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311333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethmoid%20bone | Ethmoid bone | The cribriform plate is ossified partly from the perpendicular plate and partly from the labyrinths.
The development of the ethmoidal cells begins during fetal life.
Function
Role in magnetoception
Some birds and other migratory animals have deposits of biological magnetite in their ethmoid bones which allow them t... | 2.734375 | 0 |
311342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia%20Gnostica | Ecclesia Gnostica | The Ecclesia Gnostica is a liturgical orthopraxy rather than an orthodoxy. Christian liturgy is central to the existence of the church, and in ritual and ornament the church is similar to Catholicism.
The church does not proselytise. There is not an exclusive claim of salvation; salvation is not dependent on participa... | 2.09375 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is the combined presence of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome (AKS ). Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome. It mainly causes vision changes, ataxia and impaired mem... | 2.5625 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | This triad of symptoms results from a deficiency in vitamin B1 which is an essential coenzyme. The aforementioned changes in mental state occur in approximately 82% of patients' symptoms which range from confusion, apathy, inability to concentrate, and a decrease in awareness of the immediate situation they are in. If ... | 2.34375 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | In a study conducted in 2003 by Brand et al. on the cognitive effects of WKS, the researchers used a neuropsychological test battery which included tests of intelligence, speed of information processing, memory, executive function and cognitive estimation. They found that subjects with WKS showed impairments in all asp... | 1.9375 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | Memory deficits
The amnesic symptoms of WKS include both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. The retrograde deficit has been demonstrated through an inability of WKS patients to recall or recognize information for recent public events. The anterograde memory loss is demonstrated through deficits in tasks that involve e... | 2.046875 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | Confabulation
People with WKS often show confabulation, spontaneous confabulation being seen more frequently than provoked confabulation. Spontaneous confabulations refer to incorrect memories that the patient holds to be true, and may act on, arising spontaneously without any provocation. Provoked confabulations can o... | 2.515625 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | As stated above, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in the United States is usually found in malnourished chronic alcoholics, though it is also found in patients who undergo prolonged intravenous (IV) therapy without vitamin B1 supplementation, gastric stapling, intensive care unit (ICU) stays, hunger strikes, or people with ... | 2.328125 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | Post-gastrectomy
The fact that gastrointestinal surgery can lead to the development of WKS was demonstrated in a study that was completed on three patients who recently undergone a gastrectomy. These patients had developed WKS but were not alcoholics and had never suffered from dietary deprivation. WKS developed betwee... | 2.171875 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | Pathophysiology
The vitamin thiamine, also referred to as vitamin B1, is required by three different enzymes to allow for conversion of ingested nutrients into energy. Thiamine can not be produced in the body and must be obtained through diet and supplementation. The duodenum is responsible for absorbing thiamine. The... | 2.875 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | The amnesia that is associated with this syndrome is a result of the atrophy in the structures of the diencephalon (the thalamus, hypothalamus and mammillary bodies), and is similar to amnesia that is presented as a result of other cases of damage to the medial temporal lobe. It has been argued that the memory impairme... | 2.21875 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | Prevention
As described, Korsakoff syndrome usually follows or accompanies Wernicke encephalopathy. If treated quickly, it may be possible to prevent the development of WKS with thiamine treatments. This treatment is not guaranteed to be effective and the thiamine needs to be administered adequately in both dose and du... | 2.078125 | 0 |
311354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff%20syndrome | Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome | Internationally, the prevalence rates of WKS are relatively standard, being anywhere between zero and two percent. Despite this, specific sub-populations seem to have higher prevalence rates including people who are homeless, older individuals (especially those living alone or in isolation), and psychiatric inpatients.... | 2.390625 | 0 |
311359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%20Hunter | Evan Hunter | While looking to start a career as a writer, Lombino took a variety of jobs, including 17 days as a teacher at Bronx Vocational High School in September 1950. This experience would later form the basis for his novel The Blackboard Jungle (1954), written under the pen name Evan Hunter, which was adapted into the film Bl... | 2.375 | 0 |
311360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio%20Montale | Eugenio Montale | Anticonformism of the new poetry
Montale moved to Florence in 1927 to work as an editor for the publisher Bemporad. Florence was the cradle of Italian poetry of that age, with works like the Canti orfici by Dino Campana (1914) and the first lyrics by Ungaretti for the review Lacerba. Other poets like Umberto Saba and V... | 2.171875 | 0 |
311360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio%20Montale | Eugenio Montale | T.S. Eliot, who shared Montale's admiration for Dante, was an important influence on his poetry at this time; in fact, the new poems of Eliot were shown to Montale by Mario Praz, then teaching in Manchester. The concept of the objective correlative used by Montale in his poetry, was probably influenced by T. S. Eliot. ... | 2.09375 | 0 |
311361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20%28women%20of%20the%20Julii%20Caesares%29 | Julia (women of the Julii Caesares) | Julia (Classical Latin: Iulia) is the nomen of various women of the family Julii Caesares, a branch of the gens Julia, one of the most ancient patrician houses at ancient Rome.
By the time of the later Republic, Roman daughters were seldom given personal names, or praenomina, unless there were several sisters in a fam... | 2.9375 | 0 |
311361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20%28women%20of%20the%20Julii%20Caesares%29 | Julia (women of the Julii Caesares) | Mother of Mark Antony
Julia (c. 104 BC–after 39 BC) was the wife of Marcus Antonius Creticus and mother of Gaius, Lucius Antonius and Mark Antony, the triumvir.
Elder sister of Julius Caesar
The elder of the two sisters of the dictator Caesar, Julia Major was twice married, to Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius, altho... | 2.25 | 0 |
311361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20%28women%20of%20the%20Julii%20Caesares%29 | Julia (women of the Julii Caesares) | Julia the Younger, granddaughter of Augustus
Vipsania Julia Agrippina (19 BC–AD 29), the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, also known as Julia the Younger or Julia Minor, was the granddaughter of the first Roman emperor Augustus Caesar. Although a member of the imperial family, she technically ... | 2.046875 | 0 |
311362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episiotomy | Episiotomy | Specific reasons to do an episiotomy are unclear. Though indications on the need for episiotomy vary and may even be controversial (see discussion below), where the technique is applied, there are two main variations. Both are depicted in the above image.
In one variation, the midline episiotomy, the line of incision ... | 2.1875 | 0 |
311362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episiotomy | Episiotomy | Traditionally, physicians have used episiotomies in an effort to deflect the cut in the perineal skin away from the anal sphincter muscle, as control over stool (faeces) is an important function of the anal sphincter, i.e. lessen perineal trauma, minimize postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction, and as muscles have a good ... | 2.4375 | 0 |
311362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episiotomy | Episiotomy | Discussion
Having an episiotomy may increase perineal pain during postpartum recovery, resulting in trouble defecating, particularly in midline episiotomies. In addition, it may complicate sexual intercourse by making it painful and replacing erectile tissues in the vulva with scar tissue.
In cases where an episiotom... | 1.945313 | 0 |
311366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20wire%20gauge | American wire gauge | American Wire Gauge (AWG) is a logarithmic stepped standardized wire gauge system used since 1857, predominantly in North America, for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire. Dimensions of the wires are given in ASTM standard B 258. The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an important... | 2.546875 | 0 |
311379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Ghezali | Mehdi Ghezali | Mehdi Mohammad Ghezali (; born 5 July 1979), in media previously known as the Cuban-Swede (), is a Swedish citizen of Algerian and Finnish descent who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camp in Cuba between January 2002 and July 2004. Ghezali claimed to have been "physica... | 1.921875 | 0 |
311379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Ghezali | Mehdi Ghezali | Capture and detention
After the U.S. military, together with the Afghan Northern Alliance, initiated a bombing campaign on the Tora Bora mountains, a large number of al-Qaeda sympathisers and others in the affected areas fled southward to Pakistan. Mehdi Ghezali was captured by local warlords in Pakistan in the Tora Bo... | 2.109375 | 0 |
311401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art | Renaissance art | Renaissance art (1350 – 1620) is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology. Renaissance art t... | 3.1875 | 0 |
311401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art | Renaissance art | History
Proto-Renaissance in Italy, 1280–1400
In Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the sculpture of Nicola Pisano and his son Giovanni Pisano, working at Pisa, Siena and Pistoia shows markedly classicising tendencies, probably influenced by the familiarity of these artists with ancient Roman sarcophagi... | 2.8125 | 0 |
311401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art | Renaissance art | The contemporary of Donatello, Masaccio, was the painterly descendant of Giotto and began the Early Renaissance in Italian painting in 1425, furthering the trend towards solidity of form and naturalism of face and gesture that Giotto had begun a century earlier. From 1425 to 1428, Masaccio completed several panel paint... | 2.671875 | 0 |
311401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art | Renaissance art | The end period of the Early Renaissance in Italian art is marked, like its beginning, by a particular commission that drew artists together, this time in cooperation rather than competition. Pope Sixtus IV had rebuilt the Papal Chapel, named the Sistine Chapel in his honour, and commissioned a group of artists, Sandro ... | 2.765625 | 0 |
311401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art | Renaissance art | There were a number of artists at this date who painted famous altarpieces, that are stylistically quite distinct from both the Italian and the Flemish. These include two enigmatic figures, Enguerrand Quarton, to whom is ascribed the Pieta of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, and Jean Hey, otherwise known as "the Master of Mouli... | 2.765625 | 0 |
311401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art | Renaissance art | The art of Leonardo's younger contemporary Michelangelo took a very different direction. Michelangelo in neither his painting nor his sculpture demonstrates any interest in the observation of any natural object except the human body. He perfected his technique in depicting it, while in his early twenties, by the creati... | 2.59375 | 0 |
311401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art | Renaissance art | In Northern Italy, the High Renaissance is represented primarily by members of the Venetian school, especially by the latter works of Giovanni Bellini, especially religious paintings, which include several large altarpieces of a type known as "Sacred Conversation", which show a group of saints around the enthroned Mado... | 2.796875 | 0 |
311401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art | Renaissance art | Britain was very late to develop a distinct Renaissance style and most artists of the Tudor court were imported foreigners, usually from the Low Countries, including Hans Holbein the Younger, who died in England. One exception was the portrait miniature, which artists including Nicholas Hilliard developed into a distin... | 3 | 0 |
311402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Cassin | René Cassin | René Samuel Cassin (5 October 1887 – 20 February 1976) was a French jurist known for co-authoring the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and receiving the Nobel Peace Prize.
Born in Bayonne, Cassin served as a soldier in the First World War during which he was seriously wounded. He was of Portuguese-Jewish descent.... | 2.59375 | 0 |
311402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Cassin | René Cassin | Cassin also headed many non-governmental organizations (NGO) and founded the French Federation of Disabled War Veterans in 1918 and served until 1940 as its president and then as its honorary president.
In 1920, Cassin was appointed professor of law at Lille and in 1929 at Paris, where he continued to teach until 1960... | 2.8125 | 0 |
311402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Cassin | René Cassin | He was also a member (1959–1965) and president (1965–1968) of the European Court of Human Rights. The court building is now on Allée René Cassin, in Strasbourg.
In 1945, General de Gaulle suggested that Cassin, having done so much for the French people, also do something to help the Jewish people. Cassin became the pr... | 2.609375 | 0 |
311410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy%20test | Pregnancy test | False negative
False negative readings can occur when testing is done too early. hCG levels rise rapidly in early pregnancy and the chances of false negative test results diminish with time (increasing gestational age). Less sensitive urine tests and qualitative blood tests may not detect pregnancy until three or four... | 2.9375 | 0 |
311410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy%20test | Pregnancy test | Ultrasound is also a common tool for determining viability and location of a pregnancy. Serial ultrasound may be used to identify non-viable pregnancies, as pregnancies that do not grow in size or develop expected structural findings on repeated ultrasounds over a 1–2 week interval may be identified as abnormal. Occasi... | 2.921875 | 0 |
311410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy%20test | Pregnancy test | Selmar Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek introduced testing based on the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 1928. Early studies of hCG had concluded that it was produced by the pituitary gland. In the 1930s, Doctor Georgeanna Jones discovered that hCG was produced not by the pituitary gland, but by the placen... | 3 | 0 |
311410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy%20test | Pregnancy test | Hormonal pregnancy tests such as Primodos and Duogynon were used in the 1960s and 1970s in the UK and Germany. These tests involved taking a dosed amount of hormones, and observing the response a few days later. A pregnant woman does not react, as she is producing the hormones in pregnancy; a subject who is not pregnan... | 2.703125 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | Luthuli's entered South African politics and the anti-apartheid movement in 1935, when he was elected chief of the Umvoti River Reserve in Groutville. As chief, he was exposed to the injustices facing many Africans due to the South African government's increasingly segregationist policies. This segregation would later ... | 2.78125 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | Inspired by his Christian faith and the nonviolent methods used by Gandhi, Luthuli was praised for his dedication to nonviolent resistance against apartheid as well as his vision of a non-racial South African society. In 1961, Luthuli was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in leading the nonviolent anti-ap... | 3 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | Luthuli's mother, Mtonya, returned to Groutville and Luthuli returned to her care. They lived in a brand-new house built by his brother, Alfred, on the site where their grandfather, Ntaba, had once lived. In order to be able to send her son to boarding school, Mtonya worked long hours in the fields of the land she owne... | 3.046875 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | Around the age of nineteen years old, Luthuli's first job after graduation came as a principal at a rural intermediate school in Blaauwbosch, located in the Natal midlands. The school was small, and Luthuli was the sole teacher working there. While teaching at Blaauwbosch, Luthuli lived with a Methodist's family. As th... | 3.03125 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | The Zulu Language and Cultural Society
After becoming disappointed with the Natal Native Teachers' Association's slow progress, Luthuli shifted his attention to establishing a new branch of the Teachers' Association called the Zulu Language and Cultural Society in 1935. Dinizulu, the Zulu king, served as one of the so... | 2.75 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | In 1946, after John Dube's death, Luthuli became a member of the Natives Representative Council through a by-election. He brought his long-standing grievances about insufficient land for African people to the NRC meetings. In August 1946, Luthuli, along with other councilors, objected to the government's use of force t... | 2.171875 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | President of the Natal ANC
After John Dube suffered a stroke in 1945, Allison Champion succeeded him as Natal president in 1945 after defeating conservative leader Reverend A. Mtimkulu. During the election meeting, Luthuli was unexpectedly appointed as acting chair. Serving on Champion's executive, Luthuli remained po... | 2.375 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | The preparations for the Defiance Campaign began on 6 April 1952, while the campaign itself was scheduled for 26 June 1952. The preparation day served as a warm-up, with large demonstrations in cities such as Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, Pretoria, and Durban. Concurrently, many White South Africans observed ... | 2.625 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | Inspired by the values held in the United States Declaration of Independence and the UN Declaration of Human Rights, the Congress of the People developed the Freedom Charter, a list of demands for a democratic, multi-racial, and free South Africa. While well-received by the attendants of the Congress of the People, the... | 2.53125 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | In June 1961, during a National Executive Committee Working Group session, Mandela proposed that the ANC adopt a self-defense platform. With the government's bans on the ANC and nonviolent protests, Mandela believed waiting for revolutionary conditions to arise, which was favoured by communist members, was not an optio... | 2.3125 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | The Nobel Prize transformed Luthuli from being relatively unknown to a global celebrity. He received congratulatory letters from leaders of 25 countries, including U.S. President John F. Kennedy. In Groutville, journalists lined up to interview Luthuli who dedicated the award to the ANC and expressed gratitude to his w... | 2.421875 | 0 |
311414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Luthuli | Albert Luthuli | Artist Ronald Harrison, 22 years old at the time, unveiled his painting, The Black Christ, in 1962. Harrison portrayed Luthuli as Christ crucified on a cross. The painting was unveiled in St. Luke's Anglican Church in Salt River with the permission of Archbishop de Blank. The painting garnered controversy across South ... | 2.109375 | 0 |
311423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Campin | Robert Campin | Robert Campin (c. 1375 – 26 April 1444), now usually identified with the Master of Flémalle (earlier the Master of the Merode Triptych, before the discovery of three other similar panels), was a master painter who, along with Jan van Eyck, initiated the development of early Netherlandish painting, a key development in ... | 2.0625 | 0 |
311423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Campin | Robert Campin | Campin was active by 1406 as a master painter in Tournai, in today's Belgium, and became that city's leading painter for 30 years. He had attained citizenship by 1410. His fame had spread enough by 1419 that he led a large and profitable workshop. He had an extra-marital affair with a woman named Leurence Pol, which le... | 2.359375 | 0 |
311423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Campin | Robert Campin | Between 1423 and 1429, the city government was dominated by the guilds. Campin was the deputy dean of the guild of goldsmiths and painters in 1423–24 and 1425. In 1427 he represented the guild on the city council.
Between 1426 and 1428, during his time at the guild, Campin employed four different apprentices Rogelet d... | 2.515625 | 0 |
311423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Campin | Robert Campin | Art historians have long been keen to trace the beginnings of the Northern Renaissance – with far less evidence to go on than in Italy. For a long time it was thought that Jan van Eyck was the first painter to make full use of the innovations apparent in manuscript illumination in panel painting. By the end of the 19t... | 2.359375 | 0 |
311423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Campin | Robert Campin | The tightest definition of the works from his own hand includes only the "Flémalle" panels, a 'Nativity at Dijon, a Crucified Thief (fragment of a Crucifixion) in Frankfurt, two portraits of a man and woman in London (of around 1430), and perhaps the Seilern Triptych. This, which excludes the best known works usually ... | 2.1875 | 0 |
311424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva%20maneuver | Valsalva maneuver | The normal physiological response consists of four phases.
Initial pressure rise
On application of expiratory force, pressure rises inside the chest forcing blood out of the pulmonary circulation into the left atrium. This causes a mild rise in stroke volume during the first few seconds of the maneuver.
Reduced veno... | 2.8125 | 0 |
311424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva%20maneuver | Valsalva maneuver | During swallowing or yawning, several muscles in the pharynx (throat) elevate the soft palate and open the throat. One of these muscles, the tensor veli palatini, also acts to open the Eustachian tube. This is why swallowing or yawning is successful in equalizing middle ear pressure. Contrary to popular belief, the jaw... | 2.546875 | 0 |
311424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva%20maneuver | Valsalva maneuver | Regulation of heart rhythm
The Valsalva maneuver may be used to arrest episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. Blood pressure (BP) rises at onset of straining-because the increased intrathoracic pressure (ITP) is added to the pressure in the aorta. It then falls because the ITP compresses the veins, decreasing the v... | 2.4375 | 0 |
311424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva%20maneuver | Valsalva maneuver | Neurology
The Valsalva maneuver is used to aid in the clinical diagnosis of problems or injuries in the nerves of the cervical spine. Upon performing the Valsalva maneuver, intraspinal pressure slightly increases. Thus, neuropathies or radicular pain may be felt or exacerbated, which may indicate nerve impingement by ... | 2.234375 | 0 |
311433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20hypoventilation%20syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough, resulting in low oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. The syndrome is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which causes periods of absent or reduced br... | 2.640625 | 0 |
311433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20hypoventilation%20syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | The low oxygen level leads to physiologic constriction of the pulmonary arteries to correct ventilation-perfusion mismatching, which puts excessive strain on the right side of the heart. When this leads to right sided heart failure, it is known as cor pulmonale. Symptoms of this disorder occur because the heart has dif... | 2.1875 | 0 |
311433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20hypoventilation%20syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | The blunted ventilatory response is attributed to several factors. Obese people tend to have raised levels of the hormone leptin, which is secreted by adipose tissue and under normal circumstances increases ventilation. In OHS, this effect is reduced. Furthermore, episodes of nighttime acidosis (e.g. due to sleep apnea... | 2.3125 | 0 |
311433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20hypoventilation%20syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | Diagnosis
Formal criteria for diagnosis of OHS are:
Body mass index over 30 kg/m2 (a measure of obesity, obtained by taking one's weight in kilograms and dividing it by one's height in meters squared)
Arterial carbon dioxide level over 45 mmHg or 6.0 kPa as determined by arterial blood gas measurement
No alternative... | 2.140625 | 0 |
311433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20hypoventilation%20syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | To distinguish between OHS and various other lung diseases that can cause similar symptoms, medical imaging of the lungs (such as a chest X-ray or CT/CAT scan), spirometry, electrocardiography and echocardiography may be performed. Echo- and electrocardiography may also show strain on the right side of the heart caused... | 2.34375 | 0 |
311433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20hypoventilation%20syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | While many people with obesity hypoventilation syndrome are cared for on an outpatient basis, some deteriorate suddenly and when admitted to the hospital may show severe abnormalities such as markedly deranged blood acidity (pH<7.25) or depressed level of consciousness due to very high carbon dioxide levels. On occasio... | 2.171875 | 0 |
311433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20hypoventilation%20syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | In some occasions, the oxygen levels are persistently too low (oxygen saturations below 90%). In that case, the hypoventilation itself may be improved by switching from CPAP treatment to an alternate device that delivers "bi-level" positive pressure: higher pressure during inspiration (breathing in) and a lower pressur... | 2 | 0 |
311433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity%20hypoventilation%20syndrome | Obesity hypoventilation syndrome | Epidemiology
The exact prevalence of obesity hypoventilation syndrome is unknown, and it is thought that many people with symptoms of OHS have not been diagnosed. About a third of all people with morbid obesity (a body mass index exceeding 40 kg/m2) have elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
When examining grou... | 2.5625 | 0 |
311436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Willebrand%20disease | Von Willebrand disease | Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common hereditary blood-clotting disorder in humans. An acquired form can sometimes result from other medical conditions. It arises from a deficiency in the quality or quantity of von Willebrand factor (VWF), a multimeric protein that is required for platelet adhesion. It is kno... | 2.609375 | 0 |
311436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Willebrand%20disease | Von Willebrand disease | Genetics
The VWF gene is located on the short arm p of chromosome 12 (12p13.2). It has 52 exons spanning 178 kbp. Types 1 and 2 are inherited as autosomal dominant traits. Occasionally, type 2 also inherits recessively. Type 3 is inherited as autosomal recessive. However, some individuals heterozygous for type 3 may be... | 2.234375 | 0 |
311436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Willebrand%20disease | Von Willebrand disease | Diagnosis
Basic tests performed in any patient with bleeding problems are a complete blood count-CBC (especially platelet counts), activated partial thromboplastin time-APTT, prothrombin time with International Normalized Ratio-PTINR, thrombin time-TT, and fibrinogen level. Patients with abnormal tests typically underg... | 1.960938 | 0 |
311436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Willebrand%20disease | Von Willebrand disease | Type 1
Type 1 VWD (40-80% of all VWD cases) is a quantitative defect which is heterozygous for the defective gene. It arises from failure to secrete VWF into the circulation or, in the case of Type 1C, from VWF being cleared more quickly than normal. If VWF levels are greater than 50%, VWD can be ruled out. If VWF act... | 2.25 | 0 |
311436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Willebrand%20disease | Von Willebrand disease | Type 2N (Normandy)
Type 2N VWD results from a loss-of-function mutation that reduces the binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to factor VIII. Although VWF antigen (quantity) and activity levels (Ristocetin cofactor assay) remain normal, factor VIII levels are typically low (usually 5-15%) due to impaired VWF binding.... | 2.140625 | 0 |
311436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Willebrand%20disease | Von Willebrand disease | Vonicog alfa is a recombinant von Willebrand factor that was approved for use in the United States in December 2015, and for use in the European Union in August 2018. If baseline factor VIII activity is >40%, rVWF may be administered as a standalone product when immediate response is needed, but if Factor VIII activity... | 2.28125 | 0 |
311436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Willebrand%20disease | Von Willebrand disease | Variant forms of VWF were recognized in the 1970s, and these variations are now recognized as the result of synthesis of an abnormal protein. During the 1980s, molecular and cellular studies distinguished hemophilia A and VWD more precisely. Persons who had VWD had a normal FVIII gene on the X chromosome, and some had ... | 2.125 | 0 |
311438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korotkoff%20sounds | Korotkoff sounds | Korotkoff sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure. They are named after Nikolai Korotkov, a Russian physician who discovered them in 1905, when he was working at the Imperial Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empire.
Descri... | 2.828125 | 0 |
311440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary%20gland | Mammary gland | A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in humans and other mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring. Mammals get their name from the Latin word mamma, "breast". The mammary glands are arranged in organs such as the breasts in primates (for example, humans and chimpanzees), the udder in ruminants (for example, c... | 2.890625 | 0 |
311440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary%20gland | Mammary gland | Biochemistry
Estrogen and growth hormone (GH) are essential for the ductal component of mammary gland development, and act synergistically to mediate it. Neither estrogen nor GH are capable of inducing ductal development without the other. The role of GH in ductal development has been found to be mostly mediated by its... | 2.09375 | 0 |
311440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary%20gland | Mammary gland | Androgens such as testosterone inhibit estrogen-mediated mammary gland development (e.g., by reducing local ER expression) through activation of androgen receptors expressed in mammary gland tissue, and in conjunction with relatively low estrogen levels, are the cause of the lack of developed mammary glands in males.
... | 2.484375 | 0 |
311440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary%20gland | Mammary gland | Lactiferous duct development occurs in females in response to circulating hormones. First development is frequently seen during pre- and postnatal stages, and later during puberty. Estrogen promotes branching differentiation, whereas in males testosterone inhibits it. A mature duct tree reaching the limit of the fat pa... | 1.992188 | 0 |
311440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammary%20gland | Mammary gland | There is preliminary evidence that soybean intake mildly stimulates the breast glands in pre- and postmenopausal women.
Pregnancy
Secretory alveoli develop mainly in pregnancy, when rising levels of prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone cause further branching, together with an increase in adipose tissue and a richer ... | 2.25 | 0 |
311445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20of%20Darkness%20%28film%29 | Prince of Darkness (film) | Production
Prince of Darkness was shot in Los Angeles, California in 30 days. Carpenter became inspired while researching theoretical physics and atomic theory. He recalled, "I thought it would be interesting to create some sort of ultimate evil and combine it with the notion of matter and anti-matter." This idea, whic... | 2.046875 | 0 |
311446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschsprung%27s%20disease | Hirschsprung's disease | Hirschsprung's disease (HD or HSCR) is a birth defect in which nerves are missing from parts of the intestine. The most prominent symptom is constipation. Other symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and slow growth. Most children develop signs and symptoms shortly after birth. However, others may be d... | 2.921875 | 0 |
311446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschsprung%27s%20disease | Hirschsprung's disease | Signs and symptoms
Typically, Hirschsprung disease is diagnosed shortly after birth, although it may develop well into adulthood, because of the presence of megacolon, or because the baby fails to pass the first stool (meconium) within 48 hours of delivery. Normally, 90% of babies pass their first meconium within 24 ... | 2.59375 | 0 |
311446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschsprung%27s%20disease | Hirschsprung's disease | Cause
The disorder may occur by itself or in association with other genetic disorders such as Down syndrome. About half of isolated cases are linked to a specific genetic mutation and about 20% occur within families. Some of these occur in an autosomal dominant manner. The cause of the remaining cases is unclear. If ot... | 2.90625 | 0 |
311446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschsprung%27s%20disease | Hirschsprung's disease | RET can mutate in many ways and is associated with Down syndrome. Since Down syndrome is comorbid in 2% of Hirschsprung's cases, a likelihood exists that RET is involved heavily in both Hirschsprung's disease and Down syndrome. RET is also associated with medullary thyroid cancer and neuroblastoma, which is a type of... | 2.5 | 0 |
311446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschsprung%27s%20disease | Hirschsprung's disease | Definitive diagnosis is made by suction biopsy of the distally narrowed segment. A histologic examination of the tissue would show a lack of ganglionic nerve cells. Diagnostic techniques involve anorectal manometry, barium enema, and rectal biopsy. The suction rectal biopsy is considered the current international gold ... | 2.140625 | 0 |
311446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschsprung%27s%20disease | Hirschsprung's disease | Currently, several different surgical approaches are used, which include the Swenson, Soave, Duhamel, and Boley procedures. The Swenson procedure leaves a small portion of the diseased bowel. The Soave procedure, named after the Italian pediatric surgeon, (1917–1984), leaves the outer wall of the colon unaltered. The... | 1.921875 | 0 |
311455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Bath | Order of the Bath | In the Middle Ages, a knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the knight-to-be taking a bath (possibly symbolic of spiritual purification), during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry. Clothed in a special robe... | 2.859375 | 0 |
311455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Bath | Order of the Bath | From at least 1625, and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria juncta in uno (Latin for 'Three joined in one'), and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval. These were both subsequently adopted by the Order of the Bath; a similar design of badge is still worn ... | 2.453125 | 0 |
311455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Bath | Order of the Bath | The use of honours in the early eighteenth century differed considerably from the modern honours system, in which hundreds, if not thousands, of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments. The only honours available at that time were hereditary (not life) peerages and baronetcies, knight... | 2.734375 | 0 |
311455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Bath | Order of the Bath | Although the initial appointments to the Order were largely political, from the 1770s, appointments to the Order were increasingly made for naval, military, or diplomatic achievements. This is partly due to the conflicts Britain was engaged in over this period. The Peninsular War resulted in so many deserving candidate... | 2.453125 | 0 |
311455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Bath | Order of the Bath | Officers
The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster. The King of Arms, responsible for heraldry, is known as Bath King of Arms; he is not, however, a member of the College of Arms, like many heralds. The Order's Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod; he does not, unlike his Order of the G... | 2.609375 | 0 |
311455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Bath | Order of the Bath | The Chapel of the Order is the Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey. The Sovereign, Great Master, and the Knights and Dames Grand Cross are allotted stalls in the choir of the chapel, above which their heraldic devices are displayed.
Every four years, an installation ceremony, presided over by the Great Master, ... | 2.140625 | 0 |
311455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Bath | Order of the Bath | Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling, and crest (or coronet or crown) are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights (and now Da... | 2.5 | 0 |
311468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%20Constitution%20Commission | Afghan Constitution Commission | The Afghan Constitution Commission (or Afghan Constitutional Commission) was established October 5, 2002 as required by the Bonn Agreement, which stipulated that a new Afghan constitution be adopted by a loya jirga. The loya jirga was required to convene within eighteen months of the establishment of Afghan Transitiona... | 2.40625 | 0 |
311468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%20Constitution%20Commission | Afghan Constitution Commission | The initial goal was for the commission to present the draft constitution by September 1, 2003, but in August commission members asked for a two-month delay to allow more time to gather reactions. On August 28 Ghulam Farooq Wardak announced that the loya jirga had been postponed until December 10. The commission wanted... | 2.0625 | 0 |
311469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparuh%20of%20Bulgaria | Asparuh of Bulgaria | Asparuh's victory led to the Bulgarian conquest of Moesia and the establishment of some sort of alliance between the Bulgars and the local Slavic groups (described as the Severi and Seven Slavic tribes). As Asparuh commenced to raid across the mountains into Byzantine Thrace in 681, Constantine IV decided to cut his l... | 2.546875 | 0 |
311470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20domain%20hijacking | Reverse domain hijacking | Reverse domain name hijacking (also known as reverse cybersquatting or commonly abbreviated as 'RDNH'), occurs where a rightful trademark owner attempts to secure a domain name by making cybersquatting claims against a domain name’s "cybersquatter" owner. This often intimidates domain name owners into transferring own... | 2.0625 | 0 |
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