry. In John 10 we see Jesus teaching on Solomon’s Porch at the temple that He is the Son of God, for which the leaders tried to stone Him for committing blasphemy.	469	ENGLISH	1
Franklin Pierce (1804-1869) was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, on November 23, 1804. He was elected to the state’s legislature at the young age of 24, and then at 26, he became the body’s speaker. Pierce was a strong member of the Democratic Party and a supporter of President Andrew Jackson. In 1833, Pierce started his terms in Congress, serving twice in the House of Representatives. He also served one term, from 1837 to 1842, in the Senate. In 1834, he married Jane Appleton, whose father had been the president of Bowdoin University, where Pierce had studied. Pierce took office as 14th president in 1853. He supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act, a law proposed in 1854 by Senator Stephen Douglas. It made Kansas and Nebraska territories and ended the ban on slavery in Kansas. The law said that citizens of the territory, and not Congress, could choose whether to allow slavery. Pierce’s support of slavery led to the creation of a new opposition group, the Republican Party. Fighting between pro- and anti-slavery citizens began breaking out across the territory. The conflict became so heated that it even reached Washington, when Preston Brooks, a South Carolina representative, assaulted abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in May 1856. “Bleeding Kansas,” as the clash became known, was the downfall of Pierce’s presidency and prevented him from winning the Democratic nomination for the next election. Civil War broke out in 1861. Since Pierce supported the southerners’ so-called right to own slaves, he said Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans had been reckless. After news of the Union victory at Gettysburg, Pierce left the spotlight. Jane died that same year, and the former president passed on in 1869.	<urn:uuid:00c252b9-1120-44f5-91b2-f0c11ed14dae>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lngenz.com/franklin-pierce-the-14th-president/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00450.warc.gz	en	0.980721	386	4.03125	4	[ -0.0026179293636232615, 0.1489628255367279, 0.060956742614507675, -0.17527136206626892, -0.2514475882053375, 0.039905011653900146, 0.2627803683280945, -0.06340029835700989, -0.5220710635185242, -0.19989585876464844, 0.5713664889335632, -0.24984030425548553, -0.19087353348731995, 0.23849315...	3	Franklin Pierce (1804-1869) was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, on November 23, 1804. He was elected to the state’s legislature at the young age of 24, and then at 26, he became the body’s speaker. Pierce was a strong member of the Democratic Party and a supporter of President Andrew Jackson. In 1833, Pierce started his terms in Congress, serving twice in the House of Representatives. He also served one term, from 1837 to 1842, in the Senate. In 1834, he married Jane Appleton, whose father had been the president of Bowdoin University, where Pierce had studied. Pierce took office as 14th president in 1853. He supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act, a law proposed in 1854 by Senator Stephen Douglas. It made Kansas and Nebraska territories and ended the ban on slavery in Kansas. The law said that citizens of the territory, and not Congress, could choose whether to allow slavery. Pierce’s support of slavery led to the creation of a new opposition group, the Republican Party. Fighting between pro- and anti-slavery citizens began breaking out across the territory. The conflict became so heated that it even reached Washington, when Preston Brooks, a South Carolina representative, assaulted abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in May 1856. “Bleeding Kansas,” as the clash became known, was the downfall of Pierce’s presidency and prevented him from winning the Democratic nomination for the next election. Civil War broke out in 1861. Since Pierce supported the southerners’ so-called right to own slaves, he said Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans had been reckless. After news of the Union victory at Gettysburg, Pierce left the spotlight. Jane died that same year, and the former president passed on in 1869.	414	ENGLISH	1
Why did the US support the contras in Nicaragua? The United States gave support to the “Contra” rebels in Nicaragua because those rebels were fighting against a regime that was heavily influenced by communists and which was friendly with the Soviet Union. Beginning with President Jimmy Carter, American leaders did not want a communist-backed government so near to the United States. During the Cold War, the United States wanted to contain communism and keep it from spreading into new areas of the world. Therefore, it was willing to support even regimes that had poor records on human rights so long as they were opposed to communism. This was the case in Nicaragua. The US supported Anastasio Somoza even though he was a dictator with a poor record in human rights. Despite the US support, Somoza was overthrown by the Sandinistas in 1979. The Sandinistas were strongly influenced by communism. They then became friendly with the Soviet Union. The US saw this as a danger to American national security. Therefore, when rebel groups arose, the US supported them. These rebels came to be known as the “Contras,” which was short for the Spanish word for “counterrevolutionaries.” The US supported them in hopes that they would overthrow the Sandinistas and stop the spread of communism. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:61053999-f4ac-4031-833c-52f3d104a9d5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-did-us-support-contras-nicaragua-what-led-434592?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00398.warc.gz	en	0.987923	277	3.3125	3	[ -0.35065704584121704, 0.15393783152103424, -0.13229303061962128, 0.13297656178474426, 0.4779910445213318, 0.19771091639995575, 0.21069185435771942, 0.3210282623767853, -0.31609293818473816, 0.27102965116500854, 0.392072468996048, 0.280652791261673, 0.059920553117990494, 0.1304781287908554,...	1	Why did the US support the contras in Nicaragua? The United States gave support to the “Contra” rebels in Nicaragua because those rebels were fighting against a regime that was heavily influenced by communists and which was friendly with the Soviet Union. Beginning with President Jimmy Carter, American leaders did not want a communist-backed government so near to the United States. During the Cold War, the United States wanted to contain communism and keep it from spreading into new areas of the world. Therefore, it was willing to support even regimes that had poor records on human rights so long as they were opposed to communism. This was the case in Nicaragua. The US supported Anastasio Somoza even though he was a dictator with a poor record in human rights. Despite the US support, Somoza was overthrown by the Sandinistas in 1979. The Sandinistas were strongly influenced by communism. They then became friendly with the Soviet Union. The US saw this as a danger to American national security. Therefore, when rebel groups arose, the US supported them. These rebels came to be known as the “Contras,” which was short for the Spanish word for “counterrevolutionaries.” The US supported them in hopes that they would overthrow the Sandinistas and stop the spread of communism. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	267	ENGLISH	1
General Douglas MacArthur, in his capacity as Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in the Pacific, brings an end to Shintoism as Japan’s established religion. The Shinto system included the belief that the emperor, in this case Hirohito, was divine. On September 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, MacArthur signed the instrument of Japanese surrender on behalf of the victorious Allies. Before the economic and political reforms the Allies devised for Japan’s future could be enacted, however, the country had to be demilitarized. Step one in the plan to reform Japan entailed the demobilization of Japan’s armed forces, and the return of all troops from abroad. Japan had had a long history of its foreign policy being dominated by the military, as evidenced by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoye’s failed attempts to reform his government and being virtually pushed out of power by career army officer Hideki Tojo. Step two was the dismantling of Shintoism as the Japanese national religion. Allied powers believed that serious democratic reforms, and a constitutional form of government, could not be put into place as long as the Japanese people looked to an emperor as their ultimate authority. Hirohito was forced to renounce his divine status, and his powers were severely limited—he was reduced to little more than a figurehead. And not merely religion, but even compulsory courses on ethics—the power to influence the Japanese population’s traditional religious and moral duties—were wrenched from state control as part of a larger decentralization of all power.	<urn:uuid:e31b647d-555d-469e-9c59-9b0048dda5b0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/macarthur-orders-end-of-shinto-as-japanese-state-religion	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00076.warc.gz	en	0.982218	323	3.765625	4	[ -0.30918312072753906, 0.5176383256912231, 0.17489373683929443, -0.6767958402633667, -0.2612159550189972, 0.34844785928726196, 0.11937972158193588, 0.10349173843860626, 0.08086962252855301, 0.16322225332260132, -0.08214905112981796, 0.011554311029613018, 0.6044737100601196, 0.58827453851699...	15	General Douglas MacArthur, in his capacity as Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in the Pacific, brings an end to Shintoism as Japan’s established religion. The Shinto system included the belief that the emperor, in this case Hirohito, was divine. On September 2, 1945 aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, MacArthur signed the instrument of Japanese surrender on behalf of the victorious Allies. Before the economic and political reforms the Allies devised for Japan’s future could be enacted, however, the country had to be demilitarized. Step one in the plan to reform Japan entailed the demobilization of Japan’s armed forces, and the return of all troops from abroad. Japan had had a long history of its foreign policy being dominated by the military, as evidenced by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoye’s failed attempts to reform his government and being virtually pushed out of power by career army officer Hideki Tojo. Step two was the dismantling of Shintoism as the Japanese national religion. Allied powers believed that serious democratic reforms, and a constitutional form of government, could not be put into place as long as the Japanese people looked to an emperor as their ultimate authority. Hirohito was forced to renounce his divine status, and his powers were severely limited—he was reduced to little more than a figurehead. And not merely religion, but even compulsory courses on ethics—the power to influence the Japanese population’s traditional religious and moral duties—were wrenched from state control as part of a larger decentralization of all power.	317	ENGLISH	1
Sydneysiders need to take tsunami warnings seriously, according to new research suggesting the threat to the harbour-city is very real. Research from the University of Newcastle and the Bureau of Meteorology has modelled the effects of tsunami inundation in Sydney and forecast the impact of the smallest and largest tsunamis on the harbour. Lead report author Kaya Wilson said the research was about creating community awareness and making sure people took tsunami warnings seriously. "It is something that could happen here and could be devastating ... We don't want people to worry, but we want them to be aware it is a very real threat," Mr Wilson told AAP. "We want people to be aware of it as a hazard because it could be extremely dangerous." There are two subduction zones closest to Sydney, one being near Vanuatu and the other south of New Zealand, where two tectonic plates meet under the ocean. If an earthquake was to occur at either one of the zones and created enough tension, the force could push the water and cause a tsunami that could travel the distance to the east coast of Australia, Mr Wilson said. While the likelihood of a major tsunami impacting NSW is low, if it did happen, the "Hollywood" style wall of water isn't what people would see, he added. "If it's a really large earthquake it would be a sequence of waves not just one and there would be very quick rising and falling of the water levels," he said. "It's like the whole ocean is moving up and down." There is a risk a large tsunami could come onto land with the study finding Manly Corso and southern bays of the harbour such as Rushcutters Bay and Double Bay at most risk. The waves could come on and off land at fast speeds lasting for hours and even days, Mr Wilson said. The research found there's a risk of dangerous whirlpools forming near the Spit Bridge in Sydney's northern beaches which is reported to have happened in 1960 during the Chilean tsunami. Project lead and coastal geoscientist Hannah Power said she wouldn't expect a risk to Sydney's CBD but strong currents and unpredictable rapid water movements would make the harbour an unsafe place to be. "If you think about a two-metre swell, we wouldn't feel the need for concern, however a two-metre tsunami would be devastating," Dr Power said in a statement. © AAP 2020	<urn:uuid:cecaacdc-6ce6-4718-b3ce-1edb10731219>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.9news.com.au/national/sydney-tsunami-threat-very-real-study/569ddb69-50a5-4a13-a068-04aaeda4d56a	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00550.warc.gz	en	0.981763	503	3.34375	3	[ 0.03439217805862427, -0.10374265164136887, -0.036829572170972824, -0.007681777235120535, 0.39905083179473877, 0.4267888069152832, -0.10052993893623352, 0.27116650342941284, -0.2576751112937927, -0.00400570360943675, 0.12500335276126862, -0.19102279841899872, -0.08489547669887543, 0.5929240...	2	Sydneysiders need to take tsunami warnings seriously, according to new research suggesting the threat to the harbour-city is very real. Research from the University of Newcastle and the Bureau of Meteorology has modelled the effects of tsunami inundation in Sydney and forecast the impact of the smallest and largest tsunamis on the harbour. Lead report author Kaya Wilson said the research was about creating community awareness and making sure people took tsunami warnings seriously. "It is something that could happen here and could be devastating ... We don't want people to worry, but we want them to be aware it is a very real threat," Mr Wilson told AAP. "We want people to be aware of it as a hazard because it could be extremely dangerous." There are two subduction zones closest to Sydney, one being near Vanuatu and the other south of New Zealand, where two tectonic plates meet under the ocean. If an earthquake was to occur at either one of the zones and created enough tension, the force could push the water and cause a tsunami that could travel the distance to the east coast of Australia, Mr Wilson said. While the likelihood of a major tsunami impacting NSW is low, if it did happen, the "Hollywood" style wall of water isn't what people would see, he added. "If it's a really large earthquake it would be a sequence of waves not just one and there would be very quick rising and falling of the water levels," he said. "It's like the whole ocean is moving up and down." There is a risk a large tsunami could come onto land with the study finding Manly Corso and southern bays of the harbour such as Rushcutters Bay and Double Bay at most risk. The waves could come on and off land at fast speeds lasting for hours and even days, Mr Wilson said. The research found there's a risk of dangerous whirlpools forming near the Spit Bridge in Sydney's northern beaches which is reported to have happened in 1960 during the Chilean tsunami. Project lead and coastal geoscientist Hannah Power said she wouldn't expect a risk to Sydney's CBD but strong currents and unpredictable rapid water movements would make the harbour an unsafe place to be. "If you think about a two-metre swell, we wouldn't feel the need for concern, however a two-metre tsunami would be devastating," Dr Power said in a statement. © AAP 2020	489	ENGLISH	1
Pumpkin seeds have been consumed for many years and show no sign of going anywhere anytime soon. Pumpkins themselves are thought to have first been discovered in North America and were widely used by Native Americans. Actual pumpkin seeds have been found in Mexico and date back as far as 7000 B.C. Pumpkin seeds have been eaten throughout history for sustenance and medicinal purposes too. For example, pumpkin seeds were given to sick people as a means to expel parasitic worms and intestinal parasites from the body. As a result, they were listed as an antiparasitic in the United States Pharmacopoeia from 1863 to 1936. Today, some of the largest producers in the world include Mexico, the United States, China and New Zealand. Bonus point: Pumpkins were named after the Greek word for large melon – ‘pepon’.	<urn:uuid:6e87d1a3-8d6c-44be-a9fa-802d18c37d65>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.jcsqualityfoods.com.au/news/pumpkin-seeds/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00549.warc.gz	en	0.98391	172	3.265625	3	[ -0.008445905521512032, -0.10139425843954086, 0.5350149273872375, 0.35034722089767456, 0.3099950850009918, -0.11413632333278656, 0.3694794178009033, 0.4666708707809448, -0.28429144620895386, -0.005430205725133419, 0.09462388604879379, -0.13579295575618744, -0.09017699211835861, -0.055601529...	1	Pumpkin seeds have been consumed for many years and show no sign of going anywhere anytime soon. Pumpkins themselves are thought to have first been discovered in North America and were widely used by Native Americans. Actual pumpkin seeds have been found in Mexico and date back as far as 7000 B.C. Pumpkin seeds have been eaten throughout history for sustenance and medicinal purposes too. For example, pumpkin seeds were given to sick people as a means to expel parasitic worms and intestinal parasites from the body. As a result, they were listed as an antiparasitic in the United States Pharmacopoeia from 1863 to 1936. Today, some of the largest producers in the world include Mexico, the United States, China and New Zealand. Bonus point: Pumpkins were named after the Greek word for large melon – ‘pepon’.	180	ENGLISH	1
The Credit Crunch The credit crunch, one of the major events that affected banks across England in 2007, affected how financial institutions go about Lending funds to the general public. How did the Credit Crunch happen? To figure out why this happened we have to look at the time leading up to it. Going back to the 70s and 80s, if you were after a mortgage you most likely went through your local Building society – Although there was a time when banks didn’t actually do mortgages. In order to start the process for a mortgage, you would arrange an appointment with the local Building Society Manager to see if you were eligible. The money in which they would lend to you if you qualify would be from the saving accounts of customers at that Branch. In order to keep this running smoothly, they would make it so as the interest rates were higher towards borrowers than the set rate they were paying to savers to keep their profits increasing. When Banks started bringing in the lending process for mortgages, they discarded the use of this process. To replace this, they started to ‘buy’ the money from certain markets which helped accelerate the rate at which they could lend. Fast-forward to the mid-2000s and Specialist Lenders had become more widespread, most appearing from the USA. They would lend to customers and then switch these customers to a different large financial institution, such as high street banks, who paid to acquire these customers. This kept the income flowing between these institutions. Why did downfalls occur? The market flourished and the introduction of these new Lenders meant more relaxed lending criteria, this also led to customers with poor credit histories being approved and allowing them to self-certify their incomes without checks. When mortgages started gaining defaults, major banks lost confidence in each other because they didn’t know for certain whereabouts they were within the situation that was suddenly occurring at a rapid pace. Suddenly Banks’ share prices were plummeting, and some had to be bailed out by the UK Government, e.g. the UK Taxpayer. The result of this was a decrease in property prices and a loss of confidence in the British economy. It took many years for the market to recover from this. Investigations also took place as many people including the government did not want an economic relapse. The Mortgage Market Review of 2014 was the outcome of the Investigations, thus putting into place a ban of Self-cert mortgages and more responsibility towards Lenders to warrant that the mortgages were affordable. Stricter rules meant that customer incomes had to be deeper looked into overviewing both received income and expenditure. There was also a more focused approach into the amount of attention looking at credit commitments, childcare and other outgoings to make sure that affordability was upkept. In contemporary settings there is no doubt that it is significantly harder to obtain a mortgage now than it was years ago. Customers have to abide by more strict regulations and have to work harder to prove that they can keep up with the financial responsibilities to which a mortgage entails. There are hopes that because mistakes have already been made once, banks will take more caution with the approach they take in regard to lending to make sure that a situation doesn’t get as critical as it once did.	<urn:uuid:185359c2-beb5-46dc-aeb0-05e671317bfc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.harrogatemoneyman.com/the-credit-crunch/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00050.warc.gz	en	0.98787	664	3.296875	3	[ 0.09711435437202454, -0.1626971811056137, 0.19047456979751587, 0.1041615679860115, 0.1212386041879654, -0.12852410972118378, 0.21596014499664307, -0.1652340292930603, 0.3315292000770569, -0.35417792201042175, 0.36536240577697754, -0.09565505385398865, -0.07458945363759995, -0.2193000465631...	2	The Credit Crunch The credit crunch, one of the major events that affected banks across England in 2007, affected how financial institutions go about Lending funds to the general public. How did the Credit Crunch happen? To figure out why this happened we have to look at the time leading up to it. Going back to the 70s and 80s, if you were after a mortgage you most likely went through your local Building society – Although there was a time when banks didn’t actually do mortgages. In order to start the process for a mortgage, you would arrange an appointment with the local Building Society Manager to see if you were eligible. The money in which they would lend to you if you qualify would be from the saving accounts of customers at that Branch. In order to keep this running smoothly, they would make it so as the interest rates were higher towards borrowers than the set rate they were paying to savers to keep their profits increasing. When Banks started bringing in the lending process for mortgages, they discarded the use of this process. To replace this, they started to ‘buy’ the money from certain markets which helped accelerate the rate at which they could lend. Fast-forward to the mid-2000s and Specialist Lenders had become more widespread, most appearing from the USA. They would lend to customers and then switch these customers to a different large financial institution, such as high street banks, who paid to acquire these customers. This kept the income flowing between these institutions. Why did downfalls occur? The market flourished and the introduction of these new Lenders meant more relaxed lending criteria, this also led to customers with poor credit histories being approved and allowing them to self-certify their incomes without checks. When mortgages started gaining defaults, major banks lost confidence in each other because they didn’t know for certain whereabouts they were within the situation that was suddenly occurring at a rapid pace. Suddenly Banks’ share prices were plummeting, and some had to be bailed out by the UK Government, e.g. the UK Taxpayer. The result of this was a decrease in property prices and a loss of confidence in the British economy. It took many years for the market to recover from this. Investigations also took place as many people including the government did not want an economic relapse. The Mortgage Market Review of 2014 was the outcome of the Investigations, thus putting into place a ban of Self-cert mortgages and more responsibility towards Lenders to warrant that the mortgages were affordable. Stricter rules meant that customer incomes had to be deeper looked into overviewing both received income and expenditure. There was also a more focused approach into the amount of attention looking at credit commitments, childcare and other outgoings to make sure that affordability was upkept. In contemporary settings there is no doubt that it is significantly harder to obtain a mortgage now than it was years ago. Customers have to abide by more strict regulations and have to work harder to prove that they can keep up with the financial responsibilities to which a mortgage entails. There are hopes that because mistakes have already been made once, banks will take more caution with the approach they take in regard to lending to make sure that a situation doesn’t get as critical as it once did.	657	ENGLISH	1
Battle of Tedorigawa Uesugi Kenshin invaded Noto Province in the fall of 1577, prompting Oda Nobunaga to dispatch a sizable army to the relief of his allies there at Nanao Castle. Kenshin was initally hesitant to face the great host and avoided a battle until Nanao was brought down. When the Oda learned that Nanao had fallen to Kenshin, they began to withdraw but were goaded into battle at the Tedori River in Kaga. Kenshin tricked Nobunaga into launching a frontal attack across the Tedorigawa and defeated him. Having suffered the loss of 1,000 men, the Oda withdrew south. This was destined to be Kenshin's last great battle. Estimations on the size of Kenshin's forces at this fight range from 8,000 to as many as 30,000.	<urn:uuid:36fe088b-7725-4703-8130-d3ab0bc6af6a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.wiki.samurai-archives.com/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tedorigawa&oldid=2052	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00512.warc.gz	en	0.983206	178	3.53125	4	[ -0.4372214674949646, 0.12233665585517883, 0.1220417320728302, 0.18302372097969055, 0.07009724527597427, -0.03712854161858559, 0.29212144017219543, 0.40167462825775146, -0.2689865827560425, -0.05129024758934975, -0.07706008106470108, -0.4609764814376831, 0.42736193537712097, 0.5301045179367...	3	Battle of Tedorigawa Uesugi Kenshin invaded Noto Province in the fall of 1577, prompting Oda Nobunaga to dispatch a sizable army to the relief of his allies there at Nanao Castle. Kenshin was initally hesitant to face the great host and avoided a battle until Nanao was brought down. When the Oda learned that Nanao had fallen to Kenshin, they began to withdraw but were goaded into battle at the Tedori River in Kaga. Kenshin tricked Nobunaga into launching a frontal attack across the Tedorigawa and defeated him. Having suffered the loss of 1,000 men, the Oda withdrew south. This was destined to be Kenshin's last great battle. Estimations on the size of Kenshin's forces at this fight range from 8,000 to as many as 30,000.	191	ENGLISH	1
The Year: 1630 Early New England Fleeing England because of religious persecution, the Puritans were relatively well-off, and their faith gave them courage and discipline. Their aim was not to make a profit, like the Virginia colonists, but to create a City on a Hill—a god-fearing community. In 1630, a large contingent, led by John Winthrop and the Massachusetts Bay Company, and called the Great Migration, set up a republic at Boston. Their settlement expanded successfully throughout the 1640s. By 1660, with a population of 33,000, this was the most successful New England colony. Love and Marriage In Puritan society, the average age for marriage was higher than in any other group of immigrants—the average for men was 26, and for women age 23. There was a strong imperative to marry—those who did not were ostracized. The Puritans married for love – there were no arranged marriages. Courtship practices were strict, and weddings were simple affairs. First cousin marriages were forbidden and second cousin marriages were discouraged. Banns had to be published before a marriage could take place. Publication of the Banns was the public announcement by the minister during a normal church service that two people wish to marry, and an invitation to the congregation to declare any unlawful reason why they should not marry. The Puritans believed that Eve’s role in original sin exemplified woman’s inherent moral weakness. They feared that women were much more susceptible to temptations, and that they possessed qualities that could be exploited and become sinful. A woman was to love, obey, and further the interests and will of her husband. If she was a good helpmate, she had fulfilled her God-given duty. Women were, of course, subordinate to men. In the new colonies, the same laws existed as in England. Married women were not allowed to possess property, sign contracts, or conduct business. Their husbands owned everything, including the couple’s children. Divorce was rare, and a separation would mean loss of access to the children. Only widows who did not remarry could own property and run their own businesses. Puritan women were expected to bow to their husbands and fathers, and to obey their orders, but they supported each other. During childbirth, they excluded the men, and comforted the mother-to-be with beer as well as prayers. Women had to dress modestly, covering their hair and arms while in public. Women found guilty of immodest dress could be stripped to waist and whipped until their backs were bloody—would that not expose their bodies? Public humiliation could include confessing one’s sins in front of the whole church congregation. In New England, women had one decided advantage—Puritanism regarded men and women as spiritual equals. The men might be the church leaders, but women were believed to be more disciplined and more moral. Though they had no official standing, women exercised a lot of informal influence. Few men, especially the religious leaders, could survive the widespread disapproval of a community’s women. But men and women were not equals in Puritan society, which was tight knit and intolerant of anyone who did not conform to the rigid social norms. Family relationships were of paramount importance, but divorce was allowed in instances of adultery, fraudulent contract, willful desertion, and physical cruelty. Sex was supposed to be confined to marriage and offenders were punished severely—but the men more severely than the women. Families were larger among the Puritans than any other group. They did not approve of doing anything to prevent pregnancy. Ninety percent of all Puritan children had Biblical names. The most common names for boys were John, Joseph, Samuel and Josiah; the most common for girls were Mary, Elizabeth, Sarah, and Hannah. These were all names of Biblical persons of great virtue. The hope was that the child would follow in the footsteps of their namesake. Puritans were strict parents who loved their children but believed their wills needed to be broken—due to the basic depravity of human nature. This was achieved by strict and rigorous supervision. They tried to use mental discipline and love but, if it did not work, they were quick to use physical constraints. They practiced the custom of sending out, in which children were sent to live with other families for training, discipline, or apprenticeship. Puritans had a great respect for the elderly and ranked people according to age. The elderly had the best seats in the meeting house and held the highest offices. They believed that God gave the elders long life for a purpose—to influence the younger generation to salvation.	<urn:uuid:b2ac2c70-7d11-496e-b2a4-76c00c9b31f4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2007/10/puritans-of-new-england.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00054.warc.gz	en	0.987915	964	4.53125	5	[ 0.05284518003463745, 0.18049658834934235, 0.10369156301021576, -0.525252640247345, -0.00010065827518701553, 0.12140508741140366, -0.28744781017303467, -0.015594982542097569, 0.09364214539527893, 0.0922689139842987, 0.04827587306499481, 0.24511994421482086, 0.1926456093788147, -0.2032342255...	2	The Year: 1630 Early New England Fleeing England because of religious persecution, the Puritans were relatively well-off, and their faith gave them courage and discipline. Their aim was not to make a profit, like the Virginia colonists, but to create a City on a Hill—a god-fearing community. In 1630, a large contingent, led by John Winthrop and the Massachusetts Bay Company, and called the Great Migration, set up a republic at Boston. Their settlement expanded successfully throughout the 1640s. By 1660, with a population of 33,000, this was the most successful New England colony. Love and Marriage In Puritan society, the average age for marriage was higher than in any other group of immigrants—the average for men was 26, and for women age 23. There was a strong imperative to marry—those who did not were ostracized. The Puritans married for love – there were no arranged marriages. Courtship practices were strict, and weddings were simple affairs. First cousin marriages were forbidden and second cousin marriages were discouraged. Banns had to be published before a marriage could take place. Publication of the Banns was the public announcement by the minister during a normal church service that two people wish to marry, and an invitation to the congregation to declare any unlawful reason why they should not marry. The Puritans believed that Eve’s role in original sin exemplified woman’s inherent moral weakness. They feared that women were much more susceptible to temptations, and that they possessed qualities that could be exploited and become sinful. A woman was to love, obey, and further the interests and will of her husband. If she was a good helpmate, she had fulfilled her God-given duty. Women were, of course, subordinate to men. In the new colonies, the same laws existed as in England. Married women were not allowed to possess property, sign contracts, or conduct business. Their husbands owned everything, including the couple’s children. Divorce was rare, and a separation would mean loss of access to the children. Only widows who did not remarry could own property and run their own businesses. Puritan women were expected to bow to their husbands and fathers, and to obey their orders, but they supported each other. During childbirth, they excluded the men, and comforted the mother-to-be with beer as well as prayers. Women had to dress modestly, covering their hair and arms while in public. Women found guilty of immodest dress could be stripped to waist and whipped until their backs were bloody—would that not expose their bodies? Public humiliation could include confessing one’s sins in front of the whole church congregation. In New England, women had one decided advantage—Puritanism regarded men and women as spiritual equals. The men might be the church leaders, but women were believed to be more disciplined and more moral. Though they had no official standing, women exercised a lot of informal influence. Few men, especially the religious leaders, could survive the widespread disapproval of a community’s women. But men and women were not equals in Puritan society, which was tight knit and intolerant of anyone who did not conform to the rigid social norms. Family relationships were of paramount importance, but divorce was allowed in instances of adultery, fraudulent contract, willful desertion, and physical cruelty. Sex was supposed to be confined to marriage and offenders were punished severely—but the men more severely than the women. Families were larger among the Puritans than any other group. They did not approve of doing anything to prevent pregnancy. Ninety percent of all Puritan children had Biblical names. The most common names for boys were John, Joseph, Samuel and Josiah; the most common for girls were Mary, Elizabeth, Sarah, and Hannah. These were all names of Biblical persons of great virtue. The hope was that the child would follow in the footsteps of their namesake. Puritans were strict parents who loved their children but believed their wills needed to be broken—due to the basic depravity of human nature. This was achieved by strict and rigorous supervision. They tried to use mental discipline and love but, if it did not work, they were quick to use physical constraints. They practiced the custom of sending out, in which children were sent to live with other families for training, discipline, or apprenticeship. Puritans had a great respect for the elderly and ranked people according to age. The elderly had the best seats in the meeting house and held the highest offices. They believed that God gave the elders long life for a purpose—to influence the younger generation to salvation.	967	ENGLISH	1
Philosophy: Concise History of the Taliban In 1992, after the fall of the Communists, Kabul, traditionally a Pushtun city, fell under control of Tajiks Rabbani and Massoud and an Uzbek Doustum. This immediately provoked a new war — this time between the mujaheds themselves — when Pushtun Hikmetyar besieged Kabul. Since nobody could realistically win that war, the situation ran into a dead end, and the country was divided between the warlords. Doustum controlled six provinces in the North. Three western provinces around Herat belonged to Ismail Khan. Rabbani governed Kabul and North-East. Jalalabad was managed collectively by the local warlords. Hikmetyar seized a small region near Kabul and also controlled some Pushtun areas near the Pakistani border. The center of the country belonged to the ethnic group of Hazaras. Kandahar area got the worst deal — there was no single controlling force there, and the region was torn apart by the feuding warlords and plain gangsters. The city itself was divided between hostile groups. Birth of the Taliban Afghan refugees did not rush to return to their homeland from Pakistan after the Soviet troops had been withdrawn. The Taliban was born exactly there, among the mujahed veterans, many of whom studied in theological schools at the time. The name itself means “students”. When the international community almost completely forgot Afghanistan, the talibs thought they could be the only force that could still bring peace to their home. After prolonged discussions, they created a program with clear goals and yet unclear means. They were going to restore peace, disarm the population, and realign the social life with the Islamic customs. Muhammed Omar was elected as the leader of the movement. He was 35 at the time. They got lucky with the means, however. Pakistani authorities had their own reasons to support the Taliban. Trade with Central Asia was seriously disrupted by the impossibility of sending goods overland through Afghanistan. Hikmetyar controlled the border crossings in Southwestern Afghanistan and forced the goods being reloaded from Pakistani trucks to the Afghan ones. And gangsters would then hijack the trucks along the route. The Pakistanis were ready to support any force that could guarantee safe passage of the shipments. From Words to Actions The Spring of 1994 was when the first action by the Taliban happened. A Kandahari warlord abducted two girls and kept them at his military base where they were being gang-raped. Thirty talibs — with 16 automatic rifles — attacked the base, freed the girls, and executed the warlord by hanging him on a tank barrel. And they got a lot of arms from that raid. A few months later, still in Kandahar, two other warlords had a shootout on the account of not a girl but a boy this time, whom they both wanted to rape anyway. A few passersby were shot in the process although they did not want to rape anybody at all and just happened to be in the vicinity of the duel. The talibs freed the boy. In October of 1994 the Taliban captured a border city of Spin Boldak, which was controlled by Hikmetyar's forces before that. Along with the city, the talibs got a weapons dump with 18 thousand Kalashnikov rifles. Two weeks later the Pakistanis sent a truck convoy with medicine to Central Asia. The convoy was hijacked near Kandahar, and the Pakistanis asked the Taliban to intervene. The talibs attacked three days later, released the trucks, and killed the hijackers. The very same evening they attacked Kandahar itself and captured it in two days of fighting. Now they had their own air force with six fighters and six helicopters. None of them operational yet, however. Paths of Glory Within two months the Taliban had over 10,000 people in its ranks, who were inspired by its goals and achievements. In three months the talibs controlled 12 provinces out of 31 and reached the outskirts of Kabul and Herat. Destroying Hikmetyar's forces, they opened access to Kabul for the food trucks that were turned away by Hikmetyar. Massoud, however, stopped the Taliban's advance towards the capital, and they turned their attention to Herat, capturing Shindand near it. Massoud joined forces with Ismail Khan, using his aviation to bomb the talibs and to airlift 2,000 of his warriors to Herat. By the end of summer of 1995 Ismail Khan even began a counteroffensive against the talibs and captured back some of his territory. The Taliban, however, by that time had reorganized its command and control system, not without help from Pakistan, and rearmed its soldiers. The Pakistanis also convinced Rashid Doustum to support the talibs and bomb Herat using his air force. On September 3, 1995 the Taliban recaptured Shindand, and on the fifth Ismail Khan surrendered Herat and fled to Iran, just as he had done in 1979. The next year was spent in unsuccessful attempts to capture Kabul, which was defended by Ahmad Shah Massoud. Rabbani, the official president of Afghanistan, began building a political alliance with the groups that did not quite support him before: the Uzbeks, the Jalalabadis, and the Hazaras. Russia and Iran also helped him as the least of two evils. Even India joined in from a simple desire to obstruct Pakistan in everything. Trying to gain the initiative, the Taliban suddenly attacked Jalalabad in the end of August of 1996 and captured it in two weeks. Without any stops, the talibs advanced at Kabul and took it on September 26. Chasing Massoud and reaching Salang Pass, the talibs stopped because the pass was guarded by Doustum forces, and his position was not quite clear. It did become clear soon enough, though. He wanted autonomy under the talibs, and the Taliban never negotiated with warlords. The next target, therefore, was Mazar-i-Sharif, which now could be attacked from two directions simultaneously, from Herat and Kabul. Ismail Khan airlifted 2,000 of his warriors to Mazar-i-Sharif from Iran. But Malik, one of the Doustum's generals, switched the sides and joined the Taliban. On May 19, 1997 Mazar-i-Sharif fell. Doustum fled to Uzbekistan. Second to Last Failure In nine days, during the disarmament of the population of Mazar-i-Sharif, an uprising began. Six hundred talibs were killed, another thousand captured. Malik switched the sides again, and his forces recaptured four of the lost provinces. Massoud reached Salang Pass and blew the tunnel up to block the Taliban, then captured Bagram airbase and stopped within 35 km from the capital. Even the Hazaras restored access to their Bamiyan valley and pushed the talibs back to Kabul. The total Taliban losses were 6,600 people. Two thousand captured talibs were executed by Malik. 1,250 of them were chocked to death in steel containers, some were thrown into wells, sprinkled there with hand grenades and buried alive by bulldozers. The Taliban Strikes Back By the Summer of 1998 the Taliban was rearmed by the Pakistani and Saudis, Iran finished airlifting military supplies to the Hazaras in Bamiyan, and Russia stockpiled tons of weapons in Kulyab for Massoud. The talibs' advance at Mazar-i-Sharif began on July 12, 1998. By August 1 they captured Shiberghan, Doustum's headquarters. He himself again fled to Uzbekistan. On August 8 Mazar-i-Sharif fell. Most Hazaras found in the city were executed, part of them through the containerization, as a revenge for the talibs' deaths a year ago. Eleven Iranian diplomats who worked in the consulate there were killed, as a result of which Iran began preparations for a full scale invasion of Afghanistan and moved its troops to the border. On September 13 the talibs entered Bamiyan. The next year was spent in a positional war with Massoud who united all the forces willing to fight the Taliban under the name of the Northern Alliance. On September 5, 1999 his forces left Taloqan, Massoud's headquarters, and withdrew to Badakhshan. By now the Taliban controlled 90% of the country, and the Northern Alliance — one province out of 32. In fighting for minds the Taliban was as successful as in fighting for territory. The talibs could be seen as liberators in Kandahar with its absolute lack of security before their appearance, but in non-Pushtun areas they were perceived as a foreign element that imposed a strange culture and definitely overdid it in terms of Islam. The talibs, it must be noted, did not introduce anything new when they outlawed shaving beards, watching TV, or making photographs. Prophet Muhammed was quite clear on these issues, “Trim your mustache but do not touch the beard”, and it is prohibited in Islam to make images of living objects, the idea being that only god can make anything that looks alive. They were somewhat unorthodox in prohibiting music, dances, kites, and drums on the pretext that these things distracted people from working on becoming better Muslims and productive members of society. The very same idea was behind the demand to visit a mosque for all five daily prayers, as a Muslim can usually pray in any place except on Friday noon when it is highly recommended to come to a mosque for a congregational prayer. These innovations were seen by the population as inconvenient, to say the least, and quite not everybody was happy with the suddenly appeared Taliban with its religious enthusiasm. Quite not everywhere the security situation was horrible to the extent that people were ready for any change for good at any price. But with women the Taliban definitely overdid it, giving foreign politicians an easy way to turn the Western public opinion against it. The thing is, in Islam women are considered to be a specially protected social group, kind of like children are in our societies. Obviously, children are different, but in the Western civilization their legal or economical freedoms are severely limited until they are about 18, even if they are business geniuses or something like that. Women are different, too, but in Islam it is believed that they all should be protected from external troubles and given a maximal opportunity as housewives. At the time when Koran was written, women could not do much in terms of economical, political, or military development of society anyway. The Taliban took this principle of protection to the extremes, and with sad consequences for all parties involved, including itself. Women could go outside their houses only with a male relative. They had to wear a burqa — a dress that completely covered their body, including face. On the other side, even now you will hardly see a woman without a burqa in an Afghan city. This was not a Taliban invention either; a burqa was a sign of sophistication, demonstrating the fact that a woman did not have to work by hands, kind of like long nails in the West. But now it was obligatory for everybody, but just as long nails it was not convenient for all. Women were prohibited from having jobs. By the time of the Taliban's appearance, 98% of Afghan women did not work anyway, thus the talibs thought it would not be a big loss to retire the remaining two percents. But it looked very bad from abroad. And those two percents were mostly school teachers, and after the resulting lack of qualified personnel, schools for girls were temporarily suspended, with the Taliban declaring that they would be reopened when the country is cleansed of the “so-called mujaheds” and the new study programs are developed. Here, too, they remembered the fact that 90% of girls were illiterate during the mujaheds' reign, but once again it looked very bad in the eyes of the international community. Russia and Iran, concerned with a new foe on their borders, and the US, quite upset about Bin Laden having a safe haven in Afghanistan, used these tactical screw-ups to demonize the Taliban and build up a negative public perception of it. Naturally, women's rights or containerization of the Hazaras were not the real issues — tons of people protest daily against war in Iraq, or napalmization of the Chechens, or constant genocide by some Africans of some other Africans, but nobody in these governments listens to these protests. Practically every mention of the talibs on TV included the same video of an Afghan woman in a burqa being publicly executed. Well, she was a convicted murderer, she was tried and got a death penalty, and this was the court order being carried out, but none of this, naturally, was disclosed to the viewers. All they saw was that the Taliban killed women. The talibs had no chance. When they completely stopped production of opium — for the first and the last time in Afghan history — nobody paid attention to this. When they ordered non-Muslims to wear yellow armbands so that the religious police would not not harass them about the beards and other Islamic stuff, the journalists had their field day by drawing parallels with the Nazis and the yellow stars the Jews had to wear. The Taliban, while getting the idea that it was intentionally demonized, did not help itself either. In an idolatry fighting campaign, which was provoked a Japanese tourists praying to a Buddhist relic, they destroyed the Buddhas in Bamiyan. They began obstructing the UN/NGOs, eventually forcing them to leave the country. Gradually, the talibs ended up in almost complete international isolation. Bin Laden And His Friends From the very beginning of the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan, Pakistan encouraged foreign Muslims to join the Afghan mujaheds. Saudi Arabia financed this program, and the CIA joined it in 1986. About 35,000 foreign volunteers fought in Afghanistan. The Saudi part of this groups was headed by Osama Bin Laden, a construction company owner. He first got in touch with the mujaheds in 1980, when he was 23. Since 1982 he lived in Peshawar, conducting construction work in Pakistan for the needs of the guerilla war. In 1986 he teamed up with the CIA and built a network of tunnels in Afghan mountains for weapons dumps, hospitals, training camps, and so on. By the way, this is where they tried to catch him 16 years later. In 1989 Bin Laden founded Al Qaida, “The Military Center”, which at that time was a social support organization for the ex-mujaheds of Arabian descent and their families. In 1990, however, when the mujaheds began fighting among themselves, he came back to Saudi Arabia to continue working in his construction business and supporting the Arab veterans. After the first US invasion of Iraq, American troops were permanently stationed in Saudi Arabia. This was the reason Bin Laden's relationship with the Saudi authorities went sour by 1992. He saw the presence of foreign troops in the land of Prophet Muhammed as blasphemous. Bin Laden was evicted from Saudi Arabia and settled in Sudan. Because he was not going to close his mouth and began gathering similarly minded “Afghan Arabs” around, he was stripped of his Saudi citizenship altogether, and in 1996 the Americans forced the Sudanese government to ask Bin Laden to leave. He went to Afghanistan and declared a war on the United States. In August of 1998 two US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were blown up. Bin Laden was accused of organizing that and tried in his absence in New York. His training camps in Afghanistan were subjected to a cruise missile attack, resulting in seven dead Arabs, seven dead Pakistanis, and twenty dead Afghans — about a missile for each one. Bin Laden himself was not there at the time. Beginning of the End On September 2001 two Arabian journalists came to interview Ahmad Shah Massoud. The bomb hidden in their video camera killed Massoud; they did not survived it either. The Taliban started its last offensive against the Northern Alliance. Two days later the well-known thing happened. Bin Laden was immediately accused of it, although a day before nobody knew anything about his plans, but anyway — the US had irrefutable proof of Bin Laden's involvement, and only for security reasons refused to disclose anything of that to the public. The US demanded surrender of Bin Laden from the Taliban. It refused. After building up the pressure, the talibs first offered to try Bin Laden in Afghanistan, should the US have any proof of his guilt, and then offered to extradite him for a trial to a third country like Saudi Arabia. This is a normal way these extradition things are handled — the requesting party has to proof its position, and then the national court decides what to do, — but not for people like Bin Laden or the Taliban, so the US attacked Afghanistan. They mostly conducted aerial strikes and special operations, but in the situation of a stalemate that existed between the Northern Alliance and the Taliban this was enough to tip the scales. The talibs were crushed within two months. Bin Laden again left with no trace behind. The Northern Alliance captured all Taliban-controlled territories. In Mazar-i-Sharif the last round of containerization was carried out by chocking to death about 700 talib prisoners. That was also the place of the second to the last Taliban battle in December of 2001. Doustum promised that all Pakistani and Afghan talibs who surrender would be disarmed and let go home. They surrendered. He changed his mind with a little help from American friends. The talibs were held in a prison and interrogated by CIA agents. Then they began to tie them up. When the talibs realized that they were not going home but would probably go to a container, judging by being tied up, they revolted, overpowered prison guards, managed to kill one CIA agent, and defended the prison for three more days under American bombardment. The last battle of the Taliban was in Kandahar. Eight wounded soldiers, forgotten in a local hospital, barricaded there with one pistol and a box of grenades. Two — of Chinese origin — were lured out by doctors. The remaining six — Arabs — stayed there for two more months. The locals were smuggling food and water to them. After a couple of failed attacks, the good guys flooded the hospital with water from fire engines, planning to electrocute the bad guys, but then managed to do that in a more ordinary way. The six are buried in Kandahar, at the so-called “Al Qaida cemetery”, and the locals come there to eat some dirt from a hero's grave when they are sick — the already created legend claims it helps. New Old Times Tribal chiefs, warlords and the like elected a new president, Hamid Karzai. He was immediately ignored by any self-respecting warlord and limited in real power to Kabul only. Doustum was offended by the fact that he was not appointed a Minister of Defense. He came back to Mazar-i-Sharif with his usual ideas of autonomy, and even managed to continue printing his own money. Ismail Khan, avoiding any open confrontation, reincarnated as a sole ruler of Herat and environs. The Minister of Defense was on so bad terms with the president that Karzai chose to replace his own bodyguards with American special forces. In Khost a former warlord who was not appointed as a governor went into mountains and began missile warfare against his ungrateful former subjects. The five billion dollars promised to the Afghans by the international community did not materialize. The UN/NGO personnel stationed in the country burns through a third of a billion dollars per year for salaries and other allowances — not a cent of it goes toward any help to the Afghans. The drug industry, destroyed by the talibs, immediately returned to the pre-Taliban volumes, making Afghanistan one of the biggest producers of raw opium in the world. Pushtun South has been occupied by the Northern Alliance forces who began looting and killing the civilians. The peacekeepers went into hiding in their sandbagged bases, being mostly interested in hunting Bin Laden down than anything else. Gulbuddin Hikmetyar, who had devoted a lot of efforts to keeping his organization underground, survived this change of power and, as usual, began his trademark war “me against the world”. Afghanistan became a normal Central Asian country. more: Other things this page: http://www.zharov.com/afghan/taliban.html copyright: © Sergei Zharov, text, photos, maps, design, code, 2004–2020	<urn:uuid:55e31544-84e7-461a-a93e-0efdd2280a53>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://zharov.com/afghan/taliban.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00154.warc.gz	en	0.980308	4,338	3.484375	3	[ -0.4477918744087219, 0.28348761796951294, 0.383110910654068, 0.12572067975997925, -0.5255248546600342, -0.015932802110910416, 0.3099002540111542, -0.06428918987512589, -0.469771146774292, -0.12613829970359802, 0.13090048730373383, -0.20271947979927063, 0.3014533817768097, 0.286883383989334...	2	Philosophy: Concise History of the Taliban In 1992, after the fall of the Communists, Kabul, traditionally a Pushtun city, fell under control of Tajiks Rabbani and Massoud and an Uzbek Doustum. This immediately provoked a new war — this time between the mujaheds themselves — when Pushtun Hikmetyar besieged Kabul. Since nobody could realistically win that war, the situation ran into a dead end, and the country was divided between the warlords. Doustum controlled six provinces in the North. Three western provinces around Herat belonged to Ismail Khan. Rabbani governed Kabul and North-East. Jalalabad was managed collectively by the local warlords. Hikmetyar seized a small region near Kabul and also controlled some Pushtun areas near the Pakistani border. The center of the country belonged to the ethnic group of Hazaras. Kandahar area got the worst deal — there was no single controlling force there, and the region was torn apart by the feuding warlords and plain gangsters. The city itself was divided between hostile groups. Birth of the Taliban Afghan refugees did not rush to return to their homeland from Pakistan after the Soviet troops had been withdrawn. The Taliban was born exactly there, among the mujahed veterans, many of whom studied in theological schools at the time. The name itself means “students”. When the international community almost completely forgot Afghanistan, the talibs thought they could be the only force that could still bring peace to their home. After prolonged discussions, they created a program with clear goals and yet unclear means. They were going to restore peace, disarm the population, and realign the social life with the Islamic customs. Muhammed Omar was elected as the leader of the movement. He was 35 at the time. They got lucky with the means, however. Pakistani authorities had their own reasons to support the Taliban. Trade with Central Asia was seriously disrupted by the impossibility of sending goods overland through Afghanistan. Hikmetyar controlled the border crossings in Southwestern Afghanistan and forced the goods being reloaded from Pakistani trucks to the Afghan ones. And gangsters would then hijack the trucks along the route. The Pakistanis were ready to support any force that could guarantee safe passage of the shipments. From Words to Actions The Spring of 1994 was when the first action by the Taliban happened. A Kandahari warlord abducted two girls and kept them at his military base where they were being gang-raped. Thirty talibs — with 16 automatic rifles — attacked the base, freed the girls, and executed the warlord by hanging him on a tank barrel. And they got a lot of arms from that raid. A few months later, still in Kandahar, two other warlords had a shootout on the account of not a girl but a boy this time, whom they both wanted to rape anyway. A few passersby were shot in the process although they did not want to rape anybody at all and just happened to be in the vicinity of the duel. The talibs freed the boy. In October of 1994 the Taliban captured a border city of Spin Boldak, which was controlled by Hikmetyar's forces before that. Along with the city, the talibs got a weapons dump with 18 thousand Kalashnikov rifles. Two weeks later the Pakistanis sent a truck convoy with medicine to Central Asia. The convoy was hijacked near Kandahar, and the Pakistanis asked the Taliban to intervene. The talibs attacked three days later, released the trucks, and killed the hijackers. The very same evening they attacked Kandahar itself and captured it in two days of fighting. Now they had their own air force with six fighters and six helicopters. None of them operational yet, however. Paths of Glory Within two months the Taliban had over 10,000 people in its ranks, who were inspired by its goals and achievements. In three months the talibs controlled 12 provinces out of 31 and reached the outskirts of Kabul and Herat. Destroying Hikmetyar's forces, they opened access to Kabul for the food trucks that were turned away by Hikmetyar. Massoud, however, stopped the Taliban's advance towards the capital, and they turned their attention to Herat, capturing Shindand near it. Massoud joined forces with Ismail Khan, using his aviation to bomb the talibs and to airlift 2,000 of his warriors to Herat. By the end of summer of 1995 Ismail Khan even began a counteroffensive against the talibs and captured back some of his territory. The Taliban, however, by that time had reorganized its command and control system, not without help from Pakistan, and rearmed its soldiers. The Pakistanis also convinced Rashid Doustum to support the talibs and bomb Herat using his air force. On September 3, 1995 the Taliban recaptured Shindand, and on the fifth Ismail Khan surrendered Herat and fled to Iran, just as he had done in 1979. The next year was spent in unsuccessful attempts to capture Kabul, which was defended by Ahmad Shah Massoud. Rabbani, the official president of Afghanistan, began building a political alliance with the groups that did not quite support him before: the Uzbeks, the Jalalabadis, and the Hazaras. Russia and Iran also helped him as the least of two evils. Even India joined in from a simple desire to obstruct Pakistan in everything. Trying to gain the initiative, the Taliban suddenly attacked Jalalabad in the end of August of 1996 and captured it in two weeks. Without any stops, the talibs advanced at Kabul and took it on September 26. Chasing Massoud and reaching Salang Pass, the talibs stopped because the pass was guarded by Doustum forces, and his position was not quite clear. It did become clear soon enough, though. He wanted autonomy under the talibs, and the Taliban never negotiated with warlords. The next target, therefore, was Mazar-i-Sharif, which now could be attacked from two directions simultaneously, from Herat and Kabul. Ismail Khan airlifted 2,000 of his warriors to Mazar-i-Sharif from Iran. But Malik, one of the Doustum's generals, switched the sides and joined the Taliban. On May 19, 1997 Mazar-i-Sharif fell. Doustum fled to Uzbekistan. Second to Last Failure In nine days, during the disarmament of the population of Mazar-i-Sharif, an uprising began. Six hundred talibs were killed, another thousand captured. Malik switched the sides again, and his forces recaptured four of the lost provinces. Massoud reached Salang Pass and blew the tunnel up to block the Taliban, then captured Bagram airbase and stopped within 35 km from the capital. Even the Hazaras restored access to their Bamiyan valley and pushed the talibs back to Kabul. The total Taliban losses were 6,600 people. Two thousand captured talibs were executed by Malik. 1,250 of them were chocked to death in steel containers, some were thrown into wells, sprinkled there with hand grenades and buried alive by bulldozers. The Taliban Strikes Back By the Summer of 1998 the Taliban was rearmed by the Pakistani and Saudis, Iran finished airlifting military supplies to the Hazaras in Bamiyan, and Russia stockpiled tons of weapons in Kulyab for Massoud. The talibs' advance at Mazar-i-Sharif began on July 12, 1998. By August 1 they captured Shiberghan, Doustum's headquarters. He himself again fled to Uzbekistan. On August 8 Mazar-i-Sharif fell. Most Hazaras found in the city were executed, part of them through the containerization, as a revenge for the talibs' deaths a year ago. Eleven Iranian diplomats who worked in the consulate there were killed, as a result of which Iran began preparations for a full scale invasion of Afghanistan and moved its troops to the border. On September 13 the talibs entered Bamiyan. The next year was spent in a positional war with Massoud who united all the forces willing to fight the Taliban under the name of the Northern Alliance. On September 5, 1999 his forces left Taloqan, Massoud's headquarters, and withdrew to Badakhshan. By now the Taliban controlled 90% of the country, and the Northern Alliance — one province out of 32. In fighting for minds the Taliban was as successful as in fighting for territory. The talibs could be seen as liberators in Kandahar with its absolute lack of security before their appearance, but in non-Pushtun areas they were perceived as a foreign element that imposed a strange culture and definitely overdid it in terms of Islam. The talibs, it must be noted, did not introduce anything new when they outlawed shaving beards, watching TV, or making photographs. Prophet Muhammed was quite clear on these issues, “Trim your mustache but do not touch the beard”, and it is prohibited in Islam to make images of living objects, the idea being that only god can make anything that looks alive. They were somewhat unorthodox in prohibiting music, dances, kites, and drums on the pretext that these things distracted people from working on becoming better Muslims and productive members of society. The very same idea was behind the demand to visit a mosque for all five daily prayers, as a Muslim can usually pray in any place except on Friday noon when it is highly recommended to come to a mosque for a congregational prayer. These innovations were seen by the population as inconvenient, to say the least, and quite not everybody was happy with the suddenly appeared Taliban with its religious enthusiasm. Quite not everywhere the security situation was horrible to the extent that people were ready for any change for good at any price. But with women the Taliban definitely overdid it, giving foreign politicians an easy way to turn the Western public opinion against it. The thing is, in Islam women are considered to be a specially protected social group, kind of like children are in our societies. Obviously, children are different, but in the Western civilization their legal or economical freedoms are severely limited until they are about 18, even if they are business geniuses or something like that. Women are different, too, but in Islam it is believed that they all should be protected from external troubles and given a maximal opportunity as housewives. At the time when Koran was written, women could not do much in terms of economical, political, or military development of society anyway. The Taliban took this principle of protection to the extremes, and with sad consequences for all parties involved, including itself. Women could go outside their houses only with a male relative. They had to wear a burqa — a dress that completely covered their body, including face. On the other side, even now you will hardly see a woman without a burqa in an Afghan city. This was not a Taliban invention either; a burqa was a sign of sophistication, demonstrating the fact that a woman did not have to work by hands, kind of like long nails in the West. But now it was obligatory for everybody, but just as long nails it was not convenient for all. Women were prohibited from having jobs. By the time of the Taliban's appearance, 98% of Afghan women did not work anyway, thus the talibs thought it would not be a big loss to retire the remaining two percents. But it looked very bad from abroad. And those two percents were mostly school teachers, and after the resulting lack of qualified personnel, schools for girls were temporarily suspended, with the Taliban declaring that they would be reopened when the country is cleansed of the “so-called mujaheds” and the new study programs are developed. Here, too, they remembered the fact that 90% of girls were illiterate during the mujaheds' reign, but once again it looked very bad in the eyes of the international community. Russia and Iran, concerned with a new foe on their borders, and the US, quite upset about Bin Laden having a safe haven in Afghanistan, used these tactical screw-ups to demonize the Taliban and build up a negative public perception of it. Naturally, women's rights or containerization of the Hazaras were not the real issues — tons of people protest daily against war in Iraq, or napalmization of the Chechens, or constant genocide by some Africans of some other Africans, but nobody in these governments listens to these protests. Practically every mention of the talibs on TV included the same video of an Afghan woman in a burqa being publicly executed. Well, she was a convicted murderer, she was tried and got a death penalty, and this was the court order being carried out, but none of this, naturally, was disclosed to the viewers. All they saw was that the Taliban killed women. The talibs had no chance. When they completely stopped production of opium — for the first and the last time in Afghan history — nobody paid attention to this. When they ordered non-Muslims to wear yellow armbands so that the religious police would not not harass them about the beards and other Islamic stuff, the journalists had their field day by drawing parallels with the Nazis and the yellow stars the Jews had to wear. The Taliban, while getting the idea that it was intentionally demonized, did not help itself either. In an idolatry fighting campaign, which was provoked a Japanese tourists praying to a Buddhist relic, they destroyed the Buddhas in Bamiyan. They began obstructing the UN/NGOs, eventually forcing them to leave the country. Gradually, the talibs ended up in almost complete international isolation. Bin Laden And His Friends From the very beginning of the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan, Pakistan encouraged foreign Muslims to join the Afghan mujaheds. Saudi Arabia financed this program, and the CIA joined it in 1986. About 35,000 foreign volunteers fought in Afghanistan. The Saudi part of this groups was headed by Osama Bin Laden, a construction company owner. He first got in touch with the mujaheds in 1980, when he was 23. Since 1982 he lived in Peshawar, conducting construction work in Pakistan for the needs of the guerilla war. In 1986 he teamed up with the CIA and built a network of tunnels in Afghan mountains for weapons dumps, hospitals, training camps, and so on. By the way, this is where they tried to catch him 16 years later. In 1989 Bin Laden founded Al Qaida, “The Military Center”, which at that time was a social support organization for the ex-mujaheds of Arabian descent and their families. In 1990, however, when the mujaheds began fighting among themselves, he came back to Saudi Arabia to continue working in his construction business and supporting the Arab veterans. After the first US invasion of Iraq, American troops were permanently stationed in Saudi Arabia. This was the reason Bin Laden's relationship with the Saudi authorities went sour by 1992. He saw the presence of foreign troops in the land of Prophet Muhammed as blasphemous. Bin Laden was evicted from Saudi Arabia and settled in Sudan. Because he was not going to close his mouth and began gathering similarly minded “Afghan Arabs” around, he was stripped of his Saudi citizenship altogether, and in 1996 the Americans forced the Sudanese government to ask Bin Laden to leave. He went to Afghanistan and declared a war on the United States. In August of 1998 two US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were blown up. Bin Laden was accused of organizing that and tried in his absence in New York. His training camps in Afghanistan were subjected to a cruise missile attack, resulting in seven dead Arabs, seven dead Pakistanis, and twenty dead Afghans — about a missile for each one. Bin Laden himself was not there at the time. Beginning of the End On September 2001 two Arabian journalists came to interview Ahmad Shah Massoud. The bomb hidden in their video camera killed Massoud; they did not survived it either. The Taliban started its last offensive against the Northern Alliance. Two days later the well-known thing happened. Bin Laden was immediately accused of it, although a day before nobody knew anything about his plans, but anyway — the US had irrefutable proof of Bin Laden's involvement, and only for security reasons refused to disclose anything of that to the public. The US demanded surrender of Bin Laden from the Taliban. It refused. After building up the pressure, the talibs first offered to try Bin Laden in Afghanistan, should the US have any proof of his guilt, and then offered to extradite him for a trial to a third country like Saudi Arabia. This is a normal way these extradition things are handled — the requesting party has to proof its position, and then the national court decides what to do, — but not for people like Bin Laden or the Taliban, so the US attacked Afghanistan. They mostly conducted aerial strikes and special operations, but in the situation of a stalemate that existed between the Northern Alliance and the Taliban this was enough to tip the scales. The talibs were crushed within two months. Bin Laden again left with no trace behind. The Northern Alliance captured all Taliban-controlled territories. In Mazar-i-Sharif the last round of containerization was carried out by chocking to death about 700 talib prisoners. That was also the place of the second to the last Taliban battle in December of 2001. Doustum promised that all Pakistani and Afghan talibs who surrender would be disarmed and let go home. They surrendered. He changed his mind with a little help from American friends. The talibs were held in a prison and interrogated by CIA agents. Then they began to tie them up. When the talibs realized that they were not going home but would probably go to a container, judging by being tied up, they revolted, overpowered prison guards, managed to kill one CIA agent, and defended the prison for three more days under American bombardment. The last battle of the Taliban was in Kandahar. Eight wounded soldiers, forgotten in a local hospital, barricaded there with one pistol and a box of grenades. Two — of Chinese origin — were lured out by doctors. The remaining six — Arabs — stayed there for two more months. The locals were smuggling food and water to them. After a couple of failed attacks, the good guys flooded the hospital with water from fire engines, planning to electrocute the bad guys, but then managed to do that in a more ordinary way. The six are buried in Kandahar, at the so-called “Al Qaida cemetery”, and the locals come there to eat some dirt from a hero's grave when they are sick — the already created legend claims it helps. New Old Times Tribal chiefs, warlords and the like elected a new president, Hamid Karzai. He was immediately ignored by any self-respecting warlord and limited in real power to Kabul only. Doustum was offended by the fact that he was not appointed a Minister of Defense. He came back to Mazar-i-Sharif with his usual ideas of autonomy, and even managed to continue printing his own money. Ismail Khan, avoiding any open confrontation, reincarnated as a sole ruler of Herat and environs. The Minister of Defense was on so bad terms with the president that Karzai chose to replace his own bodyguards with American special forces. In Khost a former warlord who was not appointed as a governor went into mountains and began missile warfare against his ungrateful former subjects. The five billion dollars promised to the Afghans by the international community did not materialize. The UN/NGO personnel stationed in the country burns through a third of a billion dollars per year for salaries and other allowances — not a cent of it goes toward any help to the Afghans. The drug industry, destroyed by the talibs, immediately returned to the pre-Taliban volumes, making Afghanistan one of the biggest producers of raw opium in the world. Pushtun South has been occupied by the Northern Alliance forces who began looting and killing the civilians. The peacekeepers went into hiding in their sandbagged bases, being mostly interested in hunting Bin Laden down than anything else. Gulbuddin Hikmetyar, who had devoted a lot of efforts to keeping his organization underground, survived this change of power and, as usual, began his trademark war “me against the world”. Afghanistan became a normal Central Asian country. more: Other things this page: http://www.zharov.com/afghan/taliban.html copyright: © Sergei Zharov, text, photos, maps, design, code, 2004–2020	4,425	ENGLISH	1
Download Full Text (20.4 MB) According to the 1900 census, just over 50,000 people called Harrisburg their home. Of these 50,000 people, 4,435 lived in the Old Eighth Ward. The eighth ward was disproportionately occupied by African-American residents. A total of 1,507 African Americans lived in the Old Eighth Ward, which comprised about 34% of the population of this ward. This percentage is quite large in comparison to other wards in the city. Second to the eighth ward, the ward with the largest African American population was the second ward; African Americans comprising about 11% of the population. In contrast, the tenth ward was the least diverse, with African Americans comprising only .5% of the total population. The average population percentage of African Americans in all the wards of the city except the Eighth Ward was only about 6%, which is a startling contrast to the 34% of African American residents in the Eighth Ward. The Old Eighth Ward was also home to many immigrants. 359 people, or about 8% of citizens of the Old Eighth Ward were born outside of this county. Also, an additional 359 citizens or 8% had both parents who were born outside of this country, but they themselves were born in the US, mostly in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. 859 people had just one parent born outside of this country. Many people of the Old Eighth Ward had strong a strong cultural heritage to another geographic location, which created a uniquely diverse community in the heart of the capital city. Statistically, the Old Eighth Ward was the most diverse neighborhood in the city of Harrisburg, with a high percentage of African American residents and many first or second generation immigrants from all over the world who made their home in the Old Eighth Ward of Harrisburg. However, this diverse community was greatly affected by the Capitol Park extension. Many people were displaced and forced to relocate to another part of the city, as homes and businesses were torn down to make room for this expanded capitol. About twenty-nine acres, from North Street to Walnut Street were within the land that was taken to extend the capitol complex. Within these twenty nine acres were many homes filled with stories and fond memories of childhood. One story that Wert captures in his article “The Passing of the Old Eighth,” details an encounter between the current and former owner on a house on State Street that was to be demolished. A woman appeared at the door of her former home, and the current owner graciously allowed this woman to tearfully relive her childhood memories in a house that was a home to her years prior. Another story that Wert tells is of a rich man, who earned a lot of money through silver mines, who built his mother a mansion which would have been worth about $10,00 dollars at the time. Wert sought to perpetuate this story of a son’s kindness to his mother by making sure this story was told. Boarding Houses were also an important lodging in the Old Eighth Ward. However, most boarding houses were seen as a place of vice where alcohol was prominent. Prior to the Capitol Park Extension, Theodore Frye, an African American man, owned a hotel on State Street in the Eighth Ward. In 1913, there were accusations of underage drinking at Frye’s hotel, and by 1917, Frye’s liquor license was rejected, and this was the only liquor license of a person of color in the Old Eighth Ward. Before this in 1916, Frye attempted to move his property in order to protect it from the Capitol Park Extension, but the reputation of “vice” at his boarding house, which was partially influenced by his race, caused opposition to arise from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Boarding houses were not only a place with a reputation of vice and liquor. Temperance hotels were founded throughout the Eighth Ward, which were alcohol-free hotels which were intended to be safer for women and children to stay at during their travels. The Women’s Christian Organization was responsible for founding some of these “temperance hotels.” Boarding houses and temperance hotels were an important part of the Old Eighth Ward, and the reputation of boarding houses Hannah Braxton Jones was born to Joseph and Maria Braxton in Virginia around 1855. When Hannah was about eleven years old, she moved to the Old Eighth Ward of Harrisburg with her family in 1866. After moving to Harrisburg, much of Hannah’s early life revolved around her father’s church, Second Baptist Church, which was founded by Joseph Braxton upon his arrival to Harrisburg. At the time of her father’s death, Second Baptist Church had grown from about six members at its founding to nearly one hundred and seventy five members. In her early twenties, prior to 1880, Hannah married George Jones, and the two remained in Harrisburg and had two children, James and Mary Jones in 1875 and 1878. During this time, Hannah’s husband, George, was a reverend at Second Baptist Church, and Hannah herself was heavily involved in the church through leading women’s Bible studies, performing readings during the service, and contributing to the music. In 1881, George Jones had stepped down as head pastor of Second Baptist Church, but throughout the next ten years, he spoke frequently as a guest speaker. However, by 1900, George Jones had died, leaving Hannah Braxton a widower. Also, during this time Hannah Braxton Jones became one of the few women of color in the city at this time to purchase a house with only her name on the deed. Until her death in 1928, Hanah Jones remained active in her church and in her community, and she taught music in Harrisburg. According to her obituary, Hannah was survived by her two children, six grandchildren, and even two great-grandchildren. Harrisburg, Messiah College, Messiah University, Pennsylvania, reform, women American Studies \| United States History \| Urban Studies and Planning Hermeling, Drew and Digital Harrisburg, "Making a Home in the Old Eighth Ward - With Biography of Hannah Braxton Jones" (2019). Look Up, Look Out. 8.	<urn:uuid:31708029-1e78-46a6-b41c-64bba091fc5c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mosaic.messiah.edu/look/8/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00308.warc.gz	en	0.987457	1,268	3.640625	4	[ 0.18648286163806915, -0.17374184727668762, -0.02091052569448948, 0.09771447628736496, -0.4749531149864197, 0.4071807861328125, 0.06731991469860077, -0.1710408329963684, 0.03314720466732979, 0.29248136281967163, 0.08776968717575073, 0.07581084221601486, -0.28231722116470337, 0.0130014885216...	1	Download Full Text (20.4 MB) According to the 1900 census, just over 50,000 people called Harrisburg their home. Of these 50,000 people, 4,435 lived in the Old Eighth Ward. The eighth ward was disproportionately occupied by African-American residents. A total of 1,507 African Americans lived in the Old Eighth Ward, which comprised about 34% of the population of this ward. This percentage is quite large in comparison to other wards in the city. Second to the eighth ward, the ward with the largest African American population was the second ward; African Americans comprising about 11% of the population. In contrast, the tenth ward was the least diverse, with African Americans comprising only .5% of the total population. The average population percentage of African Americans in all the wards of the city except the Eighth Ward was only about 6%, which is a startling contrast to the 34% of African American residents in the Eighth Ward. The Old Eighth Ward was also home to many immigrants. 359 people, or about 8% of citizens of the Old Eighth Ward were born outside of this county. Also, an additional 359 citizens or 8% had both parents who were born outside of this country, but they themselves were born in the US, mostly in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. 859 people had just one parent born outside of this country. Many people of the Old Eighth Ward had strong a strong cultural heritage to another geographic location, which created a uniquely diverse community in the heart of the capital city. Statistically, the Old Eighth Ward was the most diverse neighborhood in the city of Harrisburg, with a high percentage of African American residents and many first or second generation immigrants from all over the world who made their home in the Old Eighth Ward of Harrisburg. However, this diverse community was greatly affected by the Capitol Park extension. Many people were displaced and forced to relocate to another part of the city, as homes and businesses were torn down to make room for this expanded capitol. About twenty-nine acres, from North Street to Walnut Street were within the land that was taken to extend the capitol complex. Within these twenty nine acres were many homes filled with stories and fond memories of childhood. One story that Wert captures in his article “The Passing of the Old Eighth,” details an encounter between the current and former owner on a house on State Street that was to be demolished. A woman appeared at the door of her former home, and the current owner graciously allowed this woman to tearfully relive her childhood memories in a house that was a home to her years prior. Another story that Wert tells is of a rich man, who earned a lot of money through silver mines, who built his mother a mansion which would have been worth about $10,00 dollars at the time. Wert sought to perpetuate this story of a son’s kindness to his mother by making sure this story was told. Boarding Houses were also an important lodging in the Old Eighth Ward. However, most boarding houses were seen as a place of vice where alcohol was prominent. Prior to the Capitol Park Extension, Theodore Frye, an African American man, owned a hotel on State Street in the Eighth Ward. In 1913, there were accusations of underage drinking at Frye’s hotel, and by 1917, Frye’s liquor license was rejected, and this was the only liquor license of a person of color in the Old Eighth Ward. Before this in 1916, Frye attempted to move his property in order to protect it from the Capitol Park Extension, but the reputation of “vice” at his boarding house, which was partially influenced by his race, caused opposition to arise from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Boarding houses were not only a place with a reputation of vice and liquor. Temperance hotels were founded throughout the Eighth Ward, which were alcohol-free hotels which were intended to be safer for women and children to stay at during their travels. The Women’s Christian Organization was responsible for founding some of these “temperance hotels.” Boarding houses and temperance hotels were an important part of the Old Eighth Ward, and the reputation of boarding houses Hannah Braxton Jones was born to Joseph and Maria Braxton in Virginia around 1855. When Hannah was about eleven years old, she moved to the Old Eighth Ward of Harrisburg with her family in 1866. After moving to Harrisburg, much of Hannah’s early life revolved around her father’s church, Second Baptist Church, which was founded by Joseph Braxton upon his arrival to Harrisburg. At the time of her father’s death, Second Baptist Church had grown from about six members at its founding to nearly one hundred and seventy five members. In her early twenties, prior to 1880, Hannah married George Jones, and the two remained in Harrisburg and had two children, James and Mary Jones in 1875 and 1878. During this time, Hannah’s husband, George, was a reverend at Second Baptist Church, and Hannah herself was heavily involved in the church through leading women’s Bible studies, performing readings during the service, and contributing to the music. In 1881, George Jones had stepped down as head pastor of Second Baptist Church, but throughout the next ten years, he spoke frequently as a guest speaker. However, by 1900, George Jones had died, leaving Hannah Braxton a widower. Also, during this time Hannah Braxton Jones became one of the few women of color in the city at this time to purchase a house with only her name on the deed. Until her death in 1928, Hanah Jones remained active in her church and in her community, and she taught music in Harrisburg. According to her obituary, Hannah was survived by her two children, six grandchildren, and even two great-grandchildren. Harrisburg, Messiah College, Messiah University, Pennsylvania, reform, women American Studies \| United States History \| Urban Studies and Planning Hermeling, Drew and Digital Harrisburg, "Making a Home in the Old Eighth Ward - With Biography of Hannah Braxton Jones" (2019). Look Up, Look Out. 8.	1,319	ENGLISH	1
Listen to part of a lecture in a music history class. So, let's continue our discussion of twentieth-century music. By the early twentieth century, some composers in Europe and the United States, composers of what's considered classical music, were already moving away from traditional forms and were experimenting with different ways of composing- in many cases, moving away from traditional Western scales and tonalities. But as the century progressed, some composers, composers of what was called avant-garde music, went further. Their experiments with musical composition were not always well accepted. Quite the contrary. You see, many people felt avant-garde music was too radical and wasn't even legitimate art. A case in point is the composer John Cage. Cage was probably the most famous composer of twentieth-century avant-garde music. He didn't begin as a musical radical, but as time went on, his musical experiments led him there. What caused the change? Two experiences in particular entirely changed how he thought about music. The first was his 1951 meeting with the avant-garde painter Robert Rauschenberg... Now, avant-garde is a term that applies to many different artistic genres. Rauschenberg had created a series of famous paintings that consisted simply of white paint of different textures, on canvas. That's all they were-white. But the concept of these paintings actually wasn't so simple. Rauschenberg was asking, in effect, how much could you leave out of an artwork and still have something? Because in fact, even on a purely white canvas there's still plenty to see-shadows, dust, reflections.... For Cage, Rauschenberg's White Paintings opened up a whole new way of understanding what art could be. The second key experience in Cage's development came when he stepped into an anechoic chamber. An anechoic chamber is a room with special walls that absorb sound. Anechoic means without echoes. So an anechoic chamber is a room where, in theory, you can experience total silence. But Cage entered this room and he heard two sounds- one high and one low. The high sound, he was told, was his nervous system operating. And the low sound was his blood circulating. Cage was profoundly affected-he realized that music doesn't need to be created intentionally-we find it all around us. This idea came to be called found sound. It's the sounds that are already there- traffic outside your window or whatever- for Cage they were just as musical as sounds made by musical instruments. These experiences led Cage to create a composition that would convey the idea of found sound. That is, it would provide an opportunity for the audience to identify random sounds of the environment as music. So he composed a piece called 4'33'', commonly known as the silent composition. And this composition was completely silent. Literally. When it was performed the first time, a pianist sat on stage at the piano, and the only thing he did was raise and lower the lid of the keyboard to indicate the beginning or ending of a movement. 4'33'' had three movements- but not a note was played in any of them. Well, the audience was outraged. Music critics called the piece ridiculous. But Cage saw no reason for the outrage. The fact that the audience was scandalized showed that they missed the whole point of his composition, which was that there's no such thing as silence- no such thing as a complete absence of sound. There was, in fact, during that first performance, the sound of wind and rain and people muttering. Cage had a different understanding of silence- he defined silence as the absence of intended sounds. So to perceive 4'33'' as music, the audience needed to tune into the sounds around them. This was quite revolutionary, so, we should probably be sympathetic to their reactions at the time... I mean it's confounding people even today. Cage's silent composition is still performed all over the world. But I'm afraid to say, it's often misinterpreted. It's been choreographed, in dance performances, for instance, in which case the sound was the beat of the dancers' feet against the stage floor. And it's been performed by people who made noises on purpose to call attention to the piece's silence. Can you see why we can consider these performances to be misinterpretations?	<urn:uuid:7008da9b-04ed-4c7b-b7bb-c74776aa7129>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://toefl.kmf.com/listening/newdrilling/91enrj	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00331.warc.gz	en	0.982019	943	4.0625	4	[ 0.05237371101975441, 0.06337647140026093, 0.37103569507598877, 0.12584754824638367, -0.3500814735889435, 0.26673251390457153, -0.13206402957439423, -0.05533889681100845, 0.08523008227348328, -0.18796959519386292, 0.2390894889831543, 0.4332609176635742, 0.0013401703909039497, 0.368690103292...	6	Listen to part of a lecture in a music history class. So, let's continue our discussion of twentieth-century music. By the early twentieth century, some composers in Europe and the United States, composers of what's considered classical music, were already moving away from traditional forms and were experimenting with different ways of composing- in many cases, moving away from traditional Western scales and tonalities. But as the century progressed, some composers, composers of what was called avant-garde music, went further. Their experiments with musical composition were not always well accepted. Quite the contrary. You see, many people felt avant-garde music was too radical and wasn't even legitimate art. A case in point is the composer John Cage. Cage was probably the most famous composer of twentieth-century avant-garde music. He didn't begin as a musical radical, but as time went on, his musical experiments led him there. What caused the change? Two experiences in particular entirely changed how he thought about music. The first was his 1951 meeting with the avant-garde painter Robert Rauschenberg... Now, avant-garde is a term that applies to many different artistic genres. Rauschenberg had created a series of famous paintings that consisted simply of white paint of different textures, on canvas. That's all they were-white. But the concept of these paintings actually wasn't so simple. Rauschenberg was asking, in effect, how much could you leave out of an artwork and still have something? Because in fact, even on a purely white canvas there's still plenty to see-shadows, dust, reflections.... For Cage, Rauschenberg's White Paintings opened up a whole new way of understanding what art could be. The second key experience in Cage's development came when he stepped into an anechoic chamber. An anechoic chamber is a room with special walls that absorb sound. Anechoic means without echoes. So an anechoic chamber is a room where, in theory, you can experience total silence. But Cage entered this room and he heard two sounds- one high and one low. The high sound, he was told, was his nervous system operating. And the low sound was his blood circulating. Cage was profoundly affected-he realized that music doesn't need to be created intentionally-we find it all around us. This idea came to be called found sound. It's the sounds that are already there- traffic outside your window or whatever- for Cage they were just as musical as sounds made by musical instruments. These experiences led Cage to create a composition that would convey the idea of found sound. That is, it would provide an opportunity for the audience to identify random sounds of the environment as music. So he composed a piece called 4'33'', commonly known as the silent composition. And this composition was completely silent. Literally. When it was performed the first time, a pianist sat on stage at the piano, and the only thing he did was raise and lower the lid of the keyboard to indicate the beginning or ending of a movement. 4'33'' had three movements- but not a note was played in any of them. Well, the audience was outraged. Music critics called the piece ridiculous. But Cage saw no reason for the outrage. The fact that the audience was scandalized showed that they missed the whole point of his composition, which was that there's no such thing as silence- no such thing as a complete absence of sound. There was, in fact, during that first performance, the sound of wind and rain and people muttering. Cage had a different understanding of silence- he defined silence as the absence of intended sounds. So to perceive 4'33'' as music, the audience needed to tune into the sounds around them. This was quite revolutionary, so, we should probably be sympathetic to their reactions at the time... I mean it's confounding people even today. Cage's silent composition is still performed all over the world. But I'm afraid to say, it's often misinterpreted. It's been choreographed, in dance performances, for instance, in which case the sound was the beat of the dancers' feet against the stage floor. And it's been performed by people who made noises on purpose to call attention to the piece's silence. Can you see why we can consider these performances to be misinterpretations?	895	ENGLISH	1
Badshahi Mosque (built 1672-74) Badshahi mosque is one of the few significant architectural monuments built during Emperor Aurangzeb’s long rule from 1658 to 1707. It is presently the fifth largest mosque in the world and was indisputably the largest mosque in the world from 1673 to 1986 when the Faisal Mosque was constructed in Islamabad. Although it was built late in the Mughal era in a period of relative decline, its beauty, elegance, and scale epitomize Mughal cultural achievement like no other monument in Lahore. Construction of the mosque began in 1671 under the direction of Muzaffar Hussain (Fida’i Khan Koka), Aurangzeb’s brother-in-law and the governor of Lahore. It was originally planned as a reliquary to safeguard a strand of the Prophet’s hair. Its grand scale is influenced by the Jama Mosque of Delhi which had been built by Aurangzeb’s father Shah Jahan. The plan of Badshahi mosque is essentially a square measuring 170 meters on each side. Since the north end of the mosque was built along the edge of the Ravi river, it was not possible to install a north gate like the one used in the Jama Mosque, and a south gate was also not constructed in order to maintain the overall symmetry. Within the courtyard, the prayer hall features four minarets that echo in minature the four minarets at each corner of the mosque’s perimeter. The prominence of the mosque in the imperial vision was such that it was constructed just a few hundred meters to the west of Lahore Fort. A special gate facing the mosque was added to the fort and designated the Alamgiri gate. The space in between–the future Hazuri Bagh garden–was used as a parade ground where Aurangzeb would review his troops and courtiers. The Hazuri Bagh appears to be at a lower level than the mosque since the latter was built on a six meter plinth to help prevent flooding. The mosque did not fare well during the rule of Ranjit Singh, the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. When Ranjit Singh took control of Lahore in 1799 the mosque’s courtyard was used as a stable and the hujras (cells) around the perimeter were occupied by his soldiers. Ranjit Singh himself used the adjacent Hazuri Bagh as his official royal court. When William Moorcroft of England visited Lahore in 1820, he recorded that the mosque as being used as an exercise ground for the Sipahi infantry. Twenty years later, a moderate earthquake struck lahore and collapsed the delicate marble turrets at the tops of each minaret. The open turrets were used as gun emplacements a year later when Ranjit Singh’s son, Sher Singh, occupied the mosque to bombard Lahore Fort during the Sikh civil war. After the British took control of Lahore in 1846 they continued to use Badshahi Mosque as a military garrison. It was not until 1852 that the British established the Badshahi Mosque Authority to oversee the restoration of the mosque so that it could be returned to Muslims as a place of worship. Although repairs were carried out, it was not until 1939 that extensive repairs began under the oversight of architect Nawab Zen Yar Jang Bahadur. The repairs continued until 1960 and were completed at a cost of 4.8 million rupees.	<urn:uuid:5cc37808-e505-4c44-aa5e-385ac46a2cd1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://salampak.com/badshahi-mosque/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00342.warc.gz	en	0.982962	714	3.4375	3	[ 0.2249293327331543, 0.4133260250091553, 0.001978515647351742, 0.39722940325737, -0.31245157122612, 0.009512010030448437, 0.2374516725540161, -0.46490466594696045, 0.3871918320655823, -0.028754156082868576, 0.1560431718826294, -0.6205552816390991, 0.08861418068408966, 0.15333902835845947, ...	12	Badshahi Mosque (built 1672-74) Badshahi mosque is one of the few significant architectural monuments built during Emperor Aurangzeb’s long rule from 1658 to 1707. It is presently the fifth largest mosque in the world and was indisputably the largest mosque in the world from 1673 to 1986 when the Faisal Mosque was constructed in Islamabad. Although it was built late in the Mughal era in a period of relative decline, its beauty, elegance, and scale epitomize Mughal cultural achievement like no other monument in Lahore. Construction of the mosque began in 1671 under the direction of Muzaffar Hussain (Fida’i Khan Koka), Aurangzeb’s brother-in-law and the governor of Lahore. It was originally planned as a reliquary to safeguard a strand of the Prophet’s hair. Its grand scale is influenced by the Jama Mosque of Delhi which had been built by Aurangzeb’s father Shah Jahan. The plan of Badshahi mosque is essentially a square measuring 170 meters on each side. Since the north end of the mosque was built along the edge of the Ravi river, it was not possible to install a north gate like the one used in the Jama Mosque, and a south gate was also not constructed in order to maintain the overall symmetry. Within the courtyard, the prayer hall features four minarets that echo in minature the four minarets at each corner of the mosque’s perimeter. The prominence of the mosque in the imperial vision was such that it was constructed just a few hundred meters to the west of Lahore Fort. A special gate facing the mosque was added to the fort and designated the Alamgiri gate. The space in between–the future Hazuri Bagh garden–was used as a parade ground where Aurangzeb would review his troops and courtiers. The Hazuri Bagh appears to be at a lower level than the mosque since the latter was built on a six meter plinth to help prevent flooding. The mosque did not fare well during the rule of Ranjit Singh, the Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. When Ranjit Singh took control of Lahore in 1799 the mosque’s courtyard was used as a stable and the hujras (cells) around the perimeter were occupied by his soldiers. Ranjit Singh himself used the adjacent Hazuri Bagh as his official royal court. When William Moorcroft of England visited Lahore in 1820, he recorded that the mosque as being used as an exercise ground for the Sipahi infantry. Twenty years later, a moderate earthquake struck lahore and collapsed the delicate marble turrets at the tops of each minaret. The open turrets were used as gun emplacements a year later when Ranjit Singh’s son, Sher Singh, occupied the mosque to bombard Lahore Fort during the Sikh civil war. After the British took control of Lahore in 1846 they continued to use Badshahi Mosque as a military garrison. It was not until 1852 that the British established the Badshahi Mosque Authority to oversee the restoration of the mosque so that it could be returned to Muslims as a place of worship. Although repairs were carried out, it was not until 1939 that extensive repairs began under the oversight of architect Nawab Zen Yar Jang Bahadur. The repairs continued until 1960 and were completed at a cost of 4.8 million rupees.	735	ENGLISH	1
Wikipedia’s Article of the Day November 24, 2019: Spinophorosaurus Spinophorosaurus was a sauropod dinosaur that lived around 167 million years ago, during the Middle Jurassic. The first two specimens of the genus were excavated from the Irhazer Shale formation in Niger in the 2000s by German and Spanish teams. Spinophorosaurus (“spine-bearing lizard”) was the first sauropod to have its skeleton 3D-printed (reconstruction pictured), when the fossils were brought to Europe and digitally replicated. The shoulder height was an estimated 4 m (13 ft), and its weight was about 7 metric tons (7.7 short tons). The braincase was short, deep, and broad, and the teeth were spoon-shaped. The neck contained 13 vertebrae. The tail was powered by strong musculature and had a rear section that was rather rigid due to long and overlapping chevron bones. Features of the vestibular apparatus suggest that vision and coordinated eye, head, and neck movements were important in Spinophorosaurus. Paired spikes on the tail may have been used for defence. —— AUTO – GENERATED; Published (Halifax Canada Time AST) on: November 24, 2019 at 12:53AM	<urn:uuid:f6c4d456-ecdf-4b29-a973-2e8bc9bd480c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://perilofafrica.com/category/special-report/wikipedias-article-of-the-day-november-24-2019-spinophorosaurus/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00037.warc.gz	en	0.980477	271	4.09375	4	[ -0.147932231426239, -0.09095074236392975, 0.0556480810046196, -0.2840457856655121, -0.5093514323234558, -0.19262754917144775, 0.1176287829875946, 0.45325416326522827, -0.7029992341995239, 0.20420891046524048, 0.531955361366272, -0.5214776992797852, 0.017493192106485367, 0.5694471001625061,...	2	Wikipedia’s Article of the Day November 24, 2019: Spinophorosaurus Spinophorosaurus was a sauropod dinosaur that lived around 167 million years ago, during the Middle Jurassic. The first two specimens of the genus were excavated from the Irhazer Shale formation in Niger in the 2000s by German and Spanish teams. Spinophorosaurus (“spine-bearing lizard”) was the first sauropod to have its skeleton 3D-printed (reconstruction pictured), when the fossils were brought to Europe and digitally replicated. The shoulder height was an estimated 4 m (13 ft), and its weight was about 7 metric tons (7.7 short tons). The braincase was short, deep, and broad, and the teeth were spoon-shaped. The neck contained 13 vertebrae. The tail was powered by strong musculature and had a rear section that was rather rigid due to long and overlapping chevron bones. Features of the vestibular apparatus suggest that vision and coordinated eye, head, and neck movements were important in Spinophorosaurus. Paired spikes on the tail may have been used for defence. —— AUTO – GENERATED; Published (Halifax Canada Time AST) on: November 24, 2019 at 12:53AM	285	ENGLISH	1
James II Abdicates The 11th of December 1688 AD It is one of history’s great ‘what ifs?’ Had James II not had a failure of will, and stood his ground against the forces of William of Orange rather than attempted to flee, what would have become of him and of Britain? In theory the forces under his command remained stronger than those of the rebels. But flee he did on November 11 1688, throwing the Great Seal into the Thames as he went, an action that somehow ties him with the equally unloved King John and his loss of the crown jewels in The Wash . He only got as far as Kent , though. In a very English solution to a tricky problem – the rightful king having been allowed to escape to France remained alive, and had no intention of giving up his claim to the throne – James II by his flight and rejection of the seal was later deemed to have abdicated. The Scottish Parliament by contrast found he had forfeited the crown and deposed him. His daughter Mary was thus Queen, and her husband William her equal as King. Vacancy filled, ends neatly tied up. More famous dates here 5906 views since 7th December 2009	<urn:uuid:4f607cd9-ae1b-4da6-b7a4-9cc9949db048>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=812	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00125.warc.gz	en	0.993624	251	3.484375	3	[ -0.3519231975078583, 0.14956004917621613, 0.35897985100746155, -0.0803646594285965, -0.24893726408481598, -0.18933619558811188, 0.36865150928497314, -0.05916165933012962, 0.03435831516981125, 0.26578181982040405, -0.06160212308168411, -0.5479347705841064, -0.15875619649887085, 0.1824590265...	1	James II Abdicates The 11th of December 1688 AD It is one of history’s great ‘what ifs?’ Had James II not had a failure of will, and stood his ground against the forces of William of Orange rather than attempted to flee, what would have become of him and of Britain? In theory the forces under his command remained stronger than those of the rebels. But flee he did on November 11 1688, throwing the Great Seal into the Thames as he went, an action that somehow ties him with the equally unloved King John and his loss of the crown jewels in The Wash . He only got as far as Kent , though. In a very English solution to a tricky problem – the rightful king having been allowed to escape to France remained alive, and had no intention of giving up his claim to the throne – James II by his flight and rejection of the seal was later deemed to have abdicated. The Scottish Parliament by contrast found he had forfeited the crown and deposed him. His daughter Mary was thus Queen, and her husband William her equal as King. Vacancy filled, ends neatly tied up. More famous dates here 5906 views since 7th December 2009	260	ENGLISH	1
Attorney vs Lawyer difference is very clear. The term difference between attorney and lawyer at law is easy and complex at the same time so let’s start elaborating it. This difficulty to differentiate is only in the United States, unlike in other countries, this distinction is not made. Attorney vs Lawyer Definition The term lawyer was commonly used to point to any person who has studied and been trained in the law. Term attorney at law was created in 1768, which was later shortened to just attorney. Read more How long does it take to become a lawyer. The Attorney is an English word who has French origins, meaning “a person acting for another as an agent or deputy.”A lawyer who goes on to pass the Bar exam in the state where he plans to work is then called an attorney at law. Attorney vs Lawyer Every attorney is a Difference Between Attorney And Lawyer Following are the difference between lawyer and attorney. Duties of a Lawyer Lawyers hold a lot of lawful obligation. Lawyers give sound legal advice. Because they are highly trained in their field, they possess a strict code of ethics. Read more lawyer salary. - Lawyers can specialize in a certain field or hold a specific position. Lawyers can also choose to hold various roles in their specific field. - In court, it is the duty of a lawyer to provide evidence in favor of his client to protect him from the allegation. - The lawyer should debate and fight in court for the freedom of his client. These lawyers are also called a barrister. - The lawyer should guide his clients throughout the case. He should give suggestions, advice for his client’s benefits. - These lawyers, also called solicitors, cannot help you in court unless your case goes to a lower court. - Lawyers also do some additional roles, such as trial works. These lawyers conduct research, interview clients, interview witnesses, and gather additional details to use in court. Duties of an Attorney An attorney works similarly to a lawyer. This is why it’s hard to differentiate an attorney at law vs - Resolving cases, working to save clients’ money in court, act as advisors for clients, prepare pleadings and other legal documents, prepare contracts, and prosecute cases are the duties of an attorney. - The main difference between attorney and lawyer is an attorney’s relationship with the client. This relationship is written in the power of attorney. - Because the attorney’s duties are limited to this document, an attorney can take on many roles. They can simply sign off on loan or can support their client when their client issued in court. - The main difference between lawyer and attorney is an attorney’s duties are subjected to court. - A business organization may hire an attorney to handle their legal matters or an individual may hire an attorney to supervise the purchase of an estate. Now You Know the difference between attorney and lawyer (attorney vs lawyer). A lawyer has just a law degree he is just a law graduate but he has no authority to present himself before the court. A lawyer can only give legal advice to people because he has some kind of theoretical knowledge about law and legal issues and their solutions. On the other side, an attorney has the degree of law and also passed the bar exam to be eligible to practice the law. He has the privilege of presenting him and his clients before the court. Read more Public interest litigation. Many people do get confused with these terms. Hope this helps. If you want to find a lawyer visit this page.	<urn:uuid:fa72668e-b652-418c-8fd4-a933aeb6f5a5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.chamberlawyer.com/attorney-vs-lawyer/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00009.warc.gz	en	0.984934	742	3.328125	3	[ -0.3819431960582733, -0.1462087333202362, 0.018379151821136475, -0.16810362040996552, -0.19541233777999878, -0.13896317780017853, 0.8675171136856079, -0.3867454528808594, 0.483301043510437, -0.19751422107219696, -0.044600747525691986, 0.5081044435501099, -0.11508168280124664, -0.0370366200...	1	Attorney vs Lawyer difference is very clear. The term difference between attorney and lawyer at law is easy and complex at the same time so let’s start elaborating it. This difficulty to differentiate is only in the United States, unlike in other countries, this distinction is not made. Attorney vs Lawyer Definition The term lawyer was commonly used to point to any person who has studied and been trained in the law. Term attorney at law was created in 1768, which was later shortened to just attorney. Read more How long does it take to become a lawyer. The Attorney is an English word who has French origins, meaning “a person acting for another as an agent or deputy.”A lawyer who goes on to pass the Bar exam in the state where he plans to work is then called an attorney at law. Attorney vs Lawyer Every attorney is a Difference Between Attorney And Lawyer Following are the difference between lawyer and attorney. Duties of a Lawyer Lawyers hold a lot of lawful obligation. Lawyers give sound legal advice. Because they are highly trained in their field, they possess a strict code of ethics. Read more lawyer salary. - Lawyers can specialize in a certain field or hold a specific position. Lawyers can also choose to hold various roles in their specific field. - In court, it is the duty of a lawyer to provide evidence in favor of his client to protect him from the allegation. - The lawyer should debate and fight in court for the freedom of his client. These lawyers are also called a barrister. - The lawyer should guide his clients throughout the case. He should give suggestions, advice for his client’s benefits. - These lawyers, also called solicitors, cannot help you in court unless your case goes to a lower court. - Lawyers also do some additional roles, such as trial works. These lawyers conduct research, interview clients, interview witnesses, and gather additional details to use in court. Duties of an Attorney An attorney works similarly to a lawyer. This is why it’s hard to differentiate an attorney at law vs - Resolving cases, working to save clients’ money in court, act as advisors for clients, prepare pleadings and other legal documents, prepare contracts, and prosecute cases are the duties of an attorney. - The main difference between attorney and lawyer is an attorney’s relationship with the client. This relationship is written in the power of attorney. - Because the attorney’s duties are limited to this document, an attorney can take on many roles. They can simply sign off on loan or can support their client when their client issued in court. - The main difference between lawyer and attorney is an attorney’s duties are subjected to court. - A business organization may hire an attorney to handle their legal matters or an individual may hire an attorney to supervise the purchase of an estate. Now You Know the difference between attorney and lawyer (attorney vs lawyer). A lawyer has just a law degree he is just a law graduate but he has no authority to present himself before the court. A lawyer can only give legal advice to people because he has some kind of theoretical knowledge about law and legal issues and their solutions. On the other side, an attorney has the degree of law and also passed the bar exam to be eligible to practice the law. He has the privilege of presenting him and his clients before the court. Read more Public interest litigation. Many people do get confused with these terms. Hope this helps. If you want to find a lawyer visit this page.	710	ENGLISH	1
The King Country is in the west of the North Island, between Waikato and Taranaki. It is an area of rolling hills and valleys, with limestone landscapes featuring caves and sinkholes. Mt Ruapehu, an active volcano, is the North Island’s highest point. Kāwhia Harbour is a large estuary. Plants and animals Much of the King Country was covered in native forest until it was cleared by European settlers. Mts Ruapehu, Ngāuruhoe and Tongariro were gifted to the Crown in 1887, and became Tongariro National Park. Some rare birds live in Pureora Forest and Whareorino Forest. Fossils can be found on the west coast. Early Māori history The Tainui canoe, which brought the ancestors of Māori to New Zealand, landed at Mōkau and was buried at Kāwhia. The main tribe is Ngāti Maniapoto. From the 1820s Māori had contact with Europeans. Mission stations were set up in the 1830s. In the 1850s the government bought blocks of land, but they were not even surveyed until the 1880s. Te Rohe Pōtae Ngāti Maniapoto supported the King movement, which promoted Māori unity and a Māori monarch. The tribe fought alongside Taranaki and Waikato tribes against the government in 1860 and 1863, and hosted the exiled King Tāwhiao from 1864 to the early 1880s – hence the name ‘King Country’. The area was largely off-limits to Europeans and the government. It became known as ‘Te Rohe Pōtae’ (the area of the hat), supposedly because the king put his hat down on a map to show where the boundaries were. In 1882 Ngāti Maniapoto agreed to their lands being surveyed to prepare for the main trunk railway line. The government used the railway to open up the area to European settlement. Population and society The King Country was settled by Europeans later than most other parts of New Zealand. The population grew in the early 20th century, but growth slowed in the 1930s and the population fell from the 1960s. Sheep, beef and dairy farms were established, but problems with soil fertility and ‘bush sickness’ (a wasting disease in animals caused by cobalt deficiency) led to some farmers abandoning their land. After cobalt was added to fertiliser, bush sickness was no longer a problem. As the forests were cleared sawmills were set up. Exotic forests were planted in the 20th century. Coal was mined in some areas, but all the mines later closed. In the 2000s the area was covered by the Taranaki–King Country electorate. National Party members have represented the district in Parliament since 1936. The King Country is part of Te Tai Hauāuru Māori electorate. Tourism and sport The Waitomo Caves were run as a tourist attraction by the government from the early 1900s. New Zealand’s first ski club was started at Mt Ruapehu in 1913. Tourists also went on cruises on the Mōkau River, and down the Whanganui River from Taumarunui. Rugby and sheep-shearing are notable sports. Culture and heritage Writers associated with the King Country include Pei Te Hurinui Jones, F. L. Phillips and Frank Sargeson. Artist Peter McIntyre had a holiday house at Kākahi; Rangimārie Hetet was a distinguished Māori weaver.	<urn:uuid:0001d516-3d20-4f12-a841-ff81ff8787db>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://admin.teara.govt.nz/mi/king-country-region	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00071.warc.gz	en	0.98132	770	3.453125	3	[ 0.05539222061634064, 0.34388041496276855, 0.21314524114131927, -0.18452295660972595, -0.0016007914673537016, -0.010291580110788345, 0.07038392871618271, -0.0026615364477038383, -0.5992132425308228, 0.33687520027160645, 0.12857653200626373, -0.7883929014205933, 0.35182467103004456, 0.748311...	16	The King Country is in the west of the North Island, between Waikato and Taranaki. It is an area of rolling hills and valleys, with limestone landscapes featuring caves and sinkholes. Mt Ruapehu, an active volcano, is the North Island’s highest point. Kāwhia Harbour is a large estuary. Plants and animals Much of the King Country was covered in native forest until it was cleared by European settlers. Mts Ruapehu, Ngāuruhoe and Tongariro were gifted to the Crown in 1887, and became Tongariro National Park. Some rare birds live in Pureora Forest and Whareorino Forest. Fossils can be found on the west coast. Early Māori history The Tainui canoe, which brought the ancestors of Māori to New Zealand, landed at Mōkau and was buried at Kāwhia. The main tribe is Ngāti Maniapoto. From the 1820s Māori had contact with Europeans. Mission stations were set up in the 1830s. In the 1850s the government bought blocks of land, but they were not even surveyed until the 1880s. Te Rohe Pōtae Ngāti Maniapoto supported the King movement, which promoted Māori unity and a Māori monarch. The tribe fought alongside Taranaki and Waikato tribes against the government in 1860 and 1863, and hosted the exiled King Tāwhiao from 1864 to the early 1880s – hence the name ‘King Country’. The area was largely off-limits to Europeans and the government. It became known as ‘Te Rohe Pōtae’ (the area of the hat), supposedly because the king put his hat down on a map to show where the boundaries were. In 1882 Ngāti Maniapoto agreed to their lands being surveyed to prepare for the main trunk railway line. The government used the railway to open up the area to European settlement. Population and society The King Country was settled by Europeans later than most other parts of New Zealand. The population grew in the early 20th century, but growth slowed in the 1930s and the population fell from the 1960s. Sheep, beef and dairy farms were established, but problems with soil fertility and ‘bush sickness’ (a wasting disease in animals caused by cobalt deficiency) led to some farmers abandoning their land. After cobalt was added to fertiliser, bush sickness was no longer a problem. As the forests were cleared sawmills were set up. Exotic forests were planted in the 20th century. Coal was mined in some areas, but all the mines later closed. In the 2000s the area was covered by the Taranaki–King Country electorate. National Party members have represented the district in Parliament since 1936. The King Country is part of Te Tai Hauāuru Māori electorate. Tourism and sport The Waitomo Caves were run as a tourist attraction by the government from the early 1900s. New Zealand’s first ski club was started at Mt Ruapehu in 1913. Tourists also went on cruises on the Mōkau River, and down the Whanganui River from Taumarunui. Rugby and sheep-shearing are notable sports. Culture and heritage Writers associated with the King Country include Pei Te Hurinui Jones, F. L. Phillips and Frank Sargeson. Artist Peter McIntyre had a holiday house at Kākahi; Rangimārie Hetet was a distinguished Māori weaver.	805	ENGLISH	1
There are many reasons why it is important that children learn a sense of discovery. As they discover new and interesting things, it challenges them to learn. They not only learn about life but also about how to get along with other people in the process. Kids have a built-in need for learning and they love adventure. It’s important that they get a chance to experience all that there is to out there so that they can learn important ways of dealing with all types of issues. Finding Fun While out of School For parents, it may be difficult for them to allow their children to have the fun that they need to without wanting to overprotect them. That is why they need to find all types of ways to engage their children in a sense of adventure without having to worry all of the time about their safety. Here are some suggestions that parents can use in order to help them get through the times when the kids are out of school and they want their children to have fun. 1. Something That Is Different Doing different things helps a lot. Trying out different places to get ice cream, go swimming, and more will give children an exceptional feel of fun. Sometimes, letting the kids suggest new and exciting things that they want to do on their times off school is a lot of fun. They can write them down and then parents can pull the choice out of a jar. That will give them something that is new and fun to pursue so that they are able to get a real sense of adventure that is also safe to do. Parents do not want to coddle them rather than assist them in understanding how to have fun and be safe too. 2. A Positive Role Model Parents need to be good role models. Children learn from how their parents react to different things. They will pick up from how a parent handles adversity. That is why it is so important that a parent be a positive person. They need to show their children that they can get through all kinds of difficulties and still find things to be happy about. That is what learning while growing up is all about and parents need to teach their children this. It’s also important to teach them how to be happy with small things and in inexpensive ways. 3. No Computer Games The reliance that kids have on cell phones, computer games, and TV is essentially a problem in the world today. They need to have more experience playing outside and with other people. This teaches them quite a bit. Not only do they learn all about nature but they also learn how to cooperate and get along with other people. That is why it is nice to take them to the park and other outside activities during the summer months. The more that they do not depend on machines, the better. During the times that kids are out of school, it is a good chance for the parents to have more bonding with them. They want to spend lots of time making great memories and teaching their children good values and morals. Utilising their time with their kids in the right way, parents can create all types of special moments with their kids that they wouldn’t be able to do in any other way. Utilising the summer months to teach their children all types of great information about being a part of a family is a great way to encourage a sense of adventure in children. Go Ape in Guildford is a good place to start.	<urn:uuid:994c9abf-5f75-44b6-bb0c-1d0015709ae8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cystiteinterstitielle.org/why-its-so-important-for-kids-to-discover-their-sense-of-adventure.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00101.warc.gz	en	0.981427	691	3.296875	3	[ -0.0006462447345256805, -0.1059088334441185, 0.34710270166397095, -0.7621148824691772, -0.4423185884952545, 0.11969811469316483, 0.2812042832374573, 0.004992351867258549, -0.224989116191864, -0.10169132053852081, 0.28772032260894775, -0.028316956013441086, 0.12050923705101013, 0.4118961989...	13	There are many reasons why it is important that children learn a sense of discovery. As they discover new and interesting things, it challenges them to learn. They not only learn about life but also about how to get along with other people in the process. Kids have a built-in need for learning and they love adventure. It’s important that they get a chance to experience all that there is to out there so that they can learn important ways of dealing with all types of issues. Finding Fun While out of School For parents, it may be difficult for them to allow their children to have the fun that they need to without wanting to overprotect them. That is why they need to find all types of ways to engage their children in a sense of adventure without having to worry all of the time about their safety. Here are some suggestions that parents can use in order to help them get through the times when the kids are out of school and they want their children to have fun. 1. Something That Is Different Doing different things helps a lot. Trying out different places to get ice cream, go swimming, and more will give children an exceptional feel of fun. Sometimes, letting the kids suggest new and exciting things that they want to do on their times off school is a lot of fun. They can write them down and then parents can pull the choice out of a jar. That will give them something that is new and fun to pursue so that they are able to get a real sense of adventure that is also safe to do. Parents do not want to coddle them rather than assist them in understanding how to have fun and be safe too. 2. A Positive Role Model Parents need to be good role models. Children learn from how their parents react to different things. They will pick up from how a parent handles adversity. That is why it is so important that a parent be a positive person. They need to show their children that they can get through all kinds of difficulties and still find things to be happy about. That is what learning while growing up is all about and parents need to teach their children this. It’s also important to teach them how to be happy with small things and in inexpensive ways. 3. No Computer Games The reliance that kids have on cell phones, computer games, and TV is essentially a problem in the world today. They need to have more experience playing outside and with other people. This teaches them quite a bit. Not only do they learn all about nature but they also learn how to cooperate and get along with other people. That is why it is nice to take them to the park and other outside activities during the summer months. The more that they do not depend on machines, the better. During the times that kids are out of school, it is a good chance for the parents to have more bonding with them. They want to spend lots of time making great memories and teaching their children good values and morals. Utilising their time with their kids in the right way, parents can create all types of special moments with their kids that they wouldn’t be able to do in any other way. Utilising the summer months to teach their children all types of great information about being a part of a family is a great way to encourage a sense of adventure in children. Go Ape in Guildford is a good place to start.	676	ENGLISH	1
War is all about standing up for what you believe in, even if it eventually leads to your death. A real soldier fights till the end, but in history there are those soldiers who were willing to go on fighting even after the war was over, or when it was wiser to surrender than go on fighting. Let’s shed light on some of these soldiers, because they left a living legacy of unwillingness to surrender. 1 Hermann Detzner (WWI) Hermann Detzner, portrayed on the jacket of the 1921 edition of his book, Four Years Among the Cannibals. [Via] Hermann Detzner had been sent to New Guinea in January 1914 to survey the land and create a map, since part of the land was under German control at the time. He carried a team of skilled explorers and travelled with them to the partial German colony .World War I broke out later on that summer, but Hermann Detzner and his team had no idea that there was a war going on. He only came to learn of the war later when Australian troops took over New Guinea, but instead of surrendering to the army, he retreated deep into the jungle with his team and other German officers. He also incorporated some Natives, and formed a small Force which continued to resist the Australian troops for the next four years. He only surrendered to the Australian troops in January 1919; three months after the war had ended. 2 Operation Haudegen (WWII) German soldiers in the Arctic [Via] This was a top secret Nazi operation, meant to establish a meteorological station on Svalbard, in Norway. The team was transported to the area via a submarine known as the U-307 in September 1944 and their mission was to carry out a survey of the North Atlantic weather patterns. Due to the secrecy of their mission, when World War II ended, they were sort of forgotten on the island and they lost contact with the Germans. They had to persevere the harsh climate of the Arctic Circle for one more year until September 1945 when the Norwegians received a distressed call, and sent out their seal hunting ship to go and check what was in the island. The German team surrendered to the Norwegian crew, and this made them the last German troop to surrender, during WW2. 3 James Waddell (American Civil War) Pencil sketch of CSS Shenandoah, drawn by James Iredell Waddell [Via] James Waddell, captained a ship known as CSS Shenandoah, and had been given orders to destroy Union Commerce on the high seas during the civil war. CSS Shenandoah was a full rigged ship with auxiliary steam power of 790 tons. James Waddell captained it halfway around the globe, with the plan of entering the Pacific Ocean. Commander James Iredell Waddell (1824-1886), CSN; photographed in Confederate Navy uniform. [Via] Along the way, it destroyed six ships and burned 32 others, capturing over 1,000 prisoners of war along the way. Due to the long voyage that the ship had taken before it entered the Pacific, Waddell had not received word that the war had ended, and he only came to know this on August 2, 1865 almost one year since he had been dispatched. For fear of being captured by the US Navy as a pirate, he was forced to sail the ship around Southern South America before he could start sailing back to England. He submitted to the British authorities on November the same year only to realize that he had travelled round the globe, yet the war had been over for some time. 4 Joseph O. Shelby (American Civil War) Joseph O. Shelby [Via] He was a General during the civil war and he refused to surrender to the Union Forces. His war tactics had earned his unit the nickname `Iron Brigade`, since he never shied away from destroying key union property worth millions. When the Union Forces won the war, he fled to Mexico with a team of 600 soldiers who were part of his unit, claiming that he preferred exile over surrender. He made a deal with the Emperor of Mexico, who allowed them to form a small settlement of Confederate expatriates. However, they were forced to return to the United States in 1867 when Maximilian I who was the Emperor of Mexico at the time was overthrown. 5 Hiroo Onoda (WWII) Born in March 19 1922, Hiroo Onoda may be described as a soldier who refused to believe that the war was over, and he continued fighting for the next 29 years. He came from a family of ancient Samurai`s and from a young age he developed a great interest in the art of war such that by the time he was turning into a grown man, he was already working as an intelligence officer for his Country Japan. During World War II, he was given direct orders not to surrender no matter the circumstances and was sent to the Philippine`s Island of Lupang, and he took these orders with utmost seriousness. When Japan lost the South Pacific war and Lupang was captured, Hiroo Onoda took three of his most loyal soldiers and ran away into the thick forests of the Island, from where he continued to wage guerilla war tactics on the Philippine army. He would carry out raids against the Philippine army, and every time he would take out a huge number of soldiers. Even after one of his soldiers surrendered to the Filipinos and the other two were killed during a raid, he continued to fight alone until 1974 when his former commanding officer came to the island and told him the war was over, and urged him to stand down. He died in January 16 2014, at the age of 92.	<urn:uuid:3951e38b-c80c-4564-a400-1a379b4db66e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.warhistoryonline.com/featured-article/5-soldiers-who-fought-on-even-when-the-war-was-over-or-when-the-odds-were-against-them.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00526.warc.gz	en	0.987725	1,191	3.578125	4	[ -0.4142100214958191, 0.6863547563552856, 0.10378129035234451, -0.024089111015200615, 0.19732072949409485, 0.05358317866921425, 0.07024982571601868, 0.22203296422958374, -0.3835148513317108, -0.02740444615483284, 0.2937893867492676, -0.3363000452518463, 0.1637476086616516, 0.577934205532074...	6	War is all about standing up for what you believe in, even if it eventually leads to your death. A real soldier fights till the end, but in history there are those soldiers who were willing to go on fighting even after the war was over, or when it was wiser to surrender than go on fighting. Let’s shed light on some of these soldiers, because they left a living legacy of unwillingness to surrender. 1 Hermann Detzner (WWI) Hermann Detzner, portrayed on the jacket of the 1921 edition of his book, Four Years Among the Cannibals. [Via] Hermann Detzner had been sent to New Guinea in January 1914 to survey the land and create a map, since part of the land was under German control at the time. He carried a team of skilled explorers and travelled with them to the partial German colony .World War I broke out later on that summer, but Hermann Detzner and his team had no idea that there was a war going on. He only came to learn of the war later when Australian troops took over New Guinea, but instead of surrendering to the army, he retreated deep into the jungle with his team and other German officers. He also incorporated some Natives, and formed a small Force which continued to resist the Australian troops for the next four years. He only surrendered to the Australian troops in January 1919; three months after the war had ended. 2 Operation Haudegen (WWII) German soldiers in the Arctic [Via] This was a top secret Nazi operation, meant to establish a meteorological station on Svalbard, in Norway. The team was transported to the area via a submarine known as the U-307 in September 1944 and their mission was to carry out a survey of the North Atlantic weather patterns. Due to the secrecy of their mission, when World War II ended, they were sort of forgotten on the island and they lost contact with the Germans. They had to persevere the harsh climate of the Arctic Circle for one more year until September 1945 when the Norwegians received a distressed call, and sent out their seal hunting ship to go and check what was in the island. The German team surrendered to the Norwegian crew, and this made them the last German troop to surrender, during WW2. 3 James Waddell (American Civil War) Pencil sketch of CSS Shenandoah, drawn by James Iredell Waddell [Via] James Waddell, captained a ship known as CSS Shenandoah, and had been given orders to destroy Union Commerce on the high seas during the civil war. CSS Shenandoah was a full rigged ship with auxiliary steam power of 790 tons. James Waddell captained it halfway around the globe, with the plan of entering the Pacific Ocean. Commander James Iredell Waddell (1824-1886), CSN; photographed in Confederate Navy uniform. [Via] Along the way, it destroyed six ships and burned 32 others, capturing over 1,000 prisoners of war along the way. Due to the long voyage that the ship had taken before it entered the Pacific, Waddell had not received word that the war had ended, and he only came to know this on August 2, 1865 almost one year since he had been dispatched. For fear of being captured by the US Navy as a pirate, he was forced to sail the ship around Southern South America before he could start sailing back to England. He submitted to the British authorities on November the same year only to realize that he had travelled round the globe, yet the war had been over for some time. 4 Joseph O. Shelby (American Civil War) Joseph O. Shelby [Via] He was a General during the civil war and he refused to surrender to the Union Forces. His war tactics had earned his unit the nickname `Iron Brigade`, since he never shied away from destroying key union property worth millions. When the Union Forces won the war, he fled to Mexico with a team of 600 soldiers who were part of his unit, claiming that he preferred exile over surrender. He made a deal with the Emperor of Mexico, who allowed them to form a small settlement of Confederate expatriates. However, they were forced to return to the United States in 1867 when Maximilian I who was the Emperor of Mexico at the time was overthrown. 5 Hiroo Onoda (WWII) Born in March 19 1922, Hiroo Onoda may be described as a soldier who refused to believe that the war was over, and he continued fighting for the next 29 years. He came from a family of ancient Samurai`s and from a young age he developed a great interest in the art of war such that by the time he was turning into a grown man, he was already working as an intelligence officer for his Country Japan. During World War II, he was given direct orders not to surrender no matter the circumstances and was sent to the Philippine`s Island of Lupang, and he took these orders with utmost seriousness. When Japan lost the South Pacific war and Lupang was captured, Hiroo Onoda took three of his most loyal soldiers and ran away into the thick forests of the Island, from where he continued to wage guerilla war tactics on the Philippine army. He would carry out raids against the Philippine army, and every time he would take out a huge number of soldiers. Even after one of his soldiers surrendered to the Filipinos and the other two were killed during a raid, he continued to fight alone until 1974 when his former commanding officer came to the island and told him the war was over, and urged him to stand down. He died in January 16 2014, at the age of 92.	1,225	ENGLISH	1
How Education Affects Early Childhood Development Information When children are little, they are quick learners and love life. It is important that they get the benefits of an education at the right times so that they can develop well as they grow. Parents should be sure to have their children in schools when they are young to allow them to develop fully and completely at a good pace. Children Learn From Others With an education in a school setting, children will learn from their teachers, as well as the other children in their classes. This is when they can learn about how to get along with others and to follow directions. It is a key point in their development to learn these issues at an early age. Of course, this goes along with the good parenting and teaching that the parents will do at home also. Costs Of Schooling There are costs involved in schooling but parents will want to look into the various options that are available to them in the areas in which they live. By taking advantage of any of the school’s programs, they will be able to keep the costs under control. Education for children is worth the effort and most parents will do what they need to do in order to get their child the proper education whenever possible. Homework Is Fun Children will be given homework to complete. This is part of the educational process and it teaches a child to have responsibility for completing their assigned work. Parents are encouraged to take part in the homework that their child receives. They can help them complete their assignments as a time of bonding as parent to child time. As a child grows, they should have an allotted time that they must complete their homework. In many families, this is a specific time period that is set aside before bedtime, although it can be after school too. With education, children develop into normal and healthy people. They learn about all kinds of subjects and how to get along with other people in the world. Children are normally fascinated with learning so it is important that they have the chance to learn all types of information so that they can use it as they grow. They not only are adaptable and flexible but they become quick to think on their feet when they have a good education that is filled with new and interesting subjects.	<urn:uuid:915b0898-a24b-478c-a369-812d447c564c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://twitemperature.com/how-education-affects-early-childhood-development-information/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00530.warc.gz	en	0.986822	455	3.28125	3	[ 0.16839544475078583, -0.1571260392665863, 0.6009264588356018, -0.46399083733558655, -0.06797828525304794, 0.2362350970506668, -0.09481827914714813, -0.1830068677663803, -0.16209225356578827, -0.136515274643898, 0.07939479500055313, 0.25877928733825684, 0.29822856187820435, 0.61035668849945...	13	How Education Affects Early Childhood Development Information When children are little, they are quick learners and love life. It is important that they get the benefits of an education at the right times so that they can develop well as they grow. Parents should be sure to have their children in schools when they are young to allow them to develop fully and completely at a good pace. Children Learn From Others With an education in a school setting, children will learn from their teachers, as well as the other children in their classes. This is when they can learn about how to get along with others and to follow directions. It is a key point in their development to learn these issues at an early age. Of course, this goes along with the good parenting and teaching that the parents will do at home also. Costs Of Schooling There are costs involved in schooling but parents will want to look into the various options that are available to them in the areas in which they live. By taking advantage of any of the school’s programs, they will be able to keep the costs under control. Education for children is worth the effort and most parents will do what they need to do in order to get their child the proper education whenever possible. Homework Is Fun Children will be given homework to complete. This is part of the educational process and it teaches a child to have responsibility for completing their assigned work. Parents are encouraged to take part in the homework that their child receives. They can help them complete their assignments as a time of bonding as parent to child time. As a child grows, they should have an allotted time that they must complete their homework. In many families, this is a specific time period that is set aside before bedtime, although it can be after school too. With education, children develop into normal and healthy people. They learn about all kinds of subjects and how to get along with other people in the world. Children are normally fascinated with learning so it is important that they have the chance to learn all types of information so that they can use it as they grow. They not only are adaptable and flexible but they become quick to think on their feet when they have a good education that is filled with new and interesting subjects.	447	ENGLISH	1
Turkey hunters are well aware that the wild turkey is among the state's wiliest game. Turkey, however, apparently weren't always that crafty. Tales of market hunters in the late 1800s killing turkey with clubs to provide meat for the East's finest restaurants certainly implies a less-crafty animal. Overhunting, especially from the commercial hunters led to a serious decline in the state's turkey population. The decline was so severe that the wild turkey nearly joined the state's then ever-growing list of extirpated and extinct animals, such as the bison and eastern elk. By the early 1900s, turkey survived only in the highest, craggiest and most remote places of the high mountains in eastern West Virginia. Turkey experts surmise that only the craftiest animals survived overhunting, leading to a process of accelerated evolution that gives us our cunning bird of today. But restoring the turkey from the bring of extirpation to the healthy populations of today took generations of hard work, determination and resourcefulness. The federal Wildlife Restoration Act in 1937 placed a tax on firearms and ammunition to fund efforts to restore wildlife. To qualify for this funding, states were required to have a professionally-trained staff and the funds would have to be dedicated to sound wildlife-management programs. That funding made it possible to have full-time biologists working to restore game populations. This was key, because nobody had any idea of how to do it. West Virginia's first attempt at restoring game, such as turkey and deer, was quite aggressive, but a dismal failure. In the early 1920s, the state created the French Creek Game Farm in Upshur County as a “Noah's Ark” of sorts. There, animals would be bred in captivity, raised to maturity and released to repopulate the state. The game farm was quite popular with residents, in 1927, 20,000 visitors came – a remarkable statistic given the lack of transportation and good roads at the time. For most, it was the only place where they could see game animals. Biologists, however, learned fairly quickly that pen-raised game was ill-suited to life in the wild. What did work, however, was trapping game in the craggy recesses of the highlands in the east and releasing those animals in other parts of the state. However, not only was the turkey in serious trouble, very little was known about it. In the 1950s, West Virginia turkey biologist Wayne Bailey not only conducted a landmark decade-long study on turkey-population dynamics, he aggressively and successfully lobbied state lawmakers to devote resources to saving and rebuilding West Virginia turkey. He and his fellow biologists developed revolutionary methods for restoring turkey that were later used in other states to restore turkey. Bailey was also one of the founders of the National Wild Turkey Federation. Turkey hunters know well how difficult the turkey can be to shoot – imagine trying to actually trap one. One notable Bailey advance (although other biologists were also working on this) was a contraption called the “Rocket Net -” a rocket propelled net that biologists could fire at turkeys and trap them. Bailey left West Virginia in 1970 to take a similar job in North Carolina. This literally marked the end of the decline of the North Carolina turkey. Jim Pack didn't just pick up Bailey's torch of turkey management, he ran with it, continuing Bailey's turkey-management revolution and creating a legacy of his own. Pack was the godfather of modern wildlife data collection. Pack's epiphany came in 1966, when he was a junior biologist sent to southern West Virginia to study squirrel migration. In his hotel room, he listened to the radio, which included a DNR report calling for a banner year of hunting. “We had a freeze that went from Maine to Georgia right when everything was flowering,” Pack recalled to me a few years ago. “It just knocked out mast. I thought anybody who knows mast would never make a prediction like that. In 1970, I got a chance to do something about it.” Pack created the state's first annual mast survey, which has become the basis for most hunting predictions. The DNR had the manpower to conduct mast surveys, but turkey were a different matter entirely. To gauge the amount of mast, one simply had to walk through the woods and look at what nuts were on the ground and in the trees. Collecting turkey data would have required an army of biologists. As a result, the DNR was in the dark about the true condition of the then-rebounding turkey populations. Pack's most crucial moment of genius came in 1979 when he realized he already had that army of biologists, albeit amateur ones, already afield who were qualified to collect the data. There were thousands of turkey hunters in the woods each spring, paying very close attention to the very data he needed. “When you start talking about using 500 hunters,” Pack told me, “hunting a total of 10,000 hours or more... that information is so much more valuable. Even 20 or 30 (full-time) biologists can't beat that.” During the 1980 spring season, hundreds of hunters participated in Pack's Spring-Gobbler Survey. After the season, Pack and his staff compiled the data from the survey – which has been repeated each year since – into crucial data for managing the West Virginia turkey. As a result of Bailey and Pack's tireless efforts, few, if any state, can boast the wealth of historical data on turkey populations that West Virginia has at its disposal. David Payne Sr.	<urn:uuid:d540f8f5-013e-4d49-862b-4df929d2c44d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wvexplorer.com/west-virginia-hunter-magazine/turkey-west-virginia-wiliest-game/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00084.warc.gz	en	0.980535	1,160	3.375	3	[ -0.14966067671775818, 0.147979736328125, 0.3913027048110962, 0.1911802589893341, 0.224040687084198, 0.04263772815465927, -0.08194078505039215, 0.3348402976989746, -0.04928255081176758, 0.12341482192277908, -0.5388935208320618, -0.5126751661300659, -0.02558957226574421, 0.11143681406974792,...	12	Turkey hunters are well aware that the wild turkey is among the state's wiliest game. Turkey, however, apparently weren't always that crafty. Tales of market hunters in the late 1800s killing turkey with clubs to provide meat for the East's finest restaurants certainly implies a less-crafty animal. Overhunting, especially from the commercial hunters led to a serious decline in the state's turkey population. The decline was so severe that the wild turkey nearly joined the state's then ever-growing list of extirpated and extinct animals, such as the bison and eastern elk. By the early 1900s, turkey survived only in the highest, craggiest and most remote places of the high mountains in eastern West Virginia. Turkey experts surmise that only the craftiest animals survived overhunting, leading to a process of accelerated evolution that gives us our cunning bird of today. But restoring the turkey from the bring of extirpation to the healthy populations of today took generations of hard work, determination and resourcefulness. The federal Wildlife Restoration Act in 1937 placed a tax on firearms and ammunition to fund efforts to restore wildlife. To qualify for this funding, states were required to have a professionally-trained staff and the funds would have to be dedicated to sound wildlife-management programs. That funding made it possible to have full-time biologists working to restore game populations. This was key, because nobody had any idea of how to do it. West Virginia's first attempt at restoring game, such as turkey and deer, was quite aggressive, but a dismal failure. In the early 1920s, the state created the French Creek Game Farm in Upshur County as a “Noah's Ark” of sorts. There, animals would be bred in captivity, raised to maturity and released to repopulate the state. The game farm was quite popular with residents, in 1927, 20,000 visitors came – a remarkable statistic given the lack of transportation and good roads at the time. For most, it was the only place where they could see game animals. Biologists, however, learned fairly quickly that pen-raised game was ill-suited to life in the wild. What did work, however, was trapping game in the craggy recesses of the highlands in the east and releasing those animals in other parts of the state. However, not only was the turkey in serious trouble, very little was known about it. In the 1950s, West Virginia turkey biologist Wayne Bailey not only conducted a landmark decade-long study on turkey-population dynamics, he aggressively and successfully lobbied state lawmakers to devote resources to saving and rebuilding West Virginia turkey. He and his fellow biologists developed revolutionary methods for restoring turkey that were later used in other states to restore turkey. Bailey was also one of the founders of the National Wild Turkey Federation. Turkey hunters know well how difficult the turkey can be to shoot – imagine trying to actually trap one. One notable Bailey advance (although other biologists were also working on this) was a contraption called the “Rocket Net -” a rocket propelled net that biologists could fire at turkeys and trap them. Bailey left West Virginia in 1970 to take a similar job in North Carolina. This literally marked the end of the decline of the North Carolina turkey. Jim Pack didn't just pick up Bailey's torch of turkey management, he ran with it, continuing Bailey's turkey-management revolution and creating a legacy of his own. Pack was the godfather of modern wildlife data collection. Pack's epiphany came in 1966, when he was a junior biologist sent to southern West Virginia to study squirrel migration. In his hotel room, he listened to the radio, which included a DNR report calling for a banner year of hunting. “We had a freeze that went from Maine to Georgia right when everything was flowering,” Pack recalled to me a few years ago. “It just knocked out mast. I thought anybody who knows mast would never make a prediction like that. In 1970, I got a chance to do something about it.” Pack created the state's first annual mast survey, which has become the basis for most hunting predictions. The DNR had the manpower to conduct mast surveys, but turkey were a different matter entirely. To gauge the amount of mast, one simply had to walk through the woods and look at what nuts were on the ground and in the trees. Collecting turkey data would have required an army of biologists. As a result, the DNR was in the dark about the true condition of the then-rebounding turkey populations. Pack's most crucial moment of genius came in 1979 when he realized he already had that army of biologists, albeit amateur ones, already afield who were qualified to collect the data. There were thousands of turkey hunters in the woods each spring, paying very close attention to the very data he needed. “When you start talking about using 500 hunters,” Pack told me, “hunting a total of 10,000 hours or more... that information is so much more valuable. Even 20 or 30 (full-time) biologists can't beat that.” During the 1980 spring season, hundreds of hunters participated in Pack's Spring-Gobbler Survey. After the season, Pack and his staff compiled the data from the survey – which has been repeated each year since – into crucial data for managing the West Virginia turkey. As a result of Bailey and Pack's tireless efforts, few, if any state, can boast the wealth of historical data on turkey populations that West Virginia has at its disposal. David Payne Sr.	1,180	ENGLISH	1
The history of this area is full of fascinating surprises which local people delight in discovering and investigating. One such surprise is that the Bridgewater Canal may have had the first steam powered boat. Steam boats are often associated with America where their development went on to create the famous paddle steamers of the Mississippi. Local resident Norman Scott has always been fascinated by the history of the area. While volunteering at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester his attention was drawn to the nearby Bridgewater Canal and its early days. He read about experiments with a steam powered tug developed for the Duke of Bridgewater. As a retired electrical engineer Norman is fascinated by the ingenuity and imagination of the people who created the Industrial Revolution. They formed the basis of the modern world we take for granted. In the late 18th century the materials and tools needed had to be developed and invented on the job. Steam power had been known about for generations but the ability to harness and use it in a controlled and (relatively) safe way was a question of trial and error. Simple steam engines like Newcomens could only lift water from mines. The early engineers had cast iron held together with rivets. Gradually materials were refined and ways were found to harness more power from steam. Later generations would create machinery like Nasmyths steam hammer to work large scale projects, Joseph Whitworth would create techniques to make precise shapes and to standardise screw threads so that accuracy could be assured. None of this was available to the steam tug pioneers of Worsley in 1799, they beat the metal into shape by hand and eye and created joints with hand-made rivets hammered home and sealed with urine! Mr Scott has created a model from technical drawings of the steam tug and written an article about the steam tug which you can read below. He has also presented talks on the subject at Eccles and District History Society	<urn:uuid:25e120c1-8986-4895-8561-50550263eda3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://est1761.org/heritage-stories/worsley-steam-tug	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00380.warc.gz	en	0.984076	375	3.5	4	[ -0.09660393744707108, 0.005467206705361605, 0.3086371123790741, -0.29028576612472534, -0.1496027112007141, -0.13457739353179932, 0.13818445801734924, 0.009352589026093483, -0.49064356088638306, -0.08344380557537079, 0.16505618393421173, -0.3036808371543884, -0.13572682440280914, 0.21330185...	14	The history of this area is full of fascinating surprises which local people delight in discovering and investigating. One such surprise is that the Bridgewater Canal may have had the first steam powered boat. Steam boats are often associated with America where their development went on to create the famous paddle steamers of the Mississippi. Local resident Norman Scott has always been fascinated by the history of the area. While volunteering at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester his attention was drawn to the nearby Bridgewater Canal and its early days. He read about experiments with a steam powered tug developed for the Duke of Bridgewater. As a retired electrical engineer Norman is fascinated by the ingenuity and imagination of the people who created the Industrial Revolution. They formed the basis of the modern world we take for granted. In the late 18th century the materials and tools needed had to be developed and invented on the job. Steam power had been known about for generations but the ability to harness and use it in a controlled and (relatively) safe way was a question of trial and error. Simple steam engines like Newcomens could only lift water from mines. The early engineers had cast iron held together with rivets. Gradually materials were refined and ways were found to harness more power from steam. Later generations would create machinery like Nasmyths steam hammer to work large scale projects, Joseph Whitworth would create techniques to make precise shapes and to standardise screw threads so that accuracy could be assured. None of this was available to the steam tug pioneers of Worsley in 1799, they beat the metal into shape by hand and eye and created joints with hand-made rivets hammered home and sealed with urine! Mr Scott has created a model from technical drawings of the steam tug and written an article about the steam tug which you can read below. He has also presented talks on the subject at Eccles and District History Society	381	ENGLISH	1
Mozart's Musical Genius Some historical figures are inextricably linked with their particular field or pursuit. When we think of great scientists, for example, the names Einstein and Newton immediately spring to mind – while mathematicians praise Pythagoras, sculptors rave about Rodin, dramatists adore Shakespeare, and artists pay homage to Picasso. Everybody has their favorite, but these are universally recognized as the best of the best, true geniuses whose insight and craftsmanship paved the way for all those that followed. And when it comes to music, one name stands out as having made a unique and unequivocally important contribution: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart was born on 27 January 1756, and died on 5 December 1791. He was baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart and was one of the most prolific and influential composers of the Classical era. His father Leopold was also a composer, but once he recognized his son's genius he gave up composing for good, focusing his attention on Wolfgang's education. Mozart Started Young Wolfgang was a true child prodigy who had written his first piece of music by the time he was 5 years old. For the next 30 years he produced one masterpiece after another – some 600 works in total – until his untimely death at the tender age of 35. The range and sheer volume of Mozart’s output is astonishing. Born in 1756, he was both a product of the Classical period (1750 to 1820) and one of its greatest proponents. Yet despite the fact that his music is so obviously of its time, it somehow transcends it, and continues to appeal to a global audience whose thirst for it seems almost insatiable. Mozart Concerto for Flute and Harp Mozart was a Genius, but a Hard-Working one Why does his music still resonate some 200 years after his death? For many listeners it combines easy listening with an effortlessness few composers can match. Every note seems to be in the right place, and on first hearing you might think there is something almost trivial or oversimplified about it. But that really is missing the point. In the same way that we marvel at Van Gogh’s sunflowers, we rarely sit back and consider everything that led up to its creation. Mozart’s ability to compose music that flows so beautifully is not merely the result of a spurt of inspiration, but represents the combination of a gifted musical mind and hours of patient work. Some of his music is “simple” in the same way as the later line drawings of Picasso: they both possessed the skill and experience required to fashion a masterpiece with just a few strokes of the pen. Mozart could write what might be considered “crowd-pleasers” – but that would also impress his colleagues and fellow composers; the perfect combination of style and substance. Map of Salzburg, Mozart's Birthplace Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria, more recently famous as the setting for the film and musical The Sound of Music. Music Defined by Mozart Himself If you ever wondered what music meant to Mozart, this quote attributed to him sums it up rather well -- and puts his music into a broader perspective: "Music, even in situations of the greatest horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music." - W A Mozart Mozart was an Influential Composer Imagine living for just 35 years and changing the face of music forever. Well, Mozart did exactly that. He took some of the Classical forms we take for granted like the sonata, symphony, concerto, string quartet and opera, and totally reinvented them. He laid the groundwork for Beethoven and Haydn who followed him, making every idea work to its full potential and letting the music dictate things like structure and phrase length. Mozart traveled extensively during his short life, promoted by his father who used his son’s talents to earn a living for the family. On his journeys he came into contact with some of the big names in music at the time, including Haydn, Clementi, and J.C. Bach. His creativity and zest for knowledge allowed him to soak up everything he heard, from the incomparable performances of the Mannheim orchestra to the sometimes silly but always passionate Italian operas, all of which helped shape and refine his own style. Mozart Symphony 40 in G Minor Whatever you think about it, Mozart's music has influenced almost every musician and composer who followed him. His scores form the basis of classical music study for almost every instrument, required reading and repertoire for any pianist with pieces that cover the whole gamut from the simplest to the most complex. Mozart's work served as a model for many composers, from Beethoven to Chopin to Tchaikovsky. No doubt there is a composer somewhere today trying to emulate the great Austrian giant, writing variations on a theme of Mozart like Beethoven, Chopin, Reger, Sor and Glinka did. Tchaikovsky's Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G is titled "Mozartiana" as a direct tribute to Mozart. Mozart Ave Verum Corpus Mozart's Best Ten Years Mozart was most productive during the years 1781 and 1791 (sometimes called his “golden age”), a ten-year span during which he succeeded in establishing himself as a serious and profound composer. It was at this time that he wrote some of his most well-loved and cherished works, including The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan tutte, The Magic Flute, the Clarinet Concerto, and the unfinished Requiem. Joseph Haydn is quoted as saying that the world would not see such a talent again for at least 100 years. Mozart’s gift was certainly recognized during his lifetime, something all composers must aspire to, but that didn’t mean his passing would carry the same respect or notoriety. He was buried in a common grave (i.e. for common people and not aristocrats) and laid to rest with little pomp or circumstance. It is thought that Salieri, Süssmayr (one of Mozart’s students) and other musicians attended the burial. Shortly after his death, memorial services and concerts were given in Mozart’s honor in both Prague and Vienna. Biographies were written and publishers competed for the rights to print complete editions of his musical output. Mozart Clarinet Concerto Mozart’s Gift to Us Mozart’s influence continues to be felt today. His piano pieces remain required study for students of all ages, while his orchestral and operatic works amuse and impress in equal measure. Hundreds if not thousands of piano concertos have been written since Mozart’s time, but it was he who established it as a significant musical force. His symphony No. 40 in G minor – written in 1788 in the middle of his most productive period – is the very epitome of what a Classical symphony should be. His operas The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni, and The Marriage of Figaro are staples in the diet of many a company’s repertoire. If he were alive today, Mozart would be a global celebrity. His music would fill cinemas and theaters worldwide, putting him at least on par with the very best composers for film, TV, and musicals. Since his death in 1791, few have been able to match his output or appeal. His music might be more than 200 years old, but it still dazzles and delights all those who take the time to listen. Now take the quiz below to discover how much you've learned! Mozart Facts Quick Quizview quiz statistics Questions & Answers Wasn't Mozart's sister also very talented and something of a wunderkind? Yes, his sister was a talented harpsichord player. In those days, however, once a girl reached the age at which she could be married, she was urged to hide her talents. From that point on, everything she did was for the benefit of her husband and their family. Otherwise, she might also have written some wonderful music. And who knows? Maybe she did and it will be discovered some day.Helpful 1 Why were Mozart's operas banned? I'm not aware that they were banned. If you read the article it says "It was at this time that he wrote some of his most well-loved and cherished works, including The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan Tutte, The Magic Flute." At no point does it say his operas were banned. I don't know where you got that idea from so I am unable to answer your question adequately.Helpful 1	<urn:uuid:7b8a9097-da24-4d2e-9241-2deb0d762b0b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://spinditty.com/genres/The-Genius-of-Mozart	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00252.warc.gz	en	0.981001	1,901	3.484375	3	[ 0.2338467836380005, 0.23159915208816528, 0.3325175642967224, -0.5376406908035278, -0.8368113040924072, 0.07982060313224792, 0.27117952704429626, 0.17711353302001953, 0.09972167015075684, -0.28559860587120056, 0.24035590887069702, -0.26600125432014465, 0.2236078381538391, 0.1839964389801025...	2	Mozart's Musical Genius Some historical figures are inextricably linked with their particular field or pursuit. When we think of great scientists, for example, the names Einstein and Newton immediately spring to mind – while mathematicians praise Pythagoras, sculptors rave about Rodin, dramatists adore Shakespeare, and artists pay homage to Picasso. Everybody has their favorite, but these are universally recognized as the best of the best, true geniuses whose insight and craftsmanship paved the way for all those that followed. And when it comes to music, one name stands out as having made a unique and unequivocally important contribution: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart was born on 27 January 1756, and died on 5 December 1791. He was baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart and was one of the most prolific and influential composers of the Classical era. His father Leopold was also a composer, but once he recognized his son's genius he gave up composing for good, focusing his attention on Wolfgang's education. Mozart Started Young Wolfgang was a true child prodigy who had written his first piece of music by the time he was 5 years old. For the next 30 years he produced one masterpiece after another – some 600 works in total – until his untimely death at the tender age of 35. The range and sheer volume of Mozart’s output is astonishing. Born in 1756, he was both a product of the Classical period (1750 to 1820) and one of its greatest proponents. Yet despite the fact that his music is so obviously of its time, it somehow transcends it, and continues to appeal to a global audience whose thirst for it seems almost insatiable. Mozart Concerto for Flute and Harp Mozart was a Genius, but a Hard-Working one Why does his music still resonate some 200 years after his death? For many listeners it combines easy listening with an effortlessness few composers can match. Every note seems to be in the right place, and on first hearing you might think there is something almost trivial or oversimplified about it. But that really is missing the point. In the same way that we marvel at Van Gogh’s sunflowers, we rarely sit back and consider everything that led up to its creation. Mozart’s ability to compose music that flows so beautifully is not merely the result of a spurt of inspiration, but represents the combination of a gifted musical mind and hours of patient work. Some of his music is “simple” in the same way as the later line drawings of Picasso: they both possessed the skill and experience required to fashion a masterpiece with just a few strokes of the pen. Mozart could write what might be considered “crowd-pleasers” – but that would also impress his colleagues and fellow composers; the perfect combination of style and substance. Map of Salzburg, Mozart's Birthplace Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria, more recently famous as the setting for the film and musical The Sound of Music. Music Defined by Mozart Himself If you ever wondered what music meant to Mozart, this quote attributed to him sums it up rather well -- and puts his music into a broader perspective: "Music, even in situations of the greatest horror, should never be painful to the ear but should flatter and charm it, and thereby always remain music." - W A Mozart Mozart was an Influential Composer Imagine living for just 35 years and changing the face of music forever. Well, Mozart did exactly that. He took some of the Classical forms we take for granted like the sonata, symphony, concerto, string quartet and opera, and totally reinvented them. He laid the groundwork for Beethoven and Haydn who followed him, making every idea work to its full potential and letting the music dictate things like structure and phrase length. Mozart traveled extensively during his short life, promoted by his father who used his son’s talents to earn a living for the family. On his journeys he came into contact with some of the big names in music at the time, including Haydn, Clementi, and J.C. Bach. His creativity and zest for knowledge allowed him to soak up everything he heard, from the incomparable performances of the Mannheim orchestra to the sometimes silly but always passionate Italian operas, all of which helped shape and refine his own style. Mozart Symphony 40 in G Minor Whatever you think about it, Mozart's music has influenced almost every musician and composer who followed him. His scores form the basis of classical music study for almost every instrument, required reading and repertoire for any pianist with pieces that cover the whole gamut from the simplest to the most complex. Mozart's work served as a model for many composers, from Beethoven to Chopin to Tchaikovsky. No doubt there is a composer somewhere today trying to emulate the great Austrian giant, writing variations on a theme of Mozart like Beethoven, Chopin, Reger, Sor and Glinka did. Tchaikovsky's Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G is titled "Mozartiana" as a direct tribute to Mozart. Mozart Ave Verum Corpus Mozart's Best Ten Years Mozart was most productive during the years 1781 and 1791 (sometimes called his “golden age”), a ten-year span during which he succeeded in establishing himself as a serious and profound composer. It was at this time that he wrote some of his most well-loved and cherished works, including The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan tutte, The Magic Flute, the Clarinet Concerto, and the unfinished Requiem. Joseph Haydn is quoted as saying that the world would not see such a talent again for at least 100 years. Mozart’s gift was certainly recognized during his lifetime, something all composers must aspire to, but that didn’t mean his passing would carry the same respect or notoriety. He was buried in a common grave (i.e. for common people and not aristocrats) and laid to rest with little pomp or circumstance. It is thought that Salieri, Süssmayr (one of Mozart’s students) and other musicians attended the burial. Shortly after his death, memorial services and concerts were given in Mozart’s honor in both Prague and Vienna. Biographies were written and publishers competed for the rights to print complete editions of his musical output. Mozart Clarinet Concerto Mozart’s Gift to Us Mozart’s influence continues to be felt today. His piano pieces remain required study for students of all ages, while his orchestral and operatic works amuse and impress in equal measure. Hundreds if not thousands of piano concertos have been written since Mozart’s time, but it was he who established it as a significant musical force. His symphony No. 40 in G minor – written in 1788 in the middle of his most productive period – is the very epitome of what a Classical symphony should be. His operas The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni, and The Marriage of Figaro are staples in the diet of many a company’s repertoire. If he were alive today, Mozart would be a global celebrity. His music would fill cinemas and theaters worldwide, putting him at least on par with the very best composers for film, TV, and musicals. Since his death in 1791, few have been able to match his output or appeal. His music might be more than 200 years old, but it still dazzles and delights all those who take the time to listen. Now take the quiz below to discover how much you've learned! Mozart Facts Quick Quizview quiz statistics Questions & Answers Wasn't Mozart's sister also very talented and something of a wunderkind? Yes, his sister was a talented harpsichord player. In those days, however, once a girl reached the age at which she could be married, she was urged to hide her talents. From that point on, everything she did was for the benefit of her husband and their family. Otherwise, she might also have written some wonderful music. And who knows? Maybe she did and it will be discovered some day.Helpful 1 Why were Mozart's operas banned? I'm not aware that they were banned. If you read the article it says "It was at this time that he wrote some of his most well-loved and cherished works, including The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan Tutte, The Magic Flute." At no point does it say his operas were banned. I don't know where you got that idea from so I am unable to answer your question adequately.Helpful 1	1,858	ENGLISH	1
What were Northern sentiments about the war in the fall of 1862? Why did people feel this away? In chapters 8,9 of Across Five Aprils by Irene Hunt. The people of the north are beginning to doubt the leadership. McClellan had been well respected, but now people are questioning whether he can assure a victory. The army had victories at both Shiloh and Antietam, if you could call them that. There was such a huge loss of life as a result of poor military leadership and strategy that you have to wonder if it was worth it, and the Northerners did. There was some hope that the situation would get better when General Ambrose Burnside took charge, but he made similar blunders and was charged with the death of many, many soldiers. Battle after battle and the enormous loss of life had Northerners doubting both the union leaders and the union cause. check out the enotes links: check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:68f9ccd8-1b37-41cc-9096-5d287e9a754d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-were-northern-sentiments-about-war-fall-1862-158141	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00556.warc.gz	en	0.983588	200	3.421875	3	[ -0.6467009782791138, 0.4750615358352661, 0.15935324132442474, 0.2129463255405426, 0.16878832876682281, 0.06247984245419502, 0.4118170738220215, 0.13159877061843872, -0.3948158621788025, -0.20632898807525635, 0.1416759341955185, 0.08819504827260971, 0.0564047209918499, 0.1844877153635025, ...	3	What were Northern sentiments about the war in the fall of 1862? Why did people feel this away? In chapters 8,9 of Across Five Aprils by Irene Hunt. The people of the north are beginning to doubt the leadership. McClellan had been well respected, but now people are questioning whether he can assure a victory. The army had victories at both Shiloh and Antietam, if you could call them that. There was such a huge loss of life as a result of poor military leadership and strategy that you have to wonder if it was worth it, and the Northerners did. There was some hope that the situation would get better when General Ambrose Burnside took charge, but he made similar blunders and was charged with the death of many, many soldiers. Battle after battle and the enormous loss of life had Northerners doubting both the union leaders and the union cause. check out the enotes links: check Approved by eNotes Editorial	202	ENGLISH	1
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moriscos MORISCOS (i.e. little Moors), the name given to the Spanish Mahommedans who accepted baptism and their descendants. Many, if not most, of them were in reality of the same race as the Christians, and were descended from converts to Islam. Those Mahommedans who retained their religion under Christian rulers were known as Mudéjars, a word of Arabic origin which has been interpreted as meaning “those who remained” or “were left.” Until the 15th century they were numerous, and enjoyed free exercise of their religion, which was secured to them by capitulations and treaties. Their number had been considerably diminished by the time of the conquest of Granada in 1492. By the terms of the capitulation of the city freedom of worship was secured to the Mahommedans. But the policy of the Catholic sovereigns, who desired to establish unity of faith among their subjects, and the influence of the Church, soon led to violations of the treaty. The first Christian archbishop of Granada, Talavera, made some progress in converting the people peacefully. But at the end of 1499 Cardinal Jimenez insisted on adopting coercive measures. A rebellion ensued, and the Mahommedans were suppressed. Want of power, or other obstacles, delayed the final extinction of tolerated Mahommedanism in all parts of Spain, but by 1525 it was everywhere suppressed. The last remains of it were crushed in Valencia, where the Mahommedans were furiously attacked by the Christian peasantry during the great agrarian revolt known as the Germania, 1520–1521. As they were dependent on the protection of the landlords, the Mahommedans were docile tenants, and their competition weighed heavily on the Christians. The same quality of industry remained to the Moriscos, and excited the envy of their Christian fellow countrymen. The feelings with which they were regarded are admirably shown by Cervantes (who shared them to the full) in his “Conversation of the Two Dogs.” In 1568 the government of Philip II. issued an edict, which ordered them to renounce all their Moorish ways of life and to give up their children to be educated by Christian priests. The result was a rebellion in Granada, which was put down with great difficulty. The Moriscos were expelled from Granada and scattered over other parts of Spain. Many fled to Africa, where the more spirited among them took to piracy at Algiers and other ports. They still maintained relations with their kinsfolk in Spain, and the whole coast suffered from their incursions. The Moriscos entered into relations with other enemies of Spain, and notably, with France. Henry IV. included a plan for supporting a Morisco rebellion in the great scheme for the destruction of the Spanish monarchy, which he was about to put into execution when he was murdered on the 14th of May 1610. These intrigues were known to the Spanish government and inspired it with terror. The expulsion of the whole body of Moriscos was decided on in 1608, and the edict was published on the 22nd of September 1609. The expulsion was carried out with great cruelty. The number driven out has been variously estimated at 120,000 or at 3,000,000. In some known cases the expelled Moriscos suffered martyrdom in Africa as Christians. A few were left in Spain as domestic slaves, and some contrived to return in secret. Cases of crypto-Mahommedanism continued to come before the Inquisition till the 18th century. See The Moriscos of Spain: their Conversion and Expulsion, by H. C. Lea (London, 1901).	<urn:uuid:e6a1bb60-4af6-417f-8919-54708291f385>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Moriscos	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00025.warc.gz	en	0.985792	781	4.09375	4	[ 0.07066676020622253, 0.5211102962493896, 0.042838722467422485, 0.04510223865509033, -0.306760311126709, -0.3179363012313843, -0.1518210470676422, 0.028304090723395348, 0.31500470638275146, 0.133283793926239, -0.2727161645889282, -0.4433324933052063, 0.027242455631494522, 0.0257162861526012...	1	1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Moriscos MORISCOS (i.e. little Moors), the name given to the Spanish Mahommedans who accepted baptism and their descendants. Many, if not most, of them were in reality of the same race as the Christians, and were descended from converts to Islam. Those Mahommedans who retained their religion under Christian rulers were known as Mudéjars, a word of Arabic origin which has been interpreted as meaning “those who remained” or “were left.” Until the 15th century they were numerous, and enjoyed free exercise of their religion, which was secured to them by capitulations and treaties. Their number had been considerably diminished by the time of the conquest of Granada in 1492. By the terms of the capitulation of the city freedom of worship was secured to the Mahommedans. But the policy of the Catholic sovereigns, who desired to establish unity of faith among their subjects, and the influence of the Church, soon led to violations of the treaty. The first Christian archbishop of Granada, Talavera, made some progress in converting the people peacefully. But at the end of 1499 Cardinal Jimenez insisted on adopting coercive measures. A rebellion ensued, and the Mahommedans were suppressed. Want of power, or other obstacles, delayed the final extinction of tolerated Mahommedanism in all parts of Spain, but by 1525 it was everywhere suppressed. The last remains of it were crushed in Valencia, where the Mahommedans were furiously attacked by the Christian peasantry during the great agrarian revolt known as the Germania, 1520–1521. As they were dependent on the protection of the landlords, the Mahommedans were docile tenants, and their competition weighed heavily on the Christians. The same quality of industry remained to the Moriscos, and excited the envy of their Christian fellow countrymen. The feelings with which they were regarded are admirably shown by Cervantes (who shared them to the full) in his “Conversation of the Two Dogs.” In 1568 the government of Philip II. issued an edict, which ordered them to renounce all their Moorish ways of life and to give up their children to be educated by Christian priests. The result was a rebellion in Granada, which was put down with great difficulty. The Moriscos were expelled from Granada and scattered over other parts of Spain. Many fled to Africa, where the more spirited among them took to piracy at Algiers and other ports. They still maintained relations with their kinsfolk in Spain, and the whole coast suffered from their incursions. The Moriscos entered into relations with other enemies of Spain, and notably, with France. Henry IV. included a plan for supporting a Morisco rebellion in the great scheme for the destruction of the Spanish monarchy, which he was about to put into execution when he was murdered on the 14th of May 1610. These intrigues were known to the Spanish government and inspired it with terror. The expulsion of the whole body of Moriscos was decided on in 1608, and the edict was published on the 22nd of September 1609. The expulsion was carried out with great cruelty. The number driven out has been variously estimated at 120,000 or at 3,000,000. In some known cases the expelled Moriscos suffered martyrdom in Africa as Christians. A few were left in Spain as domestic slaves, and some contrived to return in secret. Cases of crypto-Mahommedanism continued to come before the Inquisition till the 18th century. See The Moriscos of Spain: their Conversion and Expulsion, by H. C. Lea (London, 1901).	819	ENGLISH	1
The Story of Cain Outline: Story of Abel and Cain bringing their offerings to God, one accepted and the other rejected. Cain kills Abel in anger and is unrepentant. Jesus came to save sinners who will repent. \|Theme:\|\|Saviour of Sinful Men; Repentance; Judgement\| \|Genre:\|\|Bible Stories & Teac\| Scripts are basic guidelines for translation and recording into other languages. They should be adapted as necessary to make them understandable and relevant for each different culture and language. Some terms and concepts used may need more explanation or even be replaced or omitted completely. One day two brothers came to talk to God. One was a shepherd (PAUSE 3 SEC). His name was Abel. He brought a lamb and killed it before God, as God had said people in those days should do. God saw the blood, and the little dead lamb, and it made Him think of His Son who was to come to bear the punishment which should come on man. God, for His Son's sake, took the gift Abel had brought, and forgave his wrongdoing. Abel went away happy. Then the other brother, whose name was Cain, brought his gift also. He was not a shepherd. He was a gardener. (PAUSE 3 SEC). Perhaps he said to himself, "I have worked very hard in my garden. My fruit and vegetables are very good. I shall not ask my brother for a lamb. I do not think it is necessary. I will just take my vegetables. I am sure God will like my gift." But God saw nothing in Cain's gift to make Him think of His Son. So He did not accept it. Cain waited a long time. When he saw that his gift was not taken, he became very angry. He hated God for not taking his gift. He hated his brother too, because God had accepted his brother's gift so quickly. It made him angry to see his brother happy. He was so angry that one day when they were in the field together, Cain jumped up and killed his brother, Abel (PAUSE 3 SEC). God sees everything. He saw Cain kill his brother. God said to him, "What have you done?" Cain was so angry he wouldn't tell God he had done wrong. He would not say, "I'm sorry, forgive me." God had to punish him very severely. When God's Son, Jesus, came to the world, He said, "I have not come to save good people, but sinners." Those who are ready to admit they are wrong may be forgiven if they trust in Him. He took the punishment the wrong-doer should take. We should not be foolish like Cain, and unwilling to admit our wrong, for then we shall have to bear the punishment ourselves. Let us let Jesus be our Saviour. Let us turn from our wrongdoing and trust in Him. Then He will forgive us. Sound effects: sheep, digging, crash.	<urn:uuid:8bd26eb6-7c1d-483a-8b64-fb87cee02ead>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://globalrecordings.net/km/script/en/X22	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00275.warc.gz	en	0.988366	616	3.453125	3	[ 0.021863192319869995, 0.4192124009132385, -0.2204415202140808, 0.08798918128013611, 0.17167314887046814, -0.3089289367198944, 0.3101879060268402, 0.24987414479255676, 0.12514930963516235, 0.06725478917360306, -0.1758127361536026, -0.18808409571647644, 0.24890242516994476, -0.03508153185248...	1	The Story of Cain Outline: Story of Abel and Cain bringing their offerings to God, one accepted and the other rejected. Cain kills Abel in anger and is unrepentant. Jesus came to save sinners who will repent. \|Theme:\|\|Saviour of Sinful Men; Repentance; Judgement\| \|Genre:\|\|Bible Stories & Teac\| Scripts are basic guidelines for translation and recording into other languages. They should be adapted as necessary to make them understandable and relevant for each different culture and language. Some terms and concepts used may need more explanation or even be replaced or omitted completely. One day two brothers came to talk to God. One was a shepherd (PAUSE 3 SEC). His name was Abel. He brought a lamb and killed it before God, as God had said people in those days should do. God saw the blood, and the little dead lamb, and it made Him think of His Son who was to come to bear the punishment which should come on man. God, for His Son's sake, took the gift Abel had brought, and forgave his wrongdoing. Abel went away happy. Then the other brother, whose name was Cain, brought his gift also. He was not a shepherd. He was a gardener. (PAUSE 3 SEC). Perhaps he said to himself, "I have worked very hard in my garden. My fruit and vegetables are very good. I shall not ask my brother for a lamb. I do not think it is necessary. I will just take my vegetables. I am sure God will like my gift." But God saw nothing in Cain's gift to make Him think of His Son. So He did not accept it. Cain waited a long time. When he saw that his gift was not taken, he became very angry. He hated God for not taking his gift. He hated his brother too, because God had accepted his brother's gift so quickly. It made him angry to see his brother happy. He was so angry that one day when they were in the field together, Cain jumped up and killed his brother, Abel (PAUSE 3 SEC). God sees everything. He saw Cain kill his brother. God said to him, "What have you done?" Cain was so angry he wouldn't tell God he had done wrong. He would not say, "I'm sorry, forgive me." God had to punish him very severely. When God's Son, Jesus, came to the world, He said, "I have not come to save good people, but sinners." Those who are ready to admit they are wrong may be forgiven if they trust in Him. He took the punishment the wrong-doer should take. We should not be foolish like Cain, and unwilling to admit our wrong, for then we shall have to bear the punishment ourselves. Let us let Jesus be our Saviour. Let us turn from our wrongdoing and trust in Him. Then He will forgive us. Sound effects: sheep, digging, crash.	609	ENGLISH	1
On Monday February 27, 1922 the U.S.A passed the Nineteenth Amendment to The Constitution. The right of women to vote (as well as the right of women to engage in many other activities) was declared constitutional by all of the member of the U.S Supreme Court. It had taken 70 years of fighting and petitioning to make this women suffrage legislation a reality. Both women and men were advocating equal rights for women as far back as in the early 19th Century. On the same day centuries later in 1998 Great Britain, Queen Elizabeth II agreed to a proposal to end male preference when determining succession which means that a monarch’s first-born daughter could claim the throne even if a son was born later. This displayed the change in attitudes within something as important as the monarchy, it acknowledged and set the precedent that women were equal and as able as men to complete the task as monarch something that had not been acknowledged till this point. Although it may seem obvious that a daughter should be equal too a son, and that 1998 seems very late for this to have been agreed, what it displays is a changing and acceptance in old traditions that are embedded within British society through the monarchy. Both these events show the development of both societies; the nineteenth amendment of the constitution in America is a monumental moment, women being allowed the same rights as men gave them the equal political, economic and social stature. This gives women freedom of political speech and influence they hadn’t had before. The right for female succession in Great Britain showed the changing view that even the monarchy had regarding the need for equality between men and women, overthrowing tradition to make the amendment.	<urn:uuid:ac5df29b-ad8a-46bc-a9ca-4347541edeba>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.demon-media.co.uk/2015/02/27/decades-apart-but-no-less-important/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00276.warc.gz	en	0.981608	344	4.25	4	[ -0.24900497496128082, -0.10484416037797928, 0.27883657813072205, -0.34560689330101013, -0.19539952278137207, 0.37880265712738037, 0.019860176369547844, -0.028855333104729652, -0.17563849687576294, 0.07691667973995209, -0.09730486571788788, 0.06405537575483322, 0.05993606522679329, -0.01266...	4	On Monday February 27, 1922 the U.S.A passed the Nineteenth Amendment to The Constitution. The right of women to vote (as well as the right of women to engage in many other activities) was declared constitutional by all of the member of the U.S Supreme Court. It had taken 70 years of fighting and petitioning to make this women suffrage legislation a reality. Both women and men were advocating equal rights for women as far back as in the early 19th Century. On the same day centuries later in 1998 Great Britain, Queen Elizabeth II agreed to a proposal to end male preference when determining succession which means that a monarch’s first-born daughter could claim the throne even if a son was born later. This displayed the change in attitudes within something as important as the monarchy, it acknowledged and set the precedent that women were equal and as able as men to complete the task as monarch something that had not been acknowledged till this point. Although it may seem obvious that a daughter should be equal too a son, and that 1998 seems very late for this to have been agreed, what it displays is a changing and acceptance in old traditions that are embedded within British society through the monarchy. Both these events show the development of both societies; the nineteenth amendment of the constitution in America is a monumental moment, women being allowed the same rights as men gave them the equal political, economic and social stature. This gives women freedom of political speech and influence they hadn’t had before. The right for female succession in Great Britain showed the changing view that even the monarchy had regarding the need for equality between men and women, overthrowing tradition to make the amendment.	347	ENGLISH	1
A newly discovered water mold could ruin Christmases yet to come. Scientists have found that Fraser firs are highly susceptible to devastating root rot diseases that are killing the trees within just three years of being planted. Testing has confirmed that the mold is a new species of Phytophthora, or water mold, which could threaten the tree for future holiday seasons. Fraser firs are highly prized for the holidays because of their rich color and pleasant scent, as well as their ability to hold their needles. However, scientists in Connecticut were conducting experiments testing various methods to grow healthier Fraser trees when they accidentally discovered a new species of Phytophthora. The team noted in the study that 900 hundred Christmas trees were planted in Brooklyn, Connecticut in 2010, 60 of them were Fraser fir. With just three years, all the Fraser in this field had died – leading experts to investigate the cause behind these deaths.	<urn:uuid:cf4c8969-3f7c-4907-8ac1-47a8d1d842ca>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bspp.org.uk/scientists-discover-new-species-of-a-root-rotting-disease-that-is-killing-popular-holiday-trees/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00532.warc.gz	en	0.982391	187	3.53125	4	[ 0.005545079708099365, -0.061649054288864136, 0.45225706696510315, -0.021595925092697144, 0.5042346715927124, -0.3001563847064972, -0.07955105602741241, 0.32582831382751465, -0.22274942696094513, 0.5870265364646912, 0.22133101522922516, -0.5333760380744934, -0.25284457206726074, 0.313160151...	9	A newly discovered water mold could ruin Christmases yet to come. Scientists have found that Fraser firs are highly susceptible to devastating root rot diseases that are killing the trees within just three years of being planted. Testing has confirmed that the mold is a new species of Phytophthora, or water mold, which could threaten the tree for future holiday seasons. Fraser firs are highly prized for the holidays because of their rich color and pleasant scent, as well as their ability to hold their needles. However, scientists in Connecticut were conducting experiments testing various methods to grow healthier Fraser trees when they accidentally discovered a new species of Phytophthora. The team noted in the study that 900 hundred Christmas trees were planted in Brooklyn, Connecticut in 2010, 60 of them were Fraser fir. With just three years, all the Fraser in this field had died – leading experts to investigate the cause behind these deaths.	190	ENGLISH	1
Injustice in Crime and Punishment Injustice is defined as an unjust act; or wrongdoing. Poverty, illness, and death are all considered acts of injustice. Crime and Punishment written by Fyodor Dostoevsky examines all these areas of life. Death is the greatest injustice, especially when it comes by murder. In the novel two murders occur and the man that commits these acts of injustice believes that he had every right to do it. Though he is punished for his actions the time that he has to spend in prison is not comparable to the time that he has taken away from the women. Although his social punishment does not fit his crime, the mental punishment that he puts himself through makes up for societies lack of punishment. Raskolnikov who is a poor student commits these murders as a way to obtain money. He convinces himself that it is okay to murder the woman because she is an old lady who doesn’t seem to share her wealth. The fact that her sister had to be killed because she walked in at the wrong time shows just how unjust the murder was in the first place. Raskolnikov wrote an article while in school, the article argues that certain men are above the general rules of humanity, thus they have a right to commit murder. These ideas are what he used to justify his killings. Once Raskolnikov confessed to the murders he was put on trial. At the trial many of his friends and family testified that he really was a good human being. They gave examples of his good deeds towards the community, such as saving young children from a burning fire. Even though he was poor, he gave his money to others in their time of need. The police officer that suspected him all along even lied and said that Raskolnikov confessed on his own and was never suspected. Psychologists testified that he was not physically or mentally healthy at the time of the murder. All of these actions contributed to his sentence being very minimal. He received eight years of hard labor in Siberia. During this time he was allowed to see the girl that he loved everyday. His prison sentence did not meet the severity of punishment that he felt was needed for the women’s murders. The mental punishment that Raskolnikov put himself through was harsher than any social punishment could ever be. This mental punishment caused him to fall into a deep depression. For a long period of time he was in a deep sleep and didn’t know what was happening around him. Once he recovered enough his mind led him to the house where the murders occurred. While he was there he harassed the painters and kept asking them where the blood was? He couldn’t understand why the apartment wasn’t the way that he had left it. His mental condition caused him to almost confess more than once. It also ruined the relationships he had with his friends and family. His social punishment was over in eight years but his mental punishment would haunt him for the rest of his life. Injustice happens to everyone is their life at some point. Raskolnikov believed that he could justify an unjust act. The fact that he believed that he could get away with the murder and live a normal life was ludicrous. His minimal prison sentence was an injustice to the women that he killed. They had their whole lives taken away from them and he only lost eight years of his life. The only justice that the women received was that Raskolnikov had to live with his actions and live with the mental punishment of what he had done everyday for the rest of his life.	<urn:uuid:30fe693d-b19b-4ed0-a698-87a0f6c5c2e0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/injustice-in-crime-and-punishment-98847	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00109.warc.gz	en	0.99509	737	3.890625	4	[ -0.2592763602733612, -0.15100935101509094, -0.1138489693403244, -0.12275689840316772, 0.16747328639030457, -0.08097784221172333, 0.6082241535186768, 0.21959790587425232, 0.4771500825881958, 0.35309475660324097, 0.0199944656342268, 0.07760386914014816, -0.07590559124946594, 0.40936440229415...	5	Injustice in Crime and Punishment Injustice is defined as an unjust act; or wrongdoing. Poverty, illness, and death are all considered acts of injustice. Crime and Punishment written by Fyodor Dostoevsky examines all these areas of life. Death is the greatest injustice, especially when it comes by murder. In the novel two murders occur and the man that commits these acts of injustice believes that he had every right to do it. Though he is punished for his actions the time that he has to spend in prison is not comparable to the time that he has taken away from the women. Although his social punishment does not fit his crime, the mental punishment that he puts himself through makes up for societies lack of punishment. Raskolnikov who is a poor student commits these murders as a way to obtain money. He convinces himself that it is okay to murder the woman because she is an old lady who doesn’t seem to share her wealth. The fact that her sister had to be killed because she walked in at the wrong time shows just how unjust the murder was in the first place. Raskolnikov wrote an article while in school, the article argues that certain men are above the general rules of humanity, thus they have a right to commit murder. These ideas are what he used to justify his killings. Once Raskolnikov confessed to the murders he was put on trial. At the trial many of his friends and family testified that he really was a good human being. They gave examples of his good deeds towards the community, such as saving young children from a burning fire. Even though he was poor, he gave his money to others in their time of need. The police officer that suspected him all along even lied and said that Raskolnikov confessed on his own and was never suspected. Psychologists testified that he was not physically or mentally healthy at the time of the murder. All of these actions contributed to his sentence being very minimal. He received eight years of hard labor in Siberia. During this time he was allowed to see the girl that he loved everyday. His prison sentence did not meet the severity of punishment that he felt was needed for the women’s murders. The mental punishment that Raskolnikov put himself through was harsher than any social punishment could ever be. This mental punishment caused him to fall into a deep depression. For a long period of time he was in a deep sleep and didn’t know what was happening around him. Once he recovered enough his mind led him to the house where the murders occurred. While he was there he harassed the painters and kept asking them where the blood was? He couldn’t understand why the apartment wasn’t the way that he had left it. His mental condition caused him to almost confess more than once. It also ruined the relationships he had with his friends and family. His social punishment was over in eight years but his mental punishment would haunt him for the rest of his life. Injustice happens to everyone is their life at some point. Raskolnikov believed that he could justify an unjust act. The fact that he believed that he could get away with the murder and live a normal life was ludicrous. His minimal prison sentence was an injustice to the women that he killed. They had their whole lives taken away from them and he only lost eight years of his life. The only justice that the women received was that Raskolnikov had to live with his actions and live with the mental punishment of what he had done everyday for the rest of his life.	722	ENGLISH	1
The 1960s brought about great cultural change in America. The Beatles, Woodstock, The Summer of Love, the Cuban Missile Crisis, man taking his first steps on the moon, and many other events would transform our world at a pace faster than in any decade before it. In the background of the 1960s buzz, the Civil Rights Movement was also taking off. The nation would see underlying issues rise to the surface and demand attention. American citizens who had been untreated unfairly by society began to insist on equality and decency. Let’s take a look at some of the highlights from the decade that rocked America to its core and changed civil rights through struggle and adversity for generations to come. The Peace Corps was established President John F. Kennedy discovered the proposal for a “Four Point Youth Corps” made by Representative Henry Reuss of Wisconsin. He saw that it had popular appeal and transformed it into a policy of his own. Source: Peace Corps The Peace Corps was designed to enable Americans to travel to developing nations around the world and to help participate in their development. On March 1, 1961, an executive order was issued to formally establish the Peace Corps. 750 young men and women enrolled that year to help with projects in 13 different countries. The Peace Corps became a permanent organization through legislative efforts in September of 1961. The first LGBT person to beat army discharge While “don’t ask, don’t tell” has only recently disappeared from the way that the American armed forces are managed – it might amaze you to learn that it was all the way back in 1960 when a homosexual person beat the military’s policy of issuing a dishonorable discharge to gay service people. Fannie Mae Clackum was accused of being a lesbian and when she refused to accept a dishonorable discharge, she was court-martialed. It took a period of nearly 10 years of constant court battles for her to overturn the discharge and to win back pay. However, the case was won on a technicality of the Air Force failing to follow due process of law and it did not set a precedent for other service people. The first gay documentary was shown on TV There’s been a slow and steady fight for rights and recognition for the LGBT community in the United States. Back in 1961 the first program about homosexuals aired in America. The Rejected was a made-for-TV documentary which took a deep look into homosexual lifestyles and the treatment of homosexuals not just in America but in the wider world. Despite some controversy about the broadcast, The Rejected was critically acclaimed and its gentle, straightforward, non-judgmental approach won it much praise from the audience too. The program was re-aired regularly during the early 1960s. Freedom rides and repercussions In 1960, The United States Supreme Court ruled that passengers involved in interstate travel could not legally be segregated. “Freedom rides” were designed to support this ruling. Activists chose to travel the interstate into the Deep South where the ruling was, to a great extent, being ignored. Freedom riders took great risks to their own well-being. In Anniston, Alabama a bus was firebombed and the passengers had to run for their lives. In Birmingham, Alabama members of the KKK beat freedom riders severely on a bus – one rider needed more than 50 stitches from such a beating. In 1961 in Mississippi, freedom riders were arrested for “breaching the peace” for using “white only facilities.” Voter registration campaigns for black people Buoyed by the tenacity of freedom riders, in 1962 civil rights organizations began to organize voter drives for black people in the Southern States. Black people who registered to vote faced beatings, arrests, shootings, and murder. Many black voters were fired by their employers for having the temerity to register. Source: Teaching for Change In some areas, strict education tests were made a mandatory part of the voter registration process and were specifically designed to prevent black voters from registering to vote. The tests were so hard that the majority of college educated people of any race couldn’t have passed them. Despite the efforts to prevent these campaigns, they continued to grow across the Southern States. James Meredith allowed to attend college The University of Mississippi ran a segregated campus. In 1956, Clyde-Kennard, a black war veteran, had been prevented from enrolling in the Mississippi Southern College and was eventually arrested and convicted of trumped up charges and served 3 years of a 7-year sentence. It wasn’t until 1962 that James Meredith won a lawsuit that allowed him to attend The University of Mississippi. When he arrived to take his place, the Governor of Mississippi – Ross Barnett – blocked his way and refused him entry. The 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals had the governor and the Lieutenant Governor arrested and fined $10,000 for each day they prevented Meredith from enrolling. Meredith’s first day of school doesn’t go well, though James Meredith may have been legally allowed to enter the University of Mississippi, but he risked his life to do so. It became clear that he could not enter campus by himself so for his first day, he was provided with an escort by the U.S. Marshals. Source: Too Craft A riot broke out that evening at the university campus triggered by Meredith’s arrival. Two people died. Nearly 30 U.S. Marshals were shot. More than 160 people were injured. James Meredith only began to attend classes when President John F. Kennedy sent the U.S. Army in to keep the peace on the campus. The Birmingham campaign began in Alabama African-Americans faced continued hostilities in their battle for equality and several small campaigns had been intimidated into closing before they built up steam. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. the Birmingham Campaign began in 1963 to focus on non-violent, direct action. Source: Daily Beast Birmingham was a heavily segregated city and black citizens were legally and economically disadvantaged. The movement began with a concerted boycott of local businesses to try and pressure business owners into creating equal employment in the city and to put an end to segregation. This didn’t work. The protesters then began to use sit-ins and marches to try and provoke authorities into arresting large numbers of protesters. The Birmingham Riot of 1963 For every step forward in the Civil Rights Movement, there was a step back. Disturbed by the progress of the Birmingham Movement, racists (almost certainly members of the KKK) led arson attacks on homes, places of worship, and even hotels used by the movement’s leaders. The backlash against these attacks was the Birmingham Riots where the black community rose up and rioted. The riots were beyond the scope of the local police department to control and the U.S. government sent in troops to restore order. The events in Birmingham are thought to have contributed to the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which was designed to help relieve injustice facing black people in America. The March on Washington D.C. On August 28, 1963, civil rights leaders and a quarter of a million people marched in Washington D.C. for “Jobs and Freedom.” The march is most famous for Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech. The speech was an impassioned plea to end racism in the United States. The march itself had six objectives; fair civil rights laws, a federal works program, fair employment, decent housing, the right to vote and integrated education. The leaders of the march were invited to meet President Kennedy and in the aftermath of this meeting – The President proposed new civil rights legislation. He would be assassinated before it came to pass. Malcolm X joined the Civil Rights Movement Malcolm X, a representative of the Nation of Islam, had called for a black separatist state but in 1964, he met with Martin Luther King Jr. and joined the civil rights movement. This was not without controversy. In direct contrast to King’s non-violent approach, Malcolm X still believed and promoted violent retaliation for violent actions by racist Americans. In April of 1964, Malcolm X promised Americans that continued violence would mean extreme violent repercussions and spoke of “ballots or bullets.” It is commonly accepted that Malcolm X was a hugely influential figure in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. The first gay rights demonstration The first gay rights demonstration in America took place in 1964. Randy Wicker, Jefferson Poland and a small group of people from the “Sexual Freedom League” (the majority of which were straight) had had enough of the endless discrimination against gay people in the armed forces. They went to the Army recruiting center in New York which was at 39 Whitehall Street. The protest attracted very little attention and was ignored by mainstream media and even by much of the gay community. The recruiting center, however, was immortalized in Arlo Guthrie’s “Alice’s Restaurant” for its notoriety during the Vietnam War draft period. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 President Kennedy had proposed a sweeping range of reforms and while it was commonly believed he didn’t have the votes to push these reforms through, he was assassinated before a vote could take place. His successor President Johnson, however, did present a bill to congress to enshrine civil rights in America. It passed, though not without incredible amounts of resistance – including 54 days of filibustering – from certain members of Congress. On the 2nd of July, 1964, Johnson was finally able to sign the bill into law and The Civil Rights Act of 1964 finally made it illegal to discriminate based on “race, color, religion, sex or national origin” in employment practices and public housing allocation. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wins the Nobel Peace Prize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. hadn’t wanted to become involved in the Civil Rights Movement and had to be persuaded to do so by his friends. However, once he became involved he swiftly rose to a position of leadership with his unwavering commitment to both civil rights and a program of non-violent means to achieve those rights. Source: Daily Beast On the 10th of December 1964, Dr. King at the age of just 35 became the youngest person ever to receive a Nobel Peace Prize. The prize is awarded to those who have “done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Civil Rights Movement was on a roll and in August of 1965, President Johnson passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which sought to remove unfair barriers to voter registration and ensured that voter registration would be subject to federal scrutiny. The effect of this legislation was incredible. In a few months, more than a quarter of a million African-Americans had registered to vote. Within four years, voter registration in The South had doubled. Previously segregated states had the highest levels of black voter turnout in the country. This freedom to vote also ensured the swift removal of many of America’s most racist politicians from office. Women’s Rights and Feminism take a step forward While much of the civil rights activity of the 1960s was focused on race and sexuality, women’s rights didn’t go unnoticed. In 1966, Betty Friedan formed the National Organization for Women (N.O.W.). The organization was originally designed to advance women’s rights in a slow, measured fashion but by the end of the decade – the new members had other ideas. They protested the Miss America Pageant of 1968 and then began to define and dispose of “objects of female torture.” Bras may have been the most famous of these objects but they also included kitchen utensils and copies of the Ladies Home Journal. CBS airs “The Homosexuals” If The Rejected had made a positive step forward for gay rights in America, The Homosexuals, aired in 1968, helped them take two steps back. The hour-long documentary is often considered to be one of the biggest setbacks for homosexuals of the 1960s. Source: Brain Pickings It was a completely unbalanced piece of negative reporting which had been generated in response to a CBS survey which showed that current attitudes had homosexuality as a bigger threat to the nation than adultery, prostitution, and abortion. The men involved in the making of the documentary felt betrayed as they had been assured that the piece would be balanced and portray gay life in a positive light. The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. In March 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. was invited to a rights rally in Memphis, Tennessee. The rally was held in support of two workers who had been killed while working as sanitation workers in the city. Dr. King delivered a sermon “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” which laid out a vision for the future of American society. That evening he was shot and killed at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis by James Earl Ray. Ray was already a fugitive from the law and before he could be arrested for the shooting, he fled to the United Kingdom. He was deported from the U.K. and sentenced to 99 years in prison for the assassination. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 In 1968, the final important piece of Civil Rights legislation of the decade was signed into law by President Johnson. It was designed to remedy ongoing patterns of civil disturbance. Source: Common Dreams Despite attempts by many members of congress to derail the Civil Rights Act of 1968, it became law on April 10th. For the first time, the law made Iit illegal to discriminate based on race, religion or national origin the sale, rental, or financing of housing. Importantly, it also made it a federal offense to “by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone…by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin.” The Stonewall Riots The last major Civil Rights riots of the 1960s took place in June 28, 1969 after a police raid at the Stonewall Inn of Greenwich Village, New York. The bar was a gay bar and popular with the gay men, women and transgender people and also had a reputation for attracting prostitutes and the homeless. Source: The Back Label Police raids were common at the time for gay bars but in this case, the police lost control and a riot ensued. Another riot took place the following evening and yet another followed a few days later. The Stonewall Riots gave birth to an organized gay civil rights movement in America and several groups formed in their aftermath in New York City.	<urn:uuid:e8dae7e5-2097-4d75-b6e6-5da100912ad3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.trend-chaser.com/politics/highlights-from-the-turbulent-1960s-civil-rights-movement/?view-all	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00303.warc.gz	en	0.98005	3,055	3.453125	3	[ -0.0424540713429451, 0.4251621961593628, 0.30500146746635437, -0.40461522340774536, 0.06157403811812401, 1.1138993501663208, -0.23586350679397583, 0.02206164225935936, -0.1890522837638855, 0.0961887538433075, 0.5672056674957275, 0.5406566858291626, 0.22431281208992004, -0.09117716550827026...	3	The 1960s brought about great cultural change in America. The Beatles, Woodstock, The Summer of Love, the Cuban Missile Crisis, man taking his first steps on the moon, and many other events would transform our world at a pace faster than in any decade before it. In the background of the 1960s buzz, the Civil Rights Movement was also taking off. The nation would see underlying issues rise to the surface and demand attention. American citizens who had been untreated unfairly by society began to insist on equality and decency. Let’s take a look at some of the highlights from the decade that rocked America to its core and changed civil rights through struggle and adversity for generations to come. The Peace Corps was established President John F. Kennedy discovered the proposal for a “Four Point Youth Corps” made by Representative Henry Reuss of Wisconsin. He saw that it had popular appeal and transformed it into a policy of his own. Source: Peace Corps The Peace Corps was designed to enable Americans to travel to developing nations around the world and to help participate in their development. On March 1, 1961, an executive order was issued to formally establish the Peace Corps. 750 young men and women enrolled that year to help with projects in 13 different countries. The Peace Corps became a permanent organization through legislative efforts in September of 1961. The first LGBT person to beat army discharge While “don’t ask, don’t tell” has only recently disappeared from the way that the American armed forces are managed – it might amaze you to learn that it was all the way back in 1960 when a homosexual person beat the military’s policy of issuing a dishonorable discharge to gay service people. Fannie Mae Clackum was accused of being a lesbian and when she refused to accept a dishonorable discharge, she was court-martialed. It took a period of nearly 10 years of constant court battles for her to overturn the discharge and to win back pay. However, the case was won on a technicality of the Air Force failing to follow due process of law and it did not set a precedent for other service people. The first gay documentary was shown on TV There’s been a slow and steady fight for rights and recognition for the LGBT community in the United States. Back in 1961 the first program about homosexuals aired in America. The Rejected was a made-for-TV documentary which took a deep look into homosexual lifestyles and the treatment of homosexuals not just in America but in the wider world. Despite some controversy about the broadcast, The Rejected was critically acclaimed and its gentle, straightforward, non-judgmental approach won it much praise from the audience too. The program was re-aired regularly during the early 1960s. Freedom rides and repercussions In 1960, The United States Supreme Court ruled that passengers involved in interstate travel could not legally be segregated. “Freedom rides” were designed to support this ruling. Activists chose to travel the interstate into the Deep South where the ruling was, to a great extent, being ignored. Freedom riders took great risks to their own well-being. In Anniston, Alabama a bus was firebombed and the passengers had to run for their lives. In Birmingham, Alabama members of the KKK beat freedom riders severely on a bus – one rider needed more than 50 stitches from such a beating. In 1961 in Mississippi, freedom riders were arrested for “breaching the peace” for using “white only facilities.” Voter registration campaigns for black people Buoyed by the tenacity of freedom riders, in 1962 civil rights organizations began to organize voter drives for black people in the Southern States. Black people who registered to vote faced beatings, arrests, shootings, and murder. Many black voters were fired by their employers for having the temerity to register. Source: Teaching for Change In some areas, strict education tests were made a mandatory part of the voter registration process and were specifically designed to prevent black voters from registering to vote. The tests were so hard that the majority of college educated people of any race couldn’t have passed them. Despite the efforts to prevent these campaigns, they continued to grow across the Southern States. James Meredith allowed to attend college The University of Mississippi ran a segregated campus. In 1956, Clyde-Kennard, a black war veteran, had been prevented from enrolling in the Mississippi Southern College and was eventually arrested and convicted of trumped up charges and served 3 years of a 7-year sentence. It wasn’t until 1962 that James Meredith won a lawsuit that allowed him to attend The University of Mississippi. When he arrived to take his place, the Governor of Mississippi – Ross Barnett – blocked his way and refused him entry. The 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals had the governor and the Lieutenant Governor arrested and fined $10,000 for each day they prevented Meredith from enrolling. Meredith’s first day of school doesn’t go well, though James Meredith may have been legally allowed to enter the University of Mississippi, but he risked his life to do so. It became clear that he could not enter campus by himself so for his first day, he was provided with an escort by the U.S. Marshals. Source: Too Craft A riot broke out that evening at the university campus triggered by Meredith’s arrival. Two people died. Nearly 30 U.S. Marshals were shot. More than 160 people were injured. James Meredith only began to attend classes when President John F. Kennedy sent the U.S. Army in to keep the peace on the campus. The Birmingham campaign began in Alabama African-Americans faced continued hostilities in their battle for equality and several small campaigns had been intimidated into closing before they built up steam. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. the Birmingham Campaign began in 1963 to focus on non-violent, direct action. Source: Daily Beast Birmingham was a heavily segregated city and black citizens were legally and economically disadvantaged. The movement began with a concerted boycott of local businesses to try and pressure business owners into creating equal employment in the city and to put an end to segregation. This didn’t work. The protesters then began to use sit-ins and marches to try and provoke authorities into arresting large numbers of protesters. The Birmingham Riot of 1963 For every step forward in the Civil Rights Movement, there was a step back. Disturbed by the progress of the Birmingham Movement, racists (almost certainly members of the KKK) led arson attacks on homes, places of worship, and even hotels used by the movement’s leaders. The backlash against these attacks was the Birmingham Riots where the black community rose up and rioted. The riots were beyond the scope of the local police department to control and the U.S. government sent in troops to restore order. The events in Birmingham are thought to have contributed to the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which was designed to help relieve injustice facing black people in America. The March on Washington D.C. On August 28, 1963, civil rights leaders and a quarter of a million people marched in Washington D.C. for “Jobs and Freedom.” The march is most famous for Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech. The speech was an impassioned plea to end racism in the United States. The march itself had six objectives; fair civil rights laws, a federal works program, fair employment, decent housing, the right to vote and integrated education. The leaders of the march were invited to meet President Kennedy and in the aftermath of this meeting – The President proposed new civil rights legislation. He would be assassinated before it came to pass. Malcolm X joined the Civil Rights Movement Malcolm X, a representative of the Nation of Islam, had called for a black separatist state but in 1964, he met with Martin Luther King Jr. and joined the civil rights movement. This was not without controversy. In direct contrast to King’s non-violent approach, Malcolm X still believed and promoted violent retaliation for violent actions by racist Americans. In April of 1964, Malcolm X promised Americans that continued violence would mean extreme violent repercussions and spoke of “ballots or bullets.” It is commonly accepted that Malcolm X was a hugely influential figure in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. The first gay rights demonstration The first gay rights demonstration in America took place in 1964. Randy Wicker, Jefferson Poland and a small group of people from the “Sexual Freedom League” (the majority of which were straight) had had enough of the endless discrimination against gay people in the armed forces. They went to the Army recruiting center in New York which was at 39 Whitehall Street. The protest attracted very little attention and was ignored by mainstream media and even by much of the gay community. The recruiting center, however, was immortalized in Arlo Guthrie’s “Alice’s Restaurant” for its notoriety during the Vietnam War draft period. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 President Kennedy had proposed a sweeping range of reforms and while it was commonly believed he didn’t have the votes to push these reforms through, he was assassinated before a vote could take place. His successor President Johnson, however, did present a bill to congress to enshrine civil rights in America. It passed, though not without incredible amounts of resistance – including 54 days of filibustering – from certain members of Congress. On the 2nd of July, 1964, Johnson was finally able to sign the bill into law and The Civil Rights Act of 1964 finally made it illegal to discriminate based on “race, color, religion, sex or national origin” in employment practices and public housing allocation. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wins the Nobel Peace Prize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. hadn’t wanted to become involved in the Civil Rights Movement and had to be persuaded to do so by his friends. However, once he became involved he swiftly rose to a position of leadership with his unwavering commitment to both civil rights and a program of non-violent means to achieve those rights. Source: Daily Beast On the 10th of December 1964, Dr. King at the age of just 35 became the youngest person ever to receive a Nobel Peace Prize. The prize is awarded to those who have “done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” The Voting Rights Act of 1965 The Civil Rights Movement was on a roll and in August of 1965, President Johnson passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which sought to remove unfair barriers to voter registration and ensured that voter registration would be subject to federal scrutiny. The effect of this legislation was incredible. In a few months, more than a quarter of a million African-Americans had registered to vote. Within four years, voter registration in The South had doubled. Previously segregated states had the highest levels of black voter turnout in the country. This freedom to vote also ensured the swift removal of many of America’s most racist politicians from office. Women’s Rights and Feminism take a step forward While much of the civil rights activity of the 1960s was focused on race and sexuality, women’s rights didn’t go unnoticed. In 1966, Betty Friedan formed the National Organization for Women (N.O.W.). The organization was originally designed to advance women’s rights in a slow, measured fashion but by the end of the decade – the new members had other ideas. They protested the Miss America Pageant of 1968 and then began to define and dispose of “objects of female torture.” Bras may have been the most famous of these objects but they also included kitchen utensils and copies of the Ladies Home Journal. CBS airs “The Homosexuals” If The Rejected had made a positive step forward for gay rights in America, The Homosexuals, aired in 1968, helped them take two steps back. The hour-long documentary is often considered to be one of the biggest setbacks for homosexuals of the 1960s. Source: Brain Pickings It was a completely unbalanced piece of negative reporting which had been generated in response to a CBS survey which showed that current attitudes had homosexuality as a bigger threat to the nation than adultery, prostitution, and abortion. The men involved in the making of the documentary felt betrayed as they had been assured that the piece would be balanced and portray gay life in a positive light. The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. In March 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. was invited to a rights rally in Memphis, Tennessee. The rally was held in support of two workers who had been killed while working as sanitation workers in the city. Dr. King delivered a sermon “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” which laid out a vision for the future of American society. That evening he was shot and killed at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis by James Earl Ray. Ray was already a fugitive from the law and before he could be arrested for the shooting, he fled to the United Kingdom. He was deported from the U.K. and sentenced to 99 years in prison for the assassination. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 In 1968, the final important piece of Civil Rights legislation of the decade was signed into law by President Johnson. It was designed to remedy ongoing patterns of civil disturbance. Source: Common Dreams Despite attempts by many members of congress to derail the Civil Rights Act of 1968, it became law on April 10th. For the first time, the law made Iit illegal to discriminate based on race, religion or national origin the sale, rental, or financing of housing. Importantly, it also made it a federal offense to “by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone…by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin.” The Stonewall Riots The last major Civil Rights riots of the 1960s took place in June 28, 1969 after a police raid at the Stonewall Inn of Greenwich Village, New York. The bar was a gay bar and popular with the gay men, women and transgender people and also had a reputation for attracting prostitutes and the homeless. Source: The Back Label Police raids were common at the time for gay bars but in this case, the police lost control and a riot ensued. Another riot took place the following evening and yet another followed a few days later. The Stonewall Riots gave birth to an organized gay civil rights movement in America and several groups formed in their aftermath in New York City.	3,112	ENGLISH	1
Revision as of 06:57, 11 July 2011 by Dereck (Reverted edits by Dereck (talk) to last revision by Brandihaker) Antigone is chronologically the third part of the Oedipus Rex Trilogy which tells the story of Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus, after her father's death. The story opens at the end of a battle between Antigone's brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, for control of Thebes. Both brothers died in the battle, but Creon, the new king of Thebes, has declared that while Eteocles should be buried with honors Polyneices body should be left unburied. This is a severe punishment for Polyneices since the Greeks believed that one could not go to the afterlife unless one's body was properly buried. Since she loves both of her brothers, Antigone decides to bury Polyneices in spite of Creon's order and tries to enlist her sister, Ismene, in the task. Ismene refuses to break Creon's law. Antigone says the law of the Gods is more important than mortal man's law. It is ironic that just as Antigone is burying her brother, Creon comes on stage declaring that anyone caught doing so will be put to death. When Antigone is caught burying her brother, she makes no apology, declaring that she is only doing what is right. Creon is a proud man and no amount of convincing will make him change his mind. The plot thickens as it comes out that Creon's son Haemon is engaged to marry Antigone. He tries to use reason to convince his father that killing Antigone for burying her brother will make him unpopular and hurt his rule. Creon accuses his son of disloyalty and sends Antigone to be locked in a cave with only limited food and water thus sending her to her death. Finally, Teiresias, the blind prophet who foretold the tragedy of Oedipus, arrives and manages to convince Creon to change his mind by foretelling of the deaths that will come from this Creon's action, but it is too late. When they get to the cave, Antigone is already dead, a suicide. Haemon also commits suicide and upon learning of her son's death, Eurydice, wife to Creon, follows her son's example. Creon is left with nothing but his kingship He had put his pride and his power ahead of his family and angered the gods. Although he kept his kingship it was poor consolation for losing both his son and his wife.	<urn:uuid:8294fb46-6249-41c5-9f76-0879e799deba>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.wikisummaries.org/w/index.php?title=Antigone&oldid=19653	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00553.warc.gz	en	0.986127	550	3.421875	3	[ -0.3703317940235138, 0.11096644401550293, 0.16917195916175842, -0.06996465474367142, 0.0033962680026888847, -0.20198287069797516, 0.11014004051685333, 0.3677699863910675, -0.43840694427490234, 0.016206521540880203, 0.02507464401423931, -0.5234821438789368, 0.03575892373919487, 0.0201697330...	1	Revision as of 06:57, 11 July 2011 by Dereck (Reverted edits by Dereck (talk) to last revision by Brandihaker) Antigone is chronologically the third part of the Oedipus Rex Trilogy which tells the story of Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus, after her father's death. The story opens at the end of a battle between Antigone's brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, for control of Thebes. Both brothers died in the battle, but Creon, the new king of Thebes, has declared that while Eteocles should be buried with honors Polyneices body should be left unburied. This is a severe punishment for Polyneices since the Greeks believed that one could not go to the afterlife unless one's body was properly buried. Since she loves both of her brothers, Antigone decides to bury Polyneices in spite of Creon's order and tries to enlist her sister, Ismene, in the task. Ismene refuses to break Creon's law. Antigone says the law of the Gods is more important than mortal man's law. It is ironic that just as Antigone is burying her brother, Creon comes on stage declaring that anyone caught doing so will be put to death. When Antigone is caught burying her brother, she makes no apology, declaring that she is only doing what is right. Creon is a proud man and no amount of convincing will make him change his mind. The plot thickens as it comes out that Creon's son Haemon is engaged to marry Antigone. He tries to use reason to convince his father that killing Antigone for burying her brother will make him unpopular and hurt his rule. Creon accuses his son of disloyalty and sends Antigone to be locked in a cave with only limited food and water thus sending her to her death. Finally, Teiresias, the blind prophet who foretold the tragedy of Oedipus, arrives and manages to convince Creon to change his mind by foretelling of the deaths that will come from this Creon's action, but it is too late. When they get to the cave, Antigone is already dead, a suicide. Haemon also commits suicide and upon learning of her son's death, Eurydice, wife to Creon, follows her son's example. Creon is left with nothing but his kingship He had put his pride and his power ahead of his family and angered the gods. Although he kept his kingship it was poor consolation for losing both his son and his wife.	558	ENGLISH	1
Article abstract: Although Chekhov had a significant impact on the creation of modern drama with his four major plays, his most important influence has been on the development of the modern short story. With his numerous lyrical stories, Chekhov liberated the short story in particular from its adherence to the parable form and fiction in general from the tedium of the realistic novel. Anton Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860, in a small port town on the Sea of Azov in the Crimea. His grandfather was a former slave who bought his own freedom. In what is perhaps the best-known remark Chekhov ever made about his life, he said he felt the necessity to “squeeze the slave” out of himself. Chekhov’s father, Pavel Egorovich, owned a small general store in which Chekhov worked as a child. When Chekhov was sixteen, however, his father had to declare bankruptcy and escape his creditors by going to Moscow. Chekhov’s mother, along with the two youngest children, followed soon after. Chekhov stayed behind as a tutor to the son of one of his mother’s former boarders. After living in poverty and fending for himself for three years, Chekhov was graduated from high school in Taganrog and went to Moscow to enter medical school at Moscow University. Because his father had a low-paying job outside town and was only home on Sundays and holidays, Chekhov had to assume the role of head of his family’s household and find work. Having shown an early interest in writing while he was a child in Taganrog, he sought to supplement his family’s meager income by contributing anecdotes and stories to humorous magazines, especially at the urging of his elder brother Aleksander, who was already earning a small income by publishing in such magazines. At first Chekhov had little success with his writing efforts, but in March, 1880, his first story was published in the humor journal Strekoza (dragonfly). Chekhov later called this the beginning of his literary career. In 1882, Chekhov became a regular contributor of jokes and anecdotes to a weekly St. Petersburg magazine, Oskolki (fragments), edited by Nikolai A. Leikin. He submitted a large number of short pieces to the journal, many under various pseudonyms. By 1884, he had published more than two hundred short pieces, but when his first collection, Skazki Melpomeny (1884; Tales of Melpomene, 1916-1923), was published, he included only twenty of them. Also in 1884, Chekhov finished his degree and began practicing medicine. By the following year, when he went to St. Petersburg, he found, much to his surprise (because he did not consider his work significant), that he was quite well known as a writer there. Chekhov’s increasing desire to write more serious fiction, however, made him chafe against the restrictions of the humor magazines, as well as against Leiken’s insistence that he stick to jokes. Thus, when Aleksey S. Suvorin, the owner of the influential newspaper Novoye vremya (new times), asked Chekhov to contribute more substantial stories to his newspaper, Chekhov was pleased to comply. During 1886 and 1887, Chekhov wrote a large number of stories and short pieces for Suvorin, including some of his best-known stories. His second collection, Pystrye rasskazy (motley stories), was published in 1886, and a third, V sumerkakh (in the twilight), was published in 1887. Still, Chekhov was not personally satisfied with his work, believing it to be ephemeral. Moreover, in 1886, he began to suspect that he had tuberculosis, although he refused to have another doctor give him an examination. In this spirit of anxiety about his health and dissatisfaction with his work, Chekhov left on a trip to his hometown in the Crimea to visit friends and relatives. This trip seemed to rejuvenate him, for several important stories of the provincial life of the people he encountered resulted from it. Perhaps the most important result of the journey, however, was his lyrical... (The entire section is 5,604 words.)	<urn:uuid:586f7b74-5ca4-459d-9218-58d0265abde2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/topics/anton-chekhov?en_action=hh_answer_body_click&en_label=%2Fhomework-help%2Fwhat-resolution-bet-161047%23answer-844974&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00286.warc.gz	en	0.992445	909	3.359375	3	[ -0.10518573224544525, 0.06078028678894043, 0.14693805575370789, -0.05422940477728844, -0.11172077059745789, -0.11389490216970444, 0.10139045119285583, 0.3693299889564514, 0.025552427396178246, -0.20494313538074493, 0.07091205567121506, 0.24323490262031555, -0.07695913314819336, 0.469615250...	7	Article abstract: Although Chekhov had a significant impact on the creation of modern drama with his four major plays, his most important influence has been on the development of the modern short story. With his numerous lyrical stories, Chekhov liberated the short story in particular from its adherence to the parable form and fiction in general from the tedium of the realistic novel. Anton Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860, in a small port town on the Sea of Azov in the Crimea. His grandfather was a former slave who bought his own freedom. In what is perhaps the best-known remark Chekhov ever made about his life, he said he felt the necessity to “squeeze the slave” out of himself. Chekhov’s father, Pavel Egorovich, owned a small general store in which Chekhov worked as a child. When Chekhov was sixteen, however, his father had to declare bankruptcy and escape his creditors by going to Moscow. Chekhov’s mother, along with the two youngest children, followed soon after. Chekhov stayed behind as a tutor to the son of one of his mother’s former boarders. After living in poverty and fending for himself for three years, Chekhov was graduated from high school in Taganrog and went to Moscow to enter medical school at Moscow University. Because his father had a low-paying job outside town and was only home on Sundays and holidays, Chekhov had to assume the role of head of his family’s household and find work. Having shown an early interest in writing while he was a child in Taganrog, he sought to supplement his family’s meager income by contributing anecdotes and stories to humorous magazines, especially at the urging of his elder brother Aleksander, who was already earning a small income by publishing in such magazines. At first Chekhov had little success with his writing efforts, but in March, 1880, his first story was published in the humor journal Strekoza (dragonfly). Chekhov later called this the beginning of his literary career. In 1882, Chekhov became a regular contributor of jokes and anecdotes to a weekly St. Petersburg magazine, Oskolki (fragments), edited by Nikolai A. Leikin. He submitted a large number of short pieces to the journal, many under various pseudonyms. By 1884, he had published more than two hundred short pieces, but when his first collection, Skazki Melpomeny (1884; Tales of Melpomene, 1916-1923), was published, he included only twenty of them. Also in 1884, Chekhov finished his degree and began practicing medicine. By the following year, when he went to St. Petersburg, he found, much to his surprise (because he did not consider his work significant), that he was quite well known as a writer there. Chekhov’s increasing desire to write more serious fiction, however, made him chafe against the restrictions of the humor magazines, as well as against Leiken’s insistence that he stick to jokes. Thus, when Aleksey S. Suvorin, the owner of the influential newspaper Novoye vremya (new times), asked Chekhov to contribute more substantial stories to his newspaper, Chekhov was pleased to comply. During 1886 and 1887, Chekhov wrote a large number of stories and short pieces for Suvorin, including some of his best-known stories. His second collection, Pystrye rasskazy (motley stories), was published in 1886, and a third, V sumerkakh (in the twilight), was published in 1887. Still, Chekhov was not personally satisfied with his work, believing it to be ephemeral. Moreover, in 1886, he began to suspect that he had tuberculosis, although he refused to have another doctor give him an examination. In this spirit of anxiety about his health and dissatisfaction with his work, Chekhov left on a trip to his hometown in the Crimea to visit friends and relatives. This trip seemed to rejuvenate him, for several important stories of the provincial life of the people he encountered resulted from it. Perhaps the most important result of the journey, however, was his lyrical... (The entire section is 5,604 words.)	927	ENGLISH	1
Ancient Egyptian Farmers Farming was a very important part of life in Ancient Egypt. Since most of the Ancient Egyptian cities were close to the Nile River, the farming was usually very good, and the farmers could grow food to trade and to live on. Most of the farmers from Ancient Egypt were peasants. When the pharaoh owned a farm, he would hire peasants to come and do his farming for him. The farmers would take care of all the land, which was normally a lot if owned by a pharaoh. Villagers were also farmers. They would live in the towns and would take care of the farming so that they could eat and support their families. The Ancient Egyptians had many crops such as barley, figs, wheat, vegetables, grapes, pomegranates, cabbages, lettuce, onions, beans and many, many more. Grain was the most important crop that the Ancient Egyptians would grow. Grain was used to make things such as bread and other food but even more importantly, grain and barley were used to make beer which was very popular in Ancient Egypt. When it was time to harvest the grain, the Egyptians would throw it in the air so that the wind would blow the chaff off of it. There was a time each year where the flood would come. After the flood, the grain would grow and it would allow farmers to be able to make food, trade and to eat good food. Corn was another important crop. The farmers would go and cut the ripe corn and then women and children would follow behind them and collect all of the corn that had fallen. There were two different seasons that were used for farming and one was the growing season and the other was the harvest season. During the growing season, the crops were planted into the land. This was a time of hard work where the farmers would always have to make sure that the land was ready and that nothing was eating the crops. Since the farmers would farm close to the Nile River, water was not usually a problem. During the harvest season, farmers would pick all of the crops and gather them for selling. This was another time of hard work and farmers would work many hours a day preparing their crops. Each year in June, the Nile River would flood. This was considered the flooding season and was a time where farmers would take a break to get all of their tools and things ready for after the waters went down. Farmers did not miss having food though, because they would go fishing in the water so that they could have extra money and food when they were not growing crops. Farming was no easy job and the Ancient Egyptians had many tools that would help them to do work. They had reapers, sickles, cattle, hoes, rakes, ploughs, scoops and more. During farming season, cattle and oxen were very important because they would help to trample over the land and get the grain off of the stalks. The animals would be very useful to pull things and to help with all of the farming needs in the land. Sometimes, the animals would trample the seeds and eat the grain or wheat that was not wanted. The animals would then get fatter and the farmers would sometimes use them for food, as well. Some of the most known animals for farming were the geese, pigs, goats, cattle, oxen, ducks and cows. Once the Nile River would flood and the water would dry up, anything that was under the water would die. During this time, there would be all kinds of mud that was left, and it would take a little bit of time for the sun to dry the water out of the dirt. The flood water was very important for the Ancient Egyptians and they would try to keep as much of the water as they could form the flood. They would build traps to keep the water in so that it would not dry up in the sun. When the farmers would plant their crops, they would need to get water and they would use a shaduf. A shaduf is a piece of wood that is like a pole. The pole would be tied with a rope and a bucket on one end to help it to balance. The farmer would raise the water in the bucket by pulling on the shaduf and then he would spin around and dump the water on the crops. More Facts About Ancient Egyptian Farmers: - Most of the farming tools were made out of wood and stone. - Some tools were found by historians that were made out of metal. - There were three different seasons in Ancient Egypt: Akhet, which was flood season, Peret, which was growing season and Shemu which was harvest season. - Another name for flooding season was called inundation. - Another crop that the Ancient Egyptians grew was called flax and this was used to make linen. What Did You Learn? - Who were the farmers of Ancient Egypt? Most of the farmers were peasants and villagers. - What were some of the crops that the farmers would grow? Some of the crops that the farmers grew was barley, corn, grain, many fruits and vegetables. - What happened each year that the Ancient Egyptians had to wait for before they could plant the crops? A flood of the Nile happened each year. - What was the flood of the Nile called? The flood was called inundation. - Why was grain important? Grain was important because it was used to make food to trade, for trading and to make the Ancient Egyptians favorite drink, beer.	<urn:uuid:50894e11-fa63-4b88-af75-7b65536de392>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historyforkids.net/ancient-egyptian-farmers.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00495.warc.gz	en	0.994626	1,141	3.765625	4	[ -0.262440949678421, 0.8765645027160645, 0.16684341430664062, 0.12352757900953293, -0.02628767490386963, -0.5214187502861023, 0.27803274989128113, -0.1569201797246933, -0.3649906516075134, 0.13851840794086456, -0.27512088418006897, -0.8682260513305664, -0.0500028133392334, -0.06267844140529...	11	Ancient Egyptian Farmers Farming was a very important part of life in Ancient Egypt. Since most of the Ancient Egyptian cities were close to the Nile River, the farming was usually very good, and the farmers could grow food to trade and to live on. Most of the farmers from Ancient Egypt were peasants. When the pharaoh owned a farm, he would hire peasants to come and do his farming for him. The farmers would take care of all the land, which was normally a lot if owned by a pharaoh. Villagers were also farmers. They would live in the towns and would take care of the farming so that they could eat and support their families. The Ancient Egyptians had many crops such as barley, figs, wheat, vegetables, grapes, pomegranates, cabbages, lettuce, onions, beans and many, many more. Grain was the most important crop that the Ancient Egyptians would grow. Grain was used to make things such as bread and other food but even more importantly, grain and barley were used to make beer which was very popular in Ancient Egypt. When it was time to harvest the grain, the Egyptians would throw it in the air so that the wind would blow the chaff off of it. There was a time each year where the flood would come. After the flood, the grain would grow and it would allow farmers to be able to make food, trade and to eat good food. Corn was another important crop. The farmers would go and cut the ripe corn and then women and children would follow behind them and collect all of the corn that had fallen. There were two different seasons that were used for farming and one was the growing season and the other was the harvest season. During the growing season, the crops were planted into the land. This was a time of hard work where the farmers would always have to make sure that the land was ready and that nothing was eating the crops. Since the farmers would farm close to the Nile River, water was not usually a problem. During the harvest season, farmers would pick all of the crops and gather them for selling. This was another time of hard work and farmers would work many hours a day preparing their crops. Each year in June, the Nile River would flood. This was considered the flooding season and was a time where farmers would take a break to get all of their tools and things ready for after the waters went down. Farmers did not miss having food though, because they would go fishing in the water so that they could have extra money and food when they were not growing crops. Farming was no easy job and the Ancient Egyptians had many tools that would help them to do work. They had reapers, sickles, cattle, hoes, rakes, ploughs, scoops and more. During farming season, cattle and oxen were very important because they would help to trample over the land and get the grain off of the stalks. The animals would be very useful to pull things and to help with all of the farming needs in the land. Sometimes, the animals would trample the seeds and eat the grain or wheat that was not wanted. The animals would then get fatter and the farmers would sometimes use them for food, as well. Some of the most known animals for farming were the geese, pigs, goats, cattle, oxen, ducks and cows. Once the Nile River would flood and the water would dry up, anything that was under the water would die. During this time, there would be all kinds of mud that was left, and it would take a little bit of time for the sun to dry the water out of the dirt. The flood water was very important for the Ancient Egyptians and they would try to keep as much of the water as they could form the flood. They would build traps to keep the water in so that it would not dry up in the sun. When the farmers would plant their crops, they would need to get water and they would use a shaduf. A shaduf is a piece of wood that is like a pole. The pole would be tied with a rope and a bucket on one end to help it to balance. The farmer would raise the water in the bucket by pulling on the shaduf and then he would spin around and dump the water on the crops. More Facts About Ancient Egyptian Farmers: - Most of the farming tools were made out of wood and stone. - Some tools were found by historians that were made out of metal. - There were three different seasons in Ancient Egypt: Akhet, which was flood season, Peret, which was growing season and Shemu which was harvest season. - Another name for flooding season was called inundation. - Another crop that the Ancient Egyptians grew was called flax and this was used to make linen. What Did You Learn? - Who were the farmers of Ancient Egypt? Most of the farmers were peasants and villagers. - What were some of the crops that the farmers would grow? Some of the crops that the farmers grew was barley, corn, grain, many fruits and vegetables. - What happened each year that the Ancient Egyptians had to wait for before they could plant the crops? A flood of the Nile happened each year. - What was the flood of the Nile called? The flood was called inundation. - Why was grain important? Grain was important because it was used to make food to trade, for trading and to make the Ancient Egyptians favorite drink, beer.	1,113	ENGLISH	1
Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of emperor Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and of Constance, heiress to the Norman kings of Sicily. His political and cultural ambitions were enormous as he ruled a vast area, beginning with Sicily and stretching through Italy all the way north to Germany. As the Crusades progressed, he acquired control of Jerusalem and styled himself its king. However, the Papacy became his enemy, and it eventually prevailed. Viewing himself as a direct successor to the Roman emperors of antiquity, he was Emperor of the Romans from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. At the age of three, he was crowned King of Sicily as a co-ruler with his mother, Constance of Hauteville, the daughter of Roger II of Sicily. His other royal title was King of Jerusalem by virtue of marriage and his connection with the Sixth Crusade. Frequently at war with the papacy, which was hemmed in between Frederick’s lands in northern Italy and his Kingdom of Sicily (the Regno) to the south, he was excommunicated four times and often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and after. Pope Gregory IX went so far as to call him an Antichrist. Speaking six languages (Latin, Sicilian, Middle High German, Langues d’oïl, Greek and Arabic), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. He played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, beginning around 1220, saw the first use of a literary form of an Italo-Romance language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern Italian language. He was also the first king to formally outlaw trial by ordeal, which had come to be viewed as superstitious.After his death his line did not survive, and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end. Furthermore, the Holy Roman Empire entered a long period of decline from which it did not completely recover until the reign of Charles V, 250 years later. Historian Donald Detwiler wrote: A man of extraordinary culture, energy, and ability – called by a contemporary chronicler stupor mundi (the wonder of the world), by Nietzsche the first European, and by many historians the first modern ruler – Frederick established in Sicily and southern Italy something very much like a modern, centrally governed kingdom with an efficient bureaucracy.	<urn:uuid:13c3dcb2-ede7-40d7-9df7-569273bb05b7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://goodquotes.me/authors/frederick-ii/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00087.warc.gz	en	0.98605	616	3.578125	4	[ -0.3078771233558655, 0.9139127135276794, 0.10773012787103653, -0.016885055229067802, -0.8271459937095642, -0.1648494303226471, 0.05998101085424423, 0.2718072235584259, 0.04887833446264267, -0.26142287254333496, -0.4490058124065399, -0.545164942741394, 0.1629452258348465, 0.2792592048645019...	2	Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of emperor Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and of Constance, heiress to the Norman kings of Sicily. His political and cultural ambitions were enormous as he ruled a vast area, beginning with Sicily and stretching through Italy all the way north to Germany. As the Crusades progressed, he acquired control of Jerusalem and styled himself its king. However, the Papacy became his enemy, and it eventually prevailed. Viewing himself as a direct successor to the Roman emperors of antiquity, he was Emperor of the Romans from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. At the age of three, he was crowned King of Sicily as a co-ruler with his mother, Constance of Hauteville, the daughter of Roger II of Sicily. His other royal title was King of Jerusalem by virtue of marriage and his connection with the Sixth Crusade. Frequently at war with the papacy, which was hemmed in between Frederick’s lands in northern Italy and his Kingdom of Sicily (the Regno) to the south, he was excommunicated four times and often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and after. Pope Gregory IX went so far as to call him an Antichrist. Speaking six languages (Latin, Sicilian, Middle High German, Langues d’oïl, Greek and Arabic), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. He played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, beginning around 1220, saw the first use of a literary form of an Italo-Romance language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern Italian language. He was also the first king to formally outlaw trial by ordeal, which had come to be viewed as superstitious.After his death his line did not survive, and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end. Furthermore, the Holy Roman Empire entered a long period of decline from which it did not completely recover until the reign of Charles V, 250 years later. Historian Donald Detwiler wrote: A man of extraordinary culture, energy, and ability – called by a contemporary chronicler stupor mundi (the wonder of the world), by Nietzsche the first European, and by many historians the first modern ruler – Frederick established in Sicily and southern Italy something very much like a modern, centrally governed kingdom with an efficient bureaucracy.	649	ENGLISH	1
Bible lesson for Nov. 30, 2019 “Jacob’s well was there, and Jesus, tired out by his journey, was sitting by the well. It was about noon.” — John 4:6In the first three chapters of the Gospel of John, we learn that Jesus is the Son of God, the Word of God and the Lamb of God. Beginning with the fourth chapter of John, we learn what John meant when he wrote that the Word became flesh and lived among us (John 1:14). Since Jesus came in human flesh, Jesus could get tired, thirsty and hungry. However, as fully human, Jesus refused to use His divine powers to meet His personal needs. When the devil tempted Jesus for 40 days in the wilderness and Jesus was hungry, the devil tempted Jesus to change stones into bread, but Jesus replied, “It is written, ‘One does not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God’” (Matthew 4:4). For this reason, among others, Jesus sent His disciples into a Samaritan village to buy food. While sitting by Jacob’s well, a Samaritan woman came to draw water. As the Son of God, Jesus could have really impressed her that He is the Son of God by changing Jacob’s well into a flowing fountain and creating irrigation ditches so no one would need to draw water from the well again. Instead, to meet His human needs, Jesus asked her for a drink of water, which surprised the woman because Jews would not make themselves ritually unclean by sharing a container of water with a Samaritan. From these examples, we know Jesus suffered real excruciating human pain as He died on the cross as a sacrifice for our sins. Send email to prayersteps.org	<urn:uuid:939376bb-9542-4518-8deb-1e2e3bc07eb7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://oklahoman.com/article/5648381/bible-lesson-for-nov-30	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00362.warc.gz	en	0.981441	374	3.296875	3	[ -0.17192980647087097, 0.30449777841567993, 0.1631581038236618, -0.006252695806324482, -0.278440922498703, 0.1866624802350998, -0.13155707716941833, 0.16823610663414001, 0.060460250824689865, 0.026990283280611038, -0.3369062542915344, -0.02848898246884346, -0.010590635240077972, 0.117205969...	3	Bible lesson for Nov. 30, 2019 “Jacob’s well was there, and Jesus, tired out by his journey, was sitting by the well. It was about noon.” — John 4:6In the first three chapters of the Gospel of John, we learn that Jesus is the Son of God, the Word of God and the Lamb of God. Beginning with the fourth chapter of John, we learn what John meant when he wrote that the Word became flesh and lived among us (John 1:14). Since Jesus came in human flesh, Jesus could get tired, thirsty and hungry. However, as fully human, Jesus refused to use His divine powers to meet His personal needs. When the devil tempted Jesus for 40 days in the wilderness and Jesus was hungry, the devil tempted Jesus to change stones into bread, but Jesus replied, “It is written, ‘One does not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God’” (Matthew 4:4). For this reason, among others, Jesus sent His disciples into a Samaritan village to buy food. While sitting by Jacob’s well, a Samaritan woman came to draw water. As the Son of God, Jesus could have really impressed her that He is the Son of God by changing Jacob’s well into a flowing fountain and creating irrigation ditches so no one would need to draw water from the well again. Instead, to meet His human needs, Jesus asked her for a drink of water, which surprised the woman because Jews would not make themselves ritually unclean by sharing a container of water with a Samaritan. From these examples, we know Jesus suffered real excruciating human pain as He died on the cross as a sacrifice for our sins. Send email to prayersteps.org	371	ENGLISH	1
by Rama Rajagopalakrishna as spoken to Melissa Fernandes The first cotton mill of Mumbai, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, was set up in 1856. Following this, several other cotton mills sprung up across the city, employing thousands of people. Girangaon (now Girgaon or Girgaum), meaning 'mill village' in Marathi, had close to 130 textile mills. Mill workers lived in nearby chawls (small-buildings) in Central Mumbai and managers lived in special quarters. Most of the labourers came from the Konkan region. The mills became the identity of Mumbai. Major political parties played a significant role in the workings of mills and this led to the prosperity of the city. Between 1950 and 1960, the population of Bombay rose to 11 million. This was the first decade after independence and people respected law and order. But soon, unrest between workers and management led to conflicts, agitations and a major labour movement. Besides individual political parties fielding their own labour movements, union leader, Dr Dutta Samant started a localised independent trade union called Kamgar Aghadi. Most mill workers preferred to support him. In 1982, Dutta Samant called for a strike. The strike's demands were higher salaries, bonuses and an independent union that was not controlled by any political party. The government did not agree to Dutta's demands as it considered him to be a political threat. Things started to get worse at the mills as lakhs of workers joined the strike and more than 50 textile mills were shut down. The city started to suffer severe economic losses, which led to the deterioration of living conditions of mill workers. Several workers lost their jobs. The strike was followed by a lockout and the mills remained silent. Talks between mill owners, the government and labour leaders broke down. More mills started to shut down, leaving thousands jobless and homeless. The mill owners took advantage of this situation by bringing in modernised machinery and moving to Gujarat, where land was not so expensive. Thus, the mills completely disappeared from Mumbai by the 1990s. The new millennium has seen radical change in Mumbai's landscape. Most places that once housed mills have been sold to builders. Malls and high-rise buildings have started to sprout across Central Mumbai. The government stipulated that housing should be provided to those workers who were affected by the sale of mill-lands, but this has not yet been implemented. Mills that formed a part of the city's history over the last 150 years have given way to the 'mall-culture' and most mill workers are either jobless or have been reduced to menial labourers. The government is trying to put together a museum that highlights the growth of the textile industry and mills in Mumbai. Sadly, that is all that is left of this once glorious past. Rama Rajagopalakrishna is the daughter of a mill worker and has lived in Central Mumbai all her life.	<urn:uuid:d2624a70-9cc2-4c19-aaca-a4f81733a2f0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.robinage.com/history/mills-to-malls.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00465.warc.gz	en	0.98226	610	3.5	4	[ 0.055679261684417725, -0.041765011847019196, -0.3212241530418396, -0.2437654584646225, -0.18209321796894073, 0.23543862998485565, 0.11345095187425613, -0.03622986748814583, 0.12485533207654953, -0.16268464922904968, 0.2829315662384033, -0.11209739744663239, -0.02551194839179516, 0.10731843...	2	by Rama Rajagopalakrishna as spoken to Melissa Fernandes The first cotton mill of Mumbai, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company, was set up in 1856. Following this, several other cotton mills sprung up across the city, employing thousands of people. Girangaon (now Girgaon or Girgaum), meaning 'mill village' in Marathi, had close to 130 textile mills. Mill workers lived in nearby chawls (small-buildings) in Central Mumbai and managers lived in special quarters. Most of the labourers came from the Konkan region. The mills became the identity of Mumbai. Major political parties played a significant role in the workings of mills and this led to the prosperity of the city. Between 1950 and 1960, the population of Bombay rose to 11 million. This was the first decade after independence and people respected law and order. But soon, unrest between workers and management led to conflicts, agitations and a major labour movement. Besides individual political parties fielding their own labour movements, union leader, Dr Dutta Samant started a localised independent trade union called Kamgar Aghadi. Most mill workers preferred to support him. In 1982, Dutta Samant called for a strike. The strike's demands were higher salaries, bonuses and an independent union that was not controlled by any political party. The government did not agree to Dutta's demands as it considered him to be a political threat. Things started to get worse at the mills as lakhs of workers joined the strike and more than 50 textile mills were shut down. The city started to suffer severe economic losses, which led to the deterioration of living conditions of mill workers. Several workers lost their jobs. The strike was followed by a lockout and the mills remained silent. Talks between mill owners, the government and labour leaders broke down. More mills started to shut down, leaving thousands jobless and homeless. The mill owners took advantage of this situation by bringing in modernised machinery and moving to Gujarat, where land was not so expensive. Thus, the mills completely disappeared from Mumbai by the 1990s. The new millennium has seen radical change in Mumbai's landscape. Most places that once housed mills have been sold to builders. Malls and high-rise buildings have started to sprout across Central Mumbai. The government stipulated that housing should be provided to those workers who were affected by the sale of mill-lands, but this has not yet been implemented. Mills that formed a part of the city's history over the last 150 years have given way to the 'mall-culture' and most mill workers are either jobless or have been reduced to menial labourers. The government is trying to put together a museum that highlights the growth of the textile industry and mills in Mumbai. Sadly, that is all that is left of this once glorious past. Rama Rajagopalakrishna is the daughter of a mill worker and has lived in Central Mumbai all her life.	630	ENGLISH	1
Founding Father: Samuel Adams Early Life of Samuel Adams Samuel Adams was born on September 27, 1722 in Quincy, Massachusetts. His family was well off and respected in the community. Samuel Adams went to Boston Latin School and then went on to go to Harvard College. Afterwards, he got his master’s degree. Samuel Adams decided to get involved in business. Unfortunately, he lost all the money that his father had saved for him. Samuel Adams and Politics After this, Samuel Adams decided to go into politics, which he was very good at. He could work very late and make great speeches. He also led meetings in houses and taverns where he explained that Americans should have the right to govern themselves. In 1763, the British government announced that they would start taxing American trade. Samuel Adams was very upset and wrote a letter saying that if trade could be taxed, what else could the British government start tax? These laws would slowly ruin any chance of the colonies being able to govern themselves. Samuel Adams became very famous for what he said. Soon, Samuel Adams was at the very center of the patriotic movement that wanted the colonies to have its own representation in Great Britain’s government. This was also the very beginning of the movement for independence. Samuel Adams started the Country Party, which included many farmers who also believed in his ideas. Around this time, Samuel Adams was also a founder and important member of the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization that supported independence for the colonies. This was the organization that was involved in the Boston Tea Party. In 1765, Samuel Adams was elected as the representative of Boston to the Massachusetts legislature. Here, Samuel Adams influenced many of the laws that were made. Samuel Adams was on every single committee and he went to every event. Samuel Adams also wrote many arguments against the actions of the British government. Samuel Adams became better known over the next few years. One of the most important points was during the Boston Massacre of 1790. Samuel Adams realized that the colonists could not win against the British Army. Even though he was very angry that six Americans had been killed, he convinced the governor of Massachusetts to remove the troops from Boston for a while to prevent more fighting. Doing this gave him even more respect from both sides. Samuel Adams went to the first Continental Congress as the delegate from Boston. Samuel Adams also went to the second Continental Congress as well, where he argued for independence from Great Britain. He was one of the signers the Declaration of Independence. During the Revolutionary War, he urged Americans to fight for their independence from the British. At the Constitutional Convention, he signed the new Constitution, but only he was sure that a Bill of Rights would follow afterwards. Samuel Adams served in the Continental Congress until his attempt to retire in 1781. He was then elected him to the state senate and afterwards to the office of lieutenant governor. After Governor John Hancock passed away in 1794, Samuel Adams became Governor until he retired once more in 1797. The next six years of his life were very quiet. He passed away at the age of 82 in 1803. Facts about Samuel Adams • Samuel Adams was born in the same area as John Adams and John Hancock. • At the age of 42, he did not have enough money to support his family. Thankfully friends and neighbors helped him. • Samuel Adams had 6 children, but only two of them lived to adulthood.	<urn:uuid:53114582-2edc-424f-8131-74c22d2aa438>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kids.laws.com/samuel-adams	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00478.warc.gz	en	0.990817	707	3.84375	4	[ 0.0048527964390814304, -0.03920288383960724, 0.16831335425376892, -0.6919177770614624, -0.33221518993377686, 0.2738373279571533, 0.34990817308425903, 0.0950615406036377, 0.010727155953645706, -0.17259392142295837, 0.15275496244430542, 0.11587543785572052, -0.0018271487206220627, 0.32628154...	4	Founding Father: Samuel Adams Early Life of Samuel Adams Samuel Adams was born on September 27, 1722 in Quincy, Massachusetts. His family was well off and respected in the community. Samuel Adams went to Boston Latin School and then went on to go to Harvard College. Afterwards, he got his master’s degree. Samuel Adams decided to get involved in business. Unfortunately, he lost all the money that his father had saved for him. Samuel Adams and Politics After this, Samuel Adams decided to go into politics, which he was very good at. He could work very late and make great speeches. He also led meetings in houses and taverns where he explained that Americans should have the right to govern themselves. In 1763, the British government announced that they would start taxing American trade. Samuel Adams was very upset and wrote a letter saying that if trade could be taxed, what else could the British government start tax? These laws would slowly ruin any chance of the colonies being able to govern themselves. Samuel Adams became very famous for what he said. Soon, Samuel Adams was at the very center of the patriotic movement that wanted the colonies to have its own representation in Great Britain’s government. This was also the very beginning of the movement for independence. Samuel Adams started the Country Party, which included many farmers who also believed in his ideas. Around this time, Samuel Adams was also a founder and important member of the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization that supported independence for the colonies. This was the organization that was involved in the Boston Tea Party. In 1765, Samuel Adams was elected as the representative of Boston to the Massachusetts legislature. Here, Samuel Adams influenced many of the laws that were made. Samuel Adams was on every single committee and he went to every event. Samuel Adams also wrote many arguments against the actions of the British government. Samuel Adams became better known over the next few years. One of the most important points was during the Boston Massacre of 1790. Samuel Adams realized that the colonists could not win against the British Army. Even though he was very angry that six Americans had been killed, he convinced the governor of Massachusetts to remove the troops from Boston for a while to prevent more fighting. Doing this gave him even more respect from both sides. Samuel Adams went to the first Continental Congress as the delegate from Boston. Samuel Adams also went to the second Continental Congress as well, where he argued for independence from Great Britain. He was one of the signers the Declaration of Independence. During the Revolutionary War, he urged Americans to fight for their independence from the British. At the Constitutional Convention, he signed the new Constitution, but only he was sure that a Bill of Rights would follow afterwards. Samuel Adams served in the Continental Congress until his attempt to retire in 1781. He was then elected him to the state senate and afterwards to the office of lieutenant governor. After Governor John Hancock passed away in 1794, Samuel Adams became Governor until he retired once more in 1797. The next six years of his life were very quiet. He passed away at the age of 82 in 1803. Facts about Samuel Adams • Samuel Adams was born in the same area as John Adams and John Hancock. • At the age of 42, he did not have enough money to support his family. Thankfully friends and neighbors helped him. • Samuel Adams had 6 children, but only two of them lived to adulthood.	725	ENGLISH	1
History remembers John Adams as a Founding Father and our country’s second president. But in the tense years before the American Revolution, he was a lawyer, fighting for justice in one of the most explosive murder trials of the era. On the night of March 5, 1770, shots were fired by British soldiers on the streets of Boston, killing five civilians. The Boston Massacre has often been called the first shots of the American Revolution. As John Adams would later remember, “On that night the formation of American independence was born.” Yet when the British soldiers faced trial, the young Adams was determined that they receive a fair one. He volunteered to represent them, keeping the peace in a powder keg of a colony, and in the process created some of the foundations of what would become United States law.	<urn:uuid:144ba267-0e24-445b-bedf-a16a0663ec99>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://masshist.org/calendar/event?event=3142	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00450.warc.gz	en	0.980428	165	4.09375	4	[ -0.1903367042541504, 0.4248669445514679, 0.26293614506721497, -0.07093782722949982, -0.27303290367126465, 0.45841822028160095, 0.24794979393482208, 0.05242100730538368, 0.025377284735441208, -0.28081727027893066, -0.1294834017753601, 0.4208264946937561, -0.032320886850357056, 0.32298275828...	1	History remembers John Adams as a Founding Father and our country’s second president. But in the tense years before the American Revolution, he was a lawyer, fighting for justice in one of the most explosive murder trials of the era. On the night of March 5, 1770, shots were fired by British soldiers on the streets of Boston, killing five civilians. The Boston Massacre has often been called the first shots of the American Revolution. As John Adams would later remember, “On that night the formation of American independence was born.” Yet when the British soldiers faced trial, the young Adams was determined that they receive a fair one. He volunteered to represent them, keeping the peace in a powder keg of a colony, and in the process created some of the foundations of what would become United States law.	166	ENGLISH	1
3 heartbreaking slave stories Why you should finally read their stories Several slaves once shared their personal stories on their tragic experiences. Find out more about Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, and Olaudah Equiano It’s time to read their stories, including these most famous slave stories. For most of history, slaves have kept their stories hidden from the general public. They didn’t share their firsthand testimonies about their lives as slaves—mostly due to fear. However, a variety of slaves have shared their stories. The narratives offer accurate depictions of slave life, and they’re an important form of expression. Read these three famous slave stories to understand the reality of slavery. Frederick Douglass wrote one of the best-known and most influential books of slavery, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Published in 1845, the book offers a vivid firsthand testimony of his life as a slave. Douglass was born into slavery in 1818, but he successfully escaped in 1838. Douglass escaped slavery by disguising himself as a sailor. He carried a free sailor’s protection pass, but he was worried because he bore hardly any resemblance to the man listed in the documents. When the conductor checked his papers, Douglass feared what would happen next. He later recounted, “My whole future depended upon the decision of this conductor.” He had to flee, and this was his only option. Luckily, the conductor only gave Douglass a cursory glance before moving on to the next passenger. Douglass would endure more close calls as he traveled north by train and ferry—encountering old acquaintances who knew he was a runaway slave. After several tense hours, he finally arrived in New York. Afterward, Douglass married his wife, Anna Murray, and the couple moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he established himself as one of the nation’s leading abolitionists. He wrote his famous book, but he remained a fugitive slave under the law until 1846, when his supporters helped him purchase his freedom from his former slave master. Many slaves who escape are forced to live in hiding for several years. That’s what happened to Harriet Jacobs, who was born into slavery in North Carolina in 1813. She was taught to read and write by the woman who owned her. However, when her owner died, Jacobs (then a teenager) was left to a relative who made sexual advances towards her. Finally, one night in 1835, Jacobs managed to escape. Jacobs suffered from many health problems due to her confinement Jacobs didn’t get very far and wound up hiding for seven years in a small attic space above the house of her grandmother, who had been set free years prior. Jacobs suffered from many health problems due to her confinement. Her family finally led her to a sea captain, who smuggled her north in 1842. Jacobs found a job working as a domestic servant in New York, but she was always scared of being captured by her former slave master. She eventually moved to Massachusetts. In 1862, under the pen name Linda Brent, she published her famous memoir, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself. The first noteworthy slave narrative was Olaudah Equiano’s 1789 book, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of O. Equiano, or G. Vassa, the African. Equiano was born in Nigeria in the 1740s, and he was taken into slavery as part of the infamous transatlantic slave trade when he was just 11 years old. Equiano was transported to Virginia, where he was purchased by an English naval officer and given the name Gustavus Vassa. He was later sold to a Quaker merchant, who offered him the chance to buy his freedom. Of course, Equiano took the offer and traveled to London, where he settled and wrote about his experience in the slave trade. Equiano’s book is notable because he remembered his childhood pre-slavery in West Africa. He effectively described the horrors of the slave trade from his firsthand testimony as a victim. The arguments made in his book were later used by British reformers, who eventually succeeded in ending the slave trade in 1807. A deeper dive – Related reading from the 101: A look at the history of the transatlantic slave trade and how slavery started in the United States. Recent discoveries document the long, horrific nightmares for slaves as they traveled to America as part of the transatlantic slave trade.	<urn:uuid:ef16f71f-3fdf-4c35-8b2f-6eb82fb98378>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.history101.com/heroic-slave-stories-to-read/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00425.warc.gz	en	0.985202	941	3.265625	3	[ 0.11191610246896744, 0.5245872735977173, 0.43334460258483887, 0.22043687105178833, -0.08694229274988174, 0.027925046160817146, -0.05766700580716133, -0.4510502815246582, 0.1556617170572281, -0.09714291244745255, 0.03753054887056351, 0.16622188687324524, -0.3996381163597107, 0.2493002712726...	5	3 heartbreaking slave stories Why you should finally read their stories Several slaves once shared their personal stories on their tragic experiences. Find out more about Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, and Olaudah Equiano It’s time to read their stories, including these most famous slave stories. For most of history, slaves have kept their stories hidden from the general public. They didn’t share their firsthand testimonies about their lives as slaves—mostly due to fear. However, a variety of slaves have shared their stories. The narratives offer accurate depictions of slave life, and they’re an important form of expression. Read these three famous slave stories to understand the reality of slavery. Frederick Douglass wrote one of the best-known and most influential books of slavery, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Published in 1845, the book offers a vivid firsthand testimony of his life as a slave. Douglass was born into slavery in 1818, but he successfully escaped in 1838. Douglass escaped slavery by disguising himself as a sailor. He carried a free sailor’s protection pass, but he was worried because he bore hardly any resemblance to the man listed in the documents. When the conductor checked his papers, Douglass feared what would happen next. He later recounted, “My whole future depended upon the decision of this conductor.” He had to flee, and this was his only option. Luckily, the conductor only gave Douglass a cursory glance before moving on to the next passenger. Douglass would endure more close calls as he traveled north by train and ferry—encountering old acquaintances who knew he was a runaway slave. After several tense hours, he finally arrived in New York. Afterward, Douglass married his wife, Anna Murray, and the couple moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he established himself as one of the nation’s leading abolitionists. He wrote his famous book, but he remained a fugitive slave under the law until 1846, when his supporters helped him purchase his freedom from his former slave master. Many slaves who escape are forced to live in hiding for several years. That’s what happened to Harriet Jacobs, who was born into slavery in North Carolina in 1813. She was taught to read and write by the woman who owned her. However, when her owner died, Jacobs (then a teenager) was left to a relative who made sexual advances towards her. Finally, one night in 1835, Jacobs managed to escape. Jacobs suffered from many health problems due to her confinement Jacobs didn’t get very far and wound up hiding for seven years in a small attic space above the house of her grandmother, who had been set free years prior. Jacobs suffered from many health problems due to her confinement. Her family finally led her to a sea captain, who smuggled her north in 1842. Jacobs found a job working as a domestic servant in New York, but she was always scared of being captured by her former slave master. She eventually moved to Massachusetts. In 1862, under the pen name Linda Brent, she published her famous memoir, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself. The first noteworthy slave narrative was Olaudah Equiano’s 1789 book, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of O. Equiano, or G. Vassa, the African. Equiano was born in Nigeria in the 1740s, and he was taken into slavery as part of the infamous transatlantic slave trade when he was just 11 years old. Equiano was transported to Virginia, where he was purchased by an English naval officer and given the name Gustavus Vassa. He was later sold to a Quaker merchant, who offered him the chance to buy his freedom. Of course, Equiano took the offer and traveled to London, where he settled and wrote about his experience in the slave trade. Equiano’s book is notable because he remembered his childhood pre-slavery in West Africa. He effectively described the horrors of the slave trade from his firsthand testimony as a victim. The arguments made in his book were later used by British reformers, who eventually succeeded in ending the slave trade in 1807. A deeper dive – Related reading from the 101: A look at the history of the transatlantic slave trade and how slavery started in the United States. Recent discoveries document the long, horrific nightmares for slaves as they traveled to America as part of the transatlantic slave trade.	951	ENGLISH	1
The essay is a critical examination of the character of Iago in the play Othello written by Shakespeare. In literature there is always a direct link between characterization and theme development. Othello deemed to be written in 1603 revolves around four main characters; Iago Othello, Desdemona wife to a Moorish general, Cassio and the general. The themes of the play are honesty, love, misrepresentation, self knowledge, magic, racism, oppression, pride, appearance and reality, revenge, betrayal and jealousy. For instance, in case of honesty Iago is termed “honest” racism is depicted when Othello is termed “the black with thick lips.” Most of Shakespeare readers have painted Iago to be the most heinous and villain character of all time. He is capable of manipulating those around him propelling him to achieve his desires. For this reason, he is a character that is most loved to hate. Additionally he is the most purely malevolent character engaging in most wrongdoings. To under stand the characters of Iago, it would be rational to clearly define the term character; in literature it has been thought of as the attributed or characteristics given to subjects used in a play, poem, novels, playwrights as well as other literature by the author to help pass across or communicate certain themes. It is ironical that Iago is referred to as honest person. A closer examination of his deeds and motives paint him another character. However, majority of other characters are not yet aware of his deceitful and selfish character. Due to this almost all characters are in a crisis of determining who and who not to trust. Most trust the wrong person, Iago which lead to downfall of various characters. For instance Othello said “…my ancient; a man he is of honesty and trust. To this conveyance I assign my wife” (Shakespeare 199) in reference to Iago. It is worth mentioning here that it is this attributes that he possessed that made him successful in manipulating other characters painting him to be a strong and compelling character. Through it, he is capable of convincing Othello that his wife Emilia had and a fair. This was accomplished by him taking a handkerchief using it as evidence. It is worth noting that being a solder and always siding with Othello, Iago turns out to be a trusted advisor to Othello. From the on set of the play, Iago complains that Cassio unfairly was promoted instead of him, due to this he plans to make both Cassio and Othello pay for this. He proclaimed himself to be an honest and trustworthy person, “Touch me not so near. / I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth / than it should do offense to Michael Cassio; Yet I persuade myself to speak the truth / shall nothing wrong him.” (Shakespeare 263).Thus everything he said seemed to be thought to be nothing but the truth. Another major character that makes audiences love to hate him is being vengeful. It is apparent from the onset of the play that intends to revenge against anybody for instance Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Emilia among others. He seems to gain pleasure when others are undergoing pain as well as damage as results of his actions. He first made Othello believe that his wife Desdemona had a love affair with Cassio. Iago did this by manipulating his wife (Emilia) wittily to take a handkerchief given to Desdemona by Othello, once in his possession; he told Othello that he had seen it being possessed by Cassio. To prove things beyond doubt, with great skill, he arranged a conversation between Cassio and Bianca and carefully position Othello so that he thinks Cassio is discussing his wife. Additionally, in Act I, Scene III “Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father and may thee.” (Shakespeare 194) Warns Brabantino, this statement is used by Iago to remind Othello that his wife’s father said she might betray him. Additionally, his manipulative characteristic is depicted when convinced Roderigo a friend to side with him. Iago uses his deceitful and treacherous character in making the later hold the opinion that after making Othello go, he will win the affection of Desdemona, Othello’s wife only when he supports his plans which he did not decline. It is no doubt that Iago is a jealous individual. This coupled with the fact that he has desire for fellow men make him hate women. This can this be attributed to the fact that he killed his own wife. Additionally, he is not happy considering the fact that he is passed in ranks. For this he carries a heavy heart and promises to revenge which he eventually did. This was accomplished when he plan a fight between his ally Roderigo and Cassio; he took the chance to kill Cassio on the basis that the victim double crossed his friend. The character of jealous is what mainly drove him to be vengeful. Iago can also be as not being very creative. Although he managed to put on a face of ‘honesty’ he failed to change tact when things seemed work against him. His downfall can be attributed to sticking to his plans despite the fact that it was obvious that he was not capable of seeing his own destruction and if he could see, it seemed that he just ignored it “Dull not device by coldness and delay” (Shakespeare 231). Iago is also seen to be a funny character. In this scene, Iago can be said to have winked at the audiences while revealing his wits, skills and knowledge of manipulation. Lastly and more importantly, although Iago looked to be scheming person who is not a coward, towards the end of the play, he is seen as being a coward. Killing his wife manifests this. From the review of the character of Iago in the play Othello by Shakespeare, it is evident that he is the one character that ‘successfully’ plays the villain and most of the audiences and readers would love to hate him. Among the characters that clearly define Iago are; he is vengeful jealous, funny, ‘honest’, manipulative, coward and lacks creativity. For instance he failed seeing his own downfall and change tact, he went an extra mile making others suffer or completely damaged. Using his deceitful skills he destroys the relationship between Othello and his wife, kills Cassio for his own selfish interest, and kills his wife. It is definitely through him that we Shakespeare manages to bring out various themes such as revenge, jealous and betrayal. Shakespeare, William. Four Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. New York: Bantam Books, 1988. Print.	<urn:uuid:a9ed2d8d-3102-4eb1-aeb7-b6d2614cfa96>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pennsylvaniaangerclass.com/discuss-the-character-of-iago-in-shakespeares-othello/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00443.warc.gz	en	0.984477	1,449	3.3125	3	[ -0.08367158472537994, 0.11563746631145477, 0.08689999580383301, -0.14651471376419067, -0.5915526151657104, 0.07987876236438751, 0.6176180839538574, 0.09881133586168289, -0.12316904217004776, -0.6928795576095581, -0.08786681294441223, -0.3492235839366913, -0.2244011014699936, 0.253460019826...	2	The essay is a critical examination of the character of Iago in the play Othello written by Shakespeare. In literature there is always a direct link between characterization and theme development. Othello deemed to be written in 1603 revolves around four main characters; Iago Othello, Desdemona wife to a Moorish general, Cassio and the general. The themes of the play are honesty, love, misrepresentation, self knowledge, magic, racism, oppression, pride, appearance and reality, revenge, betrayal and jealousy. For instance, in case of honesty Iago is termed “honest” racism is depicted when Othello is termed “the black with thick lips.” Most of Shakespeare readers have painted Iago to be the most heinous and villain character of all time. He is capable of manipulating those around him propelling him to achieve his desires. For this reason, he is a character that is most loved to hate. Additionally he is the most purely malevolent character engaging in most wrongdoings. To under stand the characters of Iago, it would be rational to clearly define the term character; in literature it has been thought of as the attributed or characteristics given to subjects used in a play, poem, novels, playwrights as well as other literature by the author to help pass across or communicate certain themes. It is ironical that Iago is referred to as honest person. A closer examination of his deeds and motives paint him another character. However, majority of other characters are not yet aware of his deceitful and selfish character. Due to this almost all characters are in a crisis of determining who and who not to trust. Most trust the wrong person, Iago which lead to downfall of various characters. For instance Othello said “…my ancient; a man he is of honesty and trust. To this conveyance I assign my wife” (Shakespeare 199) in reference to Iago. It is worth mentioning here that it is this attributes that he possessed that made him successful in manipulating other characters painting him to be a strong and compelling character. Through it, he is capable of convincing Othello that his wife Emilia had and a fair. This was accomplished by him taking a handkerchief using it as evidence. It is worth noting that being a solder and always siding with Othello, Iago turns out to be a trusted advisor to Othello. From the on set of the play, Iago complains that Cassio unfairly was promoted instead of him, due to this he plans to make both Cassio and Othello pay for this. He proclaimed himself to be an honest and trustworthy person, “Touch me not so near. / I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth / than it should do offense to Michael Cassio; Yet I persuade myself to speak the truth / shall nothing wrong him.” (Shakespeare 263).Thus everything he said seemed to be thought to be nothing but the truth. Another major character that makes audiences love to hate him is being vengeful. It is apparent from the onset of the play that intends to revenge against anybody for instance Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Emilia among others. He seems to gain pleasure when others are undergoing pain as well as damage as results of his actions. He first made Othello believe that his wife Desdemona had a love affair with Cassio. Iago did this by manipulating his wife (Emilia) wittily to take a handkerchief given to Desdemona by Othello, once in his possession; he told Othello that he had seen it being possessed by Cassio. To prove things beyond doubt, with great skill, he arranged a conversation between Cassio and Bianca and carefully position Othello so that he thinks Cassio is discussing his wife. Additionally, in Act I, Scene III “Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father and may thee.” (Shakespeare 194) Warns Brabantino, this statement is used by Iago to remind Othello that his wife’s father said she might betray him. Additionally, his manipulative characteristic is depicted when convinced Roderigo a friend to side with him. Iago uses his deceitful and treacherous character in making the later hold the opinion that after making Othello go, he will win the affection of Desdemona, Othello’s wife only when he supports his plans which he did not decline. It is no doubt that Iago is a jealous individual. This coupled with the fact that he has desire for fellow men make him hate women. This can this be attributed to the fact that he killed his own wife. Additionally, he is not happy considering the fact that he is passed in ranks. For this he carries a heavy heart and promises to revenge which he eventually did. This was accomplished when he plan a fight between his ally Roderigo and Cassio; he took the chance to kill Cassio on the basis that the victim double crossed his friend. The character of jealous is what mainly drove him to be vengeful. Iago can also be as not being very creative. Although he managed to put on a face of ‘honesty’ he failed to change tact when things seemed work against him. His downfall can be attributed to sticking to his plans despite the fact that it was obvious that he was not capable of seeing his own destruction and if he could see, it seemed that he just ignored it “Dull not device by coldness and delay” (Shakespeare 231). Iago is also seen to be a funny character. In this scene, Iago can be said to have winked at the audiences while revealing his wits, skills and knowledge of manipulation. Lastly and more importantly, although Iago looked to be scheming person who is not a coward, towards the end of the play, he is seen as being a coward. Killing his wife manifests this. From the review of the character of Iago in the play Othello by Shakespeare, it is evident that he is the one character that ‘successfully’ plays the villain and most of the audiences and readers would love to hate him. Among the characters that clearly define Iago are; he is vengeful jealous, funny, ‘honest’, manipulative, coward and lacks creativity. For instance he failed seeing his own downfall and change tact, he went an extra mile making others suffer or completely damaged. Using his deceitful skills he destroys the relationship between Othello and his wife, kills Cassio for his own selfish interest, and kills his wife. It is definitely through him that we Shakespeare manages to bring out various themes such as revenge, jealous and betrayal. Shakespeare, William. Four Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. New York: Bantam Books, 1988. Print.	1,426	ENGLISH	1
Shakespeare And KingshipIn writing his history plays, Shakespeare was actually commenting on what he thought about the notion of kingship. Through his plays, he questions the divine right of kings, which the kings and the aristocracy used heavily in their favour to win the people’s love. In Macbeth, King Richard II and King Henry IV part 1, Shakespeare shows us his opinion of kingship in general. Although the plays are written about individual kings, I think that Shakespeare used the plays as an opportunity to voice his opinion on kings and kingship in general. This was assisted by the fact that he was not prohibited by the true events, because it is well known that all of Shakespeare’s plays were written purely for entertainment value, not as a historical record of what occurred. The main notion of kingship that Shakespeare attacks in Macbeth, King Richard II and King Henry IV, is the divine right of kings, where the kings claimed that they were God’s counterpart on Earth, and a ‘step up’ in divinity from the other aristocrats and the common people. In his plays, Shakespeare depicts the kings, and Hal, in King Henry IV, as people who were not, or at least did not act like the direct descendants of God. In Macbeth, he commits treason and murder, the two worst crimes of the day, and neither Duncan nor Macbeth were saved by God, who, according to the theory of the divine right of kings, should have saved Duncan and then Macbeth. When they were killed, they were both king, and therefore the right-hand man of God, the creator, who controls the entire world and who could have stopped them from being killed. In Richard II, Richard bankrupts the country with his blatant mismanagement and his excessive spending on his ‘favourites’, who are already rich aristocrats, while ignoring the common people who are living in poverty. Richard’s behaviour leads to both the aristocracy and the common people disliking him. The aristocrats disliked him because he was bankrupting the country, which they did not like because they were proud to be English and wanted their country to dominate for many more years. The common people disliked Richard because they were living in poverty while Richard was spending huge amounts of money on people who were already wealthy. What Richard did is not the sort of behaviour that is expected from God’s representative on Earth, and S… …he other extreme of kingship – while Macbeth and Richard disregarded the common people, Hal was one of the common people. King Henry fits right into the middle and I think would, by Shakespeare’s standards be a perfect king, if only his claim to the throne could not be questioned, particularly the murder of Richard and the “voyage to the Holy Land \| to wash this blood from my guilty hand” , which he still hadn’t done in the opening scenes of King Henry IV, about a year later. Much of the things that the kings in the plays do may not be an altogether true representation of what they, or even the kings of Shakespeare’s day were like. Most of what Shakespeare comments on is his personal opinion – it is he that thinks the kings mistreated and disregarded the common people and he that did not believe in the divine right of kings. It is also important to remember that all of Shakespeare’s plays, even the historical ones were above all, written to be entertaining and to impress the Elizabethan audience that they were aimed for. Shakespeare did not write the plays as historical references, but instead as interesting and exciting plays that would make for good, entertaining theatre.	<urn:uuid:70cb8ea5-3712-487f-a805-f0ee84724e33>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nsucurrent.com/shakespeare-and-kingship-essay/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00280.warc.gz	en	0.986397	760	3.375	3	[ 0.007089956663548946, 0.1813487708568573, 0.03711143136024475, -0.3741876184940338, -0.12026017904281616, -0.32202592492103577, 0.5151687264442444, 0.18838953971862793, -0.14356786012649536, -0.23514029383659363, -0.2120891809463501, -0.01118067279458046, -0.001364056020975113, 0.129672378...	4	Shakespeare And KingshipIn writing his history plays, Shakespeare was actually commenting on what he thought about the notion of kingship. Through his plays, he questions the divine right of kings, which the kings and the aristocracy used heavily in their favour to win the people’s love. In Macbeth, King Richard II and King Henry IV part 1, Shakespeare shows us his opinion of kingship in general. Although the plays are written about individual kings, I think that Shakespeare used the plays as an opportunity to voice his opinion on kings and kingship in general. This was assisted by the fact that he was not prohibited by the true events, because it is well known that all of Shakespeare’s plays were written purely for entertainment value, not as a historical record of what occurred. The main notion of kingship that Shakespeare attacks in Macbeth, King Richard II and King Henry IV, is the divine right of kings, where the kings claimed that they were God’s counterpart on Earth, and a ‘step up’ in divinity from the other aristocrats and the common people. In his plays, Shakespeare depicts the kings, and Hal, in King Henry IV, as people who were not, or at least did not act like the direct descendants of God. In Macbeth, he commits treason and murder, the two worst crimes of the day, and neither Duncan nor Macbeth were saved by God, who, according to the theory of the divine right of kings, should have saved Duncan and then Macbeth. When they were killed, they were both king, and therefore the right-hand man of God, the creator, who controls the entire world and who could have stopped them from being killed. In Richard II, Richard bankrupts the country with his blatant mismanagement and his excessive spending on his ‘favourites’, who are already rich aristocrats, while ignoring the common people who are living in poverty. Richard’s behaviour leads to both the aristocracy and the common people disliking him. The aristocrats disliked him because he was bankrupting the country, which they did not like because they were proud to be English and wanted their country to dominate for many more years. The common people disliked Richard because they were living in poverty while Richard was spending huge amounts of money on people who were already wealthy. What Richard did is not the sort of behaviour that is expected from God’s representative on Earth, and S… …he other extreme of kingship – while Macbeth and Richard disregarded the common people, Hal was one of the common people. King Henry fits right into the middle and I think would, by Shakespeare’s standards be a perfect king, if only his claim to the throne could not be questioned, particularly the murder of Richard and the “voyage to the Holy Land \| to wash this blood from my guilty hand” , which he still hadn’t done in the opening scenes of King Henry IV, about a year later. Much of the things that the kings in the plays do may not be an altogether true representation of what they, or even the kings of Shakespeare’s day were like. Most of what Shakespeare comments on is his personal opinion – it is he that thinks the kings mistreated and disregarded the common people and he that did not believe in the divine right of kings. It is also important to remember that all of Shakespeare’s plays, even the historical ones were above all, written to be entertaining and to impress the Elizabethan audience that they were aimed for. Shakespeare did not write the plays as historical references, but instead as interesting and exciting plays that would make for good, entertaining theatre.	726	ENGLISH	1
Though Tubman was nominally free in Philadelphia, she soon learned that freedom did not ensure happiness. Liberation from slavery had its own reward, but Tubman noted that “there was no one to welcome me to the land of freedom. I was a stranger in a strange land; and my home, after all, was down in Maryland; because my father, my mother, my brothers, and sisters, and friends were there. But I was free, and they should be free.” What set Tubman apart from thousands of other runaways was her determination to act: she quickly set upon a plan to liberate her family. She easily found work as a domestic and a cook in various hotels and private homes in Philadelphia, and later, during the summer months, at Cape May, New Jersey. She hoarded her money, planning carefully for the days ahead when she could return to the Eastern Shore to bring her family away to freedom. She kept in touch with events back home by communicating with the extensive network of sources among the free black, fugitive black, and liberal white communities of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Wilmington, Delaware, and Cape May who shared information about the slave community.	<urn:uuid:1a8ff366-91e1-4de6-81c9-998e6ae5493d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/12654	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00112.warc.gz	en	0.986507	238	3.5	4	[ -0.2951870262622833, 0.4751637279987335, 0.11096668988466263, -0.11328696459531784, -0.037220973521471024, -0.10363434255123138, 0.5504421591758728, -0.15839064121246338, -0.08426318317651749, 0.22673706710338593, 0.3170778453350067, 0.1839248538017273, -0.11752625554800034, 0.198718637228...	3	Though Tubman was nominally free in Philadelphia, she soon learned that freedom did not ensure happiness. Liberation from slavery had its own reward, but Tubman noted that “there was no one to welcome me to the land of freedom. I was a stranger in a strange land; and my home, after all, was down in Maryland; because my father, my mother, my brothers, and sisters, and friends were there. But I was free, and they should be free.” What set Tubman apart from thousands of other runaways was her determination to act: she quickly set upon a plan to liberate her family. She easily found work as a domestic and a cook in various hotels and private homes in Philadelphia, and later, during the summer months, at Cape May, New Jersey. She hoarded her money, planning carefully for the days ahead when she could return to the Eastern Shore to bring her family away to freedom. She kept in touch with events back home by communicating with the extensive network of sources among the free black, fugitive black, and liberal white communities of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Wilmington, Delaware, and Cape May who shared information about the slave community.	237	ENGLISH	1
Was Johannes Gutenberg a 15th-century con man? Who printed the Gutenberg Bible? It sounds like a Groucho Marx joke, of the "Who's buried in Grant's tomb?" variety. But the story behind the invention of the printing press, and the first book ever printed, is riddled with intrigue, subterfuge, and mystery. Let's start by finding out more about who Gutenberg really was. For one thing, Johannes Gutenberg was not a nice person. He was secretive and paranoid. He peddled strange and wacky schemes and was always trying to borrow money. Based on what few public records exist concerning his early adulthood, he could easily fit today's well-known stereotype of the entrepreneur con man: Ready to paint glorious pictures of the things he could create, if only you front him some cash. He was sued by business partners. He was sued by creditors. He was sued for back tax money. In 1436, he was sued by a woman for "a breach of promise." These are the most concrete records that can be found for most of Gutenberg's adult life. There are no records at all of his birth or his death, and during his lifetime he was never an important enough man for anyone to create a portrait of him. The several "portraits" of him that you can find floating around the internet, including the one on Wikipedia, are imaginative sketches concocted by artists who wanted to honor him, usually more than a hundred years after his death. These portraits are artistic fantasies. He was probably brilliant, in a technical way. But his invention was no ideological flight of fancy. By the 1430s, Europe was already straining under the demand of increased literacy and increasing costs of scribes and workmen. The technique of "block printing" was well-known at the time: A page of text could be carved into a block of wood and then used to create multiple copies of a page over and over again. This had been used in Asia for hundreds of years, and some publishers in Europe tried to use it for books. It was, however, inefficient. It took a lot of effort to carve out a page of a book onto a block of wood, and unless a very large number of copies were to be printed, it barely seemed worth the cost: Each block of wood became useless when printing was done. So Gutenberg was not, in fact, some kind of ideological crusader who wanted to bring an opportunity for literacy to the common man. He was just your typical broke entrepreneur with a get-rich-quick scheme. The crooked investor But even get-rich-quick schemes need funding. Throughout the 1440s, Gutenberg tinkered with his idea. Most of it was done in secrecy, because he was increasingly paranoid that someone would steal it from him. As a result, it's impossible for us to know the steps of trial and error he went through, or how his ideas evolved. We do know that by the end of it all, he had a great number of technical achievements. Ultimately, he invented not only the actual letters themselves and the design of the typeface, but the mechanics of the box to hold letters, the press to hold the paper against the typeface, and even the ink that was used by the press. He truly did have a creative technical mind. We also know, however, that by 1450 his money ran out. He persuaded a wealthy lawyer, Johann Fust, whom today we might call an "angel investor", to loan him 800 guilders (a lot of money: Enough to buy several small farms) to set up a shop, and 300 guilders per year for operation. In 1452, records show that Fust loaned Gutenberg another 800 guilders. The money was spent wisely: Gutenberg indeed produced a printing press with moveable type. He decided that his first book, designed to display this technology to the world, would be the Bible. This was not thanks to any spiritual inspiration or religious zeal; he simply thought it would make the most money. Thus, at some point between 1452 and 1455, the printing of all 1,286 pages of what we now call "the Gutenberg Bible" was completed. Early documentation states that a total of 200 copies were scheduled to be printed on rag cotton linen paper, and 30 copies on velum animal skin. It is not known exactly how many copies were actually printed. However, in November of 1455, before the Bible was actually sold or made any money, Johann Fust turned around and sued Gutenberg for unpaid loans plus interest: A grand total of 2026 guilders. Fust forced Gutenberg into bankruptcy, acquired the entire print shop — including the printing press — in the court settlement, and ousted Gutenberg into the streets. The Bible, of course, was still put to market by Fust. Although Gutenberg had successfully invented the printing press, he did not, unfortunately, invent the Copyright Page. Thus the name "Gutenberg" appears nowhere on the so-called "Gutenberg Bible". Johann Fust, moreover, was not over-eager to bring up Gutenberg's name at parties. Instead, Fust hired Peter Schoeffer, who had been working as Gutenberg's foreman and therefore had all of the technical expertise to run Gutenberg's entire printing press operation. Together they ran quite a successful printing operation for many years to come, and made quite a lot of money. Peter Schoeffer even married Johann Fust's daughter, effectively making the printing press a family business. In case you have any doubt that Fust and Schoeffer intended to take full and exclusive credit for the invention of the printing press, in 1457 they published a book of The Psalms, and with it included a publisher's note with the following text: The present copy of the Psalms, adorned with beauty of capital letters, and sufficiently marked out with rubrics, has been thus fashioned by an ingenious invention of printing and stamping without any driving of the pen, and to the worship of God has been diligently brought to completion by Johann Fust, a citizen of Mainz, and Peter Schoffer of Gernsheim, in the year of the Lord 1457. No mention of the existence of anyone named Gutenberg. All of this might make you feel very sorry for Gutenberg, although you should keep in mind that people often reap what they sow. Looking back on his history, we cannot be certain how Gutenberg used all of the considerable funds that he was loaned for his project. Earlier records suggest that he was something of a grifter. Some historians believe he may have been diverting funds to other ventures. So perhaps he only got what he deserved. Johann Gutenberg died in Mainz, Germany, without record, although it must have happened some time in 1468. We know this only because that is when a physician named Konrad Humery sued for the deceased's possessions as repayment of debts owed. He never profited from his invention, and died in poverty. He was buried in a Franciscan church, which was demolished and replaced with another church. Which was later also demolished. The arc of history It wasn't until almost 100 years after Gutenberg's death that he was identified as the inventor of the printing press in a book on Germanic history. Over time, his reputation grew wildly. For hundreds of years, he was written about as though he were single-handedly responsible for everything from literacy in Europe to the Protestant Reformation. But all good names must come to an end, in the face of culturally-sensitive historians. The fads and fashions of political correctness and revisionist histories have once again tried to punt poor Gutenberg back into obscurity. Today, a quick search on the web can produce essays that describe Gutenberg as a mere technician in what was rightfully Fust and Schoeffer's business, and essays that angrily exclaim that none of these Europeans should get credit for anything because the Koreans invented moveable type in the year 1234. Of course, by now the name Gutenberg has effectively carved its place in history, no matter how shady and convoluted the true historical record might be. Perhaps it can be taken as a morality tale for inventors or entrepreneurs, on the dangers of taking loans from shady investors. Or perhaps a lesson for grifters: That even if you die penniless, you never know how history will remember you. More from The Kernel...	<urn:uuid:be7adea4-3603-4db5-8db0-c2a2a0d89357>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://theweek.com/articles/454295/johannes-gutenberg-15thcentury-con-man	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00352.warc.gz	en	0.981832	1,738	3.5	4	[ -0.08129863440990448, 0.34909355640411377, -0.036241576075553894, 0.27706751227378845, -0.1389009654521942, -0.163146510720253, -0.1341358721256256, 0.33953797817230225, -0.10178203135728836, -0.0945422425866127, -0.18121078610420227, -0.04705394059419632, 0.1226557195186615, 0.20922826230...	1	Was Johannes Gutenberg a 15th-century con man? Who printed the Gutenberg Bible? It sounds like a Groucho Marx joke, of the "Who's buried in Grant's tomb?" variety. But the story behind the invention of the printing press, and the first book ever printed, is riddled with intrigue, subterfuge, and mystery. Let's start by finding out more about who Gutenberg really was. For one thing, Johannes Gutenberg was not a nice person. He was secretive and paranoid. He peddled strange and wacky schemes and was always trying to borrow money. Based on what few public records exist concerning his early adulthood, he could easily fit today's well-known stereotype of the entrepreneur con man: Ready to paint glorious pictures of the things he could create, if only you front him some cash. He was sued by business partners. He was sued by creditors. He was sued for back tax money. In 1436, he was sued by a woman for "a breach of promise." These are the most concrete records that can be found for most of Gutenberg's adult life. There are no records at all of his birth or his death, and during his lifetime he was never an important enough man for anyone to create a portrait of him. The several "portraits" of him that you can find floating around the internet, including the one on Wikipedia, are imaginative sketches concocted by artists who wanted to honor him, usually more than a hundred years after his death. These portraits are artistic fantasies. He was probably brilliant, in a technical way. But his invention was no ideological flight of fancy. By the 1430s, Europe was already straining under the demand of increased literacy and increasing costs of scribes and workmen. The technique of "block printing" was well-known at the time: A page of text could be carved into a block of wood and then used to create multiple copies of a page over and over again. This had been used in Asia for hundreds of years, and some publishers in Europe tried to use it for books. It was, however, inefficient. It took a lot of effort to carve out a page of a book onto a block of wood, and unless a very large number of copies were to be printed, it barely seemed worth the cost: Each block of wood became useless when printing was done. So Gutenberg was not, in fact, some kind of ideological crusader who wanted to bring an opportunity for literacy to the common man. He was just your typical broke entrepreneur with a get-rich-quick scheme. The crooked investor But even get-rich-quick schemes need funding. Throughout the 1440s, Gutenberg tinkered with his idea. Most of it was done in secrecy, because he was increasingly paranoid that someone would steal it from him. As a result, it's impossible for us to know the steps of trial and error he went through, or how his ideas evolved. We do know that by the end of it all, he had a great number of technical achievements. Ultimately, he invented not only the actual letters themselves and the design of the typeface, but the mechanics of the box to hold letters, the press to hold the paper against the typeface, and even the ink that was used by the press. He truly did have a creative technical mind. We also know, however, that by 1450 his money ran out. He persuaded a wealthy lawyer, Johann Fust, whom today we might call an "angel investor", to loan him 800 guilders (a lot of money: Enough to buy several small farms) to set up a shop, and 300 guilders per year for operation. In 1452, records show that Fust loaned Gutenberg another 800 guilders. The money was spent wisely: Gutenberg indeed produced a printing press with moveable type. He decided that his first book, designed to display this technology to the world, would be the Bible. This was not thanks to any spiritual inspiration or religious zeal; he simply thought it would make the most money. Thus, at some point between 1452 and 1455, the printing of all 1,286 pages of what we now call "the Gutenberg Bible" was completed. Early documentation states that a total of 200 copies were scheduled to be printed on rag cotton linen paper, and 30 copies on velum animal skin. It is not known exactly how many copies were actually printed. However, in November of 1455, before the Bible was actually sold or made any money, Johann Fust turned around and sued Gutenberg for unpaid loans plus interest: A grand total of 2026 guilders. Fust forced Gutenberg into bankruptcy, acquired the entire print shop — including the printing press — in the court settlement, and ousted Gutenberg into the streets. The Bible, of course, was still put to market by Fust. Although Gutenberg had successfully invented the printing press, he did not, unfortunately, invent the Copyright Page. Thus the name "Gutenberg" appears nowhere on the so-called "Gutenberg Bible". Johann Fust, moreover, was not over-eager to bring up Gutenberg's name at parties. Instead, Fust hired Peter Schoeffer, who had been working as Gutenberg's foreman and therefore had all of the technical expertise to run Gutenberg's entire printing press operation. Together they ran quite a successful printing operation for many years to come, and made quite a lot of money. Peter Schoeffer even married Johann Fust's daughter, effectively making the printing press a family business. In case you have any doubt that Fust and Schoeffer intended to take full and exclusive credit for the invention of the printing press, in 1457 they published a book of The Psalms, and with it included a publisher's note with the following text: The present copy of the Psalms, adorned with beauty of capital letters, and sufficiently marked out with rubrics, has been thus fashioned by an ingenious invention of printing and stamping without any driving of the pen, and to the worship of God has been diligently brought to completion by Johann Fust, a citizen of Mainz, and Peter Schoffer of Gernsheim, in the year of the Lord 1457. No mention of the existence of anyone named Gutenberg. All of this might make you feel very sorry for Gutenberg, although you should keep in mind that people often reap what they sow. Looking back on his history, we cannot be certain how Gutenberg used all of the considerable funds that he was loaned for his project. Earlier records suggest that he was something of a grifter. Some historians believe he may have been diverting funds to other ventures. So perhaps he only got what he deserved. Johann Gutenberg died in Mainz, Germany, without record, although it must have happened some time in 1468. We know this only because that is when a physician named Konrad Humery sued for the deceased's possessions as repayment of debts owed. He never profited from his invention, and died in poverty. He was buried in a Franciscan church, which was demolished and replaced with another church. Which was later also demolished. The arc of history It wasn't until almost 100 years after Gutenberg's death that he was identified as the inventor of the printing press in a book on Germanic history. Over time, his reputation grew wildly. For hundreds of years, he was written about as though he were single-handedly responsible for everything from literacy in Europe to the Protestant Reformation. But all good names must come to an end, in the face of culturally-sensitive historians. The fads and fashions of political correctness and revisionist histories have once again tried to punt poor Gutenberg back into obscurity. Today, a quick search on the web can produce essays that describe Gutenberg as a mere technician in what was rightfully Fust and Schoeffer's business, and essays that angrily exclaim that none of these Europeans should get credit for anything because the Koreans invented moveable type in the year 1234. Of course, by now the name Gutenberg has effectively carved its place in history, no matter how shady and convoluted the true historical record might be. Perhaps it can be taken as a morality tale for inventors or entrepreneurs, on the dangers of taking loans from shady investors. Or perhaps a lesson for grifters: That even if you die penniless, you never know how history will remember you. More from The Kernel...	1,773	ENGLISH	1
Karl Marx considered in a very serious way, issues surrounding society at his time, and even offered a prediction about the possible trends in the future, with regard to the system of governance as well as the economic trends. He considered that capitalist system of government was one that was comprised of several unsatisfied individuals and would certainly end up in failure. The political system at the time of Marx was considered to have been filled with injustices. The major injustice was found in the protection of private property by the political system. This was for Marx the greatest source of all societal evils. For him, real power resides in the people. Marx believed that when this power is exercised, a revolution would be inevitable. This study is concerned with Marxian understanding of the issues of capitalism, politics and power. In order to effectively achieve this, issues related with the proletariat, bourgeoisie, superstructure, material goods, access to resources, economic structure, oppression, as well as inequalities as understood in Marx will be discussed.	<urn:uuid:2b647eb7-157d-4e1a-b751-ddcc5be0d20b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.allacademicanswers.com/product/karl-marx/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00080.warc.gz	en	0.980626	199	3.390625	3	[ -0.5200125575065613, 0.5016171932220459, -0.13017217814922333, -0.000843837158754468, 0.1799924224615097, 0.15130558609962463, 0.1734887957572937, 0.45616891980171204, 0.01585059054195881, 0.24412372708320618, 0.14750246703624725, 0.2894670069217682, 0.15742553770542145, 0.0855287611484527...	1	Karl Marx considered in a very serious way, issues surrounding society at his time, and even offered a prediction about the possible trends in the future, with regard to the system of governance as well as the economic trends. He considered that capitalist system of government was one that was comprised of several unsatisfied individuals and would certainly end up in failure. The political system at the time of Marx was considered to have been filled with injustices. The major injustice was found in the protection of private property by the political system. This was for Marx the greatest source of all societal evils. For him, real power resides in the people. Marx believed that when this power is exercised, a revolution would be inevitable. This study is concerned with Marxian understanding of the issues of capitalism, politics and power. In order to effectively achieve this, issues related with the proletariat, bourgeoisie, superstructure, material goods, access to resources, economic structure, oppression, as well as inequalities as understood in Marx will be discussed.	200	ENGLISH	1
Hydrostatics - water at rest Hydrostatics is the study of water that is not moving, i.e. it is at rest. It is important to civil engineers for the design of water storage tanks and dams. What are the forces created by water and how strong must a tank or a dam be to resist them? It is also important to naval architects who design ships and submarines. How deep can a submarine go before the pressures become too great and damage it? The answers to these questions can be found from studying hydrostatics. The theory is quite simple both in concept and in use. It is also a well established theory that was set down by Archimedes over 2000 years ago and is still used in much the same way today.	<urn:uuid:7703e5a4-3a0d-4cfd-aec7-70787877df82>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429215735/chapters/10.1201/b12868-7	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00330.warc.gz	en	0.982959	154	3.53125	4	[ -0.6227003335952759, -0.06095074489712715, 0.17604835331439972, -0.0435628779232502, -0.1620589792728424, -0.14780084788799286, -0.04195566102862358, 0.053994644433259964, -0.3366495668888092, -0.08111098408699036, 0.05278003215789795, -0.42647069692611694, 0.022554337978363037, 0.00538865...	1	Hydrostatics - water at rest Hydrostatics is the study of water that is not moving, i.e. it is at rest. It is important to civil engineers for the design of water storage tanks and dams. What are the forces created by water and how strong must a tank or a dam be to resist them? It is also important to naval architects who design ships and submarines. How deep can a submarine go before the pressures become too great and damage it? The answers to these questions can be found from studying hydrostatics. The theory is quite simple both in concept and in use. It is also a well established theory that was set down by Archimedes over 2000 years ago and is still used in much the same way today.	157	ENGLISH	1
1243 GMT January 19, 2020 Studies of the animal's fossilized skull reveal that it had the chewing ability of a bear, according to BBC. Unlike its living relatives, which feed on fish and shellfish, the otter may have eaten a wide range of prey. It was capable of crushing big mollusc shells or the bones of birds and rodents. The research, published in the journal, Scientific Reports, provides insight into the life of this oversized otter. Known as Siamogale melilutra, it weighed more than 50kg and was the size of a wolf. Not only was it larger than living otters, but its jaws were more powerful. Dr. Jack Tseng of the University at Buffalo, US, who led the research, said, "We conducted a series of engineering simulations on the jaw models of fossil otters as well as ten living otter species and what we found was that the fossil otter had a jaw that was six times as strong as expected, based on what we see in living species.” The fossil record of the animal is incomplete. The few skull fragments that have been discovered were found in what was once a swamp or shallow lake surrounded by evergreen forest or dense woodland. The site, known as Shuitangba, has yielded hundreds of fossils of animals and plants, which are exceptionally well preserved. Denise Su, a paleoecologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, said, "There was a diverse aquatic fauna at Shuitangba, including fish, crab, molluscs, turtles and frogs, as well as many different species of water birds, all of which could have been potential prey for S. melilutra.” The animal's size and jaw strength would have made it a formidable hunter. Although scientists can't be sure, they think the otter was unusual in exploiting a varied diet. Xiaoming Wang, a curator in the Vertebrate Paleontology Department of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, said, "Carnivores are known to evolve powerful jaws, often for the purpose of cracking the bones of their prey. "In the shallow swamp of South China, it's possible that an abundance of big clams drove these giant otters to acquire their rare traits, including their crushing teeth and robust jaws." Otters are carnivorous mammals that are adapted to hunting and living in and around water. The 13 living otter species are found throughout the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa. The otter is found across the UK, where it is gradually returning to rivers after years of conservation efforts.	<urn:uuid:77ce088d-d688-430f-a20a-8389fcebfd74>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.iran-daily.com/News/204046.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00259.warc.gz	en	0.981908	552	3.703125	4	[ -0.2609599828720093, -0.004024130292236805, 0.23225805163383484, -0.10500220954418182, -0.08882861584424973, -0.010077571496367455, 0.2213534414768219, 0.10728450864553452, -0.21084442734718323, 0.1533539593219757, 0.11509115993976593, -0.8377753496170044, 0.24365204572677612, 0.1897870600...	1	1243 GMT January 19, 2020 Studies of the animal's fossilized skull reveal that it had the chewing ability of a bear, according to BBC. Unlike its living relatives, which feed on fish and shellfish, the otter may have eaten a wide range of prey. It was capable of crushing big mollusc shells or the bones of birds and rodents. The research, published in the journal, Scientific Reports, provides insight into the life of this oversized otter. Known as Siamogale melilutra, it weighed more than 50kg and was the size of a wolf. Not only was it larger than living otters, but its jaws were more powerful. Dr. Jack Tseng of the University at Buffalo, US, who led the research, said, "We conducted a series of engineering simulations on the jaw models of fossil otters as well as ten living otter species and what we found was that the fossil otter had a jaw that was six times as strong as expected, based on what we see in living species.” The fossil record of the animal is incomplete. The few skull fragments that have been discovered were found in what was once a swamp or shallow lake surrounded by evergreen forest or dense woodland. The site, known as Shuitangba, has yielded hundreds of fossils of animals and plants, which are exceptionally well preserved. Denise Su, a paleoecologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, said, "There was a diverse aquatic fauna at Shuitangba, including fish, crab, molluscs, turtles and frogs, as well as many different species of water birds, all of which could have been potential prey for S. melilutra.” The animal's size and jaw strength would have made it a formidable hunter. Although scientists can't be sure, they think the otter was unusual in exploiting a varied diet. Xiaoming Wang, a curator in the Vertebrate Paleontology Department of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, said, "Carnivores are known to evolve powerful jaws, often for the purpose of cracking the bones of their prey. "In the shallow swamp of South China, it's possible that an abundance of big clams drove these giant otters to acquire their rare traits, including their crushing teeth and robust jaws." Otters are carnivorous mammals that are adapted to hunting and living in and around water. The 13 living otter species are found throughout the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa. The otter is found across the UK, where it is gradually returning to rivers after years of conservation efforts.	537	ENGLISH	1
Our Founding Fathers: Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was one of the most famous Founding Fathers. He was born in January 17, 1706 in Boston as the 15th out of 17 children. When Benjamin Franklin was 12, he began working at his brother’s print shop as an apprentice, where he learned a lot about writing and printing. He even published a few articles anonymously in the New England Courant. Benjamin Franklin’s Early Career and Family At the age of 17, Benjamin Franklin ran away from home and went to Philadelphia. He then went to London a year later to work at a print shop. Two years later, Benjamin returned to Philadelphia where he opened up a print office. At the age of 23, Benjamin Franklin bought the Pennsylvania Gazette and planned to make it into the best newspaper possible. A year later, Benjamin Franklin got married to Deborah Rogers and had his first son in 1731. He went on to have two more children. Even though Benjamin Franklin had a family, he still kept writing and educating himself. In 1732, he started to publish the Poor Richard’s Almanac, under the pen name Richard Saunders. Benjamin Franklin also kept printing the Gazette, until he sold it in 1748 and retired from printing. Benjamin Franklin in the Community Benjamin Franklin also took a very active role in the community. In 1736, he founded a volunteer fire company and also became the postmaster of the city the next year. He also organized the Philadelphia Militia and helped start the first university in Pennsylvania. He also helped the country by setting up the first city hospital in the country and the first library in Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin as a Political Figure Benjamin Franklin traveled for five year starting from 1757 around Great Britain. He also made many more trips to France and Britain right before the American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin was elected to the Continental Congress. He was also a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The same year, Benjamin Franklin went to France as the American Commissioner, the representative of the newly formed country. Benjamin Franklin played a very large role in making France into an Alliance, which was very helpful during the Revolutionary War. After the Revolutionary War, Benjamin Franklin stated in Europe where he helped negotiate treaties with other foreign nations. He returned to America in 1787, where he served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Benjamin Franklin played a strong role here as an elder statesman who shared his world view. He was very happy to see the United States gain its independence and take up the United States Constitution. Unfortunately, Benjamin Franklin died in 1790 at the age of 84, only three years after the Constitution was put into place. Fun Facts About Benjamin Franklin • Benjamin was also an investor who created bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the lightning rod, and more. • He found out that electricity and lightning was the same thing by experimenting with a string, kite, and a key during a thunderstorm. • He studied the Gulf Stream and Atlantic Ocean currents while he was a post master. • He had many different jobs during his life including a soldier, bookstore owner, librarian, scientist, writer, and politician.	<urn:uuid:de220e56-e5aa-4019-82fc-991e3a90e2c0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kids.laws.com/benjamin-franklin	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00098.warc.gz	en	0.982507	655	3.53125	4	[ -0.07339555025100708, 0.3618472218513489, 0.012626074254512787, -0.3936738669872284, -0.5611469745635986, 0.2997210621833801, 0.3052695393562317, 0.5816660523414612, -0.19330202043056488, -0.2961995601654053, 0.15012046694755554, 0.25791358947753906, -0.2237454652786255, 0.1893462538719177...	4	Our Founding Fathers: Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin was one of the most famous Founding Fathers. He was born in January 17, 1706 in Boston as the 15th out of 17 children. When Benjamin Franklin was 12, he began working at his brother’s print shop as an apprentice, where he learned a lot about writing and printing. He even published a few articles anonymously in the New England Courant. Benjamin Franklin’s Early Career and Family At the age of 17, Benjamin Franklin ran away from home and went to Philadelphia. He then went to London a year later to work at a print shop. Two years later, Benjamin returned to Philadelphia where he opened up a print office. At the age of 23, Benjamin Franklin bought the Pennsylvania Gazette and planned to make it into the best newspaper possible. A year later, Benjamin Franklin got married to Deborah Rogers and had his first son in 1731. He went on to have two more children. Even though Benjamin Franklin had a family, he still kept writing and educating himself. In 1732, he started to publish the Poor Richard’s Almanac, under the pen name Richard Saunders. Benjamin Franklin also kept printing the Gazette, until he sold it in 1748 and retired from printing. Benjamin Franklin in the Community Benjamin Franklin also took a very active role in the community. In 1736, he founded a volunteer fire company and also became the postmaster of the city the next year. He also organized the Philadelphia Militia and helped start the first university in Pennsylvania. He also helped the country by setting up the first city hospital in the country and the first library in Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin as a Political Figure Benjamin Franklin traveled for five year starting from 1757 around Great Britain. He also made many more trips to France and Britain right before the American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin was elected to the Continental Congress. He was also a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The same year, Benjamin Franklin went to France as the American Commissioner, the representative of the newly formed country. Benjamin Franklin played a very large role in making France into an Alliance, which was very helpful during the Revolutionary War. After the Revolutionary War, Benjamin Franklin stated in Europe where he helped negotiate treaties with other foreign nations. He returned to America in 1787, where he served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Benjamin Franklin played a strong role here as an elder statesman who shared his world view. He was very happy to see the United States gain its independence and take up the United States Constitution. Unfortunately, Benjamin Franklin died in 1790 at the age of 84, only three years after the Constitution was put into place. Fun Facts About Benjamin Franklin • Benjamin was also an investor who created bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the lightning rod, and more. • He found out that electricity and lightning was the same thing by experimenting with a string, kite, and a key during a thunderstorm. • He studied the Gulf Stream and Atlantic Ocean currents while he was a post master. • He had many different jobs during his life including a soldier, bookstore owner, librarian, scientist, writer, and politician.	677	ENGLISH	1
The federal income tax is a surprisingly recent innovation. The modern income tax was only introduced in 1913. From 1866 to 1893, the federal government ran surpluses, thanks to revenues from tariffs and excise taxes. Republicans defended protective tariffs as a positive good. They claimed that a high tariff encouraged industrialization and urbanization, generated high wages and profits, and created a rich home market for farmers and manufacturers. Beginning in 1887, the Democrats, led by Grover Cleveland, argued that the tariff was a tax on consumers for the benefit of rich industrialists. They claimed that the tariff raised prices, encouraged foreign countries to retaliate against American farm exports, and encouraged the growth of economic trusts. In fact, there is little evidence that the tariff had much economic significance. Its major beneficiaries were the producers of raw material, especially sugar, wool, hides, and timber. By the end of the 1890s, revenue from the tariff was declining (since the United States was mainly importing raw materials), as was revenue from federal land sales. Meanwhile, government spending was increasing. By 1905, the expanding U.S. Navy was receiving 20 percent of the federal budget. At the same time, Congress expanded pensions for Civil War veterans. In 1894, the government ran the first deficit since the Civil War and enacted a short-lived income tax, which was declared unconstitutional in 1895. The Supreme Court ruled that it violated a constitutional provision that taxes had to be apportioned among the states. The court reached this decision even though it had earlier upheld an income tax levied during the Civil War. In April 1909, Southern and Western congressmen sponsored another income tax bill, hopeful that the Supreme Court with a new membership might approve it. Their opponents responded by sponsoring a constitutional amendment that would authorize an income tax, which they thought could not be ratified by three-fourths of the states. Congress approved the amendment overwhelmingly. The Senate vote was 77 to 0 votes; the House vote was 318 to 14 votes. By the end of 1911, a total of 31 states (including New York and Maryland as well as many Southern and Western states) had approved the amendment--five short of the required number to pass. It appeared that the amendment had failed since no previous amendment had taken so long to be ratified. But during the 1912 election, Democrat Woodrow Wilson and third-party candidate Theodore Roosevelt rekindled support for the amendment. The amendment eventually passed and went into effect when Wyoming became the 36th state to ratify in February 1913. The new federal income tax was modest and affected only about one-half of one percent of the population. It taxed personal income at one percent and exempted married couples earning less than $4,001. A graduated surtax, beginning on incomes of $20,000, rose to six percent on incomes of more than $500,000. The $4,000 exemption expressed Congress' conclusion that such a sum was necessary to "maintain an American family according to the American standard and send the children through college." It was about six times the average male's income. State officials were exempt from paying any taxes, as were federal judges and the president of the United States. American involvement in World War I caused government expenditures to soar and international trade (and tariff revenues) to shrink. By 1919, the minimum taxable income had been reduced to $1,000, and the top tax rate was 77 percent. As late as 1939, only 3.9 million Americans had to file taxes. But just six years later, 42.6 million Americans filed. Tax withholding was introduced in congressional legislation in 1943. President Franklin Roosevelt vetoed this provision, but Congress overrode his veto. Copyright 2019 Digital History	<urn:uuid:2c76e2c4-a435-4a32-9668-dc2ae61b2485>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3145	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00088.warc.gz	en	0.980726	756	4.125	4	[ -1.0011223554611206, -0.11887407302856445, -0.13385939598083496, -0.06727171689271927, -0.09263873100280762, 0.2783721685409546, -0.016634222120046616, 0.45419231057167053, -0.1888713836669922, 0.19651752710342407, 0.45221126079559326, 0.30370253324508667, -0.04422689229249954, 0.213810145...	1	The federal income tax is a surprisingly recent innovation. The modern income tax was only introduced in 1913. From 1866 to 1893, the federal government ran surpluses, thanks to revenues from tariffs and excise taxes. Republicans defended protective tariffs as a positive good. They claimed that a high tariff encouraged industrialization and urbanization, generated high wages and profits, and created a rich home market for farmers and manufacturers. Beginning in 1887, the Democrats, led by Grover Cleveland, argued that the tariff was a tax on consumers for the benefit of rich industrialists. They claimed that the tariff raised prices, encouraged foreign countries to retaliate against American farm exports, and encouraged the growth of economic trusts. In fact, there is little evidence that the tariff had much economic significance. Its major beneficiaries were the producers of raw material, especially sugar, wool, hides, and timber. By the end of the 1890s, revenue from the tariff was declining (since the United States was mainly importing raw materials), as was revenue from federal land sales. Meanwhile, government spending was increasing. By 1905, the expanding U.S. Navy was receiving 20 percent of the federal budget. At the same time, Congress expanded pensions for Civil War veterans. In 1894, the government ran the first deficit since the Civil War and enacted a short-lived income tax, which was declared unconstitutional in 1895. The Supreme Court ruled that it violated a constitutional provision that taxes had to be apportioned among the states. The court reached this decision even though it had earlier upheld an income tax levied during the Civil War. In April 1909, Southern and Western congressmen sponsored another income tax bill, hopeful that the Supreme Court with a new membership might approve it. Their opponents responded by sponsoring a constitutional amendment that would authorize an income tax, which they thought could not be ratified by three-fourths of the states. Congress approved the amendment overwhelmingly. The Senate vote was 77 to 0 votes; the House vote was 318 to 14 votes. By the end of 1911, a total of 31 states (including New York and Maryland as well as many Southern and Western states) had approved the amendment--five short of the required number to pass. It appeared that the amendment had failed since no previous amendment had taken so long to be ratified. But during the 1912 election, Democrat Woodrow Wilson and third-party candidate Theodore Roosevelt rekindled support for the amendment. The amendment eventually passed and went into effect when Wyoming became the 36th state to ratify in February 1913. The new federal income tax was modest and affected only about one-half of one percent of the population. It taxed personal income at one percent and exempted married couples earning less than $4,001. A graduated surtax, beginning on incomes of $20,000, rose to six percent on incomes of more than $500,000. The $4,000 exemption expressed Congress' conclusion that such a sum was necessary to "maintain an American family according to the American standard and send the children through college." It was about six times the average male's income. State officials were exempt from paying any taxes, as were federal judges and the president of the United States. American involvement in World War I caused government expenditures to soar and international trade (and tariff revenues) to shrink. By 1919, the minimum taxable income had been reduced to $1,000, and the top tax rate was 77 percent. As late as 1939, only 3.9 million Americans had to file taxes. But just six years later, 42.6 million Americans filed. Tax withholding was introduced in congressional legislation in 1943. President Franklin Roosevelt vetoed this provision, but Congress overrode his veto. Copyright 2019 Digital History	840	ENGLISH	1
When Heron lived is not well established. Most accounts place his life around 0 AD. Heron, (also known as Hero) was a Greek mathematician. Some authorities place his birthday early 150 BCE in Ptolemaic, Egypt. While other scholars have dated his birth to be 250 CE in late Roman Empire. Nothing is really known of Hero's life, but what we do know comes from clues in the 14 known books by him. As a student, Hero spent most of his time in the Library at the University of Alexandria. He loved to be in the library, because of the series of gardens vast collection of books. Hero was strongly influenced by the writings of Ctesibius of Alexandria. He may have been a student of Ctesibius. When older he taught at the University of Alexandria, and taught mathematics, mechanics, and physical science. He wrote many books and he used them as texts for his students, and manuals for technicians, and were written in Greek, Latin and Egyptian. One of his books, Metrica, was lost until the end of the 19th century. Scholars knew of its existence only through one of his other books, Eutocuis. In 1894, historian Paul Tannery discovered a fragment of the book in Paris. Then, in 1896, R. Schone found a complete copy in Constantinople. This book is the most famous book that Hero wrote. It consists of 3 volumes, and shows ways to calculate area and volume, and their divisions. He was an accomplished inventor and mechamnical engineer. Among his inventions were a reaction steam turbine, a vending machine, and a wind-powered organ. Aside from being an accomplished mechanical engineer, he is also known for some significant contributions in mathematics. Perhaps his most famous:	<urn:uuid:55c72318-c32d-4c7e-bb85-87eff6e3887e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mathopenref.com/heron.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00080.warc.gz	en	0.989565	365	3.28125	3	[ -0.5676946043968201, -0.0681096687912941, 0.2306136190891266, 0.46269047260284424, -0.7337751388549805, -0.30307838320732117, 0.5324141383171082, 0.5670404434204102, -0.24068239331245422, 0.2687968909740448, 0.010935933329164982, -0.24969828128814697, 0.29558661580085754, 0.226563543081283...	6	When Heron lived is not well established. Most accounts place his life around 0 AD. Heron, (also known as Hero) was a Greek mathematician. Some authorities place his birthday early 150 BCE in Ptolemaic, Egypt. While other scholars have dated his birth to be 250 CE in late Roman Empire. Nothing is really known of Hero's life, but what we do know comes from clues in the 14 known books by him. As a student, Hero spent most of his time in the Library at the University of Alexandria. He loved to be in the library, because of the series of gardens vast collection of books. Hero was strongly influenced by the writings of Ctesibius of Alexandria. He may have been a student of Ctesibius. When older he taught at the University of Alexandria, and taught mathematics, mechanics, and physical science. He wrote many books and he used them as texts for his students, and manuals for technicians, and were written in Greek, Latin and Egyptian. One of his books, Metrica, was lost until the end of the 19th century. Scholars knew of its existence only through one of his other books, Eutocuis. In 1894, historian Paul Tannery discovered a fragment of the book in Paris. Then, in 1896, R. Schone found a complete copy in Constantinople. This book is the most famous book that Hero wrote. It consists of 3 volumes, and shows ways to calculate area and volume, and their divisions. He was an accomplished inventor and mechamnical engineer. Among his inventions were a reaction steam turbine, a vending machine, and a wind-powered organ. Aside from being an accomplished mechanical engineer, he is also known for some significant contributions in mathematics. Perhaps his most famous:	381	ENGLISH	1
Essay PreviewMore ↓ Muhammad Ali, whose birth name was Cassius Marcellus Clay, was born in Louisville, Kentucky January 17, 1942. He was named for a white, Kentucky abolitionist, Cassius M. Clay, and received the name Marcellus from his father’s name. Ali’s father, Marcellus Clay was a mural painter who did a lot of work for many churches in the community and his mother Odessa (Grady) Clay was a domestic worker. As a young boy, Cassius Clay was full of energy and carried a loud mouth wherever he went. One day when Ali discovered that someone stole his bicycle, he became enraged and made loud threatening comments by exclaiming that he would “whup whoever stole it.” Upon hearing these threats, Louisville police officer Joe Martin persuaded Ali to take out his frustration in the boxing ring rather than on the dangerous streets of Louisville. At age 12, Ali’s boxing career had officially begun. Martin started Ali working out in Louisville’s Columbia Gym, and Ali became passionately devoted to the sport. With the help of a black trainer named Fred Stoner, who taught Ali the techniques of boxing and to move with the grace of a dancer, Ali became a very skilled and deadly competitor. Between 1955 and 1960, Ali had participated in 108 bouts, in which he won six Kentucky Golden Glove titles, two National Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) championships, two National Golden Glove crowns, and received the Gold Medal in the light heavyweight division in the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy. Ali was only 18 years old when he won the Olympic Gold Medal by defeating Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, a tough fighter from Poland. Shortly after winning the Gold Medal, Ali started looking for better opportunities by saying, “that was my last amateur fight, I’m turning pro, but I don’t know exactly how. I want a good contract with a good manager.” Ali felt that he was on top of the world after winning in the Olympics and felt confident that people of the U.S. would be proud of his accomplishment as he brought home the “Gold”. What Ali would return to find wasn’t anything like he had expected. Once returning to his segregated hometown in Louisville, Ali showed off his Gold Medal to everyone whether they wanted to see it or not. Ali then decided to wear his Medal to downtown Louisville looking for respect and praise as a U. How to Cite this Page "Muhammad Ali." 123HelpMe.com. 23 Jan 2020 Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - Born of the name Cassius Clay in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1942,Muhammad Ali is among one of the greatest athletes in the world Muhammad Ali is an American former boxing heavyweight champion and one of the greatest and well known sporting figures of the 20th century. An Olympic gold medalist and the first fighter to push the limits and achieve the heavyweight title three times. In his 21 year professional career, Ali won an amazing 56 matches with a mind blowing 37 knockouts.. All of Muhammad Ali 's success can be contributed to the person who inspired Ali to join the boxing sport “His boxing career was sparked at the age of 12, after someone stole his bicycle.... [tags: Muhammad Ali, Boxing, Joe Frazier, George Foreman] 1547 words (4.4 pages) - Muhammad Ali: Refused Military Muhammad Ali is a former three-time heavyweight World Champion american boxer. He was born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr once he joined the Nation of Islam he changed his name to Muhammad Ali. Later on in life he was striped of his heavyweight title for refusing to not enter into the military services and serve in the Vietnam war. On April 28, 1967, Muhammad Ali refused to be inducted into the military in Houston, Texas. this is when the New York boxing commission suspended his boxing license and stripped him of his title.... [tags: Muhammad Ali, Boxing, Joe Frazier, George Foreman] 1444 words (4.1 pages) - “I am the greatest, I said that even before I knew I was,” is one of Muhammad Ali’s most well known quotes. This quote by Ali gives a good idea who he was during his boxing days and childhood, but it does not reveal everything about him. The quote gives a sign of Ali’s pride, and the chip he has on his shoulder, and his confidence (S.C #5). Ali’s pride, confidence, the chip on his shoulder originated in his childhood, especially his pride, which he learned from his father (S.C #4). Ali is much more than one of the greatest boxers of all time; he is also a philanthropist and a member of the Nation of Islam.... [tags: Muhammad Ali, Boxing, Joe Frazier, George Foreman] 2161 words (6.2 pages) - “LET’S GET READY TO RUMBLE!” shouted the ring announcer to the cheering crowd as the opponents entered the ring. Boxing is one of America’s most famous sporting events drawing crowds from every walk of life. One boxer that has captured the hearts of many people over the years is Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali may be known as “The Greatest” athlete to ever live. Even people who don’t follow boxing know Muhammad Ali. He has achieved a lifetime full of accomplishments including things such as receiving an Olympic Gold medal and being recognized for giving millions of meals around the world to try to stop hunger.... [tags: Biography] 1268 words (3.6 pages) - Throughout the history there have been many famous people who have lived in this country. Some of them were actors, politicians and even athletes. And out of them one of the them all. one of was a gifted boxer named Muhammad Ali. Ali made is first marked as an amateur, then as professional. Ali went through many hard trail in his life, and one of them will change the future. Which will alter lead him to become the greatest Muhammad Ali. Ali is one of the most famous boxer of all time. Ali has many interesting facts about his early life,amateur career, Olympics career, personal life, professional boxing career Vietnam War, and resistance to the draft.... [tags: louisville, kentucky, boxing career] 867 words (2.5 pages) - The name Muhammad Ali needs no introduction in the sports industry. This man is a living legend. Ali has accomplished my achievements during an era when African-Americas weren’t allowed any opportunities. The career of Cassius Clay began at the age of twelve. After his brand new bike had been stolen at the Louisville Home Show. He wanted to “whoop” the thieves so badly that he began to take boxing lessons. His first victory was a three round, three-minute split decision match. As he became more dedicated to boxing, Clay advanced to winning six Kentucky Golden Gloves Championships, two National Golden Glove tournaments and two National AAU titles.... [tags: essays research papers] 400 words (1.1 pages) - Muhammad Ali The greatest mystery of the 1996 Olympic summer games in Atlanta, was solved at 28 minutes past midnight the day of the opening ceremony. The crowd erupted when the Olympic torch was passed to Muhammad Ali. The Olympic gold medal boxer Muhammad Ali lifted the torch and trembled before a crowd screaming ‘Ali'. He then sent the fire soaring high above the stadium to ignite the ceremonial Olympic cauldron. This moment was truly one of the finest ever to many sports fan, considering the tragedy Ali has been through, he still executed the mission as a true champion.... [tags: essays research papers] 1347 words (3.8 pages) - Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. later known as Muhammad Ali, was a black boxer, and was proud of it. Many African Americans were ashamed of their color, but Ali was different. He was the first boxer to win the Heavyweight Championship 3 different times. He had a great personality and was liked by the people. During his life, he made big decisions that changed the course of his life completely. Muhammad Ali's journey through life was a great inspiration for African American people, but Ali himself deserves the admiration of everyone.... [tags: Sports American History] 1608 words (4.6 pages) - Throughout history there have been many influential people who have lived in this country. Some were politicians, some were actors, and some were even athletes. One such man was a gifted boxer named Muhammad Ali. He made his mark as an amateur, then as a professional. "The Greatest" was the self-proclaimed nickname of Ali, but so many people agreed that it stuck. He went through trials and tribulations in his life, which make him a historic icon. Muhammad Ali is known for being "The Greatest" boxer of all time, but unlike other athletes he is remembered for his out of the ring actions as well as his athletic accomplishments.... [tags: Biography] 1251 words (3.6 pages) - Muhammad Ali Born January 17, 1942, as Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., Muhammad Ali earned a reputation as a man dedicated to his goals and beliefs. After an illustrious boxing career—including three world heavyweight boxing championships—Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Muhammad Ali and his "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee" style of fighting dominated the world of heavyweight boxing for a decade and a half. As a teenager named Cassius Clay, he won the gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Olympic Games.... [tags: Papers] 1414 words (4 pages) Ali had already gained some fame when he won the Gold Medal in the Olympic Games under the name Cassius Clay, but his fame really took off once he entered professional boxing. By signing a very profitable contract, a 50-50 split with a twelve member group of millionaires called the Louisville Sponsoring Group, Ali had entered the spectrum where his name would never be forgotten. After two years of fighting in professional boxing, Ali figured he would be ready to challenge the champion for the World Heavyweight Title Belt. Ali realized that during this time he would have to work hard in the ring and more importantly outside the ring to reach this goal. During a time period when boxing was becoming less popular and television stopped airing fight cards, it was hard for a fighter to get his shot at the title. Gaining a title shot mostly depended on who the fans wanted to see in the match, for they were the ones who paid the cash to keep boxing in existence. Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali), as he was known at the time, began to use his loud mouth to humor the fans and intimidate other fighters, and was able to bring excitement back to the boxing sport. Clay made a name for himself and the fans loved him. Although it took longer than he expected, after a 19-0 win-loss record with 15 knockouts, Cassius Clay finally got his shot at the man who held the World Title Belt, Sonny Liston. Liston was a pure boxer, rated to be the hardest puncher in the heavyweight division, and was thought by many to be invincible. Ali didn’t let this bother him as he entertained reporters and made the prediction to win in eight rounds. He chanted for weeks his war cry “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee,” which has become recognizable by all of Ali’s fans. As the date set for the fight neared, February 25, 1964, fans anxiously awaited and boxing was born again. Ali was dominate throughout the fight and won in the seventh round, one round better than the eighth round he predicted. Ali had accomplished two goals, he was the heavyweight champion of the world and had gained the fame he was looking for as almost everyone knew him. What happened next would startle the sports world as formerly known Cassius Clay announced that he had become a member of the Muslim faith and was changing his name to Muhammad Ali. This was the name given to him by Muslim patriarch Elijah Muhammad meaning “beloved of Allah”. Ali had been influenced and introduced to this religion for several years by human rights activist Malcolm X. Over the next two years, Ali defended his title nine times against such names as Sonny Liston, Floyd Patterson, and Ernie Terrell. He was unbeatable as he destroyed every opponent he faced, and his famous slogan, “I am the greatest,” depicts the cocky and confident attitude that he carried to the ring. Ali was the greatest to everyone until May of 1967 when he refused to induct himself into the United States military due to his religious beliefs during the peak of the Vietnam War. Ali told a Sports Illustrated reporter, “I’m giving up my title, my wealth, maybe my future. Many great men have been tested for their religious beliefs. If I pass this test, I’ll come out stronger than ever.” The undefeated (29-0) boxing champ was stripped of his heavyweight title and sentenced to a five year prison term, which was appealed and later overturned three years later. Nevertheless, Ali was now considered by many of his former supporters to be an unpatriotic coward and a disgrace to the U.S. In 1970, Ali began fighting once again and knocked out Jerry Quarry in the third round. Ali’s victory was a symbol of release and freedom, and with this win, he regained the respect of those who had once turned against him. After an astounding 31-0 record Ali had a chance to attain the title that had been stripped of him almost four years ago, but lost his first professional career fight to Joe Frazier on March 8, 1971. Ali regained the title three years later with a knockout of George Foreman in the eighth round of a stellar performance in Zaire. Late in his career, Ali would once again cough up the title in a punishing loss to Leon Spinks. Exactly seven months later on September 15, 1978, Ali would prevail over Spinks to become the only fighter to ever win the heavyweight crown three separate times. In 1979, Ali retired with a 56-3 record, only to return to boxing in 1980-1981 to lose his final two matches. Ali officially retired in December of 1981. Muhammad Ali also faced another test late in his boxing career that will affect him for the rest of his life. In 1984, Ali was diagnosed as suffering from a series of symptoms known as “punch drunk” syndrome which is characterized by parkinsonian symptoms. Taking so many vicious blows to the head has caused shakiness, slurred speech, memory loss, and difficulty in walking for the champ. This has not slowed down the man who refuses to be defeated as he continues to travel 275 days out of the year doing missionary work to help kids and lower class citizens and making public appearances to raise money for the Muhammad Ali Foundation. Ali has also been honored for creating the Muhammad Ali Community and Economic Development Corporation, which teaches job skills to low-income public housing residents in Chicago. In 1996, Ali was asked to carry the torch up the flight of steps and light the Olympic Flame at the Olympic Games in Atlanta. Ali was successful in doing so despite his impairment and received a standing ovation from the spectators. Today, Muhammad Ali enjoys spending time with his wife Yolanda and their adopted son Asaad Amin at their home in Berrien Springs, Michigan.	<urn:uuid:3b353f20-c904-4785-8b06-41e675586112>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=44340	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00527.warc.gz	en	0.985981	3,240	3.265625	3	[ -0.06136830523610115, 0.14077365398406982, 0.046036504209041595, 0.2096937596797943, -0.5133301019668579, -0.09929881989955902, 0.7112689018249512, 0.03271793574094772, 0.058798812329769135, 0.13553482294082642, 0.043610189110040665, -0.35294654965400696, 0.10922633856534958, 0.05786929279...	1	Essay PreviewMore ↓ Muhammad Ali, whose birth name was Cassius Marcellus Clay, was born in Louisville, Kentucky January 17, 1942. He was named for a white, Kentucky abolitionist, Cassius M. Clay, and received the name Marcellus from his father’s name. Ali’s father, Marcellus Clay was a mural painter who did a lot of work for many churches in the community and his mother Odessa (Grady) Clay was a domestic worker. As a young boy, Cassius Clay was full of energy and carried a loud mouth wherever he went. One day when Ali discovered that someone stole his bicycle, he became enraged and made loud threatening comments by exclaiming that he would “whup whoever stole it.” Upon hearing these threats, Louisville police officer Joe Martin persuaded Ali to take out his frustration in the boxing ring rather than on the dangerous streets of Louisville. At age 12, Ali’s boxing career had officially begun. Martin started Ali working out in Louisville’s Columbia Gym, and Ali became passionately devoted to the sport. With the help of a black trainer named Fred Stoner, who taught Ali the techniques of boxing and to move with the grace of a dancer, Ali became a very skilled and deadly competitor. Between 1955 and 1960, Ali had participated in 108 bouts, in which he won six Kentucky Golden Glove titles, two National Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) championships, two National Golden Glove crowns, and received the Gold Medal in the light heavyweight division in the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy. Ali was only 18 years old when he won the Olympic Gold Medal by defeating Zbigniew Pietrzykowski, a tough fighter from Poland. Shortly after winning the Gold Medal, Ali started looking for better opportunities by saying, “that was my last amateur fight, I’m turning pro, but I don’t know exactly how. I want a good contract with a good manager.” Ali felt that he was on top of the world after winning in the Olympics and felt confident that people of the U.S. would be proud of his accomplishment as he brought home the “Gold”. What Ali would return to find wasn’t anything like he had expected. Once returning to his segregated hometown in Louisville, Ali showed off his Gold Medal to everyone whether they wanted to see it or not. Ali then decided to wear his Medal to downtown Louisville looking for respect and praise as a U. How to Cite this Page "Muhammad Ali." 123HelpMe.com. 23 Jan 2020 Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - Born of the name Cassius Clay in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1942,Muhammad Ali is among one of the greatest athletes in the world Muhammad Ali is an American former boxing heavyweight champion and one of the greatest and well known sporting figures of the 20th century. An Olympic gold medalist and the first fighter to push the limits and achieve the heavyweight title three times. In his 21 year professional career, Ali won an amazing 56 matches with a mind blowing 37 knockouts.. All of Muhammad Ali 's success can be contributed to the person who inspired Ali to join the boxing sport “His boxing career was sparked at the age of 12, after someone stole his bicycle.... [tags: Muhammad Ali, Boxing, Joe Frazier, George Foreman] 1547 words (4.4 pages) - Muhammad Ali: Refused Military Muhammad Ali is a former three-time heavyweight World Champion american boxer. He was born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr once he joined the Nation of Islam he changed his name to Muhammad Ali. Later on in life he was striped of his heavyweight title for refusing to not enter into the military services and serve in the Vietnam war. On April 28, 1967, Muhammad Ali refused to be inducted into the military in Houston, Texas. this is when the New York boxing commission suspended his boxing license and stripped him of his title.... [tags: Muhammad Ali, Boxing, Joe Frazier, George Foreman] 1444 words (4.1 pages) - “I am the greatest, I said that even before I knew I was,” is one of Muhammad Ali’s most well known quotes. This quote by Ali gives a good idea who he was during his boxing days and childhood, but it does not reveal everything about him. The quote gives a sign of Ali’s pride, and the chip he has on his shoulder, and his confidence (S.C #5). Ali’s pride, confidence, the chip on his shoulder originated in his childhood, especially his pride, which he learned from his father (S.C #4). Ali is much more than one of the greatest boxers of all time; he is also a philanthropist and a member of the Nation of Islam.... [tags: Muhammad Ali, Boxing, Joe Frazier, George Foreman] 2161 words (6.2 pages) - “LET’S GET READY TO RUMBLE!” shouted the ring announcer to the cheering crowd as the opponents entered the ring. Boxing is one of America’s most famous sporting events drawing crowds from every walk of life. One boxer that has captured the hearts of many people over the years is Muhammad Ali. Muhammad Ali may be known as “The Greatest” athlete to ever live. Even people who don’t follow boxing know Muhammad Ali. He has achieved a lifetime full of accomplishments including things such as receiving an Olympic Gold medal and being recognized for giving millions of meals around the world to try to stop hunger.... [tags: Biography] 1268 words (3.6 pages) - Throughout the history there have been many famous people who have lived in this country. Some of them were actors, politicians and even athletes. And out of them one of the them all. one of was a gifted boxer named Muhammad Ali. Ali made is first marked as an amateur, then as professional. Ali went through many hard trail in his life, and one of them will change the future. Which will alter lead him to become the greatest Muhammad Ali. Ali is one of the most famous boxer of all time. Ali has many interesting facts about his early life,amateur career, Olympics career, personal life, professional boxing career Vietnam War, and resistance to the draft.... [tags: louisville, kentucky, boxing career] 867 words (2.5 pages) - The name Muhammad Ali needs no introduction in the sports industry. This man is a living legend. Ali has accomplished my achievements during an era when African-Americas weren’t allowed any opportunities. The career of Cassius Clay began at the age of twelve. After his brand new bike had been stolen at the Louisville Home Show. He wanted to “whoop” the thieves so badly that he began to take boxing lessons. His first victory was a three round, three-minute split decision match. As he became more dedicated to boxing, Clay advanced to winning six Kentucky Golden Gloves Championships, two National Golden Glove tournaments and two National AAU titles.... [tags: essays research papers] 400 words (1.1 pages) - Muhammad Ali The greatest mystery of the 1996 Olympic summer games in Atlanta, was solved at 28 minutes past midnight the day of the opening ceremony. The crowd erupted when the Olympic torch was passed to Muhammad Ali. The Olympic gold medal boxer Muhammad Ali lifted the torch and trembled before a crowd screaming ‘Ali'. He then sent the fire soaring high above the stadium to ignite the ceremonial Olympic cauldron. This moment was truly one of the finest ever to many sports fan, considering the tragedy Ali has been through, he still executed the mission as a true champion.... [tags: essays research papers] 1347 words (3.8 pages) - Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. later known as Muhammad Ali, was a black boxer, and was proud of it. Many African Americans were ashamed of their color, but Ali was different. He was the first boxer to win the Heavyweight Championship 3 different times. He had a great personality and was liked by the people. During his life, he made big decisions that changed the course of his life completely. Muhammad Ali's journey through life was a great inspiration for African American people, but Ali himself deserves the admiration of everyone.... [tags: Sports American History] 1608 words (4.6 pages) - Throughout history there have been many influential people who have lived in this country. Some were politicians, some were actors, and some were even athletes. One such man was a gifted boxer named Muhammad Ali. He made his mark as an amateur, then as a professional. "The Greatest" was the self-proclaimed nickname of Ali, but so many people agreed that it stuck. He went through trials and tribulations in his life, which make him a historic icon. Muhammad Ali is known for being "The Greatest" boxer of all time, but unlike other athletes he is remembered for his out of the ring actions as well as his athletic accomplishments.... [tags: Biography] 1251 words (3.6 pages) - Muhammad Ali Born January 17, 1942, as Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., Muhammad Ali earned a reputation as a man dedicated to his goals and beliefs. After an illustrious boxing career—including three world heavyweight boxing championships—Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Muhammad Ali and his "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee" style of fighting dominated the world of heavyweight boxing for a decade and a half. As a teenager named Cassius Clay, he won the gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Olympic Games.... [tags: Papers] 1414 words (4 pages) Ali had already gained some fame when he won the Gold Medal in the Olympic Games under the name Cassius Clay, but his fame really took off once he entered professional boxing. By signing a very profitable contract, a 50-50 split with a twelve member group of millionaires called the Louisville Sponsoring Group, Ali had entered the spectrum where his name would never be forgotten. After two years of fighting in professional boxing, Ali figured he would be ready to challenge the champion for the World Heavyweight Title Belt. Ali realized that during this time he would have to work hard in the ring and more importantly outside the ring to reach this goal. During a time period when boxing was becoming less popular and television stopped airing fight cards, it was hard for a fighter to get his shot at the title. Gaining a title shot mostly depended on who the fans wanted to see in the match, for they were the ones who paid the cash to keep boxing in existence. Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali), as he was known at the time, began to use his loud mouth to humor the fans and intimidate other fighters, and was able to bring excitement back to the boxing sport. Clay made a name for himself and the fans loved him. Although it took longer than he expected, after a 19-0 win-loss record with 15 knockouts, Cassius Clay finally got his shot at the man who held the World Title Belt, Sonny Liston. Liston was a pure boxer, rated to be the hardest puncher in the heavyweight division, and was thought by many to be invincible. Ali didn’t let this bother him as he entertained reporters and made the prediction to win in eight rounds. He chanted for weeks his war cry “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee,” which has become recognizable by all of Ali’s fans. As the date set for the fight neared, February 25, 1964, fans anxiously awaited and boxing was born again. Ali was dominate throughout the fight and won in the seventh round, one round better than the eighth round he predicted. Ali had accomplished two goals, he was the heavyweight champion of the world and had gained the fame he was looking for as almost everyone knew him. What happened next would startle the sports world as formerly known Cassius Clay announced that he had become a member of the Muslim faith and was changing his name to Muhammad Ali. This was the name given to him by Muslim patriarch Elijah Muhammad meaning “beloved of Allah”. Ali had been influenced and introduced to this religion for several years by human rights activist Malcolm X. Over the next two years, Ali defended his title nine times against such names as Sonny Liston, Floyd Patterson, and Ernie Terrell. He was unbeatable as he destroyed every opponent he faced, and his famous slogan, “I am the greatest,” depicts the cocky and confident attitude that he carried to the ring. Ali was the greatest to everyone until May of 1967 when he refused to induct himself into the United States military due to his religious beliefs during the peak of the Vietnam War. Ali told a Sports Illustrated reporter, “I’m giving up my title, my wealth, maybe my future. Many great men have been tested for their religious beliefs. If I pass this test, I’ll come out stronger than ever.” The undefeated (29-0) boxing champ was stripped of his heavyweight title and sentenced to a five year prison term, which was appealed and later overturned three years later. Nevertheless, Ali was now considered by many of his former supporters to be an unpatriotic coward and a disgrace to the U.S. In 1970, Ali began fighting once again and knocked out Jerry Quarry in the third round. Ali’s victory was a symbol of release and freedom, and with this win, he regained the respect of those who had once turned against him. After an astounding 31-0 record Ali had a chance to attain the title that had been stripped of him almost four years ago, but lost his first professional career fight to Joe Frazier on March 8, 1971. Ali regained the title three years later with a knockout of George Foreman in the eighth round of a stellar performance in Zaire. Late in his career, Ali would once again cough up the title in a punishing loss to Leon Spinks. Exactly seven months later on September 15, 1978, Ali would prevail over Spinks to become the only fighter to ever win the heavyweight crown three separate times. In 1979, Ali retired with a 56-3 record, only to return to boxing in 1980-1981 to lose his final two matches. Ali officially retired in December of 1981. Muhammad Ali also faced another test late in his boxing career that will affect him for the rest of his life. In 1984, Ali was diagnosed as suffering from a series of symptoms known as “punch drunk” syndrome which is characterized by parkinsonian symptoms. Taking so many vicious blows to the head has caused shakiness, slurred speech, memory loss, and difficulty in walking for the champ. This has not slowed down the man who refuses to be defeated as he continues to travel 275 days out of the year doing missionary work to help kids and lower class citizens and making public appearances to raise money for the Muhammad Ali Foundation. Ali has also been honored for creating the Muhammad Ali Community and Economic Development Corporation, which teaches job skills to low-income public housing residents in Chicago. In 1996, Ali was asked to carry the torch up the flight of steps and light the Olympic Flame at the Olympic Games in Atlanta. Ali was successful in doing so despite his impairment and received a standing ovation from the spectators. Today, Muhammad Ali enjoys spending time with his wife Yolanda and their adopted son Asaad Amin at their home in Berrien Springs, Michigan.	3,285	ENGLISH	1
Rome had grown from a small town to a large city. Its power had started to spread across Europe. In the first stages of Ancient Rome, there were no kings of emperors. Rome was governed by a group of men called the Senate. This Senate elected two men to have the final say on decisions. These two men were called the consuls. Between the years 509 BC and 27 CE, Rome was a republic. The Roman Republic lasted 450 years. The population grew during this time and the Romans started to have more and more control over different countries. The Romans conquered the rest of Italy, Spain, Turkey, North Africa and Greece. The Romans began building beautiful impressive buildings and public spaces. Some people in the Roman Republic were extremely wealthy, but some were very poor. Life was very different during the Roman Republic depending on whether you were born rich, poor or a slave. What was it like in the Roman Republic? A republic is not like a democracy. In a democracy, everyone gets a say in the way the country is run. In a republic, only a certain number of people can decide what happens. The Roman Republic had lots of rules about who people were in society and what they could do. There were the plebeians who were the common people. The Senate was made up of a group of men called the patricians who were the wealthy classes. This group of wealthy, powerful, people made all the decisions for everyone else. Everyone in Rome was a citizen, except for slaves, who were seen as being below citizens. The Romans decided that all men over the age of 15 were citizens. These men had to prove their ancestors were from the original tribes of Rome in order to be considered citizens. Roman wealth relied on the work of slaves. Slaves were unfree people who did not have the same rights as citizens. Later into the Republic, if a male slave was freed, they could become a citizen too. The Romans had laws written down called the Twelve Tables. The Twelve Tables had rules that tried to keep life pleasant for everyone and stop too much violence or crime. For example, it was forbidden to insult another man. Some laws may seem unfair to us today. For example, there were strict laws about women being controlled. There were rules that might seem strange to us too. The Romans had rules like you could pick fallen fruit from another man’s farm. This type of rule was trying to make clear what theft was. Even though some of the laws might not seem very fair to us today, the Romans had a different way of thinking to us. We have to remember as well that it was the small group of rich and powerful men that made the laws. The Common people and the rich and powerful Plebeians and patricians did not really mix. They were not allowed to marry or socialise together. They wore different clothing so everyone would know whether they were common people or rich people. Patricians (the rich) often lived in big villas on the Palatine Hill, away from the poor. Other Romans lived in tall apartment buildings called insulae. The poorer you were, the higher up in the insulae you lived. If you were lucky enough to live on the ground floor, you would have more space and proper windows. Romans made great advancements in technology but not everyone benefited from this. The sewage system started in 6 BC but poor people living on the upper floors would not have had drainage or sewage systems. The poorer people would not have enjoyed such benefits as clean water and a nice environment to live in. Did Romans eat pizza and pasta? Roman food was different from the food you get in Italy today. There were no tomatoes, peppers, rice or sugar, or fruits like oranges and peaches. Most people ate a type of bread, grain or gruel. If you were very rich, you might enjoy spices or meats that had come from abroad. What did Romans do for fun? Romans loved leisure activities. For fun, they enjoyed gladiatorial competitions, chariot racing and theatre. Roman baths were very popular and most were free. Inside the bathhouses, they had different temperature pools, health centres and gyms. Everyone could enjoy these bathhouses. Romans believed that poor people needed entertainment too. When a Roman finished their working day (normally at noon after starting at dawn), they would enjoy wrestling, chariot racing or other leisure activities. Children enjoyed playing games, just like today, and historians have discovered evidence about toys and dolls that children enjoyed playing with.	<urn:uuid:5648fd6e-e028-4bd1-a413-d7e4df669a05>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.savvyleo.com/world-history/ancient-rome/roman-republic/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00014.warc.gz	en	0.992153	958	3.96875	4	[ -0.460965633392334, 0.334763765335083, 0.42405980825424194, -0.03883038088679314, -0.40841537714004517, -0.2871919870376587, -0.1199568659067154, 0.23251569271087646, 0.17044687271118164, 0.04403974860906601, 0.21962428092956543, -0.059853918850421906, 0.017959121614694595, 0.3246366977691...	13	Rome had grown from a small town to a large city. Its power had started to spread across Europe. In the first stages of Ancient Rome, there were no kings of emperors. Rome was governed by a group of men called the Senate. This Senate elected two men to have the final say on decisions. These two men were called the consuls. Between the years 509 BC and 27 CE, Rome was a republic. The Roman Republic lasted 450 years. The population grew during this time and the Romans started to have more and more control over different countries. The Romans conquered the rest of Italy, Spain, Turkey, North Africa and Greece. The Romans began building beautiful impressive buildings and public spaces. Some people in the Roman Republic were extremely wealthy, but some were very poor. Life was very different during the Roman Republic depending on whether you were born rich, poor or a slave. What was it like in the Roman Republic? A republic is not like a democracy. In a democracy, everyone gets a say in the way the country is run. In a republic, only a certain number of people can decide what happens. The Roman Republic had lots of rules about who people were in society and what they could do. There were the plebeians who were the common people. The Senate was made up of a group of men called the patricians who were the wealthy classes. This group of wealthy, powerful, people made all the decisions for everyone else. Everyone in Rome was a citizen, except for slaves, who were seen as being below citizens. The Romans decided that all men over the age of 15 were citizens. These men had to prove their ancestors were from the original tribes of Rome in order to be considered citizens. Roman wealth relied on the work of slaves. Slaves were unfree people who did not have the same rights as citizens. Later into the Republic, if a male slave was freed, they could become a citizen too. The Romans had laws written down called the Twelve Tables. The Twelve Tables had rules that tried to keep life pleasant for everyone and stop too much violence or crime. For example, it was forbidden to insult another man. Some laws may seem unfair to us today. For example, there were strict laws about women being controlled. There were rules that might seem strange to us too. The Romans had rules like you could pick fallen fruit from another man’s farm. This type of rule was trying to make clear what theft was. Even though some of the laws might not seem very fair to us today, the Romans had a different way of thinking to us. We have to remember as well that it was the small group of rich and powerful men that made the laws. The Common people and the rich and powerful Plebeians and patricians did not really mix. They were not allowed to marry or socialise together. They wore different clothing so everyone would know whether they were common people or rich people. Patricians (the rich) often lived in big villas on the Palatine Hill, away from the poor. Other Romans lived in tall apartment buildings called insulae. The poorer you were, the higher up in the insulae you lived. If you were lucky enough to live on the ground floor, you would have more space and proper windows. Romans made great advancements in technology but not everyone benefited from this. The sewage system started in 6 BC but poor people living on the upper floors would not have had drainage or sewage systems. The poorer people would not have enjoyed such benefits as clean water and a nice environment to live in. Did Romans eat pizza and pasta? Roman food was different from the food you get in Italy today. There were no tomatoes, peppers, rice or sugar, or fruits like oranges and peaches. Most people ate a type of bread, grain or gruel. If you were very rich, you might enjoy spices or meats that had come from abroad. What did Romans do for fun? Romans loved leisure activities. For fun, they enjoyed gladiatorial competitions, chariot racing and theatre. Roman baths were very popular and most were free. Inside the bathhouses, they had different temperature pools, health centres and gyms. Everyone could enjoy these bathhouses. Romans believed that poor people needed entertainment too. When a Roman finished their working day (normally at noon after starting at dawn), they would enjoy wrestling, chariot racing or other leisure activities. Children enjoyed playing games, just like today, and historians have discovered evidence about toys and dolls that children enjoyed playing with.	933	ENGLISH	1
By Tim Binnall A pair of Russian cosmonauts conducted a complex spacewalk outside of the ISS today to inspect a mysterious hole found in a Soyuz capsule attached to the station. Measuring a mere two millimeters, the tiny spot of damage was initially found back in August when an air leak was detected and traced back to the hole which was subsequently patched by astronauts using cloth and glue. Despite being incredibly small, the hole has become something of a huge puzzle in that no one is quite sure how it was created. Scientists initially suspected that the hole had been naturally created by fast-moving space rock, however closer examination of the spot increased the intrigue considerably as it appears to have been deliberately drilled into the Soyuz capsule. This led to speculation that whoever made the hole had done so in order to sabotage the craft. No doubt the most controversial rumor, reported in the Russia media and then vehemently denied by officials in that country, was that American astronauts aboard the ISS may have created the hole as a means of facilitating a return to Earth for a sick colleague. Now thanks to what was called an "unprecedented" mission by the Russian space agency, we may eventually find out who or what made the hole. Over the course of six hours on Tuesday, two cosmonauts sliced through a layer of insulation and shielding on the Soyuz capsule from the outside to get a better look at the spot and to take samples of the epoxy used to patch it. The new photographic perspective on the hole as well as the materials collected around the area will soon be brought back to Earth for further examination and, hopefully, some answers.	<urn:uuid:4a2cdb6b-ef0d-49c0-81ca-e1ed7dd61e7f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.coasttocoastam.com/article/video-spacewalking-cosmonauts-inspect-mysterious-iss-hole/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00079.warc.gz	en	0.981278	332	3.34375	3	[ -0.14302277565002441, -0.010047116316854954, -0.08034204691648483, 0.30499494075775146, 0.027962060645222664, -0.09366201609373093, 0.2290607988834381, 0.4525086283683777, -0.0013561868108808994, -0.030458271503448486, 0.3023698627948761, -0.3297160267829895, -0.07332859188318253, 0.338198...	2	By Tim Binnall A pair of Russian cosmonauts conducted a complex spacewalk outside of the ISS today to inspect a mysterious hole found in a Soyuz capsule attached to the station. Measuring a mere two millimeters, the tiny spot of damage was initially found back in August when an air leak was detected and traced back to the hole which was subsequently patched by astronauts using cloth and glue. Despite being incredibly small, the hole has become something of a huge puzzle in that no one is quite sure how it was created. Scientists initially suspected that the hole had been naturally created by fast-moving space rock, however closer examination of the spot increased the intrigue considerably as it appears to have been deliberately drilled into the Soyuz capsule. This led to speculation that whoever made the hole had done so in order to sabotage the craft. No doubt the most controversial rumor, reported in the Russia media and then vehemently denied by officials in that country, was that American astronauts aboard the ISS may have created the hole as a means of facilitating a return to Earth for a sick colleague. Now thanks to what was called an "unprecedented" mission by the Russian space agency, we may eventually find out who or what made the hole. Over the course of six hours on Tuesday, two cosmonauts sliced through a layer of insulation and shielding on the Soyuz capsule from the outside to get a better look at the spot and to take samples of the epoxy used to patch it. The new photographic perspective on the hole as well as the materials collected around the area will soon be brought back to Earth for further examination and, hopefully, some answers.	329	ENGLISH	1
The virtue of truth and the evil of secret sin are clearly illustrated in the novel, The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The three main characters in this novel display their own honesty and sins. Hester Prynne exhibits the essence of truth and pride when she bravely faces the humiliation of the scaffold. In chapter 17, when Hester apologizes to Dimmesdale about concealing Chillingworths identity, she says, In all things else, I have striven to be true! Truth was the one virtue which I might have held, and did hold fast, through all extremityA lie is never good, even though death threaten on the other side (pg. 202)! It is Hesters pride, which sustains her from the beginning of the novel to the end, when she dies, still sporting the scarlet A on her bosom. Hesters sin is the sin which gives the book its title and around which the action of the book resolves. Adultery, which was prohibited by the Seventh Amendment, was usually punished by death. A woman in the crowd stated, At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynnes forheadShe may cover it (the scarlet letter) with a brooch, or such like heathenish adornment, and so walk the streets as brave as ever (pg. 53)! Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale shows truth by his occupation. People living in Boston, Massachusetts looked up to and respected Dimmesdale because he was a minister. One of his sins was his inability to publicly acknowledge that he committed adultery with Hester and that he is the father of Pearl, Hesters daughter. However, adultery was not his biggest sin. His biggest sin is hypocrisy. In chapter ten, he speaks of the concealment of his sins, he says, It may be that they are kept silent by the very constistution of their nature. Or-can we not suppose it-guilty as they may be, retaining, nevertheless, a zeal for Gods glory and mans welfareno evil of the past be redeemed by better service (pg. 137). While trying to conceal his sins, they take over his conscience and literally confess themselves during his acts of madness. The third main character, Roger Chillingworth, is a pretty innocent man in the beginning of this book. He comes to America to be reunited with his wife, Hester, but soon comes to find out that she has committed adultery. Chillingworth has however committed two sins also. One of them being against nature. He says, A man already in decay, having given my best years to feed the hungry dream of knowledge, -what had I to do with youth and beauty like thine own (pg. 77)! Sin, in actuality, begins to take possession of Chillingworth when he noticed Hester on the scaffold. Chillingworth eventually destroys himself. As he is talking to Hester in chapter fourteen when he has realized what has happened between Hester and Dimmesdale, he says, Dost thou remember me? Was I not, though you might deem me cold, nevertheless a man thoughtful for others, craving little for himself, -kind, true, just, and of constant, if not warm affections? Was I not all this (pg. 180)? As shown in the novel, each individual character displayed both senses of truth and evil. Some were less severe than others, but still sins. Overall, a lesson of purity is developed throughout the book.	<urn:uuid:e3873cec-2cd3-4078-9a0d-09566996d6a5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://windsongcastlecottage.com/the-novel-the-scarlet-letter/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00063.warc.gz	en	0.980343	727	3.46875	3	[ -0.09531083703041077, 0.25478309392929077, -0.10635238140821457, 0.09944421052932739, -0.3086620569229126, 0.46345046162605286, 0.33976852893829346, -0.24597500264644623, 0.12653857469558716, -0.11924588680267334, 0.021666275337338448, -0.002619731705635786, 0.4324856102466583, -0.04926990...	3	The virtue of truth and the evil of secret sin are clearly illustrated in the novel, The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The three main characters in this novel display their own honesty and sins. Hester Prynne exhibits the essence of truth and pride when she bravely faces the humiliation of the scaffold. In chapter 17, when Hester apologizes to Dimmesdale about concealing Chillingworths identity, she says, In all things else, I have striven to be true! Truth was the one virtue which I might have held, and did hold fast, through all extremityA lie is never good, even though death threaten on the other side (pg. 202)! It is Hesters pride, which sustains her from the beginning of the novel to the end, when she dies, still sporting the scarlet A on her bosom. Hesters sin is the sin which gives the book its title and around which the action of the book resolves. Adultery, which was prohibited by the Seventh Amendment, was usually punished by death. A woman in the crowd stated, At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynnes forheadShe may cover it (the scarlet letter) with a brooch, or such like heathenish adornment, and so walk the streets as brave as ever (pg. 53)! Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale shows truth by his occupation. People living in Boston, Massachusetts looked up to and respected Dimmesdale because he was a minister. One of his sins was his inability to publicly acknowledge that he committed adultery with Hester and that he is the father of Pearl, Hesters daughter. However, adultery was not his biggest sin. His biggest sin is hypocrisy. In chapter ten, he speaks of the concealment of his sins, he says, It may be that they are kept silent by the very constistution of their nature. Or-can we not suppose it-guilty as they may be, retaining, nevertheless, a zeal for Gods glory and mans welfareno evil of the past be redeemed by better service (pg. 137). While trying to conceal his sins, they take over his conscience and literally confess themselves during his acts of madness. The third main character, Roger Chillingworth, is a pretty innocent man in the beginning of this book. He comes to America to be reunited with his wife, Hester, but soon comes to find out that she has committed adultery. Chillingworth has however committed two sins also. One of them being against nature. He says, A man already in decay, having given my best years to feed the hungry dream of knowledge, -what had I to do with youth and beauty like thine own (pg. 77)! Sin, in actuality, begins to take possession of Chillingworth when he noticed Hester on the scaffold. Chillingworth eventually destroys himself. As he is talking to Hester in chapter fourteen when he has realized what has happened between Hester and Dimmesdale, he says, Dost thou remember me? Was I not, though you might deem me cold, nevertheless a man thoughtful for others, craving little for himself, -kind, true, just, and of constant, if not warm affections? Was I not all this (pg. 180)? As shown in the novel, each individual character displayed both senses of truth and evil. Some were less severe than others, but still sins. Overall, a lesson of purity is developed throughout the book.	736	ENGLISH	1
In reality, the idea of a "typical" learner is a myth. She doesn't do much pull-out, instead preferring to work in classrooms using adapted classroom materials. The key question that a teacher following UDL principles should ask is: How do I present this information so that kids will really understand, and learn how to show me what they have understood? Katherine's focus is on ensuring that his articulation skills do not deteriorate, teaching him to use his residual hearing as much as possible, and developing communication strategies that allow him to participate fully in the general education classroom. Perhaps the biggest takeaway from their presentation was that educators need to stop seeing themselves as Teachers, and start recognizing themselves as Educational Experience Designers. In establishing student goals, then, it is important that they are aligned to state standards yet also defined in a manner that allows students multiple ways to demonstate the goals have been met. Multiple means of engagement: creation of voice avatars i. So how do you accommodate these differences?	<urn:uuid:5a675a54-0e84-40c6-8337-6ae2f204af23>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://penivyhozesameju.whatshanesaid.com/the-importance-of-udl-in-the288303663ti.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00003.warc.gz	en	0.980266	208	3.421875	3	[ 0.0787656232714653, -0.23514746129512787, 0.3535529375076294, -0.3683083653450012, -0.7119172811508179, 0.38300085067749023, 0.2638014554977417, 0.18904022872447968, 0.012331567704677582, 0.05958486348390579, 0.14038044214248657, -0.14814528822898865, 0.11016280204057693, 0.396644562482833...	1	In reality, the idea of a "typical" learner is a myth. She doesn't do much pull-out, instead preferring to work in classrooms using adapted classroom materials. The key question that a teacher following UDL principles should ask is: How do I present this information so that kids will really understand, and learn how to show me what they have understood? Katherine's focus is on ensuring that his articulation skills do not deteriorate, teaching him to use his residual hearing as much as possible, and developing communication strategies that allow him to participate fully in the general education classroom. Perhaps the biggest takeaway from their presentation was that educators need to stop seeing themselves as Teachers, and start recognizing themselves as Educational Experience Designers. In establishing student goals, then, it is important that they are aligned to state standards yet also defined in a manner that allows students multiple ways to demonstate the goals have been met. Multiple means of engagement: creation of voice avatars i. So how do you accommodate these differences?	202	ENGLISH	1
The most important reform of the Progressive Era was the final achievement of women's suffrage. Why were women interested in political reform?© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 9, 2019, 8:42 pm ad1c9bdddf Women did not have a lot of rights before women's suffrage took place. They were not given equal wages, did not have the right to vote or do much of anything else of value and they felt it was time to take control of not only their own lives but to help others as well. At this time there were many poor immigrants coming into the country and women wanted to form groups that would be able to help these people with their lives as ... This solution discusses women in the Progressive Era.	<urn:uuid:4021b497-7de5-4a5d-8ded-a126cea4fb56>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brainmass.com/history/women-progressive-era-159917	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00497.warc.gz	en	0.990467	153	4	4	[ -0.3220096826553345, -0.15786057710647583, 0.07942698150873184, -0.04426996409893036, -0.09465669840574265, 0.5782250761985779, -0.30330967903137207, 0.16616317629814148, -0.07230431586503983, 0.21232658624649048, 0.3021661043167114, -0.019822269678115845, -0.1948242485523224, -0.128031402...	1	The most important reform of the Progressive Era was the final achievement of women's suffrage. Why were women interested in political reform?© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 9, 2019, 8:42 pm ad1c9bdddf Women did not have a lot of rights before women's suffrage took place. They were not given equal wages, did not have the right to vote or do much of anything else of value and they felt it was time to take control of not only their own lives but to help others as well. At this time there were many poor immigrants coming into the country and women wanted to form groups that would be able to help these people with their lives as ... This solution discusses women in the Progressive Era.	157	ENGLISH	1
Despite being born into slavery and enduring over a century of discrimination, Mary Hardway Walker managed to accomplish an extraordinary feat. At 116 years old, she learned to read. Walker was born in Union Springs, Alabama, in 1848 and lived in bondage until she was freed at the age of 15 following the passing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. By age 20, she was married and had her first child. By age 68, she had worked several jobs, including cooking, cleaning, babysitting, and selling sandwiches to raise money for her church. Then in 1917, Walker and her family moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee. By 114, all three of her children and husband died. She, however, kept on living. In 1963, she enrolled in the Chattanooga Area Literacy Movement (CALM) where she was taught by a volunteer teacher named Helen Kelly. She attended a one-hour class two nights a week for more than a year, where she learned to read, write, add, and subtract, reported WRCB-TV. Featured Image by Buyenlarge/Getty Images Full article @ Black Enterprise	<urn:uuid:f2c2f6d6-ce2b-47d5-b250-f9afc7c5061a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.kolumnmagazine.com/2020/01/13/born-into-slavery-this-centenarian-learned-to-read-at-116-becoming-the-nations-oldest-student-black-enterprise/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00020.warc.gz	en	0.99013	232	3.46875	3	[ -0.4560372531414032, -0.09262719005346298, 0.4290620684623718, 0.03912537544965744, -0.5242863297462463, 0.44286245107650757, -0.218882218003273, -0.1456328183412552, -0.48609232902526855, 0.0829460471868515, 0.3012734353542328, 0.2603975832462311, -0.013914037495851517, 0.1193265467882156...	5	Despite being born into slavery and enduring over a century of discrimination, Mary Hardway Walker managed to accomplish an extraordinary feat. At 116 years old, she learned to read. Walker was born in Union Springs, Alabama, in 1848 and lived in bondage until she was freed at the age of 15 following the passing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. By age 20, she was married and had her first child. By age 68, she had worked several jobs, including cooking, cleaning, babysitting, and selling sandwiches to raise money for her church. Then in 1917, Walker and her family moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee. By 114, all three of her children and husband died. She, however, kept on living. In 1963, she enrolled in the Chattanooga Area Literacy Movement (CALM) where she was taught by a volunteer teacher named Helen Kelly. She attended a one-hour class two nights a week for more than a year, where she learned to read, write, add, and subtract, reported WRCB-TV. Featured Image by Buyenlarge/Getty Images Full article @ Black Enterprise	251	ENGLISH	1
William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor who is regarded both as one of the greatest wordsmiths of all time as well as the greatest English writer in history. His critically acclaimed plays have been performed over the centuries and include tragedies such as Romeo and Juliet, comedies such as The Merchant of Venice, and historical plays such as King John. His extant pieces including collaborations, consists of 154 sonnets, 38 plays, 2 long narrative poems, and numerous verses. Shakespeare’s plays have been translated into all major living languages and have been performed more than those of any other playwright. 5. Early Life William Shakespeare was born to alderman (member of borough council) John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, a prominent landowner’s daughter. He was the third born and had seven siblings. There are no records to show his exact birthrate although it is celebrated on Saint George’s Day on April, 23th. He was born in the small town of Stratford-upon-Avon and received his baptism in the town on April 26th, 1564. Historians believe that William Shakespeare attended King’s New School in Stratford where he learned reading and writing, arithmetic, and basic Latin which was mandatory through a royal decree. William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18 years with Hathaway being 26 years old and received their marriage certificate on November 27th, 1582. Six months after the wedding, the couple had their first child, Susanna, who was later baptized on May 26th, 1583. There is little knowledge of Shakespeare's early adulthood and the period between 1585 and 1592 is referred to by historians as the “Lost Years” of Shakespeare. The earliest known reference to Shakespeare to theatrical work is his criticism by fellow playwright, Robert Greene in his play, “Groats-Worth of Wit.” Biographers place the beginnings of his career to the mid-1580s. After several years in the industry, Shakespeare became famous and made the decision to have his plays only be performed by his company Lord Chamberlain’s Men in 1594. In 1603, the company was renamed to “The King’s Men,” after receiving a royal patent for the name from King James I. 3. Major Contributions The majority of Shakespeare’s plays and poems were masterpieces, and his playwright ability was unprecedented. The plays include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Othello, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, The Tempest, As You Like It, The Merchant of Venice, and many historical plays such as Richard II, Henry IV-Henry VIII. These plays were popular in London and attracted huge numbers of spectators. The success of his acting group made it possible for the group to establish a large theater in 1599 at the banks of River Thames known as the Globe Theater as well as buying the indoor theater known as Blackfriars. William Shakespeare faced several challenges both in his personal life and during his time on stage. The 17th century Bubonic Plague affected the theatres with many public playhouses being closed for extended periods of time. On a personal level, many biographers believe that Shakespeare’s marriage to Hathaway who was eight years his senior was forced on him by Hathaway’s family after he impregnated her. 1. Death and Legacy In his sunset years, William Shakespeare spent his time between Stratford and London where he continued making appearances in his plays and writing few collaborations with other playwrights of the King’s Men. William Shakespeare died on April 23rd, 1616 aged 52 years. He was buried at the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare left a lasting impression in the playwright industry with many plays written after that being influenced by his work. Many of his plays have been performed all over the world and have been used in many educational curriculums. Who Was William Shakespeare? William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor who is regarded both as one of the greatest wordsmiths of all time as well as the greatest English writer in history. His critically acclaimed plays have been performed over the centuries and include tragedies such as Romeo and Juliet, comedies such as The Merchant of Venice, and historical plays such as King John. About the Author Benjamin Elisha Sawe holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Statistics and an MBA in Strategic Management. He is a frequent World Atlas contributor. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	<urn:uuid:a02ec3ba-83fa-4ed4-90bc-7833e9ca394d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/william-shakespeare-important-figures-in-history.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591431.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117234621-20200118022621-00473.warc.gz	en	0.987516	964	3.75	4	[ 0.04283229634165764, -0.06539873033761978, 0.8429789543151855, -0.05862247943878174, -0.5655093193054199, -0.10455553233623505, 0.16261619329452515, -0.04250920191407204, -0.2297143042087555, -0.29075485467910767, -0.08269736915826797, 0.19972330331802368, -0.09012904763221741, 0.298120081...	1	William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor who is regarded both as one of the greatest wordsmiths of all time as well as the greatest English writer in history. His critically acclaimed plays have been performed over the centuries and include tragedies such as Romeo and Juliet, comedies such as The Merchant of Venice, and historical plays such as King John. His extant pieces including collaborations, consists of 154 sonnets, 38 plays, 2 long narrative poems, and numerous verses. Shakespeare’s plays have been translated into all major living languages and have been performed more than those of any other playwright. 5. Early Life William Shakespeare was born to alderman (member of borough council) John Shakespeare and Mary Arden, a prominent landowner’s daughter. He was the third born and had seven siblings. There are no records to show his exact birthrate although it is celebrated on Saint George’s Day on April, 23th. He was born in the small town of Stratford-upon-Avon and received his baptism in the town on April 26th, 1564. Historians believe that William Shakespeare attended King’s New School in Stratford where he learned reading and writing, arithmetic, and basic Latin which was mandatory through a royal decree. William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18 years with Hathaway being 26 years old and received their marriage certificate on November 27th, 1582. Six months after the wedding, the couple had their first child, Susanna, who was later baptized on May 26th, 1583. There is little knowledge of Shakespeare's early adulthood and the period between 1585 and 1592 is referred to by historians as the “Lost Years” of Shakespeare. The earliest known reference to Shakespeare to theatrical work is his criticism by fellow playwright, Robert Greene in his play, “Groats-Worth of Wit.” Biographers place the beginnings of his career to the mid-1580s. After several years in the industry, Shakespeare became famous and made the decision to have his plays only be performed by his company Lord Chamberlain’s Men in 1594. In 1603, the company was renamed to “The King’s Men,” after receiving a royal patent for the name from King James I. 3. Major Contributions The majority of Shakespeare’s plays and poems were masterpieces, and his playwright ability was unprecedented. The plays include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Othello, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, The Tempest, As You Like It, The Merchant of Venice, and many historical plays such as Richard II, Henry IV-Henry VIII. These plays were popular in London and attracted huge numbers of spectators. The success of his acting group made it possible for the group to establish a large theater in 1599 at the banks of River Thames known as the Globe Theater as well as buying the indoor theater known as Blackfriars. William Shakespeare faced several challenges both in his personal life and during his time on stage. The 17th century Bubonic Plague affected the theatres with many public playhouses being closed for extended periods of time. On a personal level, many biographers believe that Shakespeare’s marriage to Hathaway who was eight years his senior was forced on him by Hathaway’s family after he impregnated her. 1. Death and Legacy In his sunset years, William Shakespeare spent his time between Stratford and London where he continued making appearances in his plays and writing few collaborations with other playwrights of the King’s Men. William Shakespeare died on April 23rd, 1616 aged 52 years. He was buried at the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare left a lasting impression in the playwright industry with many plays written after that being influenced by his work. Many of his plays have been performed all over the world and have been used in many educational curriculums. Who Was William Shakespeare? William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet, and actor who is regarded both as one of the greatest wordsmiths of all time as well as the greatest English writer in history. His critically acclaimed plays have been performed over the centuries and include tragedies such as Romeo and Juliet, comedies such as The Merchant of Venice, and historical plays such as King John. About the Author Benjamin Elisha Sawe holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Statistics and an MBA in Strategic Management. He is a frequent World Atlas contributor. Your MLA Citation Your APA Citation Your Chicago Citation Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation.	974	ENGLISH	1
What do you think of this audio recording? In this story you will see many examples of Progressive Verb Forms (also known as Continuous Forms). Here is the structure of the Progressive Forms: subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (gerund) Sometimes a modal verb can be used before the auxiliary verb: subject + modal verb (could/would/should) + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (gerund) There are other structures such as the Present Perfect Continuous: subject + auxiliary verb (have) + past participle (been) + main verb (gerund) We use the progressive from when: - we want to describe an action that is happing right now - we want to describe an action that will be happening in the future - we want to describe an activity or process that started in the past and is still going on Here are some examples: - We are reading an interesting story right now. - My wife is flying to Madrid tomorrow. - My wife would be flying to Madrid tomorrow if she had a holiday. - Our partners have been working with us for 10 years now. Now enjoy the following story and find the progressive forms in italics. "Going Going Gone!"Andrew and Daisy Marvell were going to spend another holiday in Majorca. Everyone knew that the postman knew it, the dustman knew it and their next door neighbours also knew they would be going there. The simple reason was that they had been going there for their summer holiday for the last twenty-five years. Most people in Britain are subjected to an endless bombardment of advertisements on television just after Christmas inviting them to book for their summer holiday. The adverts are constantly telling viewers that if they book early, they will save enormous amounts of money but at the same time there is a little voice at the back of peoples' minds that is suggesting to them that there will also be bargains if they wait until the last minute. Habit is a significant factor in all this. You did this last year while you were taking down the Christmas decorations and therefore without realizing it, you will be doing exactly the same this year. You sit back in your favourite armchair and say: «In six months' time I shall be sitting on a sunny beach somewhere and I shall be reading my favourite book.» The Marvells did not believe in leaving things to chance. They believed in planning. On a winter evening around mid-January in the Marvell household the following would be a typical conversation: "Are you thinking, what I'm thinking Daisy?" "I'll tell you what I'm thinking: I'm dreaming of my summer holiday at the moment in a lovely warm place, And." She was being very romantic when she called him "And". "And, And (this was Daisy's sense of humour) where will you be taking your holiday this summer?" "I was thinking perhaps we might try Majorca, it's said to be very pretty." At this stage of the conversation there would be the sound of screams of laughter and the following day Andrew usually booked the holiday. The next-door neighbours, the long-suffering Nortons, heard the laughter too, turned to each other and said: "They're obviously making arrangements to go to Majorca again." When Andrew finished work that Monday and was walking down the high street to the station to get his train home, he decided to call in at the travel agents to make his booking. When he reached the door, it didn't seem to open in the usual manner. In fact to his surprise it opened outwards instead of inwards. He ought to know, he thought, he'd been pushing and not pulling it several times a year over the last twenty-five and he usually went to young Jack (now old Jack) who'd been working there over the same period of time. The layout was different, too. Something strange was happening and poor Andrew couldn't make it out. There was the smell of damp and hot hair. "Can I help you, sir?" asked a young woman in a white overall. "I've been coming here for the last twenty ..." Andrew's jaw dropped. For a moment he thought he was standing in the wrong shop, dashed outside and then came back in again. Maybe he was dreaming but then it dawned on him, the travel agents had gone and been replaced by a hairdressers. The woman explained: "We opened last week and are opening another new premises by the park next month. The travel agents have been experiencing a difficult time this year. They weren't getting their regular customers." Andrew just couldn't handle it. If Daisy were here, she would be feeling the same. He tried to picture how he would be explaining it to her. What would she be doing right now at home? She would probably be preparing the supper and expecting to see the receipt for the booking as he came through the door. What could he do? He was in a hairdressing salon and it was a uni-sex one as well! He didn't know what to do, where to look. When Andrew eventually reached home about two hours later, Daisy was speaking on the phone. She had been going frantic trying to find out what had happened to Andrew. As she was watching him come through the door, she couldn't believe it was him. He looked about 20 years younger. Apparently he had been persuaded to stay on at the salon and have his hair done. He had seriously been considering having something done for some time and the young woman in the white overall had convinced him that he should experience all the facilities on offer. It wasn't long after that when Daisy gave the salon a try, too. Within three months Andrew and Daisy had become very important customers. It wasn't cheap of course but both their heads were immaculate and they were enjoying the appreciative comments from friends and colleagues including of course the postman, the dustman and the next door neighbours. Normally at this time of year they would have been saving hard and putting money aside for the holiday in Majorca but that topic was not being discussed at the moment. As the weeks went by they both became very friendly with the young woman in white called Angela and on one of their regular visits she told them: "I'm running a raffle to mark our first 100 days at the salon that's how long we'll have been doing business by the end of this week and I was wondering whether you would like to buy some tickets." Anxious to keep in favour they paid up, bought six tickets and thought no more about it. About a month later when they arrived at the salon, Angela was waiting for them at the door excitedly waving an envelope. "They've just been doing the draw and you've won first prize." As Daisy was casually opening the envelope she half expected to have won a set of hairbrushes or a bottle of champagne. As she read the note, a strange smile was beginning to cross her face. "We're going on holiday And!" "Oh, yes that's nice dear and where are we going?" "Somewhere called Majorca, dear." "Ah well, said And that'll keep the postman, the dustman and the neighbours happy." Dear Friend, if you have any questions or comments regarding this article, please click here.	<urn:uuid:08f81095-740e-4fca-a860-746ec2360911>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://english.best/reading/grammar/progressive-forms/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00266.warc.gz	en	0.989112	1,513	3.265625	3	[ -0.2948688268661499, -0.09820617735385895, 0.33547037839889526, -0.2888375520706177, 0.16192883253097534, 0.4493827223777771, 0.08032047003507614, 0.056070975959300995, 0.37629958987236023, 0.11745551228523254, 0.006194778718054295, 0.26841574907302856, -0.22748613357543945, 0.353500604629...	2	What do you think of this audio recording? In this story you will see many examples of Progressive Verb Forms (also known as Continuous Forms). Here is the structure of the Progressive Forms: subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (gerund) Sometimes a modal verb can be used before the auxiliary verb: subject + modal verb (could/would/should) + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (gerund) There are other structures such as the Present Perfect Continuous: subject + auxiliary verb (have) + past participle (been) + main verb (gerund) We use the progressive from when: - we want to describe an action that is happing right now - we want to describe an action that will be happening in the future - we want to describe an activity or process that started in the past and is still going on Here are some examples: - We are reading an interesting story right now. - My wife is flying to Madrid tomorrow. - My wife would be flying to Madrid tomorrow if she had a holiday. - Our partners have been working with us for 10 years now. Now enjoy the following story and find the progressive forms in italics. "Going Going Gone!"Andrew and Daisy Marvell were going to spend another holiday in Majorca. Everyone knew that the postman knew it, the dustman knew it and their next door neighbours also knew they would be going there. The simple reason was that they had been going there for their summer holiday for the last twenty-five years. Most people in Britain are subjected to an endless bombardment of advertisements on television just after Christmas inviting them to book for their summer holiday. The adverts are constantly telling viewers that if they book early, they will save enormous amounts of money but at the same time there is a little voice at the back of peoples' minds that is suggesting to them that there will also be bargains if they wait until the last minute. Habit is a significant factor in all this. You did this last year while you were taking down the Christmas decorations and therefore without realizing it, you will be doing exactly the same this year. You sit back in your favourite armchair and say: «In six months' time I shall be sitting on a sunny beach somewhere and I shall be reading my favourite book.» The Marvells did not believe in leaving things to chance. They believed in planning. On a winter evening around mid-January in the Marvell household the following would be a typical conversation: "Are you thinking, what I'm thinking Daisy?" "I'll tell you what I'm thinking: I'm dreaming of my summer holiday at the moment in a lovely warm place, And." She was being very romantic when she called him "And". "And, And (this was Daisy's sense of humour) where will you be taking your holiday this summer?" "I was thinking perhaps we might try Majorca, it's said to be very pretty." At this stage of the conversation there would be the sound of screams of laughter and the following day Andrew usually booked the holiday. The next-door neighbours, the long-suffering Nortons, heard the laughter too, turned to each other and said: "They're obviously making arrangements to go to Majorca again." When Andrew finished work that Monday and was walking down the high street to the station to get his train home, he decided to call in at the travel agents to make his booking. When he reached the door, it didn't seem to open in the usual manner. In fact to his surprise it opened outwards instead of inwards. He ought to know, he thought, he'd been pushing and not pulling it several times a year over the last twenty-five and he usually went to young Jack (now old Jack) who'd been working there over the same period of time. The layout was different, too. Something strange was happening and poor Andrew couldn't make it out. There was the smell of damp and hot hair. "Can I help you, sir?" asked a young woman in a white overall. "I've been coming here for the last twenty ..." Andrew's jaw dropped. For a moment he thought he was standing in the wrong shop, dashed outside and then came back in again. Maybe he was dreaming but then it dawned on him, the travel agents had gone and been replaced by a hairdressers. The woman explained: "We opened last week and are opening another new premises by the park next month. The travel agents have been experiencing a difficult time this year. They weren't getting their regular customers." Andrew just couldn't handle it. If Daisy were here, she would be feeling the same. He tried to picture how he would be explaining it to her. What would she be doing right now at home? She would probably be preparing the supper and expecting to see the receipt for the booking as he came through the door. What could he do? He was in a hairdressing salon and it was a uni-sex one as well! He didn't know what to do, where to look. When Andrew eventually reached home about two hours later, Daisy was speaking on the phone. She had been going frantic trying to find out what had happened to Andrew. As she was watching him come through the door, she couldn't believe it was him. He looked about 20 years younger. Apparently he had been persuaded to stay on at the salon and have his hair done. He had seriously been considering having something done for some time and the young woman in the white overall had convinced him that he should experience all the facilities on offer. It wasn't long after that when Daisy gave the salon a try, too. Within three months Andrew and Daisy had become very important customers. It wasn't cheap of course but both their heads were immaculate and they were enjoying the appreciative comments from friends and colleagues including of course the postman, the dustman and the next door neighbours. Normally at this time of year they would have been saving hard and putting money aside for the holiday in Majorca but that topic was not being discussed at the moment. As the weeks went by they both became very friendly with the young woman in white called Angela and on one of their regular visits she told them: "I'm running a raffle to mark our first 100 days at the salon that's how long we'll have been doing business by the end of this week and I was wondering whether you would like to buy some tickets." Anxious to keep in favour they paid up, bought six tickets and thought no more about it. About a month later when they arrived at the salon, Angela was waiting for them at the door excitedly waving an envelope. "They've just been doing the draw and you've won first prize." As Daisy was casually opening the envelope she half expected to have won a set of hairbrushes or a bottle of champagne. As she read the note, a strange smile was beginning to cross her face. "We're going on holiday And!" "Oh, yes that's nice dear and where are we going?" "Somewhere called Majorca, dear." "Ah well, said And that'll keep the postman, the dustman and the neighbours happy." Dear Friend, if you have any questions or comments regarding this article, please click here.	1,491	ENGLISH	1
St Marie’s School had an international flair. Still, “international” may be to draw the long bow. The school was German, the pupils were German and the teacher was German. Many pupils were children of soldiers belonging to the a "private soldier company"; the Delmerhortsian Company. St Marie’s School was established in 1779. The school was situated at Vetrlidsallmenning in central Bergen. Children of German descend and with a poor background attended this school, mostly children whose fathers belonged to a German military company, the Delmerhortsian Company. Children of German descend and with a poor background attended this school. In the late 18th century there was a revolt among poor fishermen and farmers, against the rich traders in Bergen. This was called The Strils’ War. “The Strils” was the townsfolks’ rather disparaging term for small farmers and fisher families living in the coastal areas around Bergen. It was after the riot had been struck down that the Delmerhortsian Company arrived in Bergen as a mercenary company, to maintain law and order. The company brought their wives and children with them. After having completed their job, many soldiers chose to settle down in Bergen. Their children ended up in St Marie’s School together with other German children from poor families. It was the congregation of Mariakirken – St Mary’s church – that collected the money to buy a new house in Vetrlidsallmenning, and had a teacher brought in from Itzehoe in Holstein, Germany.	<urn:uuid:83bdfa00-e3c9-40b0-9643-649b0457285a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.histos.no/bergen/index.php?section=4&show=story&lng=en&id=34	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00306.warc.gz	en	0.982736	338	3.28125	3	[ 0.27246570587158203, 0.32186049222946167, 0.21198326349258423, -0.21641747653484344, 0.4309290051460266, -0.2171570211648941, -0.49339619278907776, -0.13001205027103424, -0.19448965787887573, -0.4735638201236725, 0.21097388863563538, -0.052120696753263474, -0.019188353791832924, 0.68506222...	28	St Marie’s School had an international flair. Still, “international” may be to draw the long bow. The school was German, the pupils were German and the teacher was German. Many pupils were children of soldiers belonging to the a "private soldier company"; the Delmerhortsian Company. St Marie’s School was established in 1779. The school was situated at Vetrlidsallmenning in central Bergen. Children of German descend and with a poor background attended this school, mostly children whose fathers belonged to a German military company, the Delmerhortsian Company. Children of German descend and with a poor background attended this school. In the late 18th century there was a revolt among poor fishermen and farmers, against the rich traders in Bergen. This was called The Strils’ War. “The Strils” was the townsfolks’ rather disparaging term for small farmers and fisher families living in the coastal areas around Bergen. It was after the riot had been struck down that the Delmerhortsian Company arrived in Bergen as a mercenary company, to maintain law and order. The company brought their wives and children with them. After having completed their job, many soldiers chose to settle down in Bergen. Their children ended up in St Marie’s School together with other German children from poor families. It was the congregation of Mariakirken – St Mary’s church – that collected the money to buy a new house in Vetrlidsallmenning, and had a teacher brought in from Itzehoe in Holstein, Germany.	321	ENGLISH	1
It is said that the first glass Christmas ornaments were made by Hans Greiner and Christoph Muller in a German town called Lauscha. This town was located in a region prime for making glass with plenty of nearby timber and sand. The story goes that one year around 1600, Hans didn’t have enough money to buy apples to decorate his family’s Christmas tree. So he used the materials he had on hand and blew glass ornaments to decorate the tree with. It wasn’t until nearly 250 years later in 1847 when Hans Greiner (a descendant of the original Hans Greiner) produced glass ornaments that similarly resemble what we decorate our trees with today. He produced what is referred to as mercury glass or silvered glass. Mercury glass starts with the artisan blowing glass into a mold, which allows them to create detailed objects. Once the glass has cooled and been removed from the mold, the silvering process can be started. Usually, a mixture of mercury and tin was then inserted through a small hole in the ornament to coat the inside. The hole would then be sealed. Obviously, the use of mercury was not the best of ideas. Once its toxicity was discovered, a compound of sugar water and silver nitrate was used to replicate the silvered effect. Early glass ornaments were usually in the shapes of fruits and nuts, the real version of which were typically used as tree decorations. Soon, artisans were making shapes like animals, birds, angels, and Santa figurines. These glass ornaments were often painted by hand. Another popular early Christmas tree decoration was tinsel to replicate icicles. Soon, glass blowers were replicating these too. Strands of glass beads to string around Christmas trees were popular as well. ~ by Daniel Snow	<urn:uuid:87ac81b2-c15a-40f2-9d9e-0e537d6f27b6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://heritagefarm.ca/2019/12/15/history-of-christmas-ornaments/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00314.warc.gz	en	0.983223	371	3.40625	3	[ 0.37452492117881775, 0.5160154104232788, 0.26350197196006775, -0.3950812518596649, 0.12049349397420883, -0.3139309287071228, 0.23921722173690796, 0.17757725715637207, -0.0177265927195549, 0.1795714795589447, -0.06394124031066895, -0.19132104516029358, -0.22372280061244965, 0.30734264850616...	3	It is said that the first glass Christmas ornaments were made by Hans Greiner and Christoph Muller in a German town called Lauscha. This town was located in a region prime for making glass with plenty of nearby timber and sand. The story goes that one year around 1600, Hans didn’t have enough money to buy apples to decorate his family’s Christmas tree. So he used the materials he had on hand and blew glass ornaments to decorate the tree with. It wasn’t until nearly 250 years later in 1847 when Hans Greiner (a descendant of the original Hans Greiner) produced glass ornaments that similarly resemble what we decorate our trees with today. He produced what is referred to as mercury glass or silvered glass. Mercury glass starts with the artisan blowing glass into a mold, which allows them to create detailed objects. Once the glass has cooled and been removed from the mold, the silvering process can be started. Usually, a mixture of mercury and tin was then inserted through a small hole in the ornament to coat the inside. The hole would then be sealed. Obviously, the use of mercury was not the best of ideas. Once its toxicity was discovered, a compound of sugar water and silver nitrate was used to replicate the silvered effect. Early glass ornaments were usually in the shapes of fruits and nuts, the real version of which were typically used as tree decorations. Soon, artisans were making shapes like animals, birds, angels, and Santa figurines. These glass ornaments were often painted by hand. Another popular early Christmas tree decoration was tinsel to replicate icicles. Soon, glass blowers were replicating these too. Strands of glass beads to string around Christmas trees were popular as well. ~ by Daniel Snow	359	ENGLISH	1
To kill a mockingbird is essentially a novel about maturation and growth because it mainly targeted scouts development process as she started to understand the world around her. As the book continued, Scout, the main character naturally matured because her father asked her to and also because of the events that surrounded her. Gradually, scout learnt how to control her temper and to let go of things. In the beginning of the story we witnessed scout getting into fights over small things. One good example about how quickly scout used to lose her temper was when she got into a fight with walter cunningham, the fuss was basically that scout got scolded by her teacher when scout tried to explain her the reason why walter didn’t bring his lunch and how he could never pay a loan back, which was a not a good reason yo starting a fight.( quote). Scout later got into a fight with her other classmate cecil jacobs because he called scouts’s dad a nigger a lover( quote ).Although scout didnt quite understand the meaning of what cecil meant, she still lost her temper and started to beat cecil because his comments involved her father. Scout later had a discussion about cecil’s comments with atticus, where he told her about cecil defending a coloured man, tom robinson and also he told her that jem and her would have to face ugly talks about it in the community ( quote). Atticus made scout to promise him that no matter what bad comments people pass about atticus she’ll never get into a fight with anyone at school or other places as fighting with someone was not a solution to any problem and if she would break their promise she would ‘let atticus down’. Scout kept her father’s words in her mind and ignored all the bad comments, even whb cecil kept commenting about her father instead of getting into a fight with him she simply walked away( quote). The decision scout made of just simply walking out of the situation proved her self control and also highlighted her maturation process. However scout couldnt keep up with atticus’s promise for a long time. When she met her cousin Francis at a christmas dinner he insulted atticus in the same way as cecil did. This made scout very angry and she broke her promise with atticus by beating up francis.	<urn:uuid:6996d141-de94-497b-a697-7b45e166f441>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://alpinrunning.org/to-man-tom-robinson-and-also-he-told/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00147.warc.gz	en	0.986692	486	3.328125	3	[ -0.22259719669818878, 0.26242855191230774, -0.07254165410995483, -0.09204964339733124, -0.11059490591287613, 0.01929429918527603, 0.37554919719696045, 0.28741782903671265, -0.039240192621946335, -0.15372034907341003, -0.06303638964891434, -0.3873913288116455, -0.007618785835802555, 0.12346...	2	To kill a mockingbird is essentially a novel about maturation and growth because it mainly targeted scouts development process as she started to understand the world around her. As the book continued, Scout, the main character naturally matured because her father asked her to and also because of the events that surrounded her. Gradually, scout learnt how to control her temper and to let go of things. In the beginning of the story we witnessed scout getting into fights over small things. One good example about how quickly scout used to lose her temper was when she got into a fight with walter cunningham, the fuss was basically that scout got scolded by her teacher when scout tried to explain her the reason why walter didn’t bring his lunch and how he could never pay a loan back, which was a not a good reason yo starting a fight.( quote). Scout later got into a fight with her other classmate cecil jacobs because he called scouts’s dad a nigger a lover( quote ).Although scout didnt quite understand the meaning of what cecil meant, she still lost her temper and started to beat cecil because his comments involved her father. Scout later had a discussion about cecil’s comments with atticus, where he told her about cecil defending a coloured man, tom robinson and also he told her that jem and her would have to face ugly talks about it in the community ( quote). Atticus made scout to promise him that no matter what bad comments people pass about atticus she’ll never get into a fight with anyone at school or other places as fighting with someone was not a solution to any problem and if she would break their promise she would ‘let atticus down’. Scout kept her father’s words in her mind and ignored all the bad comments, even whb cecil kept commenting about her father instead of getting into a fight with him she simply walked away( quote). The decision scout made of just simply walking out of the situation proved her self control and also highlighted her maturation process. However scout couldnt keep up with atticus’s promise for a long time. When she met her cousin Francis at a christmas dinner he insulted atticus in the same way as cecil did. This made scout very angry and she broke her promise with atticus by beating up francis.	473	ENGLISH	1
The Tucker family serves as a prime example of the varying opinions on slavery held by the faculty at William & Mary. Tucker Hall is named for St. George Tucker, who studied law at William & Mary under George Wythe (who also taught Thomas Jefferson). St. George Tucker would eventually teach law at William & Mary and in 1796, Tucker wrote and published A Dissertation on Slavery: With A Proposal for the Gradual Abolition of It in the State of Virginia. Later, his son, Nathaniel Beverly Tucker would also attend and teach law at William & Mary. Unlike his father, Beverly Tucker believe vehemently that slavery was beneficial to all involved. Tucker family certainly weren't the only William & Mary faculty that had strong opinions about slavery. President Thomas Roderick Drew, who became president in 1836, was a vocal advocate for slavery, calling it an absolute and necessary good. John Millington, who served as a Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy from 1836-1848, was known to entertain his guests by tricking black people into receiving electric shock.	<urn:uuid:dd38c56d-dc53-42a4-a47c-06666568d278>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tribetrek.wm.edu/items/show/99	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00174.warc.gz	en	0.984833	216	3.4375	3	[ -0.2504241466522217, 0.3712390959262848, 0.5489969253540039, -0.26700782775878906, 0.04436628893017769, 0.02898762933909893, 0.00021565468341577798, -0.231914684176445, -0.3254430592060089, 0.04683494567871094, 0.015498373657464981, 0.143906369805336, -0.35187846422195435, 0.20559859275817...	2	The Tucker family serves as a prime example of the varying opinions on slavery held by the faculty at William & Mary. Tucker Hall is named for St. George Tucker, who studied law at William & Mary under George Wythe (who also taught Thomas Jefferson). St. George Tucker would eventually teach law at William & Mary and in 1796, Tucker wrote and published A Dissertation on Slavery: With A Proposal for the Gradual Abolition of It in the State of Virginia. Later, his son, Nathaniel Beverly Tucker would also attend and teach law at William & Mary. Unlike his father, Beverly Tucker believe vehemently that slavery was beneficial to all involved. Tucker family certainly weren't the only William & Mary faculty that had strong opinions about slavery. President Thomas Roderick Drew, who became president in 1836, was a vocal advocate for slavery, calling it an absolute and necessary good. John Millington, who served as a Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy from 1836-1848, was known to entertain his guests by tricking black people into receiving electric shock.	228	ENGLISH	1
" During peace period a scientist belongs to the community, but during war time he is owned by his country”-Fritz Haber Here is placed the ashes of the well-known chemist Fritz Haber wonderful first partner Clara. Fritz had a myocardial infarction and were able to recover, but not fully. This individual died of heart failing on January 29, 1934 at the age of 66. This " Father of Chemical Warfare” is known for developing and deploying chlorine and other toxic gases, the introduction of gas goggles with absorbent filters, and trench combat in World War 1 . Despite the fact that he was also old to enlist in military service, this scientist was given the rank of captain. He was most reputed for the Acontecer process (the reaction of nitrogen fixation to industrially generate ammonia), the Haber-Weiss effect (a response in skin cells that produces oxidative stress), and the advancement several manures and explosives. He was as well given the Nobel Serenity Prize in 1918 to get synthesizing hydrogen for manures and explosives. In 1898 Haber released a book on Electrochemistry, which was based on some lectures he offered. In 1905 he had released his book on the thermodynamics of specialized gas reactions, in which this individual recorded the production of small amounts of phosphate from N2 and H2 at a temperature of 1000° C with the help of iron as a catalyst. This A language like german chemist was proud of his work even though no one, which include his family members, stood with him. Clara and his 1st son after committed suicide because of the waste in what Haber did in chemical rivalry, but however, lack of faith in his friends and family didn't slow him down. He will become dearly overlooked, but constantly remembered. Lines composed After Westminster Connect 1 . The poem is in the form of a Petrarchan sonnet. A Sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of 13…...Read	<urn:uuid:591f8c77-5b1b-4030-915a-17d918785a8c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://education-and-training.com/eulogy-intended-for-fritz-acontecer/12678-eulogy-for-fritz-acudir-essay.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00208.warc.gz	en	0.987773	408	3.328125	3	[ -0.5172147750854492, 0.9437741041183472, 0.06979396194219589, 0.07481365650892258, -0.06893987208604813, 0.1698118895292282, 0.5610291361808777, 0.5609166026115417, -0.5134990215301514, -0.38201525807380676, 0.06197333708405495, -0.40789464116096497, 0.33550339937210083, 0.6632291078567505...	1	" During peace period a scientist belongs to the community, but during war time he is owned by his country”-Fritz Haber Here is placed the ashes of the well-known chemist Fritz Haber wonderful first partner Clara. Fritz had a myocardial infarction and were able to recover, but not fully. This individual died of heart failing on January 29, 1934 at the age of 66. This " Father of Chemical Warfare” is known for developing and deploying chlorine and other toxic gases, the introduction of gas goggles with absorbent filters, and trench combat in World War 1 . Despite the fact that he was also old to enlist in military service, this scientist was given the rank of captain. He was most reputed for the Acontecer process (the reaction of nitrogen fixation to industrially generate ammonia), the Haber-Weiss effect (a response in skin cells that produces oxidative stress), and the advancement several manures and explosives. He was as well given the Nobel Serenity Prize in 1918 to get synthesizing hydrogen for manures and explosives. In 1898 Haber released a book on Electrochemistry, which was based on some lectures he offered. In 1905 he had released his book on the thermodynamics of specialized gas reactions, in which this individual recorded the production of small amounts of phosphate from N2 and H2 at a temperature of 1000° C with the help of iron as a catalyst. This A language like german chemist was proud of his work even though no one, which include his family members, stood with him. Clara and his 1st son after committed suicide because of the waste in what Haber did in chemical rivalry, but however, lack of faith in his friends and family didn't slow him down. He will become dearly overlooked, but constantly remembered. Lines composed After Westminster Connect 1 . The poem is in the form of a Petrarchan sonnet. A Sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of 13…...Read	427	ENGLISH	1
What was Johannes Gutenberg's profession? Johannes Gutenberg, who lived from around 1395 to 1468, is credited with being the inventor of the metal movable-type printing press. This was a major technological advance, as it meant that a greater number of books, pamphlets, and other written materials could be printed more quickly and efficiently. As more people became literate, the demand for reading material increased accordingly, and Gutenberg's printing press catered to this growing demand. Before he made his groundbreaking invention, Gutenberg worked at a number of different occupations. Although relatively little is known about his early life, it's generally accepted by historians that Gutenberg worked as an apprentice goldsmith in his hometown of Mainz in Germany. But as he entered middle age, Gutenberg turned to printing to make a living, borrowing money to start his print business. However, he seems to have been beset by numerous financial problems and disputes, one of which led to his printing presses being seized and destroyed on the orders of Archbishop Adolph II. Nevertheless, Gutenberg achieved some notable successes with his new invention, most famously the so-called Gutenberg Bible, the first major book in Europe printed by the movable metal type method pioneered by Gutenberg himself. Fewer than fifty copies of the Gutenberg Bible survive, and they are among the most valuable books in existence. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:f88c6eef-1048-40b0-81d3-3ccef8b96d70>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-was-johannes-gutenbergs-profession-1348777	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00419.warc.gz	en	0.982909	281	3.96875	4	[ -0.07701059430837631, 0.4670582711696625, 0.06229244917631149, 0.18017823994159698, -0.06473655998706818, -0.1480281949043274, -0.13793587684631348, 0.4431845247745514, -0.3852298855781555, -0.17203746736049652, -0.395904541015625, 0.039163738489151, 0.026622522622346878, 0.064950153231620...	2	What was Johannes Gutenberg's profession? Johannes Gutenberg, who lived from around 1395 to 1468, is credited with being the inventor of the metal movable-type printing press. This was a major technological advance, as it meant that a greater number of books, pamphlets, and other written materials could be printed more quickly and efficiently. As more people became literate, the demand for reading material increased accordingly, and Gutenberg's printing press catered to this growing demand. Before he made his groundbreaking invention, Gutenberg worked at a number of different occupations. Although relatively little is known about his early life, it's generally accepted by historians that Gutenberg worked as an apprentice goldsmith in his hometown of Mainz in Germany. But as he entered middle age, Gutenberg turned to printing to make a living, borrowing money to start his print business. However, he seems to have been beset by numerous financial problems and disputes, one of which led to his printing presses being seized and destroyed on the orders of Archbishop Adolph II. Nevertheless, Gutenberg achieved some notable successes with his new invention, most famously the so-called Gutenberg Bible, the first major book in Europe printed by the movable metal type method pioneered by Gutenberg himself. Fewer than fifty copies of the Gutenberg Bible survive, and they are among the most valuable books in existence. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	277	ENGLISH	1
Donate Rome had been growing and strengthening during the Hasmonean Period. Corruption within the Hasmonean family speeded the fall of the Hasmonean Empire. Aristoboulos, a typical Hasmonean "loving son," declared himself High Priest-King thirty minutes before the death of his mother the queen. His brother, John Hyrcanus, felt his brother hadn't played fair. See Article History Alternative Titles: The New Testament portrays him as a tyrant, into whose kingdom Jesus of Nazareth was born. Herod was born in southern Palestine. His father, Antipaterwas an Edomite a Semitic people, identified by some scholars as Arab, who converted to Judaism in the 2nd century bce. Antipater was a man of great influence and wealth who increased King herod by marrying the daughter of a noble from Petra in southwestern Jordanat that time the capital of the rising Arab Nabataean kingdom. Thus, Herod was of Arab origin, although he was a practicing Jew. When Pompey —48 bce invaded Palestine in 63 bce, Antipater supported his campaign and began a long association with Rome, from which both he and Herod were to benefit. Six years later Herod met Mark Antonywhose lifelong friend he was to remain. Julius Caesar also favoured the family; he appointed Antipater procurator of Judaea in 47 bce and conferred on him Roman citizenship, an honour that descended to Herod and his children. Herod King herod his political debut in the same year, when his father appointed him governor of Galilee. Six years later Mark Antony made him tetrarch of Galilee. In 40 bce the Parthians invaded Palestine, civil war broke out, and Herod was forced to flee to Rome. The senate there nominated him king of Judaea and equipped him with an army to make good his claim. In the year 37 bce, at the age of 36, Herod became the unchallenged ruler of Judaea, a position he was to maintain for 32 years. To further solidify his power, he divorced his first wife, Doris, sent her and his son away from court, and married Mariamnea Hasmonean princess. Although the union was directed at ending his feud with the Hasmoneans, a priestly family of Jewish leaders, he was deeply in love with Mariamne. Palestine during the time of Herod the Great and his sons. Octavian, who had met Herod in Rome, knew that he was the one man to rule Palestine as Rome wanted it ruled and confirmed him king. He also restored to Herod the land Cleopatra had taken. Both the emperor and the minister paid him state visits, and Herod twice again visited Italy. Augustus gave him the oversight of the Cyprus copper mines, with a half share in the profits. Herod endowed his realm with massive fortresses and splendid cities, of which the two greatest were new, and largely pagan, foundations: At Herodium in the Judaean desert Herod built a great palace, which archaeologists in tentatively identified as the site of his tomb. In Jerusalem he built the fortress of Antonia, portions of which may still be seen beneath the convents on the Via Dolorosa, and a magnificent palace of which part survives in the citadel. His most grandiose creation was the Templewhich he wholly rebuilt. He also embellished foreign cities—Beirut, Damascus, Antioch, Rhodes—and many towns. Herod patronized the Olympic Gameswhose president he became. In his own kingdom he could not give full rein to his love of magnificence, for fear of offending the Phariseesthe leading faction of Judaism, with whom he was always in conflict because they regarded him as a foreigner. Herod undoubtedly saw himself not merely as the patron of grateful pagans but also as the protector of Jewry outside of Palestine, whose Gentile hosts he did all in his power to conciliate. His mental instability, moreover, was fed by the intrigue and deception that went on within his own family. Besides Doris and Mariamne, Herod had eight other wives and had children by six of them. He had 14 children. In his last years Herod suffered from arteriosclerosis. He had to repress a revolt, became involved in a quarrel with his Nabataean neighbours, and finally lost the favour of Augustus.Herod was born in Palestine at a time of political r-bridal.com father Antipater, an ambitious man, had risen rapidly in the service of the king, whom he eventually ousted from the throne. Rome had been growing and strengthening during the Hasmonean r-bridal.com BCE, near the beginning of the Hasmonean Period, Judah the Maccabee had made a treaty with Rome.. Corruption within the Hasmonean family speeded the fall of the Hasmonean Empire. Aristoboulos, a typical Hasmonean "loving son," declared himself High Priest-King thirty minutes before the death of his . Herod: Herod, Roman-appointed king of Judea ( BCE), who built many fortresses, aqueducts, theaters, and other public buildings but who was the center of political and family intrigues in his later years. The New Testament portrays him as a tyrant, into whose kingdom Jesus of Nazareth was born. Rome had been growing and strengthening during the Hasmonean r-bridal.com BCE, near the beginning of the Hasmonean Period, Judah the Maccabee had made a treaty with Rome.. Corruption within the Hasmonean family speeded the fall of the Hasmonean Empire. Aristoboulos, a typical Hasmonean "loving son," declared himself High Priest-King thirty minutes before the death of his . Herod (/4 BCE) was the pro-Roman king of the small Jewish state in the last decades before the common era. It was obvious that Antipater was the real power behind Hyrcanus' throne. He managed to secure the appointment of his son Herod to the important task of governor of Galilee. He launched a. Herod I (c. 74/73 BCE – 4 BCE/1 CE), also known as Herod the Great, was the King of Judea from 37 to 4 BC. At the time Judea was a client state of Rome. During his 33 year reign, Herod was an excellent r-bridal.com he is most famous for the Bible account of his killing the boys of Bethlehem.. While this massacre of innocents is not confirmed by other historical records, Herod did murder.	<urn:uuid:c84a7468-c13b-4ef3-8f1f-5468e2e01aaf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kuvyzuzege.r-bridal.com/king-herod-50042ki.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00467.warc.gz	en	0.988687	1,368	3.5625	4	[ -0.4095543622970581, 0.5743383169174194, 0.46016237139701843, -0.010879839770495892, -0.20427408814430237, -0.2225397229194641, 0.13899356126785278, 0.32048308849334717, -0.24808314442634583, -0.22944316267967224, 0.07734962552785873, -0.30726146697998047, 0.6168146133422852, 0.08710090816...	1	Donate Rome had been growing and strengthening during the Hasmonean Period. Corruption within the Hasmonean family speeded the fall of the Hasmonean Empire. Aristoboulos, a typical Hasmonean "loving son," declared himself High Priest-King thirty minutes before the death of his mother the queen. His brother, John Hyrcanus, felt his brother hadn't played fair. See Article History Alternative Titles: The New Testament portrays him as a tyrant, into whose kingdom Jesus of Nazareth was born. Herod was born in southern Palestine. His father, Antipaterwas an Edomite a Semitic people, identified by some scholars as Arab, who converted to Judaism in the 2nd century bce. Antipater was a man of great influence and wealth who increased King herod by marrying the daughter of a noble from Petra in southwestern Jordanat that time the capital of the rising Arab Nabataean kingdom. Thus, Herod was of Arab origin, although he was a practicing Jew. When Pompey —48 bce invaded Palestine in 63 bce, Antipater supported his campaign and began a long association with Rome, from which both he and Herod were to benefit. Six years later Herod met Mark Antonywhose lifelong friend he was to remain. Julius Caesar also favoured the family; he appointed Antipater procurator of Judaea in 47 bce and conferred on him Roman citizenship, an honour that descended to Herod and his children. Herod King herod his political debut in the same year, when his father appointed him governor of Galilee. Six years later Mark Antony made him tetrarch of Galilee. In 40 bce the Parthians invaded Palestine, civil war broke out, and Herod was forced to flee to Rome. The senate there nominated him king of Judaea and equipped him with an army to make good his claim. In the year 37 bce, at the age of 36, Herod became the unchallenged ruler of Judaea, a position he was to maintain for 32 years. To further solidify his power, he divorced his first wife, Doris, sent her and his son away from court, and married Mariamnea Hasmonean princess. Although the union was directed at ending his feud with the Hasmoneans, a priestly family of Jewish leaders, he was deeply in love with Mariamne. Palestine during the time of Herod the Great and his sons. Octavian, who had met Herod in Rome, knew that he was the one man to rule Palestine as Rome wanted it ruled and confirmed him king. He also restored to Herod the land Cleopatra had taken. Both the emperor and the minister paid him state visits, and Herod twice again visited Italy. Augustus gave him the oversight of the Cyprus copper mines, with a half share in the profits. Herod endowed his realm with massive fortresses and splendid cities, of which the two greatest were new, and largely pagan, foundations: At Herodium in the Judaean desert Herod built a great palace, which archaeologists in tentatively identified as the site of his tomb. In Jerusalem he built the fortress of Antonia, portions of which may still be seen beneath the convents on the Via Dolorosa, and a magnificent palace of which part survives in the citadel. His most grandiose creation was the Templewhich he wholly rebuilt. He also embellished foreign cities—Beirut, Damascus, Antioch, Rhodes—and many towns. Herod patronized the Olympic Gameswhose president he became. In his own kingdom he could not give full rein to his love of magnificence, for fear of offending the Phariseesthe leading faction of Judaism, with whom he was always in conflict because they regarded him as a foreigner. Herod undoubtedly saw himself not merely as the patron of grateful pagans but also as the protector of Jewry outside of Palestine, whose Gentile hosts he did all in his power to conciliate. His mental instability, moreover, was fed by the intrigue and deception that went on within his own family. Besides Doris and Mariamne, Herod had eight other wives and had children by six of them. He had 14 children. In his last years Herod suffered from arteriosclerosis. He had to repress a revolt, became involved in a quarrel with his Nabataean neighbours, and finally lost the favour of Augustus.Herod was born in Palestine at a time of political r-bridal.com father Antipater, an ambitious man, had risen rapidly in the service of the king, whom he eventually ousted from the throne. Rome had been growing and strengthening during the Hasmonean r-bridal.com BCE, near the beginning of the Hasmonean Period, Judah the Maccabee had made a treaty with Rome.. Corruption within the Hasmonean family speeded the fall of the Hasmonean Empire. Aristoboulos, a typical Hasmonean "loving son," declared himself High Priest-King thirty minutes before the death of his . Herod: Herod, Roman-appointed king of Judea ( BCE), who built many fortresses, aqueducts, theaters, and other public buildings but who was the center of political and family intrigues in his later years. The New Testament portrays him as a tyrant, into whose kingdom Jesus of Nazareth was born. Rome had been growing and strengthening during the Hasmonean r-bridal.com BCE, near the beginning of the Hasmonean Period, Judah the Maccabee had made a treaty with Rome.. Corruption within the Hasmonean family speeded the fall of the Hasmonean Empire. Aristoboulos, a typical Hasmonean "loving son," declared himself High Priest-King thirty minutes before the death of his . Herod (/4 BCE) was the pro-Roman king of the small Jewish state in the last decades before the common era. It was obvious that Antipater was the real power behind Hyrcanus' throne. He managed to secure the appointment of his son Herod to the important task of governor of Galilee. He launched a. Herod I (c. 74/73 BCE – 4 BCE/1 CE), also known as Herod the Great, was the King of Judea from 37 to 4 BC. At the time Judea was a client state of Rome. During his 33 year reign, Herod was an excellent r-bridal.com he is most famous for the Bible account of his killing the boys of Bethlehem.. While this massacre of innocents is not confirmed by other historical records, Herod did murder.	1,407	ENGLISH	1

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