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8563218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20Care%20Air%20Transport%20Team
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Critical Care Air Transport Team
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The Critical Care Air Transport Team (CCATT) concept dates from 1988, when Col. P.K. Carlton and Maj. J. Chris Farmer originated the development of this program while stationed at U.S. Air Force Hospital Scott, Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. Dr. Carlton was the Hospital Commander, and Dr. Farmer was a staff intensivist. The program was developed because of an inability to transport and care for a patient who became critically ill during a trans-Atlantic air evac mission in a C-141. They envisioned a highly portable intensive care unit (ICU) with sophisticated capabilities, carried in backpacks, that would match on-the-ground ICU functionality.
This concept was further developed at Wilford Hall Medical Center in 1991–1992, when Dr. Carlton served as the 59th Medical Wing commander and the AETC/SG and Dr. Farmer, joined by Major Jay Johannigman, were intensivist colleagues at Wilford Hall. Together, they developed the first written concept of operations for this team, a table of allowances, and a plan of action for formalizing the CCATT program. The first table of allowances was developed on a Saturday, in an empty ICU room, by Drs. Johannigman and Farmer. They gathered various supplies, equipment, medical devices, and medications in this room. They agreed that this team should be able to care for 3 patients. Through the day, they bartered, added, and subtracted—ultimately limiting the supplies to a single grocery-sized cart. This became the first CCATT table of allowances.
| 2.5
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8563218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20Care%20Air%20Transport%20Team
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Critical Care Air Transport Team
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Drs. Carlton, Johannigman, and Farmer traveled to AMC at Scott AFB and presented their concept of operations. They also presented the concept to the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). Ultimately, JSOC established a Unit Type Code (UTC) for CCATT, and the first deployment followed thereafter. Joined by then Lt. Col. Steve Derdak, Maj. Bill Beninati, Maj Tom Grissom, Maj. Mike Wall, Lt. Col. Rick Hersack, and many other key individuals the program developed during Joint Task Force (JTF) deployments in Cuba/Haiti, Eastern Europe, and Africa. In the late 1990’s the graduate medical programs at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center (59th Medical Wing) began to incorporate cardiovascular and critical care fellows into the CCAT teams. Dr. Jonathan Sheinberg and Dr. Walter Rustmann were the first fellows to participate in the CCAT team rotation. In addition to these several deployments from 1994–1996, there were numerous field exercises with various Air Evac units in CONUS and OCONUS as the UTC was further refined. CCATT teams were also deployed for civil disaster ICU medical support, including a 747 KAL crash in Guam, and a 707 cargo plane crash in Ecuador. The program fully realized its worth during the second Gulf War, when ICU casualty transport became a vital necessity. These ICU transport capabilities allowed trauma surgeons to perform far forward damage control surgery, knowing that these patients could be quickly transported rearward. Combined with other advances in field medical care, what resulted is the lowest died of wounds rate measured in modern times (testimony House Armed Services Committee, 2005, Lt.Gen. George "Peach" Taylor).
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8563289
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred%20Horse%20Chestnut
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Hundred Horse Chestnut
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The Hundred-Horse Chestnut (; ) is the largest and oldest known chestnut tree in the world. Located on Linguaglossa road in Sant'Alfio, on the eastern slope of Mount Etna in Sicily — only from the volcano's crater — it is generally believed to be 2,000 to 4,000 years old (4,000 according to botanist Bruno Peyronel from Turin). It is a sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa, family Fagaceae). Guinness World Records has listed it for the record of "Greatest Tree Girth Ever", noting that it had a circumference of 57.9 m (190 ft) when it was measured in 1780. Above ground, the tree has since split into multiple large trunks, but below ground, these trunks still share the same roots. An early 1895 image with a man next to the tree for perspective, shows it was closer to 10 m in diameter at breast height, rather than the claimed 18.5 m in diameter at breast height.
Despite its name, the tree is not a horse chestnut. Rather, the tree's name originated from a legend in which a queen of Aragon and her company of 100 knights, during a trip to Mount Etna, were caught in a severe thunderstorm. The entire company is said to have taken shelter under the tree.
History
The tree is located in the wood of Carpineto, on the eastern slope of the Etna volcano, near zone D of the Etna park.
Authors of botany agree the chestnut tree is thousands of years old but do not agree on its exact age. It is likely between two and four thousand years old. The thesis of the Turin botanist Bruno Peyronel suggests it could be 3-4 thousand years old, making it the oldest tree in Europe and the largest in Italy (1982).
The first historical information on the Chestnut of the Hundred Horses is documented as early as the sixteenth century. In 1611 Antonio Filoteo spoke of it, while in 1636, in "Il Mongibello", Pietro Carrera majestically described the trunk and the tree "... capable of accommodating thirty horses inside".
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8563300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrocera%20dorsalis
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Bactrocera dorsalis
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Bactrocera dorsalis, previously known as Dacus dorsalis and commonly referred to as the oriental fruit fly, is a species of tephritid fruit fly that is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is one of the major pest species in the genus Bactrocera with a broad host range of cultivated and wild fruits. Male B. dorsalis respond strongly to methyl eugenol, which is used to monitor and estimate populations, as well as to annihilate males as a form of pest control. They are also important pollinators and visitors of wild orchids, Bulbophyllum cheiri and Bulbophyllum vinaceum in Southeast Asia, which lure the flies using methyl eugenol.
The fly is similar to the closely related species B. carambolae and B. occipitalis. The species name B. dorsalis is identical to other synonyms B. papayae, B. invadens and B. philippinensis.
Description
B. dorsalis is a species of tephritid fruit fly. Flies that belong to this family are usually small to medium-sized with colorful markings. In particular, B. dorsalis belongs to a complex of physically similar flies called the Bactrocera dorsalis complex, whose defining characteristics include a mostly black thorax and dark T-shaped marking on the fly's abdominal segment. The T-shape marking consists of a dark medial and transverse band along the fly's abdomen.
The B. dorsalis species has distinctive yellow and black markings on its thorax and abdomen, which may vary between flies. Two vertical yellow markings on the thorax and the dark T-shaped marking on the abdomen differentiate this species of fly from its close relatives. The wings are clear with a continuous costal band. The adult body is around 8.0 mm in length, with wings approximately 7.3 mm in length. The female adult has a tapered ovipositor for depositing eggs in host fruits, while in male adults this ovipositor is notably absent.
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8563300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrocera%20dorsalis
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Bactrocera dorsalis
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Distribution
Endemic to Southeast Asia, B. dorsalis is a highly invasive pest species that now has a presence in at least 65 countries. It has also been introduced to Hawaii, the Mariana Islands, and Tahiti. The fly is also found in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa. From 1910 to 1990, the fly species was only observed in 5 countries; however, in the last three decades, the rate of spread by B. dorsalis has sharply increased, with the species invading an additional 70 countries.
Elsewhere in the United States, B. dorsalis has been spotted in California and Florida. These appearances then trigger a cascade of eradication efforts. Four major oriental fruit fly eradication efforts occurred in response to infestations in California between 1960 and 1997. Two additional infestations were eradicated in 2006 and 2007, occurring within 3–4 years of reports of these infestations. In July 2010, flies were discovered in traps in the Sacramento and Placer counties of California. A quarantine was established, and eradication efforts followed. These sightings in the mainland United States are generally quarantined infestations that have been eradicated.
CLIMEX, a modeling software, has been used to map the future trajectory for the fruit fly in terms of opportunities for increasing its distribution. This was tested both under current and future predicted climate conditions, given the current research on climate change. Under current conditions, the fly's projected distribution includes much of the tropics and subtropics and extends into areas like Mediterranean Europe. The model predicts optimal climate conditions in the southeast United States. Under climate change conditions, the spread overall increases as the fly is less limited by cold weather. However, its distribution does possibly decrease in areas where precipitation decreases.
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8563300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrocera%20dorsalis
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Bactrocera dorsalis
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Adults
In 1-2 weeks, the adult emerges from the pupae and matures. Most adults emerge from the soil between 7:00 AM and 10:00 AM. Once sexual maturity is reached (which takes approximately 9 days), adults engage in the mating process and the life cycle repeats. The adult lifespan for B. dorsalis is about 90 days, and the flies have been reported to travel up to 30 miles in search of new egg laying sites and food, such as decaying fruit and plant nectar. Adult females prefer to lay eggs in old egg deposit sites on fruits.
Food resources
B. dorsalis has been seen in more than 200 kinds of fruit and nut plants, but the species lay eggs in mango, papaya, and avocado fruits most often. Adult flies feed on decaying fruit, plant nectar, and other substances during their lifetime and prefer to feed in the morning.
Social behavior
Mating
Polyandry has been observed in B. dorsalis. For females, there is typically a re-mating refractory period. The length of this period does not vary based on whether the female is mating with a virgin or non-virgin male. However, when there was a refractory period, females lay more eggs. Females who were exposed to two males continuously without a refractory period in between lay fewer eggs, but still lay more eggs than females with only one male. Therefore, there appears to be a reproductive benefit for females with polyandry.
Reproductive senescence does appear to be present in this species, as male and female age correlates negatively with the rate of fertilization.
Flying
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8563300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrocera%20dorsalis
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Bactrocera dorsalis
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The flight capacity of B. dorsalis adult females at various life stages has been observed in order to better understand and prevent their spread. Past research has shown that the species can spread extensively following fruit harvests, with a dispersal radius up to 37 km observed in Hawaii. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to view changes in flight muscle ultrastructures. Researchers observed that flight speed and distance changed with the age of the fruit fly, reaching its maximum capacity at 15 days of age.
Long-distance flight
B. dorsalis has been observed to be capable of long-distance flight. One study investigated the relationship between flight muscle structure and the flies' flight capacity: as the number of mitochondria increased, myofibril diameter increased, and sarcomere length decreased, the researchers found the fly's flight capacity to be maximized. This particular muscle structure was evident in 15-day-old female adult B. dorsalis flies.
Symbiotic relationships
B. dorsalis has symbiotic relationships with many bacteria. Different bacteria dominate at different developmental stages of the fruit fly. Pseudomonadota are most often present in immature stages, whereas Bacillota are most often present in the adult stages. Overall, the most abundant families are Enterococcaceae and Comamondaceae. Meanwhile, Comamonas are extremely abundant in pupae, but disappear entirely by adulthood.
Researchers have also tested the relationship between certain gut symbiotic bacteria and fly foraging behavior and nutrient ingestion. Suppression of the fly's microbiome resulted in changes in the foraging behavior in both male and female flies. Aposymbiotic flies responded faster to diets in experimental conditions and fed more, for longer periods of time.
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8563300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrocera%20dorsalis
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Bactrocera dorsalis
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Interactions with humans
Human activities are mainly responsible for causing the spread of the species from one region to another. The primary risk comes from import of fruit that may contain larvae, either in passenger cargo, or through the smuggling of fruit in passenger baggage or mail. In New Zealand, researchers recorded 7-33 interceptions of fruit flies per year in cargo. Researchers also recorded an additional 10-28 interceptions in passenger baggage.
Agricultural pest
B. dorsalis is not only a highly invasive species, accidentally introduced to Hawaii from Taiwan during the 1940s in World War II, but also very destructive to crop yield for farmers of various fruits, vegetables, and nuts across the world. The larval stage of the life cycle is the most damaging to fruits because of larval feeding on the soft flesh of fruits. After ovipositing occurs by a female fly, the larvae develop under the skin of the fruit or soft tissues of the plant and begin to feed on the fruit or plant's flesh. Once feeding occurs, other microorganisms can invade the site of larval feeding and cause the fruit to decay faster. Although ripe fruits are believed to be preferred for ovipositing, unripe fruits have served as hosts for eggs as well.
Conventional pest treatment
B. dorsalis has created many agricultural issues for humans, especially in the areas where it is endemic. In the Pacific Islands, the fly has restricted the development of a diverse tropical fruit and vegetable industry, necessitated that commercial fruits go through quarantine treatment before shipment, and provided an avenue for their introduction to countries not previously exposed to the fly species. The Miami-Dade County in Florida had to perform the quarantine technique when the insect was detected in fruits there in August 2015; they were eliminated from the area in February 2016.
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8563300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrocera%20dorsalis
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Bactrocera dorsalis
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To resolve these concerns, several techniques have been implemented, including sterile insect technique, protein bait sprays, and male annihilation. Male annihilation technique is effective because methyl eugenol attracts male flies prior to the beginning of their sexual maturation, to an extent of 40 to 50 percent of the flies.
One of the most experimentally effective control techniques has been the wrapping of fruit, often in a paper or polythene sleeve. This physical barrier prevents oviposition from occurring. The caveat with this method is that it must be implemented far in advance of the fruit fly's presence. Alternatively, fruits can be harvested earlier in the season than the flies anticipate; this has proven effective with the mango fruit.
Parasitoid wasps
In addition to these, Hawaii has developed methods to suppress Bactrocera species using parasitoid wasps, including Fopius arisanus. The parasitic wasp oviposits its own eggs into B. dorsalis eggs, the parasitoids are reared in the host, and the developed parasitoids emerge in the pupal stage. F. arisanus has been observed to be the most successful example of parasitoid control of B. dorsalis, and researchers are looking to introduce its model of suppression from Hawaii to other areas of the world that the fly affects.
Field sanitation
One simple, but effective technique called field sanitation, through which all unmarketable fruits get removed from the fields and disposed as soon as they are observed, so that re-infestation does not occur.
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8563309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Thackeray%20Ritchie
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Anne Thackeray Ritchie
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Anne Isabella, Lady Ritchie ( Thackeray; 9 June 1837 – 26 February 1919), eldest daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray, was an English writer, whose several novels were appreciated in their time and made her a central figure on the late Victorian literary scene. She is noted especially as the custodian of her father's literary legacy, and for short fiction that places fairy tale narratives in a Victorian milieu. Her 1885 novel Mrs. Dymond introduced into English the proverb, "Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for life."
Life
Anne Isabella Thackeray was born in London, the eldest daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray and his wife Isabella Gethin Shawe (1816–1893). She had two younger sisters: Jane, born in 1839, who died at eight months, and Harriet Marian (nicknamed "Minny") (1840–1875), who married Leslie Stephen in 1869. Anne, whose father called her Anny, spent her childhood in France and England, where she and her sister were accompanied by the future poet Anne Evans.
In 1877, she married her cousin, Richmond Ritchie, who was 17 years her junior. They had two children, Hester and Billy. She was a step-aunt of Virginia Woolf, who penned an obituary of her in the Times Literary Supplement. She is also thought to have inspired the character of Mrs Hilbery in Woolf's Night and Day.
Literary career
In 1863, Anne Isabella published The Story of Elizabeth with immediate success. Several other works followed:
The Village on the Cliff (1867)
To Esther, and Other Sketches (1869)
Old Kensington (1873)
Toilers and Spinsters, and Other Essays (1874)
Bluebeard's Keys, and Other Stories (1874)
Five Old Friends (1875)
Madame de Sévigné (1881), a biography with literary excerpts
In other writings, she made unusual use of old folk stories to depict modern situations and occurrences, such as Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella and Little Red Riding Hood.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett (November 23, 1865 – December 31, 1946) was an American archaeologist and anthropologist whose focus was the Native American communities of New Mexico and the southwestern United States. He is best known for his role in gaining passage of the Antiquities Act, a pioneering piece of legislation for the conservation movement; as the founder and first director of the Museum of New Mexico; and as the first president of the New Mexico Normal School, now New Mexico Highlands University.
Hewett's dealings with Maria Martinez, the matriarch potter of San Ildefonso Pueblo, were instrumental in establishing San Ildefonso as a center for Native American pottery. He helped stimulate the rebirth of pottery as a significant folk art form in the region.
Hewett also had a significant role in the formation of Bandelier National Monument and Chaco Culture National Historical Park, established to preserve extensive prehistoric ruins of the Pueblo people whom he studied. The Antiquities Act, which he had worked on, authorized the establishment by the executive branch of such national monuments.
Early years
Hewett was born in Warren County, Illinois, on November 23, 1865. He was educated at Tarkio College in Missouri and thereafter settled in Florence, Colorado, as a member of the school system. He eventually became superintendent of the Florence schools. In 1894 he became a member of the faculty of the Colorado State Normal School in Greeley, Colorado (today the University of Northern Colorado), where he received a master's degree in 1893.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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Hewett's 1891 marriage to Cora Whitford proved eventful for his eventual career and prominence. Cora was described in contemporary accounts as "frail"—frequently (and almost certainly in this case) a euphemism for a person suffering tuberculosis—and at her doctors' advice, the Hewetts started to spend time in the warmer climate of northern New Mexico. Tuberculosis was considered incurable as antibiotics had not been discovered. As a result, Edgar Hewett was exposed to, and became fascinated by, the prehistoric ruins in Frijoles Canyon near Santa Fe—a site that would eventually become the centerpiece attraction of Bandelier National Monument.
Pajarito Plateau
Hewett's interest in Frijoles Canyon was timely, for ethnologist Adolph Bandelier had just started to describe, through both scientific papers and his novel The Delight Makers (1890), prehistoric life on the Pajarito Plateau. Hewett came to know Bandelier and consider him his mentor in his own studies. By 1896 Hewett himself was conducting field work on the Plateau, although he continued to defer to Bandelier's expertise on the region for many years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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Hewett rapidly came to believe that the Plateau's archaeological sites constituted a national resource that should be preserved, and in the 1890s he advocated creation of a "Pajarito National Park" that would protect essentially the entire Plateau. However, the time was not yet ripe for such a step. Contemporary agriculture on the Plateau was not exactly widespread, but such as it was, the ranchers relied upon it for sustenance, and perceived a threat to their economic well-being if the land was put off limits to ranching and farming. (Many years later, Valles Caldera National Preserve was established in the adjoining Jemez Mountains with language that explicitly mandated promoting the economic interests of the region in terms of agriculture and forestry though that law was replaced by new legislation in 2015 moving the Valles Caldera National Preserve to the National Park Service without the economic language.) These pressures, combined with opposition from Santa Clara Pueblo, prevented Pajarito National Park from being approved at that time.
New Mexico Normal School
In 1893 the New Mexico territorial legislature, anticipating the day when the Territory would achieve statehood, authorized the founding of a normal school at Las Vegas, New Mexico. The New Mexico Normal School, as it was originally called (renamed New Mexico Normal University in 1902, later becoming New Mexico Highlands University as it is today), took some time to form, but was ready for its first class of students in 1898. By this time Hewett had achieved a modicum of fame, at least locally, and had become friendly with some of the power brokers who were behind the creation of the Normal School. He was appointed in 1897 as the first president of the New Mexico Normal School.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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Hewett's time at the head of the Normal School can be viewed as generally successful. The college was organized along conventional lines for normal colleges, and commenced with several areas of pedagogy directed to the production of degreed teachers, who were needed by the state-to-be. The enrollment increased rapidly and for a time exceeded that of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. However, Hewett fell afoul of some of the powerful figures of the region who disagreed with his increasingly vocal position that the archaeological resources of New Mexico Territory required preservation. He was also criticized for an "unconventional" approach to pedagogy—a euphemism for his enthusiasm for taking students into the field (at the Pajarito Plateau) at summer camps, a highly innovative practice at the time and one that reinforced the concerns that his critics had about his enthusiasm for preserving the sites there. Particularly contentious was the fact that he included women in his field camps. By early 1903 he was pressured out of the president's office. Hewett is the namesake for buildings at today's New Mexico Highlands University.
Hewett's interest in the Pajarito Plateau intensified during his time at the Normal School. He enlisted students at the Normal School in the surveying of the Plateau, which gave him a basis for putting his studies there on a more scientific footing. He also learned the value of working "the smoke-filled room" to achieve support for his goals. This was one of the traits that set him apart from his contemporaries such as Richard Wetherill, and his skills contributed to the next phase of his career.
Antiquities Act
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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Upon stepping down from his position at the Normal School, Hewett decided that he needed to improve his academic credentials in order to advance. He earned a doctorate in anthropology from the University of Geneva in 1904. He spent little time in residence at the university, developing his dissertation mainly by collating a number of papers which he had written previously (a practice that, in the eyes of Hewett's many critics, would characterize and compromise much of his later writing as well) and having them translated into the required French. The resulting dissertation, bearing the title Les Communautés anciennes dans le desert Americain, was favorably received, and sufficed to earn Hewett his degree despite his inability to defend it in the customary French.
Meanwhile, the political landscape that had prevented the creation of the Pajarito National Park was starting to change. John F. Lacey, a congressman from Iowa, had visited northern New Mexico in 1902 to see the effects of pot hunting on ancient sites, and had enlisted Hewett as a guide. He was so impressed that he retained Hewett to report to Congress on the archaeological resources of the region.
By this time Hewett had become more adept at working the political system, and his skills were starting to show some results, frictions at the Normal School notwithstanding. He had traveled to Washington, D.C. in 1900 (no small journey at the time) and befriended the prominent anthropologist Alice Cunningham Fletcher among others. In 1902, he wrote a pointed complaint about the pot-hunting practices, which he believed were destroying resources at Chaco Canyon. Wetherill and the Hyde Expedition were forbidden to excavate there.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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This set the stage for Hewett to deliver a truly influential report to Congress—and he delivered. On September 3, 1904, freshly back from Geneva, Hewett submitted to the United States General Land Office (GLO), which at this time had jurisdiction over government lands in the Southwest, a "Memorandum concerning the historic and prehistoric ruins of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, and their preservation." This report rapidly made its way to Congress and Lacey, who was moved by Hewett's declaration in the Memorandum that "it will be a lasting reproach upon our Government if it does not use its power to restrain" the destruction of the ruins.
Hewett spent most of late 1904 and 1905 shuttling between Washington and New Mexico, helping Lacey with a nascent Act of Congress at the one and continuing his archaeological fieldwork at the other. This was a time of personal misfortune for him, however, as Cora Hewett's illness had become terminal. While in Geneva, she had to use a wheelchair much of the time; after their return to the United States, she entered a sanatorium in Santa Fe, New Mexico for a time. She died in the fall of 1905. Hewett kept on working.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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The result was the Antiquities Act of 1906, a towering piece of American legislation by any standards. As a result of the Antiquities Act, it was now no longer necessary for Congress to authorize permanent withdrawal of land for the purpose of preservation of cultural or other resources; a presidential proclamation would now suffice. This apparent short-circuiting of separation of powers was controversial at the time, and has remained so for the 100 years since its passage, but Lacey's experienced hand guided the bill through Congress, meeting the objections of its critics and propelling it toward passage and presidential signature. President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act into law on June 8, 1906, and Hewett's place in the history of the conservation movement was secured. Ironically, Roosevelt's first use of the Antiquities Act was not to protect one of the ruins that Hewett had made his life's passion, but rather to establish Devil's Tower National Monument in Wyoming, a site of more geological and scenic interest than archaeological significance. However, the Act would soon be put, repeatedly and vigorously, to its (or at least Hewett's) intended purpose.
Building the national monuments
The first archaeological site to be preserved under the Antiquities Act was the Arizona complex that would become the centerpiece of the eponymous Montezuma Castle National Monument. Hewett knew of Montezuma Castle from his work inventorying the Southwest for the GLO and Lacey, and he knew that it was not only archaeologically significant but also imperiled by aggressive pot hunting (sometimes using dynamite to knock down walls so that rooms within could be excavated). Hewett lent his support to the creation of this national monument, which came into being in 1907.
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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Montezuma Castle was a relatively uncontroversial site, being small, remote, and not heavily (or at least profitably) exploited by either the pot hunters or agriculture in the vicinity, some temporary de facto restrictions on the pot hunting having already come into being before the monument was created. It was therefore a good test case for Hewett's vision as embodied in the Antiquities Act, and creation of the national monument caused comparatively few complaints. Another site closer to home that Hewett had studied, at today's Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument in southwestern New Mexico, would soon follow, and by the end of 1907, Chaco Canyon itself had been made a national monument, thus preserving the most extensive site of ruins of the Pueblo culture. However, Hewett was not satisfied; he had his eye on other extensive and significant candidates for preservation, notably his long-time favorites on the Pajarito Plateau, that promised to be more controversial. He therefore turned his attention to the problems of getting these sites preserved, as the number of national monuments created under the Antiquities Act began to climb.
In 1907 the Archaeological Institute of America gave Hewett an additional platform, by establishing the School of American Archaeology, later the School of American Research, in Santa Fe. Hewett's friend Alice Fletcher, by then the doyenne of American archaeology, was one of the prime backers of the School; Hewett became its first director, a position he would hold until his death in 1946. The School would provide Hewett not only with a mouthpiece, but also a base for his increasingly professional (if still controversial) research activities and students and collaborators to do the work.
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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The process of preserving the sites of the Pajarito Plateau proved difficult and time-consuming, partly because interactions among the affected parties were complex, and partly because when Roosevelt passed the reins of government to William Howard Taft, enthusiasm in the White House for preserving such sites was diminished. Another factor had to do with Hewett's own personality. He had many supporters, but also many critics, and some of the latter complained that his real goal was to ensure that he, Edgar L. Hewett, D.Sc., Director of the School of American Research, would have access to, and control of, the Plateau's sites—while his rivals would not. Negotiations over a new monument were long and contentious, but finally, on February 11, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the new Bandelier National Monument, naming it for Adolph Bandelier who had died recently. The monument was rather smaller than Hewett had hoped, covering only Frijoles Canyon, some comparatively empty land to the southwest, and an outlier (now Tsankawi), and omitting among others the very significant Puye Cliff Dwellings near Santa Clara Pueblo. However, even the most ardent preservationists had to admit that, from the standpoint of protecting Puebloan sites, Bandelier was much better than nothing.
Native American art
Hewett continued to take an interest in the Pajarito Plateau and its environs, not merely from an archaeological perspective but also from a contemporary one. Many of the Plateau's excavations contained intriguing fragments, and sometimes intact pieces, of pottery, some of it of considerable beauty. Pottery of a more "modern" nature was produced at some of the pueblos of the region in the first part of the 20th century, but it was intended for the tourist trade, and had little to do with the pottery of antiquity. The artifacts found during the excavations provided evidence that the Native Americans of the region could do better at making pottery.
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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Shortly after the first World War, an opportunity arose to revive the high-quality work of antiquity, driven as much by Hewett's curiosity about the potters of the past as anything else. He made the acquaintance of a potter at San Ildefonso Pueblo named Maria Martinez—a name that would become a watchword in Native American art. Hewett set Maria and her husband Julian, at that point proficient artisans in a polychrome style of pottery common at San Ildefonso, the task of trying to reproduce the colors and textures seen in the ancestral work of Frijoles Canyon and its vicinity. Almost serendipitously, the Martinezes developed a "black-on-black" style that not only evoked the ancient work but also produced pieces attractive to the modern collector. Hewett, in conjunction with the eccentric entrepreneurs and philanthropists Vera von Blumenthal and Rose Dougan, detected in this pottery a commercial opportunity that the puebleños would go on to develop into a major and economically significant cottage industry in the region. The Santa Fe Indian Market, probably the world's leading exposition for Native American art, has an economic impact on northern New Mexico estimated at nearly $20,000,000 annually. San Ildefonso (and Santa Clara) black-on-black pottery, some of it by descendants of Maria and Julian Martinez, features prominently to this day among the "Best of Show" award winners at the Market, as well as more pedestrian but still high-quality work that has far transcended the tourist trinkets that were being produced in the pueblos at the beginning of the 20th century.
Academic life
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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In 1909 another action of the territorial legislature created the Museum of New Mexico. Hewett was a logical choice to be its first director, and was installed in the position. The enabling legislation mandated that the museum be managed by the SAR, helping to solidify Hewett's grasp on both positions. Hewett staffed the museum's administrative functions with several of his friends and supporters from the Normal School days, and persuaded Alice Fletcher to take a key advisory role as well. In addition he hired two other women, Marjorie Ferguson (later Lambert; 1908–2006) and Bertha P. Dutton (1903–1994), after he had trained them at the University of New Mexico. This of course exposed him to complaints from his critics about cronyism, but ensured that he at least had a stable power base within the institution. The museum was empowered by the legislature to acquire land containing some key archaeological sites in the state that were not yet protected by the Antiquities Act, and under Hewett, it did so.
Hewett was able to commingle public (Museum) and private (SAR) resources as he saw fit, but the arrangement was a matter of concern and in 1959 the two institutions were forced to separate. Today, the Museum of New Mexico is a subdivision of the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs.
Hewett remarried in 1911, to Donizetta Jones Wood, who would survive him. During this period he continued to do field work, his growing reputation ensuring that he would be invited to join expeditions ranging far beyond the Southwest. He also continued his politicking; not satisfied with Bandelier National Monument (even though it expanded beyond the land in the original proclamation), he continued to lobby for creation of a Pajarito National Park. Nothing came of this advocacy, however.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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As time passed, Hewett's academic credentials came to be more recognized, and he spent time and effort building academic archaeology in the western United States. He organized archaeology and anthropology departments at the University of New Mexico and University of Southern California. The UNM department, where Hewett spent much of the latter part of his life, would eventually become one of the world's best known. While at UNM, Hewett founded the Museum of Anthropology of the University of New Mexico, which would later become the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology.
His collaborations with other archaeologists also increased with the passage of time. By 1910 he was collaborating with the Smithsonian Institution on work in Frijoles Canyon; Neil Judd was one of the students there. By 1915 he was director of exhibits for the Panama–California Exposition in San Diego, responsible for assembling the central exhibit "The Story of Man through the Ages". This led in turn to his assuming directorship of the San Diego Museum of Man, which was created as a permanent institution from the exposition's collections established by Hewett. This museum survives today as one of the institutions in San Diego's Balboa Park district.
Hewett's increasing ties to university life exposed him to the "publish or perish" mindset of academia, and here the results were less flattering to Hewett than many of his earlier activities. Much of his later work, or at least his publications, became somewhat repetitive. His 1943 book Ancient Life in the American Southwest, cited below, amounts to a rehashing of a lifetime of archaeology without contributing anything new, and most of it could have been written at least 20 years earlier. Its tone also strikes the modern reader as annoyingly patronizing to (yet still respectful of) the people he studied, but Hewett was, after all, a product of his times.
Later years
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Lee%20Hewett
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Edgar Lee Hewett
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Hewett continued to work as a field archaeologist practically until his death. He played a major role in securing funding for the excavation of Kuaua pueblo ruins, helping to preserve the murals with the aid of Wesley Bliss, but he drove a reconstruction of the site as if it were a set of ruins, as a setting for the commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of Coronado's arrival in New Mexico. However, by the 1930s his basically romantic approach to field work was looking like more and more of an anachronism. His responsibilities at the University of New Mexico grew less demanding (and conspicuous) over time, although he retained directorship of the Chaco Canyon field school, a particular favorite of his, until 1937. He continued in his roles at the SAR and the Museum of New Mexico until the last year of his life, chairing the joint meeting of the managing board in August 1946.
Edgar Lee Hewett died on December 31, 1946. His ashes are interred at the New Mexico Museum of Art in Santa Fe, one of the units of the Museum of New Mexico that he helped create, next to those of his long-time friend and supporter Alice Fletcher.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Clayton%20%28musician%29
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Jay Clayton (musician)
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Judith Theresa Colantone (October 28, 1941 – December 31, 2023), known as Jay Clayton, was an American avant-garde jazz vocalist and educator.
Early life and education
Judith Theresa Colantone was born in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1941. From a young age, Clayton would pick up different jazz standards, and eventually learned to play the accordion. As she grew, she picked up piano and received lessons for a number of years. After graduating high school, Clayton spent the following summer at the St. Louis Institute of Music, a formerly accredited music college in Missouri. First in her family to enroll in college, Clayton attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Due to the fact that classical music was the only genre of vocal training offered by Miami University at that time, Clayton studied classical music, though often listened to jazz records and attended jazz performances in her free time. Clayton graduated with a degree in music education in 1963, then moved to New York City.
Career
After moving to New York, Clayton supported herself with office work by day, but by night, she would explore the blossoming avant-garde jazz scene of the city. Clayton fostered a connection of mentorship with Steve Lacy. Lacy not only helped Clayton find balance between the influence of tradition and free music in her own vocal technique, but also introduced her to bassist Lewis Worrell, trumpeter Marc Levin, and drummer, as well as future husband, Frank Clayton.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Clayton%20%28musician%29
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Jay Clayton (musician)
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Clayton became part of the free jazz and avant-garde jazz crowd, which was unusual for a vocalist. With her status as an established avant-garde musician, she gained many connections. In 1967, Clayton and her husband, Frank Clayton, began presenting a loft jazz concert series in their home including artists, Joanne Brackeen, Cecil McBee, Jane Getz, and Sam Rivers, to name a few. As Clayton gained more and more recognition, she began to perform with other famous avant-garde jazz and minimalist musicians. Musicians she has worked with include: Muhal Richard Abrams, Gary Bartz, Jane Ira Bloom, George Cables, Steve Lacy, Julian Priester, Perry Robinson, Mark Whitecage, Steve Reich, John Cage, Kirk Nurock, Paul McCandless, Bennie Wallace, Dave Holland, Stanley Cowell, and Rufus Reid.
As an independent artist already used to creating her own events, Clayton acted as the artistic director for the first ever Women in Jazz Festival, produced by Cobi Narita in 1979. She served as a consultant for ABC Cable’s Women in Jazz, compiling footage for the series. The year 1980 saw the release of All Out, her first album as a leader, featuring Jane Ira Bloom, Harvie Swartz, Larry Karush, and Frank Clayton.
Clayton's teaching career lifted off in 1982, when she left New York City to build the vocal jazz program at the Cornish College of the Arts. She was on the jazz faculty at Cornish College for the Arts for 20 years. Jay has taught numerous master classes and workshops at places including City College of New York, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, and the Bud Shank Jazz Workshop, Banff Centre (which she co-taught with fellow vocalist Sheila Jordan), The New School, the Vermont Jazz Workshop, and Princeton University.
Death
Clayton died from small-cell lung cancer at her home in New Paltz, New York, on December 31, 2023, at the age of 82.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristella%20maxillaris
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Pristella maxillaris
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Pristella maxillaris is a species of characin in the genus Pristella, and is commonly known as the X-ray fish or X-ray tetra because of its translucent body.
Description
It is a widely distributed and adaptable fish, found in the Amazon and Orinoco basins, as well as coastal rivers in the Guianas in both acidic and alkaline waters. Unlike most other characins, it is tolerant of (and sometimes found in) slightly brackish water. It is small (up to around in length) and lives in large groups, and males can be distinguished from females by being smaller and thinner than the females. Like most other tetras, it feeds primarily on small insects and planktonic animals.
Nomenclature
Older aquarium books often refer to this species by the junior synonym Pristella riddlei. Aquarists tend to refer to this fish as the golden pristella tetra, though some call it the X-ray tetra, instead. Other common names include goldfinch tetra, a reference to the similarly coloured goldfinch, and pristella tetra, a modification of its Latin name. A common name that was once widespread but is now rarely used is signal tetra, a reference to the similarity between the yellow and black dorsal fin and the arm of a semaphore railway signal.
In aquaria
Pristella maxillaris is a small, adaptable fish that is often kept in a home aquarium and will eat most fish foods. It is tolerant of a range of water chemistry values (pH 6–8; hardness up to 20 dGH). As a shoaling species, it is usually kept in groups of at least six specimens and away from aggressive or predatory tankmates, but is otherwise easily kept in the community tank. The minimum aquarium size is typically 60 x 30 cm (15 Gallons).
Ideally, this species can be kept in a tank containing live plants that provide cover and comfort to the tetras, they thrive in a planted environment with well filtered and oxygen rich water with plenty of open swimming space and a greater swimming area.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%20Meckel
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Jakob Meckel
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Klemens Wilhelm Jacob Meckel (28 March 1842 – 5 July 1906) was a general in the Prussian army and foreign advisor to the government of Meiji period Japan.
Biography
Meckel was born in Cologne, Rhine Province, Prussia and joined the Prussian Army in 1860 as part of the 68th Infantry Regiment. He served in the Austro-Prussian War, fighting at Königgrätz, and was a veteran of the Franco-Prussian War. During the latter he was decorated with the Iron Cross.
In Japan
After the government of Meiji period Japan decided to model the Imperial Japanese Army after the Prussian army, following the German victory over the French in the Franco-Prussian War, Meckel (with the rank of major at the time) was invited to Japan as a professor at the Army Staff College and as an advisor to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff. In response to a Japanese request, Prussian Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke selected Meckel. He worked closely with future Prime Ministers General Katsura Tarō and General Yamagata Aritomo, and with army strategist General Kawakami Soroku. Meckel made numerous recommendations which were implemented, including reorganization of the command structure of the army into divisions and regiments, thus increasing mobility, strengthening the army logistics and transportation structure, with the major army bases connected by railways, establishing artillery and engineering regiments as independent commands, and revising the universal conscription system to abolish virtually all exceptions. A bust of Meckel was sited in front of the Japanese Army Staff College from 1909 through 1945.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%20Meckel
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Jakob Meckel
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Although his period in Japan (1885–1888) was relatively short, Meckel had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military. He is credited with having introduced Clausewitz's military theories and the Prussian concept of war games (Kriegspiel) in a process of refining tactics. By training some sixty of the highest-ranking Japanese officers of the time in tactics, strategy and organization, he was able to replace the previous influences of the French advisors with his own philosophies. Meckel especially reinforced Hermann Roesler's ideal of subservience to the Emperor by teaching his pupils that Prussian military success was a consequence of the officer class's unswerving loyalty to their sovereign Emperor, however unswerving loyalty to superiors, in particular unswerving loyalty to the Emperor, was already an ideal in Japan, with the unswerving loyalty to the Emperor being expressly codified in Articles XI–XIII of the Meiji Constitution.
Meckel's reforms are credited with Japan's overwhelming victory over China in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895.
However, Meckel's tactical over-reliance on the use of infantry in offensive campaigns was later considered to have contributed to the large number of Japanese casualties in the subsequent Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.
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8563656
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Charles%20Bowring
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John Charles Bowring
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John Charles Bowring (24 March 1821 – 20 June 1893) was a Hong Kong businessman, a partner in the firm Jardine, Matheson & Co., and a keen amateur naturalist and JP for the County of Devon.
He was the eldest son of Sir John Bowring (1792–1872), of Exeter, Devon, Governor of Hong Kong, and accompanied him on some of his travels. He was brother of Lewin Bentham Bowring and Edgar Alfred Bowring.
Bowring was a passionate botanist and entomologist (more specifically a coleopterist; a student in the study of beetles). Throughout his travels with his father, Sir John Bowring, he studied, took notes, and collected certain rare plants and beetles whenever the opportunity presented itself. In 1852 Bowring brought from Hong Kong ferns, mosses, and flowering plants back to England.
In 1862, Bowring built Larkbeare House as his residence in Exeter: the house is on Topsham Road, close to St Leonard's Church, with extensive riverside gardens, designed to house Bowring's plant collection. The house later became judges' lodgings and then a register office for Devon County Council.
His sons included:
Sir Charles Calvert Bowring, Governor of Nyasaland
Rear Admiral Humphrey Wykeham Bowring
He left a large collection of coleoptera to the British Museum.
Two species of lizards, Hemidactylus bowringii and Subdoluseps bowringii, are named in honor of John Charles Bowring or his father Sir John Bowring.
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8563758
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet%20Earth%20Colliery
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Wet Earth Colliery
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Wet Earth Colliery was a coal mine located on the Manchester Coalfield, in Clifton, Greater Manchester. The colliery site is now the location of Clifton Country Park. The colliery has a unique place in British coal mining history; apart from being one of the earliest pits in the country, it is the place where engineer James Brindley made water run uphill.
Geology
The colliery is situated in the valley of the River Irwell which flows north to south along the Pendleton Fault. Many other coal mines were situated on this major fault which threw up the underlying Carboniferous coal measures by some 1,100 yards making them accessible for mining from early times. To the east of the fault is the red Triassic sandstone, to the west are the coal measures, which in places outcrop at surface.
History
Early mining
The area around Nob End in Kearsley, a few hundred yards to the north of the Wet Earth Colliery shows evidence of early bell pit working and small ladder pits. The first deeper working was by the owner of the Clifton Estate, John Heathcote of Glossop in Derbyshire in the 1740s. Heathcote sank two shafts, which were about deep to the Doe mine. This seam was 9 ft 7½ in thick and dipped at a gradient of 1 in 3½ to the south-west and outcrops in the river valley. Wet Earth Colliery was begun in 1751 when Heathcote sank a deep shaft to the seam about half a mile to the south-east but he ran into technical difficulties and had to call on the help of Matthew Fletcher.
1750–1804
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet%20Earth%20Colliery
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Wet Earth Colliery
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Jacob Fletcher, a mine owner from Bolton, had several mines in Harwood, Breightmet, Bolton and Atherton. He had two sons, John and Matthew. John was responsible for sinking a pit in Atherton whilst Matthew took up mining engineering. John Heathcote was having problems with the pit and called on Matthew Fletcher to help sink a new shaft. The new shaft was sunk to the seam at a point which became the central focus of the Wet Earth complex. The shaft was deepened to to connect with the Five Quarters mine which at this point was 3' 7" thick. The workings were plagued with water, which entered from the River Irwell via the Pendleton Fault. Heathcote asked Matthew Fletcher to advise him on how to solve the flooding, but it seems he was unsuccessful. John Heathcote closed the pit in 1750.
Heathcote and Fletcher were at a loss as how to remove the water from the pit until it came to the attention of James Brindley. Brindley, a relative of John Heathcote, was an engineer whose feats included the Bridgewater Canal, the Trent and Mersey Canal and later the Chester Canal, as well as the Harecastle Tunnel. He initially suggested a scheme whereby a Newcomen atmospheric pumping engine could be used to dewater the mine but the Newcomen engine had been plagued with problems in dewatering deep mines. His revised scheme relied on water power. It had to overcome several obstacles, not least that there was no flowing water on the site to power a pump and that the pithead was above the level of the River Irwell.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet%20Earth%20Colliery
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Wet Earth Colliery
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The problem of water level was solved by building a weir upstream on the Irwell as it flowed southeast at Ringley Fold to create a head of water higher than the pithead. Drawing water from the east side of the Irwell, Brindley then drove a tunnel long through shale and sandstone across a large bend in the river as far as Giant's Seat. By this point the river had crossed the Pendleton Fault, where it curved 180 degrees to flow northwest, and had begun to curve back to resume its southeasterly course past Wet Earth Colliery. At Giant's Seat, Brindley drove two shafts into the sandstone, one each north and south of the river. An adit was also driven from the northern shaft to the river bank allowing the tunnel to be flushed when needed. Brindley connected the shafts with a tunnel under the river, forming an inverted syphon.
At the top of the southern shaft, an open leat or head race was dug southeast along the west bank of the Irwell. This small feeder canal flowed until just past the Wet Earth Colliery and then sharply west to enter the mine through a short tunnel.
Entering the pumping chamber next to the pit head, the water turned a diameter overshot waterwheel that powered a nodding donkey or pumpjack. The water pumped out of the mine then exited along with the tail race through another tunnel back into the Irwell.
Construction started in 1752 and the scheme was completed by 1756. It was so successful that the basic components remained in use for 170 years; the original waterwheel was replaced by a water turbine in 1867.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet%20Earth%20Colliery
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Wet Earth Colliery
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At some point between the 1750 pit closure and the 1756 reopening, John Heathcote signed over ownership of Wet Earth Colliery to Matthew Fletcher. After the reopening, Fletcher sank a new deep diameter shaft at Wet Earth, known as Gal Pit from the Galloway ponies traditionally used as pit ponies. Gal Pit reached as far as the Doe coal seam. A memorial tablet was placed on a cottage at the site showing that Fletcher was responsible for sinking the shaft. The tablet has been lost but a photograph of it is stored in Swinton Library.
By late 1790, a surface canal connected Wet Earth Colliery to Botany Bay Colliery. This opened fully in 1791. Fletcher linked this canal to the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal enabling him to get coal from mine to the coal wharfs in Manchester some away. Although started in 1791, the canal was not linked and navigable until 1800. At the same time, a small canal was cut to connect to a basin constructed inside the mine next to the shaft to enable coal to be loaded directly onto barges and then to Manchester. This 1½ mile section of canal became known as Fletcher's Canal.
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8563772
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20de%20Pieusse
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Château de Pieusse
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The Château de Pieusse is one of the so-called Cathar castles in the French commune of Pieusse, near the town of Limoux in the département of l'Aude. It is a "true" Cathar castle in the sense that the site was never taken by the French crown during the annexation of Roussillon, but the buildings are mostly of more recent date. It is characterised by a keep, massive for the time, whose use was essentially defensive. The castle is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture. It is currently private property and not open to the public.
History
The castle was built in about 1140–1145, under the reign of Louis VII by the Counts of Foix. In 1225, it hosted the Cathar synod, a hundred Perfects presided over by Guilhabert de Castres, bishop of Toulouse. During a meeting at the castle, they decided to create the bishopric of Razes and Benoît de Termes was ordained bishop of this new diocese. In 1229, Bernard Roger, son of the Count of Foix, ceded his fiefdom to the king, Louis IX who joined it to the bishopric of Narbonne. From 1764 to 1790, the castle belonged to Arthur Richard Dillon, last president of the États généraux of Languedoc and Archbishop of Narbonne.
The present
Only a few buildings are visible. Several parts have been reused in other buildings. The north wall is still visible. On the first floor, two elegant twin arched windows with sculptured capitals can be seen. Inside, well-preserved carved stone seats allowed the ladies to see in the distance the arrival of their lords, for this window dominated the whole Aude river valley and the "Razes" countryside. Another twin window, more simple, is found on the second floor. The massive elongated keep, in front, is standing only to the first floor and includes a beautiful arched vault.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four%20Eyes
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Twenty-Four Eyes
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is a 1954 Japanese drama film directed by Keisuke Kinoshita, based on the 1952 novel of the same name by Sakae Tsuboi. The film stars Hideko Takamine as a young schoolteacher who lives during the rise and fall of Japanese nationalism in the early Shōwa period, and has been noted for its anti-war theme.
Twenty-Four Eyes was released in Japan by Shochiku on 15 September 1954, where it received generally positive reviews and was a commercial success. It received numerous awards, including the Blue Ribbon Award, the Mainichi Film Award and the Kinema Junpo Award for Best Film of 1954, and the Golden Globe Award.
Plot
On 4 April 1928, young schoolteacher Hisako Ōishi arrives on the island of Shōdoshima to teach a class of first grade students from the nearby village. Ōishi is introduced to her class of twelve students: Isokichi, Takeichi, Kichiji, Tadashi, Nita, Matsue, Misako, Masuno, Fujiko, Sanae, Kotoe, and Kotsuru. Because her surname Ōishi can be translated as "Big Stone", but she is shorter in stature than her predecessor, the children address her as "Miss Pebble" . She teaches the children how to sing songs, and plays outside with them. Most of the children have to care for younger siblings or help their parents with farming or fishing after school. Because Ōishi rides a bicycle and wears a Western suit, the adult villagers are initially apprehensive towards her.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four%20Eyes
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Twenty-Four Eyes
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On 1 September, the class goes to the seashore, where some of the students play a practical joke on Ōishi by causing her to fall into a hole in the sand. The fall injures one of her legs, and she takes a leave of absence. A substitute teacher takes her place, but the children are not as receptive to him as they were to Ōishi. One day after lunch, the students sneak away from their homes and journey on foot to go visit Ōishi. They spot her riding in a bus, and she invites them to her house, where they have a large meal; later, the children's parents send Ōishi gifts as thanks for treating them. Because of her injury, Ōishi is transferred from the schoolhouse to the main school, where teachers instruct students in fifth grade and above.
By 1933, Ōishi is engaged to a ship engineer, and her original students are now sixth graders. Matsue's mother gives birth to another girl but dies in the process, leaving Matsue to care for the child. Soon after, the baby dies as well, and Matsue leaves Shōdoshima to live with relatives. Ōishi learns that a fellow teacher, Mr. Kataoka, has been arrested on suspicion of being "a Red". Kataoka was suspected of having a copy of an anti-war anthology printed by a class taught by a friend of his in Onomichi. Ōishi notes that she shared stories from that anthology with her own students after a copy was sent to the school. The principal burns the anthology and warns Ōishi against discussing politics with her class.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four%20Eyes
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Twenty-Four Eyes
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Themes
American author David Desser wrote of the film that "Kinoshita desires to make the basic decency of one woman [Ōishi] stand in opposition to the entire militarist era in Japan." Japanese film theorist and historian Tadao Sato wrote that "Twenty-Four Eyes evolved to represent Japanese regrets over the wars in China and the Pacific and stood in symbolic opposition to the impending return to militarism." Sato added that the film "implies that the honest citizens of Japan were only victims of trauma and sorrow and fundamentally innocent of any culpability for the war. [...] Had the movie assigned responsibility for the war to all Japanese people, opposition would have arisen, and it might not have become such a box-office hit."
Film scholar Audie Bock referred to Twenty-Four Eyes as being "undoubtedly a woman's film, honoring the endurance and self-sacrifice of mothers and daughters trying to preserve their families", and called it "a meticulously detailed portrait of what are perceived as the best qualities in the Japanese character: humility, perseverance, honesty, love of children, love of nature, and love of peace." Bock wrote that "The resonance of Twenty-Four Eyes for audiences then and now is that Miss Oishi speaks for countless people the world over who never want to see another father, son, or brother die in a war for reasons they do not understand", and posited that the film's anti-war message is "aimed more directly at Japan" compared to films with a similar message by Yasujirō Ozu or Akira Kurosawa.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four%20Eyes
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Twenty-Four Eyes
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In an analysis of the film, Christopher Howard wrote: "From a feminist perspective, there is certainly great sympathy with the young girls forced out of school and into menial work by their parents [...] As a pacifist and leftist sympathizer, however, Kinoshita raises stronger political questions in an episode in which Miss Oishi displays sympathy with a fellow teacher accused of communist connections." He notes that "she even tries introducing some elements of Marxism into her class teaching. At a time in which the Japanese Teaching Union was the source of a great deal of radical activity, Twenty-Four Eyes is not the only film making the connection between teaching and left-wing thought, and a number of independent films from the period also had more sustained anti-military and communist sympathies."
Reception
Twenty-Four Eyes was a popular film in Japan upon its release in 1954.
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 60% based on five reviews, with an average rating of 6.69/10. In 2006, Alan Morrison of Empire gave the film a score of four out of five stars, calling it "Sentimental but sincere." In 2008, Jamie S. Rich of DVD Talk praised the film's ensemble of child actors and its emotional weight, writing that "If you don't tear up at least a couple of times in Twenty-Four Eyes, you apparently have rocks where the rest of us have brains and hearts." Rich called the film "an effective lesson in how the hopes and dreams of our youngest citizens and the opportunities they are given to pursue them are essential to the survival of any society." Fernando F. Croche of Slant Magazine gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars, calling it "alternately endearing and overbearing to modern eyes and ears" but "reportedly a soothing experience" for Japanese viewers still suffering from the effects of World War II when the film was released.
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8563808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20R%C3%AAve%20%28novel%29
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Le Rêve (novel)
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(The Dream) is the sixteenth novel in the Rougon-Macquart series by Émile Zola. It is about an orphan girl who falls in love with a nobleman, and is set in the years 1860–1869.
The novel was published by Charpentier in October 1888 and translated into English by Eliza E. Chase as The Dream in 1893 (reprinted in 2005). Other recent translations are by Michael Glencross (Peter Owen 2005), Andrew Brown (Hesperus Press 2005), and Paul Gibbard (Oxford World's Classics 2018).
Plot summary
is a simple tale of the orphan Angélique Marie (b. 1851), adopted by a couple of embroiderers, the Huberts, whose marriage is blighted by a childlessness which they attribute to a curse uttered by Mme Hubert's mother on her deathbed. Angélique is enthralled by the tales of the saints and martyrs — particularly Saint Agnes and Saint George — as told in the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine. Her dream is to be saved by a handsome prince and to live happily ever after, in the same way the virgin martyrs have their faiths tested on earth before being rescued and married to Jesus in heaven.
Her dream is realized when she falls in love with Félicien d'Hautecœur, the last in an old family of knights, heroes, and nobles in the service of Christ and of France. His father, the present Monseigneur, objects to their marrying for reasons of his own. (Before entering the Church he had married for love a woman much younger than himself; when she died giving birth to Félicien, he sent the child away and took holy orders.) Angélique falls ill and pines away. Won over by her virtue and innocence, the Monseigneur finally relents and the lovers are married; but Angélique dies on the steps of the cathedral as she kisses her husband for the first time. Her death, however, is a happy one: her innocence has freed the Huberts and the Monseigneur from their curses.
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8563808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20R%C3%AAve%20%28novel%29
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Le Rêve (novel)
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Relation to the other Rougon-Macquart novels
Zola's plan for the Rougon-Macquart novels was to show how heredity and environment worked on members of one family over the course of the Second French Empire. All of the descendants of Adelaïde Fouque (Tante Dide), Angélique's great-grandmother, demonstrate what today would be called obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Angélique is obsessed with the lives of the saints and with her dream of a princely marriage.
Furthermore, Angélique has a temper and experiences serious mood swings, becoming as passionate as any one of her relatives. Zola strongly implies that, without the upbringing by her adoptive parents and the influence of the cathedral and The Golden Legend, Angélique could easily have been fallen prey to her passions and ended up as a prostitute (like her cousin Nana).
In Le docteur Pascal, Zola describes Angélique as being a blend of the characteristics of her parents to such a degree that no trace of them shows up in the child. Angélique's mother is Sidonie Rougon, who plays a significant (though brief) role in La curée and appears briefly in L'œuvre. (Angélique's father is unknown.) Sidonie is unfeeling and nearly inhuman, a cold, dry woman incapable of love. She is a professional procuress, involved in every shady calling, a seller of "anything and everything."
In Le docteur Pascal (set in 1872), it is revealed that Sidonie has become the austere financial manager of a home for unwed mothers.
Adaptations
The novel was dramatized as an opera of the same name in four acts composed by Alfred Bruneau, produced June 18, 1891, at the Opéra-Comique to a libretto by Louis Gallet.
It was also adapted as two French films, both called and both directed by Jacques de Baroncelli: one in 1921 (a silent film) and one in 1931.
Sources
Brown, F. (1995). Zola: A life. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Zola, E. Le doctor Pascal, translated as Doctor Pascal by E.A. Vizetelly (1893).
Zola, E. , translated as The Dream by Andrew Brown (Hesperus Press 2005).
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8563824
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20of%20Denmark
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Martha of Denmark
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Queen
The wedding between Martha and Birger was celebrated in Stockholm 25 November 1298. The wedding celebrations are described as very elaborate, with a procession of knights, amateur theater by nobles and the king naming his brothers dukes. She was praised when she asked for no dower other than the freedom of Magnus Algotsson, a noble arrested for involvement in an abduction of a bride in 1288. Regardless, she was given a dower land consisting of Fjädrundaland (Western Uppland) and Enköping as her personal fief, which was granted to her in 1300. She was crowned Queen of Sweden in Söderköping 2 December 1302.
Märta and Birger grew up together; their marriage is described as a happy one, and she is credited with a large influence over him and the affairs of state and is described as politically active. In 1304, Queen Martha as well as her sister-in-law Queen Ingeborg attended the border meeting between King Birger and her brother King Eric at Knäred or Fagerdala. At this occasion, her eldest son Magnus was proclaimed heir to the throne.
On 29 September 1306, Martha and Birger were invited to festivities and then captured by the king's brothers Duke Eric and Duke Valdemar during the Håtuna games and held captive at the Nyköping Castle, while the dukes took power. Two of her sons and a daughter was imprisoned with them, while her eldest son and the declared son and heir managed to escape to Denmark. In the treaty between her brother the King of Denmark and the dukes the following year, her brothers-in-law guaranteed her possession of her dower, and in 1308, Martha and Birger were released.
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8563824
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20of%20Denmark
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Martha of Denmark
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Queen Martha reportedly played a significant part in the famous Nyköping Banquet in 1317, where the king and queen retaliated against the dukes and had the king's brothers invited to festivities, after which they were imprisoned and died in the dungeons; she is in fact pointed out as the creator of the plot. According to Erikskrönikan, Queen Martha and the king's official Johan Brunkow initiated the arrest of the dukes, while the chronicle of Lübeck claims that she influenced Birger supported by her brother the King of Denmark. Erikskrönikan describes how the queen received her brothers-in-law with assurances that she loved them as if they were her brothers by blood. The chronicle mentions her participating in the festivities: "Everyone danced all the way from indoors to outdoors; the queen had never looked so happy before". Her good mood was seen as a cruel sign of excitement that she and her spouse were to have their revenge for the Håtuna games, as she was aware of the plan to capture the dukes in the middle of the festivities.
The murder of the dukes, however, led to a conflict with the forces of the widows of the two dukes, who defeated the king's forces in 1318, leading the king and queen to flee to Gotland and from there to Zealand in Denmark with their children, while the son of one of the dukes was proclaimed king of Sweden.
Exile
On 4 September 1318, King Eric of Denmark granted Martha the manor Hjarup on Jylland for her income. The following year, her brother Eric died and was succeeded by her younger brother Christopher II of Denmark, with whom she was reportedly not on as good terms as with her elder brother, possibly because Christopher had earlier sided with Birger's brothers against Eric. Christopher II granted Martha and Birger the manor Spegerborg at Skälskör on Själland with two parishes.
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8563845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powassan%20virus
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Powassan virus
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Powassan virus (POWV) is a Flavivirus transmitted by ticks, found in North America and in the Russian Far East. It is named after the town of Powassan, Ontario, where it was identified in a young boy who eventually died from it. It can cause encephalitis, inflammation of the brain. No approved vaccine or antiviral drug exists. Prevention of tick bites is the best precaution.
Classification and occurrence
Powassan virus (POWV) is a Flavivirus named after the town of Powassan, Ontario, Canada, where it was identified in a 5-year-old boy, Lincoln Byers, who died from encephalitis in 1958. The ICTV species name for the Powassan Virus is Orthoflavivirus powassanense. The virus exists in North America and causes long-term neurological sequelae. The first human case in the United States was found in 1970 in New Jersey and in Russia in 1978. , Powassan virus has been noted as the only tick-borne Flavivirus in North America with human pathogenicity.
Powassan virus is also found in the warm climate across Eurasia, where it is part of the tick-borne encephalitis virus-complex. It is found in the Russian Far East (Primorsky Krai) and appears to have been introduced there 70 years ago.
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8563845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powassan%20virus
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Powassan virus
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Evolution
Powassan virus is an RNA virus split into two separate lineages: Lineage I, labeled as the "prototype" lineage; and Lineage II, the deer tick virus (DTV) lineage. Lineage II has the most genetic variation, which indicates that it is most likely the ancestral lineage that split as a result of positive natural selection. DTV is very closely related to Powassan virus and a sequence analysis showed that the two viruses diverged about 200 years ago. Even though Lineage II has been predominant in POWV positive tick pools, both lineages have had confirmed cases of human disease in North America and Russia The lineages share 84% nucleotide sequences and 94% amino acid sequence identity. Cross-neutralization occurs among flaviviruses due to the conservation of the envelope protein; this is what contributes to the fact that the two lineages are "serologically indistinguishable." As a result, the lineages are part of the same viral species.
According to the last data, evolutionary rate of Powassan virus is 3.3 × 10−5 nucleotide substitution per site per year (95% HPD, 2.0 × 10−5–4.7 × 10−5), which is significantly lower than values reported in the previous studies. The values is compatible with that of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and louping-ill virus (LIV) (1.0 × 10−5–2.2 × 10−5 for TBEV and 5.7 × 10−6–3.9 × 10−5 for LIV).
The most recent common ancestor of modern POWV split into two independent genetic lineages between 2600 and 6030 years ago probably as a result of the Beringia flood about 11.72 thousand years ago.
Vectors
The virus can be transmitted with bites from altogether six known species of ticks: four species of Ixodes ticks, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes marxi and Ixodes spinipalpus, and the ticks Dermacentor andersoni and Dermacentor variabilis.
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8563845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powassan%20virus
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Powassan virus
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People with POWV have been mostly confirmed as having one strain of POWV, the deer tick virus. I. scapularis is an important vector for the deer tick virus, which plays a vital role in maintaining the POWV. I. scapularis is also a primary vector for the agent of Lyme disease, because they are generalist feeders and readily bite humans.
In Canada and the Northeastern United States Ixodes cookei is the predominant species, while I. scapularis is a significant vector in Minnesota and Wisconsin. POWV is transmitted when an infected tick bites a mammal; in humans the tick is typically I. scapularis. In North America, the lineages of the POWV are maintained in three main enzootic cycles involving three different tick species and their respective small to medium-sized woodland mammals. POWV may infect I. cookei and woodchucks, or it may infect I. marxi and squirrels, and it can cycle between I. scapularis and white-footed mice.
Based on the time interval for other tick-borne diseases like Lyme disease and anaplasmosis, the time interval for transmission of POWV is expected to be less than 12 hours. Once the POWV reaches humans it cannot be transmitted to a feeding tick, therefore humans are considered "dead-end" hosts. , the fastest transmission time of DTV from a I. scapularis nymph to a mouse was no more than 15 minutes.
Symptoms
Powassan virus infection is rarely diagnosed as a cause of encephalitis; however, when it is, Powassan encephalitis is severe, and neurologic sequelae are common. Powassan encephalitis has symptoms compatible with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, oftentimes making it difficult to diagnose. Powassan virus encephalitis is a challenge to diagnose because there are only a few laboratories that offer testing, the most effective being serologic testing.
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8563845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powassan%20virus
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Powassan virus
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There are currently no medications or approved vaccines to treat or prevent the POWV. People affected by Powassan virus generally first show symptoms 1 to 3 weeks after infection. The initial symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, occasional confusion, and weakness. With severe Powassan illnesses the victims should be hospitalized, because the symptoms do worsen. If not treated, symptoms could extend to meningoencephalitis, which may include: seizures, aphasia, cranial nerve palsies, paresis and altered mental status. Currently, the best ways to treat POWV illnesses include medications to reduce brain swelling, respiratory support and intravenous fluids. About 10% of POWV encephalitis cases are fatal and half the survivors have permanent symptoms that affect their brain.
Reported cases (2001–present)
There were 33 confirmed cases of Powassan virus infection in the U.S. between 2001 and 2010.
A rare case of a five-month-old Connecticut infant boy contracting Powassan virus infection was published in 2017. He survived with normal motor and verbal development on follow-up at the age of 10 months, but a head MRI showed severely abnormal brain conditions, including scarring (gliosis) and softening (encephalomalacia) in the thalamus and basal ganglia on both sides, and volume loss and early mineralization in the left basal ganglia.
On October 28, 2019, former U.S. Senator Kay Hagan died after contracting Powassan virus in 2016. She was 66 years old.
In May 2022, the Connecticut Department of Public Health confirmed that a man aged in his 50s contracted Powassan virus in the state during March and was hospitalised with severe neurological symptoms, though he was later discharged from hospital to recover at home. In May 2023, the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported that a 58-year-old adult male from Sagadahoc County died from Powassan virus.
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8563845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powassan%20virus
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Powassan virus
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On June 3, 2024, artist, author, and musician MaryAnn Harris, spouse and long-time collaborator of Charles de Lint, died after a long struggle with Powassan virus, at the age of 71. Harris contracted the virus in 2021, and was subsequently paralyzed. She spent much of the following years in the hospital and other care facilities.
Epidemiology
Powassan Virus (POWV) is the only tick-borne flavivirus endemic in North America. POWV human illnesses have been reported in the United States, Canada and Russia. POWV has different genetic variations including deer tick virus (DTV) which is transmitted by the black-legged tick (aka deer tick), Ixodes scapularis. It has two distinct lineages. POWV lineage I is transmitted by the Ixodes cookei which is endemic in the Great Lakes region of the United States. POWV lineage II is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis which is endemic in the Northeast United States. Humans can become infected in 15 to 30 minutes after tick attachment.
Ixodes ticks have three life stages that require a host: larva, nymph and adult. Each stage requires a blood meal to progress to the next life stage. The nymph stage frequently bites humans and is the stage in which I. scapularis is most likely to infect a human host with a pathogen. The most common reservoir (or host) for I. scapularis are white-footed mouse and white-tail deer. The most common reservoirs for I. cookei are skunks, woodchucks and squirrels. Humans are incidental hosts which means the ticks do not need to feed on humans to survive, humans are merely the host they find at the time for their next blood meal.
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8563845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powassan%20virus
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Powassan virus
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In the US, the highest incidence of POWV is in Minnesota and Wisconsin, with Massachusetts and New York also having higher incidence than other states in the Great Lakes or Northeast region. POWV was included in the list of nationally notifiable diseases to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2002. Between 2009 and 2018, 133 cases of neuroinvasive POWV and 12 cases of non-neuroinvasive POWV were reported to the CDC. Since its discovery in 1958, there have only been 150 reported human illnesses caused by POWV. The incidence rate of POWV in the United States was 1 case per year from 1958 to 2005, and has risen to an average of 10 cases per year since then.
Currently, POWV is detected with IgM antibody capture ELISA of an IgM immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), detection of virus-specific nucleic acids, isolation in culture, or a >4-fold increase in antibody titers from paired acute and convalescent sera. These specific tests for POWV can only be done at a state lab or the CDC. Diagnostic criteria as set by the CDC are: resides in an endemic area, reported tick exposure, and presented with fever, altered mental status, seizures and focal neurological deficits and blood, tissue or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are positive on Powassan IgM or Powassan PRNT tests.
Research
Scientists at Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center at The Wistar Institute have designed and tested the first-of-its-kind synthetic DNA vaccine candidate against Powassan virus (POWV), targeting portions of the virus envelope protein.
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8563865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandiganbayan
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Sandiganbayan
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The Sandiganbayan is vested with appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, resolutions or orders of the Regional Trial Court whether in the exercise of their original or appellate jurisdiction over crimes and civil cases falling within the original exclusive jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan but which were committed by public officers below Salary Grade 27.
Composition
The Sandiganbayan has a total of fifteen departments (two head offices, twelve divisions, and one Legal Research and Technical Staff) and a total of 385 authorized positions. 335 of 385 of these positions are filled.
Electoral procedure
According to the Presidential Decree No. 1606, Section 1, the Presiding Justice and all Associate Justices shall be appointed by the president, as amended by Republic Act 8249.
Appointment of the Court Officials and other employees, however, is not dependent on the president. According to Rule II, Section 7 of the Revised Internal Rules of the Sandiganbayan, "The Supreme Court shall appoint the Clerk of Court, the Division Clerks of Court and all other personnel of the Sandiganbayan upon recommendation of the Sandiganbayan en banc chosen from a list of qualified applicants prepared in accordance with the Civil Service Law, rules and regulations."
Qualifications
Presidential Decree No. 1606 further states that "No person shall be appointed Presiding Justice or Associate Justice of the Sandiganbayan; unless he is natural-born citizen of the Philippines, at least 40 years of age and for at least ten years has been a judge of a court of record or been engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines or has held office requiring admission to the bar as a pre-requisite for a like period.
Justices
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8563865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandiganbayan
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Sandiganbayan
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Cases
Procedures
The Sandiganbayan holds regular sessions in its principal office in Metro Manila. Sessions may be held outside of Metro Manila when authorized by the Presiding Justice. Cases are heard either en banc or more commonly, by divisions.
Cases are distributed among the divisions through a raffle system. The assignment of a case to a division is permanent, regardless of changes in constitution. Justices may inhibit (i.e., recuse) themselves from a case if they served as Ponente, the Member to whom the Court, after its deliberation on the merits of a case, assigns the writing of its decision or resolution in the case. in the appealed decision of the lower court, or if they or their family members are personally related with the case, or for any other compelling reason. In case of inhibition (recusal) or disqualification, the case will remain with the same division, but the recused justice will be replaced.
Cases may reach the Sandiganbayan either through an appeal from a Regional Trial Court or by original petition filed with the Sandiganbayan. After a case is raffled to a Division, the accused party must be arraigned within thirty days. A pre-trial conference is then held to reach an agreement and issue a pre-trial order. The case is then taken to trial. Following the Speedy Trial Act of 1998, no trial may exceed six months from its starting date. However, the act also allows for certain delays that are excluded from the computed time of trial, including delays caused by other related proceedings involving the accused, absence of the accused or essential witness, and mental or physical incompetence of the accused to stand trial.
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8563865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandiganbayan
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Sandiganbayan
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Adjudication
Cases are deemed submitted for decision after the last brief, pleading, or memorandum is filed, or after the deadline for doing so has passed. All adjudicatory action is exercised through the divisions of the Sandiganbayan. The rendition of judgment or final order is based on the unanimous vote of the three Justices in the deciding division. When the Sandiganbayan sits en banc to resolve motions and other incidents, at least eight justices must vote in order to adopt a resolution.
In a joint trial involving multiple cases, a joint or separate judgment may be rendered by the division. In cases involving multiple accused, the division may also render judgment for one or more of the accused by a unanimous vote.
If a unanimous vote cannot be reached in any case, a special division of five will be formed to decide the case by majority vote. Promulgation is done by reading the judgment aloud with the accused present along with any Justice from the deciding division. Decisions are published in the Official Gazette or the official website of the Sandiganbayan.
Appeals
In general, a party sentenced to any penalty lower than death, life imprisonment, or reclusion perpetua may appeal by filing a motion for reconsideration or a motion for new trial within fifteen days of promulgation of judgment. If a new trial is granted, the previous judgment will be overruled and the new judgment rendered. New trials must also not exceed six months in duration, albeit allowing for certain delays as specified in the Speedy Trial Act. For civil cases, the accused party may file for a petition for a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court. If the party files an appeal to the Supreme Court, any motion of reconsideration filed to the Sandiganbayan will be deemed abandoned.
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8563889
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piney%20Grove%20at%20Southall%27s%20Plantation
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Piney Grove at Southall's Plantation
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Piney Grove at Southall's Plantation is a property listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Holdcroft, Charles City County, Virginia. The scale and character of the collection of domestic architecture at this site recall the vernacular architectural traditions of the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries along the James River.
Located mostly north of today's Virginia State Route 5, these frame structures of the common planters were in contrast to the elaborate brick residences of the wealthiest families who developed plantations along the waterfront of the James River. Piney Grove at Southall's Plantation is located on the high ridge of land to the north of the river, in an area of smaller plantations with more modest homes.
The original section was built about 1800 as a , one-story log corn crib. It was expanded to a -story log store about 1820. In 1853, two additions were built, and in the early 20th century, a two-story block was created which incorporated the two rooms of the 1853 addition. The house is a rare survival of log vernacular architecture in Tidewater Virginia and a unique survival of a log agricultural building that was later twice incorporated into a much larger frame structure.
It was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
History
Before English settlement in the seventeenth century, the Southall plantation site in Charles City County was part of the homeland of the Chickahominy (tribe). The plantation site is located near the Mattahunk village site and the trail known as Necotowance's Path.
During the late eighteenth century, the plantation was one of the many seats of the Southall family in the region. Other Southall family properties in Charles City County included Mt. Airy, Milton and Vaughn's. In Henrico County, the Southall homes of Chatsworth, Reveille, and Westham were located, and another branch had Young's Island in Warwick County.
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8563923
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Jewett
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David Jewett
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On June 22, 1815, Jewett arrived in the port of Buenos Aires, aboard his own ship the Invincible. He offered his services to the newly independent United Provinces of the River Plate (later Argentina), which accepted his proposal and authorized his corsair activities against the Spanish. From 1815 to 1817 the Invincible made use of the letter of marque issued for her and Jewett, and four ships were captured: the polacca Tita, the frigate Santander, the brigantines Jupiter and San Antonio, all of them deemed lawful prize by the Government of the United Provinces.
In January 1820 he was appointed a Colonel in the Argentine Navy. He was given command of the frigate Heroína, a ship owned by Patrick Lynch, acting as a privateer. Jewett's activities were licensed by letter of marque that Lynch obtained from the Buenos Aires Supreme Director José Rondeau.
In March 1820 he set out on a voyage marked by misfortune, a mutiny, scurvy and piracy against Portuguese and American ships. Some 80 of his crew of 200 were either sick or dead by the time he arrived on 27 October 1820 at Puerto Soledad (later renamed Puerto Luis by Argentine settlers, it was the one-time Spanish capital of the Falkland Islands). At anchor there he found some 50 British and US sealing ships.
Captain Jewett chose to rest and recover in the islands seeking assistance from the British explorer James Weddell of the British brig Jane. Weddell reports only 30 seamen and 40 soldiers out of a crew of 200 fit for duty, and how Jewett slept with pistols over his head following an attempted mutiny for which he had executed 6 members of his crew.
Declaration of Possession of the Islands
On November 6, 1820, Col Jewett raised the flag of the United Provinces of the River Plate and claimed possession of the islands. Weddell reports the letter he received from Jewett as:
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8563923
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Jewett
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David Jewett
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Brazilian Navy career and later life
Jewett arrived in Rio de Janeiro in 1822 in command of the Maipu of 284-tons and armed with 18 cannons. The ship, originally named Vicuña when flying under Chilean flag had been captured by the Spanish, and subsequently by the Heroina. Jewett acquired her and in 1822 sold her to Emperor Dom Pedro I, to serve as the Caboclo. Jewett then offered to join the Brazilian Navy and was appointed commander of the frigate União on October 6, 1822.
In 1823, while under the command of Lord Cochrane (the Sea Wolf), Jewett held the rank of “Chefe de Divisão” and fought in the northern provinces of Brazil, then still sympathetic to Portugal.
Jewett was accused of misconduct, whilst in command of the ship Pedro I, and sentenced by the Supreme Military Court to 2 years of imprisonment, on May 20, 1824. He was pardoned two months later by the Emperor Pedro I.
In 1824, Jewett fought in the revolt in Pernambuco, against the rebel forces of Manuel de Carvalho Pais de Andrade. Cochrane's forces, including Jewett, took an active role in the restoration of public order.
When the Cisplatine War began in the early 1826, it was announced on April 10 that Jewett was to replace the second in command of the Imperial Navy of the Rio de la Plata, Rear Admiral Diego de Brito. However, two days later he asked for a medical licence, and the appointment never took effect.
Whilst on a trip to New York on Brazilian navy matters in 1826, Jewett married Eliza Lawrence Mactier, daughter of NYC Alderman Augustine H. Lawrence. They had a son, Augustine David Lawrence Jewett.
Jewett had recurring health issues in his last years of service, and was on a medical licence from 1828 to 1830, and for two years in 1834-1835. His last mission was carried out in 1836. He was awarded the Imperial Order of the Southern Cross for service in the Imperial Navy of Brazil.
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8563926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nindar
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Nindar
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Nindar (or Nindhar,) is a village in Jaipur District, in the Indian state of Rajasthan.
Geography
It is situated about 10 km west of Amer in a direct line, but separated from Amber by hills and forests. It fell closer to Jaipur after Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh founded his new capital as Jaipur in 1727 CE. It is 2 km from NH 11 (Bikaner to Agra via Jaipur). The village was included in Jaipur Municipal Corporation prior to 1995. The village is within sight of the Aravalli Range.
Culture
The village hosts a fort and a palace that are visible from National highway No. 08.
History
The village was granted under a jagir to Rao "Shivbramh" or "Sheobramh", the fourth son of Raja Udaikaran of Amber (1366–1388). The descendants of Rao Sheobramh are known as Sheobramhpota.
Raja Prithviraj of Amber included the Sheobramhpota in the twelve principal houses of Amber called the Bara Kothri. A Tazimi thikana, it is notable that only three out of the twelve principal houses came from predecessors of Prithviraj.
Nindar was founded by Rao Shivbramh, the fourth son of Raja Udaikaranaji of Amber (Jaipur) 1366/1388. Shivbramh received villages, including Nindar, as his inheritance. Thereafter sons and grandsons of Shivbramha ruled Nindar until 1956 when the resumption of the Jagirs Act was passed.
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8563950
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%20bint%20Amr
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Hind bint Amr
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Hind bint Amr ibn Haram () was a sahaba, or companion, of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
She was married to Amr ibn al-Jamuh, one of the chieftains of the Banu Salmah clan in Medina.
Her husband was an ardent devotee of the deity Manāt, one of the three chief goddesses of Mecca and he had a wooden image of the idol in his prayer room, made of fine materials, an idol which he used to perfume and take good care of.
Hind and her three sons Muawwaz ibn Amr, Muaaz ibn Amr and Khallad ibn Amr adopted Islam after hearing the Dawah of Masab ibn Umair, but all four kept their faith a secret from Amr.
Her husband was unaware of her new religion and had warned her of the "danger" posed by Masab to the traditional faith of Medina and asked her to guard their sons against it. Hind advised him to listen to what their second son Muaaz had to tell them, Muaaz then recited the surah Fatihah. The recitation made an impact on her husband, but he was reluctant to abandon Manāt.
After much prayer, and the repeated theft of the statue by his sons, Amr decided that Manāt was not worthy of worship and also adopted Islam.
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8563977
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinglass%20%28horse%29
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Isinglass (horse)
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Isinglass (1890–1911) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career which lasted from 1892 until 1895 he ran twelve times and won eleven races. He was the best British two-year-old of 1892 and went on to become sixth winner of the English Triple Crown by winning the 2000 Guineas at Newmarket, The Derby and the St. Leger Stakes at Doncaster in the following year. He was undefeated in his last two seasons, setting a world record for prize money and gaining recognition from contemporary experts as one of the best horses seen in England up to that time.
Background
Isinglass was a powerfully built bay horse standing 16 hands high, bred by his owner Harry McCalmont. He was sired by the double Ascot Gold Cup winner Isonomy out of a mare named Deadlock. Deadlock had a varied career, having been once sold for £20 and working as a carriage-horse before being bought by McCalmont.
Isinglass was trained at the stable of James Jewitt, who had previously trained the winner of the 1876 Grand National Steeplechase. Jewett handled the day-to-day conditioning of the horse while his racing campaign and strategy was mapped out by McCalmont's racing manager, James Octavius Machell who was described as "one of the most astute racing men to be found either in England or out of it". The horse was ridden in most of his races by Tommy Loates.
Racing record
1892: two-year-old season
Before Isinglass ever raced, McCalmont had great belief in his abilities, and wagered £100 on him to win the 1893 Derby at odds of 50/1. Isinglass was undefeated in three races as two-year-old in 1892, beginning with a maiden race at Newmarket in spring. At Royal Ascot on 16 June he ran in the five furlong New Stakes, the race now known as the Norfolk Stakes, in which he was ridden by George Chaloner. Starting at odds of 100/30 he took an early lead and was never seriously challenged, winning easily by two lengths from Fealar, Ravensbury and seven others.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellicks%20Beach%2C%20South%20Australia
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Sellicks Beach, South Australia
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Sellicks Beach, formerly spelt Sellick's Beach, is a suburb in the Australian state of South Australia located within Adelaide metropolitan area about from the Adelaide city centre. It is an outer southern suburb of Adelaide and is located in the local government area of the City of Onkaparinga at the southern boundary of the metropolitan area. It is known as Witawali or Witawodli by the traditional owners, the Kaurna people, and is of significance as being the site of a freshwater spring said to be created by the tears of Tjilbruke, the creator being.
The beach lies within Aldinga Bay. The suburb consists of land bounded in the north by Button Road, in the east by the Main South Road, to the south by the boundary of the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Willunga and to the west by the coastline with Aldinga Bay. The 2016 Australian census reported that Sellicks Beach had 2,616 people living within its boundaries.
History
Before the British colonisation of South Australia, the Sellicks Beach area, along with most of the Adelaide plains area and down the western side of the Fleurieu Peninsula, was inhabited by the Kaurna people. There is a significant site associated with the Kaurna Dreaming of the creator ancestor Tjilbruke, with a commemorative plaque on the end of Francis Street on the Esplanade. This was unveiled in 1986, the year of the South Australian sesquicentenary, as part of the Tjilbruke Dreaming Track.
The name originated in 1925 as a sub-division of part of section 665 of the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Willunga called "Sellicks Beach Estate", which was developed by George and Robert Herrick, two farmers who lived at Aldinga.
Sellicks Beach was gazetted as a place on 28 October 1993.
Description and facilities
There is a post office, delicatessen and a wholesale nursery. Sellicks Beach is also close to Aldinga Beach, which has three petrol stations, two supermarkets, bakery, doctor's surgery, two chemists and other various shops.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Condie
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Richard Condie
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Richard Condie, (born 1942) is a Canadian animator, filmmaker, musician and voice actor. Condie is best known for his 1985 animated short The Big Snit at the National Film Board of Canada and has won six international awards for Getting Started in 1979. Condie lives and works in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Education and career
Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Condie moved to Winnipeg at the age of four. There he attended Kelvin High School, graduating in 1961. He received his Bachelor of Arts in sociology from the University of Manitoba in 1967. Prior to entering the animation field, he worked periodic stints as a musician for the Manitoba Theatre Centre and CBC TV from 1964 to 1965. In 1967 Condie moved to Vancouver where he worked as a sociologist at the University of British Columbia. Two years later he returned to Winnipeg and tested out a number of occupations. In 1971 he was awarded the first of two grants from the Canada Council, which he used to produce the animated short film Oh Sure. The film was later purchased by the National Film Board of Canada, with whom Condie was to work extensively.
Condie's best known animated work is 1985's The Big Snit, an offbeat parable about marriage, Scrabble, sawing, and nuclear war. The Big Snit was nominated for an Oscar and won the Genie Award for Best Animated Short, along with over a dozen international awards. The Big Snit was also voted as #25 of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time by animation professionals.
Condie co-produced fellow Winnipeg animator Cordell Barker's acclaimed short The Cat Came Back. Condie was also the voice of the main character and sang on the soundtrack. He entered the field of computer animation with his 1996 short La Salla. In 1998 he did some television script writing for Nelvana, then created the television pilot The Ark for the company in 2002. Currently Condie is painting, creating music and working on a series of panel cartoons.
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8564033
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronchi%20test
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Ronchi test
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In optical testing a Ronchi test is a method of determining the surface shape (figure) of a mirror used in telescopes and other optical devices.
Description
In 1923 Italian physicist Vasco Ronchi published a description of the eponymous Ronchi test, which is a variation of the Foucault knife-edge test and which uses simple equipment to test the quality of optics, especially concave mirrors. . A "Ronchi tester" consists of:
A light source
A diffuser
A Ronchi grating
A Ronchi grating consists of alternate dark and clear stripes. One design is a small frame with several evenly spaced fine wires attached.
Light is emitted through the Ronchi grating (or a single slit), reflected by the mirror being tested, then passes through the Ronchi grating again and is observed by the person doing the test. The observer's eye is placed close to the centre of curvature of the mirror under test looking at the mirror through the grating. The Ronchi grating is a short distance (less than 2 cm) closer to the mirror.
The observer sees the mirror covered in a pattern of stripes that reveal the shape of the mirror. The pattern is compared to a mathematically generated diagram (usually done on a computer today) of what it should look like for a given figure. Inputs to the program are line frequency of the Ronchi grating, focal length and diameter of the mirror, and the figure required. If the mirror is spherical, the pattern consists of straight lines.
Applications
The Ronchi test is used in the testing of mirrors for reflecting telescopes especially in the field of amateur telescope making. It is much faster to set up than the standard Foucault knife-edge test.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Blackwell%20%28baseball%29
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Tim Blackwell (baseball)
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Major League Baseball career
Blackwell made his major league debut at the age of 21 during a pennant race in July 1974, filling in for an injured Carlton Fisk while the Red Sox were in first place in the American League Eastern Division. Unfortunately, the Red Sox faltered at the end of the season, falling to third place in the final standings. Blackwell was a reserve catcher behind Fisk and Bob Montgomery in 1975 as the Red Sox won the American League Eastern Division title. Although he provided good defensive abilities, he only had a .197 batting average and, the Red Sox elected to use Montgomery as reserve catcher in the post-season as, they defeated the Oakland Athletics in the 1975 American League Championship Series, before losing to the Cincinnati Reds in the 1975 World Series.
In April 1976, Blackwell's contract was purchased from the Red Sox by the Philadelphia Phillies. He served as a reserve catcher behind Bob Boone before being traded to the Montreal Expos in 1977 for Barry Foote. After hitting for a .091 average as Gary Carter's back up, Blackwell was released by the Expos in January 1978 and, signed a contract to play for the Chicago Cubs. With the Cubs he played as a reserve catcher behind Dave Rader and Barry Foote, who had been traded by the Phillies. When Foote was injured in 1980, Blackwell became the Cubs starting catcher, posting career-highs with a .272 batting average along with 16 doubles, 5 home runs and 30 runs batted in. He also led National League catchers in double plays, range factor and baserunners caught stealing, and finished second in assists behind Gary Carter. In 1981, Jody Davis took over as the Cubs main catcher, although Blackwell still managed to finish second among the league's catchers with a .993 fielding percentage in 56 games. Blackwell was granted free agency at the end of the season and, he signed with the Montreal Expos where he served as a reserve catcher behind Gary Carter for one season before retiring as a player in May 1983 at the age of 30.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero%C3%ADna%20%28ship%29
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Heroína (ship)
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The Heroína (Spanish for "heroine") was a privately owned frigate that was operated as a privateer under a license issued by the United Provinces of the River Plate (later Argentina). It was under the command of American-born Colonel David Jewett and has become linked with the Argentine claim to sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.
Privateer
The Buenos Aires businessman Patrick Lynch acquired the French frigate Braque at some point in 1819/1820. The exact date is unknown with dates for the transaction ranging from August 1819 until January 1820. Initially it was planned to name the ship Tomás Guido but that name was considered inappropriate as Guido, Chief Secretary of the Army, was still alive at the time. He finally settled for Heroína.
After fitting out the ship to act as a privateer, Lynch obtained a corsair license from the Buenos Aires Supreme Director José Rondeau. Colonel David Jewett, an American privateer was given command of Heroína in 1820.
In July 1820, between Cape Verde and Spain, Jewett captured the Portuguese frigate Carlota that was en route to Lisbon. In doing so, Jewett crossed the line between privateer and pirate, since his corsairs license restricted his activities to Spanish ships (the United Provinces of the River Plate were not at war with Portugal). Jewett continued to capture ships of other flags causing further controversy.
In August, the crew mutinied and Jewett was only able to restore order with the support of the soldiers on board. The leader of the mutiny, James Thomas, was executed. Following the mutiny there was an outbreak of scurvy at a time when the crew of the Heroína was depleted by the need to man the prize Carlota. A storm severely damaged the Heroína and sank the Carlota, just three days before reaching the Falkland Islands.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-blind%20casting
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Color-blind casting
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In 2018, the Harvard Journal of Sports & Entertainment Law published the article "There's No Business Like Show Business: Abandoning Color-Blind Casting and Embracing Color-Conscious Casting in American Theatre". The article discussed the implications for US employment law and mooted that color-blind casting has not produced its intended result. "Race is still a determining factor in American society, and it is counterintuitive to argue that problems related to race can be fixed by ignoring race altogether". The Broad Online calls a color-blind casting "a superficial solution to a deeper problem."
Popular shows that employ color-conscious casting include: Hamilton: An American Musical, the BBC's Les Misérables, and the film Mary Queen of Scots (in which the black actor Adrian Lester plays a 16th-century ambassador). In 2017, director Michael Streeter made a color-conscious casting decision for his production of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? - believing "the decision would add depth to the play". Edward Albee's estate denied permission for the production, stating the casting "would fundamentally change the meaning and message of the play".
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8564084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA (NUMT) segments or genetic loci describe a transposition of any type of cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome of eukaryotic organisms.
More NUMT sequences of different sizes and lengths in the diverse number of eukaryotes have been detected as whole genome sequencing of different organisms accumulates. They have often been unintentionally discovered by researchers who were looking for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). NUMTs have been reported in all studied eukaryotes, and nearly all mitochondrial genome regions can be integrated into the nuclear genome. However, NUMTs differ in number and size across different species. Such differences may be accounted for by interspecific variation in such factors as germline stability and mitochondria number. After the release of the mtDNA into the cytoplasm, due to the mitochondrial alteration and morphological changes, it is transferred into the nucleus and inserted by double-stranded break repair processes into the nuclear DNA (nDNA). A correlation has been found between the fraction of noncoding DNA and NUMT abundance in the genome, and NUMTs are observed to have non-random distribution and a higher likelihood of being inserted in certain genomic regions. Depending on the location of the insertion, NUMTs might disrupt gene function. In addition, de novo integration of NUMT pseudogenes into the nuclear genome can have adverse effects.
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8564084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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In the domestic cat, mitochondrial gene number and content were amplified 38 to 76 times in the cat's nuclear genome besides being transposed from the cytoplasm. Cat NUMT sequences did not appear to be functional due to the discovery of multiple mutations, differences in mitochondrial and nuclear genetic codes, and the apparent insertion within typically inert centromere regions. The presence of NUMT fragments in the genome is not problematic in all species; for instance, it is shown that sequences of mitochondrial origin promote nuclear DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the extended translocation of mtDNA fragments and their co-amplification with free mitochondrial DNA has been problematic in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders, in the study of population genetics and phylogenetic analyses, scientists have used NUMTs as genetic markers to determine the relative rate of nuclear and mitochondrial mutation and recreating the evolutionary tree.
In 2022, scientists reported the discovery of ongoing transfer of mitochondrial DNA into DNA in the cell nucleus. Previously, NUMTs were thought to have arisen before the existence of humans. 66,000 whole-genome sequences indicate this occurs as frequently as approximately once every 4,000 human births.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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History
According to the endosymbiosis theory, which gained acceptance around the 1970s, the mitochondrion, as a major energy producer in the cell, was previously a free-living prokaryote that invaded a eukaryotic cell. Under this theory, symbiotic organelles gradually transferred their genes to the eukaryotic genome, implying that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was gradually integrated into the nuclear genome. Despite the metabolic alterations and functional adaptations in the host eukaryotes, circular mitochondrial DNA is contained within the organelles. mtDNA has an essential role in the production of necessary compounds, such as required enzymes for the proper function of mitochondria. Specifically, it has been suggested that certain genes (such as the genes for cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II) within the organelle are necessary to regulate redox balance throughout membrane-associated electron transport chains. These parts of the mitochondrial genome have been reported to be the most frequently employed. Mitochondria are not the only locations within which mtDNA can be found; sometimes mtDNA can be transferred from organelles to the nucleus; the evidence of such translocation has been seen by comparing mtDNA sequences with the genome sequence in the nucleus. The integration and recombination of cytoplasmic mtDNA into the nuclear DNA is called nuclear mitochondrial DNA (NUMT).
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8564084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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The possible presence of organelle DNA inside the nuclear genome was suggested after discovering homologous structures to the mitochondrial DNA in the nucleus, which was shortly after the discovery of independent DNA within the organelles in 1967. This topic stayed untouched until the 1980s. Initial evidence that DNA could move among cell compartments came when fragments of chloroplast DNA were found in the maize mitochondrial genome with the help of cross-hybridization, chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA, and physical mapping of homologous regions. After this initial observation, John Ellis coined the term promiscuous DNA to signify the transfer of DNA intracellularly from one organelle to the other and denote the presence of organelle DNA in multiple cellular compartments. The search for mtDNA in nuclear DNA continued until 1994, when the transposition of 7.9 kb of a typically 17.0-kb mitochondrial genome to a specific nuclear chromosomal position in the domestic cat was reported by evolutionary geneticist, Jose V. Lopez, who coined the term NUMT to designate the large stretches of mitochondrial DNA in the nuclear genome.
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8564084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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Currently, the whole genomes of many eukaryotes, both vertebrate and invertebrate, have been sequenced and NUMTs have been observed in the nuclear genome of various organisms, including yeast, Podospora, sea urchin, locust, honey bee, Tribolium, rat, maize, rice, and primates. In Plasmodium, Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, NUMTs can barely be detected. In contrast, conserved fragments of NUMT were identified in genome data for Ciona intestinalis, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Rattus norvegicus. Agostinho Antunes and Maria João Ramos discovered the presence of NUMTs in the fish genome in 2005 by using BLAST, MAFFT, genome mapping, and phylogenic analysis. The western honey bee and Hydra magnipapillata are, respectively, the first and second animals with the highest ratio of NUMTs to the total size of the nuclear genome while the gray short-tailed opossum is the record holder for NUMT frequency among vertebrates. Like animals, NUMTs are abundant in plants, and the longest NUMT fragment known so far is a 620 kb partially-duplicated insertion of the 367 kb mtDNA of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Mechanism of NUMT insertion
NUMT insertion into the nuclear genome and its persistence in the nuclear genome is initiated by the physical delivery of mitochondrial DNA to the nucleus. This step follows by the mtDNA integration into the genome through a non-homologous end joining mechanism during the double-strand break (DSB) repair process as envisioned by studying Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and terminates by intragenomic dynamics of amplification, mutation, or deletion, collectively known as post-insertion modifications. The mechanism of mtDNA transfer into nucleus is not yet fully understood.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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The first step in the transfer process is the release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm. Peter Thorsness and Thomas Fox demonstrated the rate of relocation of mtDNA from mitochondria into the nucleus using ura3- yeast strain with an engineered URA3 plasmid, a required gene for uracil biosynthesis, in the mitochondria. During the propagation of such yeast strains carrying a nuclear ura3 mutation, plasmid DNA that escapes from the mitochondrion to the nucleus complements the uracil biosynthetic defect, restoring growth in the absence of uracil, and easily scored phenotype. The rate of DNA transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus was estimated as 2 x 10−5 per cell per generation, while in the case of the cox2 mutant the rate of transfer of the plasmid from the nucleus to the mitochondria is approximately at least 100,000 times less. Many factors control the rate of mtDNA escapes from mitochondria to the nucleus. The higher rate of mutation in mtDNA in comparison with nDNA in the cells of many organisms is an important factor promoting the transfer of mitochondrial genes into the nuclear genome. One of the intergenic factors that results in more frequent destruction of mitochondrial macromolecules, including mtDNA, is the presence of high level of reactive oxygen species generated in mitochondria as the by-products in ATP synthesis. Some other factors influencing the escape of mtDNA from mitochondria include the action of mutagenic agents and other forms of cellular stress that can damage mitochondria or their membranes, which makes assuming that exogenous damaging agents (for example, ionizing radiation and chemical genotoxic agents) increase the rate of mtDNA escape into the cytoplasm possible. Thorsness and Fox continued their research to find the endogenous factors effecting mtDNA escape into the nucleus
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8564084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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Evidence shows that mitophagy is one of the possible ways for mtDNA transfer into the nucleus and determined to be the most supported pathway up to now. The first pathway is a yme1 mutant that results in inactivation of YMe1p protein, a mitochondrial-localized ATP-dependent metalloproteinase, leading to high escape rate of mtDNA to the nucleus. Mitochondria of the yme1 strain are taken up for degradation by the vacuole more frequently than the wild-type strain. Moreover, cytological investigations have suggested several other possible pathways in the diverse number of species, including a lysis of the mitochondrial compartment, direct physical connection and membrane fusion between mitochondria and nucleus, and the encapsulation of mitochondrial compartments inside the nucleus.
Pre-insertion preparation
After reaching the nucleus, mtDNA has to enter the nuclear genome. The rate of mtDNA integration into the nuclear genome relies on the DSB number in nDNA, the activity of DSB repair systems, and the rate of mtDNA escape from organelles. The insertion of mtDNA comprises three main processes: first, the mtDNA must have the proper form and sequence; in other words, the mtDNA has to be edited, which creates the new edited site in the polynucleotide structure. Mitochondrial DNA is not universal and, in animals similar to plants, mitochondrial editing shows very erratic patterns of taxon-specific occurrence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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There are three possible ways that mtDNA can become prepared to be inserted into the nuclear DNA. The process mainly depends on the time mtDNA transfers into the nucleus. Direct integration of unedited mtDNA fragments into the nuclear genomes is the most plausible, and is observed in plants, the Arabidopsis genome, and animals with the help of different methods, including BLAST-based analysis. In this case, mtDNA is transferred into the nucleus while editing and the creation of introns occur later in the mitochondrion. If a gene was transferred to the nucleus in one lineage before mitochondrial editing evolved, but remained in the organelle in other lineages where editing arose, the nuclear copy would appear more similar to an edited transcript than to the remaining mitochondrial copies at the edited sites. Another represented and less supported model is the cDNA-mediated model, in which intron-contained mtDNA enters the nucleus, and by reverse transcription of spliced and edited mitochondrial transcript, integrates into the nDNA. The third proposed mechanism is the direct transfer and integration of intronless mtDNA into the nucleus, where editing and introns in the mitochondrion come and go during evolution. In this case, the introduction and removal of the intron, as well as reverse transcription, occur within mitochondria and the final product, the edited intronless mtDNA, integrates into nDNA after being transferred into the nucleus.
Insertion into the nuclear genome
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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The processes of mtDNA insertion and DSB repair include DNA segment alignment, DNA end-processing, DNA synthesis, and ligation. In each step, certain protein complexes are required to facilitate the occurrence of the indicated events. In NHEJ, the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) for bringing DNA fragments end together, the Artemis nuclease and polynucleotide kinase 3' phosphatase(PNKP) for end processing, X family DNA polymerases (Pol μ and Pol λ) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) for DNA synthesis, and the XLF/XRCC4/LigIV complex for completing the repair and joining the ends via a phosphodiester bond, are the protein complexes involved in DSB repair process in many higher organisms. DNA polymerases Pol μ and Pol λ and the XLF/XRCC4/LigIV complex are shared between two NHEJ and MMEJ repair machinery and have the same function in both repair processes. The first step of MMEJ is performed by WRN, Artemis, DNA-PK, and XRCC4 protein complexes, which process the ends of DSB and mtDNA fragments in addition to aligning them in order for polymerases and ligases to be able to complete NUMT insertion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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Post-insertion modification
The complex pattern of NUMT in comparison with the single mitochondrial piece, the appearance of non-continuous mitochondrial DNA in the nuclear genome, and different orientations of these fragments demonstrate post-insertion processes of NUMT within the nuclear genome. The cause of these complex patterns might be the result of multiple NUMT insertions at insertional hotspots. In addition, duplication after insertion contributes to NUMT diversity. NUMTs do not have self-replicating mechanisms or transposition mechanisms, so NUMT duplication is expected to occur in tandem or to involve larger segmental duplication at rates representative of the rest of the genome. Evidence for NUMT duplications that are not in proximity to other NUMTs is present in many genomes and probably happens as part of segmental duplication. However, duplicates of recent human-specific NUMTs as part of segmental duplication seem to be rare; in humans, only a few NUMTs are found to overlap with segmental duplication, and those NUMTs were found in only one of the copies while missing from the others, suggesting that the NUMTs were inserted after duplication. Deletion is another NUMT post-insertional modification method that has not yet been studied in the same amount of detail as insertion. Constant erosion of phylogenic signals and high mutation rate in animal mtDNA make recognition of such modification, especially deletion, difficult. Bensasson and his team members studied cases in which NUMT patterns of appearance do not agree with the phylogenetic tree to estimate the oldest inserted NUMT in humans, which are dated around 58 million years ago.
General characteristics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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As the genome changes over time, the number of NUMTs in it differs over the course of evolution. NUMTs enter the nucleus and insert into the nDNA at different points of time. Due to constant mutations and the instability of NUMTs, the resemblance of this genome stretch to the mtDNA varies widely. For instance, the latest number of NUMTs recorded in the human genome is 755 fragments ranging from 39 bp to almost the entire mitochondrial sequence in size. There are 33 paralogous sequences with over 80% sequence similarity and of a greater length than 500 bp. Not all of the NUMT fragments in the genome are the result of mtDNA migration; some are the outcome of amplification after insertion. Old NUMTs are found to be more abundant in the human genome than recent integrants, indicating that mtDNA can be amplified once inserted. Dayama et al. developed a high-yield new technique for the exact detection of the number of NUMTs in the human genome called the discovery of nuclear mitochondrial insertions (dinumt). This method enabled her and her team to identify NUMT insertions of all sizes in the whole genomes sequenced using paired-end sequencing technology. They applied dinumt to 999 individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project and Human Genome Diversity Project, and conducted an updated enrichment analysis in humans using these polymorphic insertions. Further investigation and genotyping of the discovered NUMTs also analyses age of insertion, origin, and sequence characteristics. Finally, they assessed their potential impact on ongoing studies of mitochondrial heteroplasmy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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NUMTs are not utterly functionless and certain functions are associated with them. Although NUMTs were previously considered functionless pseudogenes, recent human NUMTs have been shown to be a potentially mutagenic process that could damage the functional integrity of the human genome. The processes of NUMT migration into the nucleus can cause mutations and dramatic alterations of the genome structure at the integration site, interfere with the function of the genome, and exert substantial effects on the expression of genetic information. The integration of mtDNA sequences substantially affects the spatial organization of nDNA and may have an important role in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. In addition to the negative effects of mtDNA, conserved old NUMTs in the genome are likely to represent evolutionary successes and they should be considered as a potential evolutionary mechanism for the enhancement of genomic coding regions. Lauren Chatre and Miria Ricchetti found that migratory mitochondrial DNAs can impact the replication of the nuclear region in which they are inserted. They observed sequences of mitochondrial origin promoting nDNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The NUMTs are 11 bp autonomously replicating (ARS) core-A consensus sequences (ACS), which are necessary but not sufficient for the function of replication origin and any mutation that consensus causes the reduction or loss of DNA replication activity. Given the high density of ACS motifs, some NUMTs appear essentially as ACS carriers. In contrast, replication efficiency is higher in yeast strains that have plasmids containing both NUMTs and ARS. They also found that some NUMTs can work as an independent replication fork and late chromosomal origins and NUMTs located close to or within ARS provide key sequence elements for replication. Thus, NUMTs can act as the independent origins, when inserted in an appropriate genomic context or affect the efficiency of pre-existing origins.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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Aging
Several studies indicated that de novo appearance of NUMT pseudogenes in the genome of somatic cells may be of etiological importance for carcinogenesis and aging. To show the relation between aging and NUMT in the nuclear genome, Xin Cheng and Andreas Ivessa used yme1-1 mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that have a higher rate of mtDNA migration, using the same method Thorsness and Fox used to determine the important mechanisms and factors for mtDNA migration into the nucleus. They discovered that the yeast strains with elevated migration rates of mtDNA fragments to the nucleus showed accelerated chronological aging, whereas strains with decreased mtDNA transfer rates to the nucleus exhibited an extended chronological life span, which could possibly be due to the effect of NUMT on nuclear processes including DNA replication, recombination, and repair as well as gene transcription. The effect of NUMT on the higher eukaryotic organisms was investigated by Caro et al., using rats as a model organism. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quantification, in situ hybridization of mtDNA to nDNA, and comparison of young and old rats, they not only could determine the high concentration of cytochrome oxidase III and 16S rRNA from mtDNA in both young and old rats, but also the increase in the number of mitochondrial sequences in nDNA as rats age. Based on these findings, mitochondria can be a major trigger of aging, but the final target could also be the nucleus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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The worst cases of NUMT insertion happen when mtDNA is inserted into the regulatory region or nuclear structural genes and disrupts or alters vital cell processes. For instance, in primary low-grade brain neoplasms, fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis helped with recognizing mtDNA localized in the nucleus in correlation with an overall increase in mtDNA in the cell. In hepatoma cells mtDNA sequences are present in the nuclear genome at a higher copy number than normal tissue. Another example would be HeLa nDNA that contains sequences which hybridize with mtDNA fragments of approximately 5 kb. An analysis showed that nDNA of malignant cells contains sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, ND4 , ND4L , and 12S rRNA genes. Based on these findings, mtDNA fragments were assumed to act as a mobile genetic element in the initiation of carcinogenesis. Southern blotting is used to determine the frequency of mitochondrial insertion in nDNA of normal and tumor cells of mice and rats, which supported mtDNA sequences being more numerous and abundant in nDNA of rodent tumor cells in comparison with normal cells. Using FISH probes; PCR; and data sequencing, mapping, and comparison, Ju found that the mitochondrial–nuclear genome fusions occur at a similar rate per base pair of DNA as interchromosomal nuclear rearrangements, indicating the presence of a high frequency of contact between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in some somatic cells. He also investigated the timing of somatic mtDNA integration into the nuclear genome by assessing cases in which a metastatic sample had been sequenced in addition to the primary tumor. In some cases, mtDNA transference into the nucleus in somatic cells is very frequent and can occur after neoplastic formation and during the course of subclonal evolution of cancer, suggesting the event occurs in the common ancestral cancer clones or in normal somatic cells prior to the neoplastic change
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8564084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
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NUMTs offer an opportunity to study ancient diversity of mitochondrial lineages and to discover prehistoric interspecies hybridization. Ancient hybridization was first detected with NUMTs in bristletails, colobine monkeys, and most recently in a direct human ancestor. The hominid hybridization happened about the time of human/chimpanzee/gorilla separation.
Another problem arose from the presence of NUMT in the genome associated with the hardship of concluding the exact number of mitochondrial insertions into the nDNA. Determining the exact number of NUMT pseudogenes for a species is difficult task for several reasons. One reason that makes detection of NUMT sequences more difficult is the alteration of these sequences by mutation and deletion. Two further substantial obstacles make recognition of NUMT very difficult: first, there is a lack of correlation between the proportion of noncoding nDNA and the number of NUMT inserts in the nuclear genome; NUMT insertion could occur in the known or predicted coding region in introns and exons, rather than only in intergenic and intronic regions. Second, mitochondrial DNA integrated into animal nuclear genomes is primarily limited to animals with circular mitochondrial genomes without introns.
| 2.40625
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8564084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20segment
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Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
|
These difficulties in detecting the presence of NUMT can be problematic. Translocated mitochondrial sequences in the nuclear genome have the potential to be amplified in addition to, or even instead of, the authentic target mtDNA sequence that can confound population genetic and phylogenetic analyses since mtDNA has been widely used for population mapping, evolutionary and phylogenic studies, species identification by DNA barcode, diagnosis of various pathologies, and forensic medicine. This simultaneous amplification of NUMT with free extrachromosomal mtDNA prevents the exact number of NUMT fragments in the genome of different organisms from being determined, especially those in which extended translocation of mtDNA fragments occur. For instance, a large NUMT pseudogene was found on chromosome 1, while more recent analysis of the same sequence concluded that sperm mtDNA has mutations that cause low sperm mobility. Another example would be the recent report describing a heteroplasmic mtDNA molecule containing five linked missense mutations dispersed over the contiguous mtDNA and genes in Alzheimer's disease patients; however, studies using PCR, restriction endonuclease site variant assays, and phylogenic analysis proposed that the nuclear and sequences revealed that they diverged from modern human mtDNA early in hominid evolution about 770,000 years before and these preserved NUMTs could cause Alzheimer's disease. One of the possible ways of preventing from such erroneous result is an amplification and comparison of heterogeneous sequence, comprises both mtDNA and nDNA, with the obtained results from Sanger sequencing of purified and enriched mtDNA.
Detection
Signs that a mitochondrial DNA sequence may be contaminated with one or more NUMT sequences include double peaks (heterozygotes), indels, and premature stop codons.
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8564086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%20relations%20during%20World%20War%20II
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Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II
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The issue of Polish and Lithuanian relations during the World War II is a controversial one, and some modern Lithuanian and Polish historians still differ in their interpretations of the related events, many of which are related to the Lithuanian collaboration with Nazi Germany and the operations of Polish resistance organization of Armia Krajowa on territories inhabited by Lithuanians and Poles. Several common academic conferences started bridging the gap between Lithuanian and Polish interpretations, but significant differences remain.
Background
Polish–Lithuanian relations were strained during the interwar period, mostly due to the conflict over the Vilnius Region (which had a Polish majority but was seen by Lithuanians as their historical capital). This conflict resulted in enmity within local communities and the mutual harsh treatment of the Polish and Lithuanian ethnic minorities living in both countries. The tensions had begun to diminish by early spring of 1938 (see 1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania), when both nations restored normal relations, and telephone, mail, rail, and road communications were established. The rapprochement was however stopped when Germany invaded Poland on the first day of September 1939. Germany had proposed Lithuania join in the invasion to gain control of the disputed Vilnius Region. However, despite Lithuania's antipathy towards Poland, the Lithuanian government was distrustful of Germany and refused. Lithuania thus remained neutral and independent in the initial days of World War II.
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8564086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%20relations%20during%20World%20War%20II
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Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II
|
However, on September 17, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the East following its agreement with Germany. The Vilnius Region was soon occupied by the Red Army, which intended to place it inside the borders of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. On September 19, Lithuanian envoy in Moscow Ladas Natkevičius claimed Lithuanian rights to Vilnius, which was now occupied by the Red Army and was out of Polish control. After the new German-Soviet border was established on September 28, the Soviets invited the Lithuanians to talks. Negotiations lasted from October 3 to 10. The result of the talks was the "Treaty on Mutual Assistance and Transfer of Vilnius and Vilnius Region to Lithuania," under which, in exchange for Vilnius, Lithuania agreed to establish Soviet military bases on its territory. The agreement came as a result of immense Soviet pressure, and Lithuanian diplomats had no illusions that the presence of Soviet troops meant preparation for annexation. During negotiations, the Soviets threatened the possibility of annexing Vilnius to Soviet Belarus, and even the possibility of reconstituting the Lithuanian-Belarusian SSR.
| 2.09375
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8564086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%20relations%20during%20World%20War%20II
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Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II
|
The Polish envoy in Kaunas, Franciszek Charwat, submitted a protest note on behalf of the Polish government. The Lithuanian side responded that Vilnius was and is an inseparable part of Lithuania, which Poland occupied since 1920. According to Polish military attaché , the Lithuanians' response was even harsher, they were to state that they did not recognize the Polish government in Paris and for them Poland ceased to exist. In response, Charwat left Lithuania, thus officially breaking off Polish-Lithuanian relations and restarting a strong feeling of hostility between the two countries. Nevertheless, the pressing matter for Lithuania now became resisting Soviet pressure: most of the better politically oriented Lithuanian intelligentsia realized that the takeover of the Vilnius region was merely a prelude to the occupation of Lithuania by Soviet forces. Ultimately, on 15 June, the Red Army invaded Lithuania, soon followed up by invasions of the two other Baltic States, Latvia and Estonia. On 3 August, Lithuania was formally annexed to the USSR as the Lithuanian Socialist Soviet Republic. Lithuania remained under the Soviet Union for nearly a year, until on 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany began an invasion of the Soviet Union and crossed the border into Lithuania, thereafter occupying it.
Conflicting ideologies
The Vilnius Region had a complex demographic history. This was further aggravated by Germans forcibly relocating Lithuanian families to the region from western parts of Lithuania.
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8564086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%20relations%20during%20World%20War%20II
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Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II
|
Lithuanian authorities had been aiding Germans in their actions against Poles since the very beginning of German occupation in 1941, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of Poles. Thousands of Poles were killed by Lithuanian collaborators working with Nazis (like the German subordinated Lithuanian Security Police or the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force under the command of general Povilas Plechavičius, many more were deported into Germany as slave labour.) Tadeusz Piotrowski notes that thousands of Poles died at the hand of Lithuanian collaborators, and tens of thousands were deported.
In autumn 1943, Armia Krajowa started operations against the Lithuanian collaborative organization, the Lithuanian Security Police, which had been aiding Germans in their operation since its very creation. Polish political and military underground cells were created all over Lithuania, Polish partisan attacks were usually not only in Vilnius Region but across the former demarcation line as well. Soon a significant proportion of AK operations became directed against Nazi Germany allied Lithuanian Police and local Lithuanian administration. During the first half of 1944 AK killed hundreds of Lithuanians serving in Nazi auxiliary units or organizations: policemen, members of village self-defence units, servants of local administration, soldiers of the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force and other Nazi collaborators. Civilians on both sides increasingly numbered among the casualties.
In response, Lithuanian police, who had murdered hundreds of Polish civilians since 1941, increased its operations against the Poles, executing many Polish civilians; this further increased the vicious circle and the previously simmering Polish–Lithuanian conflict over the Vilnius Region deteriorated into a low-level civil war under German occupation. The scale of disruption grew over time; Lithuanian historian noted, for example, that AK was able to paralyze the activities of many Lithuanian educational institutions in 1943.
| 2.484375
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8564086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%20relations%20during%20World%20War%20II
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Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II
|
Polish and Lithuanian historians have to yet reach an agreement on the number of victims. Polish-Lithuanian historian Jarosław Wołkonowski puts the number of Lithuanians killed by rogue AK elements at under 100. An estimate by a Lithuanian investigator Rimas Bružas is that about 500 Lithuanian civilians were killed by Poles during the war. A state commission was established by the Government of Lithuania to evaluate activities of Armia Krajowa in Lithuania which had to present conclusions by 1 December 1993. Not a single member of Armia Krajowa, many veterans of which live in Lithuania, has been charged with any crimes as of 2001. A Lithuanian historian Arūnas Bubnys stated that there were no mass murders carried out by AK (with the only exception being Dubingiai), but that AK was guilty of some war crimes against individuals or selected families; he also notes that any accusations of genocide are false and have an underlying political motive, among them a counteraction to the accusations of widespread Lithuanian collaboration with Germany and crimes committed by units such as the Lithuanian Security Police (see also Holocaust in Lithuania).
| 2
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8564124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buechernachlese
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Buechernachlese
|
The Buechernachlese (or: Büchernachlese, translated: books gleanings) is established by Ulrich Karger as freely accessible online review archives in 2000. It contains more than 1,500 of his book reviews and brief references in German to literature and poetry, nonfiction and children's books as well as literature for young people.
In addition to his work as a book author, since 1985 Ulrich Karger has written also many book reviews for various daily papers (e.g. for Der Tagesspiegel, Berliner Zeitung) and magazines.
In 1999 he established link lists on his home page, which referred to his reviews on other web portals and online newspapers. In October 2000 he started to incorporate all its pages with his reviews into his own website. His articles can be read there completely and unedited. Their scope ranges from a few lines to several pages, however the default size is about 1800 to 2400 punctuation marks. Quite a few of his reviews were also cited, among others in term papers, dissertations and as part of teacher materials.
Bibliography
Ulrich Karger: Büchernachlese – Rezensionen 1985-1989. Collection of reviews. E-book original edition 2019. .
| 2.203125
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8564138
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah%20Wilson
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Hannah Wilson
|
Hannah Jane Arnett Wilson (; born 10 March 1989) is a Hong Kong retired amateur swimmer. She is a three-time Olympic swimmer for Hong Kong, having swum at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, and 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She has won two career Universiade gold medals. As of July 11, 2009, Wilson currently holds 10 Hong Kong records and two Universiade records in swimming.
However, she struggled but eventually received the International Olympic Committee's permission to race in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Originally the IOC's policy would have barred Wilson from representing Hong Kong (she held a British passport, and being still a minor she could not renounce her British citizenship), which was a cause for distress throughout Hong Kong. She has since renounced her British citizenship to take up Chinese citizenship and a Hong Kong SAR passport in her pursuit to represent Hong Kong in swimming for at least the next decade.
At the 2006 Asian Games, she was a member of the bronze medal-winning team in the women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay.
She is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley,
after attending Peak School from 1994 to 2000 and Island School from 2000 to 2007. She was recommended to attend the University of California, Berkeley by her 2006 Asian Games bronze medal-winning teammate Tsai Hiu Wai, who was the former swimming captain of the California Golden Bears. Her college teammates include 2008 Summer Olympics 100 m backstroke gold medalist Natalie Coughlin and 4 × 100 m freestyle relay silver medalist Emily Silver. The California Golden Bears are coached by Teri McKeever, the United States assistant coach at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
She retired from competitive swimming following the 2012 Olympics.
She now works in Hong Kong.
Academics
• A-Level Subjects: Physical Education, Geography, Psychology, (Biology AS)
• Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology
Cal Success
• 2008 All-American (100-yard fly; 200-yard free relay; 400-yard free relay)
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8564207
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20national%20roads%20in%20Spain
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List of national roads in Spain
|
The code for the national roads consists of 3 digits (e.g.: N-XXX, where X is a number) assigned as follows:
The first digit represents the number of the sector of origin: those roads starting between N-I and N-II are designated as N-1XX; those between N-II and N-III, N-2XX etc.
The second number represents the straight line distance in hundreds of kilometers starting at the Puerta del Sol, Madrid. Thus, if the road starts less than 100 km away the road is assigned the number 0; 1 if originating between 100 and 200 km away from Madrid, and so on.
The third digit reflects its direction: An odd number is assigned if the road is radial that is emanating from Madrid; if it is a transversal road not leading to Madrid, it is assigned an even number, including 0. For a radial road the origin is set as the closest end to Madrid; for a transversal road, the origin is set at the end which leads into a counterclockwise direction.
For example:
The road which links Cordoba and Tarragona via Cuenca is not a radial road. It starts in Córdoba so the direction is anti-clockwise (from the South to the North-East). Córdoba is between N-IV and N-V, and Córdoba is 295 km away from Madrid, so the first two numbers are N-42X. The third number is an even number, which in this case is 0. So the road from Córdoba to Tarragona via Cuenca is N-420.
The road which links Madrid and Ciudad Real via Toledo diverts from N-IV (N-4XX) in Madrid (N-X0X), and it is a radial road (odd number). Consequently, its code is N-401.
Some exceptions apply for roads within Basque Country or Navarra, where another numbering scheme applies (e.g.: N-102).
Table
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8564249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukatchu
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Yukatchu
|
Warfare, law enforcement, and fighting systems were the primary business of the warrior class before the turn of the seventeenth century. Peasants, who often had to perform manual labor for eighteen hours a day to pay taxes to the upper classes and sustain themselves, did not have the energy, time or financial resources to practice the warrior arts. The warrior class, however, which was sustained by peasant taxes, could afford to send the first born male child of a warrior family to be trained in Ti and other warrior arts.
Okinawan documents state that Ti or Kara-Ti was practiced only by the Yukatchu. There are early twentieth-century Japanese documents, however, which mention this secret fighting style as being practiced by the peasants of Okinawa. The disconnect often comes from Japanese ignorance of the Ryukyuan caste system and at times seeing Okinawans as inferior Japanese. Though, around the time of the creation of the Okinawa Prefecture, some Yukatchu were calling themselves "Samure"; the word derives from the Japanese term "Samurai".
Shōshin Nagamine (recipient of the Fifth Class Order of the Rising Sun from the Emperor of Japan) states in his book The Essence of Okinawan Karate-Do, on pg. 21
"The forbidden art (Kara-Te) was passed down from father to son among the samure class in Okinawa".
The Okinawa Prefectural Government in recent years has tried to clarify misunderstandings by the West as to the history and development of Karate in Okinawa. The Okinawa Prefectural Government English and Japanese website, Karate and martial arts with weaponry, states that Karate was a secret of the Yukatchu.
Okinawan Te was practiced exclusively among the Ryūkyū or Okinawan feudal scholar-officials (Ryūkyū Samure) – Pechin. Peasants were strictly prohibited from practicing or being taught these secret unarmed fighting techniques.
History
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8564249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukatchu
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Yukatchu
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At the beginning of the 17th century, around the time of the invasion of Ryukyu by the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma, Kumemura and its community of Chinese scholars had deteriorated drastically; the royal government, along with that of Satsuma, then took action to revive it, and with it the aristocratic and intellectual culture of Ryukyu as a whole. The best and brightest of Ryukyu were invited to settle in Kumemura, pursue Chinese studies, and establish noble houses.
Thus, the yukatchu class was formally created around 1650, and divided into a number of ranks and titles from high to low: ueekata (親方), peekumi (親雲上), satunushi (里之子) and shii (子), each rank being accompanied by a rice stipend. These stipends were quite small as compared to those of Japanese samurai, but were likely quite appreciated, particularly after 1712, when the number of yukatchu increased dramatically, along with competition for positions in the bureaucracy; at this time, stipends were no longer guaranteed to those without government posts.
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8564249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukatchu
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Yukatchu
|
When Ryukyu was formally annexed by Japan in 1879, Shigenori Uesugi, the second appointed governor of the new territory, accused the yukatchu class as a whole of oppressing the Ryukyuan peasantry, and efforts were made to remove the nobles from power. For this reason, and others, many yukatchu fled to Fujian in China. The third governor, Michitoshi Iwamura, largely reversed this policy, supporting the maintenance of stipends for high-ranking yukatchu, retaining experienced bureaucrats in the administration of the prefecture, and lending economic aid to those without stipends. As a result, many yukatchu returned from China; stipends continued to be paid until 1909. Though Japanese policy was originally largely one of continuation of old traditions, by the turn of the 20th century, nationwide efforts to provide uniform education and create a uniform culture and language were implemented in Okinawa as they were throughout the nation.
The 1896 formation of the Kōdōkai ("Society for Public Unity") by former prince Shō En and a number of yukatchu, arguing against assimilation, can be said to be the final "gasp" of the yukatchu, twenty years after the abolition of the samurai class in "mainland" Japan.
Terminology
Samuree, a Ryukyuan pronunciation of the Japanese word "samurai", was often used interchangeably with yukatchu at the time, as both were aristocratic classes in their respective cultures. However, since the samurai were essentially warriors and the yukatchu scholars, the two terms do not truly share the same connotations. Similarly, Gregory Smits points out that while "noble" and "aristocrat" are commonly used to refer to yukatchu in English-language texts, these terms too have particular connotations based on their European origins which do not truly apply to the Ryukyuan case. The Aji constituted the true nobility.
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8564297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica%20Stock%20Exchange
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Jamaica Stock Exchange
|
The Jamaica Stock Exchange is the principal stock exchange of Jamaica, also known as JSE. Incorporated in 1968, JSE opened in 1969 in Kingston, Jamaica. Today, the JSE is one of the largest stock exchanges in the Caribbean by size and market capitalization. As of 30 September 2019, there is a total number of 85 companies and 120 securities listed to the JSE, and a market capitalization of just over JM$2 trillion. The Jamaica Stock Exchange is composed of multiple markets: Main Market, Junior Market, USD Market, and Bond Market. The JSE is also recognized as one of the most sector-diverse exchanges in the Caribbean. The key sectors include banking and finance, retail, manufacturing, insurance, leisure, communications, conglomerate, and services and real estate. The current chairman is Ian McNaughton and the deputy chairman is Gary Peart. The managing director is Marlene Street Forrest.
Vision
The JSE's aim is to the facilitate growth and development of companies and the economy in Jamaica by allowing for "the mobilization, exchange and expansion of capital while providing a return on equity that is acceptable to our shareholders."
History
The four founding members were Willard Samms of Annett & Company Limited, Raglan S. Golding of Capital Market Services (Ja) Ltd, Edward E Gayle of Edward Gayle & Company Ltd, and Anthony Lloyd of Pitfield Mckay Ross & Co Ltd.
The market was initially known as the "Kingston Stock Exchange". It started trading operations on Monday, 3 February 1969. It was restricted to brokers who traded both as agents and as principals.
In 1989, the JSE opened a subsidiary, the Jamaica Central Securities Depository (JCSD) to facilitate electronic transfer and settlement of securities. Services later expanded to include registrar, transfer and paying agency.
In 2008, JCSD founded a subsidiary, JCSD Trustee Services Limited, to provide trustee services.
On 3 June 2008, JSE demutualized and listed on its own Exchange.
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8564309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh%20Speedway
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Raleigh Speedway
|
Fatalities
The only fatalities at the track occurred during a night race on September 19, 1953. Drivers Bill Blevins (Ford) and Jesse Midkiff (Burlington, North Carolina) were killed during the start of a combined Modified and Sportsman race. Blevins car would not start as the 60-car field took off. He got a start from a push truck, but stalled and came to a stop in the racing line at the exit of turn two on the backstretch — perhaps under the mistaken assumption that he would get another push-start. Blevin's dark maroon car went unnoticed by race officials as the green flag waved. Some in the crowd noticed the stalled car and yelled and pointed, but the flag man never noticed. The remaining 59 cars exited turn two at full speed. One car ran into the back of the stalled car starting a chain-reaction crash. Blevin's car burst into flames, and with only two fire extinguishers at the track it took considerable time to get the fire put out. There was no way to get the driver out of the car with flames shooting into the air. Blevins and Midkiff were killed, and several other drivers suffered lesser injuries. At least 15 cars were severely damaged. It took about 1 hour and 20 minutes to clear the track, after which the race was shortened to and won by Buddy Shuman.
| 1.976563
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8564317
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%2085
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Maryland Route 85
|
The first significant improvement to US 15 between Tuscarora and Frederick came in 1951 and 1952 when the U.S. highway was reconstructed and widened from Evergreen Point to Lime Kiln. In 1950, construction began on the Washington National Pike freeway, which would later become I-270. As part of that construction, a cloverleaf interchange was constructed between US 15 and the new freeway, which had its northern terminus at US 15 until US 40's segment of the Frederick Bypass opened in 1956. US 15 was moved to Washington National Pike north of Buckeystown Pike after the completion of the Frederick Freeway in 1959. The portion of Buckeystown Pike between the freeway and MD 355 was designated MD 806, which is used for several segments of the old alignment of US 15 north of Frederick. After US 15's present alignment north of Point of Rocks was completed in 1970, MD 85 was assigned to Buckeystown Pike south of I-270. MD 85 was extended north to MD 355 at Evergreen Point in 1971, replacing MD 806. The two loop ramps from MD 85 to I-270 were taken out of service to transform the interchange to its present partial cloverleaf by 1999; the loop ramps remain paved but blocked off.
| 2.1875
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8564343
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fette%20Fraktur
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Fette Fraktur
|
Fette Fraktur is a blackletter typeface of the sub-classification Fraktur designed by the German punchcutter Johann Christian Bauer (1802–1867) in 1850. The C.E. Weber Foundry published a version in 1875, and the D Stempel AG foundry published the version shown here in 1908.
Fette Fraktur (German for bold Fraktur) is based on the Fraktur type of blackletter faces. This heavy nineteenth century version was developed more for advertising than text, similar to the extremely heavy fat face advertising versions of Didone classification faces.
History
For a span of nearly a hundred years, the original Fraktur script was used as a standard text face in German-speaking Europe and parts of Scandinavia. During the period of the Third Reich Fraktur and blackletter faces were initially approved of in contrast to sans-serif faces (associated with the Bauhaus and cultural Bolshevism). Approved use of blackletter Fraktur faces by the Nazi regime continued until January 3, 1941, when Martin Bormann, director of the Party Chancellery issued a directive discontinuing the use of blackletter faces because of an alleged discovery of Jewish contributions in the development of these faces. Another reason may have been their limited legibility outside of Germany. While the Nazis forbade its use for practical and ideological reasons, at the conclusion of World War II, the Allied forces also prohibited it for a time because occupation troops could not read these faces. Eventually the ban on blackletter and Frakturs was lifted, but in Germany and Scandinavia the faces were largely replaced by the Antiqua (roman) alphabet.
| 2.421875
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8564468
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20v.%20Virginia
|
Paul v. Virginia
|
Paul v. Virginia, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 168 (1869), is a U.S. corporate law decision by the United States Supreme Court. It held that a corporation is not a citizen within the meaning of the Privileges and Immunities Clause. Of greater consequence, the Court further held that "issuing a policy of insurance is not a transaction of commerce," effectively removing the business of insurance beyond the United States Congress's legislative reach (until partially overturned in United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Association).
Facts
In the 19th century, the insurance business was exclusively regulated by the states, individually. As a result, a patchwork of separate regulations proliferated to the dismay of insurance companies which sought uniform regulation across states. In an effort to promote federal regulation of the insurance industry, a number of New York insurance companies orchestrated a test case to try to invalidate state regulation. On February 3, 1866, the legislature of Virginia had passed a statute provided that an insurance company not incorporated under the laws of the state should not carry on its business within the State without previously obtaining a license for that purpose and that it should not receive such license until it had deposited with the treasurer of the state bonds in an amount varying from thirty to fifty thousand dollars.
In May 1866, Samuel Paul, a resident of the Commonwealth of Virginia, was appointed the agent of the New York insurance companies, to carry on the general business of insurance against fire. He then applied for a license to act as such agent within the state, offering at the time to comply with all the requirements of the statute with the exception of the provision requiring a deposit of bonds with the treasurer of the state. Based on his failure to comply with the requirements of the statute, the license was refused. Notwithstanding this refusal he undertook to act in the State as agent for the New York companies without any license.
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8564472
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechouar
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Mechouar
|
Mechouar or meshwar (; ; ) is a type of location, typically a courtyard within a palace or a public square at the entrance of a palace, in the Maghreb (western North Africa) or in historic al-Andalus (Muslim Spain and Portugal). It can serve various functions such as a place of assembly or consultation (Arabic: michawara), an administrative area where the government's affairs are managed. It was the place where the sultan historically held audiences, receptions and ceremonies. The name is sometimes also given to a larger area encompassing the palace, such as the citadel or royal district of a city.
History
An official public square or ceremonial space often existed in front of the main entrance or gate of early royal palaces in al-Andalus and North Africa, though the term meshwar was not necessarily used to designate them in historical sources. Notable examples include the square in front of the Bab al-Sudda gate of the Umayyad Palaces (8th-10th centuries) of Cordoba, Spain, where public executions took place and where the caliph would stand or sit on a viewing platform built above the palace gate, as well as the ceremonial Bayn al-Qasrayn square in front of the Golden Gate (Bab al-Dhahab) of the Fatimid Palaces in Cairo, Egypt, where the Fatimid caliph also had a balcony above the gate from which to watch ceremonies below. A similar square or open space also existed at the entrance of the palace-city of Madinat al-Zahra (10th century), at the end of the road that led to it from nearby Cordoba. A couple of centuries later a main public square, known as the asaraq, was also included within the Kasbah of Marrakesh built by the Almohads at the end of the 12th century. It was situated within the administrative and service section of the citadel but it also gave access to the entrance of the sultan's private palaces.
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8564472
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechouar
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Mechouar
|
A meshwar section (known as the Mexuar in Spanish) was also part of the Nasrid Palaces in the Alhambra of Granada, Spain. It was composed of a main external entrance gate followed by two consecutive courtyards leading to a council chamber at its eastern end, all of which was separate from the emir's palaces (the Comares Palace the Court of the Lions) further east. A number of other chambers were arranged around the courtyards, with the first courtyard likely being used by the secretaries and officials of the state administration, including the chancery or diwan, while the second courtyard was used by the emir for official audiences. The first courtyard even had its own mosque.Mechouars are later found as a standard feature of most royal palaces (usually known as the dar al-makhzen) in Morocco, many now dating from the later Alaouite period (17th-20th centuries). These were generally large open squares located just outside the gates of the palace or occupying a space between the palace's main external entrance and the inner palaces of the sultan's private residence. They were used as reception areas, public squares for military parades, and places where the sultan or the qa'id (main judicial official of the city) would receive petitions. Some inner mechouars, located within the palace enclosures, were used as the administrative section of the palace where various state officials worked or received their own audiences. Examples of such mechouars include the multiple mechouars of the Dar al-Makhzen in Fez, the mechouars along the south side of the Dar al-Makhzen and Kasbah of Marrakesh, the Lalla Aouda Square of the Kasbah of Moulay Ismail (and also to an extent the nearby El-Hedim Square) in Meknes, and the Mechouar of the Kasbah of Tangier, among others. The modern Royal Palace of Rabat also includes a vast esplanade called the Mechouar, and the name is sometimes applied to the whole palace district in general.
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8564479
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Walsh%20%28psychologist%29
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David Walsh (psychologist)
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David Walsh is an American psychologist, educator, and author. He served as the president and founder of the National Institute on Media and the Family, based in Minneapolis, until it was closed in 2009.
Early life and education
Walsh received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Minnesota, where he is currently on the faculty.
Professional life
In 2010, he and his wife, Monica, and daughter, Erin, launched Mind Positive Parenting. David is also a consultant to the World Health Organization. Walsh is a public speaker and does presentations focused on brain development, adolescence, media on children and the factors that influence school performance.
Awards and recognition
He has been the recipient of many awards, including the 1999 "Friend of the Family Award" presented by the Minnesota Council on Family Relations.
Walsh has appeared on such television programs as 60 Minutes, Dateline NBC, The Early Show, NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Good Morning America, The Today Show, the Jane Pauley Show and National Public Radio's All Things Considered. His work has been covered in major outlets, such as The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Time, Reader's Digest, and others. He has been featured on PBS. He appeared in Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat, a documentary on violence in video games.
Bibliography
Smart Parenting, Smarter Kids: The One Brain Book You Need to Help Your Child Grow Brighter, Healthier, and Happier (2012)
No, Why Kids - of All Ages - Need to Hear It and Ways Parents Can Say It (2007)
Why Do They Act That Way? A Survival Guide to the Adolescent Brain for You and Your Teen (2004)
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8564548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangkunegara%20IV
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Mangkunegara IV
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Mangkunegara IV (3 March 1811 – 2 September 1881) was the fourth ruler of Mangkunegaran, a principality based in Surakarta, Java, ruling from 1853 to his death in 1881. He was son-in-law of Mangkunegara III. His title before ascending was Prince Adipati Prangwedana III.
Reign
During his reign, the foundations of estate agriculture producing coffee and sugar were established, he became the first non-European to own sugar factories (De Tjolomadoe and Tasikmadu factory). The profits from the system were reinvested in the domains, instead of being sent abroad, as happened in many colonial situations; however, as typical for a less-developed economy, the inhabitants were dependent on the world price of these cash crops. He abolished the appanage system of compensating his retainers and officials and instead paid them salaries. Nevertheless, Mangkunegara IV had to deal with the Kingdom of Netherlands as well as the other rulers in central Java of the period. In 1857 and 1877, he was unable to reclaim land leased to European planters.
Contributions to arts
Mangkunegara IV's court is especially known for its contributions to the traditional arts. He himself was a prominent poet who collaborated with Raden Ngabei Ranggawarsita (1802–1873), said to be the last of the great court poets. Mangkunegara IV's most famous poem is Wedhatama ("Exalted Wisdom"), which praises morality consistent with the mystical Islam of Java, in contrast to the more self-consciously Orthodox Islamic community.
He is also credited with the composition of several ketawang, a gamelan musical form, including Puspawarna, which was included in the Voyager Golden Record sent to outer space in the 1970s.
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8564570
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Onassis
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Alexander Onassis
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Alexander died on January 23, 1973, at the age of 24, from injuries sustained the previous day when his personal Piaggio P.136L-2 amphibious airplane, in which he was a passenger, crashed at Hellinikon International Airport in Athens. Alexander was instructing a potential new pilot of the plane, Donald McCusker, at the time of the crash, in his role as President of Olympic Aviation. Alexander and McCusker were accompanied by Donald McGregor, Onassis's regular pilot, who was recovering from an eye infection. A few seconds after takeoff from runway 33, the plane's right wing dropped and stayed down, and the plane crashed shortly after losing control, in a flight lasting no more than 15 seconds. McCusker and the other pilot both suffered serious injuries in the crash. The trio had planned to practice amphibious landings between the Saronic Gulf islands of Aegina and Poros after takeoff.
The day after the crash, Alexander's father and stepmother arrived from New York at the hospital where Alexander was being treated. The couple were accompanied by an American neurosurgeon. Alexander's mother arrived from Switzerland with her husband, Stavros Niarchos. Aristotle had also flown the English neurosurgeon Alan Richardson from London to Athens, but Richardson later told Onassis that Alexander had no chance of surviving his injuries. Aristotle Onassis considered having his son's body cryogenically frozen with the Life Extension Society, but was persuaded against it, and he was embalmed by Desmond Henley. Alexander Onassis was buried next to the chapel on his father's private Ionian island of Skorpios.
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