id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
381
| title
stringlengths 1
211
| text
stringlengths 1.02k
2.05k
| edu_quality
float64 1.91
4.03
| naive_quality
int64 0
0
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8561392
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Jones%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201899%29
|
Tom Jones (footballer, born 1899)
|
Thomas Jones (6 December 1899 – 20 February 1978) was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a fullback for various clubs, as well as making four appearances for Wales between 1926 and 1930.
He played for Acrefair, Druids and Oswestry Town before moving to Manchester United where he made more than 150 appearances the Football League. He later played for Scunthorpe & Lindsey United.
Club career
Born in Penycae, near Wrexham, Jones was the oldest of 14 children, He began his career playing amateur football for local sides Rhosymadre and Acrefair before signing for Druids, and later, Birmingham & District League side Oswestry Town in 1922.
Jones was spotted playing for Oswestry by Football League side Manchester United who promptly signed him. He made his debut for United at Portsmouth on 8 November 1924, and was part of the side that won promotion from the Second Division in his first season, deputising for the injured Frank Barson. He went on to make over 200 appearances for the club in all competitions during a 13-year spell. His last Football League appearance for United was during the 1936–37 season. His subsequent club was Scunthorpe & Lindsay United, where he was appointed club captain and helped the side win the Midland Football League in 1939.
International career
Jones won his first cap for Wales in a 3–0 defeat to Ireland in the 1925–26 British Home Championship. He won further caps against Ireland and England the following year before winning his fourth and final cap in 1930 against Ireland.
Later life
When the Second World War broke out, Jones returned to live in Wrexham where he guested for Chirk during the hostilities. After the war, he worked for the Monsanto Chemical Company and also worked as a coach for his former side Druids.
| 1.914063
| 0
|
8561426
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Slamet
|
Mount Slamet
|
Mount Slamet (, "Salvation Mountain" or "Mountain of Health") is an active stratovolcano that summits in the Pemalang Regency of Central Java, Indonesia. It has a cluster of around three dozen cinder cones on the lower southeast and northeast flanks and a single cinder cone on the western flank. The volcano is composed of two overlapping edifices. Four craters are found at the summit. Mount Slamet is a location with the coldest average temperature on the island of Java and one of the areas with the highest annual rainfall in Indonesia, namely 8,134.00 millimeters (mm) per year.
Historical eruptions have been recorded since the eighteenth century, with its most recent events being in 2009 and 2014. Its summit is Central Java's highest point, highest in Java after Semeru.
Eruptions
Mount Slamet has had a total of 42 confirmed eruptions as of 18 September 2014. The earliest recorded eruption was 11 August to 12 August 1772.
September 2014
Mount Slamet erupted again Wednesday, September 18, 2014 after four years of remaining quiet. The volcano, dormant since 2009, began erupting again in late August 2014 prompting authorities to raise alert levels in the area. While the eruption was not considered to be a large one, a nearby forest was razed and authorities blocked off a 2.5 mile radius in case of increased activity. Residents otherwise remained calm.
| 2.359375
| 0
|
8561432
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichilo%20River
|
Ichilo River
|
Ichilo River is a Bolivian river at the foot of the Eastern Andes-Cordillera in South America. It lends its name to the Ichilo Province, one of the 15 provinces of the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia.
Location
Ichilo River has its source in Manuel Maria Caballero Province in Santa Cruz Department at an elevation of 2,437 m at the foothills of the Racete range, where it is named Alto Ichilo (Upper Ichilo).
In its course, after joining San Matéo, it is called Ichilo, flowing in a northerly direction, where it forms the border between the Cochabamba Department and the Santa Cruz Department.
Flow Conditions
From its source to the mouth into the Amazon, the river has a total length of 2,455 km. The Ichilo itself has a length of 632 km and a catchment area of 15,660 km². It maximum depth is 18.6 m, right below Puerto Villarroel at km 100. Its maximum width is 420 m at km 75. The Ichilo is one of the Bolivian rivers with a high amount of water.
Tributaries
The most important tributaries of the Ichilo are the Bolivian Río Grande, Chapare, Piraí, Sacta, Víbora, Chimoré, Choré, Ibaresito, Ibabo and Useuta rivers.
Urban Areas
Ichilo River passes the metropolitan area of Santa Cruz in the west, the largest cities on the riverbanks is Puerto Villaroel.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
8561491
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%20Horace%20Thorndike
|
Ashley Horace Thorndike
|
Ashley Horace Thorndike (December 26, 1871 – April 17, 1933) was an American educator and expert on William Shakespeare.
Early life
Thorndike was born in Houlton, Maine on December 26, 1871. He was the son of a clergyman Edward R Thorndike, and the brother of Lynn Thorndike, an American historian of medieval science and alchemy, and Edward Lee Thorndike, known for being the father of modern educational psychology.
He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1893 followed by a masters degree from Harvard University in 1896 and a PhD in 1898.
Career
Before coming to Columbia University, he was a principal at Smith Academy in Hatfield, Massachusetts, and was an instructor at Boston University, Western Reserve University, and Northwestern University, where he was a professor of English from 1902 to 1906. At Columbia, he taught and wrote several notable textbooks, including Facts about Shakespeare (as coauthor), Tragedy, and English Comedy. He died of a heart attack in Manhattan as he was walking home from a club dinner. He was the brother of the medieval historian Lynn Thorndike. He introduced the term "revenge tragedy" in 1900 to label a class of plays written in the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras.
In 1927 he delivered the British Academy's Shakespeare Lecture.
Personal life
In 1899, Thorndike married Annette Marian Lowell of Hatfield, Massachusetts. They lived at 4643 Waldo Avenue in Riverdale, Bronx, where he had the New York architectural firm of Davis, McGrath & Kiessling design his home.
After collapsing at Madison Avenue and 41st Street while on his way home from a dinner in the Fraternity Clubs Building two blocks away, he died in a cab en route to Bellevue Hospital on April 17, 1933. His widow lived until 1959.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
8561513
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tome%27s%20spiny%20rat
|
Tome's spiny rat
|
Tome's spiny rat (Proechimys semispinosus), also known as Tomes' spiny rat or the Central American spiny rat, is a species of spiny rat distributed from Honduras to Ecuador. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
Description
Tome's spiny rat is a large rat with a head-and-body length of between and a tail length of between . The head is long and slender, with prominent eyes and narrow erect ears. At night, the eyes reflect a reddish eyeshine. The feet are long with strong nails. The pelage is sleek with spines mixed in with the dorsal fur, though these are not very obvious in the field. The upper parts are reddish-brown while the underparts are white. The tail is almost hairless and is reddish-brown above and white below. About 20% of animals encountered have no tail. This rat could be confused with the armored rat (Hoplomys gymnurus) which is much the same size, but the armored rat has a longer snout and smaller eyes, which are less reflective at night. Other terrestrial rats are considerably smaller and mostly have tails that are longer than their head-and-body lengths.
Its karyotype has 2n = 30 and FN = 50-54.
Distribution
The range of Tome's spiny rat extends from southeastern Honduras to southwestern Ecuador and possibly to northern Peru. It generally keeps below but in Ecuador may be found a little higher. It is a common species in evergreen and deciduous forest, favouring riparian corridors and low-lying areas. It is a tolerant and adaptable species, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
| 2.578125
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
The turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella) is a species of parrot in the genus Neophema native to Eastern Australia, from southeastern Queensland, through New South Wales and into North-Eastern Victoria. It was described by George Shaw in 1792. A small lightly built parrot at around long and in weight, it exhibits sexual dimorphism. The male is predominantly green with more yellowish underparts and a bright turquoise blue face. Its wings are predominantly blue with red shoulders. The female is generally duller and paler, with a pale green breast and yellow belly, and lacks the red wing patch.
Found in grasslands and open woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus and Callitris trees, the turquoise parrot feeds mainly on grasses and seeds and occasionally flowers, fruit and scale insects. It nests in hollows of gum trees. Much of its habitat has been altered and potential nesting sites lost. Predominantly sedentary, the turquoise parrot can be locally nomadic. Populations appear to be recovering from a crash in the early 20th century. The turquoise parrot has been kept in captivity since the 19th century, and several colour variants exist.
Taxonomy and naming
| 2.953125
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
Well known around the Sydney district at the time of European settlement in 1788, the turquoise parrot was described by George Shaw as Psittacus pulchellus in 1792. He called it the Turquoisine after its turquoise face patch. The holotype likely ended up in the Leverian collection in England, and was lost when the collection was broken up and sold. German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein gave it the scientific name Psittacus edwardsii in 1811, based on François Levaillant's description of the species as la Perruche Edwards in his 1805 work Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets. Levaillant named it in honour of the English naturalist George Edwards. William Swainson used Shaw's name in 1823 in his work Zoological Illustrations, noting that it was "impossible to represent this superb little creature in its full beauty". Drawing on the previous works, René Primevère Lesson described it as Lathamus azureus in 1830, the species name being the Medieval Latin word azureus meaning "blue".
Italian ornithologist Tommaso Salvadori defined the new genus Neophema in 1891, placing the turquoise parrot within it and giving it its current scientific name. There is little geographical variation, with some minor local differences in the amount of orange on the belly. In 1915, Gregory Mathews described a subspecies dombrainii from Victoria on the basis of more prominent red on the scapulars; however, this distinction was not confirmed on review with New South Wales specimens, and hence no subspecies are recognised. One of six species of grass parrot in the genus Neophema, it is most closely related to the scarlet-chested parrot. The two are an allopatric species pair, and are the only two species in the genus to exhibit marked sexual dimorphism—where the male and female are different in appearance.
| 3.03125
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
The English common name of the turquoise parrot has varied between chestnut-shouldered parakeet, chestnut-shouldered grass-parakeet, chestnut-shouldered grass-parrot, chestnut-winged grass-parakeet, chestnut-winged grass-parrot, and turquoisine grass parrot, this last name commonly used in aviculture. The name red-shouldered parakeet was incorrectly applied to this species, as it was an alternative name for the paradise parrot.
Description
Ranging from 20 to 22 cm (8–8 in) long with a wingspan, the turquoise parrot is a small and slightly built parrot weighing around . Both sexes have predominantly green upperparts and yellow underparts. The male has a bright turquoise-blue face which is darkest on the crown and slightly paler on the lores, cheeks and ear coverts. The neck and upperparts are grass-green, and the tail is grass-green with yellow borders. The wing appears bright blue with a darker leading edge when folded, with a band of red on the shoulder. The underparts are bright yellow, slightly greenish on the breast and neck. Some males have orange patches on the belly, which may extend to the breast. When extended, the wing is dark blue with red on the trailing edge on the upper surface, and black with dark blue leading coverts underneath. The upper mandible of the bill is black and may or may not fade to grey at the base, while the lower mandible is cream with a grey border in the mouth. The cere and orbital eye-ring are grey and the iris is dark brown. The legs and feet are grey.
Generally duller and paler, the female has a more uniform and paler blue face, with highly contrasting cream bare skin around the eye. It lacks the red shoulder band, and the blue shoulder markings are darker and less distinct. The throat and chest are pale green and the belly is yellow. The upper mandible is paler brown-grey with a darker tip, and has been recorded as black while nesting. The lower mandible is pale grey to almost white. When flying, the female has a broad white bar visible on the underwing.
| 2.96875
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
Juvenile birds of both sexes have less extensive blue on their faces, the coloration not extending past the eye. The upperparts resemble those of the adult female. Both sexes have the white wing-stripe, which disappears with maturity in males. The immature male has a red patch on the wing and may also have an orange wash on the belly.
Distribution and habitat
The turquoise parrot is found in the foothills of the Great Dividing Range and surrounding areas. The northern limit of its range is 26° south in southeastern Queensland, around Cooloola, Blackbutt and Chinchilla, extending westwards to the vicinity of St George. Before 1945, it had been recorded as far north as the Suttor River and Mackay. In New South Wales, it is found in a broad band across the central and eastern parts of the state, with its western limits delineated by Moree, Quambone, Hillston, Narrandera and Deniliquin. There have been unconfirmed sightings in the far west of the state. In Victoria it is found in the vicinity of Wangaratta as well as East Gippsland and around Mallacoota. Sightings in South Australia are likely to have been the scarlet-chested parrot, the similar appearance of the females leading to confusion and misidentification.
The turquoise parrot inhabits open woodland and savanna woodland composed either of native cypress (Callitris species) or eucalypts, particularly white box (Eucalyptus albens), yellow box (E. melliodora), Blakely's red gum (E. blakelyi), red box (E. polyanthemos), red stringybark (E. macrorhyncha), bimble box (E. populnea), or mugga ironbark (E. sideroxylon), and less commonly Angophora near Sydney, silvertop ash forest (E. sieberi) in Nadgee Nature Reserve, and stands of river red gum (E. camaldulensis), mountain swamp gum (E. camphora) or western grey box (E. microcarpa) in flatter more open areas. Within this habitat, it prefers rocky ridges or gullies, or transitional areas between different habitats, such as between woodland and grassland or fields in cultivated areas.
| 2.765625
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
The turquoise parrot is considered sedentary and does not migrate, though its movements are not well known. Birds are present in some areas all year, though in northern Victoria they are thought to move into more open areas outside the breeding season. Some populations may be locally nomadic, following availability of water.
Behaviour
Turquoise parrots are encountered in pairs or small groups consisting of parents and several offspring, though they may congregate into larger flocks of up to 75 predominantly juvenile birds outside the breeding season. As the breeding season nears, pairs separate out from these flocks. Turquoise parrots roost together communally in autumn and winter. At night they roost among the foliage of trees such as gums or wattles, anywhere from above the ground. They retreat to trees near their feeding areas during the day. The calls of the turquoise parrot have been little-studied; birds give a high-pitched soft contact call when feeding or in flight, while the alarm call has been described as a high-pitched zitting call. Turquoise parrots also chatter when settling to roost in the evening.
Breeding
| 3.25
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
The turquoise parrot is monogamous. The male perches upright on a tree stump and extends its wings to show off its red and blue markings when courting a female. Once paired, both sexes look for a nesting site, which is ultimately chosen by the female. Breeding has been reported from Girraween National Park on the New South Wales–Queensland border in the north to Wangaratta and Mallacoota in Victoria. Birds use vertical or nearly vertical hollows of live and dead trees, generally eucalypts, as nesting sites. Occasionally old fence posts have been used. The turquoise parrot competes with—and may be ousted by—the eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius), red-rumped parrot (Psephotus haematonotus) and brown treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus) for suitable breeding sites. The tree containing the hollow is often located in open woodland, and the hollow itself is generally at least above the ground. Fieldwork in northern Victoria yielded average dimensions of for the hollow entrance, and a depth of around for the depth of the hole. Elsewhere the average depth is around .
| 2.859375
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
Breeding takes place over the warmer months with eggs laid from August to January. The clutch is laid on a bed of wood dust or leaves and consists of two to five (or rarely up to eight) round or oval glossy white eggs, each of which is generally 21 to 22 mm long by 18 mm (0.8 by 0.7 in) wide. Clutches tend to have more eggs in earlier rather than later clutches, and in nests located further from cleared land. Eggs are laid at an interval of two to three days. Incubation takes 18 to 21 days. The female incubates the eggs and broods the young, and feeds them for their first few days before the male begins helping. She leaves to feed and drink twice a day, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. Both parents take part in feeding the young, on a diet predominantly of seeds with some fruit. The chicks are altricial and nidicolous; that is, they are born helpless and blind and remain in the nest for an extended period. Covered in silvery-white down, they have pink skin and darker blue-grey skin around the eye. By seven days they open their eyes, and are well-covered in grey down with pin feathers emerging from their wings on day six. They are almost covered in feathers by day 21, and fledge (leave the nest) at around 23 days of age in the wild and up to 30 days of age in captivity.
Around 56% of eggs lead to successful fledging of young, with fieldwork in northeastern Victoria yielding an average of 2.77 young leaving the nest. The lace monitor (Varanus varius) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) are nest predators. Baby birds may perish by overheating in very hot weather, or by being drowned in the hollows after heavy rain.
| 3.15625
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
Feeding
The turquoise parrot is a predominantly ground-based seed eater, foraging in clearings in open woodland, forest margins, and near trees in more open areas such as pastures. It occasionally feeds along road verges and rarely ventures onto lawns. Birds forage in pairs or small troops of up to thirty or even fifty individuals. Observations at Chiltern in Victoria indicated seasonal variation in flock size, with turquoise parrots foraging in groups of 5–30 in winter and 6–8 in spring and summer. Foraging takes place from early in the morning till late afternoon, with a break between midday and mid-afternoon. Birds prefer to feed in shaded areas, where they are better camouflaged in the grass.
Grass and shrub seeds form the bulk of the diet, and leaves, flowers, fruit and scale insects are also eaten. The turquoise parrot has been recorded feeding on seeds of various plant species; more commonly consumed items include the fruit of common fringe-myrtle (Calytrix tetragona), seeds and fruit of erect guinea-flower (Hibbertia riparia), daphne heath (Brachyloma daphnoides), seeds of common raspwort (Gonocarpus tetragynus), Geranium species, black-anther flax-lily (Dianella revoluta) and grass species such as the introduced big quaking grass (Briza maxima) and little quaking grass (B. minor) and members of the genus Danthonia, members of the pea genus Dillwynia, and small-leaved beard-heath (Leucopogon microphyllus). Seed of the introduced common chickweed (Stellaria media) and capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) are also consumed. Nectar of Grevillea alpina, and spores from moss have been recorded as food items.
A female was observed placing leaves of the flaky-barked tea-tree (Leptospermum trinervium) underneath its feathers, leading the observers to wonder whether they were being used to deter or kill insects.
| 3.09375
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
Pathogens
In 1966, a paramyxovirus with some antigenic similarity to Newcastle disease was isolated from the brain of a turquoise parrot in the Netherlands. That year, many aviary species including several species of Australian parrot and members of the genus Neophema had exhibited neurological symptoms reminiscent of Newcastle disease. Like other members of the genus, the turquoise parrot is highly sensitive to avian paramyxovirus infection. It is one of many species of parrot that can host the nematode Ascaridia platyceri.
Conservation status
Around 90% of the turquoise parrot population resides in New South Wales. The species is not listed as "threatened" on the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, though a status of near threatened was proposed by Stephen Garnett and Gabriel Crowley in their 2000 work The Action Plan for Australian Birds on account of the significant reduction in distribution. Its population and range have varied wildly; widely distributed across eastern Australia from Mackay to Melbourne up to the 1880s, it vanished from much of its range to the extent that it was presumed extinct in 1915. It was not recorded from Queensland between 1923 and 1950, and Victoria between the mid-1880s and 1949. However, numbers in New South Wales began increasing in the 1930s and the species had repopulated East Gippsland by the 1960s. Tentatively estimated at 20,000 breeding birds in 2000, the population is thought to be still rising.
| 3
| 0
|
8561534
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise%20parrot
|
Turquoise parrot
|
New South Wales
The turquoise parrot was once common across the Sydney region, and particularly abundant between the localities of Parramatta and Penrith. It dramatically declined in numbers between 1875 and 1895, although rare sightings in western Sydney and the Blue Mountains were recorded in the mid-twentieth century. The turquoise parrot was trapped for the aviary trade and used as pie-filling. Almost all of its preferred habitat, the Cumberland Plain, across western Sydney, had disappeared with development. Over half the woodland in New South Wales, and 80% across Australia has been cleared, and the remaining habitat is fragmented. A key issue is removal of mature eucalypts with resulting loss of hollows available for nesting. The species is thus listed as a Vulnerable species under Schedule 2 of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995 because of habitat destruction (TSC Act). Fire-burning regimes may be resulting in the regeneration favouring shrubs rather than grasses, which are the preferred food source for the species. Feral cats and foxes are a threat, particularly to nesting birds and young.
Victoria
Although formerly common in its range, the species was on the brink of extinction in Victoria by 1917. However, numbers have built up again since the 1930–40s as it reestablished in its former territory. On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, this species is listed as near threatened.
| 2.953125
| 0
|
8561554
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20Ferry
|
Anderson Ferry
|
The Anderson Ferry is a ferry across the Ohio River between Cincinnati, Ohio and Constance, Kentucky. It has been in continuous operation since 1817. It was originated by George W Anderson the founder of the business, sold to the Kottmyer family then known as the Kotmeyer ferry and was later sold back to the Anderson family in 1986. The ferry was often used in the 19th century by Kentucky farmers bringing their product to market in Cincinnati. It is the lone survivor of dozens of ferries that once served the Cincinnati area. The ferry is located about west of Downtown Cincinnati.
Route
The ferry connects Anderson Ferry Road (a major arterial street on the Ohio side which traverses the City of Cincinnati; Delhi Township; and Green Township from south to north) with a short private road, which in turn connects with Kentucky Route 8 (the middle section) just east of its junction with Kentucky Route 20 near Constance, Kentucky. A short distance southwest from this junction is KY 20's junction with Kentucky Route 212, which provides the main access to the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. It provides a shortcut for Cincinnati westsiders going to the airport located in Boone County, Kentucky. Price (January 2020) for a one-way ride with a car is $5.00; or a book of 10 tickets can be had for $35.00. In 2020 and 2021, the ferry saw a record amount of usage as closures and construction on the Brent Spence Bridge led to more vehicles utilizing the service.
| 2.140625
| 0
|
8561566
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zababdeh
|
Zababdeh
|
Zababdeh or Zababida () is a town in the State of Palestine, in the northern West Bank, located southeast of Jenin and from the Arab American University.
History
Sherds from the Middle Bronze Age II, Iron Age I & II, through to the Byzantine era have been found at the site.
Remains of a Frankish bovaria (=farm) has been noted, while sherds from the Mamluk and Ottoman era have also been found.
Ottoman era
The village was (re-)founded in 1834, during the Ottoman era, by three Christian Greek Orthodox families who purchased the land from Jenin Muslims. In 1838 "Zabedet" was noted as a Greek Christian village in the Haritheh area, north of Nablus.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as a "moderate sized village at the south edge of the arable plain called Wady es Selhab, supplied by a well on the east, with a low hill covered with brushwood on the south."
The Latin Catholic mission established its presence in the village in 1883.
In the 19th century sister Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas lived here.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Zababdeh had a population of 482; 64 Muslims and 418 Christians, where the Christians were 83 Orthodox, 261 Roman Catholics and 74 Church of England. In the 1931 census the number of inhabitants had increased to 632; 91 Muslims and 541 Christians, in a total of 134 houses.
In 1945 Village Statistics Zababida had a population of 870; 90 Muslims and 780 Christians, and the jurisdiction of the village was 5,719 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. 2,510 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 3,067 dunams for cereals, while 16 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Zababdeh was ruled by the Hashemites of Jordan.
In 1961, the population of Zababide was 1,474, of whom 1,077 were Christian.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
8561583
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20constable
|
Auxiliary constable
|
Unlike front line officers, auxiliary members wear caps with a red and black Battenburg markings, instead of solid red. Auxiliary constables are unarmed.
Ontario Provincial Police Auxiliary program
The Ontario Provincial Police Auxiliary program follows a mission statement: "To provide fully trained volunteer Auxiliary Members to perform police duties in special circumstances, including emergencies, when there are not sufficient O.P.P. police officers.". The O.P.P. auxiliary is a volunteer program where selected citizens receive special training in order to perform many duties such as community policing initiatives and projects, regular patrol, crime and disaster scenes, large gatherings or parades for crowd and traffic control, and traffic control at accidents. The Ontario Provincial Police auxiliary program is the only such Canadian program that requires its auxiliary constables to attend a full-time recruit course conducted near its regular training facility in Orillia,. This is followed by ongoing in-service training at the detachments. The program may also serve as a stepping stone for potential future employment.
The O.P.P. Auxiliary has an authorised strength of over 900 auxiliary constables and is the largest police auxiliary unit in Ontario.
It is recognized that the O.P.P. Auxiliary Constables shall not be utilized to replace regular members in any duties. Training must occur for auxiliary personnel to a level to provide necessary skills to safely fulfill the requirements of their mandate under the Police Services Act, and that they participate within those duties which enhance community policing efforts, crime prevention programs, and public service as opposed to direct police service delivery.
| 2.265625
| 0
|
8561583
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20constable
|
Auxiliary constable
|
The Ontario Police Services Act does, however, provide for instances when the Auxiliary Member may have the authority of a Police Officer. This can occur in an emergency situation where the O.P.P. requires additional strength to cope with a special occasion or event. To insure proficiency, O.P.P. auxiliary constables are required to conduct monthly patrol duties with regular constables. O.P.P. auxiliary constables are not authorised to carry side arms during normal operations, but may be equipped with a long gun when patrolling with a regular member. All O.P.P. auxiliary constables receive annual training with both side arms and long guns.
History of the O.P.P. Auxiliary
The O.P.P. Auxiliary was originally formed in 1960 by an Order-in-Council when the program absorbed the Emergency Measures Organization who were trained in crowd control and first aid. The Program was managed by the O.P.P. and its members in the early years helped at community events and patrolled with regular O.P.P. members. Following an audit in 1988 a number of recommendations were made and in 1991 they became self-directed and the Commissioner appointed Auxiliary Chief Superintendent Terry Harkins as its executive director; Provincial Commander of the O.P.P. Auxiliary.
The volunteer component developed and included ranks, positions, promotional processes that mirrored the regular O.P.P. structure.
In the new organization, the Auxiliary took on the responsibility for standardized selection process and training of its members. The Auxiliary O.P.P. uniform differs only in the light blue shirt they wear as opposed to the dark blue shirt worn by regular O.P.P. members and all components of their outwear bear insignia identifying them as "Auxiliary/Auxiliare".
In 1997 GATB (General Aptitude Test Battery) and Psychological Testing of new auxiliary recruits commenced.
| 2.34375
| 0
|
8561625
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Public%20Affairs%2C%20Poland
|
Institute of Public Affairs, Poland
|
Institute of Public Affairs (IPA, Instytut Spraw Publicznych) is an independent, non-partisan public policy think tank in Poland. The IPA was established in 1995 to support modernization reforms and to provide a forum for informed debate on social and political issues. It is a Public Benefit Organization as defined by Polish law.
Staff
Jacek Kucharczyk has been the president of the IPA executive board since 2009; previously he was the Institute's director for programming. Previously, Lena Kolarska-Bobińska served as president of the executive board and director of the Institute from 1997 to 2009.
Achievements
In November 2001, the institute was awarded a special prize and the title of “The Institution of the Year 2001” by the Pro Publico Bono Foundation.
Wide international echo was gathered by the two IPA’s publications: “The second wave of Polish reforms” and “Four Reforms - from the concept to the realisation”. In the special survey about Poland in “The Economist” these two were mentioned as one of three major sources of information (in addition to OECD reports and Prof. Norman Davies’ book).
IPA was one of the most active non-government organization in preparations to the accessing referendum and the referendum campaign. Its concept of two-day voting paved the way for the constitutional 50% voter turnout.
Activity
The Institute of Public Affairs conducts research as well as societal analysis and presents policy recommendations.
IPA has prepared reform proposals for the key areas in society and politics. The Institute has a network of associates, which consists of scholars from different academic institutions as well as numerous social and political actors.
The IPA publishes the results of its activities in the form of books and policy papers. It also organizes seminars, conferences and lectures. Its publications are distributed to members of parliament, government officials, the media and non-governmental organizations.
| 2.09375
| 0
|
8561639
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus%20%C3%97%20hollandica%20%27Klemmer%27
|
Ulmus × hollandica 'Klemmer'
|
Ulmus × hollandica 'Klemmer', or Flanders Elm, is probably one of a number of hybrids arising from the crossing of Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra) with a variety of Field Elm (Ulmus minor), making it a variety of Ulmus × hollandica. Originating in the Bruges area, it was described by Gillekens in 1891 as l'orme champêtre des Flandres in a paper which noted its local name, klemmer, and its rapid growth in an 1878–91 trial. Kew, Henry (1913), and Krüssmann (1976) listed it as an Ulmus × hollandica cultivar, though Henry noted its "similarity in some respects" to field elm Ulmus minor, while Green went as far as to regard it as "possibly U. carpinifolia" (:minor).
Etymology
The name 'Klemmer' derives from the Flemish for 'climber', a reference to the tree's rapid growth and lofty height. Klemmeri, used by the Späth nursery among others, is a misnomer, incorrectly implying a proper noun Klemmer.
Not to be confused with 'Klehmii', a cultivar of Ulmus americana named for Charles Klehm, an Illinois nurseryman.
Description
'Klemmer' is a tall, fast growing tree, with a straight cylindrical stem and ascending branches, initially forming a narrow, conical or pyramidal head which later broadens, and producing numerous root-suckers and some epicormic shoots. The bark, smooth in young trees, is later fissured. The leaves are ovate, up to 7.5 cm (3 in) long (Krüssmann says up to 10 cm) and up to 5.0 cm (2 in) broad, shortly acuminate at the apex, the upper surface dark green, scabrous and glabrescent, the margins slightly crispate. The seed is situated close to the notch of the samara. The timber is reddish in hue, strong but liable to warping. Feneau noted (1902) that young trees were susceptible to frost damage.
Pests and diseases
'Klemmer' has no significant resistance to Dutch elm disease.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
8561669
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e%20Lakanal
|
Lycée Lakanal
|
Lycée Lakanal is a public secondary school in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, France, in the Paris metropolitan area. It was named after Joseph Lakanal, a French politician, and an original member of the Institut de France. The school also offers a middle school and highly ranked "classes préparatoires" undergraduate training. Famous French scientists and writers have graduated from lycée Lakanal, such as Jean Giraudoux, Alain-Fournier and Frédéric Joliot-Curie. The school includes a science building, a large park, a track, and dormitories for the Pôle Espoir Rugby and the boarding students. Several teachers also live at the school along with boarding students. The main classrooms and the dormitories are in one building, and the school uses space heaters in every classroom except the science building's classrooms and the gymnasium.
the school has about 2,550 students in all levels, from junior high school to preparatory classes.
History
Jules Ferry, the Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, ordered the school built. Construction took place between 1882 and 1885.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
8561726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Design%20of%20Everyday%20Things
|
The Design of Everyday Things
|
The Design of Everyday Things is a best-selling book by cognitive scientist and usability engineer Donald Norman. Originally published in 1988 with the title The Psychology of Everyday Things, it is often referred to by the initialisms POET and DOET. A new preface was added in 2002 and a revised and expanded edition was published in 2013.
The book's premise is that design serves as the communication between object and user, and discusses how to optimize that conduit of communication in order to make the experience of using the object pleasurable. It argues that although people are often keen to blame themselves when objects appear to malfunction, it is not the fault of the user but rather the lack of intuitive guidance that should be present in the design.
Norman uses case studies to describe the psychology behind what he deems good and bad design, and proposes design principles. The book spans several disciplines including behavioral psychology, ergonomics, and design practice.
Contents
In the book, Norman introduced the term affordance as it applied to design, borrowing James J. Gibson's concept from ecological psychology. In the revised edition of his book in 2013, he also introduced the concept of signifiers to clarify his definition of affordances. Examples of affordances are doors that can be pushed or pulled. These are the possible interactions between an object and its user. Examples of corresponding signifiers are flat plates on doors meant to be pushed, small finger-size push-buttons, and long and rounded bars we intuitively use as handles. As Norman used the term, a door affords pushing or pulling, and the plate or button signals that it is meant to be pushed, while the bar or handle signals pulling. Norman discussed door handles at length.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
8561726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Design%20of%20Everyday%20Things
|
The Design of Everyday Things
|
Building up the Stages
The history behind the action cycle starts from a conference in Italy attended by Donald Norman. This excerpt has been taken from the book The Design of Everyday Things:
I am in Italy at a conference. I watch the next speaker attempt to thread a film onto a projector that he never used before. He puts the reel into place, then takes it off and reverses it. Another person comes to help. Jointly they thread the film through the projector and hold the free end, discussing how to put it on the takeup reel. Two more people come over to help and then another. The voices grow louder, in three languages: Italian, German and English. One person investigates the controls, manipulating each and announcing the result. Confusion mounts. I can no longer observe all that is happening. The conference organizer comes over. After a few moments he turns and faces the audience, who had been waiting patiently in the auditorium. "Ahem," he says, "is anybody expert in projectors?" Finally, fourteen minutes after the speaker had started to thread the film (and eight minutes after the scheduled start of the session) a blue-coated technician appears. He scowls, then promptly takes the entire film off the projector, rethreads it, and gets it working.
Norman pondered on the reasons that made something like threading of a projector difficult to do. To examine this, he wanted to know what happened when something implied nothing. In order to do that, he examined the structure of an action. So to get something done, a notion of what is wanted – the goal that is to be achieved, needs to be started. Then, something is done to the world i.e. take action to move oneself or manipulate someone or something. Finally, the checking is required if the goal was made. This led to formulation of Stages of Execution and Evaluation.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
8561726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Design%20of%20Everyday%20Things
|
The Design of Everyday Things
|
Stages of Execution
Execution formally means to perform or do something. Norman explains that a person sitting on an armchair while reading a book at dusk, might need more light when it becomes dimmer and dimmer. To do that, he needs to switch on the button of a lamp i.e. get more light (the goal). To do this, one must need to specify on how to move one's body, how to stretch to reach the light switch and how to extend one's finger to push the button. The goal has to be translated into an intention, which in turn has to be made into an action sequence.
Thus, formulation of stages of execution:
Start at the top with the goal, the state that is to be achieved.
The goal is translated into an intention to do some action.
The intention must be translated into a set of internal commands, an action sequence that can be performed to satisfy the intention.
The action sequence is still a mutual event: nothing happens until it is executed, performed upon the world.
Stages of Evaluation
Evaluation formally means to examine and calculate. Norman explains that after turning on the light, we evaluate if it is actually turned on. A careful judgement is then passed on how the light has affected our world i.e. the room in which the person is sitting on the armchair while reading a book.
The formulation of the stages of evaluation can be described as:
Evaluation starts with our perception of the world.
This perception must then be interpreted according to our expectations.
Then it is compared (evaluated) with respect to both our intentions and our goals.
Gulf of execution
The difference between the intentions and the allowable actions is the gulf of execution.
"Consider the movie projector example: one problem resulted from the Gulf of Execution. The person wanted to set up the projector. Ideally, this would be a simple thing to do. But no, a long, complex sequence was required. It wasn't all clear what actions had to be done to accomplish the intentions of setting up the projector and showing the film."
| 3.015625
| 0
|
8561726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Design%20of%20Everyday%20Things
|
The Design of Everyday Things
|
In the gulf of execution is the gap between a user's goal for action and the means to execute that goal. Usability has as one of its primary goals to reduce this gap by removing roadblocks and steps that cause extra thinking and actions that distract the user's attention from the task intended, thereby preventing the flow of his or her work, and decreasing the chance of successful completion of the task.
This can be illustrated through the discussion of a VCR problem. Let us imagine that a user would like to record a television show. They see the solution to this problem as simply pressing the Record button. However, in reality, to record a show on a VCR, several actions must be taken:
Press the record button.
Specify time of recording, usually involving several steps to change the hour and minute settings.
Select channel to record on - either by entering the channel's number or selecting it with up/down buttons.
Save the recording settings, perhaps by pressing an "OK" or "menu" or "enter" button.
The difference between the user's perceived execution actions and the required actions is the gulf of execution.
Gulf of evaluation
The gulf of evaluation reflects the amount of effort that the person must exert to interpret the physical state of the system and to determine how well the expectations and intentions have been met. In the gulf of evaluation is the degree to which the system or artifact provides representations that can be directly perceived and interpreted in terms of the expectations and intentions of the user. Or put differently, the gulf of evaluation is the difficulty of assessing the state of the system and how well the artifact supports the discovery and interpretation of that state. In the book, "The gulf is small when the system provides information about its state in a form that is easy to get, is easy to interpret, and matches the way the person thinks of the system".
| 2.640625
| 0
|
8561726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Design%20of%20Everyday%20Things
|
The Design of Everyday Things
|
"In the movie projector example there was also a problem with the Gulf of Evaluation. Even when the film was in the projector, it was difficult to tell if it had been threaded correctly."
The gulf of evaluation applies to the gap between an external stimulus and the time a person understands what it means. The gulf of evaluation stands for the psychological gap that must be crossed to interpret a user interface display, following the steps: interface → perception → interpretation → evaluation. Both "gulfs" were first mentioned in Donald Norman's 1986 book User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-computer Interaction.
Usage as Design Aids
The seven-stage structure is referenced as design aid to act as a basic checklist for designers' questions to ensure that the Gulfs of Execution and Evaluation are bridged.
The Seven Stages of relationship can be broken down into 4 main principles of good design:
Visibility - By looking, the user can tell the state of the device and the alternatives for action.
A Good Conceptual Model - The designer provides a good conceptual model for the user, with consistency in the presentation of operations and results and a coherent, consistent system image.
Good mappings - It is possible to determine the relationships between actions and results, between the controls and their effects, and between the system state and what is visible.
Feedback - The user receives full and continuous feedback about the results of the actions.
Reception
After a group of industrial designers felt affronted after reading an early draft, Norman rewrote the book to make it more sympathetic to the profession.
The book was originally published with the title The Psychology of Everyday Things. In his preface to the 2002 edition, Norman has stated that his academic peers liked the original title, but believed the new title better conveyed the content of the book and better attracted interested readers.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
8561733
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon%20Day
|
Melon Day
|
Melon Day is an annual national holiday in Turkmenistan devoted to festivities to celebrate the country's melon, in particular a recent crossbreed product named "Turkmenbashy melon" (after Turkmenistan's first president), which is praised for its aroma, taste and massive size. It takes place on the second Sunday in August.
This holiday was established by Turkmenistan's then-President Saparmurat Niyazov in 1994, who preferred to be known as Turkmenbashy (), or head of the Turkmen people. The day's celebrations feature a large display of the fruit in all its varieties, as well as a series of dance and music events, in the country's capital, Ashgabat.
In his address to farmers in 2004, President Niyazov said: "Almighty God has turned Turkmen soil into a fertile source of an abundance of the tastiest fruits. Among them are Turkmen melons, which are the result of farmers' hard work and which have a unique taste reminiscent of the fruit of paradise." In newspapers Niyazov was quoted as saying, "The Turkmen melon is the source of our pride. Its taste has no equals in the world, the smell makes your head spin."
Melon Day is among 24 public holidays of Turkmenistan – typical titles of which are Drop of Water is a Grain of Gold Festival, Festival of the Poetry of Magtymguli, Good Neighborliness Day, Race Horse Day, and Carpet Day.
| 2.34375
| 0
|
8561774
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Israel
|
Cinema of Israel
|
Author Julie Gray notes, "Israeli film is certainly not new in Israel, but it is fast gaining attention in the U.S., which is a double-edged sword. American distributors feel that the small American audience interested in Israeli film, are squarely focused on the turbulent and troubled conflict that besets us daily."
In 2014 Israeli-made films sold 1.6 million tickets in Israel, the best in Israel's film history.
Genres
Documentary films
Israeli and Zionist documentary films were shot both before and after 1948, often with the purpose of not just informing Jews living elsewhere, but also for attracting donations from them and for persuading them to immigrate. Among the pioneers who were active both as photographers and cinematographers are Ya'acov Ben-Dov (1882–1968) and Lazar Dünner (most often spelled Dunner; 1912-1994). Dünner first worked as a cinematographer, gradually moving into other film-making tasks. In 1937 he shot the 15-minute film "A Day in Degania", in full colour, giving us a document about the first kibbutz some 27 years after it being established, and with the Nazi threat still "just" as a background threat, not fully mentioned by name. In 1949, after years of war, Dünner would start churning out short documentaries of this type, narrated in English for the benefit of the mainly US public.
| 2.359375
| 0
|
8561789
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia%20stipitata
|
Eugenia stipitata
|
Eugenia stipitata (Araza, Portuguese common names araçá, araçá-boi , Spanish common name arazá, from Guarani arasa; also known as membrillo in Ecuador) is a fruit tree native to the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador.
Description
Arazá originated in the western part of Amazonia. This plant is a lesser-known and underutilized crop, which have certain attractive properties for further agricultural development. Although the fruit is very acidic when eaten directly from the tree, it can be processed into juices, nectars, marmalades, ice-creams, and other foods with a refreshing taste. The species is believed to have its origin in the extreme west of the Amazon basin, perhaps in the Peruvian Amazon. Most of the wild populations are found on old, non-floodable terraces in tropical, white, highly leached podzolic soils, which are distributed specifically within the area between the Marañón and Ucayali Rivers and where the Amazon begins and as far as Iquitos (ssp. sororia) and in Brazilian state Acre (ssp. Stipitata). It is only found in the western Amazon and does not appear to have been widely spread by the indigenous people, although some of the best varieties appear to have been selected by the indigenous people of Peru around Iquitos. The reason is that within the locally cultivated material, there occur varieties 12 cm in diameter and 740 g in weight, compared with the wild populations which do not exceed 7 cm in diameter and 30 g in weight. Less frequently, species may be found also in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia. It is grown as an exotic species in other tropical areas of South America, as well as Central America and Florida. Specimens have also been introduced elsewhere in the tropics, such as Malaysia.
| 2.78125
| 0
|
8561828
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha%20Kolpakov
|
Sasha Kolpakov
|
Aleksandr Alexandrovich Kolpakov (; (born 15 February 1943 in Buzuluk, Orenburg Oblast, RSFSR, Soviet Union) is a Soviet and Russian guitarist, singer and composer.
Biography
Coming from a Servo family, a group of Romani people found mostly in Russia and Ukraine, he started playing a seven string guitar at an early age while living in the region of Saratov. Having moved twenty years ago to Moscow, he played in several groups but worked mostly in the Romen Theatre, the only Romani theater in existence in the world.
Kolpakov also engages in independent projects, such as playing with the Kolpakov Trio, the first Russian Romani ensemble to tour North America in the post-communist period. His nephew, Vadim Kolpakov has mastered the seven-string guitar and has been a member of the Kolpakov Trio since 1994.
As a soloist and composer, Rodava Tut is Sasha's first record, published by Opre, a Swiss label dedicated to the promotion of Romani music. His music is typical of what one could listen to while spending an evening at home with Roma. Some of the songs are several hundred years old.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
8561837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anne%27s%20Guild
|
Saint Anne's Guild
|
Saint Anne's Guild (also spelt gild) was a medieval religious guild in Dublin, Ireland. It is noteworthy among such guilds for the considerable documentary evidence extant and for having survived as a Roman Catholic lay association until the eighteenth century.
Origin
Father Myles Ronan, in his essay 'Dublin Medieval guilds', found in The Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Volume XXVI, July to December 1925, states:
The guilds filled gaps in the social fabric not provided for by the systems of agricultural life, military defence or the Church. Guilds were unmentioned in Ireland before the Norman Conquest of 1169–71. To devote money to education or religion, the Irish nobility had to obtain permission from the English Crown. Guilds fell into two classes: social-religious, and Dublin trade guilds. The latter were either merchant guilds and craft guilds. Although both classes were present in the thirteenth century, they abounded in the period between the fourteenth and the sixteenth century. Many were set up shortly before the Reformation. They received royal charters that enabled them to hold property and devote some of it to the upkeep of a chapel and chaplain. This was a corporate imitation of the foundation of the chantry, which was made by private and wealthy individuals. On the religious side, the two classes of guilds had much in common.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
8561837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anne%27s%20Guild
|
Saint Anne's Guild
|
The guild acquired extensive property in the city and county of Dublin and elsewhere. Although the guild was not founded until 1430, some of the title deeds of its subsequently acquired property extend as far back as 1285, and continue until 1740. The fate of the rest of the records is unknown. After the Reformation it became safer to conceal or destroy incriminating documents, because of inquiries by the Established Church and Government. It had been suspected that the trusts impressed on the guild were not carried out.
Lancelot Bulkeley, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, may have preserved the deeds in the Academy. James I and Charles I tried to investigate the guild and its alleged, illegal procedures. The eagerness of Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, a minister of Charles I, in searching into the affairs of the fraternity may have hastened his end.
St. Anne's Chapel
The devotion in Dublin became so popular that in a Provincial Council on 21 March 1352, under Archbishop de St. Paul, 26 July festival of St. Anne was ordered to be celebrated as a double, and the people to refrain from labour and attend their parish churches. Thus it became a holiday of obligation, along with the festivals of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Translation of Thomas Becket, and St. Katherine who was a virgin and martyr. It was further ordered that curates, on pain of excommunication, if they performed not the proper services on these days, were to procure them within six months. On St. Anne's Day, the service for St. Mary Magdalene was to be used mutatis mutandis. When the religious guild was to be established in 1430 in St. Audoen's, it was natural to find its patron in St. Anne.
In 1430 Henry VI, by letters patent dated 16 December, with the assent of Richard Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin and Justiciar of Ireland, granted licence to found a chantry in St Audoen's Church and to endow a chapel and guild.
| 2.671875
| 0
|
8561837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anne%27s%20Guild
|
Saint Anne's Guild
|
The guild was to support six chantry priests, one to celebrate in a chapel that was to be built and dedicated to St. Anne, one in the Lady Chapel, and one at each of the four altars above named, for the souls of the king, founders, and brethren, etc., and it was allowed to receive income up to 100 marks (£66 13s. 4d. equivalent to about £1,000 before 1939) yearly for their maintenance.
St. Anne's Chapel was erected at the south side of the nave, running parallel to it as far as the chancel. The south wall was taken down, and six new pillars formed five bays, causing the chapel to become the south aisle of the church. Later, this aisle was continued eastwards by the erection of the Portlester Chapel, and forming a church of 'two aisles'.
Unfortunately, no other records of the other religious guilds survive, with the exception of the original charters of St. Sythe's and St. George's.
Procedures
Each of the six chaplains of this guild had an altar or chapel assigned to him on appointment, where he celebrated daily and served in the choir. It would seem that even on 'feryall' days, there was a Missa Cantata, the Mary Mass, at which they were bound to assist, and on Fridays at the Jesus Mass. They were also bound to assist at all services on principal feasts and holidays.
They had the assistance of the two clerks attached to the church, one of whom sang and played at the organs, at all those services, for which he received a special annuity of £8 (£120 before 1939), and half of the profit of the 'bells and church cake'. The other clerk was appointed to assist the chaplains by singing and reading in choir daily at divine service at a salary of 7 marks. Every second week he caused fire and water to be brought, rang the bells, and accompanied the parish priest or curate in visiting the sick. He was granted the other half profit of the church cake, bells and 'mind' money.
| 2.15625
| 0
|
8561837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anne%27s%20Guild
|
Saint Anne's Guild
|
Commerce
The guild accumulated property between 1430 and 1558, through bequests and donations. Houses, rents and lands were deeded to it, many of which remain in the guild collection.
The guild sometimes carried on a kind of co-operation in commerce. One deed (No. 1 in Calendar) Robert Dovedall, a knight, gave 100 marks to be disposed of in merchandise, iron and salt being mentioned as the probable commodities.
The trustees were to ensure security for the trust. Out of every 12d. increase or yearly profit on the 100 marks' over and above the 1½d., went to the merchant in charge of the commodities for the time being. The goods were loaned to some guild members. The grantor's cousins or allies were to receive preference for the loan, provided they gave the usual collateral. Recipients paid interest on the value. But the master and wardens could choose to invest the money in lands in a 'good part of the country'. This lending system was also found in the religious guild of St. Mary at Cambridge. These arrangements prefigured more recent cooperative and tontine societies, as well as Bona Mors associations.
| 2.328125
| 0
|
8561837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anne%27s%20Guild
|
Saint Anne's Guild
|
Investigations
Guilds became numerous and collectively important in England. They were so much feared as wealthy agencies supporting 'superstitious uses' that in the last year of Henry VIII and the first year of Edward VI two Acts were passed which suppressed them all, and appropriated their property to the Crown. The trade guilds had so much in common with the religious guilds that they were included in the inquiry which preceded the Acts; but they escaped the religious guilds' fate because they were clearly mercantile and trade companies. No record explains the fate of Dublin's religious guilds, although abundant records show that St. Anne's guild continued at least until 1740. It thrived until 1611, when the Crown, the Irish Council, other public bodies and private individuals began to be directed against it. The Attorney-General required the master and wardens to justify the liberties taken in the chapel. In response, they presented their charter and their history. The Attorney-General replied that such a plea was not sufficient to protect their assets from the King, but did not confiscate their property.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
8561837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anne%27s%20Guild
|
Saint Anne's Guild
|
In 1634 Thomas Lowe attempted to compel the guild to devote its income to the Church. The now-reformed religion ended the need for a chantry, with priests to celebrate for the souls of the founders and brethren. Love affirmed that the fraternity was bound to support a chanting minister (himself) and six vicars. He evaded the question of Mass, which was a fundamental object of the guild. However, 'a chanting minister and six vicars' were not contemplated in the charter, and no revision of the charter had been made. The guild pleaded that its entire revenue was only £74 14s. yearly, which was expended on the parson, organist, choristers, and singers. However, the commission reported that the annual income amounted to £289 1s. 7d. Again the question was postponed. The commission that had been appointed consisted of John Bramhall, Bishop of Derry, Sir James Ware, and two others. The inquiries were to be preliminary to order for the establishment of six 'priests' who were to be in possession of the college house, which had been granted for other uses for years. Lowe advocated that the college and funds be restored, new brethren be appointed, and a principal room in the college be reserved for guild meetings and as a place to keep its muniments. From the account of the transaction collected by Sir James Ware:
| 2.109375
| 0
|
8561837
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anne%27s%20Guild
|
Saint Anne's Guild
|
From 1558 onwards, the status of the guild's property is unknown. The Bull of St. Pius V was a natural warning to preserve Roman Catholic property during the troubled times. It seems extraordinary that the guild retained its property The master and wardens could not appoint priests to the chantry, which had reformed itself. The college premises fell into ruin. Under James I some effort was made to trace the property, and the charters were brought into Court, to no avail. Wentworth began the real searching. It is possible that the property remained mostly in Roman Catholic hands, and that the revenues were devoted to St. Audoen's. The admission that from 1638 to 1681 nearly all the masters and wardens were of the Established Church would indicate that before 1638 that was not the case. There is no doubt, however, that the insurrection of 1641 began the downfall of Roman Catholic domination of the guild. Some of the principal members in 1682 were Catholics. In that year, after the storm created by the Titus Oates 'Popish Plot', the imprisonment and death of Peter Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin (1680) and execution of Oliver Plunket (1681), the Church tried again to appropriate the guild's property.
| 2.265625
| 0
|
8561841
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Norway
|
Cinema of Norway
|
Cinema in Norway has a long history, dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, and has an important stance in European cinema, contributing at least 30 feature-length films a year.
There have been over 1,050 films made in Norway ever since cinema's first introduction to the country in 1907.
Some of these films have been selected for the most prestigious film festivals around the world such as Cannes Film Festival, Toronto Film Festival, and Venice Film Festival. Fourteen Norwegian films have garnered Academy Award nominations. Two of them won the award: Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki for Best Documentary Feature Film
in 1951 and Torill Kove's The Danish Poet for Best Animated Short Film in 2006.
The first domestically produced Norwegian film was a short about fishermen, Fiskerlivets farer ("The Dangers in a Fisherman's Life"), dating from 1907. The first feature was released in 1911, produced by Halfman Nobel Roede. In 1931 Tancred Ibsen, grandson of playwright Henrik Ibsen, presented Norway's first feature-length sound film, Den store barnedåpen ("The Great Christening"). Throughout the 1930s, Ibsen dominated the nation's film industry. Fellow film director Leif Sinding was also very successful during this period. Ibsen produced conventional melodramas more or less on the model of Hollywood films.
In the modern era, notable filmmakers of Norway include, Joachim Trier, 3 time Cannes Film Festival contender, and Academy Award-nominated filmmaker, also the creator of the internationally acclaimed Norwegian film trilogy: the Oslo trilogy, which consists of the films Oslo August 31st, Reprise and The Worst Person in the World.
Followed by Morten Tyldum, an Academy Award for Best Director nominee, best known for making the Norwegian thriller film Headhunters (2011), The 2014 historical drama The Imitation Game, and the science fiction drama Passengers (2016). Other notable directors include but are not limited to: Eskil Vogt,
Bent Hamer, Nils Gaup and Espen Sandberg.
Notable films
| 2.59375
| 0
|
8561867
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ellison%20Vassar
|
John Ellison Vassar
|
John Ellison Vassar (1813–1878) was an American lay preacher and missionary.
Early life
John Ellison Vassar was born January 13, 1813, and named for his maternal uncle. He was the son of Thomas Vassar of Norfolk, England. Originally named "Vasseur", the family was descended from French Huguenots who arrived in England in the mid-eighteenth century. Thomas's family were Baptists, and he and his younger brother James (father of noted brewer and philanthropist Matthew Vassar) emigrated to the United States in 1796. They settled near the village of Poughkeepsie, New York, and took up farming on the Wappingers Creek near Manchester Bridge. Thomas married Joanna Ellison of Flatbush on Long Island.
Thomas returned to Norfolk briefly to obtain implements and seeds. Upon his return, he and his brother planted the first crop of barley in Dutchess County. They then began to brew ale, which they sold to supplement their income. Their product was so popular that they sold the farm and James moved to Poughkeepsie to start a brewery, while Thomas established a brickyard on the Dutchess Turnpike.
John Ellison Vassar began working in the brickyard at the age of twelve. When Vassar was twenty years old he sustained a severe injury when his foot slipped through a log bridge over a creek near his house. This left him with a limp.
Missionary
John Ellison Vassar married Mary Lee and moved to Poughkeepsie. While working at his cousin's brewery, he began attending revival meetings at the nearby Baptist church. He left the brewery and devoted his time and money to missionary work. In 1850 he became an agent and colporteur of the American Tract Society, and traveled as its representative throughout Illinois and other parts west. Thereafter he worked in New York and New England.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
8561904
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar%20Berne
|
Dagmar Berne
|
Berne became the first woman to study medicine in Australia, against the protests of the Dean of Medicine, Professor Anderson Stuart, one of several senior staff at the university who questioned the admission of female students, despite outwardly accepting it. She had a successful first year of medicine, gaining honours in anatomy, botany, chemistry, and zoology. However, she not pass an examination in her second year. Some writers have suggested that Stuart deliberately failed Berne or gave her lower marks because he did not want a woman to graduate in medicine. Others have suggested that despite immense dedication, Berne struggled to keep up with other students due to her lack of access to secondary education in science subjects.
Berne met English doctor Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (the second woman in the world to gain registration to practice as a doctor, after Elizabeth Blackwell), who was visiting Australia on a lecture tour in 1888. Berne told her of her difficulties studying medicine in Australia, and Garrett Anderson recounted her own experience while studying. She had not been allowed to finish her studies in England and had finished her education at the University of Paris instead. Inspired by Garrett Anderson's similar experience, Berne and her mother approached the Vice-Chancellor of the university, Sir Henry McLaurin for help in qualifying for her degree; but he refused, asserting that no woman would graduate in medicine while he was Vice-Chancellor.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
8561904
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar%20Berne
|
Dagmar Berne
|
Final year of study
During Berne's final year of study, the economic downturn in Australia of the early 1890s caused the family to lose all of their savings. This included the loss of the inheritances of Berne and Florence; the sisters' other siblings had been forced to work to support the family, their brother Frederick having to quit school. The sisters could no longer afford to support themselves while studying, and so Florence, without informing Berne, took a job as a governess based on her teaching experience. Although Berne protested this sacrifice, she ultimately completed her education, graduating in 1893. She obtained the Triple Qualification, the Scottish variant of the Conjoint qualification, comprising a joint diploma from the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.
Career
She was one of eighteen Australian women licensed to practice in Scotland in the 19th century, and one of eleven thereof to obtain the Triple Qualification.
Following this, Berne worked at a hospital in the London suburb of Tottenham as a resident, before returning to Australia in 1895. On 9 January 1895, Berne registered to practise as a doctor with the Medical Board of New South Wales. Previous women to register in Australia included Dr. Constance Stone, Victoria and Dr. Margaret Amelia Corlis, (Department of Public Instruction Sydney, 13 May 1892 - New South Wales Medical Board Sydney, 11 May 1892 - 1,766). She opened a practice in Macquarie Street, Sydney the same year. Her sister Eugenie came to live with her and persuaded her to take tests due to her continuing symptoms, despite the better Australian weather.
Later life and death
Berne was ultimately diagnosed with tuberculosis, and moved to the rural town of Trundle to stay with family friends, in the hope that the drier climate would be good for her health. She continued to practice in Trundle until her death in 1900.
| 2.375
| 0
|
8561937
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegaso%20Z-207
|
Pegaso Z-207
|
The Pegaso Z-207 was a truck model produced in Spain by Enasa from 1955 to 1959. It featured a V6 engine and a distinctive cab design. It was nicknamed Barajas, for the location, close to Madrid, where a new Pegaso plant was built to produce the Z-207.
The Z-207 was advanced for its time; its 7.5 L V6 engine had an aluminum block with cast iron cylinder liners, balance shaft, and a direct fuel injection system. The engine had two interchangeable cylinder heads, one for each group of three cylinders. It produced initially 110 and later 120 horsepower, enough for the vehicle to reach a top speed of 90 km/h with its maximum weight of 11,320 kg. The engine was mated to a three-speed gearbox divided by a splitter-type system into three low and three high, combined with a two-speed rear axle producing a total of twelve speeds. The splitter control was mechanical, by means of a lever situated under the steering column.
Another characteristic of the Z-207 was the independent front suspension with two superimposed trapezoids with helicoidal springs, each with a corresponding shock absorber offering a greater degree of comfort than a typical industrial vehicle of the era.
The "Barajas" range also included the Z-702, an articulated truck tractor for semi-trailers suitable for a payload of ten tons, and the Z-407, a rear-engined coach that never went into mass production. There was also a four-wheel-drive prototype, coded Z-213.
The Z-207 was expensive to build and to maintain, and was gradually replaced by the more conventional but better-selling Pegaso Comet, which included some Leyland components. Total production of the Z-207 range was 5,737 units.
The Pegaso Z-207 was known for its reliable performance, comfort, and durability. The bus had a reputation for its smooth ride quality and relatively low noise levels, contributing to a comfortable experience for both passengers and drivers.
| 2.109375
| 0
|
8561977
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Peder%20Bianco%20Boeck
|
Christian Peder Bianco Boeck
|
Christian Peder Bianco Boeck (September 5, 1798 – July 11, 1877) was a Norwegian medical doctor, zoologist, botanist and mountaineer. He is most associated with his catalog of approved drugs, Pharmacopoea Norvegica (1854) and with his studies of trilobites.
Biography
Boeck grew up at Kongsberg in Buskerud where his father worked for the Kongsberg Silver Mines. From 1817 he studied natural science and medicine at the Royal Frederick University (now University of Oslo). After his medical studies he traveled in Europe accompanied by Niels Henrik Abel and Baltazar Mathias Keilhau. In 1820, he made a botanically motivated expedition to Jotunheimen, with a launch point from the farm of Skrebergo in Øystre Slidre, where he had studied years before. This trip, which he undertook together with Keilhau, resulted in the first ascent of Kalvehøgdi (12 July 1820), Falketind (14 July 1820) and Nordre Skagastølstind (July 1820) and the exploration of some lakes. Later, the expedition became known as the Jotunheimen discovery (Jotunheimens oppdagelse).
| 2.375
| 0
|
8561977
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Peder%20Bianco%20Boeck
|
Christian Peder Bianco Boeck
|
He worked as a lecturer in Veterinary science at the faculty of medicine in the University of Oslo (1828–1840). He later became a professor in physiology. In 1836, Boeck and Keilhau went together along the Norwegian coast from Oslo to Trondheim to study a possible upheaval of the land. On these occasions Boeck obtained first hand knowledge of the various fields of geology. On several journeys abroad, sometimes accompanied by Keilhau, Boeck visited many scientific institutions and got in touch with leading geologists and biologists, including paleontologist Alexandre Brongniart.
Boeck also collaborated with Michael Sars. With his broad knowledge of natural science and of foreign scientific research, Boeck was a central figure in natural science. He joined in founding Den physiographiske Forening (later the Academy of Science in Oslo) and Lægeforeningen i Kristiania (later the Medical Society), and he was also for many years the editor of the periodical Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne. Boeck began paleontological studies in his student days. In the region of Oslo, he collected fossils, especially trilobites. Travel abroad gave him the opportunity of studying trilobites from Europe. In his first paper on trilobites (1827), Boeck presents a study of the group and deals with a number of foreign species which he personally had examined in Central European museum collections. In 1849, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Personal life
In 1828, he married Elisabeth Collett (1806–1883), daughter Jonas Collett (1772–1851) and Maren Christine Collett (1777–1860). They were the parents of
Jonas Axel Boeck (1833–1873) and Thorvald Olaf Boeck (1835–1901). The family lived in the neighborhood of Marienlyst in the borough of St. Hanshaugen in Kristiania (now Oslo).
| 2.5625
| 0
|
8562026
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescent%20wire
|
Electroluminescent wire
|
Electroluminescent wire (often abbreviated as EL wire) is a thin copper wire coated in a phosphor that produces light through electroluminescence when an alternating current is applied to it. It can be used in a wide variety of applications—vehicle and structure decoration, safety and emergency lighting, toys, clothing etc.—much as rope light or Christmas lights are often used. Unlike these types of strand lights, EL wire is not a series of points, but produces a continuous unbroken line of visible light. Its thin diameter makes it flexible and ideal for use in a variety of applications such as clothing or costumes.
Structure
EL wire's construction consists of five major components. First is a solid-copper wire core coated with phosphor. A very fine wire or pair of wires is spiral-wound around the phosphor-coated copper core and then the outer Indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive coating is evaporated on. This fine wire is electrically isolated from the copper core. Surrounding this "sandwich" of copper core, phosphor and fine copper wire is a clear PVC sleeve. Finally, surrounding this thin and clear PVC sleeve is another clear, colored translucent or fluorescent PVC sleeve.
An alternating current electric potential of approximately 90 to 120 volts at about 1000 Hz is applied between the copper core wire and the fine wire that surrounds the copper core. The wire can be modeled as a coaxial capacitor with about 1 nF of capacitance per 30 cm, and the rapid charging and discharging of this capacitor excites the phosphor to emit light. The colors of light that can be produced efficiently by phosphors are limited, so many types of wire use an additional fluorescent organic dye in the clear PVC sleeve to produce the final result. These organic dyes produce colors like red and purple when excited by the blue-green light of the core.
| 2.640625
| 0
|
8562026
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescent%20wire
|
Electroluminescent wire
|
A resonant oscillator is typically used to generate the high voltage drive signal. Because of the capacitance load of the EL wire, using an inductive (coiled) transformer makes the driver a very efficient tuned LC oscillator. The efficiency of EL wire is very high, and thus up to a hundred meters of EL wire can be driven by AA batteries for several hours.
In recent years, the LC circuit has been replaced for some applications with a single chip switched capacitor inverter IC such as the Supertex HV850; this can run 30 cm of angel hair wire at high efficiency, and is suitable for solar lanterns and safety applications. The other advantage of these chips is that the control signals can be derived from a microcontroller, so brightness and colour can be varied programmatically; this can be controlled by using external sensors that sense, for example, battery state, ambient temperature, or ambient light etc.
EL wire - in common with other types of EL devices - does have limitations: at high frequency it dissipates a lot of heat, and that can lead to breakdown and loss of brightness over time. Because the wire is unshielded and typically operates at a relatively high voltage, EL wire can produce high-frequency interference (corresponding to the frequency of the oscillator) that can be picked up by sensitive audio equipment, such as guitar pickups.
There is also a voltage limit: typical EL wire breaks down at around 180 volts peak-to-peak, so if using an unregulated transformer, back-to-back zener diodes and series current-limiting resistors are essential.
In addition, EL sheet and wire can sometimes be used as a touch sensor, since compressing the capacitor will change its value.
Sequencers
| 2.40625
| 0
|
8562054
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora%20%28pilgrimage%29
|
Kora (pilgrimage)
|
Kora (, THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription: kor ra) is a transliteration of a Tibetan word that means "circumambulation" or "revolution". Kora is both a type of pilgrimage and a type of meditative practice in the Tibetan Buddhist or Bon traditions. A Kora is performed by the practitioner making a circumambulation around a sacred site or object, typically as a constituent part of a pilgrimage, ceremony, celebration or ritual. In broader terms, it is a term that is often used to refer to the entire pilgrimage experience in the Tibetan regions.
Classification and foci
For "pilgrimage", Tibetans generally use the term nékor (), "circling around an abode" (, THL: né), referring to the general practice of circumambulation as a way of relating to such places. In the context of kora, the né or néchen () is rendered as "empowered", "sacred" or "holy" place/object, and the né is credited with the ability to transform those that circumambulate it. Aspects of both the natural and the man-made world are also considered to be the né of a wide variety of nonhuman beings such as iṣṭadevatās or ḍākinīs.
Né generally fall into the following four types:
Natural sites. The most momentous né are the great sacred mountains and lakes. They cover large areas, sometimes hundreds of square kilometers. Within these areas the points of power may include: peaks, rocks, caves, springs, confluences and sky-burial sites. Kora associated with these natural sites can be arduous treks of long distances, crossing a number of high passes and through difficult terrain.
In the Tibetan region, some traditional kora sites important to the region include: the sacred mountains of Mount Kailash (or Gang Rinpoche or Mt. Tise), Lapchi, Tsari and Kawa Karpo; Lake Manasarovar, Yamdrok and Namtso.
Man-made sites, including cities, monasteries, temples, stupas, hermitages, etc.
| 2.703125
| 0
|
8562070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Hungary
|
Cinema of Hungary
|
Hungary has had a notable cinema industry since the beginning of the 20th century, including Hungarians who affected the world of motion pictures both within and beyond the country's borders. The former could be characterized by directors István Szabó, Béla Tarr, or Miklós Jancsó; the latter by William Fox and Adolph Zukor, the founders of Fox Studios and Paramount Pictures respectively, or Alexander Korda, who played a leading role in the early period of British cinema. Examples of successful Hungarian films include Merry-go-round, Mephisto, Werckmeister Harmonies and Kontroll.
The early decades
1896–1901
Hungarian cinema began in 1896, when the first screening of the films of the Lumière Brothers was held on the 10th of May in the cafe of the Royal Hotel of Budapest. In June of the same year, Arnold and Zsigmond Sziklai opened the first Hungarian movie theatre on 41 Andrássy Street named the Okonograph, where they screened Lumière films using French machinery. The inhabitants of the elite neighborhood were opposed to this new form of entertainment, and the theatre soon closed. But film screenings in cafés, the centers of Budapest's public life, were becoming more and more widespread, and by 1911, over 100 movie theater operated in the capital.
The first film shooting took place also in 1896, recording the festivities of the Millennium Celebration. Employees of the Lumiéres recorded the march at the Buda Castle. The first Hungarian cameraman was Zsigmond Sziklai.
The first consciously made Hungarian film was 'A Tánc' (The Dance) directed by Béla Zsitkovszky, made for one of the shows at the Uránia Scientific Theatre. Gyula Pekár asked for a moving picture from Béla Zsitovszky, the projectionist of the Uránia. Zsitovszky, originally an optician, shot the picture on the roof terrace of the theatre with renowned actors and ballerinas of the Operaház Theatre. The 24 cinematographic short-films were premiered on 30 April 1901.
| 2.53125
| 0
|
8562070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Hungary
|
Cinema of Hungary
|
1901–1920
The infrastructure of the Hungarian cinema scene was built up during the first decade of the 20th century. By 1910, 270 permanent theatres operated in the country, including large capacity film palaces like the Royal Apollo. Film distribution was organized by the end of the decade. The first company to lend the film-shooting apparatus was the Projectograph, founded by Mór Ungerleider in 1908. The company also shot films, offering documentaries and newsreels, thereby making the first steps for the country's film industry.
The literary and artistic scene enthusiastically supported the new form of expression. Writers of the Nyugat circle saw filmmaking as a sign of closing up to modern European Literature and became avid movie theatergoers. Frigyes Karinthy even became a dramaturg to Alexander Korda, the first prominent director and movie critic.
As early critics found most of the films vulgar, boring, and frivolous, film-makers stressed the informative, educational virtues of the technology as pushed by the Hunnia Studio, founded in 1911, formed as an offshoot of the Vígszínház theatre.
A characteristic style of early Hungarian cinema was the cinema sketch, a hybrid form of theatre and film. Each short projection was followed or interrupted by live stage actors, often acting their own characters from the screen. The genre inspired many prominent writers of the time, including Ferenc Molnár and Karinthy. Comedians also used this form often to perform various jokes and scenes utilizing its hybrid nature, one well-known performer being Gyula Gózon.
| 2.828125
| 0
|
8562070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Hungary
|
Cinema of Hungary
|
1931–1945
Because of its reputedly alien American storyline and setting Kék Bálvány was only a mild success, unlike Hyppolit, a lakáj, which premiered only two months later, and became the first box office hit, as well as one of the most successful and well-known motion pictures of the country. Directed by István Székely, who was called back from Berlin for the job, the movie's comedic tone and bourgeois setting became a standard for native film production in the following ten years. Actors like Pál Jávor and Gyula Kabos became sought-after performers, appearing in nearly every major production of the decade. As sound film enabled more natural performances, popular stage actors became more attracted to the big screen, however, many of them could not adapt to the different working conditions, or to the new phenomena of the 'filmstar,' a life with pressure from the media and fans.
By 1932, over 500 theatres operated in the country, a quarter of them located in Budapest. Support for sound playback was spreading, with around half of the venues owning the needed devices. The maximum timeframe of the shooting was 12 days, after which the producing company fined the director for each additional day. After the problems of the 1920s, Hungarian film production boomed in the 1930s, rising from 6 films in 1932 to a peak of 36 in 1937.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
8562070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Hungary
|
Cinema of Hungary
|
1948–1950
After the communist nationalization, the only company allowed to produce feature films was the Hungarian National Filmmaking Company, while newsreels and documentary production was managed by the News and Documentary Film Company, and distribution through MOKÉP. Control over film production was centralized and authorities specified story themes and setting. Scripts were often rewritten multiple times to secure the transmission of ideological messages. The nationalization solved the long-running problem of funding, the government's resources allowing for technically more complex, big-budget movies.
The first product of the nationalized industry was Frigyes Bán's Talpalatnyi föld, continuing the tradition of films that showed a more realistic country life with the help of folk literature. However, ideological content was still present. Films of 1948–49 – while varying in genre, a change that was welcomed after the mostly comedic approach of the thirties – aimed to show the sins of the past, and how they would change under the new socialist rule.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
8562070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Hungary
|
Cinema of Hungary
|
1956–1960
The reprisal following the civil war of 1956 affected the movie's world severely, several films were banned, while many industry experts and actors left the country. Decentralization of the country's film production was halted, the planned reorganization became superficial, with the Hungarian National Filmmaking Company regaining its name of Hunnia Film Studio, and the News and Documentary Film Company were renamed to Budapest Film Studio. The latter also received permission to produce feature films, and while its budget and machinery were not ready for this task for a few following years, it provided a breeding ground for a number of young talents, like Miklós Jancsó. Political influences regained their place in production, so directors stayed away from contemporary or socially critical themes. Most of the films were set between the two World Wars, many of them being literary adaptations. Adopting novels from writers like Kálmán Mikszáth or Sándor Tatay, they showed the detailed lifestyle of peasants and the common man in a moderately realistic fashion.
| 2.734375
| 0
|
8562070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Hungary
|
Cinema of Hungary
|
1960–1970
The sixties were the years of rejuvenation for the Hungarian movie industry. After the harsher years following the events of 1956, the newly elected socialist government, headed by János Kádár wanted to appear more liberal, resulting in softening rules and regulations in every area. The two former film studios were split into four independent ones, headed by film-makers. These artistic teams could approve or deny filming plans themselves; supervision was only present in the form of pre-screening of the finished movie. Instead of multiple stages of control over scripts and plans, the censoring became a posterior process. Only a low number of films became censored, not only because the government's intention to maintain a more broad-minded image, but because directors also tried to avoid more problematic themes. Socially critical films, often utilizing cross-talk and allegorical elements, re-emerged, and many of them were allowed to be screened at western film festivals.
As technology became cheap, large masses of people became introduced to this form of entertainment. In the countryside, clubs and community houses were converted to screening rooms, while in towns, and especially Budapest, hundreds of new movie theatres opened. Ticket price for premiere movies was 8 Ft, and 2 Ft for older films or in worker district – a cost that nearly every class could pay. With short animations and newsreels playing before and after feature films, movie-going became a several-hour-long entertainment. Special theatres operated to only show children's movies or newsreels (a ticket was valid for 30 minutes).
| 2.6875
| 0
|
8562128
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay%20Tribunal
|
Lindsay Tribunal
|
The Lindsay Tribunal was set up in Ireland in 1999 to investigate the infection of haemophiliacs with HIV and Hepatitis C from contaminated blood products supplied by the Blood Transfusion Service Board.
There are about 400 haemophiliacs in Ireland. According to the tribunal a 'minimal figure' of 250 haemophiliacs were infected with HIV or Hepatitis C while receiving treatment from the BTSB before 1985.
Haemophilia is a genetic condition where the blood does not clot as quickly as normal due to a deficiency in certain proteins. This means they can suffer from internal bleeding - bruises and sprains can be much more serious for haemophiliacs.
Haemophiliacs may be treated by transfusions of the protein they are deficient in. One source of this protein is from human blood. Heat-treatment of blood products was started in the mid-eighties. Heat-treatment of blood products reduces the probability of infection from them. Since 1992 recombinant proteins are generally used, which contain little, if any, human blood products - and thus have a negligible risk of contamination.
Most of the blood products used by the BTSB were from local donations. However, some of it came from American suppliers which included blood from prisoners and drug addicts, who had a high risk of infection.
Findings
The Tribunal criticised the National Haemophilia Centre for its slow response to the risk of HIV infection.
Findings of the Tribunal included:
Patients were routinely started on home-treatment with possibly-dangerous commercial blood products, after the risk of infection had been discovered.
Unheated blood products were probably not recalled after the safer heat-treated products became available.
There was no formal means for communicating with regional centres to stop using unheated blood-products.
There was an unacceptable delay between testing for HIV and Hepatitis and notification of the results (up to 4 years)
| 2.421875
| 0
|
8562208
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20riots
|
Bristol riots
|
Local magistrate Sir Charles Wetherell, a strong opponent of the Bill, visited Bristol to open the new Assize Courts, on 29 October. He threatened to imprison participants in a disturbance going on outside, and an angry mob chased him to the Mansion House in Queen Square. The magistrate escaped in disguise, although a contemporary history states he escaped over the rooftops, but the mayor and officials were besieged in the Mansion-house.
The rioters numbered about 500 or 600 young men and continued for three days, during which the palace of Robert Gray the Bishop of Bristol, the Mansion House, and private homes and property were looted and destroyed, along with demolition of much of the gaol. Work on the Clifton Suspension Bridge was halted and Isambard Kingdom Brunel was sworn in as a special constable.
The mayor, Charles Pinney, requested the assistance of the cavalry as a precaution and a troop of the 3rd Dragoon Guards and a squadron of the 14th Light Dragoons were sent to Bristol under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Brereton. Brereton did not wish to incite the crowd and even ordered the squadron from the 14th out of the city after they had successfully dispersed a crowd. Seeing this as a victory, the riots continued, and eventually Brereton had to call on the 3rd and 14th to restore order and he eventually led a charge with drawn swords through the mob in Queen Square.
Four rioters were killed and 86 wounded, although many more are believed to have perished in the fires set by the rioters, with a total death toll put as high as 500. Along with the commander of the 3rd Dragoons troop, Captain Warrington, Brereton was later court-martialled for leniency, but Brereton shot himself before the conclusion of his trial.
Approximately 100 of those involved were tried in January 1832 by Chief Justice Tindal.
Four men were hanged despite a petition of 10,000 Bristolian signatures, which was given to King William IV. The mayor, Pinney, was tried for negligence but exonerated.
| 1.992188
| 0
|
8562228
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus%20%C3%97%20hollandica%20%27Superba%27
|
Ulmus × hollandica 'Superba'
|
U. × hollandica 'Superba' was confirmed by Krüssmann in 1962 as a cultivar synonymous with U. praestans, though he incorrectly equated it with Osborne and Morren's 'Superba'.
Description
Descriptions of 'Superba' vary. Loudon described Ulmus montana glabra major, 'Canterbury Seedling', as a hybrid similar to Huntingdon Elm in bark and vigour, but more spreading in form, and holding its leaves late.
Henry's description (1913) of Ulmus superba Henry is based on a tree at Kew from Späth, planted in 1900. Recognizing this clone as a hybrid, Henry listed it among what are now called U. × hollandica cultivars, as a rapidly growing, narrow, pyramidal tree with smooth bark and steeply ascending branches. It bore large smooth biserrate dark green leaves, 8–12 cm (3–4 in) long and 4–6 cm broad, very oblique at the base and similar to those of the Wych Elm, but with petioles 5–10 mm long. The flowers too resemble those of the Wych Elm. Henry noted that a tree grown at Kew labelled U. montana macrophylla fastigiata was "similar in all respects" to Späth's 1900 'Superba'.
Späth (1930) described the U. × hollandica hybrid U. praestans Schoch, which he said was synonymous with the U. superba Henry that he himself had supplied to Kew, as "a vigorous tree with upswept branches and large dark green foliage, lasting long into the autumn". Krüssman (1984), though he erroneously listed Morren's 'Superba' as a synonym, described U. × hollandica 'Superba' / U. praestans Schoch as a hybrid with leaves 8–12 cm with 15–18 pairs of veins (he includes a leaf-drawing), retained late into autumn, and an elliptic samarae 1.5–2 cm long with the seed nearly central.
According to Fontaine (1968), the leaves of U. × hollandica 'Superba' are smaller than those of Huntingdon Elm, U. × hollandica 'Vegeta', and a lighter green, with yellow veins. From his reference to Schleswig, where it was cultivated (see below), Fontaine may have been describing U. praestans Schoch.
| 2.125
| 0
|
8562270
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione%20Zoologica%20Anton%20Dohrn
|
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn
|
The Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn is a research institute in Naples, Italy, devoted to basic research in biology. Research is largely interdisciplinary involving the fields of evolution, biochemistry, molecular biology, neurobiology, cell biology, biological oceanography, marine botany, molecular plant biology, benthic ecology, and ecophysiology.
Founded in 1872 as a private concern by Anton Dohrn, in 1982 the Stazione Zoologica came under the supervision and control of the Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica (Ministry of Universities and Scientific and Technological Research) as a National Institute.
History
The idea
Dohrn's idea was to establish an international scientific community provided with laboratory space, equipment, research material and a library. This was supported and funded by the German Government, Thomas Henry Huxley, Charles Darwin, Francis Balfour and Charles Lyell among others. Dohrn provided a substantial sum himself. Running costs were paid from income derived from the bench system, the sale of scientific journals and specimens and the income from the public aquarium. This system was an important innovations in management of research and it worked. When Anton Dohrn died in 1909 more than 2,200 scientists from Europe and the United States had worked at Stazione Zoologica and more than 50 tables-per-year had been rented out.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
8562270
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione%20Zoologica%20Anton%20Dohrn
|
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn
|
The first assistants were zoologists Nicolaus Kleinenberg and Hugo Eisig and one of the Preparators was Salvatore Lobianco (Lo Bianco) (1860–1910), who wrote The Methods Employed at the Naples Zoological Station for the Preservation of Marine Animals. Others were Dr. Brandt (librarian); Dr. Lang; Dr. Giesbrecht; Petersen (engineer). By 1910 the permanent staff were Professor Dr. Paul Mayer and Dr. Gross, morphology; Dr. Burian, comparative physiology; Dr. Henze, chemistry; Dr. Gast, the museum; Hermann Linden, secretary; Sig. Santorelli, Preparator. Zoologists and morphologists were the first guests of the new Institute. Included were Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, Francis Balfour, Ray Lankester, August Weismann, Giovanni Battista Grassi, Antonio della Valle, Oskar Schmidt, Ambrosius Hubrecht (Professor of Utrecht University, an embryologist).
In 1897 Ida Henrietta Hyde was invited to occupy a table at the institute. She went on to fund raise to help establish the American Women's Table at the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn. This table was subsequently held by American women zoologists such as Emily Ray Gregory.
Publications
The three publications issued by the Station were:- Mittheilungen der Zoologischen Station in Neapel, Zoologischer Jahresbericht a reference journal famous for its rapid publication and accuracy and Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel an inventory of the biota of Mediterranean (in 1876 Anton Dohrn added a section of Botany),
Library
Charles Darwin had advised Dohrn that establishing a library would be unwise (Groeben, 1982, p. 29). Dohrn argued that availability of all the major published sources was essential. He gave his own books and scientific journals to the Station and persuaded publishers and scientists to donate their publications. The Naples Station's biological reference collection is still unrivalled in Europe today. The first librarian was Emil Schoebel.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
8562286
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMware%20Fusion
|
VMware Fusion
|
VMware Fusion is a software hypervisor developed by VMware for macOS systems. It allows Macs with Intel or the Apple M series of chips to run virtual machines with guest operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, or macOS, within the host macOS operating system.
Overview
VMware Fusion can virtualize a multitude of operating systems, including many older versions of macOS, which allows users to run older Mac software that can no longer be run under the current version of macOS, such as 32-bit and PowerPC applications.
History
VMware Fusion, which uses a combination of paravirtualization and hardware virtualization made possible by the Mac transition to Intel processors in 2006, marked VMware's first entry into Macintosh-based x86 virtualization. VMware Fusion uses Intel VT present in the Intel Core microarchitecture platform. Much of the underlying technology in VMware Fusion is inherited from other VMware products, such as VMware Workstation, allowing VMware Fusion to offer features such as 64-bit and SMP support. VMware Fusion 1.0 was released on August 6, 2007, exactly one year after being announced.
Along with the Mac transition to Apple silicon in 2020, VMware announced plans for Fusion to support the new M-series platform and ARM architecture, releasing a tech preview for M1 chips in September 2021. In November 2022, VMware Fusion 13 was released, allowing ARM virtualization on Apple Silicon chips. Coinciding with the release, VMware implemented support for TPM 2.0 and OpenGL 4.3, along with improvements to VMware Tools on Windows 11. VMware Fusion 13 retains support for Intel Macs, distributing the software as a universal binary.
On May 13, 2024, it was announced that VMware Fusion Pro would become free for personal use. Previously VMware Fusion (not Pro) was free for personal use; this edition would be discontinued, effectively replaced by the Pro edition. At the same time, commercial use would switch to annual subscription, removing the option to buy a one-off perpetual license.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
8562296
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah%20Laroui
|
Abdallah Laroui
|
Abdallah Laroui (; born 7 November 1933) is a Moroccan philosopher, historian, and novelist. Besides some works in French, his philosophical project has been written mostly in Arabic. He is among the most read and discussed Arab and Moroccan philosophers.
Biography
Laroui was born in 1933 in Azemmour. His mother died when he was two. He studied at the kuttab before entering the public primary school at seven, where he studied from 1941 to 1945. In 1945, he obtained a grant to study at the College Sidi Mohammed in Marrakesh, where he stayed five years. Afterwards he studied at Lycée Lyautey in Casablanca from 1949 to 1951 and at Lycée Gouraud in Rabat from 1951 to 1953. He obtained his baccalauréat in 1953, and then studied history and economics, at the Institut d'Études Politiques in Paris, where he studied under and Raymond Aron. In 1958, he obtained a Diplôme d'études supérieures. After receiving his agrégation in Islamic studies in June 1963, he was appointed as an assistant professor of history at the Mohammed V University in Rabat. In 1976, he defended his Doctorat d'Etat with a thesis titled "Les Origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain, 1830–1912" (Social and Cultural Origins of Moroccan Nationalism, 1830–1912) and published it in 1977. Laroui taught at the University Mohammed V until 2000. He has written five novels (o.a. L'Exil (Sindbad-Actes Sud, 1998)).
Historian Albert Hourani describes him as a significant Arab thinker of the post-1967 era. Laroui's philosophy was guided by a Marxist reading of history and a commitment to radical critique of culture, language, and tradition.
Awards and honors
In 2000, he was awarded the Premi Internacional Catalunya (Catalonia International Prize).
In 2017, he was awarded the Sheikh Zayed Book Award for "Cultural Personality of the Year", the premier category with a prize of 1 million dirhams.
Partial bibliography
| 2.328125
| 0
|
8562308
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia%20Servilia
|
Marcia Servilia
|
Marcia Servilia or commonly known as Servilia (40s-66 CE) was the daughter of Roman Senator Barea Soranus. Her father was part of the Stoic Opposition who opposed Nero's tyrannical rule. When he was sentenced to death by Nero in 65 or 66, Servilia was similarly accused and sentenced to death on a charge of consulting sorcerers supposedly to find out her father's fate.
Family
Servilia's father was Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus, a prominent Roman Senator and her mother may have been from the gens Servilia. Servilia's paternal uncle was the Roman Senator Quintus Marcius Barea Sura, who was a friend to the future Roman Emperor Vespasian. Her paternal cousins were Marcia (mother of Ulpia Marciana and of future Roman Emperor Trajan) and Marcia Furnilla (the second wife of the future Roman Emperor Titus). Her paternal grandfather Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus was Suffect Consul in 34 and twice Proconsul of Africa.
Life
Servilia had a loving relationship with her father. She had married the Senator Gaius Annius Pollio, who was accused of treason in 37. In 65 he was exiled on Roman Emperor Nero's orders.
Tacitus describes Servilia as ‘young and imprudent’. The historian states that Servilia was inconsolable about her husband and was worried about her elderly father's fate. In 66, Servilia and her husband Annius Pollio were executed on Nero's orders on the charge of consulting sorcerers ostensibly to find out her father's fate.
| 2.03125
| 0
|
8562365
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard-Joseph%20Chaussegros%20de%20L%C3%A9ry%20%281721%E2%80%931797%29
|
Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1721–1797)
|
Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (July 20, 1721 – December 11, 1797), his first name was also sometimes written Joseph-Gaspard. He was a military engineer and a political figure in Lower Canada. During the Seven Years' War he proved himself to be an outstanding officer and was one of only a few colonial officers held in high esteem by the Marquis de Montcalm.
In recognition of his military service, in 1759 he was made a Chevalier of the Order of Saint Louis. In 1763, after the British Conquest of New France, he and his wife, Louise Martel de Brouage, were the first French Canadian couple to be presented to the English Court, drawing the compliment from King George III that if all Canadian ladies resembled Mme de Léry, then he had "indeed made a conquest".
Early life
Born in Quebec City in 1721, Chaussegros was the son of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry and his wife Marie-Renée, daughter of Captain René Legardeur de Beauvais (1660–1742), holder of the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Louis. His father served as an engineer for the French in Quebec.
Military life in New France
He joined the Troupes de la Marine in 1733 and became an assistant engineer in 1739. Chaussegros took part in raids against the British in New England, helped maintain French fortifications in New France and was in charge of the construction of Fort Saint-Jean. In 1753, he married Louise, the daughter of François Martel de Brouague, commandant of the Coast of Labrador. He took part in Louis-Joseph de Montcalm's capture of Fort Oswego in 1756 and, in 1757, was promoted to captain for his success at the Battle of Fort Bull. He was wounded at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham and sent back to France in 1761. His campaign journals are held by a government library in Quebec, and are important historic resources. In France he had become the seigneur of Léry after his father's death.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
8562365
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard-Joseph%20Chaussegros%20de%20L%C3%A9ry%20%281721%E2%80%931797%29
|
Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1721–1797)
|
At some point, Chaussegros de Léry produced a finished copy of a map of the west. The original work had been made by Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye, a nephew of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye.
Civil life in the Province of Quebec
Chaussegros de Léry was not given any opportunities by the French. He returned to Quebec in 1764 by way of England. There he was named chief road commissioner by Governor Guy Carleton in 1768, and also served on the Legislative Council and Executive Council of Quebec. In 1792, he was named to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. He sold the seigneury of Léry in 1766 but later he acquired the seigneuries of Perthuis, Rigaud-Vaudreuil, Gentilly, Le Gardeur and Sainte-Barbe.
He died at Quebec in 1797.
Honours
A Fort Saint-Jean plaque erected by Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada in 1926 at the Royal Military College Saint-Jean mentions de Léry. "Constructed in 1748 by M. de Léry under orders from Governor la Galissonnière. For a long time, this post was a rendezvous for all the military expeditions towards Lake Champlain..."
The DeLery Building at the Royal Military College Saint-Jean was named in his honour.
Eight of his campaign journals from the French and Indian War are held by Laval University in Quebec.
The portage across Marblehead Peninsula between Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie is named DeLery Portage because of his documentation of it in his 1754 journal.
| 2.828125
| 0
|
8562371
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Yugoslavia
|
Cinema of Yugoslavia
|
The Cinema of Yugoslavia refers to the film industry and cinematic output of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which existed from 1945 until it disintegrated into several independent nations in the early 1990s. Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic, socialist state, and its cinema reflected the diversity of its population, as well as the political and cultural shifts that occurred during its existence.
Overview
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had an internationally acclaimed film industry. Yugoslavia submitted many films to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, six of which were nominated. Film companies included Jadran Film from Zagreb, SR Croatia; Avala Film from Belgrade, SR Serbia; Sutjeska film and Studio film from Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina; Zeta film from Budva, SR Montenegro; Vardar film and Makedonija film from Skopje, SR Macedonia, Triglav Film from Ljubljana, SR Slovenia and others.
The dominant movement in Yugoslav cinema of the post war era was Socialist Realism. Which typically dealt with themes such as modernity, and the importance of building the new socialist republic. This was a movement popular in most eastern bloc countries. As the early Yugoslavian state moved away from the Soviet bloc, and received a more open door into western capitalist societies. The cinema started to change to reflect this more liberal approach to socialism. The Yugoslav Black wave which was started by young filmmakers in 1960’s reflected this change by taking elements of socialist realism, American and Italian cinema. To create films that more openly criticized the problems of liberalization. These films usually turned a lens onto the bigger issues of ethnicity, gender and class in Yugoslav society and were often seen as pessimistic by critics.
| 2.78125
| 0
|
8562499
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole%20and%20Hungarian%20brothers%20be
|
Pole and Hungarian brothers be
|
The saying – a 16th- or 18th-century coinage by Polish szlachta (nobility) – reflects a long special relationship between Poland and Hungary. Poles and Hungarians considered themselves brothers in war and peace. They recognized that the two countries shared a similar political structure: a nobles' republic (the Polish Rzeczpospolita, the Hungarian natio Hungarica) with a democratic parliamentary system in which the state and king were controlled by a non-aristocratic noble class. The Polish word rokosz (a gathering to resist royal authority) derives from Hungary's , a field near Pest which was the medieval venue for mass meetings of Hungarian nobility.
The Poles recognized that both countries' noble classes had similar lifestyles, employed similar military tactics and weaponry, and shared common history, making them "brothers". When the Poles in 1576 elected the Hungarian Stephen Báthory (prince of Transylvania) king of Poland, he introduced military reforms, creating Poland's hussars and importing Poland's first saber-makers from Transylvania. In Poland, the szabla became known as the szabla węgierska ("Hungarian saber") or batorówka after King Stephen Báthory; it was subsequently called the zygmuntówka after Poland's King Sigismund III Vasa and the augustówka after King Augustus III.
The nobility of both countries enjoyed wine (imported to Poland primarily from Hungary during the Middle Ages), resulting in a similar temperament and lifestyle. In Hungary, the saying became widely known outside noble circles in the late 19th century. According to one source, the proverb's original Polish version was Węgier, Polak dwa bratanki i do szabli i do szklanki. Oba zuchy, oba żwawi, niech im Pan Bóg błogosławi.
| 2.65625
| 0
|
8562499
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole%20and%20Hungarian%20brothers%20be
|
Pole and Hungarian brothers be
|
Polish-Hungarian relations became particularly close during the rule of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Hungary. The Polish historian , who analyzed Polish-Hungarian correspondence and personal encounters in the late 15th and the first half of the 16th century, concluded that with no other neighbour did the Poles have such "frequent and lively" contacts, which intensified with time and led to many strong friendships as well as mutual sociocultural, military, and legal influences.
In the 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, a Hungarian nobleman, Stephen Báthory, was elected king of Poland.
After the outbreak of the Polish November 1830 Uprising, Hungarians collected money for Polish insurgents and provided help and shelter to Polish refugees. Many of them also joined the ranks of the Polish rebels. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, some 10,000 Polish volunteers fought for Hungarian independence, and Polish General Józef Bem became a national hero of both countries.
During the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–21, Hungary offered to send 30,000 cavalry to Poland's aid; however, the Czechoslovak government refused them passage through the demilitarized zone which had existed between Czechoslovakia and Hungary since the Hungarian–Czechoslovak War of several months earlier. The Romanian government took a similar stance, also refusing passage. When the Hungarians tried to send ammunition trains, Czechoslovakia again refused but Romania agreed, provided the Hungarians used their own trains. Hundreds of Hungarian volunteers fought on Poland's side in the war, and some stayed in Poland afterward.
| 2.96875
| 0
|
8562499
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole%20and%20Hungarian%20brothers%20be
|
Pole and Hungarian brothers be
|
In September 1939, Hitler asked Hungary to allow German forces to transit Hungarian territory in order to speed the German attack on eastern Poland; Hungary's Admiral Miklós Horthy declined permission, on the ground that it would be incompatible with Hungarian honor. On 17 September 1939, pursuant to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the Gestapo–NKVD conferences, the Soviet Union seized eastern and southeastern Poland and incorporated them into western Ukraine. Upon the Soviet invasion, Poland evacuated its government and substantial army and air units into allied Romania; considerable Polish military were simultaneously evacuated into Hungary, to the west of Romania. The evacuated Polish forces quickly, eluding or escaping internment, made their way west to France, there to regroup and continue the war alongside Poland's western allies. In June 1944, there were around 15,000 Polish refugees in Hungary.
During the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, many Hungarian soldiers, sympathetic to the Polish cause, gave munitions, medical supplies, and rations for the Polish Underground, and some even defected to join their Polish brothers. Hungarian soldiers assisted in the evacuation of civilian families during the Uprising.
During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Poles demonstrated their support for the Hungarian insurgents by donating blood. The blood banks had to work 24 hours a day because of how many people lined up to give blood for wounded Hungarians. By 3 November, 1,210 litres of blood and blood plasma had been delivered from Poland to Hungary, while by 12 November, 11,196 Poles had donated blood. The Polish Red Cross sent 44 tons of medical supplies to Hungary by air, and larger amounts were sent by road and rail.
| 2.734375
| 0
|
8562541
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Austria
|
Cinema of Austria
|
Cinema of Austria refers to the film industry based in Austria. Austria has had an active cinema industry since the early 20th century when it was the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and that has continued to the present day. Producer Sascha Kolowrat-Krakowsky, producer-director-writer Luise Kolm and the Austro-Hungarian directors Michael Curtiz and Alexander Korda were among the pioneers of early Austrian cinema. Several Austrian directors pursued careers in Weimar Germany and later in the United States, among them Fritz Lang, G. W. Pabst, Josef von Sternberg, Billy Wilder, Fred Zinnemann, and Otto Preminger.
Between the two World Wars, directors like E. W. Emo and Henry Koster - the latter of whom had emigrated from Austria, provided examples of Austrian film comedies. At the same time, Willi Forst and Walter Reisch founded the Wiener Film genre. After Austria had become a part of Nazi Germany in 1938, Vienna's Wien-Film production company became an important studio for seemingly non-political productions. In the aftermath of World War II, Austria's film production soon restarted, partially supported by the Allied Forces. Veteran and new directors such as Ernst Marischka, Franz Antel, Geza von Cziffra, Geza von Bolvary and Walter Kolm-Veltee revised the comedy, provincial , and biopic traditions, and began a new genre of the opulent imperial epic (e.g. Marischka's Sissi films and Antel's imperial era musicals) which rivaled Hollywood entertainment at the international box office.
| 2.671875
| 0
|
8562541
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Austria
|
Cinema of Austria
|
Although Austria was not annexed by Germany until 1938, Jews were forbidden to work in the Austrian film industry from 1936 onwards due to pressure from Nazi Germany where Jews had been banned from film work within months of the Nazis taking power. Germany was the most important export market for Austrian films and Germany had threatened a total ban on Austrian film imports unless the Austrians complied with their demands. The only exception to this ban was, for unknown reasons, the film Episode (1935) directed by the Jewish Walter Reisch. The majority of Jewish Austrian directors, actors and other employees of the film industry, along with many non-Jewish opponents of the Nazis emigrated in the following years to France, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and the United States. Some Jewish filmmakers, however, did not emigrate and many were murdered in the Holocaust. Many of the Austrian emigrants went on to successful careers in the United States, notably the directors Billy Wilder, Fred Zinnemann, Otto Preminger, Joe May and Edgar G. Ulmer.
After the Anschluss some filmmakers came to arrangements with the new Nazi leadership, whilst others chose to leave the film business under the Nazis or to hide in the underground - for example the famous costume designer Gerdago who went on to create the costumes for the Sissi films of the 1950s.
The whole Austrian film industry was quickly integrated into one company Wien-Film, which was the new name of Sascha-Film following its confiscation by the Nazis with the help of the Creditanstalt bank. Wien-Film produced few openly propagandistic films; the majority of its output was apparently harmless comedies, which often had an antidemocratic and anti-semitic subtext. Although Nazi censorship was strict, a few films contained criticism hidden at a metaphorical level, for example the musical comedies of Willi Forst.
| 2.734375
| 0
|
8562541
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Austria
|
Cinema of Austria
|
In the 1990s, the Austrian film industry underwent a number of structural changes. Some directors, both established and upcoming have created their own film-companies to share resources and learn from each other. The other film companies, the biggest of which are Dor-Film and Allegro-Film, both producing at least two theatrically released films a year, concentrate on commercially oriented productions such as comedies with cabaret stars who enjoy a high profile in the Austrian market. Such comedies, notably Hinterholz 8 and Poppitz, both directed by Harald Sicheritz, have had the highest box-office of any Austrian films in the last 25 years. These companies also produce more challenging films, but only in limited numbers as productions other than comedies are financially risky in Austria unless foreign distribution can be secured.
Austrian films' share of the domestic box-office is one of the lowest in Europe, with only about 3% of cinema admissions going to domestic productions. Every year the annual top ten films at the Austrian box-office are usually all American.
High-quality Austrian films, which have won more and more critical acclaim in recent years, are usually produced by small production companies, often in co-production with other countries. Examples of this are The Piano Teacher and Caché by Michael Haneke, probably the most famous Austrian director at the current time. Other successful Austrian films (wholly Austrian and co-productions) since 2000 are We Feed the World (Erwin Wagenhofer), Darwin's Nightmare (Hubert Sauper), Calling Hedy Lamarr (Georg Misch), Grbavica (Jasmila Žbanić), Slumming (Michael Glawogger), Silentium and Komm, süßer Tod (both Wolfgang Murnberger), The Edukators (Hans Weingartner) and Dog Days (Ulrich Seidl). Other notable contemporary directors are Barbara Albert, Andrea Maria Dusl, Elisabeth Scharang, Jessica Hausner, Stefan Ruzowitzky, Ruth Mader, Kurt Palm, Nikolaus Geyrhalter and, resident in the U.S., Robert Dornhelm.
| 1.921875
| 0
|
8562659
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Jumna%20%281866%29
|
HMS Jumna (1866)
|
HMS Jumna was a Euphrates-class troopship launched at Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company at Hebburn on 24 September 1866. She was the third vessel of the Royal Navy to carry the name.
Design
Jumna was one of five iron-hulled vessels of the Euphrates class. All five were built to a design of 360 ft overall length by about 49 ft breadth, although Malabar was very slightly smaller than the rest of the class. They had a single screw, a speed of 14 knots, one funnel, a barque-rig sail plan, three 4-pounder guns, and a white painted hull. Her bow was a "ram bow" which projected forward below the waterline.
She was commissioned jointly by the British Admiralty and the Indian government.
Identification
The Euphrates-class troopships could each be identified by a different coloured hull band.
The Jumnas hull band was red. The blue hull band of her sister Euphrates became the standard for all HM Troopships.
History
She spent most of her active career conveying British troops to and from the Indian subcontinent. In 1870 she transported The Connaught Rangers from India back to Britain.
In 1873 her Maudslay, Sons and Field 3-cylinder single-expansion steam engine was modified at Portsmouth by the replacement of one low-pressure cylinder with a smaller, high-pressure one, giving her a more efficient compound-expansion engine, albeit with less power and a new top speed of .
On 25 August 1883 she collided with at Plymouth and ran aground. She shipped back the York and Lancaster Regiment to England from Sudan 29 March to April 1884 In March 1886 she collided with the German steamship Hesperia in the Suez Canal but was not damaged.
There are references among Royal Navy Seamen's Services, 1848-1939 that HMS Jumna was "Depot ship" in Bombay in 1909 and used as training vessel.
| 2.703125
| 0
|
8562711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulby%20Reservoir
|
Sulby Reservoir
|
The Sulby Reservoir is the largest reservoir or lake in the Isle of Man, with an area of .
The reservoir
Sulby is an impounding reservoir. The dam was completed in 1982 and has a rock-fill embankment high. The reservoir's capacity is and the maximum depth . The water flows to Sulby Water Treatment Works, from where it is pumped to consumers.
Geography
The reservoir is located at the top of Sulby Glen near the source of the Sulby River, the longest river on the island. It is at the foot of Druidale; Glen Crammag; the valley of the upper part of the Sulby River; and a fourth, unnamed minor valley, receiving water from all these rivers. It is at the junction of three parishes: Michael, Lezayre and Braddan. Sulby Reservoir is also about west of the summit of Snaefell, the island's highest peak. It is operated by the Isle of Man Water Authority.
Use
The reservoir supplies the northern half of the island, St Johns, Peel, Kirk Michael, Ballaugh, Andreas, Bride, Ramsey and Laxey. Water can also be pumped to the West Baldwin Reservoir which supplies Douglas and the southern half of the island.
The reservoir also powers a hydro-electric power station downstream. Water flows through a pipeline from the reservoir to the power station. The power station is also fed by another, smaller reservoir, Block Eary. An energy recovery system was installed at the Sulby Water Treatment Works in 2013, to generate hydro-electric power from the incoming water, which is then purified before being pumped on to customers.
Trout fishing is available and there is a large car park. It is also a registered dark sky discovery site.
| 2.15625
| 0
|
8562743
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20voucher
|
Labour voucher
|
Labour vouchers (also known as labour cheques, labour notes, labour certificates and personal credit) are a device proposed to govern demand for goods in some models of socialism and to replace some of the tasks performed by currency under capitalism.
Outline
Unlike money, vouchers cannot circulate and are not transferable between people. They are also not exchangeable for any means of production, hence they are not transmutable into capital. Once a purchase is made, the labour vouchers are either destroyed or must be re-earned through labour. With such a system in place, monetary theft would become impossible.
Such a system is proposed by many as a replacement for traditional money while retaining a system of remuneration for work done. It is also a way of ensuring that there is no way to make money out of money as in a capitalist market economy. Additionally, the only kind of market that could exist in an economy operating through the use of labour vouchers would be an artificial market (arket) for mostly non-productive goods and services. As with the dissolution of money, capital markets could no longer exist and labour markets would also likely cease to exist with the abolition of wage labor which would by necessity occur with the adoption of vouchers.
Author and activist Michael Albert and economist Robin Hahnel have proposed a similar system of remuneration in their economic system of participatory economics (parecon). A difference is that in parecon credits are generally awarded based on both the time spent working and the amount of effort and sacrifice spent during labour, rather than simple contribution. Some later advocates of participism and parecon have also proposed awarding more based on job difficulty or danger. In contrast to the physical note or cheque format used for labour vouchers in the past, parecon credits are proposed as being entirely digital in keeping with advances in technology and are stored in electronic accounts and usable through cards similar to current day debit cards.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
8562743
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20voucher
|
Labour voucher
|
History
Labour vouchers were first proposed in the 1820s by Josiah Warren and Robert Owen. Two early attempts at implementing labour vouchers (called labour notes at the time by their proponents) were made by both following their experiences attempting to establish a utopian community in New Harmony, Indiana in which currency was prohibited.
In 1827, Warren established the Cincinnati Time Store where goods could be purchased with labor vouchers representing an agreement to perform labor. However, he folded the store in 1830 in order to devote his effort to establishing communities that implemented his principles of labour-based prices.
Beginning in 1832, Owen and his followers attempted to implement labour notes in London and Glasgow by establishing marketplaces and banks that accepted them.
The followers of Owen stood for a society of co-operative communities. Each community would own its own means of production and each member of a community would work to produce what had been agreed was needed and in return would be issued with a labour voucher certifying for how many hours he or she had worked. A person could then use this labour voucher to obtain from the community's stock of consumer goods any product or products which had taken the same number of hours to produce.
Owen believed that this co-operative commonwealth could begin to be introduced under capitalism and in the first half of the 1830s some of his followers established labour bazaars on a similar principle in which workers brought the products of their labour to the bazaar and received in exchange a labour voucher that entitled them to take from the bazaar any item or items which had taken the same time to produce after taking into account the costs of the raw materials. These bazaars were ultimately failures, but the idea of labour vouchers appeared in substantially similar forms in France in the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
8562743
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20voucher
|
Labour voucher
|
Marx initially refused the idea in the Poverty of Philosophy, especially within the capitalism (I. chapter, 2. §). Marx stated that the time in itself separated from other people's time is not suitable to measure the value of work. The value "is constituted, not by the time needed to produce it by itself, but in relation to the quota of each and every other product which can be created at the same time" (3.§. A.). According to Marx, the introduction of labour vouchers would create a lazy society and economy as there would not be concurrency between employers and employees, so nobody would be able to tell what the optimal (minimal) time which was needed to produce something would be. For example, what if "Peter" works 12 hours per day, meanwhile "Paul" works only 6 hours. This means that "Peter" worked 6 unnecessary hours and his labour vouchers are not worth anything as this is regarded +6 hours, not to mention other factors of the work. To summarize Marx's opinion in the Poverty of Philosophy, the labour voucher is not suitable to create a new socialist society, and the theory of Proudhon and others is nothing more than a utopian apology of the existing capitalist system. By Friedrich Engels, Proudhon himself tried to introduce the labour voucher system in 1849, but his attempt collapsed soon. Marx was adamant in saying that labour vouchers were not a form of money as they could not circulate—a problem he pointed out with Owen's system of labour-time notes.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
8562743
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20voucher
|
Labour voucher
|
However, they were later advocated by Karl Marx, despite disagreeing with the manner in which they were implemented by Owen, as a way of dealing with immediate and temporary shortages upon the establishment of socialism. Marx explained that this would be necessary since socialism emerges from capitalism and would be "stamped with its birthmarks". In Marx's proposal, an early socialist society would reward its citizens according to the amount of labour they contribute to society. In the Critique of the Gotha Programme, Marx said:
[T]he individual producer receives back from society—after the deductions have been made—exactly what he gives to it. What he has given to it is his individual quantum of labour. For example, the social working day consists of the sum of the individual hours of work; the individual labour time of the individual producer is the part of the social working day contributed by him, his share in it. He receives a certificate from society that he has furnished such-and-such an amount of labour (after deducting his labour for the common funds); and with this certificate, he draws from the social stock of means of consumption as much as the same amount of labour cost. The same amount of labor which he has given to society in one form, he receives back in another.
| 1.992188
| 0
|
8562767
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Nicaea%20%281328%E2%80%931331%29
|
Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)
|
The siege of Nicaea by the forces of Orhan I from 1328 to 1331, resulted in the conquest of a key Byzantine Greek city by the Ottoman Turks. It played an important role in the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.
Background
Following the reconquest of Constantinople from the Latins, the Byzantines concentrated their efforts on restoring their hold on Greece. Troops had to be taken from the eastern front in Anatolia and into the Peloponnese, with the disastrous consequence that what land the Nicaean Empire held in Anatolia was now open to Ottoman raids. With the increasing frequency and ferocity of raids, Byzantine imperial authorities pulled back from Anatolia.
Siege
By 1326, lands around Nicaea had fallen into the hands of Osman I. He had also captured the city of Bursa, establishing a capital dangerously close to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. In 1328, Orhan, Osman's son, began the siege of Nicaea, which had been in a state of intermittent blockade since 1301. The Ottomans lacked the ability to control access to the town through the lakeside harbour. As a result, the siege dragged on for several years without conclusion.
In 1329, Emperor Andronicus III attempted to break the siege. He led a relief force to drive the Ottomans away from both Nicomedia and Nicaea. After some minor successes, however, the force suffered a reverse at Pelekanon and withdrew. When it was clear that no effective Imperial force would be able to restore the frontier and drive off the Ottomans, the city proper fell on 2 March 1331. Those inhabitants who wished to leave were permitted to do so, though few did.
Aftermath
For a short period, the town became the capital of the expanding Ottoman Emirate, The large church of Hagia Sophia in the center of the town was converted into the Orhan Mosque, and a medrese (theological school) and hamam (bathhouse) were built nearby. The inhabitants of Nicaea were quickly and willingly incorporated into the growing Ottoman Empire, and many of them had already embraced Islam by 1340.
| 2.859375
| 0
|
8562767
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Nicaea%20%281328%E2%80%931331%29
|
Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)
|
Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople wrote a message to the people of Nicea shortly after the city was seized. His letter says that "The invaders endeavored to impose their impure religion on the populace, at all costs, intending to make the inhabitants followers of Muhammad". The Patriarch advised the Christians to "be steadfast in your religion" and not to forget that the "Agarians [Turks] are masters of your bodies only, but not of your souls."
The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta stayed in Nicaea at the end of 1331, According to Ibn Battuta, the town was in ruins and only inhabited by a small number of people in the service of the sultan. Within the city walls were gardens and cultivated plots with each house surrounded by an orchard. The town produced fruit, walnuts, chestnuts, and large sweet grapes.
Nicaea had been in Turkish hands before. It was reconquered by the First Crusade through Byzantine diplomacy in 1097. It had served as the capital of the Byzantine emperors during the period of the Latin Empire from 1204 to 1261. It was the most important Asian city in the empire at the time of its fall to Osman. The Ottoman conquests continued apace and Nicomedia fell in 1337. Hence, this long-held history of Nicaea in the Greco-Roman hands irreversibly ended. It had been under Greco-Roman control since the conquest of Alexander the Great, and it was the seat of several milestone Christian councils.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
8562836
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Cantigny
|
Battle of Cantigny
|
The Battle of Cantigny, fought May 28, 1918, was the first major American battle and offensive of World War I. The U.S. 1st Division, the most experienced of the five American divisions then in France and in reserve for the French Army near the village of Cantigny, was selected for the attack. The objective of the attack was both to reduce a small salient made by the German Army in the front lines but also to instill confidence among the French.
Capture of Cantigny
At 06:45 (H Hour) on May 28, 1918, American soldiers of the 28th Infantry Regiment left their jump-off trenches following an hour-long artillery preparation. Part of the preparation was counter-battery fire directed at German artillery positions. A rolling barrage, advancing 100 meters every two minutes, was calculated to give the attacking troops time to keep up with it.
The 28th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Hanson Edward Ely, commanding) plus two companies of the 18th Infantry Regiment, three machine-gun companies and a company of engineers (3,564 men), captured Cantigny from units of the German Eighteenth Army. The village was situated on high ground surrounded by woods, making it an ideal observation post for German artillery.
Because the Americans did not have them in sufficient quantity, the French provided air cover, 368 heavy artillery pieces, trench mortars, tanks, and flamethrowers. The French Schneider tanks were from the French 5th Tank Battalion. Their primary purpose was to eliminate German machine gun positions. With this massive support, and advancing on schedule behind the creeping artillery barrage, the 28th Infantry took the village in 30 minutes. It then continued on to its final objective roughly a half kilometer beyond the village.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
8562891
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20collaboration%20with%20Nazi%20Germany
|
Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany
|
Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany took place during the occupation of Poland and the Ukrainian SSR, USSR, by Nazi Germany during the Second World War.
By September 1941, the German-occupied territory of Ukraine was divided between two new German administrative units, the District of Galicia of the Nazi General Government and the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Some Ukrainians chose to resist and fight the German occupation forces and either joined the Red Army or the irregular partisan units conducting guerrilla warfare against the Germans. Most Ukrainians, especially in western Ukraine, had little to no loyalty toward the Soviet Union, which had been repressively occupying eastern Ukraine in the interwar years and had overseen a famine in the early 1930s called the Holodomor that killed millions of Ukrainians. Some who worked with or for the Nazis against the Allied forces Ukrainian nationalists hoped that enthusiastic collaboration would enable them to re-establish an independent state. Many were involved in a series of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the Holocaust in Ukraine, and the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.
Ukrainians, including ethnic minorities like Russians, Tatars and others, who collaborated with the Nazi Germany did so in various ways including participating in the local administration, in German-supervised auxiliary police, Schutzmannschaft, in the German military, or as guards in the concentration camps.
Background
Stalin and Hitler both demanded territory from their immediate neighbour, Poland. The Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 brought together Ukrainians of the USSR and Ukrainians of what was then Eastern Poland (Kresy), under a single Soviet banner. In the territories of Poland invaded by Nazi Germany, the size of the Ukrainian minority became negligible and was gathered mostly around UCC (), formed in Kraków.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
8562891
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20collaboration%20with%20Nazi%20Germany
|
Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany
|
Less than two years later, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union. The German Operation Barbarossa began on June 22, 1941. Operation Barbarossa brought together native Ukrainians of the USSR and the prewar territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. By September the occupied territory was divided between two new German administrative units: to the southwest, the District of Galicia of the Nazi General Government, and the northeast, Reichskommissariat Ukraine, which stretched all the way to Donbas by 1943.
Reinhard Heydrich noted in a report dated July 9, 1941 "a fundamental difference between the former Polish and Russian [Soviet] territories. In the former Polish region, the Soviet regime was seen as enemy rule... Hence the German troops were greeted by the Polish as well as the White Ruthenian population [meaning Ukrainian and Belarusian] for the most part, at least, as liberators or with friendly neutrality... The situation in the current occupied White Ruthenian areas of the [pre-1939] USSR has a completely different basis."
Ukrainian nationalist partisan leader Taras Bulba-Borovets gathered a force of 3,000 in summer 1941 to help the Wehrmacht fight the Red Army. In September 1942, Borovets entered into negotiations with the Soviet partisans of Dmitry Medvedev. They tried to attract him to the struggle against the Germans but could not reach an agreement. Borovets refused to obey the Soviet command structure and feared German retaliation against Ukrainian civilians. Still, until the spring of 1943 neutrality was maintained between the Borovets detachments and the Soviet partisans. Parallel to the negotiations with the Soviets, Borovets continued to try to reach an agreement with the Germans. In November 1942, he met with Obersturmbannführer Puts, the head of the security service of Volhynia and Podolia general district.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
8562891
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20collaboration%20with%20Nazi%20Germany
|
Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany
|
In November 1943, during negotiations with the Germans, Borovets was arrested by the Gestapo in Warsaw and incarcerated in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. In the autumn of 1944, the Nazis, looking for Ukrainian support in a war they were by then losing, freed Borovets. He was forced to change his nom de guerre to Kononenko and under this name he led the formation of a Ukrainian special forces detachment of around 50 men under the Waffen-SS. This detachment was to be dropped in the rear of the Red Army for guerrilla warfare. Those plans never came to fruition.
At the end of the war Hitler's Ukrainian nationalist allies demanded transfers away from the Eastern Front so that they could surrender to Allies rather than Soviet forces. Borovets' detachment surrendered to the Allies on May 10, 1945, and was interned in Rimini Italy. Because of the fluid nature of these allegiances, historian Alfred Rieber has emphasized that labels such as "collaborators" and "resistance" have been rendered useless in describing the actual loyalty of these groups. However, in the newly annexed portions of western Ukraine, there was little to no loyalty towards The Soviet Union, whose Red Army had seized Ukraine during the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939.
Occupation
Nationalists in western Ukraine hoped that their efforts would enable them to re-establish an independent state later on. For example, on the eve of Operation' Barbarossa, as many as 4,000 Ukrainians, operating under Wehrmacht orders, sought to cause disruption behind Soviet lines. After the capture of Lviv, a highly-contentious and strategically important city with a significant Ukrainian minority, OUN leaders proclaimed a new Ukrainian State on June 30, 1941, and encouraged loyalty to the new regime in the hope that the Germans would support it. In 1939, during the German-Polish War, the OUN was "a faithful German auxiliary".
| 2.265625
| 0
|
8562917
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin%20Pond
|
Dublin Pond
|
Dublin Pond or Dublin Lake is a water body located in Cheshire County in southwestern New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Dublin. The pond lies at an elevation of above sea level, near the height of land between the Connecticut River/Long Island Sound watershed to the west and the Merrimack River/Gulf of Maine watershed to the east.
Description
Water from Dublin Pond flows west through a series of lakes into Minnewawa Brook, a tributary of the Ashuelot River, which flows to the Connecticut River at Hinsdale, New Hampshire. New Hampshire Route 101, a two-lane highway, runs along the northern shore of the lake, and the town center of Dublin is less than one mile to the east.
The state owns the 1.3 acre Dublin Lake Scenic Area on Route 101, which protects much of the north shore.
The lake is classified as a coldwater fishery, with observed species including smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, brook trout, and brown bullhead. Along with Christine Lake (New Hampshire) the lake was one of only two locations where the now extinct silver trout could be found.
45 historic buildings and 10 small boathouses around the lake are designated as the Dublin Lake Historic District. The buildings were part of a popular summer home community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many prominent artists stayed in the community, including Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Abbott Handerson Thayer, and Joseph Lindon Smith. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
| 2.21875
| 0
|
8562989
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne%20Loriod
|
Jeanne Loriod
|
Jeanne Blanche Armande Loriod (13 July 1928 – 3 August 2001) was a French musician, regarded as the world's leading exponent of the ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument.
Born in Houilles, Yvelines, she was the younger sister of Yvonne Loriod, the pianist and second wife of Olivier Messiaen. She performed all of Messiaen's works for ondes Martenot, most notably the Turangalîla-Symphonie, which she recorded six times. The work was not written for her, however, but for Ginette Martenot, the sister of its inventor Maurice.
Loriod's enormous repertoire included fourteen concertos, some three hundred works with concertante parts for ondes and another 250 chamber works. She also performed in numerous film soundtracks (including – perhaps most accessibly – the 1981 animated feature Heavy Metal), and published a definitive work on the instrument, the three-volume treatise Technique de l’onde electronique type Martenot (1987).
She suffered a stroke and drowned while swimming near Antibes on the French Riviera in August 2001.
| 1.960938
| 0
|
8562999
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippling
|
Rippling
|
In computer science, more particularly in automated theorem proving, rippling refers to a group of meta-level heuristics, developed primarily in the Mathematical Reasoning Group in the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh, and most commonly used to guide inductive proofs in automated theorem proving systems. Rippling may be viewed as a restricted form of rewrite system, where special object level annotations are used to ensure fertilization upon the completion of rewriting, with a measure decreasing requirement ensuring termination for any set of rewrite rules and expression.
History
Raymond Aubin was the first person to use the term "rippling out" whilst working on his 1976 PhD thesis at the University of Edinburgh. He recognised a common pattern of movement during the rewriting stage of inductive proofs. Alan Bundy later turned this concept on its head by defining rippling to be this pattern of movement, rather than a side effect.
Since then, "rippling sideways", "rippling in" and "rippling past" were coined, so the term was generalised to rippling. Rippling continues to be developed at Edinburgh, and elsewhere, as of 2007.
Rippling has been applied to many problems traditionally viewed as being hard in the inductive theorem proving community, including Bledsoe's limit theorems and a proof of the Gordon microprocessor, a miniature computer developed by Michael J. C. Gordon and his team at Cambridge.
Overview
Very often, when attempting to prove a proposition, we are given a source expression and a target expression, which differ only by the inclusion of a few extra syntactic elements.
This is especially true in inductive proofs, where the given expression is taken to be the inductive hypothesis, and the target expression the inductive conclusion. Usually, the differences between the hypothesis and conclusion are only minor, perhaps the inclusion of a successor function (e.g., +1) around the induction variable.
| 2.125
| 0
|
8563026
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Bend%20Plantation
|
North Bend Plantation
|
North Bend Plantation is an estate located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. It is located along State Route 5, a scenic byway which runs between the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg.
History
The North Bend Plantation site was first inhabited by the Weanoc Indians. The original portion of the present house was built in 1819 by John Minge. In 1853 the home was doubled in size by Thomas Hamlin Willcox. Architectural detailing from the expansion included Greek Revival detailing reminiscent of the designs of builder/architect Asher Benjamin. In 1864 North Bend served as the headquarters of Major General Philip Sheridan as 30,000 Union Army troops prepared to cross the James River on a pontoon bridge during the Overland Campaign. The home has been in the Copland family since 1916.
North Bend was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
Visitors
The grounds are open daily from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. daily and guided tours of the house are available daily by appointment.
| 1.921875
| 0
|
8563049
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Osakabe
|
Prince Osakabe
|
Prince Osakabe (刑部(忍壁)親王, Osakabe Shinnō) (died June 2, 705) was a Japanese imperial prince who helped write the Taihō Code (681 A.D.), alongside Fujiwara no Fuhito. The Code was essentially an administrative reorganization, which would serve as the basis for Japan's governmental structure for centuries afterwards.
Background
Prince Osakabe was born to Emperor Tenmu and Kajihime no Iratsume in approximately 663 A.D.
According to the Nihon Shoki in the fifth month, on the fifth day of 679 A.D. Prince Osakabe, Prince Kusakabe, Prince Otsu, Prince Takechi, Prince Kawashima, and Prince Shiki, all swore to Emperor Tenmu that they wouldn't engage in future succession disputes. This occurred after Emperor Tenmu ascended the throne after the Jinshin War. In the first months of 704 A.D. he, Prince Naga, Prince Toneri, and Prince Hozumi were collectively awarded two hundred households by Emperor Monmu and Empress Genmei.
Along with Prince Kawashima, Osakabe was appointed to lead the emperor's 681 initiative, which was tasked with compiling the Imperial Chronicles and Fundamental Dicta.
Works
The Nihon Shoki or The Chronicles of Japan, are a historiographical collection of writing composed into thirteen books covering the Japanese history from its beginning until Empress Jitō was forced to relinquish her throne in 697. Prince Osakabe was a contributor to the project since its inception in the 680's. Osakabe, like many other courtiers of the time, was also a poet, and one of his poems is included in the Man'yōshū. The Volume III of this collection opens with a poem - written by Kakinomoto no Asomi Hitomaro - dedicated to Osakabe.
Osakabe's contribution to the reforms undertaken by Emperor Monmu included the draft of several laws and decrees based on the Chinese model. With small modifications, many of these are still valid today.
| 2.40625
| 0
|
8563088
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Outsider%20and%20Others
|
The Outsider and Others
|
The Outsider and Others contains the following tales:
"Howard Philips Lovecraft: Outsider", by August Derleth & Donald Wandrei
"Dagon"
"Polaris"
"Celephais"
"Hypnos"
"The Cats of Ulthar"
"The Strange High House in the Mist"
"The Statement of Randolph Carter"
"The Silver Key"
"Through the Gates of the Silver Key"
"The Outsider"
"The Music of Erich Zann"
"The Rats in the Walls"
"Cool Air"
"He"
"The Horror at Red Hook"
"The Temple"
"Arthur Jermyn"
"The Picture in the House"
"The Festival"
"The Terrible Old Man"
"The Tomb"
"The Shunned House"
"In the Vault"
"Pickman's Model"
"The Haunter of the Dark"
"The Dreams in the Witch-House"
"The Thing on the Doorstep"
"The Nameless City"
"The Lurking Fear"
"The Call of Cthulhu"
"The Colour out of Space"
"The Dunwich Horror"
"The Whisperer in Darkness"
"The Shadow Over Innsmouth"
"The Shadow out of Time"
"At the Mountains of Madness"
"Supernatural Horror in Literature"
While the stories in the collection have appeared in other Lovecraft books, The Outsider and Others has never been reprinted in its original form.
Reception
E. F. Bleiler called Outsider "a major book in the history of American supernatural fiction", saying Lovecraft's writing "reveals a vivid imagination, a remarkable ability at the creation of mythic thought, an excellent command of scholarly detail, and many of the indescribable characteristics of a powerful mind at work. Thrilling Wonder Stories hailed the collection as "a magnificent tribute to the brilliance of H. P. Lovecraft" and declared it "a milestone in fantasy literature, equal almost in importance to the collected tales of Edgar Allan Poe.
In popular culture
The Outsider and Others is featured in August Derleth's stories The Dweller in Darkness and Beyond the Threshold.
| 1.992188
| 0
|
8563112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Bijns
|
Anna Bijns
|
Anna Bijns or Anna Byns (1493 in Antwerp – 1575 in Antwerp) was a Flemish poet who wrote in the Dutch language. She was an educator and the administrator of a primary school in Antwerp until the age of 80. Even while as a woman she was denied membership of a local chamber of rhetoric, she was able to publish her works and find widespread recognition for her literary talent among her contemporaries. She is the first author in Dutch-language literature who mainly owed her success to the recently invented printing press. Her works were reprinted multiple times during her lifetime. In the religious conflicts of her time she chose the side of the Catholic Church and expressed in her poems sharp criticism of the teachings of Martin Luther. She is also known for her verses criticising the institution of marriage.
Life
She was the eldest child of Jan Bijns Lambertsz. Bijns and Lijsbeth Vooch. Her father was a stocking maker and a member of a local Chamber of rhetoric. This was a society of lovers of literature common in the Low Countries, which organised poetry recitations and staged theatre performances. Her father is known to have composed at least one refrain, which has been preserved. It is likely her father who awakened Anna's interest in poetry.
| 2.84375
| 0
|
8563112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Bijns
|
Anna Bijns
|
After Anna's birth her parents had two more children: a daughter Margriete born in 1495 and a son Maarten born in 1497. Her father died in 1516. A year later her sister got married. She and her brother claimed their father's inheritance. Widow Bijns then had to sell the family home and the shop's inventory. Afterwards, the remaining family members settled in a house called "De Patiencie" in the Keizerstraat, which the mother had purchased from her part of the inheritance. In that house, Anna's brother Maarten started a school. Anna helped with the school in addition to caring for her mother. After the death of their mother in 1530, brother and sister continued to live together. When Maarten got married in 1536, there was a conflict over the distribution of the inheritance which ended up in court. The court decided that Anna would be allowed to receive the rent on the family's properties, but would not inherit any further real estate. She continued collecting the rent, managing the houses, and contacting the tenants as she did before the conflict with her brother. She was forced to leave for a smaller house, "Het Roosterken", opposite her old address, which was provided to her by the chaplain of the Cathedral of Antwerp. There, at the age of 43, she started her own school and became a member of the local teachers' guild. The school was located in a small space and only catered for a small number of children. It provided primary education: reading, writing, catechism and some arithmetic.
| 2.890625
| 0
|
8563112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Bijns
|
Anna Bijns
|
Bijns developed strong ties with the Franciscan friars in Antwerp. She dedicated a number of refrains to one of those friars known by his first name Bonaventura. He has since been identified with Bonaventura Vorsel, who was also Bijns' confessor. Some authors have surmised, without evidence, that the unrequited love about which Bijns writes in some of her refrains was directed at Bonaventura. Many of her acquaintances were members of the Franciscan order or connected to it in some way. Bijns herself likely did not belong to a religious community and there is no evidence that she was a nun or beguine. It has been speculated that much of Bijns' work was created at the instigation of the Antwerp Franciscans. They likely also put her in contact with printers. Brother Matthias Weijnssen, in particular, is believed to have encouraged and guided her in her writing. Bijns' anti-Lutheranism fitted perfectly in the Franciscans' own propaganda war against Luther's teachings which they waged through literature in the vernacular.
Bijns continued to run her school until 1573 when she decided to close the school and sell her house. She sold the house to the Stollaert couple, who owned the house next to her in the Keizerstraat. De Stollaerts agreed that Bijns could come and live with them in the Lange Nieuwstraat. In exchange for board and lodging, Bijns gave all her money to the Stollaert family. Anna Bijns died, at the age of 82, in the Easter week of 1575.
Work
Anna Bijns wrote refreinen (refrains), a specific form of poem that was popular with the rhetoricians of her time. Refrains deal with three themes: love (called 'het amoureuze'), wisdom (called 'het vroede') and the crazy or comical (called 'het zotte'). Love refrains deal with various aspects of amorous relationships, wisdom refrains deal with (other) serious subjects, often of a religious nature while crazy refrains are comical and often reflect the era's crass humor. Anna Bijns covered all three themes in her refrains.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
8563112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Bijns
|
Anna Bijns
|
As a poetry form, the "refrain" was derived from the French ballad. The most important characteristics of a refrain are that the poem has at least four verses and that the last line of each verse always returns as a refrain. This returning line is usually used as the title for the poem. The last verse is dedicated to a so-called 'prince', the leader of the local chamber of rhetoric. Even though every last line should begin with the word 'prince', it does not necessarily mean that this refers to the then incumbent president of the chamber. Religious refrains may also address God or Christ as 'prince' or Mary as 'princess'. The poets of that time loved to play with language and use creative rhymes. They used the end rhyme (with the paired or crossed rhyme as the simplest form) as well as rhymes within verses. In addition, they often included acrostics in their verse, where the poet's name or the name of another person is interwoven with the text. Acrostics are useful to identify the person involved in the poem. Bijns also makes frequent use of it.
| 3.1875
| 0
|
8563112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Bijns
|
Anna Bijns
|
In addition to the three printed books of refrains, the poetry of Anna Bijns has been handed down through 18 manuscripts. Of these, 17 are collective manuscripts in which Bijns' work is featured alongside that of other authors. The only exception to this is manuscript B in the Ghent University Library (signature: Ghent, UB, 2166) that only contains work by Anna
Bijns. The refrains in these manuscripts span a period from before the first publication of her work until the period 1545 and cover a wider area of themes than the printed refrains.
Themes
Her work consists of religious and moralizing poems, polemic refrains against Martin Luther, whom she considered an instrument of evil, love poems and various satires. The best-known thematic group is made up of virulently anti-Lutheran refrains, in which Luther and his followers are severely denounced as liars, cheats, seducers and earthly devils. The poems are emotional and testify to the hatred, as well as the fear Catholics felt for the perceived threat of Protestantism. The second thematic group of refrains are also anti-Lutheran in their intention, but differ from the first as they rely on theological arguments rather than invective to combat Lutheranism. They are referred to as the theological reasoning refrains and are characterized by their lower level of emotionality.
A third different thematic is the group of complaints about the present time. This is an old genre adopted by Bijns. This group contains refrains in which she expresses her grievances about the state of the world and denounces all kinds of wrongs without referring to Lutheranism. This group expands from the premise that everything used to be better, especially as contemporary people no longer live as piously and virtuously as before while they fail at the same time to recognise the error of their ways. Bijns' criticism in these verses is not aimed at Luther or other non-Catholics, but every person of her time.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
8563112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Bijns
|
Anna Bijns
|
The fourth thematic group is that of the refrains with theological advice in which Bijns advises her readers on what they should do in view of the sorry state of the world. The prevalent trust of this group is the need to protect potential victims by preparing them for possible attacks and by recommending a certain course of action to them. She emphasizes the church commandments on fasting and confession. Only a few of these refrains are anti-Lutheran as they focus more on the salvation of souls. The fifth group is that of the refrains of praise. These include refrains of praise for Mary and Christ. They show the piety of Bijns and her trust in Catholic doctrine. Here Bijns shows how well she masters the register of laudatory metaphors and other imagery for Mary. Every refrain is imbued with veneration and devotion. These first five groups all appear in the first volume of refrains.
In her other works, there are two further thematic groups: the foolish and the love refrains. The first consists of refrains relating to events taking place in monasteries. They poke fun at the monks who were expected to live a holy life but often fail to behave according to their monastic rules and often display coarse humour. The refrains are effective by showing that the respectable monks and nuns are just ordinary people with their weaknesses. A second foolish category is that of the mockery of marriage. They recount in detail the many disadvantages of marriage and highlight how much better it is to remain celibate. While these refrains are extremely funny Bijns also wrote them with a didactic goal in mind: she wanted to show that those who are unmarried can dedicate their lives entirely to God. A final group consists of amorous poems, in which Bijns concentrates on the genre of the love complaints in which the first person complains about being abandoned by his or her loved one and wonders what to do next.
| 2.4375
| 0
|
8563139
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20of%20Appeals%20of%20the%20Philippines
|
Court of Appeals of the Philippines
|
The Court of Appeals (; previously Hukuman ng Paghahabol) is an appellate collegiate court in the Philippines. The Court of Appeals consists of one presiding justice and sixty-eight associate justices. Pursuant to the Constitution, the Court of Appeals "reviews not only the decisions and orders of the Regional Trial Courts awards, judgments, final orders or resolutions of, or authorized by administrative agencies exercising quasi-judicial functions mentioned in Rule 43 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, plus the National Amnesty Commission (Pres. Proclamation No. 347 of 1994) and the Office of the Ombudsman". Under Republic Act No. 9282, which elevated the Court of Tax Appeals to the same level of the Court of Appeals, en banc decisions of the Court of Tax Appeals are subject to review by the Supreme Court instead of the Court of Appeals (as opposed to what is currently provided in Section 1, Rule 43 of the Rules of Court). Added to the formidable list are the decisions and resolutions of the National Labor Relations Commission which are now initially reviewable by the Court of Appeals, instead of a direct recourse to the Supreme Court, via petition for certiorari under Rule 65.
The Court of Appeals buildings is at Maria Orosa Street, Ermita in Manila, on the grounds of what used to be part of the University of the Philippines Manila campus.
| 1.9375
| 0
|
8563139
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20of%20Appeals%20of%20the%20Philippines
|
Court of Appeals of the Philippines
|
History
Organized on February 1, 1936, the Court of Appeals was initially composed of Justice Pedro Concepcion, as the first presiding judge, and ten appellate judges appointed by the president of the Philippines with the consent of the Commission on Appointments of the National Assembly. It had exclusive appellate jurisdiction of all cases not falling under the original and exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the seven-man Supreme Court. Its decisions in those cases were final, except when the Supreme Court upon petition for certiorari on questions of law required that the case be certified to it for review. It also had original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, injunction, certiorari, habeas corpus and all other auxiliary writs in aid of its appellate jurisdiction. The court then sat either en banc or in two divisions, one of six and another of five judges. The appellate judges had the same qualifications as those provided by the Constitution for Supreme Court justices.
In March 1938, the appellate judges were named justices and their number increased from eleven to fifteen, with three divisions of five under Commonwealth Act No. 259. On December 24, 1941, the membership of the court was further increased to nineteen justices under Executive Order No. 395.
The court functioned during the Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1944. However, in March 1945, due to abnormal conditions at the time, the court was abolished by President Sergio Osmeña through Executive Order No. 37. The end of World War II restored the democratic processes in the country. On October 4, 1946, Republic Act No. 52 was passed, recreating the Court of Appeals, with a presiding justice and fourteen associate justices. The court was composed of five divisions of three justices each.
| 2.765625
| 0
|
8563139
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court%20of%20Appeals%20of%20the%20Philippines
|
Court of Appeals of the Philippines
|
On August 23, 1956, the membership of the court was expanded to eighteen justices per Republic Act No. 1605. The number was hiked to twenty-four justices as decreed by Republic Act No. 5204 approved on June 15, 1968. Ten years later, the unabated swelling of the court's dockets called for a much bigger court of forty-five justices under Presidential Decree No. 1482 of June 10, 1978. Then came the judiciary reorganization on January 17, 1983, through Executive Order No. 864 of President Ferdinand Marcos. The court was renamed the Intermediate Appellate Court, and its membership was enlarged to fifty-one justices. However, only thirty-seven justices were appointed to this court.
On July 28, 1986, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 33, which restored the original name of the appellate court to the Court of Appeals and its presiding justice and fifty associate justices.
On February 23, 1995, Republic Act No. 7902 was passed, which expanded the jurisdiction of the court effective March 18, 1995. On December 30, 1996, Republic Act No. 8246 created six more divisions in the court, thereby increasing its membership from fifty-one to sixty-nine justices. These additional divisions—three for the Visayas and three for Mindanao—paved the way for the appellate court's regionalization. In the Visayas, the court sits in Cebu City, while Cagayan de Oro is home to the court for Mindanao.
On August 18, 2007, the then-president of the Cebu City Chapter of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, Briccio Joseph Boholst, opposed the abolition of the court in Cebu City, as he claimed that it would cause inconvenience for both litigants and lawyers. Supreme Court Associate Justice Ruben Reyes was tasked to investigate and submit his recommendations to the High Tribunal regarding the alleged massive graft and corruption of justices, especially in the issuance of temporary restraining orders.
On February 1, 2018, the court celebrated its 82nd Anniversary.
Incumbent justices
| 2.34375
| 0
|
8563157
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Jacobi
|
Frederick Jacobi
|
Frederick Jacobi (May 4, 1891 – October 24, 1952) was a Jewish-American composer and teacher. His works include symphonies, concerti, chamber music, works for solo piano and for solo organ, lieder, and one opera.
He taught at Juilliard School of Music from 1936 to 1950, where his pupils included Mark Bucci, Alexei Haieff, Julia Frances Smith, Robert Starer, John Verrall, and Robert Ward. He also served as the director of the American section of the International Society for Contemporary Music and was a founding member of the League of Composers. He died on October 24, 1952, in New York City of heart failure.
Biography
Early life
Jacobi was the son of San Francisco wholesale wine merchant, Frederick Jacobi Sr. and Flora Brandenstein (daughter of tobacco wholesaler Joseph Brandenstein), whom Frederick Sr. had married in 1876. During the composer's childhood years, he demonstrated his musical talent, composing short pieces at the piano and playing tunes from contemporary musical comedies by ear. In these years the family traveled each summer to visit relatives in New York City. The scenery of those cross-country train rides later provided the themes of a number of Jacobi's nature-inspired compositions.
Musical training and career
When Frederick Sr. died in 1911, Frederick Jr. inherited the estate, which provided him enough wealth that he could devote his entire livelihood to music. In his twenties Jacobi studied music and composition under such masters as Isidor Philipp of the Paris Conservatory, Rafael Joseffy, Paolo Gallico, Ernest Bloch and Rubin Goldmark in New York, and Paul Juon in Berlin.
| 2.296875
| 0
|
8563157
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Jacobi
|
Frederick Jacobi
|
From 1913 to 1917 he worked as a vocal coach and assistant conductor at the Metropolitan Opera. It was during that time, on April 19, 1917, that he married Irene Schwarcz, a friend of many years, who, at the time, was studying piano at the New York Institute of Musical Art (which later became Juilliard). Irene would go on to become an accomplished concert pianist and would play piano parts in many performances and recordings of Jacobi's works.
Jacobi enlisted in the army shortly after marrying Irene, where he served as a saxophone player in the Alcatraz Army Band. He was discharged in 1919, at which time he moved to New York to be in closer contact with the American composers of the time. His first large orchestral work, The Eve of St. Agnes, debuted the following year in New York. For the remainder of his life he published and performed new works nearly every year—sometimes several in the same year (see compositions section). Major American orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco symphonies performed Jacobi's orchestral compositions during the years of his life.
In works from what has become known as Jacobi's Indian period (late 1920s and early 1930s), he incorporated rhythms and other elements from indigenous Native American music he had heard in his travels through the American southwest. Indeed, he spent the winter of 1927 with the Navajo and Pueblo of New Mexico studying their music. In 1942-1944 Jacobi collaborated with Canadian playwright and librettist, Herman Voaden, to produce the opera, The Prodigal Son, which debuted at the American Opera Society of Chicago in May 1945.
| 2.734375
| 0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.