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312859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend | Gravesend | From its origins as a landing place and shipping port, Gravesend gradually extended southwards and eastwards. Better-off people from London visited the town during the summer months; at first by boat, and then by railway. More extensive building began after World War I; this increased after World War II, when many of t... | 2.375 | 0 |
312859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend | Gravesend | Gravesend has the world's oldest surviving cast iron pier, built in 1834.
It is a unique structure having the first known iron cylinders used in its construction. The pier was completely refurbished in 2004 and now features a bar and restaurant; with public access to the pier head when the premises are open.
A recent £... | 1.992188 | 0 |
312859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend | Gravesend | The hill was the site of a beacon in 1377, which was instituted by King Richard II, and still in use 200 years later at the time of the Spanish Armada, although the hill was then known as "Rouge Hill". A modern beacon was erected and lit in 1988, the 400th anniversary of the Armada.
It was during the reign of Queen El... | 2.59375 | 0 |
312859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend | Gravesend | Gravesend "watermen" were often in a family trade; and the town is the headquarters of the Port of London Authority Control Centre (formerly known as Thames Navigation Service), has its headquarters at Gravesend, providing maritime pilots who play an important role in navigation on the River Thames.
A dinghy at an unm... | 2.234375 | 0 |
312859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend | Gravesend | Until the building of Tilbury Docks, on the opposite side of the river, between 1882 and 1886, Gravesend was the Thames's first port of entry. Thousands of emigrants, as well as large numbers of troops, embarked from here. Tilbury Docks have expanded considerably since, with the closure of all the London Docks. The ent... | 2.34375 | 0 |
312859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravesend | Gravesend | After only 20 years, most of the canal was closed and the canal's tunnel was converted to railway use. Initially, canal and railway shared the tunnel, with the single track built on timber supports, but by 1847, canal use was abandoned and a double track laid. Today Gravesend Canal Basin is used for the mooring of plea... | 1.976563 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | There are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and religions.
Cattle are considered sacred in the Indian religions of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, as well as in African paganism. Cattle played other major roles in many religions, including those of ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Israel, and ancient Rom... | 3.015625 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | According to Ludwig Alsdorf, "Indian vegetarianism is unequivocally based on ahimsa (non-violence)" as evidenced by ancient smritis and other ancient texts of Hinduism." He adds that the endearment and respect for cattle in Hinduism is more than a commitment to vegetarianism and has become integral to its theology. The... | 3.046875 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | The interdiction of the meat of the bounteous cow as food was regarded as the first step to total vegetarianism. Dairy cows are called aghnya "that which may not be slaughtered" in Rigveda. Yaska, the early commentator of the Rigveda, gives nine names for cow, the first being "aghnya". The literature relating to cow ve... | 2.859375 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | Jainism
Jainism is against violence to all living beings, including cattle. According to the Jaina sutras, humans must avoid all killing and slaughter because all living beings are fond of life, they suffer, they feel pain, they like to live, and long to live. All beings should help each other live and prosper, accord... | 2.84375 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | Buddhism
The texts of Buddhism state ahimsa to be one of five ethical precepts, which requires a practicing Buddhist to "refrain from killing living beings". Slaughtering cow has been a taboo, with some texts suggesting that taking care of a cow is a means of taking care of "all living beings". Cattle are seen in some ... | 2.640625 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | The second and longest surah of the Quran is named Al-Baqara ("The Cow"). Out of the 286 verses of the surah, 7 mention cows (Al Baqarah 67–73). The name of the surah derives from this passage in which Moses orders his people to sacrifice a cow in order to resurrect a man murdered by an unknown person. Per the passage,... | 2.875 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | Nubia
As cattle were a central part of the pastoralist economy of Ancient Nubia, Africa, they also played a prominent role in their culture and mythology, as evidenced by their inclusion in burials and rock art. Starting in the Neolithic period, cattle skulls, also known as bucrania, were often placed alongside human ... | 3.40625 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | In Greek mythology, the Cattle of Helios pastured on the island of Thrinacia, which is believed to be modern Sicily. Helios, the sun god, is said to have had seven herds of oxen and seven flocks of sheep, each numbering fifty head. A hecatomb was a sacrifice to the gods Apollo, Athena, and Hera, of 100 cattle (hekaton ... | 3.078125 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | Today, in Hindu-majority countries like India and Nepal, bovine milk holds a key part of religious rituals. For some, it is customary to boil milk on a stove or lead a cow through the house as part of a housewarming ceremony.
In India
The Constitution of India mandates the protection of cows in India. The slaughter o... | 2.78125 | 0 |
312864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | Cattle in religion and mythology | In Myanmar
The beef taboo is fairly widespread in Myanmar, particularly in the Buddhist community. In Myanmar, beef is typically obtained from cattle that are slaughtered at the end of their working lives (16 years of age) or from sick animals. Cattle is rarely raised for meat; 58% of cattle in the country is used for ... | 2.9375 | 0 |
312867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20analysis | Local analysis | In algebraic geometry and related areas of mathematics, local analysis is the practice of looking at a problem relative to each prime number p first, and then later trying to integrate the information gained at each prime into a 'global' picture. These are forms of the localization approach.
Group theory
In group theo... | 2.375 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | The Battle of San Juan Hill (), also known as the Battle for the San Juan Heights, was a major battle of the Spanish–American War fought between an American force under the command of William Rufus Shafter and Joseph Wheeler against a Spanish force led by Arsenio Linares y Pombo. The combined assaults on Kettle Hill an... | 2.625 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | The battle also proved to be the location of the "greatest victory" for the Rough Riders, as stated by the press and its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt returned to New York and was promptly elected governor. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba and became the onl... | 2.59375 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | Initial troops cross the San Juan River and are pinned down
A company from the Signal Corps ascended in a hot air balloon to reconnoiter the hills. The balloon made a good target for the Spaniards. Hawkins' brigade had already passed by the newfound route and Kent ordered forward the brigade under Colonel Charles A. W... | 2.140625 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | The 2nd and 10th Infantry regiments of the 2nd Brigade were ordered by the brigade commander, Col. E. P. Pearson, to advance towards the Spanish lines. Positioned on the far left of the American line, the two regiments moved forward in good order, advanced towards a small knoll on the Spanish right flank, and drove gro... | 2.296875 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | The Fifth Corps' newly formed Gatling Gun Detachment participated in the U.S. Army's first use of machine gun fire for mobile fire support in offensive combat. Because U.S. black-powder artillery pieces lacked the range to reach the Spanish positions, Lt. John Parker's Gatling battery of four .30 caliber 10-barrelled ... | 2.5 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | Major William Auman was the first commanding officer to reach the top of the hill. Lt. Ord was among the first to reach the crest of San Juan heights. As the Spanish fled, Lt. Ord directed supporting fire into the remaining Spanish until he was mortally wounded by a shot to the throat. General Hawkins was wounded short... | 2.1875 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | During the battle, Parker's Gatling guns expended approximately 18,000 rounds in eight and a half minutes (over 700 rounds per minute of continuous fire) into the Spanish defensive lines atop the heights, killing many of the defenders and forcing others to flee the trench lines, while disrupting the aim of any still al... | 2.15625 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | Under continuous fire, the advance slowed as troops dropped from heat exhaustion. Officers from the rest of Wood's brigade, along with Carroll's, bunched up under fire. When the regulars of the all-black Buffalo Soldiers punched toward the top of the hill, the units became intermingled. One of the 10th's officers who ... | 2.625 | 0 |
312871 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20San%20Juan%20Hill | Battle of San Juan Hill | After the Spanish positions atop San Juan Hill had been taken, two of Lt. Parker's Gatling guns were dragged by mules up the slope to the captured position on San Juan ridge, where both were hurriedly emplaced among a line of skirmishers. As the Americans were setting up the guns, the Spanish commenced a general counte... | 2.234375 | 0 |
312877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20normal%20form | Jordan normal form | In linear algebra, a Jordan normal form, also known as a Jordan canonical form,
is an upper triangular matrix of a particular form called a Jordan matrix representing a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space with respect to some basis. Such a matrix has each non-zero off-diagonal entry equal to 1, immedia... | 2.34375 | 0 |
312877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20normal%20form | Jordan normal form | The Jordan normal form is named after Camille Jordan, who first stated the Jordan decomposition theorem in 1870.
Overview
Notation
Some textbooks have the ones on the subdiagonal; that is, immediately below the main diagonal instead of on the superdiagonal. The eigenvalues are still on the main diagonal.
Motivation... | 2.34375 | 0 |
312877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20normal%20form | Jordan normal form | This can be used to show the uniqueness of the Jordan form. Let J1 and J2 be two Jordan normal forms of A. Then J1 and J2 are similar and have the same spectrum, including algebraic multiplicities of the eigenvalues. The procedure outlined in the previous paragraph can be used to determine the structure of these matric... | 2.484375 | 0 |
312877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20normal%20form | Jordan normal form | The Cayley–Hamilton theorem asserts that every matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation: if is the characteristic polynomial of , then . This can be shown via direct calculation in the Jordan form, since if is an eigenvalue of multiplicity ,
then its Jordan block clearly satisfies .
As the diagonal blocks do n... | 1.984375 | 0 |
312881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20%28physics%29 | Action (physics) | Several different definitions of "the action" are in common use in physics. The action is usually an integral over time. However, when the action pertains to fields, it may be integrated over spatial variables as well. In some cases, the action is integrated along the path followed by the physical system.
The action i... | 2.6875 | 0 |
312881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20%28physics%29 | Action (physics) | Physical laws are frequently expressed as differential equations, which describe how physical quantities such as position and momentum change continuously with time, space or a generalization thereof. Given the initial and boundary conditions for the situation, the "solution" to these empirical equations is one or more... | 2.78125 | 0 |
312881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20%28physics%29 | Action (physics) | Implications of symmetries in a physical situation can be found with the action principle, together with the Euler–Lagrange equations, which are derived from the action principle. An example is Noether's theorem, which states that to every continuous symmetry in a physical situation there corresponds a conservation law... | 2.25 | 0 |
312893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income%20statement | Income statement | An income statement or profit and loss account (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, statement of earnings, operating statement, or statement of operations) is one of the financial statements of a c... | 2.65625 | 0 |
312895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototheria | Prototheria | Prototheria (, ; from Ancient Greek "first" and "wild animal") is an obsolete subclass of mammals which includes the living Monotremata and to which a variety of extinct groups, including Morganucodonta, Docodonta, Triconodonta and Multituberculata, have also been assigned. It is today no longer considered a valid ... | 2.75 | 0 |
312897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senatus%20consultum%20de%20Bacchanalibus | Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus | The senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus ("senatorial decree concerning the Bacchanalia") is an Old Latin inscription dating to 186 BC. It was discovered in 1640 at Tiriolo, in Calabria, southern Italy. Published by the presiding praetor, it conveys the substance of a decree of the Roman Senate prohibiting the Bacchanali... | 2.03125 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | American exceptionalism is a prominent feature of Mormonism. Mormons believe that North and South America is the "promised land" that was settled by Lehi and his fellow Israelites.
Terminology
The concept of the United States as an exceptional society has a long history, sometimes traced back to French writer Alexis ... | 2.25 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | America in The LDS Church
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (most commonly known as Mormons or the LDS Church) believes that the Americas, including the United States, are a unique place, populated by a chosen people and the Native Americans are, at least in part, composed of Lamanites and Mormons for a ... | 2.234375 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | The "liberal consensus" school, typified by David Potter, Daniel Boorstin, and Richard Hofstadter followed Hartz in emphasizing that political conflicts in American history remained within the tight boundaries of this liberal tradition, especially regarding private property, individual rights, and representative govern... | 2.359375 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | Eric Luis Uhlmann of Northwestern University argues that Puritan values were eventually taken up by all other Americans. Kevin M. Schultz underlines how they helped America to keep to its Protestant Promise, especially Catholics and Jews.
American Revolution and Republicanism
The ideas that created the American Revol... | 2.921875 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | Frontier spirit
Proponents of American exceptionalism often claim that many features of the "American spirit" were shaped by the frontier experience. In line with historian Frederick Jackson Turner's influential Frontier Thesis, they argue that the American frontier allowed individualism to flourish as pioneers adopte... | 2.5625 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | For most of its history, especially from the mid-19th to the early-20th centuries, the United States has been known as the "land of opportunity" and in that sense prided and promoted itself on providing individuals with the opportunity to escape from the contexts of their class and family background. Examples of that s... | 2.796875 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | Regarding public welfare, Richard Rose asked in 1989 whether the evidence shows whether the U.S. "is becoming more like other mixed-economy welfare states, or increasingly exceptional." He concluded, "By comparison with other advanced industrial nations America is today exceptional in total public expenditure, in major... | 2.671875 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | African Americans overcame numerous obstacles to their advancement and continue to struggle against past bondage and discrimination. Those difficult obstacles were so powerful, long-standing, and pervasive that most Americans did not and do not perceive African Americans as exceptional. The First Statement of African A... | 2.953125 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | At about the same time, the new social history used statistical techniques on population samples that seemed to show resemblances with Europe on issues such as social mobility. By the 1980s, labor historians were emphasizing that the failure of a workers' party to emerge in the United States meant that America was not ... | 2.125 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | The new use of the term has served to confuse the topic and muddy the waters since its unilateralist emphasis and the actual orientation diverge somewhat from prior uses of the phrase. A certain number of those who subscribe to "old-style" or "traditional American exceptionalism," the idea that America is a more nearly... | 2.125 | 0 |
312898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20exceptionalism | American exceptionalism | In 1898, Pope Leo XIII denounced what he deemed to be the heresy of Americanism in his encyclical Testem benevolentiae nostrae. He targeted American exceptionalism in the ecclesiastical domain and argued that it stood in opposition to papal denunciations of modernism. In the late 19th century, there was a tendency for ... | 1.9375 | 0 |
312903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator | Excavator | Modern hydraulic excavators come in a wide variety of sizes. The smaller ones are called mini or compact excavators. For example, Caterpillar's smallest mini-excavator weighs and has 13 hp; their largest model is the largest excavator available (developed and produced by the Orenstein & Koppel, Germany, until the take... | 2.328125 | 0 |
312903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator | Excavator | The three main sections of an excavator are the undercarriage, the house and the arm. The boom, the front part that is attached to the cab itself and holds the arm, is also used. The undercarriage includes tracks, track frame, and final drives, which have a hydraulic motor and gearing providing the drive to the individ... | 2.859375 | 0 |
312903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator | Excavator | Attached to the end of the boom is the stick (or dipper arm). The stick provides the digging movement needed to pull the bucket through the ground. The stick length is optional depending whether reach (longer stick) or break-out power (shorter stick) is required. Most common is mono stick but there are also, for exampl... | 2.515625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | The Lebanese Civil War ( ) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975 to 1990. It resulted in an estimated 150,000 fatalities and led to the exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon.
The religious diversity of the Lebanese people played a notable role in the lead-up to and during the conflict:... | 2.890625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | In July 1958, Lebanon was threatened by a civil war between Maronite Christians and Muslims. President Camille Chamoun had attempted to break the stranglehold on Lebanese politics exercised by traditional political families in Lebanon. These families maintained their electoral appeal by cultivating strong client–patron... | 2.90625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | His Lebanese pan-Arabist Sunni Muslim Prime Minister Rashid Karami supported Nasser in 1956 and 1958. Lebanese Muslims pushed the government to join the newly created United Arab Republic, a country formed out of the unification of Syria and Egypt, while the majority of Lebanese and especially the Maronites wanted to k... | 2.34375 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | In 1958, President Chamoun was unable to convince the Maronite army commander, Fuad Chehab, to use the armed forces against Muslim demonstrators, fearing that getting involved in internal politics would split his small and weak multi-confessional force. The Phalange militia came to the president's aid instead to bring ... | 2.140625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | Palestinian insurgency in Lebanon
In the 1960s Lebanon was relatively calm, but this soon changed. Fatah and other Palestinian Liberation Organization factions had long been active among the 400,000 Palestinian refugees in Lebanese camps. Throughout the 1960s, the center for armed Palestinian activities had been in Jo... | 2.765625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | In the run-up to the war and its early stages, militias tried to be politically orientated non-sectarian forces, but due to the sectarian nature of Lebanese society, they inevitably gained their support from the same community as their leaders came from. In the long run almost all militias openly identified with a give... | 2.5 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | Outside support: Notably from Syria or Israel. Other Arab governments and Iran also provided considerable funds. Alliances would shift frequently.
Local population: The militias, and the political parties they served, believed they had legitimate moral authority to raise taxes to defend their communities. Road checkpo... | 2.34375 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | Initially, the most powerful of the Maronite militias was the National Liberal Party, locally known as "Ahrar", who were politically led by the former president Camille Chamoun. The NLP had its own militia which was founded in 1968 and led by Camille's son Dany Chamoun, the Tigers Militia.
Another party was the Kataeb ... | 1.953125 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | In 1980, after months of intra Christian clashes, the Tigers militia of Dany Chamoun split with the Lebanese Forces which was dominated by the Kataeb members. Led by Bachir Gemayel, Kataeb launched a surprise attack on the Tigers in what became known as the Safra massacre, which claimed the lives of up to 83 people, ef... | 2.203125 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | The PSP played an important role in the Mountain War under the lead of Walid Jumblatt. After the Israelis withdrew from Chouf, important battles took place between the PSP backed by PFLP-GC, Fatah al-Intifada and Syrian army, and the Lebanese Forces backed by Lebanese army and the Multinational Force. PSP armed members... | 2.421875 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | On 18 January 1976 an estimated 1,000–1,500 people were killed by Maronite forces in the Karantina Massacre, followed two days later by a retaliatory strike on Damour by Palestinian militias. These two massacres prompted a mass exodus of Muslims and Christians, as people fearing retribution fled to areas under the cont... | 2.40625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | In March the same year, Lebanese National Movement leader Kamal Jumblatt was assassinated. The murder was widely blamed on the Syrian government. While Jumblatt's role as leader of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party was filled surprisingly smoothly by his son, Walid Jumblatt, the LNM disintegrated after his death. A... | 2.3125 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | PLO attacks from Lebanon into Israel in 1977 and 1978 escalated tensions between the countries. On 11 March 1978, eleven Fatah fighters landed on a beach in northern Israel and proceeded to hijack two buses full of passengers on the Haifa–Tel-Aviv road, shooting at passing vehicles in what became known as the Coastal R... | 2.625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | Ten days later, the Israeli government set up the Kahan Commission to investigate the circumstances of the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1983, the commission published its findings that then-Defense Minister Ariel Sharon was personally responsible for the massacre and should resign. Under pressure, Sharon resigned as ... | 2.6875 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | Iranian involvement and founding of Hezbollah
In 1982, the Islamic Republic of Iran established a base in the Syrian-controlled Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. From that base, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) "founded, financed, trained and equipped Hezbollah to operate as a proxy army" for Iran. The IRGC organize... | 2.65625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | U.S. disengagement from Lebanon
Following the uprising, the U.S. Marines' position in Lebanon became untenable, and they were looking ready to withdraw. Syria and Muslim groups had gained the upper hand, and stepped up pressure on Gemayel. On 5 March 1984, the Lebanese Government canceled the 17 May Agreement, and the... | 2.46875 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | In late December 1985 an agreement was reached between the Syrians and their Lebanese allies to stabilise the situation in Lebanon. It was opposed by President Amin Gemayel and the Phalangist Party. On 15 January 1986 the pro-Syrian leader of the Lebanese Forces, Elie Hobeika, was overthrown. On 21 January, a car bomb ... | 2.265625 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | While he seems to have had significant Maronite support for this, he was still perceived as a sectarian leader among others by the Muslim population, who distrusted his agenda. He was also plagued by the challenge to his legitimacy put forth by the Syrian-backed West Beirut government of Selim al-Hoss. Militarily, this... | 2.09375 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | On 31 January 1990, Lebanese Army forces loyal to Aoun attacked the LF positions in East Beirut, after Aoun had stated that it was in the national interest for the government to "unify the weapons", i.e. that the LF must submit to his authority as acting head of state. The fighting continued until 8 March when Aoun ann... | 2.046875 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | Lebanon's amnesty law and Hezbollah's hegemony
In March 1991, parliament passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment. The amnesty was not extended to crimes perpetrated against foreign diplomats or certain crimes referred by the cabinet to the Higher Judicial Council. In May 1991, th... | 2.34375 | 0 |
312905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese%20Civil%20War | Lebanese Civil War | Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have conducted several elections, most of the militias have been weakened or disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have extended central government authority over about two-thirds of the country. Following the cease-fire which ended 12 July 2006 Israeli-Lebanese conflict,... | 2.5625 | 0 |
312906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20L.%20A.%20Hart | H. L. A. Hart | Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (; 18 July 190719 December 1992) was a British legal philosopher. One of the most influential legal theorists of the 20th century, he was instrumental in the development of the theory of legal positivism, which was popularised by his book, The Concept of Law. Hart's contributions focused o... | 2.59375 | 0 |
312906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20L.%20A.%20Hart | H. L. A. Hart | Hart was educated at Cheltenham College, Bradford Grammar School and at New College, Oxford. He took a first in classical greats in 1929. Hart became a barrister and practised successfully at the Chancery Bar from 1932 to 1940. He was good friends with Richard Wilberforce, Douglas Jay, and Christopher Cox, among others... | 2.28125 | 0 |
312906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20L.%20A.%20Hart | H. L. A. Hart | Significant in the differences between Hart and Kelsen was the emphasis on the British version of positive law theory which Hart was defending as opposed to the Continental version of positive law theory which Kelsen was defending. This was studied in the University of Toronto Law Journal in an article titled "Leaving ... | 2.109375 | 0 |
312906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20L.%20A.%20Hart | H. L. A. Hart | Hart's most famous work is The Concept of Law, first published in 1961, and with a second edition (including a new postscript) published posthumously in 1994. The book emerged from a set of lectures that Hart began to deliver in 1952, and it is presaged by his Holmes lecture, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Mo... | 2.453125 | 0 |
312912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Imperial%20Bank%20of%20Commerce | Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce | The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC; ) is a Canadian multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered at CIBC Square in the Financial District of Toronto, Ontario. The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce was formed through the 1961 merger of the Canadian Bank of Commerce (founded in 1867) ... | 2.484375 | 0 |
312912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Imperial%20Bank%20of%20Commerce | Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce | Merger of Imperial and Commerce
The origins of the Imperial–Commerce merger lay in the actions of Barclays Bank. Barclays began operating in Canada in 1929, but in 1956 sold its Canadian operations to the Imperial Bank. Barclays took payment partly in the form of Imperial stock. In 1960, without informing Imperial's b... | 2.78125 | 0 |
312915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph%20Dubs | Adolph Dubs | Adolph Dubs (August 4, 1920 – February 14, 1979), also known as Spike Dubs, was an American diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Afghanistan from May 13, 1978, until his death in 1979. He was killed during a rescue attempt after his kidnapping.
Career
Dubs was born in Chicago, Illinois. A 1938 gradu... | 2.046875 | 0 |
312915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph%20Dubs | Adolph Dubs | The U.S. urged waiting in order not to endanger Dubs' life, but the Afghan police disregarded these pleas to negotiate and attacked on the advice of Soviet officers. The weapons and flak jackets used by the Afghans were provided by the Soviets, and the hotel lobby had multiple Soviet officials, including the KGB securi... | 1.921875 | 0 |
312932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20F.%20Sabo | Albert F. Sabo | Albert F. Sabo (December 21, 1920 – May 8, 2002) was an American lawyer and judge of the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas. He is known for presiding over the 1982 murder trial of Mumia Abu-Jamal. Sabo served as a judge from 1974 until his retirement in 1998.
Born in Philadelphia in a family with Slovak origin... | 1.921875 | 0 |
312933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenrec | Tenrec | A tenrec () is a mammal belonging to any species within the afrotherian family Tenrecidae, which is endemic to Madagascar. Tenrecs are a very diverse group; as a result of adaptive radiation and exhibit convergent evolution, some resemble hedgehogs, shrews, opossums, rats, and mice. They occupy aquatic, arboreal, terre... | 3.25 | 0 |
312933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenrec | Tenrec | Once established on Madagascar, tenrecs diversified to occupy various niches on the island. Many evolved resemblances to familiar but unrelated mammals that are not found on Madagascar. For instance, the two species of hedgehog tenrec possess coats of hardened spines and the ability to roll into a ball when threatened,... | 2.921875 | 0 |
312933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenrec | Tenrec | The lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) is one of 16 mammalian species that will have its genome sequenced as part of the Mammalian Genome Project. It is increasingly popular in the pet trade, and in the future may serve as an important model organism in biomedicine, as it is only distantly related to the mice, ... | 3.15625 | 0 |
312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Pinaceae | The Pinaceae (), or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, piñons,
larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly known as Coniferales. Pinaceae have distinctive cones with woody sc... | 2.96875 | 0 |
312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Pinaceae | The female cones are large and usually woody, long, with numerous spirally arranged scales, and two winged seeds on each scale. The male cones are small, long, and fall soon after pollination; pollen dispersal is by wind. Seed dispersal is mostly by wind, but some species have large seeds with reduced wings, and are ... | 3.46875 | 0 |
312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Pinaceae | Multiple molecular studies indicate that in contrast to previous classifications placing it outside the conifers, Gnetophyta may in fact be the sister group to the Pinaceae, with both lineages having diverged during the early-mid Carboniferous. This is known as the "gnepine" hypothesis.
Evolutionary history
Pinaceae ... | 2.5625 | 0 |
312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Pinaceae | Defense mechanisms
External stresses on plants have the ability to change the structure and composition of forest ecosystems. Common external stress that Pinaceae experience are herbivore and pathogen attack which often leads to tree death. In order to combat these stresses, trees need to adapt or evolve defenses agai... | 2.78125 | 0 |
312940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae | Pinaceae | A common induced defense mechanism used by Pinaceae is resins. Resins are also one of the primary defenses used against attack. Resins are short term defenses that are composed of a complex combination of volatile mono- (C10) and sesquiterpenes (C15) and nonvolatile diterpene resin acids (C20). They are produced and st... | 2.46875 | 0 |
312944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anse-Bertrand | Anse-Bertrand | Anse-Bertrand (; ) is a commune in Guadeloupe, an overseas region and department of France in the Lesser Antilles.
The inhabitants in Anse-Bertrand are called Ansois.
Geography
Anse-Bertrand is located in northern Grande-Terre. The town is , north-north-east of Pointe-à-Pitre. The Atlantic Ocean face the town and pro... | 2.15625 | 0 |
312945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius%20Clodius%20Macer | Lucius Clodius Macer | Lucius Clodius Macer was a legatus of the Roman Empire in Africa during the reign of Nero. He revolted in May 68, cutting off the food supply of Rome, possibly at the instigation of Calvia Crispinilla. Although encouraged by Galba, Macer raised a legion Legio I Macriana liberatrix in addition to the Legio III Augusta t... | 2.359375 | 0 |
312962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stamps%20Farish%20II | William Stamps Farish II | In 1915, Farish became president of the Gulf Coast Producers Association and subsequently was named president of the Texas-Louisiana Oil and Gas Association. In March 1917, he and others organized the Humble Oil and Refining Company. As vice president, Farish was in charge of production, advancing industry technology a... | 2.390625 | 0 |
312963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel%20%28cigarette%29 | Camel (cigarette) | In 1946, Camel advertised their cigarettes as being the favorite choice among doctors "from every branch of medicine", making smokers believe it was safe to smoke them. The slogan "More doctors smoke Camels than any other cigarette" became the mainstay of Camel advertising until 1952. Ads featuring the slogan were seen... | 2.171875 | 0 |
312964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Gaffarel | Jacques Gaffarel | Jacques Gaffarel () (1601–1681) was a French scholar and astrologer. He followed the family tradition of studying medicine, and then became a priest, but mainly developed his interests in the fields of natural history and Oriental occultism, gaining fluency in the Hebrew, Persian, and Arabic languages.
His most famous... | 2.546875 | 0 |
312967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio%20XX%20Valeria%20Victrix | Legio XX Valeria Victrix | Legio XX Valeria Victrix, in English the Twentieth Victorious Valeria Legion, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army.
The origin of the Legion's name is unclear and there are various theories, but the legion may have gained its title Valeria Victrix from a victory it achieved during the Great Illyrian revolt under th... | 2.40625 | 0 |
312969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20X | Fritz X | Fritz X was a German guided anti-ship glide bomb used during World War II. Fritz X was the world's first precision guided weapon deployed in combat and the first to sink a ship in combat. Fritz X was a nickname used both by Allied and Luftwaffe personnel. Alternative names include Ruhrstahl SD 1400 X, Kramer X-1, PC 14... | 2.234375 | 0 |
312969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20X | Fritz X | The Fritz X possessed a spoiler-based control setup on its tailfin unit, using three sets of aerodynamic control spoiler systems, with two of them giving control in the pitch and yaw axes, differentially operating and constantly oscillating rapidly under direct control from the Kehl-Straßburg radio control link. The ro... | 2.28125 | 0 |
312969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20X | Fritz X | The only Luftwaffe unit to deploy the Fritz X was Gruppe III of Kampfgeschwader 100 Wiking (Viking), designated III./KG 100; the bomber wing itself evolved as the larger-sized descendant of the earlier Kampfgruppe 100 unit in mid-December 1941. This unit employed the medium range Dornier Do 217K-2 bomber on almost all ... | 2.3125 | 0 |
312976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCwa | Nüwa | Nüwa, also read Nügua, is a mother goddess, culture hero, and/or member of the Three Sovereigns of Chinese mythology. She is a goddess in Chinese folk religion, Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. She is credited with creating humanity and repairing the Pillar of Heaven.
As creator of mankind, she molded humans... | 2.78125 | 0 |
312976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCwa | Nüwa | In Songs of Chu (c. 340 – 278 BC), Chapter 3 "Asking Heaven" (), author Qu Yuan writes that Nüwa molded figures from the yellow earth, giving them life and the ability to bear children. After demons fought and broke the pillars of the heavens, Nüwa worked unceasingly to repair the damage, melting down the five-coloured... | 2.453125 | 0 |
312976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCwa | Nüwa | After Nüwa realized that King Zhou was already destined to rule the kingdom for twenty-six more years, Nüwa summoned her three subordinates—the Thousand-Year Vixen (later becoming Daji), the Jade Pipa, and the Nine-Headed Pheasant. With these words, Nüwa brought destined chaos to the Shang dynasty, "The luck Cheng Tang... | 2.5 | 0 |
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