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5403133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Bingham%20Walkley
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Arthur Bingham Walkley
|
In 1892 Walkley published his first book, a collection of his theatre reviews. The Times said of it, "Reprints of dramatic criticism are, as a rule, rather unsatisfying reading. But an exception may well be made in favour of Mr. Walkley's Playhouse Impressions." A selection from his miscellaneous essays in The Speaker, The Star, and elsewhere was published as Frames of Mind in 1899. This too was well received: "It is pleasant to wander with a companion so well read and so apt of quotation, and Mr. Walkley has an original way of looking around him."
The Times
In September 1899 Walkley contributed his first review to The Times; six months later he was appointed as the paper's drama critic. He contributed in 1900 and 1901 to Literature, a weekly offshoot of The Times, and, from 1902 to its successor, The Times Literary Supplement. In February 1903 he gave three lectures at the Royal Institution, which he printed as Dramatic Criticism (1903). He reprinted some of his articles for Literature and the TLS as his fourth book, Drama and Life (1907).
In 1911 Shaw parodied Walkley as the pompous theatre critic Mr Trotter in Fanny's First Play. Walkley was in on the joke and helped Claude King, the actor playing Trotter, to mimic his personal appearance. In his review he gravely noted that Trotter is a "pure figment of the imagination, wholly unlike any actual person".
After his retirement from the Post Office in July 1919 Walkley added to his regular theatre reviews a series of essays published weekly in The Times on a range of subjects close to his heart; these included Jane Austen (whom some thought the only English novelist he truly loved), Dr Johnson, Dickens and Lamb. He wrote frequently about France and French topics, including the works of Proust; he was a devoted Francophile, and even cultivated a French style in his personal appearance. These Wednesday Times essays were substantial, typically about 1,500 words and occasionally well over 3,000. His fellow critic St John Ervine wrote in The Observer:
| 2.046875
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5403134
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguila%2C%20Arizona
|
Aguila, Arizona
|
Aguila is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is located on U.S. Route 60, west of Wickenburg and northeast of Wenden. Major economic activities include cantaloupe farming and formerly included mining. It uses the same street numbering system as Phoenix. As of the 2020 census, the population of Aguila was 565, down from 798 in 2010.
History
Aguila was a stop on the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway. The former 1907 Aguila railroad depot is now located at the McCormick-Stillman Railroad Park in Scottsdale.
Demographics
Aguila first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as the 52nd Precinct of Maricopa County. In 1930, it simply appeared as the Aguila Precinct. It was recorded as having a Spanish/Hispanic majority for that census (the census would not separately feature that racial demographic again until 1980). Aguila's population was 40 in 1940,'s population was 25 in 1940. and 120 in the 1960 census.
In 2010, it was made a census-designated place (CDP).
As of the census of 2010, there were 798 people living in Aguila. The population density was 508.1 people per square mile. The racial makeup was 64.7% White, 1.0% Black or African American, 3.6% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 28.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. 69.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Climate
This area has a large amount of sunshine year round due to its stable descending air and high pressure. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Aguila has a desert climate, abbreviated "Bwh" on climate maps.
| 2.171875
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5403136
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veternica%20%28river%29
|
Veternica (river)
|
The Veternica (, ) is a river in southern Serbia, a 75 km long left tributary to the Južna Morava, which gives the name to the region surrounding its valley.
The Veternica originates from the Grot peak, the southernmost part of the Kukavica mountain. Four smaller streams meet at the village of Vlase and continue to the north as the Veternica. The river flows next to the villages of Golemo Selo, Oštra Glava and Gagince, where it flows parallel to the Jablanica river.
As the Veternica bends to the northeast, it enters the low Veternica region, part of the Leskovac field in the composite valley of the Južna Morava. The small region, located between the Kukavica mountain on the south and the Jablanica region on the north, is divided in two micro-regions, upper one being centered on the small town of Vučje (which is not located on the river itself) while the center of the lower micro-region is the town of Leskovac.
As it enters the region, the Veternica furthers away from the Jablanica with third parallel flow, the Sušica, being formed in between. Settlements include many small villages, like Vina, Bukova Gora, Miroševce, Žabljane, Beli Potok and Strojkovce.
In the Leskovac field, the river gently turns north, receives the Sušica from the left and reaches the town of Leskovac. The Veternica continues northward, being connected to the Jablanica river by the canal at the village of Bogojevce, before it empties into the Južna Morava.
The Veternica belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin with its own drainage area of 515 km2. It is not navigable.
| 2.03125
| 0
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5403147
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straub
|
Straub
|
Straub is a Germanic surname that literally means "one with bushy or bristly hair". Its original meaning in Middle High German is "rough" or "unkempt". It may also refer to people who come from Straubing in Germany. Spelling variations of Straub include Straube, Strauber, Straubinger, Strauble, Strob, Strobel, Strube, Strub, Strufe, Struwe, and Struwing.
The first known Straub in the United States was Johannes Straub, one of the Palatine Germans brought to New York in 1710. There were later arrivals, especially in the Pennsylvania Deutsch region and Ohio, most with an origin in Baden-Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, Rhineland-Palatinate, Bavaria, Austria, the German cantons of Switzerland, and Alsace-Lorraine. Some Straubs who had earlier migrated east out of Germany, settling in German enclaves in Russia and Austria-Hungary (now Romania), have subsequently immigrated to the U.S. as well.
There were two notable breweries founded in Pennsylvania by Straub immigrants. The earliest was the J. N. Straub & Company brewery founded in the 1840s in Alleghany (now Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania, by John N. Straub, immigrant from Hesse-Darmstadt. The other was the Straub Brewery founded in 1872 in St. Marys, Pennsylvania, by Peter P. Straub, immigrant from Felldorf, Württemberg.
Other notable landmarks and companies named after a Straub include Bob Straub State Park in Oregon and Straub Hall at the University of Oregon in Eugene; Straub's Markets, a St. Louis, Missouri-based specialty food retailer; Straub Clinic & Hospital in Hawaii. Straub Honda Dealership in Wheeling, West Virginia
During the Second World War there was a Sclass Cannon destroyer escort named that was built for the U.S. Navy. The ship was named after its sponsor, Mrs. Margaret H. Straub.
There is also an asteroid named 6147 Straub.
Notable Straubs
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5403159
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly%20Bay%2C%20Queensland
|
Nelly Bay, Queensland
|
Nelly Bay is a town on Magnetic Island and a suburb of the City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. A tourism hub on the island, it is especially significant as the site of the ferry terminal, which links it to Townsville. In the , the suburb of Nelly Bay had a population of 1,213 people.
History
Robert Hayles, a local entrepreneur, started tourist ventures in the bay around 1911 and in 1917 correspondence between the Townsville Harbour Board and the Queensland Marine Department notes the existence of a jetty in the bay. During the Second World War an anti-aircraft battery was built on the foreshore of the bay. While the concrete foundations of the battery still exist, they are now overgrown, and surrounded by a housing estate.
Nelly Bay Post Office opened on 1 July 1927 (a receiving office had been open from 1923), closed in 1982 and reopened in 1994.
Nelly Bay Provisional School opened on 15 September 1924. In 1928 it became Nelly Bay State School. The school closed on 18 October 1942 but reopened on 1 October 1943. It changed its name to Magnetic Island State School in the 1970s.
In February 1984, Bob Katter Jr., the then new Minister for Northern Development, announced the $100 million development of a harbour and marina precinct in Nelly Bay proposed by Geoff Orpin, a former Maroochy Shire Councillor who moved to Magnetic Island in 1980. At the time, the project was to be called Magnetic Keys, and Katter insisted all environmental concerns would be addressed with construction beginning within six months. However, it was another 18 months before the developer was even able to obtain the correct permission and leases to perform feasibility and environmental impact studies in the bay.
In 1987, the development was sold to the Linkon Group and Essington Developments, but Essington Developments sold their interests in the project soon-after to Pacific Properties Pty Ltd.
| 1.914063
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5403195
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington%2C%20Arizona
|
Arlington, Arizona
|
Arlington is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, located west of downtown Phoenix on old U.S 80. It follows the street numbering system of Phoenix. As of the 2020 census, the population was 150, down from 194 at the 2010 census.
Demographics
Arlington first appeared on the 1910 U.S. Census as a precinct of Maricopa County. It appeared again in 1920 as the 53rd precinct of Maricopa County (AKA Arlington). In 1930, it simply appeared as the Arlington Precinct again. It was recorded as having a White majority for that census The population was 25 in the 1960 census.
In 2010, it was made a census-designated place (CDP).
As of the census of 2010, there were 194 people living in the CDP. The population density was 82.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 69.1% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 24.2% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. 29.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Hassayampa Bridge
The historic Hassayampa River Bridge, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located nearby.
| 2.125
| 0
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5403243
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashion%2C%20Arizona
|
Cashion, Arizona
|
Cashion is a neighborhood and former unincorporated community in Avondale, Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. As of 2000, it had a population of 2,965. It is bounded in the north by Buckeye Rd., in the south by Durango St., on the west by 115th Ave., and on the east by 107th Ave.
Cashion ceased to be a census-designated place in 1990 due to its annexation, but its name continues to be associated with the 85329 zip code. The ZCTA for the Cashion zip code had a population of 2,438 in the 2020 United States Census.
History
Cashion lies in the Salt River Valley just north of the confluence of the Salt and Gila rivers. During the first millennium, between 700 and 900 CE, the Hohokam people had a large settlement south of present-day Cashion. The settlement, known today as the Cashion Site or Cashion Ruin, was strategically located in proximity to regional trade routes, and had public facilities such as ball courts and platform mounds. It was served by an irrigation canal that carried water from the Salt River.
In the 1970s the Museum of Northern Arizona conducted excavations at the Cashion Site and removed 83 human remains as well as hundreds of funerary artifacts. In 2006 these remains and funeral goods were inventoried for return to a coalition of Native American tribes under NAGPRA.
In the late 19th century, Jim Cashion of the Cashion Ranch raised cattle in present-day Cashion and later farmed ostriches. After ostrich hats fell out of fashion the ostriches were sold and sent to Chandler. In 1911, he secured a commission for a fourth-class post office. , the Cashion post office remains in operation.
In the 1920s Cashion was a regular stop on the Buckeye line of the Arizona Eastern Railway, between Phoenix and Hassayampa. Trains stopped daily to pick up and deliver mail.
A community called Littleton was established in the early 20th century by a dentist named S.D. Little. Littleton failed, but its name lives on in the Littleton Elementary School District, which operates schools in and around Cashion.
| 2.0625
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5403250
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Price%20of%20Coal
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The Price of Coal
|
The Price of Coal is a two-part television drama written by Barry Hines and directed by Ken Loach first broadcast as part of the Play for Today series in 1977. Set at the fictional Milton Colliery, near Barnsley in South Yorkshire, the episodes contrast "efforts made to cosmetically improve the pit in preparation for a royal visit (part one) and the target-conscious safety shortcuts that precipitate a fatal accident (part two)".
The plot bears some similarities to the Cadeby Main pit disaster of July 1912, which occurred whilst the King and Queen were visiting pit villages in Yorkshire. This disaster is discussed by managers in the first episode, who refer to the timing of the disaster at the same time as the visit as "bad luck".
Language
Characters almost entirely use Yorkshire dialect and the episodes have been shown with subtitles even when broadcast in England. Some characters have north-eastern accents, in a reference to the migration of displaced colliers from the run-down coalfields in Durham and Northumberland to the richer Yorkshire coalfield in the 1960s. The plays contain an unusually large amount of swearing for a BBC production in the 1970s. This becomes part of the plot in the first episode, as the management ask the miners not to swear during the royal visit. When signs are put up in the pit baths to forbid swearing, the miners attempt to speak in Received Pronunciation to mock the language of the royal family.
| 2.234375
| 0
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5403269
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitagliptin
|
Sitagliptin
|
Sitagliptin works to competitively inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). This enzyme breaks down the incretins GLP-1 and GIP, gastrointestinal hormones released in response to a meal. By preventing breakdown of GLP-1 and GIP, they are able to increase the secretion of insulin and suppress the release of glucagon by the alpha cells of the pancreas. This drives blood glucose levels towards normal. As the blood glucose level approaches normal, the amounts of insulin released and glucagon suppressed diminishes, thus tending to prevent an "overshoot" and subsequent low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), which is seen with some other oral hypoglycemic agents.
Sitagliptin has been shown to lower HbA1c level by about 0.7% points versus placebo. It is slightly less effective than metformin when used as a monotherapy. It does not cause weight gain and has less hypoglycemia compared to sulfonylureas. Sitagliptin is recommended as a second-line drug (in combination with other drugs) after the combination of diet/exercise and metformin fails.
History
Sitagliptin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2006, and is sold under the brand name Januvia. In April 2007, the FDA approved an oral combination of sitagliptin/metformin sold under the brand name Janumet. In October 2011, the FDA approved an oral combination of sitagliptin/simvastatin sold under the brand name Juvisync. The extended release version of sitagliptin/metformin was approved in February 2012.
| 1.953125
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5403298
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pied%20Piper%20%281986%20film%29
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The Pied Piper (1986 film)
|
Production
The Pied Piper was an unusually ambitious project for the production company Kratky Film, which like other animation studios in Czechoslovakia primarily made television short films for children. Research for the film took six months. Director Jiří Barta's aim was to make an adaptation of the Pied Piper of Hamelin which captured the German spirit, and which had to be suitable for animation. The film's narrative therefore took traits from several alterations of the myth, but mainly stayed true to the version presented in the novel Krysař by Viktor Dyk. Writing the screenplay and doing technical preparations took one year.
The art design was based on German Expressionism and medieval German art conventions. Barta said: "This element has actually solved certain spatial problems in that part of the mediaeval canon is that the important figures are big, and secondary figures are small. So it has solved the whole problem of space, and justifies an illogicality – a lack of logic – about the world of the film." Barta designed the puppets and sets himself. He started with drawings and then made models to provide three dimensions. The puppets were intentionally designed as to appear mechanical, which would contrast with the use of living rats, to create the impression that the rats were more alive than the humans. The exceptions were the characters Agnes and the fisherman, who were given a softer design to represent a world of purity. The puppets varied in size between one and 60 centimeters. One scene in the film features two-dimensional animation in a style radically different from the rest. This segment was inspired by medieval painting on wood, and in particular the art of Jan van Eyck.
| 2.796875
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5403310
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Jemmott
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Jerry Jemmott
|
Biography
Born in Morrisania, Bronx, New York City, in 1946, Jerry Jemmott began playing upright (acoustic) bass at the age of eleven after he discovered Paul Chambers. After switching to electric bass guitar, he was discovered by saxophonist King Curtis in 1967. With his connection through Curtis to Atlantic Records, he soon began recording with other Atlantic recording artists, including Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Wilson Pickett, the Rascals, Roberta Flack, and Margie Joseph. He also recorded with B.B. King, Freddie King, Chuck Berry, Otis Rush, Champion Jack Dupree, and Mike Bloomfield, and accompanied Herbie Hancock, Freddie Hubbard, Erroll Garner, Les McCann, Eddie Harris, Houston Person, George Benson, Archie Shepp, Lionel Hampton, Herbie Mann, Eddie Palmieri, and Charles Earland. He played the bass line on the song "Mr. Bojangles" and contributed to B.B. King's "The Thrill Is Gone". Jemmott and Duane Allman would fly down to Muscle Shoals, to record for Atlantic. In 1971 King Curtis recorded his Rhythm & Blues hit, "Live at Filmore West" with Jerry Jemmott, Bernard Purdie, Billy Preston, and other members of the Kingpins.
After a near-fatal 1972 auto accident in Manhattan that also involved Roberta Flack and guitarist Cornell Dupree, Jemmott temporarily quit playing bass due to injuries he sustained, but would return in 1975 in the midst of the closure of many of the recording studios, due to emergence of compact home recording studios that utilized the syncing of the drum machine with the synthesizer, the precursor to the decline of recording industry and the emerging acceptance of the sound of digital recordings. He continued to work in film and theater as an arranger and conductor with John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra. He was cited as a major influence by Jaco Pastorius, who incorporated Jemmott's funk bass lines into his own style. Jemmott hosted the instructional video Modern Electric Bass (1985) which featured advice from Pastorius.
| 2.375
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5403356
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Station%20Seventh%20Grade
|
Space Station Seventh Grade
|
Space Station Seventh Grade is a young adult novel by Jerry Spinelli, published in 1982; it was his debut novel. It was inspired by an odd event when one of his six children ate some fried chicken that he had been saving for the next day.
The novel was intended for adults but became a young adult novel instead.
Plot summary
Seventh-grader Jason Herkimer narrates the events of his year, from school, hair, and pimples, to mothers, little brothers, and a girl. It is a story about being true to yourself, the nostalgic recollection of adolescent years, and accepting change.
Jason has a crush on a cheerleader, Debbie. He also has trouble fitting in at school. He goes through a lot of natural teenage problems and shares the experiences.
Sequel
Spinelli wrote about the same characters in Jason and Marceline (1986).
Characters
Jason - The main character, Jason is also the narrator. He is making a space station throughout the novel which will be a self-sustaining environment. He thinks about Pioneer a lot. He collects dinosaurs and loves science. Jason is a 92-pound linebacker on the football team. Throughout the novel, Jason starts adjusting to getting older and maturing.
Richie Bell - Jason's best friend, another seventh-grader. He gets peed on by a ninth-grader while using a school urinal. He and Jason sometimes bag groceries for money.
Peter Kim - One of Jason's friends, Peter is Korean-American. He takes anything said "just right." Peter has a little brother named Kippy.
Calvin Lemaine - Another of Jason's friends, Calvin is African-American. He aspires to become a doctor, and has a collection of bugs and insects in his bedroom.
Dugan - Jason's friend who attends a Catholic school, unlike the rest of the boys who all attend public school. He is unafraid of basically anything, including walking around the dance floor primarily inhabited by intimidating ninth-graders. Jason mentions how Dugan fits in well and "shows up" everywhere.
| 2.90625
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5403359
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Gothenburg
|
History of Gothenburg
|
The history of Gothenburg () begins with the foundation of the city in 1621, although by that time people had already been living in the area for thousands of years, since the Neolithic Period, and moreover there had already been a series of earlier settlements on the lower Göta Älv, including one which also bore the name Gothenburg.
The Göta Älv has been of crucial importance throughout Swedish history as the country's only direct outlet to the North Sea, and thus to the wider world beyond the Baltic Sea. However, for many centuries the borders with Norwegian Bohuslän and Danish Halland ran right up to the river mouth, making Swedish settlements in the area extremely vulnerable to attack. The threat was significantly reduced by the conquests of both Bohuslän and Halland in the mid-seventeenth century, which gave Gothenburg the security to expand into Sweden's largest port and one of its main industrial centres.
Prehistory
The southwestern coast of the Scandinavian peninsula has been inhabited for several thousand years. During the Stone Age, there was a settlement at , close to the mouth of the Göta Älv, which gives its name to the wider that flourished in southwest Scandinavia during the period 8400–6000 BC. There are eleven rock carvings in the Gothenburg area.
When the Kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden came into being in the late Viking Age, it appears that the entire western coastline of Scandinavia was claimed by Norway and Denmark, with the Göta Älv marking the frontier between the two kingdoms. However, during the High Middle Ages the Swedes seem to have conquered or otherwise taken control of a sliver of land on the south bank of the Göta Älv, as well as a foothold on the southern side of Hisingen island, and thereby secured access to the North Sea for the first time. It is not clear exactly when this territorial acquisition occurred, but it was probably in the mid-thirteenth century.
Predecessors of Gothenburg
Lödöse
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5403359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Gothenburg
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History of Gothenburg
|
The earliest predecessor of present-day Gothenburg was the town of Lödöse, located 40 kilometres upstream from the present city, on the east bank of the Göta Älv. The town first emerged in the late Viking Age and became a flourishing trade centre during the Middle Ages. One of the earliest attestations of the name Lödöse is from the 1260 will of a certain Margareta Persdotter, in which the town is referred to as 'claustro lydosiensi'.
Lödöse is also mentioned several times in the Icelandic sagas. Sturla Þórðarson's Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar incorporates a skaldic verse mentioning Lödöse in connection with a meeting at the town between the Norwegian prince Hákon the Younger and the Swedish ruler Birger Jarl in 1249. The verse ran, loosely translated:
Lödöse had a major disadvantage in that it was located upstream of the Norwegian fortress at Bohus, which meant that in times of war the garrison there could interfere with river traffic between Lödöse and the sea. This was not an issue for much of the Middle Ages, as wars between Sweden and Norway were generally infrequent and short during this period. However, from 1448 onward Sweden was embroiled in frequent wars with Denmark-Norway, which seriously hampered Lödöse's ability to trade with the outside world.
Nya Lödöse
In 1473, the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder tried to establish an alternative settlement downstream of Bohus, at the confluence of the river with the Göta Älv, to prevent the fortress from interfering with Swedish trade. Formally it was known as Göthaholm, but it soon came to be called "New Lödöse" (), as many of the first inhabitants were former citizens of (Old) Lödöse.
However, the new location (in what is now the Gamlestaden district of eastern Gothenburg) proved to be vulnerable to Danish-Norwegian raids, and Nya Lödöse was repeatedly sacked, notably in December 1507 by Henrik Krummedige.
Älvsborg Town
Älvsborg Castle had originally been built in the 1360s at the mouth of the Göta Älv.
| 2.375
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5403359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Gothenburg
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History of Gothenburg
|
In 1621, King Gustav II Adolf, the son and successor of Charles IX, decided to make yet another attempt at founding a city on the Göta Älv. According to legend, the king was searching for a suitable location when suddenly a dove fleeing from an eagle landed at his feet, seeking shelter. Gustav took this as a sign from God and declared, Här skall staden ligga! ('Here shall the city lie!'). In order to ensure the new settlement did not suffer the same fate as its predecessors, it was provided with a substantial network of fortifications, later augmented by the twin fortresses of Skansen Kronan and Skansen Lejonet.
As at Charles IX's Gothenburg, the majority of the initial inhabitants of Gustav Adolf's Gothenburg were immigrants, and above all from the Dutch Republic. Indeed, the initial city council comprised ten Dutchmen, seven Swedes and one Scot. Dutch builders were contracted to plan the new city and construct its fortifications, in part because of their expertise in building on marshland. To drain the swampy ground and provide access for shipping, Gothenburg was given a network of canals, akin to those of Dutch cities like Amsterdam, and indeed it appears the plans for the canal network were modelled on those used for the recent Dutch colonial settlement of Batavia (modern Jakarta, Indonesia). The Dutch influence over Gothenburg in its early decades was so strong that it was sometimes regarded as a Dutch colony on Swedish soil; for example one contemporary writer described it as, Gotheburg ab Hollandis aliisque Belgis incolitur ('Gothenburg, inhabited by Hollanders and other Belgians')
Over time, however, more and more native Swedes started to move to the city, and they soon represented a majority of the population. This demographic shift is reflected by the fact that the city council became homogeneously Swedish after 1652, when the last Dutch councillor died.
| 2.53125
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5403359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Gothenburg
|
History of Gothenburg
|
The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and was the main port of departure for Swedish emigrants to North America. This history is reflected by the foundation of the House of the Emigrants (Emigranternas Hus) museum in the city in 2004. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.
Modern Gothenburg
With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900). In the 20th century, major companies that developed included SKF (est. 1907) and Volvo (est. 1926).
In more recent years however, the industrial section has faced a recession, which has spurred the development of new sectors such as increased merchandising, tourism and cultural and educational institutions.
The city acquired a mass transit system in 1902, in the form of a network of electric trams. Gothenburg was one of only two Swedish cities (the other being Norrköping) to retain its trams after the switch to driving on the right in 1967, and as such the city has become particularly associated with this form of public transport in the Swedish imagination, even though several other cities have created new tram networks in the decades since.
In June 2001, major protests occurred in the city during the EU summit and the visit by US president George W. Bush.
| 2.65625
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5403363
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%20of%20English%20Proficiency%20%28South%20Korea%29
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Test of English Proficiency (South Korea)
|
Test structure
TEPS consists of four sections: Listening Comprehension, Grammar, Vocabulary, and Reading Comprehension. The test has a total of 135 questions and takes approximately 1 hours and 45 minutes to administer. Scores are assigned on a scale of 0 points to 600 points total and incorporate Item Response Theory, which is also called the IRT.
Listening: Parts 1 to 3 consist of conversations, while Part 4 consists of short monologues in the form of lectures, broadcasts, announcements, advertisements, and so on. Dialogues for parts 1 and 2 are heard once, because the conversation fragments are consisted with a single or three spoken statements. In these two parts, the test taker should select the answer that best comes after the fragments. Also, part 3 dialogues and part 4 lectures and their corresponding questions are heard twice before the answer choices are presented. In these two parts, the test taker should answer the question about the main idea, supporting detail, and inference about the passage. All listening comprehension questions are presented solely in aural form, which prevents lucky guesses from seeing written options prior to listening to a question. The listening section consists of 60 questions (15 for each section), lasts for about 55 minutes, and is worth 400 points.
Grammar: The grammar section has a time constraint of 30 seconds per question, which helps measure a test taker's true ability to apply grammar knowledge in real-life situations. This comprehension section has four parts, idealized to measure both colloquial and literary abilities. The grammar section consists of 50 questions, lasts for 25 minutes, and is worth 100 points.
| 3.09375
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5403363
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%20of%20English%20Proficiency%20%28South%20Korea%29
|
Test of English Proficiency (South Korea)
|
Vocabulary: The TEPS vocabulary section measures a test taker's ability to use vocabulary in authentic and practical contexts. The vocabulary section incorporates many items that test knowledge of collocations in order to measure the ability to distinguish among synonyms and related words, which could be confused when translated. This comprehension section has two parts, idealized to measure both colloquial and literary abilities. The vocabulary section consists of 50 questions, lasts for 15 minutes, and is worth 100 points.
Reading: The set of reading skills required for the TEPS reading comprehension section is identical to that required for reading tasks in everyday, academic, and work contexts. A test taker will therefore achieve good scores if they have read a diverse range of articles and trained themselves to grasp the context of an entire passage as well as sentence-level meaning. The test taker has about one minute to read each short, self-contained passage and answer a single question based on it. Because the time limit is relatively short and the passages cover a wide range of topics, it is not possible to answer the questions with rote memorization or test-wise strategies. This comprehension section contains three parts. In part one, consisted with sixteen questions, the test taker is asked to fill in the blank in the text. In part two, consisted with twenty one questions, the test taker is asked to answer three types of questions about the text, which is main idea, correct detail, and inference question. In part three, the test taker is asked to answer three texts to identify the sentence that has a detail which does not belong to the whole text. The reading section consists of 40 questions, lasts for 45 minutes, and is worth 400 points.
| 3.171875
| 0
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5403368
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llapi%20River
|
Llapi River
|
The Llapi River is a river in the north-eastern part of Kosovo. The long right tributary to the Sitnica river, it is the main river in the Llap (region) depression.
Etymology
The etymology of the river's name is derived from a pre-Slavic form Alb that underwent linguistic metathesis within Slavic giving the final form as Lab.
The name of the river was first used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, but has been preserved in the New Age.
Many scholars take the hydronym Lab as ancient and derive it from an alb-, from which lab-, alp- could come. The phonetic form for Albanian speakers is Llap. In the Middle Ages, the form Lapia is found.
History
Near its origin are the remains of one of the medieval palaces of Serbian King Milutin (1282-1321) called Vrhlab.
Ottoman writer Evliya Celebi mentioned the Llapi river as having "its source in Albania" and joining other rivers before flowing into the Danube, during one of his travels to Kosovo in the 1660s.
Overview
The Llapi River originates in the northernmost village of Podujevë, Murgull, with a secondary source in the village of Pollatë. After descending from the mountains, it flows southward through Podujevë. Close to Pristina and Obiliq, the river turns westwards of its origin and joins the Sitnica river, in the village of Lumadh. The width of the river changes due to the dynamics of rivers, it is around 9–12 meters at the hydrometric point in Lluzhan and it has a depth up to , that varies based on the season and the location.
| 2.796875
| 0
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5403432
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni%20Wikan
|
Unni Wikan
|
Unni Wikan (born 18 November 1944) is professor of social anthropology at the University of Oslo, Norway. She has served as visiting professor at the University of Chicago (2011), Harvard University (1999–2000), Goethe University, Frankfurt (2000), London School of Economics (1997), École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris (1996). She has also been a visiting scholar at Harvard University (1995), guest lecturer at Harvard (1987), guest lecturer at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel (1983) and visiting assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University (1977).
Career and controversy
Wikan has worked as a consultant to UNICEF and the World Food Programme in Bhutan from 1989 to 1994, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation in Palestinian areas in 1999, and United Nations Development Program in Yemen (2004).
For almost ten years, Wikan has campaigned to change Norwegian policies towards immigrants, arguing that generous welfare and a policy of multicultural tolerance are creating a culture of welfare dependence, and destroying self-respect.
She has argued that far from being a racist, she has significant empathy for the lives of many of the Muslim men she has portrayed in her most recent books. In a well-known case in Norway (The Anooshe case), she argued that the state had not taken into account the social expectations of immigrant men, and this had led to rootless men whose social expectations were not met or even acknowledged, arguing that violence is a product of immigrant conditions when host country laws conflict with the "unwritten social rules" of immigrant societies.
Wikan has performed field work in a number of countries (Egypt, Oman, Yemen, Indonesia, Bhutan, Scandinavia) and her research has resulted in ten books being published. Her works have been translated into Japanese, Arabic, Kurdish, Portuguese, Swedish, Danish, German, and Italian.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
5403487
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo%20Farnese%2C%20Piacenza
|
Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza
|
An initial design was made by Francesco Paciotto, from Urbino, and in 1558, the architect Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, better known as Vignola, was brought in to revise the designs. Vignola had already been commissioned to design the Villa Farnese at Caprarola (Latium) for Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, the older brother of the duke. Vignola had to take Piacotto's design into account but significantly revised the design which was presented to the patrons in 1561. The drawings are for a vast palace on a scale paralleled only by the Vatican Palace in Italy; the rectangular plan is 113.25 metres by 88 metres and over 40 meters in height. The building works were entrusted to Giovanni Bernardo Della Valle, Giovanni Lavezzari and Bernardo Panizzari (Caramosino). The actual construction, however, made up only less than a half of Vignola's original project and lacked many of the planned architectural features.
The original plan called for a massive rectangular palace with three main floors, three towers, two ceremonial staircases and two spiral ones, each floor was to have two residential complexes (one for Ottavio, another for Margaret) which included an oratory, a chapel, three state rooms, service rooms and a private loggia; and on top of that it included two main loggias on the southern facade, an open theatre on the internal courtyard and Italian gardens that were to reach the main city walls opposite the Po river.
Ultimately the planned building far overestimated the financial capacities of the duchy and of the Farnese family itself, being a far larger palace than those built by other Italian families and even French and Spanish royalty, and even though subsequent Farnese dukes tried to continue the construction, it was finally declared finished in 1602.
After the death of the last Farnese duke Antonio in 1731, the palace fell into disrepair. Restoration began only in the early 20th century and today the Palazzo Farnese at Piacenza houses an important series of museums and exhibitions.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
5403512
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyboys%20%28film%29
|
Flyboys (film)
|
The singular use of Fokker Triplanes, which were not in widespread operational use, is contentious and almost every Triplane was also painted red in the film, indicating that the Triplane was in Jasta 11, the "all-red" unit. Despite this the remaining pre-production aircraft, designated Dr.I, were delivered to Jasta 11 and Idflieg issued a production order for 100 triplanes in September, followed by an order for 200 in November 1917. On the director/producer commentary track for the DVD release, Producer Dean Devlin noted that they were aware the predominant use of red triplanes was historically inaccurate, but wanted to give clear visual signals to the audience to enable them to easily distinguish friend from foe in the aerial sequences.
The film's only military adviser for the entire project was Jack Livesey, a convicted defrauder who fabricated his résumé and military service to gain employment as an administrative assistant at the Imperial War Museum, London. Livesey was charged and convicted with fraudulently claiming £30,000.00 in benefits. Livesey had served three years in the British Army Catering Corps. His claims of service in Northern Ireland, the Falklands conflict and that he was a curator of The Imperial War Museum were not true.
In the film, the RMS Aquitania is depicted as a luxury liner; however, in early 1914, she was converted to use as an armed merchant cruiser, and by 1915 had been put into use as a troop transport ship, painted with dazzle style camouflage; however, the film might have used it to demonstrate the style of transport ships during the war.
Release
Critical reception
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 33% based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "A poorly scripted history-rewriting exercise with mediocre acting and unconvincing CGI battle scenes." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
| 2.25
| 0
|
5403563
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled%20longfin%20eel
|
Speckled longfin eel
|
The speckled longfin eel, Australian long-finned eel or marbled eel (Anguilla reinhardtii) is one of 15 species of eel in the family Anguillidae. It has a long snake-like cylindrical body with its dorsal, tail and anal fins joined to form one long fin. The dorsal fin also often extends farther than the anal fin. It usually has a brownish green or olive green back and sides with small darker spots or blotches all over its body. Its underside is paler. It has a small gill opening on each side of its wide head, with thick lips. It is Australia's largest freshwater eel, and the female usually grows much larger than the male. It is also known as the spotted eel.
Description
Long-finned eels can grow to 1.6 metres and 22 kg (although generally to 1 metre) for females while males are much smaller at 650 mm and 600 g. Landlocked eels have been reported to grow to 3 metres (10 feet).
Distribution
The long-finned eel is a native of New Guinea, eastern Australia (including Tasmania), Lord Howe Island, and New Caledonia. It can be found in many freshwater areas, including creeks, streams, rivers, swamps, dams, lagoons, and lakes although generally more often in rivers than lakes.
Breeding and migration
Like other Anguilla species, the eel lives predominantly in freshwater rivers and streams, but is born in deep waters of the ocean. Each species has its own spawning grounds; spawn use ocean currents to return to their adult species range. The long-finned eel spawns in the Western arm of the Southern Equatorial Current, which carries spawn to the eastern coast of Australia. This species is panmictic, spawning throughout the year.
Diet
A carnivorous species, the speckled longfin eel eats an assortment of aquatic vertebrates, such as fish, turtles, and small birds.
| 2.84375
| 0
|
5403641
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie%20Fleming
|
Marjorie Fleming
|
Marjorie Fleming (also spelt Marjory; 15 January 1803 – 19 December 1811) was a Scottish child writer and poet. She gained appreciation from Robert Louis Stevenson, Leslie Stephen, and possibly Walter Scott.
Life
Born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland on 15 January 1803, Marjorie was the third child of the Kirkcaldy accountant James Fleming (died c. 1840) and his wife Isabella (daughter of James Rae), also the name of her elder sister and of her cousin and friend Miss Crauford (variously spelled). Her uncle Thomas Fleming was minister of Kirkcaldy parish church. Her mother's relations were acquainted in Edinburgh with the young Walter Scott.
Marjorie spent most of her sixth, seventh and eighth years in Edinburgh under the tutelage of a cousin, Isabella Keith, who was about 17. Isabella married in 1824 James Wilson (1795–1856), the zoologist brother of the writer Christopher North, and had two children. She died in 1837.
Marjorie returned to Kirkcaldy in July 1811, but wrote on 1 September in a letter to Isabella Keith, "We are surrounded with measles at present on every side." She herself contracted measles in November and apparently recovered, but then died, of what was described as "water on the head" and is now considered to have been meningitis, on 19 December 1811. She was a month short of her ninth birthday.
The monument marking her grave, south of Abbotshall parish church in Kirkcaldy, was not erected until 1930. It was designed by Pilkington Jackson.
Writings
The order of the three copybooks established by Arundell Esdaile for the 1934 facsimile edition and followed by Sidgwick, is the reverse of the one found in earlier editions. Her copybooks begin with a somewhat startling, laconic tribute to Isabella Keith: "Many people are hanged for Highway robbery Housebreking Murder &c. &c. Isabella teaches me everything I know and I am much indebted to her she is learnen witty & sensible."
| 2.234375
| 0
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5403641
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie%20Fleming
|
Marjorie Fleming
|
The diary includes a wide variety of observations: "The Monkey gets as many visitors as I or my cousins." "I like to here [sic] my own sex praised but not the other." "I never read Sermons of any kind but I read Novelettes and my bible."
Fleming is notable for a diary that she kept for the last 18 months of her life. Diary keeping by children was encouraged in the United Kingdom throughout the 19th century. (A notable published example from a generation later is that of the English girl Emily Pepys.)
The manuscripts of her writings are now kept in the National Library of Scotland. However, for fifty years after her death they remained unpublished. The first account of her, with long extracts from the journals, was given by a London journalist, H. B. Farnie, in the Fife Herald, and then reprinted as a booklet entitled Pet Marjorie: a Story of Child Life Fifty Years Ago.
Legacy
The rumour that Marjorie's poems were admired by Walter Scott derives from an 1863 article in the North British Review by Dr John Brown MD of Edinburgh. He acknowledged a debt to Marjorie's younger sister Elizabeth Fleming (1809–1881) for the loan of the letters and journals. He included twice as much as Farnie from the latter, as well as 100 lines of her verse. The direct, albeit sole evidence of Scott's interest appears in a long letter from Elizabeth to Brown.
The life and writings of Marjorie Fleming became hugely popular in the Victorian period, although the editions published were severely truncated and re-worked, as some of her language was thought inappropriate for an eight-year-old to use. Even Lachlan Macbean's editions of 1904 and 1928 relied on earlier bowdlerized texts.
| 2.1875
| 0
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5403663
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Fisher%20%28missionary%29
|
Mary Fisher (missionary)
|
Mary Fisher, also Mary Fisher Bayley Crosse, (c. 1623–1698) was among the first travelling Quaker ministers. She counts as one of the Valiant Sixty, the group of early itinerant preachers whose mission was to spread the spiritual message of the founder of the Quakers, George Fox.
Early life
Mary Fisher was born in Yorkshire, possibly at Pontefract, England. As a young woman she worked as a housemaid for Richard and Elizabeth Tomlinson at Selby, where in late December 1651 she heard the ministry to the Tomlinson family and servants given by George Fox. His message and fellowship resonated profoundly with her and as a result she became an active Quaker.
Ministry and persecution
In 1652, as a Quaker "Publisher of Truth", Mary Fisher publicly rebuked the vicar of Selby church in an address to his congregation after worship. She was imprisoned in York Castle and later that year, she was confined there again with Elizabeth Hooton and four other Quakers, who joined in a pamphlet, False False Prophets and False Teachers Described (1652), urging people to leave the state church and draw on the Inner Light. In 1653 and 1654 she was further imprisoned in York for offences against the church in Pontefract.
In December 1653, accompanied by Elizabeth Williams, Fisher walked to Cambridge as part of a Quaker drive to proselytise the south of England. There they rebuked the student theologians at Sidney Sussex College, as their Quaker aversion to organised religion extended to the colleges where ministers were trained. By order of the Mayor, they were taken to the market cross under the pretext that they were vagabonds, stripped to the waist and became the first Quakers to be publicly flogged for their ministry. In 1655, Fisher was again imprisoned for rebuking the priest of Newport Pagnell in Buckinghamshire.
| 2.390625
| 0
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5403663
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Fisher%20%28missionary%29
|
Mary Fisher (missionary)
|
Mission to the New World
In 1655, Fisher and another Quaker preacher, Ann Austin, voyaged to the New World to spread the Quaker message there. They were subsidised in their mission by Quaker funds. They first sailed to Barbados in the Caribbean, where they were well received and where they converted the lieutenant governor of the island to Quakerism.
On 11 July 1656 they became the first Quakers to visit the English North American colonies, arriving at Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony on the Swallow. There they met with fierce hostility from the Puritan population and the Deputy Governor of the colony, Richard Bellingham, as news of the ostensibly heretical views of the Quakers had preceded them.
On arrival, they were taken ashore, imprisoned, forced to undress in public, and their bodies intimately examined for signs of witchcraft, Ann Austin reporting that one of the female searchers was "a man in a womans [sic] apparel". Their books and pamphlets were seized and burned by the Boston hangman. An innkeeper, Nicholas Upsall, offered to pay their fines if he were permitted to speak with them in prison. The magistrates, having ordered the women's prison window to be boarded up so as to isolate them, refused Upsall's request, the intention being to starve them to death. Upsall then bribed their warder by paying him five shillings a week to allow him to bring food to the women, and so saved their lives. Fisher and Austin were deported back to Barbados on the Swallow after five weeks' imprisonment, having been unable to share their faith with anyone except Upsall, who became the first North American Puritan convert to Quakerism.
Fisher and Austin returned to England in 1657.
| 2.8125
| 0
|
5403726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20C.%20Houston
|
William C. Houston
|
William Cannon Houston (March 17, 1852 – August 30, 1931) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 5th congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Born in Shelbyville, Tennessee, in Bedford County, Houston moved with his mother to Woodbury, Tennessee, in Cannon County in 1858. He attended the schools of Woodbury and Sweetwater, Tennessee. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and later in the publication of a newspaper.
Career
Houston was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1877 to 1879 and from 1881 to 1885. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1878, and commenced practice in Woodbury, Tennessee. He was a member of the Democratic state executive committee in 1888. He was chairman of the Democratic state convention in 1888. He was elected judge of the eighth judicial circuit in 1894, was re-elected in 1902, and served until he was elected to Congress.
Elected as a Democratic to the Fifty-ninth and the six succeeding Congresses, Houston served from March 4, 1905, to March 3, 1919, and was not a candidate for renomination in 1918. He was the chairman of the United States House Committee on the Census during the Sixty-second Congress and chairman of the United States House Committee on Territories during the Sixty-third through Sixty-fifth Congresses. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1920.
Death and legacy
Houston died on his Beaver Dam Plantation near Woodbury, Tennessee, on August 30, 1931. He is interred at Riverside Cemetery near Woodbury, Tennessee. His son, Frank K. Houston, became a banking executive.
| 2.03125
| 0
|
5403852
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroalpine%20nappes
|
Austroalpine nappes
|
The Austroalpine nappes are a geological nappe stack in the European Alps. The Alps contain three such stacks, of which the Austroalpine nappes are structurally on top of the other two (meaning they were thrust over the other two). The name Austroalpine means Southern Alpine, because these nappes crop out mainly in the Eastern Alps (the Alps east of the line Lake Constance - Chur – Lake Como).
Because the Austroalpine nappes consist of material from the former Apulian or Adriatic plate, that was thrust over the European plate, they are called allochthon nappes. In comparison with the other nappe stacks, they have experienced lower-grade metamorphism, which distinguishes them clearly from the Penninic nappes on which they rest.
Lithologies
The Austroalpine nappes are fragments of the former continental shelf and continental slope of the Apulian or Adriatic plate. These fragments contain rocks from the continental basement as well as from sedimentary rocks deposited in these environments.
The basement rocks have experienced metamorphism related to their original depth in the Earth's crust, but in the Austroalpine nappes Alpine metamorphism (i.e. metamorphism related to the formation of the Alps) is fairly low grade to non-existent. The basement rocks can be greenschist facies to amphibolite facies, depending on their original depth. They are Paleozoic schists and (para-)gneisses intruded by granites of Variscan and Tertiary age.
On top of this basement rock, Permian and Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks were deposited. Shallow marine limestones are abundant, these limestones now form the mountain chains of the northern part of the Eastern Alps, which are therefore together called the Northern Calcareous Alps. Sometimes, the limestone has been turned into dolomite, as in the Austrian region Salzkammergut and the German region Allgäu.
| 2.78125
| 0
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5403852
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroalpine%20nappes
|
Austroalpine nappes
|
A special unit is the greywacke zone, a band of Paleozoic metamorphosed sedimentary rocks that forms an east-west band through the Austrian Alps. The greywacke zone crops out between the Mesozoic rocks of the Northern Calcareous Alps and the Austroalpine and Penninic basement rocks of the Central Eastern Alps. Stratigraphically, the greywacke zone can be up to thick.
All of these lithologies were folded and thrust, so that the basement rock can be found on top of the sediments and vice versa.
Geographic position
In Switzerland, the Austroalpine nappes have been eroded away except for a few isolated outcrops called the Sesia unit and the Dent Blanche klippe (the Matterhorn is the most outstanding example of an Austroalpine klippe). These remaining Swiss nappes have a different tectonic and metamorphic history than their counterparts in Austria, which is why they are not always considered a part of the Austroalpine nappes.
On the other hand, in Austria, the Austroalpine nappes cover the largest part of that country, except for a few windows like the Hohe Tauern window and the Engadin window.
Traces of the Eo-Alpine orogenic phase
Before the formation of the Alps in the lower and middle Tertiary period, the Austroalpine rocks experienced another deformation phase: the Eo-Alpine phase of mountain building that took place in the Cretaceous. The metamorphic grade increases to the east-south-east, so in a west-north-western direction, the traces become less severe. In the west of Switzerland, the event cannot be recognized. In Austria, however, Eo-Alpine eclogite lenses occur close to the Hohe Tauern window.
The Eo-Alpine phase is sometimes seen as the earliest phase of the Alpine orogeny. However, after the initial mountain-building, the tectonic plates moved away from each other. The next phase was more than 50 Ma later, so the events are often seen as unrelated.
| 2.75
| 0
|
5403888
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunie
|
Clunie
|
Clunie is a small settlement in Perthshire, Scotland, west of Blairgowrie. It lies on the western shore of the Loch of Clunie.
History
Near the village on a small hill are the foundations of an early defensive settlement. The fortifications on the site date back to the 9th century and even Iron Age material has been discovered at the site. There is also evidence of defensive structures nearby to this hill fort dating back to the Roman period. One notable use of this hill site was by Kenneth MacAlpin, the first king of Scotland, as a base for hunting in the nearby royal forest of Clunie. English troops occupied the site following their victory at the Battle of Dunbar during the First War of Scottish Independence.
On a small island (formerly a crannog) in the loch stand the remains of Clunie Castle, a tower house of the bishops of Dunkeld.
The current parish church in the village dates from 1840, designed by Perth architect William Macdonald Mackenzie, replacing a previous structure with a new bell tower. Within the grounds stands a mausoleum with a romanesque doorway thought to be from an earlier 12th- or 13th-century church that stood on the same site. The church is now linked with those at Kinclaven and Caputh.
There is a cairn style war memorial in the village park which was erected in 1946 to mark two locals who lost their life in World War II. The cairn also displays nine names of soldiers from the area who died during World War I.
Clunie village hall dates from 1912 and is still used by the local community for functions, clubs and events.
Notable people
Clunie is the birthplace of John Macleod, co-recipient of the 1923 Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine.
| 2.828125
| 0
|
5403939
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukwuma%20Nzeogwu
|
Chukwuma Nzeogwu
|
Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Chukwuma "Kaduna" Nzeogwu (26 February 1937 – 29 July 1967) was a Nigerian military officer who played a leading role in the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état, which overthrew the First Nigerian Republic.
Early life
Patrick Chukwuma Nzeogwu was born on 26 February 1937 in Kaduna, Colonial Nigeria. The city was the capital of the Northern Region at the time. Born into an Anioma family, he attended two Christian schools in Kaduna for his elementary and secondary education, the Saint Joseph's Catholic Primary School and the Saint John's College. At Saint John's College, Nzeogwu became close friends with Christian Anufuro.
In March 1957, Nzeogwu enlisted as an officer-cadet in the Nigeria Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force and proceeded on a 6-month preliminary training in the Gold Coast. He completed his training there in October 1957 and proceeded to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in England where he was commissioned as an infantry officer in 1959. He later underwent a platoon officer's course in Hythe and a platoon commander's course in Warminster. Nigerian historian Max Siollun has described Nzeogwu as a "devout catholic, a teetotaler, a non-smoker, and who despite being a bachelor, did not spend much time chasing women".
Military career
On his return to Nigeria in May 1960, Nzeogwu was posted to the Nigeria Regiment's 1st Battalion in Enugu where Major Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was the second-in-command under a British officer. He was later posted to the 5th Battalion in Kaduna where he became friends with Olusegun Obasanjo. His Hausa colleagues in the Nigerian Army gave him the name "Kaduna" because of his affinity with the town. After serving in the Congo in 1961, Nzeogwu was assigned as a training officer at the Army Training Depot in Zaria for about 6 months before getting posted to Lagos to head up the military intelligence section at the Army Headquarters where he was the first Nigerian officer.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
5403942
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Harris
|
Ken Harris
|
Life and career
Ken Harris was born in Tulare County, California. He finished his education at an unknown college in Stockton, New Jersey. Harris started as a race car builder and driver with his brother, who had a garage. Harris and his brother had to spend $4,000 ($ in 2022 dollars) on a race track. He raced at Ascot three times in 1926. One time he went 113 miles. Around the time he was a racer, he started being an assistant service vice manager and selling cars at a Pontiac agency before the agency eventually closed down. His first job as an artist was for Sid Ziff, where he sold some cartoons to him here and there. Then he worked for the Los Angeles Herald Examiner, from 1927 to around 1930, when he joined the ill-fated Romer Grey studio, owned by the son of successful Western author Zane Grey. Following the completion of at least two cartoons, the Grey studio, failing to find a distributor, closed in 1931. Harris finally ended up at Leon Schlesinger Productions within the Friz Freleng unit, then producing the higher-budgeted Merrie Melodies shorts. Upon Freleng's departure at the end of 1937, Harris was relocated into the Frank Tashlin unit. Several months later, Tashlin himself left and the unit was taken over by Chuck Jones, beginning an association between Jones and Harris that lasted until 1962, the longest time an animator spent with a director at the studio. Harris briefly animated for the UPA short The Brotherhood of Man. A highly-productive animator capable of completing large volumes of footage with relative ease, Harris, having finished his daily footage quotas ahead of schedule, would sometimes go play tennis and buy a new car during the workday, according to Jerry Beck and assistant animator Corny Cole. Jones described him as "a virtuoso. Ken Harris did it all." Dan Backslide, one of the characters from the Jones short The Dover Boys, was a caricature of Harris.
| 2.140625
| 0
|
5403989
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Alps%20%28Europe%29
|
Southern Alps (Europe)
|
The Southern Alps are a geological subdivision of Alps that are found south of the Periadriatic Seam, a major geological faultzone across the Alps. The southern Alps contain almost the same area as the Southern Limestone Alps. The rocks of the southern Alps gradually go over in the Dinarides or Dinaric Alps to the south-east. In the south-west they disappear below recent sediments of the Po basin that are lying discordant on top of them.
Lithology
The Southern Alps are composed of material from the Adriatic or Apulian tectonic plate, the area is a part of this plate. These are mainly Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, most of them limestones.
Tectonics
In contrast to the Central Eastern Alps north of the Periadriatic Seam, the geology of the Southern Alps is not characterized by nappes. Neither are high grade metamorphic rocks common in the region. The Southern Alps are tectonically characterized by large scale thrusting and folding to the south, the dominant vergence (direction of fold asymmetry) in the region is southward. As is also the case in the southern foreland of the Pyrenees, thrusts in the Southern Alps are oriented along listric fault planes with relatively shallow decollement horizons.
To the west, south of the Valle d'Aosta, the Southern Alps form a huge monocline, up until the point that mantle material of the Apulian plate crops out in what is called the Ivrea zone.
| 2.796875
| 0
|
5404002
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufting
|
Tufting
|
Tufting is a type of textile manufacturing in which a thread is inserted on a primary base.
It is an ancient technique for making warm garments, especially mittens. After the knitting is done, short U-shaped loops of extra yarn are introduced through the fabric from the outside so that their ends point inwards (e.g., towards the hand inside the mitten).
Usually, the tuft yarns form a regular array of "dots" on the outside, sometimes in a contrasting color (e.g., white on red). On the inside, the tuft yarns may be tied for security, although they need not be. The ends of the tuft yarns are then frayed, so that they will subsequently felt, creating a dense, insulating layer within the knitted garment.
Tufting was first developed by carpet manufacturers in Dalton, Georgia. A tufted piece is completed in three steps: tufting, gluing, then backing and finishing. When tufting, the work is completed from the backside of the finished piece. A loop-pile machine sends yarn through the primary backing and leaves the loops uncut. A cut-pile machine produces plush or shaggy carpet by cutting the yarn as it comes through to the front of the piece. Tufted rugs can be made with coloured yarn to create a design, or plain yarn can be tufted and then dyed in a separate process.
A tufting gun is a tool commonly used to automate the tufting process, more specifically in the realm of rug making. The yarn is fed through a hollow needle, that penetrates the stretched cloth backing for a modifiable length.
They can usually create two types of rugs, a cut or loop pile. A cut pile rug's yarn is snipped every other loop into the backing, creating a “U” shape from the side profile, while a loop pile rug isn't snipped and creates a continuous “M” or “W”. Tufting guns are useful tools for both mass production and home use due to its flexibility in scale and color variation.
Materials
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5404002
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufting
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Tufting
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Tufting requires the use of specialised primary backing fabric, which is often composed of woven polypropylene. Primary backing fabric is produced with a range of densities and weaving styles, allowing for use with different gauges of needles. Primary backing fabric must be stretched tightly to the frame so that it is stable enough to withstand the pressure of the tufting gun and taut enough for the yarn to be held in place. Tufting frames are generally constructed of wood, with carpet tacks or grippers around the edge to hold the primary backing fabric in place. Eye hooks are an important addition to a tufting frame, they are used as yarn feeders and work to keep the tension consistent. The frame must be sturdy and can be either freestanding or clamped to a table top. It is important to keep pressure and speed consistent when tufting so that the amount of yarn per square inch of the fabric is consistent. Any mistakes in the design can be corrected throughout the tufting process by simply pulling out yarn strands from the primary backing fabric and re-tufting the area. Designs can drawn directly on to the primary backing fabric, this can be done freehand or with the aid of a projector.
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5404002
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufting
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Tufting
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After tufting is completed, the tufted piece requires a coat of latex glue on the back in order to keep the tufts anchored in their place. Latex glue is beneficial for tufted pieces as it provides flexibility and dimensional stability. The piece should remain stretched on the frame until the glue has finished drying to avoid loss of shape and the possibility of mildew. A secondary backing layer is then applied, providing further dimensional stability and protection for the finished piece as well as improving its appearance. A wide variety of materials can be used for the secondary backing fabric depending on the intended use of the piece. Felt, canvas, drill and other harder wearing materials can be used for floor rugs, however backing fabric for wall hangings need only be aesthetic, as it is only required to cover up the glue layer and does not need to be hard wearing.
Wool is the traditional fibre used in pile tufting and is considered to be a high-quality material, especially for pieces designed to be used in high-traffic areas. Wool can be spun into yarn by two systems, either woollen or worsted. Worsted yarn is more favourable for tufting when the finished product will be used in high-traffic areas, as it produces a hard flat surface that is tightly woven together. This is due to the tightly wound, fine yarn which is created in the worsted process. In comparison, woollen yarn used in tufting encases more entrapped air in the finished product and a bulkier finish. Different yarn fibres can be used depending on the final use of the tufted object and the desired effect. Cotton and acrylic yarns are also commonly used, and decorative yarns may be used for wall hangings or other decorative tufting projects. Yarn should be spun onto cones before tufting to ensure it unwinds consistently and without tangles. Either a single strand or multiple strands of yarn can be used, depending on the thickness of the yarn and the gauge of the needle.
Tools
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5404046
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20II%20and%20opera
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Catherine II and opera
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Catherine II the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia was not only an opera fan, a patroness of the arts, music and theatre, but also an opera librettist. She commissioned some well-known Russian and foreign composers to provide music for her texts.
The Imperial opera and ballet theatre were founded by imperial decree in 1783, and the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre was built in St Petersburg for opera and ballet performances that surpassed the great European theatres in their brilliance and luxury.
She wrote nine opera texts in addition to fourteen comedies, seven proverbs (short plays), and other dramatic writings. In writing these texts she was supervised by other writers including Ivan Perfilevich Elagin, and Alexander Vasilyevich Khrapovitsky.
She was intelligent enough to be self-critical, stating in her letter to Voltaire that her dramatic works were weak in plot and ill-sustained in intrigue, but natural and true in their characterization.
She chose Vasily Pashkevich to compose music for her dramatic fairy tale Fevey. This was staged on April 30 [OS April 19], 1786 at the Hermitage Theatre in St Petersburg. The lavish opera production evoked widespread admiration.
The Italian-trained composer Yevstigney Fomin was chosen to compose an opera-ballet to her libretto The Novgorod Hero Boyeslayevich (Новгородский богатырь Боеслаевич – Novgorodskiy bogatyr’ Boyeslayevich, staged on December 8 [OS October 27], 1786 at St Petersburg).
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5404046
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20II%20and%20opera
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Catherine II and opera
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The subject of the fairy tale on Fuflych-Bogatyr (Fuflych Unfortunate Hero) was suggested by Count Orlov. Catherine made this a parody on her cousin Gustav III, King of Sweden. The libretto was set to music by Vicente Martin y Soler, a Spanish composer settled in Russia in 1788. The opera Gore-Bogatyr Kosometovich (Горе-Богатырь Косометович – The Unfortunate Hero Kosometovich March 30 [OS February 9], 1789 Hermitage Theatre, St Petersburg) with an overture on three Russian tunes had a great success and Great Princes Alexander and Konstantin knew it by heart. However Catherine, to avoid a political scandal, put a note in the printed libretto “Do not perform in the Town Theatre for the foreign ministers”. Prince Potemkin who attended the third performance of the opera agreed to this.
Catherine wished the famous Domenico Cimarosa to set her drama on the subject from early history of Russia, The Early Reign of Oleg (1786), but he was too slow, and she replaced him with Giuseppe Sarti, who composed music for the play's fifth Act. Along with these contributions, the work included contributions of music by Pashkevich (who contributed choruses for the third Act) and Milanese musician C. Cannobio (who contributed a sinfonia, 4 orchestral entr’actes, a march, and a minuet). The work was first staged on November 2, [OS October 22] 1790 at the Hermitage Theatre.
The opera to her libretto Fedul s det'mi (Федул с детьми – Fedul and his Children was written by Vasily Pashkevich with Martin y Soler) and premiered on January 27 ([OS January 16]), 1791 in St Petersburg.
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5404082
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCW%20Metrorider
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MCW Metrorider
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The MCW Metrorider was an integral midibus designed and built by Metro Cammell Weymann (MCW) between 1986 and 1989.
Design
Launched at the 1986 British International Motor Show in Birmingham, the MCW Metrorider was the second purpose-built midibus design for the United Kingdom bus market, following the launch of the Volkswagen LT55-based Optare CityPacer a year prior. MCW used substantial components, the Perkins Phaser/ZF manual S5 driveline soon being outsold by the optional 115 bhp six-cylinder 5.9 litre Cummins B series engine driving through an Allison fully automatic gearbox. Some Metroriders also featured the optional turbocharged Cummins engine, increasing their turn of speed. Disc brakes were fitted on the long-wheelbase Metrorider, as opposed to drum brakes on the short vehicles.
The styling was a major advance on the earlier van-based conversions, having a raked front with large windscreen and side windows to give a light interior, as well as shallower steps, a wider entrance and gangway, and improved headroom. Seating configurations ranged from 25 seats in the standard Metrorider to 33 seats in the widened long-wheelbase version of the Metrorider, which measured in length and in width. Like many MCW products, many components were from other manufacturers' stocks, with the dashboard and steering wheel coming from a Ford Cargo lorry and the original rear lights coming from the Mk4 Ford Escort Cabriolet.
When MCW's parent group announced the closure of the company in 1989, MCW's current designs were offered for sale and the rights to the Metrorider, alongside the MCW Metrobus, were bought by Optare. The Metroliner was relaunched as the Optare MetroRider, and subsequently continued in production until 2000.
Operators
| 2.109375
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5404124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving%20%28knitting%29
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Weaving (knitting)
|
In knitting, weaving is a family of techniques used for several purposes in knitting.
The most common use for the technique is when working stranded color patterns, in which two yarns are alternated to certain of the stitches to create patterns. Weaving is used to attach the horizontal strands of yarn that pass unused behind stitches formed with the other yarn to the inside of the fabric. This is usually done to prevent overlong "floats" on the inside to prevent snags and create an even tension in the fabric.
The technique can also be used for decorative purposes if it is done on every stitch, in which case the "inside" of the fabric is used on the outside
Weaving in, or "inlay", is a related but different technique that is used to thread an extra yarn(s) into the fabric without knitting it. The woven yarn(s) need not be the same thickness or color as the knitted yarn, and almost always (but not necessarily) follow the horizontal rows (courses) of knitting. Because the extra yarn simply passes back and forth between the knitted stitches, it can be pulled out unless it is secured in some way at the sides. The resulting fabric is more like a woven texture than a knit because the extra strand reduces its elasticity.
Methods
To weave in for stranded color patterns, the yarn being used to form stitches is passed first below and then above the other as it is wrapped around the needle, which catches the yarn not in use against the inside of the fabric.
For the Inlay method of weaving the extra yarn(s) is passed in back or in front of each stitch as it is knitted, similar to the slip-stitch knitting technique.
In another technique, dip stitches are used to secure the woven yarn(s). The method may be necessary if the woven yarn(s) are much thicker than any one row of knitting.
Other meanings of "weaving" in knitting
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5404152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-nosed%20horned%20frog
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Long-nosed horned frog
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The long-nosed horned frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus), also known as the Malayan horned frog or Malayan leaf frog is a species of frog restricted to the rainforest areas of southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore, Sumatra, and Borneo. However, records from Thailand to the Sunda Shelf may apply to another, possibly unnamed species.
Taxonomy
Formerly placed in the genus Megophrys, it was reclassified into the genus Pelobatrachus in 2021.
Description
This species is a large frog ranging from 100–120 mm in length. They are light to dark brown on the dorsal surface with varying patterns and camouflage very well with the forest floor. The throat is black-dark brown and diffuses into cream-yellow halfway along the ventral surface. The upper eyelids and snout are drawn out into long triangular projections, forming what looks like "horns", giving them their common name. There are two pairs of dorsolateral skin folds running down this species back. One pair starts behind the eye and ends near the groin, the other pair starts at corner of the eye and ends roughly halfway between the armpit and groin. The dorsum has randomly scattered, enlarged tubercles. Arms and legs are barred with skin folds and are mottled cream and different shades of brown. The toes are slightly webbed and the fingers are free from webbing. The tympanum is indistinct and the iris is golden brown.
Ecology and behaviour
This species lives in permanently damp and cool lowland and submontane rainforests among leaf litter. The call is a loud, resonating, metallic "honk" or "henk". Breeding takes place in streams, female frogs attach the eggs to the underside of partially or full submerged rocks or logs. The capsules are large and few in number. This species may lie still on the forest floor waiting for an unsuspecting prey item to pass by, they then lash out and engulf the prey. They typically feed on spiders, small rodents, lizards and other frogs.
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5404184
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20temporal%20arteries
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Deep temporal arteries
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The deep temporal arteries are two arteries of the head. They ascend between the temporalis muscle and the pericranium. They anastomose with the middle temporal artery, among other vessels. They supply the temporalis muscle.
Structure
The deep temporal arteries consist of an anterior and a posterior artery. They are branches of the maxillary artery, a terminal branch of the external carotid artery. They ascend between the temporalis muscle and the pericranium.
Connections
The deep temporal arteries anastomose with the middle temporal artery.
The anterior artery communicates with the lacrimal artery by means of small branches which perforate the zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid bone. It may also communicate with the ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid artery.
Function
The deep temporal arteries supply the temporalis muscle.
Clinical significance
The deep temporal arteries may be affected by giant cell arteritis. This may be diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging.
Other animals
The deep temporal arteries are found in other animals, including dogs.
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5404280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan%20Masood
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Ehsan Masood
|
Hassan Ehsan Masood (born 9 August 1967) is a British science writer, journalist and broadcaster. Between 2009 and 2017 he was the editor of Research Fortnight (part of Research Professional News), is currently bureau chief (editorials, Africa and the Middle East) at Nature, and has been teaching international science policy at Imperial College London. since 2008.
Biography
Born in London, his father Hassan Masood worked in actuarial science and his mother Shamsa Masood is a writer of short fiction in Urdu.
He went to schools in New York, Karachi and London; studied applied physics at Portsmouth Polytechnic and science communication at Birkbeck, University of London.
He worked for the journal Nature as a writer on science and international development from 1995 to 1999 and again as acting chief commissioning editor in 2008/2009. He has also worked as Opinion Editor of New Scientist and communications director at LEAD International.
Masood has also written for Prospect magazine and openDemocracy.net, as well as The Times, The Guardian and Le Monde. He is a former director of communications of Leadership for Environment and Development and also advises the British Council on science and on cultural relations.
Ehsan Masood was a regular contributor to Home Planet, an environmental affairs programme on BBC Radio 4 in the UK.
Awards and nominations
In January 2015, Masood was nominated for Services to Science and Engineering at the British Muslim Awards.
In February 2023, Masood won Inclusive Mosque Initiative's Workplace Ally of the Year Award.
Selected publications
His latest book is The Great Invention: The Story of GDP and the Making and Unmaking of the Modern World, which will be published in the US on 7 June 2016 by Pegasus.
| 1.992188
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5404290
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarmassif
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Aarmassif
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The Aarmassif or Aaremassif (German: Aarmassiv) is a geologic massif in the Swiss Alps. It contains a number of large mountain chains and parts of mountain chains.
Name
The massif is named after the Aar, a river that has its source in the Aarmassif.
Geography
The Aarmassif crops out in the eastern part of the Bernese Alps and the Lepontine Alps, roughly form Leukerbad in the west to the Tödi in the east. Further east the massif only appears in small windows like the Vättner window between Gigerwald and Vättis in Sankt Gallen and at the Limmerensee in the same canton.
Tectonics and lithology
The Aarmassif is part of the Helvetic zone of the Alps, which consists of material originally from the European tectonic plate. The Aarmassif has lithologies common for Paleozoic basement rocks all over Europe, deformed and metamorphosed during the Variscan orogeny. Younger Mesozoic sedimentary rocks were eroded from this basement as a thrust fault brought the basement to the surface in the Alpine orogeny. Other places, where the European basement crops out in the Helvetic zone, are the mountain chains of the Massif des Écrins and of Mont Blanc in the French and Italian Alps.
The lithologies of the basement rocks are mainly gneisses, schists and amphibolites. These were in some places intruded by Permian granites after the Variscan orogeny, called Aare granite. During a late phase in the Alpine orogeny in the Tertiary the Aarmassif was uplifted in the form of a large elongated dome structure. The overlying limestones of the Helvetic nappes now have a very high dip angle, forming a ridge that appears at the Eiger and south of the Jungfrau mountain.
| 2.6875
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5404341
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzav%20%28Drina%29
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Rzav (Drina)
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As one of the consequences of the ecological protests in various parts of Serbia since 2019, especially against the small hydros, a survey was conducted in western and central Serbia to check the effects of such facilities regarding the nature. The survey of nine streams was conducted by the Faculty for Natural and Mathematical Sciences in Kragujevac and local branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature, the WWF-Adria. The Crni Rzav was described as an "example of the river which, under the pressure from small hydros, completely lost the diversity of its wildlife and visual identity". The river's natural course was changed and its role in reducing the effects of the climate change was diminished. Troubling changes of the habitats were recorded, as a result of drastic reduction of the water quantity and overgrowth of algae which specifically affected the aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna.
Rzav
The Rzav continues as the natural extension of the Beli Rzav, but since the Black Rzav is longer, the latter is considered to be the main headstream. It flows between the southernmost part of the Zvijezda mountain (Ponos peak) from the north and the Suha Gora mountain from the south, next to the villages of Prosjek (and ruins of the medieval city of the same name), Dobrun and Žagree, before it empties into the Drina at the town of Višegrad.
The Rzav drains an area of 605 km2, belongs to the Black Sea drainage area and it is not navigable.
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5404350
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOT%20%28charity%29
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MOT (charity)
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MOT's life skills concept has five programmes which are offered to schools and municipalities on four continents – Europe, Africa, Asia and America.
MOT originates from Norway. The initiative to start MOT was taken by the former Olympians and Norwegian speedskaters Atle Vårvik and Johann Olav Koss after the Olympic Winter Games in 1994. MOT was founded to prevent crime and social society problems.
MOT's life skills concept is founded on the purpose to create a safer society through strengthening youth's robustness, awareness, and courage – the courage to live, courage to care, and courage to say no. The MOT Concept is offered to schools, municipalities, and countries on a partnership premise.
MOT is operating in five countries: Norway, South Africa, Denmark, Thailand, and Latvia.
Results
Evaluations show that MOT prevents and protects against the most negative outcomes of the youth's time. There is less bullying, fewer youths without one single friend, fewer mental health problems, and substance use disorders in MOT schools.
| 2.796875
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5404398
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20ironclad%20Petr%20Veliky
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Russian ironclad Petr Veliky
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Design and description
Petr Veliky had its genesis in the visit of the American twin-turret monitor to Kronstadt in August 1866, that inspired Rear Admiral A. A. Popov to submit a preliminary design for a low-freeboard, breastwork monitor with a full suite of sails and masts. He intended the ship to act as a hybrid monitor-cruiser, able to attack enemy shipping and threaten his ports. The design was approved by the Naval Technical Committee (), and a detailed design was prepared by September 1867. This was reviewed on 20 February 1868, and the coal supply was ordered to be raised from four to five days' steaming, which forced the design to be revised to accommodate the extra coal. This modified design was approved on 26 January 1869 by the Committee, but more changes were made even after that. In May Popov proposed to add a small superstructure forward of the breastwork to improve seakeeping and overhanging side armor as used on the monitors during the American Civil War. Both changes were approved on 19 June 1869 although the displacement of the ship had constantly increased from the of the 1867 design to the of the June 1869 design.
Construction of the ship, now named Kreiser (Cruiser), began even before the design was approved, but changes to the design continued to be made. The masts and rigging were deleted, presumably shortly after the loss of the British masted turret ship in a storm on 7 September 1870, although the exact date is not known. The decision between a ram and telescoping spar torpedoes in the ship's bow was not made until November 1870. The visit of the British naval architect Edward Reed in June 1871 prompted changes in the design of the breastwork. It was increased in thickness from to and extended to the sides of the ship in accordance with suggestions by Reed. Kreiser was renamed Petr Veliky on 11 June 1872, in honor of the bicentennial of Peter the Great's birth.
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5404398
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20ironclad%20Petr%20Veliky
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Russian ironclad Petr Veliky
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Armament
Four muzzle-loading smoothbore guns, based on the American Rodman design, were originally intended as Petr Velikys main armament, but the Russians were impressed by a demonstration of a new Krupp rifled gun. They bought a few guns directly as well as a production license and an enlarged 12-inch, 20-caliber, gun was selected to replace the 20-inch guns. In order to keep the gun ports as small as possible the hydraulic turret machinery raised and lowered the guns' trunnions rather than their muzzles. They had a maximum elevation of +12.5° and a maximum depression of −2.5°. This gave the guns a range of about at maximum elevation. The gun turrets were of the Coles type and weighed each. Powered by steam engines they could make a complete 360° rotation in one minute, although they had a firing arc of only 310°. The guns recoiled into the turrets after firing, which meant that a great deal of powder smoke was released into the turret. To counter this problem, ventilation fans were mounted in the turret roofs. The ship's machinery filled almost the entire breastwork, which forced the main gun magazines away from the turrets towards the ends of the ship, and that complicated the ammunition resupply arrangements for those guns. While some shells were stored in the breastwork, most were not, and likely would have slowed the ship's sustained rate of fire in a lengthy engagement.
A number of sources, including Campbell, claim that the ship suffered a number of cracks while firing the guns while ice-bound during the winter of 1877–78, but this incident cannot be confirmed by Russian-language sources. McLaughlin believes that any such incident would have been mentioned if it occurred, as such sources are otherwise quite candid about the ship's drawbacks.
| 2.4375
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5404398
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20ironclad%20Petr%20Veliky
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Russian ironclad Petr Veliky
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The anti-torpedo boat armament of the Petr Veliky consisted of six four-pounder () guns, four mounted on the bridge, and two at the stern, and two Palmcrantz one-pounder () Gatling-type machine guns. Two telescoping spar torpedoes were mounted in the bow; one set at below the waterline and the other at . They did not retract all the way into the hull, the excess length was hinged upwards and fastened to the bow. One spar torpedo was hinged on each side of the ship on a boom that was extended until it was angled at 90° to the ship's side. Furthermore, two towed Harvey torpedoes were mounted at the rear of the ship. While Petr Veliky was not really maneuverable enough to make full use of these weapons, they were a formidable deterrent to other ships trying to ram.
Armor
Petr Veliky had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron, imported from Charles Cammell & Co. of Sheffield, England, that was intended to extend below the waterline at the designed displacement. The belt was 14 inches thick for the middle of the ship, but reduced, in steps, to at the bow and at the stern. It was backed by multiple layers of teak and iron, thought to be equivalent of another of armor. The breastwork was also 14 inches thick, although the curved portions at the end of the breastwork were Hughes compound armor because very thick plates could not be bent easily. The compound armor consisted of two plates separated by a layer of teak. This type of armor was also used to protect the gun turrets. Outside the breastwork, the ship's deck was armored with three 1-inch mild steel plates. The deck protection over the redoubt was either or three inches thick: sources vary.
| 2.1875
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5404398
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20ironclad%20Petr%20Veliky
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Russian ironclad Petr Veliky
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Immediately after her sea trials the ship departed Scotland for a Mediterranean cruise. Petr Veliky made port visits at Algiers, Athens, Corfu, Naples, La Spezia and Toulon before being recalled. She visited Cadiz, Lisbon, Brest, and Cherbourg before reaching Kronstadt on 12 September. The ship remained in the Baltic Sea for the rest of her career and had her light armament modified several times. During the 1880s her rear 4-pounder guns were replaced by two and two others on her bridge were moved to the roof of the forward turret. Petr Velikys boilers were replaced in 1892, and by the mid-1890s the ship mounted two 4-pounder guns on each turret, six 5-barrel revolving Hotchkiss guns on the bridge and four Hotchkiss guns.
Petr Veliky was considered obsolete by the late 1890s and a number of proposals were made to reconstruct her. The most elaborate scheme would have involved raising the turrets and building a new armored casemate between the turrets and deck with six guns. The existing 14 and 12-inch wrought iron armor plates would be replaced by Krupp steel plates and thick respectively. Despite saving by substituting the lighter steel armor for the wrought iron, the ship would have gained in displacement and her draft would have increased by about 12 inches. This plan was approved, albeit with a very low priority, and her turrets were removed in October 1898, but nothing more was done. On 11 June 1903 Admiral F. K. Avelan, Minister of the Navy, ordered that she be converted into a gunnery-training ship.
| 2.296875
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5404404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickwell
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Pickwell
|
History
Under Edward the Confessor Pickwell and Leesthorpe manors and in all but their rectories were held by Ordmar, and in 1086 of the king by Geoffrey de Wirce. In 1129 Pickwell and Leesthorpe were held by Roger de Mowbray (Lord of Montbray) who had acquired all Geoffrey's land in Leicestershire. The Mowbray family continued to hold Pickwell and Leesthorpe as tenants-in-chief until the 15th century. After the death of John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk, in 1476, and of his daughter and heir Anne in 1481, the Mowbray estates were divided between the representatives of her two co-heirs, one of whom, William, Lord Berkeley, obtained the overlordship of Pickwell and Leesthorpe for considerable time for his family: last mentioned in connection with Pickwell and Leesthorpe in 1630. Under the Mowbrays the abbey of Vaudey held the manor at Leesthorpe in the old parish, and in the 12th century another holding, at Pickwell and Leesthorpe, was held by the Camville family.
Under Henry II Walter de Camville held land (later known as Camville Fee) at Pickwell which had apparently been in the possession of the Camville family before he inherited it. Walter was succeeded by his son Roger. By 1279 the Camville fee at Pickwell and Leesthorpe was being held as 3 knights' fees by Andrew of Astley, or Eastley, before being leased to the Morwic and Sproxton families. In 1299 the Morwic lands were co-held by de Bulmer, de Lumley, and de Waterville heirs.
| 2.046875
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5404408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Georges%20Terrace
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St Georges Terrace
|
St Georges Terrace (colloquially known as "The Terrace") is the main street in the city of Perth, Western Australia. It runs parallel to the Swan River and forms the major arterial thoroughfare through the central business district.
Its western end is marked by the Barracks Arch near Parliament House across the Mitchell Freeway; the eastern end joins Adelaide Terrace at the intersection with Victoria Avenue.
Naming
St Georges Terrace was named after St George's Cathedral. Originally, houses occupied by clergy of the cathedral and lay clerks of the cathedral choir constituted a substantial portion of the Terrace. Some of these houses such as The Deanery remain, however the majority of these were demolished in the 1960s. The apostrophe was removed from the name in the 1980s.
Streetscapes
The level of St Georges Terrace is in effect at the top of a ridge, where the short streets that descend southerly towards Perth Water all provide views of the Swan River, including Barrack Street, Sherwood Court, Howard Street, William Street, Mill Street and Spring Street.
Buildings
The main streetscape between Barrack Street and William Street in the 1930s and 1940s constituted considerable uniformity of design and building height. By the late 1970s removal of significant older buildings for taller more modern buildings changed this permanently. Perth's earlier tallest buildings were located on St Georges Terrace, including the Colonial Mutual Life building (tallest building in Perth from 1936 to 1962), subsequent tallest buildings were: Citibank House (37 St Georges Terrace, 1962 until 1970; it was then known as the T & G Building), Parmelia House (191 St Georges Terrace, 1970 to 1973), 140 St Georges Terrace (AMP Building, 1975 to 1976), Allendale Square (77 St Georges Terrace, 1976 to 1977), St Martins Tower (44 St Georges Terrace, 1978 to 1988), 108 St Georges Terrace, 1988 to 1992) and Central Park (152-158 St Georges Terrace, tallest since 1992).
| 2.015625
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5404422
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20P.%20Schmid
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Alex P. Schmid
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"Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby – in contrast to assassination – the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperilled) victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target (audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought".
He proposed a definition to the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) in 1992, based on the already internationally accepted definition of war crimes, with the crucial words "peacetime equivalents of war crimes", but his proposal was not accepted. The Supreme Court of India referenced Schmid's this definition in a 2003 ruling (Madan Singh v. State of Bihar), "defin[ing] acts of terrorism veritably as 'peacetime equivalents of war crimes'".
The 1988 definition was updated in 2011 after "three rounds of consultations among academics and other professionals" and published in The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. The revised definition is longer than most, after suggesting that the previous attempts, in its quest for consensus, had reduced the level of complexity in the definition, and ended up with "a high level of abstraction". The 2011 revised definition includes 12 points, the first of which is:
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5404422
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20P.%20Schmid
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Alex P. Schmid
|
In an article published in Contemporary Voices in 2020, Schmid revisits the many challenges associated with defining terrorism, outlining six main reasons why this is the case:
It is a complex phenomenon.
Confusion exists in the terminology, specifically the terms “terror” and “terrorism” and the relationship between the two.
Terrorism often has more than one ultimate target.
Related to 3. above, there may be as many as 10 audiences for whom the terrorists are performing their acts.
There is confusion between terrorism and certain other forms of political violence.
There are many forms of terrorism; Schmid previously (1988) identified 12 types, but in recent years references to new types, such as cyberterrorism (arguably belonging to the definition) have been identified.
In this article, he also outlines the history of the search for a consensus definition, and the failure of international efforts, including a series of attempts by the UN since the 1972 Munich attack.
In his most recent major publication, the Handbook of Terrorism Prevention and Preparedness (2020–2021), Schmid again returns to the problem of the lack of acceptance of a common legal definition by all countries, because "the broader a definition, the more terrorism there is that ought to be countered and the more difficult it becomes to prevent it. If countries have different definitions of terrorism, extradition of terrorist suspects and mutual legal assistance become more difficult and often impossible...”. However the 2011 academic definition of terrorism, which is social-scientific rather than legal in nature, has gained a fair degree of acceptance among scholars.
Recognition
The first edition of Political Terrorism (1984) won a national award for the best book in political science.
Schmid has been described as "a leading orthodox terrorism scholar".
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5404453
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euonymus%20alatus
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Euonymus alatus
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Euonymus alatus, known variously as burning bush, winged euonymus, winged spindle, and winged spindle-tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to central and northern China, Japan, and Korea.
It is a popular ornamental plant in gardens and parks due to its bright pink or orange fruit and attractive fall color: The common name "burning bush" refers to its bright red fall color. The cultivars 'Compactus' and 'Fire Ball' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Description
This deciduous shrub grows to tall, often wider than tall. As with the related Euonymus phellomanus, the stems are notable for their four corky ridges or "wings". The word alatus (or alata, used formerly) is Latin for "winged," in reference to the winged branches. These structures develop from a cork cambium deposited in longitudinal grooves in the twigs' first year, unlike similar wings in other plants such as Quercus macrocarpa. The leaves are long and broad, ovate-elliptic, with an acute apex. The flowers are greenish, borne over a long period in the spring. The fruit is a red aril enclosed by a four-lobed pink, yellow, or orange capsule
All parts of the plant are toxic by ingestion, causing severe discomfort.
Distribution and habitat
Euonymus alatus′s native distribution extends from northeastern Asia to central China. Besides central and eastern China, Euonymus alatus also appears in Korea, in Japan, and on the island of Sakhalin in Russia. In its native areas, it occurs in forests, woodlands, and scrublands from sea level to an elevation of .
Euonymus alatus is not native to North America. It was first introduced in the United States in the 1860s and is found in New England and from Illinois south to northern Florida and the United States Gulf Coast. It also is found in southeastern Canada.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euonymus%20alatus
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Euonymus alatus
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Uses
Generally cultivated for its ornamental qualities, attraction to wildlife, and ability to adapt to urban and suburban environments, the shrub commonly is used in foundation planting, hedges, and along highways and commercial strips. Sales across the United States are in the tens of millions of dollars every year.
The corky winged stems are used in traditional Chinese and traditional Korean medicine to treat conditions such as cancer, hyperglycemia, and diabetic complications. Chemicals that have been isolated from the plant include flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, lignans, cardenolides, phenolic acids, and alkaloids.
Invasive species
Euonymus alatus is regarded as an invasive species of woodlands in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, where it can outcompete native vegetation and disrupt local ecosystems. It is currently considered an invasive species in 21 U.S. states, and its importation and sale is prohibited in the U.S. states of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, and Vermont.
Dr. Thomas Ranney of North Carolina State University at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station in Mills River, North Carolina, developed a new seedless cultivar named Fire Ball Seedless (Euonymus alatus NCEA1) which became available to wholesale growers in the spring of 2024 as the first seedless cultivar of the shrub on the market. Seedless cultivars could allow the phasing out of sales of seeded versions of the shrub and reduce its tendency to spread invasively.
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5404470
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ott
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John Ott
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John Nash Ott (23 October 1909 – 6 April 2000) was a photo-researcher, writer, photographer, and cinematographer who was an early adopter of many modern photographic practices, including time-lapse photography and full-spectrum lighting.
Photography
Ott's early career was in finance. He never went to college, although he enrolled in finance courses at Harvard Business School while working for several Chicago area banks. During this period, he developed an interest in time-lapse photography. He made his first time-lapse film in 1927, while he was still in high school, but did not develop the automated mechanical camera rig he used in his later films until 1937. His early amateur films led him to a career in cinematography. In addition to making films, he performed research about the effects of natural lighting on plants, animals, and humans.
Initially, Ott's interest in time-lapse movie photography, mostly of plants, was just a hobby. Starting in the 1930s, Ott bought and built more and more time-lapse equipment, eventually building a large greenhouse full of plants, cameras, and self-built automated electric moving camera systems (the first movie camera motion control systems ever built) for moving the cameras to follow the growth of plants as they developed. He time-lapsed his entire greenhouse of plants and cameras as they all worked and grew.
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5404470
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ott
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John Ott
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His work caught the attention of organizations who employed him to make time-lapse segments for films they were producing, including the educational film Secrets of Life, for the Walt Disney Company in 1956, and The Story of Wheat, for the Santa Fe Railroad. From the late 1940s to the early 1950s he hosted a Chicago-area television program called How Does Your Garden Grow, which featured gardening tips, botanical information, and short time-lapse films. Episodes of this program can be viewed on the YouTube page of the Winnetka Historical Society. More episodes of How Does Your Garden Grow, Ott's educational films, and raw time-lapse footage can be viewed from the Chicago Film Archives' John Nash Ott Collection.
In the later years of his life, Ott developed a theory that movement of plants could be manipulated by varying the amount of water that plants were given, and varying the color temperature of the lights in the studio, with some colors causing the plants to flower and other colors causing the plants to bear fruit. His 1958 memoir My Ivory Cellar details not only his personal history as a filmmaker, but also outlines these ideas.
Ott's experiments with different colored lighting systems and their effects on the health of plants led to experiments with colored lights on the health of animals, humans, and individual cells, using time-lapse micro-photography. Ott's experiments led him to believe that only a full spectrum of natural light (including natural amounts of infrared and ultraviolet) could promote full health in plants, animals, and humans. He wrote the 1973 book Health and Light advancing his theories. Such topics were also addressed in his 1974 film Exploring the Spectrum.
Ott received an honorary doctorate in science from Loyola University of Chicago in 1958. Although it is not customary for recipients of such an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix "Dr.", he was widely referred to as "Dr. Ott" thereafter.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Georgia
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Human rights in Georgia
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Human rights in Georgia are guaranteed by the country's constitution. There is an independent human rights Public Defender of Georgia elected by the parliament to ensure such rights are enforced. However, it has been alleged by Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, the United States Department of State and the Georgian opposition that these rights are often breached.
In addition, around 20% of the territory of what was the Georgian SSR is in dispute (seen as occupied in the view of the Georgian government in Tbilisi, and by many other countries); there have been frequent allegations of human rights abuses in these territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as well.
Rights of minorities
The government of Georgia has taken positive steps towards protecting religious minorities. Attacks against those of different faiths have subsided since the revolution, and a leader of these attacks, Basil Mkalavishvili, was arrested and incarcerated by the authorities. Prime Minister Zurab Jvania was a key supporter of allowing religious organisations recognition from the state, but he faced considerable opposition from his own government: his own president said that the state should do what it can to 'protect Georgia from harmful alien influence.' Despite reforms allowing minority churches to register themselves in 2005, the Georgian Orthodox church has a considerable monopoly in Georgia, whilst minority groups find it hard to even build places of worship.
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5404490
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Georgia
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Human rights in Georgia
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The 2002 concordat between the G.O.C. and the Georgian government is in place, which grants the Georgian Orthodox Church a privileged status in Georgia, and endows it with authority over all religious matters. It is the only church that has tax-free status, and it is often consulted in government matters. Together with being free of tax, Georgian Orthodox Church also gets some financing from the government as well. The main reason for this is that the church has always been very active in country's cultural development and just like in most Eastern Orthodox countries, the line between culture and religion is blurred.
Georgia has ratified the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCNM) in 2005. The NGO "Tolerance" points out in 2008 that several of the articles of the FCPNM have been exempted from full implementation by the Georgian parliament. Specifically, provisions regarding full expression in the minority's languages in cultural, educational and administrative matters have been compromised, Tolerance claims. For example, the number of Azerbaijani schools has decreased, and cases of appointing headmasters to Azerbaijani schools who do not speak Azerbaijani are cited.
A national strategy for human rights protection was adopted in March 2023.
Freedom of expression and of the media
Freedom of speech, expression, and media is generally a given in Georgia but alas there are times where it is not especially during the 2007 Georgian demonstrations, the riot police attacked the headquarters of Imedi channel, leading it to off the airing of demonstrations.
In 2023, the country improved its position in the World Press Freedom Index from Number 89 to Number 77.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20battleship%20Rostislav
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Russian battleship Rostislav
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Rostislav was a pre-dreadnought battleship built by the Nikolaev Admiralty Shipyard in the 1890s for the Black Sea Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy. She was conceived as a small, inexpensive coastal defence ship, but the Navy abandoned the concept in favor of a compact, seagoing battleship with a displacement of . Poor design and construction practices increased her actual displacement by more than . Rostislav became the world's first capital ship to burn fuel oil, rather than coal. Her combat ability was compromised by the use of main guns instead of the de facto Russian standard of .
Her hull was launched in September 1896, but non-delivery of the ship's main guns delayed her maiden voyage until 1899 and her completion until 1900. In May 1899 Rostislav became the first ship of the Imperial Navy to be commanded by a member of the House of Romanov, Captain Alexander Mikhailovich. From 1903 to 1912 the ship was the flagship of the second-in-command of the Black Sea Fleet. During the 1905 Russian Revolution her crew was on the verge of mutiny, but ultimately remained loyal to the regime, and actively suppressed the mutiny of the cruiser Ochakov.
Rostislav was actively engaged in World War I until the collapse of the Black Sea Fleet in the beginning of 1918. She was the first Russian ship to fire on enemy targets on land during World War I, the first to be hit by a German airstrike, and the first to destroy a submarine, albeit a Russian one. In April 1918 the fleeing Bolsheviks abandoned Rostislav in Sevastopol. A year later the British occupation forces disabled her engines. The White forces used the ship as a towed floating battery, then scuttled her in the Kerch Strait in November 1920.
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5404557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20battleship%20Rostislav
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Russian battleship Rostislav
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Design and description
Similar in size to earlier coastal defence ships but seaworthy for operations in the Black Sea, Rostislav was conceived in 1892 as a cheap and compact platform for 12-inch guns. Admiral Nikolay Chikhachov, Chief of the Ministry of the Navy, envisioned a squadron of such ships, each displacing , that would fit into his total desired displacement target of . Chief designer of the Nikolaev Shipyard, Sergey Ratnik, evaluated Chikhachov's request for proposals, and advised against the idea in general. The Naval Technical Committee (NTC) concurred: any meaningful combination of firepower, armor, speed and stability required at least . The NTC discarded Ratnik's advice to build an improved copy of the battleship of , but did not present a definite alternative. The NTC declined to discuss tactical matters, leaving the choice of armament to Chikhachov.
Chikhachov instructed Andrey Toropov of the Nikolaev Shipyard to draft two proposals, one armed with 10-inch and the other with 12-inch guns. Toropov estimated that the ship should have displaced at least 8,880 tons. Chikhachov admitted the fact and presented the two options to the NTC. The admiral himself and the active fleet commanders voted for the 12-inch caliber, which had already become a worldwide battleship standard, but the NTC strongly advised against it. The Navy brass spent April and May 1893 in lengthy debates. They agreed to increase displacement to 8,880 tons and were leaning toward accepting 12-inch guns when General Admiral Grand Duke Alexey resolved the discussion in favor of the smaller caliber.
Rostislav had the same hull as Sissoi Veliky, protected with the newly developed Harvey armor. She was also the first Russian battleship to use electric power instead of older hydraulic systems to train her guns.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20battleship%20Rostislav
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Russian battleship Rostislav
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Service
On May 1, 1899, Captain Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich assumed command of Rostislav, becoming the first Romanov since Peter I to command a combat ship. Another Romanov, Grand Duke Kirill, spent a few uneventful months on board Rostislav in 1900. Alexander's guests, parties and diplomatic visits to Istanbul regularly interfered with the crew's duties, but he personally managed the repairs and alterations of the ship's equipment. Shipyards and contractors treated Rostislav as a priority customer. Alexander, based on his experience with Sissoi Veliky, persuaded the NTC to reinforce Rostislavs rudder frame and supervised installation of a backup control post deep under the conning tower. In 1903 Alexander was promoted to rear admiral and returned to his ship as a squadron commander. Rostislav served as the junior flagship of the Black Sea Fleet until September 1912.
The 1900 season revealed grave problems with Rostislavs boilers. Black smoke from burning oil was more conspicuous than coal smoke. Uneven distribution of heat inside the boilers caused severe local overheating, buckling of fireboxes and sudden backdrafts. For three and a half months the boilers failed one by one, starting with small auxiliary power units and ending with the main boilers. Oil delivered by the Rothschild-controlled Russian Standard Oil was not at fault; similar problems were experienced by oil-fired ships of the Baltic Fleet.
Repairs and alterations of the power plant continued until 1904, when the continuing boiler failures compelled the Navy to dispense with oil fuel and convert Rostislav to coal in 1904 and 1905. Each round of repairs and alterations added more weight to the already overweight ship, and by 1907 the ship's belt armor was completely below the waterline.
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5404557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20battleship%20Rostislav
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Russian battleship Rostislav
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The Tsentralka, the group plotting a mutiny of the Black Sea Fleet, decided on June 25, 1905, that the mutiny should start on Potemkin rather than Rostislav. On June 27, 1905, the day of the battleship Potemkin mutiny, Rostislav was sailing under the ensign of Vice Admiral Alexander Krieger. Nicholas II ordered Krieger and his superior, fleet commander Grigory Chukhnin, to destroy the rebels by force, but the admirals refrained from shooting. They let the rebels flee to Odessa and later to Romania. Krieger's own crew was on the verge of open mutiny. On July 2, 1905, a military council held on board Rostislav decided to moor the ships in Odessa, disconnect the engines from the propellers and let the enlisted men walk ashore at will. By the time of the Ochakov mutiny in November 1905, fleet morale had improved and Krieger did not hesitate to fire two 10-inch and fourteen 6-inch shells against the rebels.
Exercises and casualties
After the Battle of Tsushima the Imperial Navy concentrated on improving their gunnery skills and fire-control practices. In 1908 Alexei Krylov and Yevgeny Berkalov led Rostislav on an unprecedented long-range gunnery shoot: Rostislav fired 330 ten-inch shells at a distance of in a few days. The experiment proved that the older ballistic tables used by the Navy were inaccurate. Berkalov compiled the data from the 1908 exercise into the new tables adopted by the Navy. Another of Krylov's initiatives, rapid counter-flooding, was standardized in 1909.
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5404557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20battleship%20Rostislav
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Russian battleship Rostislav
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Two plans for modernizing the ship were put forward before World War I. In 1907 the Naval General Staff proposed a major reconstruction aimed at reducing her draft and raising her armor belt higher out of the water. Her above-water torpedo tubes, torpedo nets, auxiliary boilers and 47-millimeter guns would have been removed, her superstructure cut down and her rigging reduced to a single pole mast. These changes would have reduced her displacement by , but the plan was rejected due to a shortage of money. Her above-water torpedo tubes, however, were removed about this time. In 1912 the staff of the Black Sea Fleet proposed to replace all of her 47 mm guns with four guns and to remove the auxiliary boilers and the submerged torpedo tubes to offset the additional weight. The Naval General Staff did not think that this was worth the cost and rejected the plan. Even though these plans did not come to fruition, other alterations were made to Rostislav before the war. A dozen of her 37 mm guns were removed in 1906, and she was fitted with rangefinders, probably made by Barr and Stroud, in 1907 and 1908.
In 1909 and 1910, Rostislav and the rest of the Black Sea Fleet prepared for joint operations with submarines. She was scheduled for an installation of the first Russian underwater acoustic communication system, but the installation was interrupted and her hardware was installed on the battleship (the former Potemkin) instead. During an anti-submarine exercise on the night of June 11, 1909, Rostislav accidentally rammed and sank the submarine Kambala. Twenty men of Kambala and two rescue divers died. The accident was blamed on reckless maneuvering by the submarine, and Rostislavs captain was cleared of any negligence or wrongdoing.
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5404557
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20battleship%20Rostislav
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Russian battleship Rostislav
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Diplomatic incidents
Before the outbreak of World War I Rostislav was involved in two minor international incidents. On August 11, 1911, and Panteleimon, two of the Black Sea Fleet battleships paying a state visit to Romania, ran aground on a shoal just off the port of Constanța. Rostislavs officers had detected the hazard and steered her to safety, but did not alert the other ships. The international embarrassment that followed led to the resignation of fleet commander Admiral Ivan Bostrem. During the First Balkan War Rostislav sailed into the Sea of Marmara to protect the Russian Embassy in Istanbul from a mob. Rostislav accidentally fired a live shell into the Turkish defenses. No one was injured during the incident, and the captain defused the situation with a personal apology to the Ottoman government.
World War I
Rostislav spent the winter of 1913–1914 refitting, and in April 1914 she returned to the active fleet with newly overhauled machinery, new rangefinders and new gun sights. The ship made on her post-refit trials.
On November 4, 1914, the Black Sea Fleet sailed out on its first combat operation of the war: the bombardment of Zonguldak. The operation was conceived as a retaliation against the Turkish-German attack on Sevastopol. Rostislav, captained by Kazimierz Porębski, was the "designated gunboat" while other Russian battleships formed a defensive screen around her. On November 6 she fired 251 shells at the port of Zonguldak, reducing it to rubble. On November 18 the ship faced Goeben during the Battle of Cape Sarych, but the German ship broke contact before Rostislav, trailing behind the Russian formation, even spotted her. Rostislav had other encounters with Goeben in 1915 and 1916, but did not engage her directly. In 1915 the ship received four 75 mm anti-aircraft guns.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20battleship%20Rostislav
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Russian battleship Rostislav
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The February Revolution of 1917 did not demoralize the Black Sea Fleet as quickly as the Baltic Fleet. Captain Fyodor Stark, a former destroyer commander, maintained Rostislav in combat-ready condition until the end of the year. The battleship sailed out for her last voyage to Batumi in September and October. Stark managed to contain the radical politics, anti-German sentiment and Ukrainization of the crew, but nevertheless raised the flag of Ukraine on his return to Sevastopol on October 25. From this moment desertion and "volunteering" into the Red Guards intensified, and by December 21 the crew was reduced to 460 enlisted men and 28 officers. In January 1918 the fleet disintegrated completely: the officers fled from the enraged enlisted men, then the enlisted men abandoned the ships and fled from the advancing German Army. On April 29, 1918, the Bolsheviks managed to extricate two battleships and sixteen destroyers from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk, but Rostislav and the rest of the fleet remained in Sevastopol.
The German occupation of Crimea from May to November 1918 did not affect the abandoned ship. The Anglo-French forces that replaced the Germans stayed in Sevastopol until April 1919. Before leaving, the British wrecked Rostislavs engines on April 25 to prevent the ship from being any use to the advancing Soviets. The White forces of Baron Wrangel used the disabled ship as a floating battery in the Sea of Azov. The ship, manned by a ragtag volunteer crew, was stationed in the shallow waters of the Kerch Strait to harass the Reds in Taman and prevent a landing in the Crimea. After the defeat of Wrangel's land forces, the crew scuttled Rostislav in the Kerch Strait to prevent the Red forces from breaking through to the Black Sea.
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5404591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozonac
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Cozonac
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Cozonac () or Kozunak ( ) is a sweet yeast dough that can be used to make different traditional holiday breads and cakes. Often mixed with raisins or nuts, it can be baked as a loaf or rolled out with fillings like poppy seed or walnuts. It is common throughout Southeastern Europe in countries such as Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia and Greece. Rich in eggs, milk and butter, it is usually prepared for Easter in Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, and in Romania and Moldova it is also traditional for Good Friday, in a simplified version with vegan ingredients, without eggs or milk - named Cozonac de post - to be eaten by Christians during lent. The name comes from the Bulgarian word for hair-коса/kosa, or , a diminutive form of .
Cozonac was the sweet chosen to represent Romania in the Café Europe initiative of the Austrian presidency of the European Union, on Europe Day 2006.
Origins
In Great Britain, the first recipe of "cozonac" appears in a cookbook in 1718, with the recommendation to be baked in long and narrow forms, a recommendation that remains valid nowadays. A similar Italian dessert, Panettone, whose recipe was shared and adapted in Eastern Europe following the Roman occupation, is often mentioned as a starting point for the cozonac.
Romanians added cocoa, rum, walnuts and Turkish delight to the composition, thus creating an original version of the dish, which was not to be missed from any Easter or Christmas table for hundreds of years and is widely recognised as a traditional dessert.
Today, this dessert with a long history is prepared mainly in southeastern European countries, especially in North Macedonia, Romania, Moldova and Bulgaria, where it is considered a traditional food.
Ingredients and preparation
Cozonac is a sweet bread, into which milk, yeast, eggs, sugar, butter, and other ingredients are mixed together and allowed to rise before baking. In Bulgaria, the kozunak is prepared by adding lemon zest to the dough mixture, just as the Romanian version.
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5404591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozonac
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Cozonac
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In North Macedonia, the Macedonians for Easter traditionally bake a sweet bread called with sultanas and raisins in the shape of a girl's plated hair, a braid. That is why the name of this traditional Easter bread is derived from the Bulgarian word for hair-коса/kosa. There is also the straw plated mat Macedonians in the past used to lay on the ground to sleep upon called Rogozina or Ruguzina.
In Romania, the recipes for trimmings differ rather significantly between regions. The dough is essentially similar throughout the country; a plain sweet bread made from flour, eggs, milk, butter, sugar and salt. Depending on the region, one may add to it any of the following: raisins, grated orange or lemon zest, walnuts or hazelnuts, and vanilla or rum flavor. Cozonac may be sprinkled with poppy seeds on top. Other styles dictate the use of a filling, usually a ground walnut mixture with ground poppy seeds, cocoa powder, rum essence, or raisins. The dough is rolled flat with a pin, the filling is spread and the whole is rolled back into a shape vaguely resembling a pinwheel. In the baked product, the filling forms a swirl adding to the character of the bread.
Similar breads
Cozonac is a sweet, egg-enriched bread, which is rooted in the cuisines of Western and Central Asia. Examples of similar breads from other cultures include badnji kruh in Croatian cuisine, folar de páscoa in Portuguese cuisine, brioche in French cuisine, kulich in Russian cuisine, panettone in Italian cuisine, hot cross bun in English cuisine, challah in Jewish cuisine, Shoreek in Egyptian cuisine, or stollen in German cuisine. Such rich brioche-like breads are also traditional in other countries, such as Hungary and the Czech Republic.
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5404602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Shueh-shuan
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Liu Shueh-shuan
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Liu Shueh-shuan (; born 4 March 1969) is a Taiwanese composer. He has written works for the Erhu, and his music combines elements of traditional and modern cultures in eclectic musical styles.
Life and career
Liu was born in Chang-hua, Taiwan. His composition, “Gui-Ze”, was awarded the gold medal in the Council for Cultural Affairs 2003 Traditional Music Composition Contest (ensemble category); meanwhile, his “Second Erhu Concerto” awarded the Silver Medal (concerto category), and “Busia 1930” won him the Bronze Medal (orchestra category) in the 2002 Contest.
Liu's works include “Painting of Li Mei-Shu – for Orchestral suite” and “Stone-Lion of San-Shia-Zu-Shi Temple – for Orchestra”. In Paris, the National Chinese Orchestra premiered Liu's “Mulakuna”, a piece composed through morse code, with a combination of eastern and western instruments to highlight the destruction and impact brought by civilization.
Upon invitation by the National Chinese Orchestra under the Ministry of Education, Liu composed “Song of the Tsou Tribe” based on Taiwanese aboriginal folk music and toured throughout Europe. At the end of 2000, he was invited to write “The Wish” for the “New Century Concert”. The piece depicts the mixture of anxiety and pleasure with the advent of the New Year, reflected by the 300 audience attendees singing out the optimism and spirit of the Taiwanese people. In addition, his “First Erhu Concerto”, composed for the International Erhu Competition, is highly acclaimed by Erhu players due to its adoption of groundbreaking Erhu techniques and original musical language. Other accomplishments range from his participation in the Golden Melody winning children's album “Red Dragonfly” and “Firebug”, to the commission of Taipei's Lantern Festival's musical themes of 2001 and 2002.
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5404610
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed%20principle
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Open–closed principle
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In object-oriented programming, the open–closed principle (OCP) states "software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension, but closed for modification";
that is, such an entity can allow its behaviour to be extended without modifying its source code.
The name open–closed principle has been used in two ways. Both ways use generalizations (for instance, inheritance or delegate functions) to resolve the apparent dilemma, but the goals, techniques, and results are different.
The open–closed principle is one of the five SOLID principles of object-oriented design.
Meyer's open–closed principle
Bertrand Meyer is generally credited for having originated the term open–closed principle, which appeared in his 1988 book Object-Oriented Software Construction.
A module will be said to be open if it is still available for extension. For example, it should be possible to add fields to the data structures it contains, or new elements to the set of functions it performs.
A module will be said to be closed if [it] is available for use by other modules. This assumes that the module has been given a well-defined, stable description (the interface in the sense of information hiding).
At the time Meyer was writing, adding fields or functions to a library inevitably required changes to any programs depending on that library. Meyer's proposed solution to this problem relied on the notion of object-oriented inheritance (specifically implementation inheritance):
A class is closed, since it may be compiled, stored in a library, baselined, and used by client classes. But it is also open, since any new class may use it as parent, adding new features. When a descendant class is defined, there is no need to change the original or to disturb its clients.
| 2.765625
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5404658
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Munro%20Fox
|
Harold Munro Fox
|
Harold Munro Fox (; 28 September 1889 – 29 January 1967) was an English zoologist.
Education and early life
He was born Harold Munro Fuchs in Clapham, London, in 1889 to George Gotthilf Fuchs, a former captain in the Prussian Army, and Margaret Isabella Campbell Munro, daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Munro of the Yorkshire Regiment. However, his parents separated when he was just a few years old. Fox was educated at Brighton College and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he read for the Natural Sciences Tripos (1908–1911).
Career
After graduation he went to the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (1911–1912), where he worked with Cresswell Shearer and Walter de Morgan on the genetics of sea urchin hybrids. After his year in Plymouth, he went to Naples, Italy, in 1912, where he worked on fertilisation at the Stazione Zoologica for ten months. In 1913 he was appointed lecturer in zoology at the Royal College of Science, London, by Ernest William MacBride.
| 2.1875
| 0
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5404691
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebezh
|
Sebezh
|
Sebezh () is a town and the administrative center of Sebezhsky District in Pskov Oblast, Russia, located in a picturesque setting between Lakes Sebezhskoye and Orono south of Pskov, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:
History
It was first mentioned in 1414 as a fortress protecting Pskov from the south, when Vytautas of Lithuania sacked it. In 1535 it was captured by Muscovy. Prince Ivan Shuysky built a wooden fortress there in 1535. In the 16th century, the fortress defended the Western approaches to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1581, King Stephen Báthory of Poland demanded the restoration of Siebież from Muscovy to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but to no avail, however Lithuanian and Polish troops recaptured it during the Polish–Muscovite War of 1605–1618 and held it until the First Partition of Poland. The fortifications of Sebezh, now dismantled, were reinforced at the behest of Peter the Great during the Great Northern War. The castle hill is still dominated by the Roman Catholic Church, built in 1625-1648 and reconsecrated as a Russian Orthodox Church in 1989.
| 2.140625
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5404691
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebezh
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Sebezh
|
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Sebezh serves as the administrative center of Sebezhsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Sebezh, together with sixty-eight rural localities, is incorporated within Sebezhsky Municipal District as Sebezh Urban Settlement.
Economy
Transportation
The M9 Highway, which connects Moscow and Riga, passes Sebezh. Another road connects Sebezh with Opochka. There are also local roads.
The railway connecting Moscow and Riga also passes Sebezh.
Culture and recreation
Sebezh contains one cultural heritage monument of federal significance and additionally fifteen objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federally protected monument is the Trinity Church, a formerly Catholic church consecrated in 1648, when Sebezh was still part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is probably the oldest baroque structure in Russia. As of 2013, the church is closed to the public because of reconstruction.
Sebezh is home to the Sebezh District Museum, founded in 1927 and displaying collections of local interest.
Notable people
Semyon Dimanstein, Jewish Soviet state activist, publisher
Zinovy Gerdt, Russian Soviet actor
Witold Rudziński, Polish composer
| 2.203125
| 0
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5404709
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanley%20Castle
|
Hanley Castle
|
Hanley Castle is a village and civil parish in Worcestershire, England, between the towns of Malvern and Upton upon Severn and a short distance from the River Severn. It lies in the administrative area of Malvern Hills District, and is part of the informal region known as The Malverns. It is served primarily by bus service 332 Worcester - Upton upon Severn - Hanley Castle operated by Aston Coaches and 363 Worcester - Tewkesbury operated by First Worcester.
The village population together with that of the nearby village of Hanley Swan is around 1500. The central feature of the village is the cul-de-sac of Church End with its village green dominated by a huge Cedar of Lebanon tree that is reputed to be approximately 900 years old, the unspoiled 15th-century red-brick and timbered pub, other listed buildings, and the campus of Hanley Castle High School.
History
In the 12th century, the heavily forested area became the seat of administration of the Malvern Chase, a royal hunting area. There was once a Norman castle built as a hunting lodge for King John in 1207 near the present day village. By the end of the 15th century it had been mostly demolished, and the tower was finally removed in 1795. However, a few traces still remain including a dry moat and a mound.
Hanley Castle Grammar School was founded in 1326.
During the Worcester Campaign of the Third English Civil War, a Royalist brigade under Major General Edward Massey, were quartered in Upton-upon-Severn to defend the partially demolished bridge. Massey with about 150 of his soldiers stayed in Severn End with the owner Nicolas Lechmere. On 29 August 1651, Massey was wounded in the head and the thigh during the fighting in Upton after the Parliamentarian soldiers under the command of Colonel John Lambert had forced a passage across the bridge as they advanced on Worcester.
| 2.296875
| 0
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5404724
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Yonge
|
Maurice Yonge
|
Sir Charles Maurice Yonge, CBE, FRS FRSE (9 December 1899 – 17 March 1986) was an English marine zoologist.
Life
Charles Maurice Yonge was born in Silcoates School near Wakefield in Yorkshire in 1899 the son of John Arthur Yonge (1865–1946) and his wife, Sarah Edith Carr.
He was educated at Silcoates School, where his father was headmaster.
After leaving school at 17, and enrolling in the University of Leeds, Yonge joined the Army Training Corps during 1917-1918. After the war ended, Yonge read history at the University of Oxford, before transferring to the University of Edinburgh in 1919 to study forestry and later zoology. He was a Baxter Natural Science Scholar while at Edinburgh, working as an Assistant Naturalist with the Marine Biological Association, mainly at Plymouth.
After graduation with a B.Sc. in 1922, Yonge proceeded to a PhD on the digestive system of marine invertebrates. He took his D.Sc in 1927, for his research into oysters, and then moved to Cambridge in 1927 as a Balfour student, where he was invited to join and lead the Great Barrier Reef Expedition of 1928–1929. Yonge, his wife Mattie and his colleagues in the expedition spent a year off the coast of Queensland, studying Australia's Great Barrier Reef, in particular Low Isles Reef. Their work was published in the book, A year on the Great Barrier Reef, as well as other publications.
In 1933, Yonge became Professor of Zoology at the University of Bristol, and was made Regius Professor of Zoology at the University of Glasgow in 1944. Yonge returned to Australia in 1967 to review the Great Barrier Reef with Thomas Goreau and observed some of the Belgian Scientific Expedition to the reef of the same year. He was also supportive of the Royal Society and Universities of Queensland Expedition to the northern Great Barrier Reef in 1973. He returned to Australia in 1975 to open the Australian Museum's Lizard Island Marine Station. He and Lady Phyllis returned to the Great Barrier Reef and visited Low Isles Reef in 1978.
| 2.265625
| 0
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5404725
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport%20Bus
|
Newport Bus
|
Newport Bus (the operating name of Newport Transport Limited) is the main provider of bus services in the city of Newport, Wales. A limited company whose shares are wholly owned by Newport City Council, it is one of the few remaining municipal bus companies in the United Kingdom.
History
In 1901, the Newport Corporation took over the town's horse-drawn bus service, establishing a municipal bus operation.
Motorbus services began in April 1924, although the corporation was prohibited from running services beyond Rogerstone and Langstone without the assent of local councils by the Newport Corporation Act 1925. This prohibition was removed in 1981, allowing then-Newport Borough Council to operate more extensive services.
By 1985, the Borough Transport Department held responsibility for the town's bus services. Following passage of the Transport Act 1985, which deregulated the UK bus network and required local councils to transfer the functions of their bus operations to commercial entities, a stand-alone company limited by shares was incorporated on 10 March 1986. Initially named Newport Buses Ltd, the company was renamed Newport Transport Ltd on 9 October 1986, before formally taking over operation of bus services in Newport from the Borough Transport Department on 26 October 1986.
In the 1980s, Newport Transport was the largest operator of Scanias in the United Kingdom. It also operated Renault 50 midibuses.
The bus operation was rebranded from Newport Transport to Newport Bus in 2011.
| 2.0625
| 0
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5404734
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20Island%20State%20Airport
|
Block Island State Airport
|
Block Island State Airport is a public use airport located on Block Island, in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The airport is owned by the State of Rhode Island. It is primarily a general aviation airport, but there is also scheduled airline service to Westerly State Airport. The airport opened in 1950.
As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 10,384 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,516 enplanements in 2009, and 9,821 in 2010. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2023–2027 in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.
Block Island State Airport is one of six active airports operated by the Rhode Island Airport Corporation, the other five being T.F. Green State Airport, Newport State Airport, North Central State Airport, Quonset State Airport and Westerly State Airport.
Facilities and aircraft
Block Island State Airport covers an area of at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 10/28 with an asphalt surface measuring .
For the 12-month period ending 29 February 2020, the airport had 17,014 aircraft operations, an average of 47 per day: 72% air taxi, 28% general aviation, and <1% military. At that time there were 4 aircraft based at this airport: 3 single-engine and 1 multi-engine.
Airlines and destinations
Accidents at or near BID
On November 28, 1989, a New England Airlines Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander crashed at sea 4.1 miles NW off Block Island during an overwater flight on a dark moonless night under a cloud layer. The cause of the accident was undetermined. All 8 passengers and crew perished.
| 2.078125
| 0
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5404755
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolling%20Hall%2C%20Bradford
|
Bolling Hall, Bradford
|
Bolling Hall is one of the oldest buildings in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It is currently used as a museum and education centre. The building is about a mile from the centre of Bradford in East Bowling. Its surroundings are suburban in character.
Before the Industrial Revolution, Bradford was a small town and difficult to defend as it lay in a basin. However, Bolling Hall occupies a commanding position on a hillside. The earliest part of this building, dating from the 14th century, has been interpreted as a peel tower, although Bradford is somewhat outside the typical geographical area for these defensive structures.
The Manor of Bolling (Bollinc) is first mentioned in Domesday Book and was at that time in the possession of a man named Sindi. The manor then came under the control of Ilbert de Lacy. By 1316 the manor was owned by William Bolling, and Bollings owned the estate until the late 15th century when control went to the Tempests who held the estate until 1649. The estate changed hands several times thereafter until eventually it was let to several tenants until being presented to Bradford Corporation in 1912. It was opened as a museum three years later.
During the second siege of Bradford in 1643, during the English Civil War, the house was a Royalist base. On this occasion the Royalists took the town, which had strong Parliamentarian sympathies, and it was thought that the victors would put the inhabitants to the sword. There is usually material on display relating to the English Civil War including a death mask of Oliver Cromwell. In the 18th century, parts of the house were modernised by the architect John Carr, following a fire. The Hall was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1952.
The Bolling chapel at Bradford parish church, now Bradford Cathedral, was founded by the owners of Bolling Hall and was restored by the Tempest family in the 17th century but did not survive the 20th-century rebuilding of the chancel.
| 2.609375
| 0
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5404760
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenice
|
Phoenice
|
Phoenice or Phoenike () was an ancient Greek city in Epirus and capital of the Chaonians. It is located high on an almost impregnable hill commanding the fertile valley below and near the modern town of the same name, Finiq, in southern Albania. It was the wealthiest city in Epirus and had the strongest walls until the Roman conquest. It was the location of the Treaty of Phoenice which ended the First Macedonian War. The city is part of an archaeological park.
Toponym
The toponym is ultimately of non-Indo-European origin, as with all names with an -īk suffix in IE languages. There were at least 16 toponyms throughout the Ancient Greek world sharing the root Phoinik-; from Epirus to Lycia. In ancient Greek, φοῖνιξ (phoenix) may have acquired different meanings. They include "dark red or "brown-red", which could have referred to geographical features of particular rivers and mountains. As a name it may have referred to groups which entered the Aegean sea via the southern Anatolian coastline.
History
Antiquity
The city was the political centre of the Chaonians, one of the three major Greek tribes in ancient Epirus.
From the second half of the 5th century BC, a number of public buildings were erected on the acropolis, while at the end of the next century the city walls were expanded as part of the defensive strategy of Pyrrhus, leader of united Epirus. The earliest phase of Phoenice's walls consisted of massive blocks up to 3.6 metres thick, the Chaonians' primary concern being to defend the city against Corcyraeans or Illyrian raiders. In the 3rd century BC the urban area was extended on the centre and west sides of the hill.
The patron god of the city was probably Athena Polias.
In circa 233 BC, Queen Deidamia II, the last member of the Aeacid ruling dynasty, was assassinated, the monarchy was abolished in Epirus, and the city became the centre of the federal government of the Epirote League.
| 2.65625
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5404775
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandina
|
Nandina
|
Nandina domestica ( ) commonly known as nandina, heavenly bamboo or sacred bamboo, is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to eastern Asia from the Himalayas to Japan. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Nandina. It is widely grown in gardens as an ornamental plant with a number of cultivars that display bright-red fall foliage in the cool months, and attractive new foliage growth in spring. Although a popular ornamental shrub, the berries are toxic to birds, especially towards the end of the winter when other food sources become scarce.
The Latin genus name Nandina is derived from the Japanese name . The specific epithet domestica means 'domesticated', or 'of the household'.
Description
Despite the common name "sacred bamboo", it is not a bamboo but an erect evergreen shrub up to tall by wide, with numerous, usually unbranched stems growing from ground level. The glossy leaves are sometimes deciduous in colder areas, long, bi- or tri-pinnately compound, with the individual leaflets long and 1.5–3 cm broad.
The young leaves in spring are brightly coloured pink to red before turning green; old leaves turn red or purple again before falling. Its petiolate leaves are 50–100 cm long, compound (two or three pinnacles) with leaflets, elliptical to ovate or lanceolate and of entire margins, 2–10 cm long by 0.5–2 cm wide, with petioles swollen at their bases.
The inflorescences are axillary or terminally erect panicles with numerous hermaphrodite flowers. There are several ovate-oblong sepals of a pinkish white color, and six oblong white petals, each 4 by 2.5 mm. The flowers are borne in early summer in conical clusters held well above the foliage. The fruit is a bright red berry, 5–10 mm diameter, ripening in late autumn and often persisting through the winter.
Garden history and cultivation
| 2.671875
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5404826
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Barcroft
|
Joseph Barcroft
|
Sir Joseph Barcroft (26 July 1872 – 21 March 1947) was a British physiologist best known for his studies of the oxygenation of blood.
Life
Born in Newry, County Down into a Quaker family, he was the son of Henry Barcroft DL and Anna Richardson Malcomson of The Glen, Newry – a property purchased for his parents by his mother's uncle, John Grubb Richardson and adjoining his own estate in Bessbrook. He was initially educated at Bootham School, York and later at The Leys School, Cambridge. He married Mary Agnetta Ball, daughter of Sir Robert S. Ball, in 1903.
He received his degree in Medicine and Science in 1896 from Cambridge University, and immediately began his studies of haemoglobin. In May 1910 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and would be awarded their Royal Medal in 1922 and their Copley medal in 1943. He would also deliver their Croonian Lecture in 1935.
In both the First World War and Second World War he had the prestigious role of Chief Physiologist at the Gas Warfare Centre at Porton Down near Salisbury.
In 1936 he was nominated, unsuccessfully, by Professor Arthur Dighton Stammers, Professor of Physiology in the University of the Witwatersrand, for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the respiratory function of the blood and the functions of the spleen.
In the course of his research, he did not hesitate to use himself as a test subject. For example, during the First World War, when he was called to Royal Engineers Experimental Station (near Salisbury) to carry out experiments on asphyxiating gas, he exposed himself to an atmosphere of poisonous hydrogen cyanide. On another occasion he remained for seven days in a glass chamber in order to calculate the minimum quantity of oxygen required for the survival of the human organism, and another time he exposed himself to such a low temperature that he collapsed into unconsciousness.
| 2.765625
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5404833
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20grass%20frog
|
Little grass frog
|
The little grass frog (Pseudacris ocularis) is a species of chorus frog endemic to the Southeastern United States. It is currently the smallest North American anuran and occurs in a wide variety of ephemeral and semi-permanent wetlands.
Description
P. ocularis is the smallest frog in North America, only reaching a maximum head-body length of 19 mm (0.75 in). It is normally pale brown, but can have a green or pink tinge. This species is further characterized by a variable dark stripe which runs through each of the frog's eyes and down the sides of its body. The Latin term ocularis translates to "of the eye" in reference to this bold ocular stripe.
Habitat and feeding
This species occurs in a wide variety of ephemeral and semi-permanent wetlands in the southeastern Coastal Plain and favors grassy areas in and around cypress ponds and similar sites. This species can be used as an indicator of healthy wetlands. In urbanized wetlands P. ocularis is noticeably absent. It is commonly found on lower tree trunks and foliage up to a height of 1 m or more; males prefer these sites as calling perches. However, they spend a considerable amount of their foraging time on the ground. This species possesses the ability to rotate its head and neck more than other frog species due to unusual flexibility in its vertebral column. This is thought to aid in searching for prey or looking for a more suitable perch before leaping. The majority of food items consist of arthropods that are associated with leaf litter and/or soil—springtails, ants, thrips, palpigrades, etc. There has been some recorded research showing that adults have fed on large roaches, walking sticks, and mites.
| 2.75
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5404833
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20grass%20frog
|
Little grass frog
|
Reproduction
To gain a female's attention, males will remain perched on top of grass stems or tree trunks and call. This calling is most often compared to high insect-like chirps. P. ocularis The little Grass Frog breeds in shallow, fish free wetlands, including cypress domes, marshes, bogs, wet prairies, wet flatwoods, and floodplain forests generally breeds from January to September in most of their range, but can breed year-round in Florida. Females can generally reproduce more than once per annual cycle. The eggs will usually be laid on a pond bottom or vegetation in shallow water. Females lay up to 200 eggs with 1-5 eggs per cluster. Eggs take 1–2 days to hatch and larvae take 7–70 days to metamorphose.
Behavior
The little grass frog's call has 2 call components (pure tone followed by a train of pulses) which is unique in Family Hylidae. P. ocularis is often active both day and night and can be active year-round in some parts of their range.
Predators and predator avoidance
The little grass frog has a few defensive mechanisms to avoid predation. Despite their small size, they can jump about 20 times their body length which can help them escape predators. Their coloration also provides them with a great advantage. They have a cryptic coloration similar to the vegetation in the areas in which they live. The dark stripes through their eye and along their sides are also thought to help break-up their outline to more visual predators. Some common predators are fish, larger frogs, and snakes. Nymphs of Odonata are also known to prey on little grass frog larvae.
| 3.09375
| 0
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5404867
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Grant%20Lea
|
Erik Grant Lea
|
From the bottom again
After the Second World War, his new businesses slowly kept growing. In the more or less roadless Dalsfjorden area, Gjølanger became the place with the most frequent steam ship arrivals. But in 1951 the mill, the power plant, and the shop were all destroyed by fire. He was underinsured and once again had to start from almost zero, with some insurance money and help from his fellow villagers.
His wife Hilda died suddenly in 1960. His daughter from his first marriage, Sunniva, married Johannes Gaussereide.
He later married Hildur Tyssedal, who had been employed in his shop.
Public contributions
At the top of his career about 1916–17, he bought land in the outskirts of Bergen. The land near his residence, Lea Hall, he bought to build one family houses with garden for workers. He made development plans for the area. The area and plan was sold to the public authorities for a modest sum of money. The plans were later partly realized. He engaged architect Schumann Olsen to make a development plan for a garden suburb at Finnebergåsen. Also this area was sold to the public authorities for a modest sum. His rights in Lake Solheim was given to the same public authorities without any compensation. He thus willfully forwent substantial wealth and a prospect of profits in favor of the public interests.
He also willingly contributed substantial sums of money to the benefit of refugees and catastrophe stricken people and to public benefit in Bergen city.
When the American Dr. Bentham died and left an invaluable collection of ethnic Indian artifacts, his widow tried to sell the collection. But no American museums were willing to pay the sum required. Lea then raised the money and bought the collection and donated it to Bergen Museum where the collection can be seen today.
| 2.3125
| 0
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5404874
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Germany
|
Northern Germany
|
Northern Germany (, ) is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony and the two city-states Hamburg and Bremen. It contrasts with Southern Germany, Western Germany, and Eastern Germany.
Language
Northern Germany generally refers to the Sprachraum area north of the Uerdingen and Benrath line isoglosses, where Low German dialects are spoken. These comprise the Low Saxon dialects in the west (including the Westphalian language area up to the Rhineland), the East Low German region along the Baltic coast with Western Pomerania, the Altmark and northern Brandenburg, as well as the North Low German dialects.
Although from the 19th century onwards, the use of Standard German was strongly promoted especially by the Prussian administration, Low German dialects are still present in rural areas, with an estimated number of five to eight million active speakers. However, since World War II and the immigration of expellees from the former eastern territories of Germany, its prevalence has steadily reduced. Besides which, Frisian is spoken in East and North Frisia, as well as Danish (Standard and South Jutlandic) in parts of Schleswig.
Geography
The key terrain feature of Northern Germany is the North German Plain including the marshes along the coastline of the North and Baltic Seas, as well as the geest and heaths inland. Also prominent are the low hills of the Baltic Uplands, the ground moraines, end moraines, sandur, glacial valleys, bogs and Luch.
These features were formed during the Weichselian glaciation and contrast topographically with the adjacent Central Uplands of Germany to the south, such as the Harz and Teutoburg Forest, which are occasionally counted as part of Northern Germany.
| 2.734375
| 0
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5404874
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Germany
|
Northern Germany
|
Culture
Northern Germany has traditionally been dominated by Protestantism, especially Lutheranism. The two northern provinces of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony have the highest proportion of self-reported Lutherans in Germany. Exceptions include the Catholic districts of Emsland, Cloppenburg and Vechta in the west, traditionally linked to the Catholic region of Westphalia in the south, and the southernmost region of Lower Saxony, around the city of Duderstadt, comprising part of the traditional Catholic enclave of Eichsfeld.
Culturally and socially, Northern Germany is characterized by higher levels of income equality and gender equality than southern and south-western Germany. While the national federal Gini coefficient for Germany stands at around 30, the southern states have a Gini coefficient of 30.6 whereas for the Northern states the Gini coefficient stands at 27.5 which is closer to the Scandinavian average of 25. Traditional society in the western part of Northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony and some parts of North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony-Anhalt) until the early 20th century was based on well-off, literate and landowning yeoman farmers owning relatively large pieces of land, making a living growing grain crops and raising dairy cattle and pigs, and a large and educated middle class in the towns and cities working in the civil service, or as businessmen, artisans, blue-collar workers and skilled workers. Thus, the proportion of serfs, landless labourers, semi-skilled industrial workers and large landlords was relatively smaller, making for a more stable society than elsewhere in Germany like the Rhineland region and the region east of the Elbe river. Additionally, Northern cities like Hamburg, Bremen and Rostock have always been economic powerhouses of trade and commerce and have had a long tradition of innovation and creativity in business and industry.
| 2.65625
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5404874
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Germany
|
Northern Germany
|
Cuisine
The traditional northern German daily diet is centered around boiled potatoes, rye bread, dairy products, cabbages, cucumbers, berries, jams, fish, and pork and beef. A breakfast specialty is the crispbread (), eaten with a variety of toppings such as ham, soft cheese, cucumber, tomatoes, and liver paste. Lentil stews and soups are very popular as a working lunch. Regional specialties in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony include blood sausage () and a variety of black puddings commonly eaten for brunch. Another northern German regional specialty are meatloaves (), made from a mixture of ground pork and beef and served with mashed potatoes, brown sauce and lingonberry jam. Many traditional meat-based lunch dishes are served with boiled or mashed potatoes and brown sauce. Eating brunch is very popular during weekends in the larger towns and cities. In regions nearer to the coast, fish is very popular, with pickled herring and salmon being delicacies.
Drinking coffee is firmly rooted in northern Germany and the northern provinces on average consume around of coffee per capita annually. This is more than the of coffee per capita consumed in the south. Coffee is frequently drunk four times a day: at breakfast, after lunch, in the evening at around 4 pm, and after dinner. Many people also drink a coffee at their place of work at the start of the day's work, and a coffee break with colleagues around an hour before or after lunch. There is also a strong tradition of taking coffee breaks and visiting cafés with friends and acquaintances. In places such as publicly funded universities where free coffee is not available to students, it is not uncommon for students to bring their own hot coffee in insulated flasks and drink from it intermittently. Cafés usually offer medium-fat milk and sugar cubes along with filter coffee. Commonly eaten desserts include waffles with ice cream, pancakes, the sweet bun roll with cream known as Heißwecke, and blueberry pie () with vanilla cream.
| 2.578125
| 0
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5404877
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20Tabberer%20Brown
|
Horace Tabberer Brown
|
Horace Tabberer Brown FRS (born Tabberer; 20 July 1848 – 6 February 1925) was a British chemist.
Early life
Brown was born in Burton upon Trent, the sixth child of Benjamin Tabberer, a farmer, and Jane Atkin Tabberer. He had four elder sisters – Sophia, Jane, Julia, and Beatrice – and an elder brother, Benjamin. His father died in February 1848, five months prior to Brown's birth. In February 1849, his mother remarried Edwin Brown, a banker and amateur naturalist, which led to Brown's interest in science around age 12. His younger half brother was Adrian John Brown.
He was educated at Burton and Atherstone Grammar Schools and at the Royal College of Chemistry.
Career
Brown started work at the Worthington Brewery in 1866. His focus was to solve practical brewing problems by employing and developing fundamental scientific principles. His research work considered barley germination, beer microbiology, water composition, oxygen and fermentation, beer haze formation, wort composition and beer analysis.
A true polymath, he left his mark on virtually all areas of science as applied to brewing, in a career which lasted over 50 years. His earliest work concerned treatment of sewage and analyses of the Burton waters. Later he took up study of geology, being led to it by pressing requirements in connection with the water supply of Burton. This entailed a good deal of field surveying, which was embodied in a paper on the Permian Rocks of the Leicestershire Coalfield.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1889. From 1890 onward studied the assimilation of Carbon dioxide in plants. He also established the Guinness Research Laboratory in Dublin in 1901.
He died at 5 Evelyn Gardens, Kensington.
Awards
He was awarded the Longstaff Medal of the Chemical Society in 1894, a Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1903 and the Copley Medal in 1920.
The Horace Brown Medal
| 2.515625
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5404914
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayman
|
Rayman
|
Rayman (SNES) - Ancel initially produced Rayman for the Atari ST, a 16-bit personal computer system, working alone on every aspect of the game. Following Houde's arrival on the project, Ancel noticed that public interest in the ST had started to wane and looked to the Super NES CD-ROM, a CD peripheral for the 16-bit Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). However, in 1993 Nintendo abandoned the project before the hardware was produced. Ancel and Houde ruled out a release for the cartridge-based SNES, doubting its ability to handle the large amount of information they wanted to incorporate into the game. The pair switched focus towards newer and more powerful consoles, leaving the SNES version of the game unfinished. This led to the decision to produce Rayman for the Atari Jaguar, a 64-bit cartridge-based system that the team felt could handle the graphics they wanted. In late 1994, magazine advertisements announced the game as a Jaguar exclusive title. Between 1993 and 1994, Rayman originally was submitted to Apogee Software by Ancel, however the publisher was scrapped.
Rayman 2 (2D platformer) - Rayman 2 was originally conceptualised as a sidescrolling 2D platformer, like the first game. Development on the prototype began in early 1996 with a team of six people and a budget of 10 million francs. It was slated to be released on the PlayStation, Sega Saturn, and Microsoft Windows in the fourth quarter of that year. The prototype of Rayman 2 featured some usage of prerendered bitmaps of 3D computer models, differing from the hand painted presentation of its predecessor, beginning in 1998. A prototype containing a single level is playable in the final PlayStation version of the game if the player completes a certain percentage of the game.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
5404914
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayman
|
Rayman
|
Rayman Raving Rabbids (platformer) - From the previous project a second development was started at the studio of Ubisoft Montpellier, the studio that developed the first three chapters of the series. In 2006, the second phase was again geared towards the development of a 3D platform game designed by Michel Ancel and known by the final title of Rayman Raving Rabbids. This new title, which Michel Ancel himself referred to as Rayman 4, was to be an adventure story in which Rayman teams up with his former enemy André from Rayman 3 to save the world by an army of Rabbids. In addition to the characters already appeared in previous titles, there were new ones, among which stand out an anonymous female one belonging to the same lineage as Rayman who served as damsel in distress, and a hedonistic emperor of the Rabbids. Michel Ancel also stated that in the course of history the main purpose would have consisted also in saving, in addition to the aforementioned girl, André himself and the latter's girlfriend. Gameplay innovations included attacking enemies with punches and kicks, the ability to ride creatures such as giant hawks, tarantulas, sharks, and warthogs, and in an end-of-level minigame where you had to hypnotize the Rabbids by dancing to access new areas to play. The project was supported for several months, until the developers received the Nintendo Wii development kit. With these tools, the developers experimented with further varieties of play styles and as a result the action and platform elements were removed and replaced by the final party-style version of Rayman Raving Rabbids, followed over time by new titles of the same kind. However, the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions were not generally released as a party but as a side-scrolling platform game and very similar to the gameplay of the Game Boy Advance version of Rayman 3, and the storyline is a fusion of the first two projects
| 2.03125
| 0
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5404922
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Kiernan
|
Francis Kiernan
|
Francis Kiernan FRS (2 October 1800 – 31 December 1874) was an anatomist and physician.
He was born in Ireland, the eldest of four children. His father, Francis Kiernan (died 7 March 1850 at 30 Manchester Square, London), was also a physician and brought the family to England in the early 19th century. Francis junior was educated at the Roman Catholic College at Ware, Hertfordshire, and was trained in medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
He set up a private anatomy class in Charterhouse Square, but, in the words of the British Medical Journal, his "great success as a teacher caused much jealousy, and, in 1825, gave rise to the Council of the College of Surgeons passing a resolution refusing to receive certificates from any but recognised teachers." Kiernan's class size dwindled as students departed. Appeals to the Council to rescind its decision, on the grounds of Kiernan's ability and skill as a teacher, were dismissed.
He became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1825. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1834 and was awarded its Copley Medal in 1836 for his work on the anatomy of the liver. That same year, he became a founding Member of the Senate of the University of London, where he acted as examiner and lecturer in anatomy and physiology.
In 1843, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, and served on its Council from 1850. After a single year as Vice-President (1864–5), he declined re-nomination on the grounds of ill-health, having suffered a paralytic stroke in 1865 from which he never fully recovered.
In 1849, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.
He died unmarried at his home in Manchester Street, Manchester Square, London on New Year's Eve, 1874, and was buried in the Roman Catholic cemetery at Mortlake, London.
| 2.25
| 0
|
5404957
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivrea%20zone
|
Ivrea zone
|
The Ivrea zone is a tectonic terrane in the Italian Alps, that consists of a steeply dipping piece of the Earth’s lower crust of the Apulian plate. The zone is named after the Italian city of Ivrea.
Geologically the Ivrea zone is considered a part of the Southern Alps. Most rocks in the zone are sedimentary, for example limestones that have been turned into marble by metamorphism. Most of the zone has been through granulite facies metamorphism and was intruded by mafic plutons. This is the type of rock common in the lower regions of the crust. When the terrane was uplifted during the formation of the Alps, the upper crust was eroded off so that these rocks are now at the surface.
Geophysical research shows the mantle is relatively close under the surface at the Ivrea zone. Some geologists think the boundary between pyroxenites and lherzolites, that is also found in outcrops in the Ivrea zone, represents the Mohorovičić discontinuity (the Moho). The Moho is seismologically defined as the boundary between the crust and mantle.
| 2.828125
| 0
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5404962
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Stein
|
Tony Stein
|
Tony Stein (September 30, 1921 – March 1, 1945) was a United States Marine who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II. He received the award for repeatedly making single-handed assaults against the enemy and for aiding wounded Marines during the initial assault on Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945. He was killed in action ten days later.
Biography
Stein was born in Dayton, Ohio, on September 30, 1921, to Steve (formerly called Istvan) and Rose née Brandulek, immigrants from Erdevik, Austria-Hungary (now Serbia), and attended Kiser High School there. He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps Reserve on September 22, 1942. He knew they were the first sent into battle and he wanted to defend his country.
Stein was a member of the elite Paramarines from the end of his recruit training until the Paramarines were disbanded in 1944. Assigned to Headquarters Company, 3rd Parachute Battalion, 1st Parachute Regiment, 3rd Marine Division, Stein fought in the Vella Lavella and Bougainville Campaigns, shooting five snipers in a single day during the latter operation. A toolmaker prior to the war, Stein customized a .30 caliber AN/M2 Browning machine gun from a wrecked Navy fighter plane into a highly effective personal machine gun he nicknamed the "Stinger". After the Paramarines were disbanded, Stein returned to Camp Pendleton, California, where he was promoted to corporal and assigned as an assistant squad leader to Company A, 1st Battalion, 28th Marines in the newly formed 5th Marine Division.
| 1.90625
| 0
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5404962
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Stein
|
Tony Stein
|
On February 19, 1945, he took part in the amphibious landings which began the Battle of Iwo Jima. As his unit moved inland, he stormed a series of hostile pillboxes using his "Stinger" and made eight trips back to the beach to retrieve ammunition, each time taking a wounded Marine with him. It was for his actions on this day that he was later awarded the Medal of Honor. The 28th Marines next helped capture Mount Suribachi itself, culminating in the raising of the U.S. flag on the mountain's peak on February 23. Stein was wounded during the fight for Suribachi and evacuated to a hospital ship. Meanwhile, his regiment advanced up the west side of the island until reaching the strongly defended Hill 362A, where they took heavy casualties. When Stein heard of this, he left the hospital ship and returned to his unit. On March 1, he was killed by a sniper while leading a 19-man patrol to reconnoiter a machine gun emplacement which had Company A pinned down. Stein's Medal of Honor was presented to his widow on February 19, 1946, during a ceremony in the office of Ohio Governor Frank Lausche. Stein was initially buried in the 5th Division Cemetery on Iwo Jima. Following the war, his remains were returned to the U.S. for reinterment in his native Dayton. Stein, Dayton's only World War II recipient of the Medal of Honor, was buried with full military honors on December 17, 1948, in Calvary Cemetery following funeral services at Our Lady of the Rosary Church.
Legacy
, a U.S. Navy commissioned in 1972, was named in his honor. The Marine Corps also dedicated the Moving Target Simulator Building located in the 3d Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) Battalion's area of operations on Camp Pendleton, California in 1989.
Medal of Honor citation
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
| 2.328125
| 0
|
5404964
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septet%20%28Beethoven%29
|
Septet (Beethoven)
|
The Septet in E-flat major for clarinet, horn, bassoon, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, Op. 20, by Ludwig van Beethoven, was sketched out in 1799, completed, and first performed in Vienna in 1800 and published in 1802. The score contains the notation: "Der Kaiserin Maria Theresia gewidmet" (Dedicated to the Empress Maria Theresa). It was one of Beethoven’s most popular works during his lifetime, much to the composer's dismay. Several years later, Beethoven even wished the score to have been destroyed, saying: "That damn work! I wish it were burned!"
The concert was extremely popular in Paris where it was played for decades, often more than once a year by the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire. At the auction of Beethoven's possessions after his death, the manuscript for his Missa solemnis fetched 7 florins, but the Septet was sold for 18 florins.
Structure and analysis
The composition is in six movements and runs approximately 40 minutes in performance:
Analysis
The overall layout resembles a serenade and is in fact more or less the same as that of Mozart's string trio, K. 563, in the same key, but Beethoven expands the form by the addition of substantial introductions to the first and last movements and by changing the second minuet to a scherzo. Beethoven had already used the theme of the third movement in his Piano Sonata Op. 49 No. 2, which was an earlier work despite its higher opus number. The finale features a violin cadenza.
The scoring of the Septet for a single clarinet, horn and bassoon (rather than for pairs of these wind instruments) was innovative. So was the unusually prominent role of the clarinet, as important as the violin.
| 2.875
| 0
|
5404967
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully-les-Mines
|
Bully-les-Mines
|
Bully-les-Mines () is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais département in northern France. It forms part of the Lens-Liévin agglomeration community, which encompasses 36 French communes and 250,000 inhabitants. For many years it was a major coal mining center.
History
The name of Bully-les-Mines has frequently had various forms over the centuries: from Bulgi (in 1135), to Bugi (1152), Builli (1157), Bullia (1198), Bully (1270), Boulli (1303), Buylly (1410), Builly-lez-Aix (1486), Builly-lez-Grenay (1511), Builly-en-Gohelle (1569), Bully-en-Gohelle (1709), Bully-Grenay (1750), Bully-en-Gohelle (1782), and finally Bully-les-Mines in 1925.
According to many sources, the name has Gaulish origins. Ricouart proposes that "Bullire" derives from the French "bouillonner," a reference to the source of the river Surgeon in a neighboring commune. The current use of "les mines" indicates the importance of mining to the commune and the region. The train station has maintained the older name of Bully-Grenay, leading to occasional confusion among travelers.
Although the region has been inhabited from prehistory onward, no evidence of prehistoric settlements has yet been found at Bully. The oldest relic so far discovered in the commune is a Celtic bracelet; Bully once belonged to the "Pagus Silvinus" region of the Atrébates. Gallo-Roman discoveries have been numerous within the commune.
During the sixth century, Bully came under the spiritual leadership of the bishop of Cambrai-Arras.
As an integral part of Artois, Bully fell under the domination of the Counts of Flanders from 862 to 1191 before passing with the rest of the region to French control. Governed directly by the French Crown from 1191 to 1237, the town and region remained part of France until 1384, when they submitted to the rule of Burgundy. A brief return to French control between 1477 and 1492 ended in an absorption into Spanish territory, which lasted until the region returned definitively to France with the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees.
| 2.359375
| 0
|
5404967
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully-les-Mines
|
Bully-les-Mines
|
Misfortunes of Bully
Bully's close proximity to three military strongholds - Arras, Béthune, and Lens - often situated it in the path of war. In 1213 the village was raided; in 1303 it was destroyed completely, even its trees cut down. In 1348 a third of the population fell to the Black Death, which returned four times in the next century, alternating with famines and wars.
In 1537 Bully was sacked by the troops of Louis XII, and similar misfortunes continued until the French took Lens in 1556-1557. By this time Bully was so destitute that the victorious French proved unable to levy a tax on its inhabitants. In 1648, the village billeted troops involved in the Battle of Lens.
From 1709 to 1712, Bully was buffeted by the advances and retreats of armies fighting in the War of the Spanish Succession, a situation aggravated by an epidemic that killed 24 villagers. In 1796, a fire destroyed half the village, an event commemorated by the present-day "Chemin brûlé."
Coal mining
In 1852 the first site explored by the Compagnie des mines de Béthune was near the village of Bully.
The land was poorly wooded, so the company had to bring timber and workers from Cambrai.
On 17 February 1852 the drill hole reached coal at .
Sinking of Mine 1 at Bully began on 26 March 1852, and the mine came into operation in 1853.
In 1853 7,000 tons of coal were extracted. This rose to 21,000 tons the next year.
Excavation of Mine 2, with a diameter of , was started on 20 November 1855 at Bully-les-Mines, and reached coal at . The shaft passed through an underground aquifer, for which a pumping machine was needed. Extraction started in February 1859 in a very rugged deposit.
In December 1859 a decree allowed the company to build a railway from Bully to Violaines.
Decrees of 29 August 1863 and 8 March 1865 authorized the Mines de Béthune to extend their railway network to Béthune and Lille.
A limited company named the Compagnie du Chemin de fer de Lille à Béthune et à Bully-Grenay was formed on 11 May 1865 to operate the railway.
| 2.671875
| 0
|
5405001
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeghishe%20Charents
|
Yeghishe Charents
|
Yeghishe Charents (; March 13[25], 1897 – November 27, 1937) was an Armenian poet, writer and public activist. Charents' literary subject matter ranged from his experiences in the First World War, the Russian Revolution, and frequently Armenia and Armenians. He is recognized as "the main poet of the 20th century" in Armenia.
An early proponent of communism and the USSR, the futurist Charents joined the Bolshevik Party and became an active supporter of Soviet Armenia, especially during the period of Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP). However, he became disillusioned with direction of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. He was arrested by the NKVD during the 1930s Great Purge, and died in 1937 due to severe health complications, including Morphinism. However, after Stalin's death, he was exonerated in a 1954 speech by Anastas Mikoyan and was officially rehabilitated by the Soviet state in 1955 during the Khrushchev Thaw.
Biography
Early life
Yeghishe Charents was born Yeghishe Abgari Soghomonyan in Kars (Eastern Armenia, then a part of the Russian Empire) in 1897 to a family involved in the rug trade. His family hailed from the Armenian community of Maku, Persian Armenia. He first attended an Armenian elementary school, but later transferred to a Russian technical secondary school in Kars from 1908 to 1912. He spent much of his time in reading. In 1912, he had his first poem published in the Armenian periodical Patani (Tiflis). In 1915, amid the upheavals of the First World War and the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire, he volunteered to fight in a detachment on the Caucasian Front.
| 2.328125
| 0
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