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2939881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos	Adenanthos	A. detmoldii A. barbiger A. obovatus A. × pamela A. drummondii A. dobagii A. apiculatus A. linearis A. pungens A. pungens subsp. pungens A. pungens subsp. effusus A. gracilipes A. venosus A. dobsonii A. glabrescens A. glabrescens subsp. glabrescens A. glabrescens subsp. exasperatus A. ellipticus A. cuneatus A. stictus A. ileticos A. forrestii A. eyrei A. cacomorphus A. flavidiflorus A. argyreus A. macropodianus A. terminalis A. sericeus A. sericeus subsp. sericeus A. sericeus subsp. sphalma A. × cunninghamii A. oreophilus A. cygnorum A. cygnorum subsp. cygnorum A. cygnorum subsp. chamaephyton A. meisneri A. velutinus A. filifolius A. labillardierei A. acanthophyllus Common names Nelson has published a thorough but somewhat light-hearted analysis of the common names used for this genus. He notes that the only common name applied to the genus as a whole is stick-in-jug (sometimes stick-in-the-jug), but argues that this seems to be in use only within Western Australia's Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM; now the Department of Environment and Conservation). Be that as it may, the name dates back at least to 1970, when Western Australian State Botanist Charles Gardner gave it as the common name of Adenanthos in the second edition of John Stanley Beard's A Descriptive Catalogue of West Australian Plants. Nelson also notes that the phrase stick-in-jug does not appear in any common name of a species. The common names of species are instead based around several other generic terms that do not apply to the genus as a whole:	2.046875
2939881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos	Adenanthos	Thirteen species of Adenanthos have leaves deeply divided into long, soft, slender laciniae, often covered in a fine down of soft hairs, giving them a soft, silky feel, in stark contrast to the sclerophyllous plants that dominate both the geographic range and taxonomic family of Adenanthos. These are collectively known as woollybushes, and many of these species contain woollybush in their common names. Those species that lack the leaves characteristic of woollybushes usually have common names based on the term jugflower, or, in one case, the semantically similar basket flower. However these common names appear to be in use exclusively in Western Australia, as the two species of Adenanthos that occur outside Western Australia are both woollybushes, yet have common names based on the term gland flower, which is also used in the common name of A. barbiger (hairy glandflower), a Western Australia jugflower species. Finally, several species, mostly rare and endangered, have been given common names based on the genus name adenanthos itself; for example A. ileticos (Toolinna Adenanthos). Distribution and habitat The centre of diversity for the genus is Southwest Western Australia, to which 31 of the 33 species are endemic. The south coast of Western Australia, between the Stirling Range and the Fitzgerald River area, is particular diverse, with 17 species occurring on the Esperance Plains alone. This is one of two areas dominated by kwongan heath, a vegetation complex renowned for its species richness and high levels of endemism; the other area of kwongan, further north on the west coast around Mount Lesueur, harbours surprisingly few Adenanthos species.	2.796875
2939881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos	Adenanthos	Species occur throughout most of the southwest. In northern areas, where there are fewer species, the genus does not extend into drier inland areas, being absent from northern parts of the Avon Wheatbelt region. To the south, however, they extend well inland, extending even beyond the southwest into the neighbouring desert: A. argyreus occurs as far inland as Southern Cross. Eastwards along the south coast, the genus occurs in disjunct populations on isolated pockets of siliceous sand surrounded by the calcareous soils of the Great Australian Bight. The most easterly occurrence in Western Australia is at Twilight Cove. The two species that occur outside southwest Western Australia are Adenanthos macropodianus (Kangaroo Island glandflower), which is endemic to Kangaroo Island; and Adenanthos terminalis (yellow glandflower), which occurs in South Australia on the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island, and from Adelaide eastwards into western Victoria. Ecology A range of honeyeater species have been observed feeding at Adenanthos flowers, including Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (eastern spinebill), Anthochaera chrysoptera (little wattlebird), Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera (crescent honeyeater), Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (New Holland honeyeater), Gliciphila melanops (tawny-crowned honeyeater), Zosterops lateralis (silvereye) and Melithreptus brevirostris (brown-headed honeyeater). One study found that the amount of time that birds spent feeding at a site was strongly correlated with the abundance of Banksia sessilis (parrotbush), and seemed unrelated to the amount of Adenanthos there; yet these birds nonetheless fed at Adenanthos flowers. Footnotes	2.734375
2939922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Bell%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201976%29	Peter Bell (footballer, born 1976)	For information about the former St Kilda player named Peter Bell, see Peter R. Bell. Peter Francis Bell (born 1 March 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club and the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League. He played as a rover (or follower). A former captain of the Fremantle Football Club, Bell was twice named as a member of the All-Australian Team. He was an acclaimed ball-winner and had more than 30 possessions in a game on 39 occasions in his career. Bell has played more games and the third-most goals of any AFL player born outside of Australia. Early life Bell was born in Jeju Island, South Korea, the son of a Korean mother, Kyung Ae and a Native American father of Navajo descent. In 1979, he was adopted by an Australian couple who were in South Korea as Christian missionaries. Bell spent his formative years in Kojonup, Western Australia, and began playing junior football at the age of 10 with Kojonup Cougars Junior Football Club. As well as playing, he was a regular scoreboard attendant and also boundary umpired. At the age of 13, he broke his leg which had complications and required additional resetting. He was educated at Aquinas College, Perth, where he was a boarder. At Aquinas, he continued playing junior football from age 15 where he excelled, earning selection in the WA junior representative team. In 1994, he joined the South Fremantle Football Club and had an immediate impact being named best and fairest. Despite being considered short by AFL standards at the time he was shortly after selected in the inaugural Fremantle Dockers AFL club list drawn from the local clubs. Bell became one of the first two players signed by the Fremantle Dockers, which made its debut in the Australian Football League the following year. AFL career	2.046875
2939972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%20Raki%C4%87	Milan Rakić	Milan Rakić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милан Ракић; 18 September 1876 – 30 June 1938) was a Serbian poet-diplomat and academic. He focused on dodecasyllable and hendecasyllable verse, which allowed him to achieve beautiful rhythm and rhyme in his poems. He was quite a perfectionist and therefore only published three collections of poems (1903, 1912, 1924). He wrote largely about death and non-existence, keeping the tone sceptical and ironic. Some of his most well-known poems are An Honest Song (Iskrena pesma), A Desperate Song (Očajna pesma), Jefimija, Simonida and At Gazi-Mestan (Na Gazi-Mestanu). He was a member of the Serbian Royal Academy (1934). Biography Early life Rakić was born on 18 September 1876 in Belgrade to father Mita and mother Ana (née Milićević). His father, educated abroad, was Serbia's Minister of Finance (1888) and his mother was the daughter of Serbian writer Milan Milićević. He finished elementary school (grade school) and high school (gymnasium) in Belgrade. He completed law school in Paris. It was in Paris that he, like Jovan Dučić, came under the influence of French Symbolist poets. They both had learned to admire French culture and had dreamed of a better world after the war. After returning to Belgrade from Paris he became a diplomat (also like Dučić) for the Serbian (and later Yugoslav) government and remained in that job until nearly his death, representing the country abroad. His first diplomatic posting was Skopje in Ottoman Macedonia during the turbulent time of the Macedonian Struggle where Serbs, Turks, schismatic Exarchists and their Komitaji, Greek Andart cheta groups, and Albanian Kachaks all vied for supremacy. Personal life His sister Ljubica was married to Milan Grol; and his wife Milica was the daughter of Ljubomir Kovačević, a distinguished Serbian historian and politician. Death He died prematurely in 1938 in Zagreb after a surgical operation. He is interred in the Belgrade New Cemetery.	2.0625
2939977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaeolus	Panaeolus	Panaeolus is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic agarics. The word Panaeolus is Greek for "all variegated", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced. Characteristics These fungi are mostly dung and grassland species, some of which are quite common in Europe and North America. The gills of Panaeolus do not deliquesce (liquefy) as do the members of the related genera Coprinellus and Coprinopsis. Members of Panaeolus can also be mistaken for Psathyrella, however the latter genus is usually found growing on wood or lignin-enriched soils and has brittle stipes. The gills of these mushrooms are black or grey and have a spotty, speckled or cloudy appearance, caused by the way that the dark spores ripen together in tiny patches on the gill surface; different patches darken at different times. The spores are smooth. The closely related genus Panaeolina shares the spotted gills but they are dark brown (not black) and the spores are ornamented. This genus is sometimes treated as part of Panaeolus. The spores are smooth or roughened, with a germ pore, and all species except for Panaeolus foenisecii have a jet black spore print. Edibility No members of Panaeolus are used for food, though some are used as a psychedelic drug. Thirteen species of Panaeolus contain the hallucinogen psilocybin including Panaeolus cyanescens and Panaeolus cinctulus. The bluing hallucinogenic members of this genus were sometimes previously segregated into a separate (but now deprecated) genus, Copelandia, but are now universally classified in Panaeolus. All members of this genus contain serotonin derivatives. Notable species	2.671875
2939978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield%20Lake	Springfield Lake	Springfield Lake is a small lake located in Middle Sackville, Halifax Regional Municipality. The shoreline perimeter is 5.6 km, the mean depth is 3 m and the maximum depth is 5 m (Mandaville 2000). Springfield is a headwater lake that is fed solely by underground springs and runoff. Located in the Shubenacadie watershed, it ultimately feeds into the Bay of Fundy. It lies in pyretic slate bedrock that is high in hydrogen and sulphur (Kerekes et al. 1986). The shoreline is fully developed (lined by private homes and cottages) with over 530 houses in the 500 ha watershed. Homes on streets adjacent to the lake receive municipal sewage treatment. There is a HRM Water Pollution Control Plant (secondary sludge activation), constructed in 1987, that discharges effluent into a stream outflowing at the north end of the lake. There is a public beach at the northwestern end of the Lake. Details Average width: Basin permanence index: Approximate flushing rate: 2.1 volumes per year Relative depth: 0.43% Shoreline development index: 1.70 Volume development index: 2.1 In-lake total phosphorus retention index: 0.7	2.5
2939981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Stevenson	Edward Stevenson	Edward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Latter-day Saint missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Early life Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter-day Saint missionaries, including Joseph Smith, who were on a return leg of a trip to Upper Canada. Stevenson joined the Latter-day Saint church and relocated to its headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio in 1834. He later relocated with the main body of Latter Day Saints to Missouri, then Nauvoo, Illinois, and finally Salt Lake City, Utah Territory in 1847. LDS Church service Stevenson also made six missionary journeys, for up to five years at a time. These included three missions to Europe, two missions to the southern United States, and one mission to Mexico. He is recorded as having traveled the most miles under his own expense of any missionary in the history of the LDS Church. Stevenson settled in Salt Lake City with the first group of Mormon pioneers in 1847, and spent the first five years there getting established, and traveling Utah with Brigham Young and other church authorities to help oversee the establishment of several new settlements, before leaving on one of his missions in 1852. Stevenson also served as the co-leader of one of the Utah pioneer teams in 1855, and served as the leader of a second one in 1859. Like most prominent Mormon leaders at the time, Stevenson practiced plural marriage, eventually marrying seven simultaneous wives, including two sets of sisters. He had at least 24 children. He died at his home in Salt Lake City on January 27, 1897.	1.992188
2939984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Certified%20Engineering%20Technicians%20and%20Technologists%20of%20Prince%20Edward%20Island	Association of Certified Engineering Technicians and Technologists of Prince Edward Island	The Association of Certified Engineering Technicians and Technologists of Prince Edward Island (ACETTPEI) is Prince Edward Island's independent certifying body for engineering/applied science technicians and technologists. ACETTPEI confers the designations "C.Tech.", "C.E.T." and "A.Sc.T." which are symbols of achievement in engineering/applied science technology and are legally protected for use only by fully certified members. The designations are recognized across Canada by many employers and other engineering professionals through the efforts of provincial associations that make up the Canadian Council of Technicians and Technologists (CCTT). Though CCTT being a signatory, ACETTPEI recognizes international transferability through the Sydney Accord. ACETTPEI was established in 1972. In 2007 ACETTPEI, with the assistance of other Atlantic Canada Technology organizations and some federal government funds, held the Atlantic Canada Technology Roundtable. This was a meeting of private, public, and educational sectors to examine the issues of technology skills shortages which may have hampered economic growth in the region and is expected to get worse due to baby boomer retirement. ACETTPEI has registered the tradename Island Technology Professionals.	2.1875
2940023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagging%20%28fashion%29	Sagging (fashion)	Sagging is a manner of wearing trousers that sag so that the top of the trousers or jeans is significantly below the waist, sometimes revealing much of the wearer's underpants. Sagging is predominantly a male fashion. Women's wearing of low-rise jeans to reveal their G-string underwear (the "whale tail") is not generally described as sagging. A person wearing sagging trousers is sometimes called a "sagger", and in some countries this practice is known as "low-riding". Origin The style was popularized by hip-hop musicians in the 1990s. It is often claimed the style originated from the United States prison system where belts are sometimes prohibited due to fear that they could be used as a makeshift weapon, and there can be a lack of appropriately sized clothing. As a result, their pants would sag. North America United States Reaction During the 2000s, many North American local governments, school systems, transit agencies, and even airlines passed laws and regulations against the practice of wearing sagging pants, although no state or federal laws have been enacted banning the practice. US presidential candidate Barack Obama, speaking just before the 2008 US Presidential Election, appeared on MTV and said that laws banning the practice of wearing low-slung pants that expose one's underwear were "a waste of time ... Having said that, brothers should pull up their pants. You are walking by your mother, your grandmother, your underwear is showing. What's wrong with that? Come on. Some people might not want to see your underwear. I'm one of them."	2.28125
2940124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi%20Sound	Mississippi Sound	The Mississippi Sound is a sound along the Gulf Coast of the United States. It runs east-west along the southern coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, from the mouth of the Pearl River at the Mississippi-Louisiana state border to the Dauphin Island Bridge, a distance of about . The sound is separated from the Gulf on its southern side by the Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands: Cat, Ship, Horn, West Petit Bois (formerly known as Sand Island), Petit Bois, and Dauphin. Ship, Horn, West Petit Bois and Petit Bois Islands are part of the National Park Service's Gulf Islands National Seashore. Those islands separate the sound from the Gulf of Mexico. The sediment of the islands was created partly by the ancient Mississippi River when the St. Bernard Lobe of the Mississippi Delta was active over two thousand years ago. The expansion of the St. Bernard subdelta slowly isolated the Mississippi Sound from ocean dynamics of the open Gulf of Mexico. Traditional seafood harvests, particularly shellfish, have been curtailed recently due to declines in numbers and quality caused by pollution and weather related events such as hurricanes, flooding, or droughts. Federal and state authorities have various programs and regulations aimed at shellfish restoration and water quality monitoring for beachgoers. After the 2008 and 2011 openings of the floodgates of the Bonnet Carré Spillway the massive freshwater destroyed the oyster and crab populations and the authorities have undertaken cultch plantings to restore the fisheries in the western sound. The 2019 opening of the Bonnet Carré Spillway has resulted in seafood industry losses that exceed $200 million dollars. Sport fishing is year-round on charters as well as the nearshore.	2.59375
2940127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20series%20database	Time series database	A time series database is a software system that is optimized for storing and serving time series through associated pairs of time(s) and value(s). In some fields, time series may be called profiles, curves, traces or trends. Several early time series databases are associated with industrial applications which could efficiently store measured values from sensory equipment (also referred to as data historians), but now are used in support of a much wider range of applications. In many cases, the repositories of time-series data will utilize compression algorithms to manage the data efficiently. Although it is possible to store time-series data in many different database types, the design of these systems with time as a key index is distinctly different from relational databases which reduce discrete relationships through referential models. Overview Time series datasets are relatively large and uniform compared to other datasets―usually being composed of a timestamp and associated data. Time series datasets can also have fewer relationships between data entries in different tables and don't require indefinite storage of entries. The unique properties of time series datasets mean that time series databases can provide significant improvements in storage space and performance over general purpose databases. For instance, due to the uniformity of time series data, specialized compression algorithms can provide improvements over regular compression algorithms designed to work on less uniform data. Time series databases can also be configured to regularly delete (or downsample) old data, unlike regular databases which are designed to store data indefinitely. Special database indices can also provide boosts in query performance. List of time series databases The following database systems have functionality optimized for handling time series data.	2.515625
2940172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Caldwell	Larry Caldwell	Roseville Joint Union High School District suit In October 2005 Caldwell filed suit in California federal court claiming that he was unconstitutionally denied access to various forums to promote his "Quality Science Education" proposals. In Caldwell v. Roseville Joint Union High School District Caldwell alleged free speech, establishment clause, due process and equal protection violations because his proposals were not placed on the School Board's agenda, his complaints about the school district's biology textbook were rejected, and his proposals were not placed on the agenda of the Curriculum Instruction Team in his children's high school. In September 2007 the California federal district court dismissed Caldwell's suit. In granting summary judgment to the school district, the court emphasized that "this case is not about whether a theory of intelligent design can or should be included in the science curriculum.... Rather, this case is about whether Larry Caldwell was denied access to speak in various fora or participate in certain processes because of his actual or perceived religious beliefs." Caldwell used in his proposed syllabus written material from the Discovery Institute's Cornelius Hunter and a video entitled Icons of Evolution based on Jonathan Wells' book by the same name, also from the institute.	1.914063
2940184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksa%20%C5%A0anti%C4%87	Aleksa Šantić	Šantić and Ćorović intended to establish a journal for Serb children called Hercegovče (), not only for kids from Herzegovina, but for all Serb children in the country. Šantić was one of the notable members of the Bosnian Serb cultural society Prosvjeta. The hymn of the society was authored by Šantić. Šantić presided over the Serbian Singing Society "Gusle" established in 1888. In this society Šantić was not only its president but also a lead singer of its chorus, composer and lecturer. The literary magazin (; 1896–1901) was published under patronage of "Gusle". Šantić became the editor-in-chief of the magazine , published by Serbian Cultural Society in Mostar, which was important institution in struggle for the preservation of Serb cultural autonomy and national rights in a multicultural Bosnia and Herzegovina. The became one of the best Serbian literary magazines. The journal gathered members of the Serb intelligentsia who strived to improve education of Bosnian Serb population necessary to reach economic and political progress. In 1903 Šantić was also among the founders of the Serbian Gymnastics Society "Obilić". In this capacity Aleksa came into focus of regional social life, which, by its cultural and national consciousness, showed an opposition to the German Kulturträger. In the spring of 1909, the Bosnian Crisis caused by the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, forced Aleksa Šantić to escape to Italy together with Nikola Kašiković and Svetozar Ćorović. In 1910, the Šantić family bought a country house in the village Borci, on the plateau below Prenj mountain and above Boračko lake between Konjic and Glavatičevo. They purchased it from Austro-Hungarian baron Benko who built it in 1902. The house was lit to fire during the Bosnian war, but after the war villa is inscribed a National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the KONS.	2.5
2940184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksa%20%C5%A0anti%C4%87	Aleksa Šantić	The product of his patriotic inspiration during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 is the book Na starim ognjištima (; 1913). Šantić belonged to poets who wrote whole collections of songs glorifying victories of Army of Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars, including On the coast of Drač () which glorifies liberation of the ancient city that once was part of the Serbian Kingdom under King Milutin. On 3 February 1914, Šantić became a member of the Serbian Royal Academy (precursor of the modern Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts). During World War I, he was taken by the Austrians as hostage, but he survived the war. Šantić moved from Mostar to the village Borci near Konjic in 1914, when suspect urban Serb population of Mostar was evacuated from the town. On 13 November 1914, Austrian governor in Sarajevo banned Šantić's collection of poems Pjesme published in 1911. Šantić was a prolific poet and writer. He wrote around 800 poems, seven theatrical plays and some prose. Many of the writings were of high quality and aimed to criticize the establishment or advocate diverse social and cultural issues. He was strongly influenced by Heinrich Heine, whose works he translated. His friends and peers in the field of culture were Svetozar Ćorović, Jovan Dučić and Milan Rakić. One of his sisters, Radojka (Persa) married Svetozar Ćorović. Works Šantić worked as merchant for his father and read a lot of books before he decided to write poetry and met another young merchant, Jovan Dučić from Trebinje who published his first poem in 1886 in the youth literature magazine Pidgeon () in Sombor (modern-day Serbia). Following example of his friend Jovan Dučić, Šantić also published his first song in literature magazine Pidgeon, its 1887 New Year's Eve edition.	2.765625
2940184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksa%20%C5%A0anti%C4%87	Aleksa Šantić	The first poems Šantić published were inspired by older Serbian poets like Njegoš, Zmaj, Vojislav Ilić and Jakšić. The first collection of Šantićs songs was published in Mostar in 1891. He awarded all income from its sales to erecting the monument of Sima Milutinović Sarajlija. In 1901 Bogdan Popović wrote negative critics of Šantić's poetry. Popović's critics had positive and stimulative effect on young Šantić and the quality of his future works. The oeuvre of Aleksa Šantić, widely accessible yet acutely personal, is a blend of fine-tuned emotional sensibility and clear-eyed historical awareness, steeped in the specifics of local culture. He worked at the crossroads of two centuries and more than other poets of his generation, combined theoretical and poetic suffering nineteenth and twentieth centuries. At the same time, Šantić writes about his personal troubles – the loss of close and dear people (his mother, brothers Jeftan and Jakov, and brother-in-law Svetozar Ćorović), the health that was a lifetime problem and loneliness that accompanied him to the end. Drawing themes and imagery from his hometown Mostar, the atmospheric capital of Mediterranean Herzegovina, and its surroundings, his poetry is marked in equal part by the late-Ottoman urban culture in the region, its social distinctions, subdued passions and melancholy, as well as the South Slavic national awareness.	2.25
2940194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namtaeryeong%20station	Namtaeryeong station	Namtaeryeong Station is a station on Seoul Subway Line 4 in Seoul, Korea. It is operated by Seoul Metro. It is an island platform with two lines on one side, and a screen door is installed. There are 4 exits. Name Its name means "great southern pass," referring to a passageway linking Seoul and Gwacheon, between Mt. Gwanak and Mt. Umyeon. The name came from the Choson Dynasty. Jeongjo of Joseon, the 22nd King of Choson, had gone to Hwaseong Fortress, Suwon, where Jeong-Jo's father was buried on. When Jeong-Jo came back to palace, he passed the hill named 'Fox Hill.' But King Jeong-Jo didn't know about this hill's name, and suddenly he saw one old man, so he asked to him "What is this hill's name?" So the old man answered "Oh lord! This hill's name is Namtaeryeong." However, the one vassal already knew what's this hill's real name; Fox Hill, so he contradict to old man and said "No! This hill's name is Fox Hill." King Jeong-Jo wondered why the old man had lied to him. So the old man said "Actually fox is very vicious and sly animal, so I couldn't say the real name to you, because you are the King of us, so I couldn't make a mess to your name, I decided to tell you the better name Namtaeryeong, which means 'Great Hill located on Southern part,' instead of Fox Hill." King Jeong-Jo was impressed, and decided to change that hill's name Fox Hill to Namtaeryeong. History Most provincial railways in South Korea were built with Japanese expertise while Korea was under Japanese rule. Trains still run on the left hand side of the track on these railways. But the Seoul Subway, which was constructed in the 1970s, ran on the right hand track. Therefore, between Namtaeryeong and Seonbawi Stations, where the two lines connect, the underground tracks must cross over from right hand drive in Namtaeryeong to left hand drive in Seonbawi. Station layout	2.25
2940198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos%20cygnorum	Adenanthos cygnorum	Adenanthos cygnorum, commonly known as common woollybush or just woollybush, is a tall shrub in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to Western Australia, commonly occurring in the south west of the State from north of Geraldton south to Kojonup. It is very common on road verges and in disturbed areas of Perth. Description Common woollybush grows as a tall shrub up to three metres high. It has soft grey-green or grey-blue foliage, consisting of closely packed, small, hairy leaves on pliable, hairy stems. It is woolly both in appearance and feel, hence the common name. The leaves have nectaries at the tips; these attract ants, which play a role in the distribution of seed. The nectar-filled cups are taken by the ants to their nests to be consumed, the seeds becoming inaccessible to birds, etc. Like most other Adenanthos species, but unusually for Proteaceae, the flowers of common woollybush are not large and showy, but are rather small, dull, and hidden within the foliage. The stems of the plant are bored into by moths, leaving their eggs there; the larvae are in turn used by female wasps for their own eggs. Taxonomy A species of Adenanthos, a genus that is mostly restricted to the Southwest botanical province. Adenanthos cygnorum was first collected by the English botanist and plant-collector Allan Cunningham in 1818 at the Swan River, Western Australia. The specific name cygnorum, from the Latin cygnus meaning swan, refers to the type locality. There are two subspecies: Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum and Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. chamaephyton. The latter is a prostrate, mat-forming shrub; it is rare and poorly known, and some populations are under threat, but is not currently considered endangered. Ecology The brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta) has been observed feeding at the flowers of A. cygnorum. It is highly susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback.	2.65625
2940252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli%20International%20Airport	Tripoli International Airport	Tripoli International Airport () is a closed international airport built to serve Tripoli, the capital city of Libya. The airport is located in the area of Qasr bin Ghashir, from central Tripoli. It used to be the hub for Libyan Airlines, Afriqiyah Airways, and Buraq Air. The airport has been closed intermittently since 2011 and as of early 2018, flights to and from Tripoli have been using Mitiga International Airport instead. During the 2014 Libyan Civil War, the airport was heavily damaged in the Battle of Tripoli Airport. The airport reopened for limited commercial use in July 2017. In April 2019, however, it was reported that Mitiga had become the last functioning airport in Tripoli during the 2019–20 Western Libya campaign. It was soon acknowledged that the ruling Government of National Accord (GNA) had bombed the airport in an attempt to recapture it from the Libyan National Army (LNA). Mitiga was soon shut down as well after being bombed by the LNA, thus making Misrata Airport, located approximately 200 km (125 miles) to the east down the coast, the nearest functional airport for Tripoli residents. History The airport was originally called Tripoli-Castel Benito Airport and was a Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force) airfield built in 1934 on the southern outskirts of Italian Tripoli. In 1938 the governor of Italian Libya, Italo Balbo, enlarged the military airfield to create an international airport for civilians served by Ala Littoria, the official Italian airline: the Aeroporto di Tripoli-Castel Benito. The first international flights were to Rome, Tunis, and Malta. In 1939, a flight from Rome to Ethiopia and Somalia was one of the first intercontinental flights.	2.390625
2940252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli%20International%20Airport	Tripoli International Airport	During World War II the airport was destroyed, but the airfield was later used by the British Royal Air Force and named RAF Castel Benito, changing to RAF Idris in 1952. In the 1950s and 1960s the airport was known as Tripoli Idris International Airport. It was renovated for national and international air travel in September 1978. The existing international terminal was designed and built from a masterplan developed by Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners. The airport closed from March 2011 to October 2011 as a result of the United Nations Security Council establishing a no-fly zone over Libya. The Zintan Brigade captured the airport during their advance on Tripoli on 21 August 2011. The airport was officially reopened on 11 October 2011. On 14 July 2014, the airport was the site of fierce battle as militias from the city of Misrata attempted to take control of the airport. The airport has been closed to flights since the clashes. On 23 August 2014, after 40 days of clashes, Zintan forces, which controlled the airport, withdrew. The Los Angeles Times reported that at least 90% of the airport's facilities and 20 airplanes were destroyed in the fighting. While still under the control of Misrata militias, the VIP terminal, which had not been not as badly damaged, was reopened on 16 February 2017. A new passenger terminal is in planning by the political body representing the militias.	2.25
2940252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli%20International%20Airport	Tripoli International Airport	In April 2019, the airport was captured by forces loyal to the Libyan National Army (LNA) and its leader Khalifa Haftar and was held for over a year, despite the control of the airport passing back to the GNA briefly in May 2019. Due to its location at the southern border of the Tripoli Metropolitan Area, it served as a part of the larger suburban stronghold of Qasr bin Ghashir village south of Tripoli City, used as a staging ground in attacks attempting to capture or weaken GNA's hold of the capital. As a result of ongoing clashes, it was acknowledged that the open terrain was subject to retaliatory and preliminary bombing by the GNA from Tripoli frontier, making it unusable as an airport. The airport, along with the village of Qasr bin Ghashir, was retaken in June 2020 by the GNA as part of its 2020 offensive to push back the LNA and end the siege of the capital city. The taking of the airport signified that the GNA had regained control of the entire city and metropolitan area of Tripoli. Facilities Terminals The airport had one main passenger terminal that served international and domestic departures and arrivals. The terminal hall was a five-story building with an area of , and was capable of handling three million passengers annually. Check-in facilities were all located on the ground floor. The departure gates were located on the floor above as was the duty-free section. Beside this was a prayer room and a first-class lounge which served business class and above on almost all airlines operating from the airport. Seen on google maps, the entire passenger terminal is completely demolished, however the jet ways can still be seen sitting in the position relative to their formal gates. The airport operated 24 hours a day. There was no overnight accommodation at the airport but there were plans to build an airport hotel to serve transit flyers. A restaurant was on the fourth floor of the international terminal. The head office of the Libyan Civil Aviation Authority was on the airport property.	1.976563
2940252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli%20International%20Airport	Tripoli International Airport	Expansion plans In September 2007, the Libyan government announced a project to upgrade and expand the airport. The eventual total cost of the project, contracted to a joint venture between Brazil's Odebrecht, TAV Construction of Turkey, Consolidated Contractors Company of Greece and Vinci Construction of France, was LD2.54 billion ($2.1 billion). The project was to construct two new terminals at the airport (an East Terminal and a West Terminal) on either side of the existing International Terminal. Each of the new terminals would have been in size, and collectively they would have had a capacity of 20 million passengers and a parking lot for 4,400 vehicles. French company Aéroports de Paris designed the terminals, which were expected to serve 100 aircraft simultaneously. Work started in October 2007 on the first new terminal. The initial capacity will be 6 million passengers when the first module comes into operation. Preparation was also underway for the second new terminal, which would eventually have brought the total capacity to 20 million passengers; the completed airport is expected to strengthen Libya's position as an African aviation hub. Although the government identified Tripoli airport as a "fast track" project in 2007, leading to construction work starting before the design was fully developed, the project was not finished until at least May 2011. The cost of the project had also been rising, leading to an intense round of renegotiations. The project has since been halted due to the ongoing civil war that led to further damages to the airport. In February 2019 the Libyan Ministry of Transportation announced that work at the airport had been resumed. In May 2021 the foreign minister of Italy, Luigi Di Maio, announced that Italian companies would begin construction work at the airport in a few months. It is expected to be completed in 2024.	2.125
2940275	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Mobile%205.0	Windows Mobile 5.0	Windows Mobile 5.0 is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. It was originally codenamed "Magneto". It was released at Microsoft's Mobile and Embedded Developers Conference 2005 in Las Vegas, May 9–12, 2005. It was based on Windows XP. Microsoft offered mainstream support for Windows Mobile 5 through October 12, 2010, and extended support through October 13, 2015. It was first offered on the Dell Axim x51. It used the .NET Compact Framework 1.0 SP3, an environment for programs based on .NET. Windows Mobile 5.0 included Microsoft Exchange Server "push" functionality improvements that worked with Exchange 2003 SP2. The "push" functionality also required vendor/device support With AKU2 software upgrades all WM 5.0 devices supported DirectPush. Windows Mobile 5.0 featured increased battery life due to Persistent storage capability. Previously up to 50% (enough for 72 hours of storage) of battery power was reserved just to maintain data in volatile RAM. This continued the trend of Windows-based devices moving from using RAM as their primary storage medium to the use of a combination of RAM and flash memory (in use, no distinction between the two is obvious to users). Programs and frequently accessed data run in RAM, while most storage is in the flash memory. The OS seamlessly moves data between the two as needed. Everything is backed up in the flash memory, so unlike prior devices, WM5 devices lose no data if power is lost. New to 5.0, OS updates were released as Adaptation kit upgrades, with AKU 3.5 being the final released.	2.15625
2940286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20Perkins	Luther Perkins	Luther Monroe Perkins, Jr. (January 8, 1928 – August 5, 1968) was an American country music guitarist and a member of the Tennessee Three, the backup band for singer Johnny Cash. Perkins was an iconic figure in what would become known as rockabilly music. His creatively simple, sparsely embellished, rhythmic use of Fender Esquire, Jazzmaster and Jaguar guitars is credited for creating Cash's signature "boom-chicka-boom" style. Early life and musical beginnings Perkins was born in Como, Mississippi, the third of five children of Rev. Luther Monroe Perkins, Sr., a Baptist preacher, and Delphia Anna Stewart Perkins. He grew up in Como, and taught himself to play rhythm guitar. Perkins started his career in 1953 as a mechanic at Automobile Sales Company in Memphis. He specialized in electrical systems and radio repairs. At Automobile Sales, Perkins met co-workers Marshall Grant and A.W. 'Red' Kernodle. Grant, Kernodle and Perkins began bringing their guitars to work, and would play together when repair business was slow. When Johnny Cash moved to Memphis after returning from Germany in 1954, Roy Cash introduced him to Grant, Kernodle and Perkins. The four began to get together in the evenings at Perkins' or Grant's home and play songs. It was during this time that they decided to form a band, with Grant acquiring a string bass, Kernodle a six-string steel guitar, and Perkins buying a somewhat-abused Fender Esquire electric guitar from the O.K. Houck Piano Co. in Memphis. The guitar had been modified by a previous owner, and the volume and tone controls did not work. "Boom-chicka-boom" style	2.296875
2940297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan%20edit	Fan edit	The first fan edit to popularize the field was The Phantom Edit, created in 2000 by professional editor Mike J. Nichols under the pseudonym of the "Phantom Editor". Nichols removed elements from George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace that he felt detracted from the film, and made minor changes in dialogue, languages and subtitles to give the film's villains a more menacing tone. The result was distributed on VHS and later online, and received attention by the media for its attempt to improve upon the original film. The Phantom Edit was the first of many Star Wars fan edits to come, and has since inspired dozens of edits to surface on the internet. The second major edit was done with A.I. Artificial Intelligence, originally a film that Stanley Kubrick was involved with, that Steven Spielberg ended up directing after Kubrick's death. In 2002, an independent filmmaker named DJ Hupp introduced his take on the film named "The Kubrick Edit", omitting certain scenes to alter the tone, to be closer to Kubrick's style. The following year, the Purist Edit changed The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers to more closely follow J. R. R. Tolkien's books.	2.21875
2940310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Purrumbete	Lake Purrumbete	Lake Purrumbete is a volcanic lake located in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. Lake Purrumbete is approximately east of the town of Camperdown. The lake is in a shallow maar. The water is crystal clear most times of the year as the lake relies totally on its own catchment. Recreational activities Lake Purrumbete is a prime destination for anglers chasing chinook salmon and rainbow and brown trout. The banks are heavily weeded at places, but the depth drops sharply; once away from the bank, it can get more than deep. There are heavy-duty boat ramps and jetties at the caravan park. The Lake Purrumbete Caravan Park has cabins, ice, public toilets, mooring facilities, jetties, fish cleaning facilities, day parking and a dual lane concrete boat ramp. The park is on the foreshore at the lake's southern end. Formation Lake Purrumbete is a maar located east of Camperdown in the state of Victoria in Australia. The maar is located in a volcanic landscape, which geologists call Newer Volcanics Province. The lake is a deep maar with a diameter of . It was caused by a volcanic eruption when hot magma came in contact with groundwater. Though a date of 20,000 years has been attributed to the eruption, there is no scientific data to back that up. In Australia, most of the maars are in the southern part of Victoria's Western District, of which more than 30 are between Colac and Warrnambool. Lake Purrumbete and the maar Tower Hill are well-known examples. Lake Purrumbete, Lake Bullen Merri and Lake Gnotuk are small maars that are fed by groundwater. The larger lakes, such as Lake Colongulac and Lake Corangamite, Victoria's largest lake, were formed in large lowlands as streams were shut off by lava flows and filled with water.	2.5
2940315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing%20medical%20education	Continuing medical education	Historical context Continuing medical education is not a new concept. From essentially the beginning of institutionalized medical instruction (medical instruction affiliated with medical colleges and teaching hospitals), health practitioners continued their learning by meeting with their peers. Grand rounds, case discussions, and meetings to discuss published medical papers constituted the continuing learning experience. CME credit was first established for physicians in the United States in 1958 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. In the 1950s through to the 1980s, CME was increasingly funded by the pharmaceutical industry. Concerns regarding informational bias (both intentional and unintentional) led to increasing scrutiny of the CME funding sources. The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) developed standards to keep what they define as ineligible companies from being able to influence the content of CME activities. Most recently updated in 2022, the ACCME’s Standards for Integrity and Independence in Continuing Education have been adopted by the accrediting bodies of multiple health professions within the United States. The pharmaceutical industry has also developed guidelines regarding drug detailing and industry sponsorship of CME, such as the Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board (PAAB) and Canada's Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies (Rx&D).	2.234375
2940315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing%20medical%20education	Continuing medical education	Requirements In the United States, many state licensing boards and specialty certification boards require CME for medical professionals to maintain their licenses/certifications. Within the United States, requirements for CME activities for physicians are regulated by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and the American Medical Association (AMA) in conjunction with the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) and the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) for the respective credit systems. Entities such as state legislatures and specialty certification boards regulate what/how much CME must be obtained by physicians. In Canada, certification is provided by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) and the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC). The RCPSC is responsible for the development and implementation of all certifying examinations in each specialty other than family medicine. Specialist physicians who join the Royal College as fellows maintain their knowledge, skills, competence and performance through participating in the maintenance of certification program. For each five-year cycle, fellows of the college are required to document 400 credits, with a minimum of 40 credits obtained in each year of the cycle. Credits are earned at one to two credits per hour, based on the type of learning activity. The CFPC requires 250 credit-hours over a five-year cycle. Fifty credits must be obtained for each year of the cycle. To earn and maintain fellowship within the college, an additional 24 credit-hours of higher level learning are also required over each learning cycle. Similarly, each province and territory requires documentation of ongoing CME for licensure. Physician credit systems In the United States there are three major physician credit systems: American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) Credit system established in 1958 Includes Prescribed and Elective credit Activity level accreditation by the AAFP Audience is family physicians	2.15625
2940326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalton%20raid	Royalton raid	The Royalton raid was a British-led Indian raid in 1780 against various towns along the White River Valley in the Vermont Republic, and was part of the American Revolutionary War. It was the last major Indian raid in New England. Raids In the early morning hours of October 16, 1780, Lieutenant Richard Houghton of 53rd Regiment of Foot and a single Grenadier, along with 300 Mohawk warriors from the Kahnawake Reserve in the British province of Quebec, attacked and burned the towns of Royalton, Sharon and Tunbridge along the White River in eastern Vermont. This raid was launched in conjunction with other raids led by Major Christopher Carleton of the 29th Regiment of Foot along the shores of Lake Champlain and Lake George and Sir John Johnson of the King's Royal Regiment of New York in the Mohawk River valley. Four Vermont settlers were killed and twenty six were taken prisoner to Quebec. By the time the local militia could assemble, Houghton and his command were already on their way back north. The militia caught up with the raiders near Randolph, Vermont, and a few volleys were fired back and forth, but when Houghton said that the remaining captives might be killed by the Mohawks if fighting continued, the local militia let the raiders slip away. A plaque at the East Randolph cemetery marks the site of this event.	2
2940340	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Monterrey	University of Monterrey	The University of Monterrey (, acronym "UDEM") is a private, Catholic, secondary, and higher education institution in city-municipality San Pedro Garza García, Greater Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. History UDEM was founded by the Daughters of the Immaculate Mary of Guadalupe, the nuns of the Sacred Heart, the Marist Brothers, and the La Salle Brothers, and was supported by an association of Catholic citizens. The university originated from a recommendation given by the Second Vatican Council to use educational activities in favor of teaching the principles of the Catholic doctrine. The Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus had worked in Monterrey since 1908, and the Sisters of Immaculate Mary of Guadalupe established Labastida Unity in 1951. They had been running Labastida College, an all-girls school, since 1919. Brothers had been working in Monterrey since 1905, teachers who had left Monterrey during the Revolutionary War, returned in 1942, to establish the Instituto Regiomontano. On July 8, 1969, the university was recognized by the state of Nuevo Leon, and on September 8 of the same year, it began operating as an educational institution housed in five different facilities. Philanthropist Roberto Garza Sada started searching for educators and land, bought the campus property, and gave money to start building the university. Later, in honoring her father, Margarita Garza Sada (Daughter of Roberto Garza Sada) and Japanese Architect Tadao Ando gave the money to build the Centro Roberto Garza Sada for Architecture and Design. By 1972, UDEM had 22 majors and 3 baccalaureate degree programs. That same year, 7 more academic divisions were created, amongst which were the Arts and Media Sciences, Education, Economics, Law, Mathematics, Health Studies and Social Studies. In 1979, Mexican philanthropist Roberto Garza Sada formed the Association for Educational Development, which sole purpose was to buy 35 acres of land on which they would build the actual campus for UDEM.	2.234375
2940345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1%20Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87	Uroš Knežević	Uroš Knežević (; 2 January 1811 – 21 October 1876) was a Serbian painter. Knežević is best-known as portraitist, having produced more than 200 portraits, mostly of notable people of his time. Life He was born in Sremski Karlovci to father Teodor and mother Julijana. Even though he spent most of his life in Serbia, there is very little information about his life. About his first years of education the artist himself wrote that he had enjoyed drawing even as a child and that he felt thoroughly devoted to drawing. He first studied drawing at the Karlovci Gymnasium. He transfers from Vojvodina to Serbia in 1834, where he actively practices painting until 1844. His work was essential in introducing art to Serbia and educating the local population in art appreciation. During his time in Serbia he supported himself by painting portraits of the local nobility and prominent citizens. However, the local population was still quite unwelcoming of the art, and the portrait fees were often not paid. This made it difficult for Knežević to earn enough to support himself, let alone to save enough for his education in Vienna. Even the royal family refused to pay for the many portraits, coats of arms and other symbols that Knežević made for them. Finally, he found well-paying work in painting walls and icons for Belgrade churches. This enabled him to save enough to study in Vienna. About his stay in Vienna he writes that it was a very happy time of his life, and he was the happiest when his work was recognized by being exhibited in the Viennese Art Exhibition of 1846. However, the Viennese Royal Art Academy does not even have a record of his name among the students. Some sources indicate that Knežević also painted the portraits of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Serbian linguist and reformer of the Serbian language) and his family, apart from the military, civic and political leadership.	2.390625
2940352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak%2C%20Memory	Speak, Memory	Speak, Memory is a memoir by writer Vladimir Nabokov. The book includes individual essays published between 1936 and 1951 to create the first edition in 1951. Nabokov's revised and extended edition appeared in 1966. Scope The book is dedicated to his wife, Véra, and covers his life from 1903 until his emigration to America in 1940. The first twelve chapters describe Nabokov's remembrance of his youth in an aristocratic family living in pre-revolutionary Saint Petersburg and at their country estate Vyra, near Siverskaya. The three remaining chapters recall his years at Cambridge and as part of the Russian émigré community in Berlin and Paris. Through memory Nabokov is able to possess the past. Nabokov published "Mademoiselle O", which became Chapter Five of the book, in French in 1936, and in English in The Atlantic Monthly in 1943, without indicating that it was non-fiction. Subsequent pieces of the autobiography were published as individual or collected stories, with each chapter able to stand on its own. Andrew Field observed that while Nabokov evoked the past through "puppets of memory" (in the characterizations of his educators, Colette, or Tamara, for example), his intimate family life with Véra and Dmitri remained "untouched". Field indicated that the chapter on butterflies is an interesting example how the author deploys the fictional with the factual. It recounts, for example, how his first butterfly escapes at Vyra, in Russia, and is "overtaken and captured" forty years later on a butterfly hunt in Colorado.	2.3125
2940352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak%2C%20Memory	Speak, Memory	"Perfect Past" (Chapter One), 1950, contains early childhood memories including the Russo-Japanese war. "Portrait of My Mother" (Chapter Two), 1949, also discusses his synesthesia. "Portrait of My Uncle" (Chapter Three), 1948, gives an account of his ancestors as well as his uncle "Ruka". Nabokov describes that in 1916 he inherited "what would amount nowadays to a couple of million dollars" and the estate Rozhdestveno, next to Vyra, from his uncle, but lost it all in the revolution. "My English Education" (Chapter Four), 1948, presents the houses at Vyra and St. Petersburg and some of his educators. "Mademoiselle O" (Chapter Five), published first in French in Mesures in 1936, portrays his French-speaking Swiss governess, Mademoiselle Cécile Miauton, who arrived in the winter of 1906. In English, it was first published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1943, and included in the Nine Stories collection (1947) as well as in Nabokov's Dozen (1958) and the posthumous The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov. "Butterflies" (Chapter Six), 1948, introduces a lifelong passion of Nabokov; first published in The New Yorker in 1948. "Colette" (Chapter Seven), 1948, remembers a 1909 family vacation at Biarritz where he met a nine-year-old girl whose real name was Claude Deprès. As "First Love" the story is also included in Nabokov's Dozen. "Lantern Slides" (Chapter Eight), 1950, recalls various educators and their methods. "My Russian Education" (Chapter Nine), 1948, depicts his father. "Curtain-Raiser" (Chapter Ten), 1949, describes the end of boyhood. "First Poem" (Chapter Eleven), 1949, published in Partisan Review, analyzes Nabokov's first attempt at poetry. "Tamara" (Chapter Twelve), 1949, describes a love affair that took place when he was sixteen, she fifteen. Her real name was Valentina Shulgina. "Lodgings in Trinity Lane" (Chapter Thirteen), 1951, published in Harper's Magazine, describes his time at Cambridge and talks about his brothers.	2.40625
2940373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Pali%C4%87	Lake Palić	Lake Palić (; ) is a lake from Subotica, near the town of Palić, in Serbia. It covers an area of . The average depth of the lake is . With the surrounding area it forms the protected Nature Park Palić, which covers . Geology Despite popular belief, Lake Palić is not a remnant of the vast Pannonian Sea which covered this area and completely drained out some 600,000 years ago. It is estimated that both the Palić and Ludoš lakes originated in the early Holocene, around 10,000 years ago, when the last major changes in the surrounding terrain occurred. Prior to that, since the draining of the sea, the European climate was much colder, with the exchange of the cold and dry and the warm and wet periods. Alternatively, being frozen and defrosted, the rocks crushed under the ice and crumbled into the dust, which formed sand and loess. The winds would then disperse the loess into the valleys of the Danube and Tisza rivers to the southeast. On the wet grounds, the loess became more compact, becoming thinner and claylike. The surrounding dried land became more and more elevated thus creating the depressions which began to collect water. The process was helped with the erosion which was caused by the water flowing into the depressions. Due to the unstable hydrological regime, the lake constantly disappeared and reappeared through history. The lake is shallow, with an average depth of , while the deepest point is . It is long and up to wide. The shoreline is long. The idea that the lake was remnant of the sea was influenced by its geographical location (in the bed of the former sea) and the fact that the water in the lake was salty. It is more likely that both lakes and the nearby river of Körös-ér are remnants of the former rivers which spilled over the Pannonian basin. Surveys showed that the loess layers are younger than the alluvial ones, so the lakes can't be remains of the former Danube's flow as the wind would naturally cover them with sand and loess. Human history	2.71875
2940373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Pali%C4%87	Lake Palić	In the spring of 2019, it was decided to fish out the Prussian carp, omnivorous and voracious fish, which became abundant in the lake. In several months, over 20 tons of Prussian carp were fished. After the project was done, results showed the first improvement in the quality of the lake water since 1998. Though still categorized as the lowest, fifth category and not suitable for swimming, the water had less ammoniacal and nitrite compounds, and less algae while zooplankton Daphnia, which feeds on phytoplankton, reappeared in the lake. Another problem is the poaching. Apart from the direct damage in reducing number of animals (including the protected European pond turtle), it also affects the natural purification of water. The main catch for the poachers is the zander, which, as a predator, is very important in the lake's food chain. Situation with Prussian carp turned out to be worse than expected: it was estimated that there are 120 tons of this fish in the lake in total, but 190 tons were actually fished out.	2.53125
2940373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Pali%C4%87	Lake Palić	Further expropriation needed for the buffer zone was conducted in 2019–2020. The entire surrounding area was already expropriated in 1974, when the lake was emptied. However, the erosion since then eroded the banks, so the privately owned parcels which were further from the lake, are now on its banks. The buffer zone consists of four layers: 1) reed bed, in the water itself, which prevents the erosion of the banks by the waves and forms habitat for the birds; 2) bank slopes, inhabited by the herbaceous plants and habitat for the reptiles; 3) grassy areas, used only by those who administer and watch the protected areas; 4) pedestrian and bicycle path, with benches and stops where possible. In order to create the buffer zone, a monoculture of wild blackberry shrubs which spread all over the lake, had to be eradicated. It was replaced with other plants, mainly alfalfa, which prevent expansion of the invasive herbaceous plants. In February 2020, it was reported that some bird species, previously absent, were spotted at the lake. Fishing out of Prussian carp showed that small populations of indigenous species survived in the lake, some specimen weighing up to . This prompted the second phase of the biomanipulation of the lake. In December 2021, after 10 years of discontinuation, fish stocking with autochthonous species resumed. Predatory wels catfish was reintroduced first, in order to control the population of invasive Prussian carp. Combined with temporary fish bans, in order to allow for the fish to spawn to greater numbers, and monitoring of the number of fish, future stocking batches will include northern pike, zander, common carp, and later other species. Common reed has also been transplanted in the stocked sections, to provide shelter and spawning areas.	2.71875
2940373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Pali%C4%87	Lake Palić	In October 2022, the Serbian-German Prussian carp fishing project "Ekolakus" was officially ended. Over 250 tons were fished out of the lake, though a small population still remained, and it will be fished out intermittently. The fish was used as food for animals in the Palić Zoo. By this time, populations of common carp, common rudd, and zander grew significantly. Pike and zander spread via Krvavo Lake and canals into the Ludaš Lake and further into the channeled Körös-ér river. Restocking of the lake with carp and catfish continued, while disturbed stocking marking prevented restocking with rudd and tench. The "Ekolakus" project, however, continued till the end of 2022, when the report for the 2019–2022 period was published. A pumping station, of sewage system, and of delivery lines which push wastewater into the water treatment facility were built. Water was upgraded two classes up, from the V to the III category, which makes it acceptable for recreation. Water in sector I, where purified water is poured into the lake, overtook the water from the touristic sector IV in quality. Waste from 1,500 houses and 1,000 individual septic tanks was directly poured into the Palić-Ludаš canal in 2019. Since then, 682 houses were connected to the Subotica's sewage system, while the wastewater from the canal is conducted into the water treatment facility. Amount of phosphorus in the water was cut in half: from in 2019, to in December 2022. 6,800 seedlings were planted in the buffer zone along the bicycle-pedestrian path along the lake. Instead of expected 50 tons of Prussian carp, a total of 273 tons were fished out of the lake. Still, the report concluded that, despite the progress, it is not realistic to expect that Lake Palić will soon become a clearwater lake, without risk for the swimmers.	2.265625
2940374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Parti%20pris%20des%20choses	Le Parti pris des choses	Le Parti pris des choses is a collection of 32 short to medium-length prose poems by the French poet and essayist Francis Ponge. It was first published in 1942. The title has been translated into English as Taking the Side of Things and as The Nature of Things. Background Life and career Francis Ponge was born in 1899 in Montpellier, France. He started writing at a relatively young age, gaining notice even in the early 1920s. Like many French writers of his time, he was also politically associated, joining the ranks of the Socialist Party in 1919. As a writer, he joined the Surrealist movement for a short time during the 1930s; this also had political ramifications, influencing him to join the Communist Party. However, his most notable works were to come later in his life. He fought in both World Wars, and it was after his stint in the army in World War II that he decided to leave the Communist Party. It was at this time, in 1942, that he joined the French Resistance and also published what is considered his most famous work, Le parti pris des choses. This text was in fact written over the span of 15 years, from 1924 to 1939. After his publication of Le parti pris des choses, Ponge was not unnoticed in the literary world. He was praised heavily by literary heavyweights Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre in the early 1960s. Furthermore, the French literary magazine Tel Quel also touted his work during this time period. While he has only recently gained more popularity in the United States, he also spent the later part of his years lecturing across the country and also was a visiting professor at Barnard College and Columbia University. Francis Ponge won several awards late in his career. This included the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 1974. Motivation	2.328125
2940374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Parti%20pris%20des%20choses	Le Parti pris des choses	Ponge's works often describe mundane objects – for example "The Pebble" or "The Oyster" – extensively, but in such a way that his works are categorized as prose poetry. Robert W. Greene, a literary critic, noted about the intentions of his works, "He seeks a balance of equivalences, an equation between the order of things and the order of words". Ponge was also influenced by the ideas of his time. He has his own ideas about the absurd, influenced by Albert Camus in a number of ways. Ponge himself wrote in the Tome Premier that he believed in the unreliability of language and criticized Camus’ views of the search for a single principle as opposed to a number of principles. Many of his writings can be seen as a way to both return to the concrete values of language while also revealing its absurdity. Contemporaries Ponge was well respected by his contemporaries in France and they often helped drive his literary career. An example of this was Tel Quel'''s praise for Ponge's works throughout the 1960s. Camus and Sartre both respected his work immensely. The philosophical movements of the time in which both Camus and Sartre were leaders in turn influenced Ponge's own work. For instance, Ponge used Camus’ ideas about absurdity to form his own views. It was in fact partly due to Sartre's praise of Ponge that he was able to win the prestigious Neudstadt Prize. Style Ponge stated that his overarching goal was to create a "single cosmogony" through his works, an aim readily apparent in poems like "Le Galet" which is a miniature cosmogony all by itself. Each of the works in the collection explores some object in the corporeal world, "borrowing the brevity and infallibility of the dictionary definition and the sensory aspect of the literary description". Lee Fahnestock, one of Le parti pris des choses’ translators, describes the work as "construct[ing] a new form of definition-description". The style shown in Le parti pris des choses was Ponge's first foray into what would become his definitive trademark. The Objeu	2.234375
2940374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Parti%20pris%20des%20choses	Le Parti pris des choses	Much of Ponge's poetic style reflects his idea of the "objeu" (a portmanteau word combining objet (object/thing) and jeu (game)), or the "objective play of the mind". The objeu is the act of pointedly choosing language or subject matter for its double meanings, hidden connections, and sensory effects on the reader. Indeed, his attitude toward the depiction of objects is neatly summed up by the saying "Parti Pris des Choses = Compte Tenu des Mots," which translates loosely to "taking the side of things = taking into account the words." Indeed, where pure description is inadequate to truly capture the spirit of an object, Ponge employs auditory effects (e.g. assonance, sibilance, and paronomasia) as well as images that delight all the senses. He anthropomorphized his animal and arboreal subjects to make them more relatable. According to Fahnestock, the objeu allowed him to "say several things on several levels at once, while unobtrusively demonstrating the particular nature of words and things". However, though Ponge attempted to evoke the feeling of the object he was describing by any possible means, he simultaneously believed that good poems were "the most structured, the most uninvolved, the ‘coldest’ possible". To him, the employment of the objeu was rote enough that the evocation of emotion could still be "cold" and "uninvolved." It comes as no surprise that Ponge admired the art of such artists as Cézanne, Braque, and Picasso – Post-Impressionists and Cubists whose mission was to capture the feeling and significance in addition to the form of their subjects – for Ponge shared their goal.	2.53125
2940374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Parti%20pris%20des%20choses	Le Parti pris des choses	Of the poems of Ponge's self-proclaimed "poetic encyclopedia", "Snails", "The Pebble", and "The Mollusk" are often subject to scrutiny. Each displays a characteristic Pongian theme or themes. The Pebble "The Pebble", or "Le Galet", is easily the longest poem in the collection, being exceptionally long for the genre of prose poetry on the whole. To describe a pebble, Ponge starts at the beginning, literally, the beginning of time itself, diverging from his usual trend of descriptions and assertions. Instead, the reader gets a condensed cosmogony, describing the formation of the first rock, (the Earth, or however the reader wants to interpret it) as a sort of allegory of The Fall. Venturing through the "expulsion of life", "cooling", large tectonic plates, all the way down to the pebble itself, or the "kind of stone that I [Ponge] can pick it up and turn it over in my hand", the pebble comes to stand for rock as a species or entity. The metaphor not to be missed in this poem is the stone as Time, where the "great wheel of stone" rolls ever on as "plant life, animals, gases and liquids revolve quite rapidly in their cycles of dying". This then can be taken as Ponge's view of humanity, as he himself in an essay on "The Pebble" compares looking within himself to telling the story of the pebble. For Ponge, it is best to "consider all things as unknown, and to ... begin again right from the beginning". TranslationsLe Parti pris des choses has been translated into English several times. Translators of the collection or of parts of it include Lee Fahnestock, Robert Bly and Beth Archer Brombert. Lee Fahnestock	2.28125
2940400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Bergier	Nicolas Bergier	Nicolas Bergier (), (1 March 1567 – 18 August 1623) was a lawyer at the Presidential Seat of Rheims, lived in 17th-century Rheims and became interested in Roman roads there. Mentioning by chance his interest in the funding of Roman roads to Conde du Lis, advisor to Louis XIII, he found himself suddenly commanded by the king to undertake a study of all Roman roads. Five years later he published his Histoire des Grands Chemins de l'Empire Romain, a two-volume work of over 1000 pages. There were many subsequent editions. This first scholarly study of Roman roads included engravings of the Tabula Peutingeriana. Edward Gibbon consulted Bergier's work while researching his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Biography Bergier was born on 1 March 1567 in Rheims. He was a lawyer and historian. Bergier taught at the Collège des Bons-Enfants and at the Faculty of Law of the University of Rheims. Friend with Jacques Dupuy and Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, he was appointed, thanks to another friend the president De Bellièvre, historiographer of France, with a pension of two hundred ecus. Bergier worked with Charles du Lys, lawyer, and Nicolas Brulart de Sillery, Chancellor of France. Bergier died at the Château de Grignon in Thiverval-Grignon on 18 August 1623, at the age of 56.	2.109375
2940423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokon%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	Rokon (motorcycle manufacturer)	Rokon is an American Rochester, New Hampshire-based motorcycle manufacturer that builds two-wheel-drive off-road motorcycles which are marketed either under the company's name, or as the "Trail Breaker". Robert Korpi was also owner of Rokon International from about 1976 to 1990 History Rokon was founded in Vermont by Orla Larsen in 1963 to sell the Nethercutt Trail-Breaker, a two-wheel-drive motorcycle invented around 1958 by Charlie Fehn and built in Sylmar, California. In 1964, Rokon Inc. bought the manufacturing rights to the Trail-Breaker and marketed the bikes from their Vermont office before moving the business to New Hampshire, where they continue in business today. Design Rokon motorcycles use a combination of belt, chain and shaft drives coupled to gear boxes to drive both the front and rear wheels. Older machines were powered by a West Bend (US Motor/Chrysler Marine) 820 two-stroke engine (134cc), while newer machines have either a Honda or Kohler engine of about 6 hp. Each hollow wheel is able to hold 2.5 gallons of gasoline or water for long-distance trips. These are slow-speed off-road motorcycles designed for use in the most rugged terrain. Some are capable of 35 mph or more, but typical top speed is about 20 mph. Current models are the Trail-Breaker, Ranger and Scout. When ascending very steep hills speed may be 0.5 mph.	1.921875
2940457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-mode%20optical%20fiber	Multi-mode optical fiber	Multi-mode optical fiber is a type of optical fiber mostly used for communication over short distances, such as within a building or on a campus. Multi-mode links can be used for data rates up to 800 Gbit/s. Multi-mode fiber has a fairly large core diameter that enables multiple light modes to be propagated and limits the maximum length of a transmission link because of modal dispersion. The standard G.651.1 defines the most widely used forms of multi-mode optical fiber. Applications The equipment used for communications over multi-mode optical fiber is less expensive than that for single-mode optical fiber. Typical transmission speed and distance limits are 100 Mbit/s for distances up to 2 km (100BASE-FX), 1 Gbit/s up to 1000 m, and 10 Gbit/s up to 550 m. Because of its high capacity and reliability, multi-mode optical fiber generally is used for backbone applications in buildings. An increasing number of users are taking the benefits of fiber closer to the user by running fiber to the desktop or to the zone. Standards-compliant architectures such as Centralized Cabling and fiber to the telecom enclosure offer users the ability to leverage the distance capabilities of fiber by centralizing electronics in telecommunications rooms, rather than having active electronics on each floor. Multi-mode fiber is used for transporting light signals to and from miniature fiber optic spectroscopy equipment (spectrometers, sources, and sampling accessories) and was instrumental in the development of the first portable spectrometer. Multi-mode fiber is also used when high optical powers are to be carried through an optical fiber, such as in laser welding. Comparison with single-mode fiber	2.359375
2940457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-mode%20optical%20fiber	Multi-mode optical fiber	For many years 62.5/125 μm (OM1) and conventional 50/125 μm multi-mode fiber (OM2) were widely deployed in premises applications. These fibers easily support applications ranging from Ethernet (10 Mbit/s) to gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbit/s) and, because of their relatively large core size, were ideal for use with LED transmitters. Newer deployments often use laser-optimized 50/125 μm multi-mode fiber (OM3). Fibers that meet this designation provide sufficient bandwidth to support 10 Gigabit Ethernet up to 300 meters. Optical fiber manufacturers have greatly refined their manufacturing process since that standard was issued and cables can be made that support 10 GbE up to 400 meters. Laser optimized multi-mode fiber (LOMMF) is designed for use with 850 nm VCSELs. Older FDDI grade, OM1, and OM2 fiber can be used for 10 Gigabit Ethernet through 10GBASE-LRM. This requires the SFP+ interface to support electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) however, so not all switches, routers and other equipment can use these SFP+ modules. The migration to LOMMF/OM3 has occurred as users upgrade to higher speed networks. LEDs have a maximum modulation rate of 622 Mbit/s because they cannot be turned on/off fast enough to support higher bandwidth applications. VCSELs are capable of modulation over 10 Gbit/s and are used in many high speed networks. Some 200 and 400 Gigabit Ethernet speeds (e.g. 400GBASE-SR4.2) use wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) even for multi-mode fiber which is outside the specification for OM4 and lower. In 2017, OM5 has been standardized by TIA and ISO for WDM MMF, specifying not only a minimum modal bandwidth for 850 nm but a curve spanning from 850 to 953 nm. Cables can sometimes be distinguished by jacket color: for 62.5/125 μm (OM1) and 50/125 μm (OM2), orange jackets are recommended, while aqua is recommended for 50/125 μm "laser optimized" OM3 and OM4 fiber. Some fiber vendors use violet for "OM4+". OM5 is officially colored lime green.	2.125
2940463	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%20Konjovi%C4%87	Milan Konjović	Milan Konjović (28 January 1898 – 20 October 1993) (Милан Коњовић) was a Serbian painter whose works can be divided into six periods of artistic style. He studied in many countries abroad and lived in Paris from 1924 to 1932. His long life's work earned him many recognitions as well as a place in the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, SANU). Life Milan Konjović finished elementary and secondary school in Sombor between 1904 and 1916. In 1914 he had his first exhibition featuring some fifty works painted in nature. In 1919 he was admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague, in the class of Vlaho Bukovac. Having left the Academy after the second semester, he continued his education on his own, in Prague where an avant-garde Czech painter Jan Zrzavý introduced him to the art of Leonardo da Vinci. He later brought his studies to Vienna and traveled to German museums in Munich, Berlin, and Dresden. He arrived in Paris in May 1924 and stayed there until 1932. Afterward, he returned to his native Sombor. His most significant and successful one-man exhibitions include 1931's "Galerie Bing et Cie", 1932 "Galerie van Leer", and 1937 "Galerie Mouradian-Vallotton." He participated in several Paris Salon exhibitions, marked the beginning of his artistic "blue phase", which lasted from 1929 to 1933. In the later years, he devoted himself to painting his hometown Sombor, its landscape, people and milieu. In summertime he painted in the cities of Dalmatia, including Mlini, Cavtat, and Dubrovnik.	1.976563
2940463	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%20Konjovi%C4%87	Milan Konjović	Konjović's "red phase" lasted from 1934 till 1940. In 1941 Konjović was in Osnabrück in a concentration camp as a prisoner of war. After his release, Konjović began painting pastels most notably in the years 1943, 1944, and 1949. He then began producing oil works painted in so-called 'subdued colors' from 1945 to 1952, marking the "gray phase" of his work. 1953 is considered to be the turning point in Konjović's painting style. He works began to be defined by more pure intensive colors and glow, leading to the period dubbed the "coloristic phase." New artistic orientation culminated and was to characterize the works of the "associative phase" (1960–1984). At that time Milan Konjovic engaged himself in the work of the artists' colonies of Vojvodina. In 1985 began the "Byzantine phase" with works treating various themes from Byzantine history. By the end of 1990 Konjović had produced about thirty new works, completing the impressive opus of about 6000 oil paintings, pastels, watercolors, temperas, drawings, tapestries, stage sets, costume sketches, stained glass windows, mosaics, and graphics. In his life, Konjović had 297 one-man and 700 group exhibitions in the country and abroad, in such notable locations as Prague, New York, London, Amsterdam, São Paulo, Rome, Modena, Athens, Paris, and Moscow. Legacy His legacy is best represented in his hometown of Sombor where the "Milan Konjović " Gallery, opened on 10 September 1966, holds about 1060 selected works. In 1979 he was elected a member of Vojvodina Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 1986 he became a corresponding member of Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, and in 1992 a member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.	2.296875
2940474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20H.%20Smith	Jacob H. Smith	General Jacob Hurd Smith (January 29, 1840 – March 1, 1918) was a U.S. Army officer notorious for ordering indiscriminate retaliation on the island of Samar in response to what is called the Balangiga massacre during the Philippine–American War. Smith's plan involved stopping the flow of food and causing extensive destruction in order to make the people of Samar abandon their support for the rebels out of fear and malnutrition and turn to the Americans instead. He ordered, "kill everyone over the age of ten [and make the island] a howling wilderness." Court-martialed for his conduct of operations on Samar, he was dubbed "Hell Roaring Jake" Smith, "The Monster", and "Howling Jake" by the press as a result. Most estimates are that American soldiers killed between 2,000 and 2,500 civilians. Some Filipino historians put the number as high as 5,000 civilians. Some sources place the death toll as high as 50,000, but these are now believed to have resulted from typographical errors and misreading of documents. During the massacre, American soldiers killed military-age males, but simply ignored most of the women and children. At times, they ignored Smith's orders outright and took male prisoners. This was due to Smith's subordinate, Littleton Waller, partly revoking the order and telling the troops to show restraint. Civil War and post-bellum Smith enlisted in the Union Army early in the Civil War, but was disabled in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862; he would later receive a brevet promotion to Major in 1867 for his actions. He tried to return to duty that summer, but the wound would not heal properly, so he became a member of the Invalid Corps, serving out the remainder of the Civil War as a mustering officer/recruiter in Louisville for three years. His service record states that he excelled in recruitment efforts for the United States Colored Troops.	2.09375
2940474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20H.%20Smith	Jacob H. Smith	While working in Louisville, he met and later married his first wife Emma L. Haverty on November 10, 1864; they quietly divorced October 1, 1880. After the war, he became a Veteran Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Wartime misconduct In 1869, Smith's father-in-law Daniel Haverty was being sued for fraud in connection with a bankruptcy. The creditors looked into the assets of Haverty's family, believing Haverty had hidden most of his wealth by transferring it to others. These investigations revealed a tremendous enlargement of Jacob Smith's assets during the war, from $4,000 in 1862 to $40,000 in 1865. Smith was called as a witness in the suit to explain his sudden fortune. Smith claimed ignorance of any fraud on behalf of his father-in-law, and explained that the money was the result of a bounty brokerage scheme. During the war, eastern seaboard states were offering recruits enlistment bonuses (then called "bounties") of up to $700. Smith, along with a group of eastern recruiters, planned to fill eastern troop quotas using men from the Midwest, paying those recruits the regional bounty of $300 and pocketing the difference. Smith claimed he believed the plan was legal, at first. But before it could get off the ground, Smith took $92,000 the eastern recruiters had deposited for the bounties and used it to make speculative investments in side businesses involving whiskey, gold and diamonds. When the eastern recruiters demanded repayment which Smith could not provide, Smith noticed the recruiters refused to engage the law. From that, he concluded the plot must have been illegal. Eventually Smith's investments produced large profits, and Smith claimed he repaid all of his creditors in full, except for a few who had died or left town.	2.53125
2940474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20H.%20Smith	Jacob H. Smith	Smith was court martialed in 1885 in San Antonio for "conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman", for deeds in the "Mint Saloon" in Brackett, Texas. The opposing party claimed Smith had been playing a game of draw poker with M. S. Moore and C. H. Holzy a.k.a. Jiggerty, lost $135 to Moore, and refused to pay the debt. Smith was found guilty and was confined to Fort Clark for a year and forfeited half his pay for the same time period. The Reviewing Authority thought the court was too lenient on Smith. It also felt that Smith's courtroom tactics made a mockery of the legal procedure: demanding witnesses from distant and impractical locations especially since he never actually used the witnesses in court, local civilian witnesses for the plaintiff were intimidated so they refused to testify against Smith, local civilian witnesses for the defense selectively decided which questions they would answer and which they would not. While the draw poker case was still pending in 1885, Smith wrote a letter to the Adjutant General of the Army regarding the case, but many of the statements were lies. Because of this, Smith was tried again in 1886. He was found guilty, and would have been thrown out of the military. Smith was saved by the intercession of President Grover Cleveland, who allowed Smith to return to the military with merely a reprimand. In 1891, Smith was charged with using enlisted men as his servants in his home. Philippine–American War Smith was sent to the Philippines during the Philippine–American War.	2.171875
2940474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20H.%20Smith	Jacob H. Smith	On September 28, 1901, fifty-one American soldiers of Company C of the 9th U.S. Infantry Regiment who had been stationed in the town of Balangiga, the third largest town on the southern coast of Samar Island, were killed in a surprise guerrilla attack. They had been deployed to Balangiga to close its port and prevent supplies reaching Filipino forces in the interior, which at that time were under the command of General Vicente Lukbán. Lukbán had been sent there in December 1898 to govern the island on behalf of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. The attack provoked shock in the U.S. public, with newspapers equating what they called a "massacre" to George Armstrong Custer's last stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. Major General Adna R. Chaffee, military governor of the Philippines, received orders from President Theodore Roosevelt to pacify Samar. To this end, Chaffee appointed Smith to Samar to accomplish the task. Smith instructed Major Littleton Waller, commanding officer of a battalion of 315 U.S. Marines assigned to bolster his forces in Samar, regarding the conduct of pacification: A march through the island followed. Food and trade to Samar were cut off, intended to starve the revolutionaries into submission. Smith's strategy on Samar involved widespread destruction to force the inhabitants to stop supporting the guerrillas and turn to the Americans from fear and starvation. He used his troops in sweeps of the interior in search for guerrilla bands and in attempts to capture Philippine General Vicente Lukbán, but he did nothing to prevent contact between the guerrillas and the townspeople. American columns marched across the island, destroying homes and shooting people and draft animals. Littleton Waller, in a report, stated that over an eleven-day period his men burned 255 dwellings, shot 13 carabaos and killed 39 people.	2.5625
2940474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20H.%20Smith	Jacob H. Smith	Waller did not mention Smith's order in his defense, instead relying on provisions of U.S. Armies General Order Number 100, also known as the Lieber Code, dictating how U.S. soldiers were expected to conduct themselves during wartime. That code is considered a precursor to the Geneva Conventions but, in contrast to later agreements regarding rules of war, it permitted the killing of prisoners of war in reprisal for violations of the rules of war by the enemy, and called for the summary execution of spies, saboteurs and guerrilla fighters. Waller's counsel had rested his defense. The prosecution decided to call Smith as a rebuttal witness. Smith was not above selling out Waller to save his career. On April 7, 1902, Smith perjured himself again by denying that he had given any special verbal orders to Waller. In response, Waller revealed Smith's order to him and produced three officers who corroborated Waller's version of the Smith–Waller conversation, and copies of every written order he had received from Smith. Waller informed the court he had been directed to take no prisoners and to kill every male Filipino over 10. General Adna Chaffee, military governor of the Philippines, cabled the War Department requesting permission to keep Smith in the islands for a short time, since he feared that Smith, if given the opportunity to talk to reporters, could speak "absurdly unwise" and might say things contrary to the facts established in the case, "or act like an unbalanced lunatic." Smith's court-martial In May 1902, Smith faced a court-martial for his orders, being tried not for murder or other war crimes, but for "conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline". The court-martial found Smith guilty and sentenced him "to be admonished by the reviewing authority."	2.125
2940474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20H.%20Smith	Jacob H. Smith	To ease the subsequent public outcry in America, Secretary of War Elihu Root recommended that Smith be retired. President Roosevelt accepted this recommendation, and ordered Smith's retirement from the Army, with no additional punishment. Later life Smith retired to Portsmouth, Ohio, doing some world traveling. He volunteered his military services by letter to the Adjutant General's Office on April 5, 1917, to fight in World War I, but was refused due to old age and because his atrocities in the Philippines had severely tarnished the image and reputation of the U.S. military. Smith died in San Diego on March 1, 1918, and was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Battle wounds By his 1902 court-martial, Smith had been wounded in battle three times: Smith had a scar from a saber cut on the head that he had received in July 1861 in Barboursville, Virginia, (now West Virginia). Since April 7, 1862, he had been carrying a Minié ball from the Civil War Battle of Shiloh in his hip. Smith also had a bullet in his body from a wound at El Caney, Cuba during the Spanish–American War.	2.171875
2940483	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen%20Rockefeller%20Growald	Eileen Rockefeller Growald	Eileen Rockefeller (born February 26, 1952) is an American philanthropist. She is the youngest daughter of David Rockefeller and Margaret "Peggy" McGrath. Eileen is a member of the fourth generation of the Rockefeller family widely known as "the Cousins". Her elder siblings are Abby, Richard, Neva, Peggy, and David Jr. Biography Growald attended the Chapin School in New York and graduated from Oldfields School in Maryland. She received her bachelor's degree from Middlebury College in 1974 and her master's in Early Childhood Education from Lesley College in association with the Shady Hill School in 1976. In 1982, she founded and was president of the Institute for the Advancement of Health, dealing principally with the scientific understanding of mind-body interactions in health and disease; this subject has evolved into what is now called Emotional Intelligence. She co-founded The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) in 1992. In 2000, she and her husband, Paul Growald, founded The Champlain Valley Greenbelt Alliance (CVGA), a local non-profit organization to protect greenbelts along major corridors in Vermont. They have two sons, Daniel and Adam. Growald, who describes herself as a venture philanthropist, is also the founding chair of Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, set up in New York by various members of the family in 2002. The largest advisory service of its kind, its current chair is Kevin Broderick, who served on the board of Rockefeller Financial Services and took over as chairman from Rockefeller in 2005. Its mission is to create thoughtful, effective philanthropy throughout the world. Growald was also closely involved with The Gailer School, when it was located in Shelburne, Vermont, where she lives on the former Vanderbilt estate, Shelburne Farms. After her brother David Rockefeller Jr., she is seen as a leader of the family's fourth generation, one of whose major funding priorities is reducing the threat of nuclear war.	2.125
2940493	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremblay%20v%20Daigle	Tremblay v Daigle	Tremblay v Daigle [1989] 2 S.C.R. 530, was a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in which it was found that a fetus has no legal status in Canada as a person, either in Canadian common law or in Quebec civil law. This, in turn, meant that men, while stating they are protecting fetal rights, cannot acquire injunctions to stop their partners from obtaining abortions in Canada. Background By the time the legal controversy began, Canadian abortion law had already been mostly invalidated, as the Therapeutic Abortion Committees were found unconstitutional under section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in R v Morgentaler (1988). That case, however, while finding the committees were unfair to women requiring therapeutic abortions, had not resolved the issue of the status of fetal rights. Tremblay v Daigle thus began with two Quebec individuals named Chantale Daigle and Jean-Guy Tremblay, who were involved in a sexual relationship in 1988 and 1989, with Daigle becoming pregnant in 1989. Tremblay beat Daigle, despite being aware of her pregnancy, and afterwards the relationship came to an end and Daigle developed an interest in obtaining an abortion. Among other things, Daigle cited a desire to raise children in peaceful and stable circumstances, an interest in never seeing Tremblay again, and concern for her own psychological health. In response, Tremblay sought an injunction to halt the abortion, arguing he was protecting the fetus's right to life. Tremblay defended the existence of this fetal right by saying that the fetus is indeed a person. When the case reached the Supreme Court, Daigle left the province for the United States to terminate the pregnancy. Nevertheless, the issue was considered important enough that the Supreme Court declined to set aside the case for mootness. They went on to give a decision, which was unanimous and which vindicated Daigle.	2.265625
2940493	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremblay%20v%20Daigle	Tremblay v Daigle	Regarding the Civil Code, the Court considered the argument that since the Code deals with fetuses as "juridical" persons, fetuses must legally be human beings. Human beings, under the Code, have rights. Once again, the Court expressed skepticism as to the nature of the term "human being", noting the linguistic nature of the argument. While the Code does give fetuses some similar treatment to legal persons, the Court replied that this does not necessarily imply other fetal rights exist. In the situations where fetuses are recognized as juridical persons, the Court stated that this is a "fiction of the civil law". The case next turned to Canadian law and common law. With some historical review, it was noted that while fetuses have usually had some protection under the law, abortion has not usually been viewed as being comparable to murder. Thus, a fetus is not a person under common law. The Court also declined to address the question of fetal rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, noting that the Charter applies to government; it has no force in legal disputes between private citizens, which was the case in Tremblay v Daigle. Finally, the Court ruled that there was no precedent for men's rights to protect their "potential progeny." Aftermath Some scholars have noted that along with Borowski v Canada (AG) (1989), Tremblay v Daigle "closed off litigation opportunities by anti-abortion opponents" of pro-abortion rights Canadians. Another scholar notes that this case, along with the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal's Borowski decision and the Supreme Court case R v Sullivan (1991), all probably indicate the fetus is not a person under the Canadian Charter. A comparable result to Daigle occurred in 1999 in Dobson (Litigation guardian of) v Dobson.	2.265625
2940511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena%20Pavlovi%C4%87-Barili	Milena Pavlović-Barili	Milena Pavlović-Barili (alt. Barilli; ; 5 November 1909 – 6 March 1945) was a Serbian painter and poet. She is the most notable female artist of Serbian modernism. Biography Her Italian father, Bruno Barilli, was an influential composer, elder son of Cecrope Barilli, director of the Parmesan Academy of Fine Arts and a member of a noted artistic Barilli family. Her paternal uncle was Latino Barilli, himself a prominent Italian painter. Milena's Serbian mother, Danica Pavlović-Barili (1883-1965), a descendant of Karađorđe Petrović, founder of the House of Karađorđević, ruling family of the Kingdom of Serbia and later Kingdom of Yugoslavia, has served as lady in waiting to Queen Maria of Yugoslavia and was tasked with improving her Serbian language. She was also appointed as superintendent at the court of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, who was her second cousin once removed. Danica also had artistic talent and studied art in Munich, where she met her husband Bruno Barilli in 1905, an Italian actor and music composer, whom she married in an Orthodox ceremony 4 years later in the city of Požarevac.	2.078125
2940511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena%20Pavlovi%C4%87-Barili	Milena Pavlović-Barili	Milena studied at the Royal School of Arts in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1922–1926) and in Munich (1926–1928). In the early 1930s, she left Serbia and returned only for brief visits until the outbreak of World War II. During her stays in Spain, Rome, Paris and London, where she socialised with Jean Cocteau and André Breton, she was influenced by many western schools and artists, notably Giorgio de Chirico. After 1939, she lived and worked in New York where her career peaked as an illustrator for Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, and other publications under the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency. In 1941, she appeared in the Twentieth Annual of Advertising Art, and before her death, she was commissioned to design costumes for Gian Carlo Menotti's ballet Sebastian and a production of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream; these were never completed. She died of a heart attack at the age of 35, having sustained serious injuries in a horse-riding accident the previous summer. She was cremated, according to her American husband's wishes, and buried in a cemetery in Rome. The topics of her work varied from portraits to imaginative interpretations of biblical stories. The motifs often included dream-like situations, veils, angels, statues of Venus, and Harlequins. Many of her works are parts of permanent exhibitions in Rome, New York City, Museum of Contemporary Art (Belgrade), and her hometown of Požarevac, where the house in which she was born has been converted into a museum in her honor. In 1943, Pavlović-Barili's work was included in Peggy Guggenheim's show Exhibition by 31 Women at the Art of This Century gallery in New York. Legacy	2.15625
2940544	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing%20cooperative	Purchasing cooperative	A purchasing cooperative is a type of cooperative arrangement, often among businesses, to agree to aggregate demand to get lower prices from selected suppliers. Retailers' cooperatives are a form of purchasing cooperative. Cooperatives are often used by government agencies to reduce costs of procurement. Purchasing Cooperatives are used frequently by governmental entities, since they are required to follow laws requiring competitive bidding above certain thresholds. In the United States, counties, municipalities, schools, colleges and universities in the majority of states can sign interlocal agreements or cooperative contracts that allow them to legally use contracts that were procured by another governmental entity. The National Association of State Procurement Officials (NASPO) reported increasing use of cooperative purchasing practices in its 2016 survey of state procurement. According to the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA) website, there are approximately 250 purchasing cooperatives in the United States. The NCBA, a trusted organization promoting cooperative businesses, provides valuable resources and information on various cooperative sectors, including purchasing cooperatives. These cooperatives play a significant role in aggregating the purchasing power of businesses across different industries to achieve cost savings and other benefits. The National Association of State Procurement Officials (NASPO) reported increasing use of cooperative purchasing practices in its 2016 survey of state procurement. NASPO has noted the increasing popularity of cooperative purchasing but also recognises that, like any practice, "it can be done well - or poorly". Benefits of purchasing cooperatives	2.640625
2940544	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing%20cooperative	Purchasing cooperative	Cost Savings: The most significant advantage of joining a purchasing cooperative is the potential for cost savings. By leveraging the collective buying power of its members, the cooperative can negotiate better pricing, terms, and conditions with suppliers. These savings can be substantial, allowing members to reduce their procurement costs and improve their bottom line. Increased Efficiency: Purchasing cooperatives streamline the procurement process by centralizing purchasing activities. This centralized approach eliminates redundancy and administrative burdens for individual members, allowing them to focus on their core competencies and strategic objectives. Additionally, cooperatives often provide tools and resources to facilitate purchasing, such as online catalogs, order management systems, and supply chain analytics. Access to Quality Suppliers: Cooperatives often have extensive networks and established relationships with reputable suppliers. By joining a cooperative, members gain access to a pre-vetted pool of suppliers that have been evaluated for quality, reliability, and competitive pricing. This helps ensure that members can procure goods and services from trusted sources, reducing the risk of dealing with unreliable or subpar vendors. Collective Influence: As a collective entity, purchasing cooperatives wield significant purchasing power in the market. This influence allows them to negotiate favorable terms, influence product development, and shape industry standards. By working together, members can have a stronger voice and greater leverage to shape their respective industries. Knowledge Sharing and Collaboration: Purchasing cooperatives often foster a culture of knowledge sharing and collaboration among their members. Members can exchange best practices, industry insights, and market intelligence, enabling them to stay informed about industry trends and make informed purchasing decisions. This collaborative environment can lead to improved operational efficiencies and competitive advantages.	1.921875
2940544	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing%20cooperative	Purchasing cooperative	Cost savings is another significant benefit of using purchasing cooperatives. These cooperatives leverage the collective buying power of their members to negotiate favorable pricing and terms with suppliers. Businesses that obtain contracts through a cooperative can take advantage of these pre-negotiated rates, resulting in cost savings on goods, services, or equipment. This is particularly advantageous for smaller businesses that may not have the same negotiating leverage or purchasing volume as larger organizations. In addition to cost savings, purchasing cooperatives provide businesses with established supplier relationships. The cooperatives have nurtured relationships with a network of reliable suppliers over time. By obtaining contracts through the cooperative, businesses can benefit from these existing relationships, reducing the effort and risk associated with identifying and vetting suppliers individually. This streamlines the supplier selection process and ensures businesses receive quality products and services. Purchasing cooperatives also offer expertise and support to businesses throughout the procurement cycle. These cooperatives possess industry knowledge and experience in navigating complex procurement processes. They can provide guidance, support, and insights to businesses, helping them make informed decisions, adhere to procurement regulations, and mitigate risks. The expertise and support from purchasing cooperatives can significantly enhance businesses' procurement capabilities. Moreover, partnering with a purchasing cooperative encourages long-term collaboration. Cooperative members often engage in multiple contracts and projects over time, fostering ongoing partnerships. This can lead to additional business opportunities, repeat contracts, and a more stable revenue stream for businesses. The cooperative environment encourages relationship-building and the cultivation of sustainable business connections.	1.929688
2940544	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing%20cooperative	Purchasing cooperative	Membership Fees: Purchasing cooperatives may require vendors to become members and pay an annual membership fee. This fee grants vendors access to the cooperative's network of members and the opportunity to bid on contracts or supply goods and services to the cooperative's members. Membership fees often vary based on the size and scope of the vendor's business. Rebates or Commissions: In addition to membership fees, purchasing cooperatives may negotiate rebates or commissions with vendors based on the volume of purchases made by cooperative members. These rebates or commissions are typically a percentage of the total sales generated by the cooperative's members for a particular vendor. They provide an incentive for vendors to offer competitive pricing and preferential terms to the cooperative's members. Administrative Fees: Purchasing cooperatives may impose administrative fees on vendors to cover the costs associated with managing contracts, coordinating procurement activities, and providing support services. These fees help offset the expenses incurred by the cooperative in maintaining systems, personnel, and infrastructure required for efficient procurement operations. Administrative fees can be structured as a flat fee per transaction or as a percentage of the value of each transaction. Marketing or Advertising Fees: Some purchasing cooperatives may charge vendors marketing or advertising fees to promote their products or services within the cooperative's network. These fees are typically used to fund marketing campaigns, trade shows, or promotional activities that increase the visibility of vendors and drive sales. Marketing fees can be based on the vendor's participation level or tied to specific marketing initiatives.	2.171875
2940552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraz	Miraz	Miraz is a fictional character from C. S. Lewis's fantasy series The Chronicles of Narnia. He is the main antagonist in the book Prince Caspian, and is the uncle of the book's protagonist. Miraz killed his brother, Caspian IX, allowing his nephew to live as heir until, as the book opens, his wife bears him a legitimate heir. He is a descendant of the Telmarines who had invaded Narnia hundreds of years before, and a cruel and unpopular ruler. Most notorious for banning the teaching of Narnia's pre-Telmarine history, he also levies high taxes and enacts harsh laws. He is ultimately defeated in a duel by Peter Pevensie and then slain by his own advisors. Character Miraz is a tyrant. Eliana Ionoaia notes that "this type of kingship can be termed a tyranny since Miraz rules through oppression, cruelty, and fear." Matthew Dickerson and David O'Hara argue that Miraz seeks to remove all sense of enchantment from nature — swords and battles are what are real for Miraz, not talking animals and trees — and by removing enchantment he seeks also to remove all sense of nature's sanctity. For in disenchanting and desanctifying the earth and its creatures, he will be more justified in exploiting it. Significance The relationship between Miraz and his brother's son, Prince Caspian, resembles that of Claudius and Hamlet in Shakespeare's play Hamlet, as well as Pelias and Jason from Greek mythology. In a Christianity Today opinion piece published in 2008, Devin Brown noted that Miraz was "aloof and emotionally distant" like Lewis' own father. This theme is explored in more detail in Chandler Hanton's dissertation, The Tragedy of Caspian: C. S. Lewis and His Trauma.	2.484375
2940630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%20Huimin	Yang Huimin	Yang Huimin (; March 6, 1915 – March 9, 1992) was a Girl Guide during the 1937 Battle of Shanghai who supplied a flag and brought supplies to besieged defenders of the Sihang Warehouse. Her actions proved inspiring to the defenders, who flew the flag the next daybreak in front of thousands of watching eyes across the bank of the Suzhou Creek. Personal life Yang had studied physical education in Shanghai and was a member of the Girl Scouts when the war broke out. Her courageous action during the Defense of Sihang Warehouse made her famous. In 1938, she was sent overseas to raise support and spoke about China's struggle in a number of countries. After the Chinese Civil War, Yang followed the Chiang Kai-shek government to Taiwan. She married National Taiwan University Professor of Physical Education, Zhu Chongming () and had two sons, Zhu Fugui () and Zhu Fuhong (). She worked as a physical education teacher in Taipei. The sons were not aware of their mother's war effort when they studied her role in grade school lessons. Yang died of a stroke on March 9, 1992, at the age of 78. Her involvement in the Sihang Warehouse defense is featured in the 1976 Taiwanese film Eight Hundred Heroes with Brigitte Lin playing her role. She objected to some of the ways in which the film exaggerated her action for dramatic effect. In 2020, Yang is portrayed by Tang Yixin in the Chinese historical war drama The Eight Hundred, which became the second highest-grossing film of 2020.	2.203125
2940678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhousia%20citriodora	Backhousia citriodora	Antimicrobial Lemon myrtle essential oil possesses antimicrobial properties; however, the undiluted essential oil is toxic to human cells in vitro. When diluted to approximately 1%, absorption through the skin and subsequent damage is thought to be minimal. Lemon myrtle oil has a high Rideal–Walker coefficient, a measure of antimicrobial potency. Use of lemon myrtle oil as a treatment for skin lesions caused by molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a disease typically affecting children and immuno-compromised patients, has been investigated. Nine of sixteen patients who were treated with 10% strength lemon myrtle oil showed a significant improvement, compared to none in the control group. A study in 2003 which investigated the effectiveness of different preparations of lemon myrtle against bacteria and fungi concluded that the plant had potential as an antiseptic or as a surface disinfectant, or as an anti-microbial food additive. The oil is a popular ingredient in health care and cleaning products, especially soaps, lotions, skin-whitening preparations and shampoos. Cultivation Lemon myrtle is a cultivated ornamental plant. It can be grown from tropical to warm temperate climates, and may handle cooler districts provided it can be protected from frost when young. In cultivation it rarely exceeds about and usually has a dense canopy. The principal attraction to gardeners is the lemon smell, which perfumes both the leaves and flowers of the tree. Lemon myrtle is a hardy plant, which tolerates all but the poorest drained soils. It can be slow growing but responds well to slow-release fertilisers.	2.703125
2940689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20debranching%20enzyme	Glycogen debranching enzyme	The glycogen debranching enzyme, in humans, is the protein encoded by the gene AGL. This enzyme is essential for the breakdown of glycogen, which serves as a store of glucose in the body. It has separate glucosyltransferase and glucosidase activities. Together with phosphorylases, the enzyme mobilize glucose reserves from glycogen deposits in the muscles and liver. This constitutes a major source of energy reserves in most organisms. Glycogen breakdown is highly regulated in the body, especially in the liver, by various hormones including insulin and glucagon, to maintain a homeostatic balance of blood-glucose levels. When glycogen breakdown is compromised by mutations in the glycogen debranching enzyme, metabolic diseases such as Glycogen storage disease type III can result. The two steps of glycogen breakdown, glucosyltransferase and glucosidase, are performed by a single enzyme in mammals, yeast, and some bacteria, but by two distinct enzymes in E. coli and other bacteria, complicating nomenclature. Proteins that catalyze both functions are referred to as glycogen debranching enzymes (GDEs). When glucosyltransferase and glucosidase are catalyzed by distinct enzymes, glycogen debranching enzyme usually refers to the glucosidase enzyme. In some literature, an enzyme capable only of glucosidase is referred to as a debranching enzyme. Function	2.5625
2940689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20debranching%20enzyme	Glycogen debranching enzyme	Together with phosphorylase, glycogen debranching enzymes function in glycogen breakdown and glucose mobilization. When phosphorylase has digested a glycogen branch down to four glucose residues, it will not remove further residues. Glycogen debranching enzymes assist phosphorylase, the primary enzyme involved in glycogen breakdown, in the mobilization of glycogen stores. Phosphorylase can only cleave α-1,4-glycosidic bond between adjacent glucose molecules in glycogen but branches also exist as α-1,6 linkages. When phosphorylase reaches four residues from a branching point it stops cleaving; because 1 in 10 residues is branched, cleavage by phosphorylase alone would not be sufficient in mobilizing glycogen stores. Before phosphorylase can resume catabolism, debranching enzymes perform two functions: 4-α-D-glucanotransferase (), or glucosyltransferase, transfers three glucose residues from the four-residue glycogen branch to a nearby branch. This exposes a single glucose residue joined to the glucose chain through an α-1,6 glycosidic linkage Amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase (), or glucosidase, cleaves the remaining alpha-1,6 linkage, producing glucose and a linear chain of glycogen. The mechanism by which the glucosidase cleaves the α -1,6-linkage is not fully known because the amino acids in the active site have not yet been identified. It is thought to proceed through a two step acid base assistance type mechanism, with an oxocarbenium ion intermediate, and retention of configuration in glucose. This is a common method through which to cleave bonds, with an acid below the site of hydrolysis to lend a proton and a base above to deprotinate a water which can then act as a nucleophile. These acids and bases are amino acid side chains in the active site of the enzyme. A scheme for the mechanism is shown in the figure. Thus the debranching enzymes, transferase and α-1,6-glucosidase converts the branched glycogen structure into a linear one, paving the way for further cleavage by phosphorylase. Structure and activity	2.359375
2940689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20debranching%20enzyme	Glycogen debranching enzyme	Two enzymes In E. coli and other bacteria, glucosyltransferase and glucosidase functions are performed by two distinct proteins. In E. coli, Glucose transfer is performed by 4-alpha-glucanotransferase, a 78.5 kDa protein coded for by the gene malQ. A second protein, referred to as debranching enzyme, performs α-1,6-glucose cleavage. This enzyme has a molecular mass of 73.6 kDa, and is coded for by the gene glgX. Activity of the two enzymes is not always necessarily coupled. In E. coli glgX selectively catalyzes the cleavage of 4-subunit branches, without the action of glucanotransferase. The product of this cleavage, maltotetraose, is further degraded by maltodextrin phosphorylase. E. coli GlgX is structurally similar to the protein isoamylase. The monomeric protein contains a central domain in which eight parallel beta-strands are surrounded by eight parallel alpha strands. Notable within this structure is a groove 26 angstroms long and 9 angstroms wide, containing aromatic residues that are thought to stabilize a four-glucose branch before cleavage. The glycogen-degrading enzyme of the archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus, treX, provides an interesting example of using a single active site for two activities: amylosidase and glucanotransferase activities. TreX is structurally similar to glgX, and has a mass of 80kD and one active site. Unlike either glgX, however, treX exists as a dimer and tetramer in solution. TreX's oligomeric form seems to play a significant role in altering both enzyme shape and function. Dimerization is thought to stabilize a "flexible loop" located close to the active site. This may be key to explaining why treX (and not glgX) shows glucosyltransferase activity. As a tetramer, the catalytic efficiency of treX is increased fourfold over its dimeric form.	2.28125
2940689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen%20debranching%20enzyme	Glycogen debranching enzyme	One enzyme with two catalytic sites In mammals and yeast, a single enzyme performs both debranching functions. The human glycogen debranching enzyme (gene: AGL) is a monomer with a molecular weight of 175 kDa. It has been shown that the two catalytic actions of AGL can function independently of each other, demonstrating that multiple active sites are present. This idea has been reinforced with inhibitors of the active site, such as polyhydroxyamine, which were found to inhibit glucosidase activity while transferase activity was not measurably changed. Glycogen debranching enzyme is the only known eukaryotic enzyme that contains multiple catalytic sites and is active as a monomer. Some studies have shown that the C-terminal half of yeast GDE is associated with glucosidase activity, while the N-terminal half is associated with glucosyltransferase activity. In addition to these two active sites, AGL appears to contain a third active site that allows it to bind to a glycogen polymer. It is thought to bind to six glucose molecules of the chain as well as the branched glucose, thus corresponding to 7 subunits within the active site, as shown in the figure below. The structure of the Candida glabrata GDE has been reported. The structure revealed that distinct domains in GDE encode the glucanotransferase and glucosidase activities. Their catalyses are similar to that of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase, respectively. Their active sites are selective towards the respective substrates, ensuring proper activation of GDE. Besides the active sites GDE have additional binding sites for glycogen, which are important for its recruitment to glycogen. Mapping the disease-causing mutations onto the GDE structure provided insights into glycogen storage disease type III. Genetic location	2.109375
2940695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic%20Studies	Symphonic Studies	The Symphonic Studies (), Op. 13, is a set of études for solo piano by Robert Schumann. It began in 1834 as a theme and sixteen variations on a theme by Baron von Fricken, plus a further variation on an entirely different theme by Heinrich Marschner. Composition The first edition in 1837 carried an annotation that the tune was "the composition of an amateur": this referred to the origin of the theme, which had been sent to Schumann by Baron von Fricken, guardian of Ernestine von Fricken, the Estrella of his Carnaval Op. 9. The baron, an amateur musician, had used the melody in a Theme with Variations for flute. Schumann had been engaged to Ernestine in 1834, only to break abruptly with her the year after. An autobiographical element is thus interwoven in the genesis of the Études symphoniques (as in that of many other works of Schumann's). Of the sixteen variations Schumann composed on Fricken's theme, only eleven were published by him. (An early version, completed between 1834 and January 1835, contained twelve movements). The final, twelfth, published étude was a variation on the theme from the Romance Du stolzes England freue dich (Proud England, rejoice!), from Heinrich Marschner's opera Der Templer und die Jüdin, which was based on Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (as a tribute to Schumann's English friend, William Sterndale Bennett). The earlier Fricken theme occasionally appears briefly during this étude. The work was first published in 1837 as XII Études Symphoniques. Only nine of the twelve études were specifically designated as variations. The sequence was as follows:	2.265625
2940695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic%20Studies	Symphonic Studies	Character Leaving aside the allusions to Florestan and Eusebius, all of Schumann's proposed titles show some of the essential character of Op. 13's conception. This was of 'studies' in the sense that the term had assumed in Frédéric Chopin's Op. 10, that is to say, concert pieces in which the investigation of possibilities of technique and timbre in writing for the piano is carried out; they are 'symphonic études' through the wealth and complexity of the colours evoked – the keyboard becomes an "orchestra" capable of blending, contrasting or superimposing different timbres. If etudes Nos. 3 and 9 are excluded, where the connection with the theme is tenuous, the etudes are in variation form. It was not the first time that Schumann had tackled variation form. But here the variation principle is used more as free transformation, no longer of an actual theme, but of a musical 'cell' or cells (as for example in the same composer's Carnaval). The Études symphoniques learn the lesson of Beethoven's Diabelli Variations: the theme that acts as a unifying element is amplified and transformed, and becomes the basis from which blossom inventions of divergent expressive character. The work also shows the influence of the Goldberg Variations, most obviously in the use of a pseudo-French overture variation, and in the use of various canonic effects. The highly virtuosic demands of the piano writing are frequently aimed not merely at effect but at clarification of the polyphonic complexity and at delving more deeply into keyboard experimentation. The Etudes are considered to be one of the most difficult works for piano by Schumann (together with his Fantasy in C and Toccata) and in Romantic literature as a whole. Later publication history	2.484375
2940714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS%20Bendigo%20%28J187%29	HMAS Bendigo (J187)	By April 1942, with convoy escorts desperately needed, five of the Australian-built corvettes including Bendigo were assigned to the ANZAC Area covering the eastern approaches to Australia, a zone that was shortly later reorganized into the new Southwest Pacific Area. Operations during this period included convoy duty during the Japanese submarine attacks on Australia's east coast. By September 1942, in the buildup at Port Moresby and Milne Bay in New Guinea escorting convoys and providing antisubmarine patrol. During Operation Lilliput, small convoys from Milne Bay to Oro Bay supporting the campaign at Buna-Gona, she was providing escort for the Dutch ship on 8 March 1943 when that ship came under air attack and was sunk with Bendigo rescuing the survivors. In Operation Accountant, a simultaneous effort with Lilliput to move the United States 162nd Infantry Regiment from Australia to the New Guinea front, the ship was one of four corvettes involved in the New Guinea convoy segment. Bendigo and were escorting convoy OC-86 from Melbourne to Newcastle during 11 April 1943 attack in which the cargo ship Recina was sunk that signalled resumption of submarine activity after a lull. Bendigo was one of the sixteen Australian ships specified in the twenty-four escorts that were to be part of the British Pacific Fleet in a 26 January 1945 in a listing provided by that fleet's commander to Allied forces. By March 1945 Bendigo was operating in the Philippines as part of a task unit of that fleet and took part in the Battle of Okinawa later that month through May 1945. Following the end of the war Bendigo and the other ships of 21st Minesweeping Flotilla along with 22nd Minesweeping Flotilla operated as a minesweeper and anti-piracy patrol vessel in the Hong Kong area before returning to Australia in December 1945. The corvette was awarded the battle honours "Pacific 1942–44", "New Guinea 1942–44", and "Okinawa 1945" for her wartime service.	2.296875
2940730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20assignment	Random assignment	Random assignment or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning human participants or animal subjects to different groups in an experiment (e.g., a treatment group versus a control group) using randomization, such as by a chance procedure (e.g., flipping a coin) or a random number generator. This ensures that each participant or subject has an equal chance of being placed in any group. Random assignment of participants helps to ensure that any differences between and within the groups are not systematic at the outset of the experiment. Thus, any differences between groups recorded at the end of the experiment can be more confidently attributed to the experimental procedures or treatment. Random assignment, blinding, and controlling are key aspects of the design of experiments because they help ensure that the results are not spurious or deceptive via confounding. This is why randomized controlled trials are vital in clinical research, especially ones that can be double-blinded and placebo-controlled. Mathematically, there are distinctions between randomization, pseudorandomization, and quasirandomization, as well as between random number generators and pseudorandom number generators. How much these differences matter in experiments (such as clinical trials) is a matter of trial design and statistical rigor, which affect evidence grading. Studies done with pseudo- or quasirandomization are usually given nearly the same weight as those with true randomization but are viewed with a bit more caution.	3.03125
2940730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20assignment	Random assignment	Benefits of random assignment Imagine an experiment in which the participants are not randomly assigned; perhaps the first 10 people to arrive are assigned to the Experimental group, and the last 10 people to arrive are assigned to the Control group. At the end of the experiment, the experimenter finds differences between the Experimental group and the Control group, and claims these differences are a result of the experimental procedure. However, they also may be due to some other preexisting attribute of the participants, e.g. people who arrive early versus people who arrive late. Imagine the experimenter instead uses a coin flip to randomly assign participants. If the coin lands heads-up, the participant is assigned to the Experimental group. If the coin lands tails-up, the participant is assigned to the Control group. At the end of the experiment, the experimenter finds differences between the Experimental group and the Control group. Because each participant had an equal chance of being placed in any group, it is unlikely the differences could be attributable to some other preexisting attribute of the participant, e.g. those who arrived on time versus late. Potential issues Random assignment does not guarantee that the groups are matched or equivalent. The groups may still differ on some preexisting attribute due to chance. The use of random assignment cannot eliminate this possibility, but it greatly reduces it.	2.859375
2940730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20assignment	Random assignment	To express this same idea statistically - If a randomly assigned group is compared to the mean it may be discovered that they differ, even though they were assigned from the same group. If a test of statistical significance is applied to randomly assigned groups to test the difference between sample means against the null hypothesis that they are equal to the same population mean (i.e., population mean of differences = 0), given the probability distribution, the null hypothesis will sometimes be "rejected," that is, deemed not plausible. That is, the groups will be sufficiently different on the variable tested to conclude statistically that they did not come from the same population, even though, procedurally, they were assigned from the same total group. For example, using random assignment may create an assignment to groups that has 20 blue-eyed people and 5 brown-eyed people in one group. This is a rare event under random assignment, but it could happen, and when it does it might add some doubt to the causal agent in the experimental hypothesis. Random sampling Random sampling is a related, but distinct, process. Random sampling is recruiting participants in a way that they represent a larger population. Because most basic statistical tests require the hypothesis of an independent randomly sampled population, random assignment is the desired assignment method because it provides control for all attributes of the members of the samples—in contrast to matching on only one or more variables—and provides the mathematical basis for estimating the likelihood of group equivalence for characteristics one is interested in, both for pretreatment checks on equivalence and the evaluation of post treatment results using inferential statistics. More advanced statistical modeling can be used to adapt the inference to the sampling method.	2.890625
2940733	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20Savings%20Bond	Canada Savings Bond	The Canada Savings Bond () was an investment instrument offered by the Government of Canada from 1945 to 2017, sold between early October and December 1 of every year. It was issued by the Bank of Canada and was intended to offer a competitive interest rate, and had a guaranteed minimum interest rate. History Canada started selling war bonds (marketed as "Victory Bonds") in 1917 to raise money during World War I for the Allies of World War I. Five bond campaigns were held from 1915 to 1919. To advertise the purchasing of Victory Bonds, the Victory Loan Dominion Publicity Committee created artwork, held parades, and had celebrity endorsements. Community members who bought many Victory Bonds were given a Victory Loan Honour Flag as a token of gratitude. The program was revived for World War II. Canada Savings Bonds were first offered in 1945 in order to replicate the success of Victory Bonds. In 2004, consultants gave the Department of Finance a report suggesting the CSB program be scrapped, giving an overall program cost savings of about $650 million in nine years. Then-finance minister Ralph Goodale rejected the recommendation as the program remained popular, especially with first-time investors, and opted to have the program changed to be more competitive and attract investors. The value of bonds issued declined from $55 billion in 1987 to just over $6 billion in 2015. A government-commissioned study by KPMG in June 2015 recommended cancelling the program. Despite this recommendation, the Department of Finance ruled out cancellation despite the program's estimated $58 million annual cost. As of October 2016, the Liberal government considered ending the program. On March 22, 2017, the federal budget announced its decision to end the sale of new CSBs, saying they would be discontinued in 2017. No further bond purchases will be allowed, however existing bonds will still be honoured until they are redeemed.	2.390625
2940743	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega%20Man%20Soccer	Mega Man Soccer	is a soccer video game for the Super NES. The game is based on the original Mega Man series of action-platform games. Mega Man Soccer was released in Japan on February 17, 1994, and in North America in March of that same year. Mega Man Soccer is a traditional soccer game with exhibition matches, tournaments, and leagues that can be played both single-player and multiplayer depending on the mode. The game features characters and Robot Masters from previous entries in the original Mega Man series. Each character has a unique special shot that will temporarily disable anyone that comes in contact with the ball. This aspect of Mega Man Soccer was met with critical praise, but overall reception has been average, particularly due to its perceived poor play control. Plot Mega Man Soccer is set after Mega Man 4. A televised soccer game is interrupted when an explosion occurs on the field. As the smoke clears, all the players are suddenly replaced with several of Dr. Wily's Robot Masters. Having seen the events occur onscreen, the inventor Dr. Light sends his greatest creation, the hero Mega Man, along with some of his own Robot Masters to stop them. The game has no ending, but one is programmed in that is unused and inaccessible, which seemingly depicts Mega Man's death. Gameplay	2.234375
2940743	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega%20Man%20Soccer	Mega Man Soccer	Mega Man Soccer has four statistics in which characters differ from one another in ability: running, kicking, tackling, and defense. These statistics are displayed on screen when the player is given the chance to set a formation at the beginning of a match, or make substitutions at halftime. Controls in Mega Man Soccer mostly mirror that of a more realistic soccer game. Individual buttons are mapped to shooting, passing, slide tackling opposing players, and headbutting or chestbumping the ball depending on its proximity to the player. The one feature that is decidedly dissimilar to anything in realistic soccer is the inclusion of "special attacks". These shots resemble the abilities used by the characters in other Mega Man games. For example, Cut Man's shot will turn the ball into a pair of cleavers, while Fire Man's shot will set the ball ablaze. Special attacks will temporarily knock down, stun, or otherwise inhibit any character it hits. They generally are much more likely to produce a goal compared to normal shots, but can only be used a few times per game in certain modes. Games consist of two five-minute halves followed by five rounds of penalty kicks if the game remains tied. The clock stops while a goalkeeper has the ball or when the ball is out of bounds.	2.234375
2940747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington%20Welfare%20Rights%20Union	Kensington Welfare Rights Union	The Kensington Welfare Rights Union (KRWU) is a progressive social justice, political action, and advocacy group of, by, and for the poor and homeless operating out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The group was founded by six women, Alexis Baptist, Sandy Brennan, Diane Coyett, Cheri Honkala, Louis Mayberry, and Debra Witzman, and formed in Philadelphia's Kensington neighborhood in April 1991. KWRU is a part of the national organization the Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign, a coalition of grassroots organizations, community groups, and non-profit organizations committed to uniting the poor across color lines as the leadership base for a broad movement to abolish poverty. KWRU is also a member of the steering committee of the A.N.S.W.E.R. coalition. KWRU was written about in the 1997 book Myth of the Welfare Queen by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist David Zucchino. Group activities KWRU often used direct action tactics such as tent cities and housing takeover to provide housing and dramatize the plight of the homeless. In 1994 KWRU organized the takeover of 12 vacant HUD owned homes in Philadelphia to try to call attention to HUD's failed housing policies.	2.140625
2940761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barboursville%2C%20Virginia	Barboursville, Virginia	Government officials, bankers, and land owners made a huge push to plant tobacco at the location of the Barboursville Vineyards. Despite their advice Gianni Zonin, who had been an heir to his family’s wine business in the Veneto, became the owner to the Barbour Plantation in 1976. He dreamed of creating a vineyard on this land despite the fact that Thomas Jefferson attempted the same goal at Monticello and failed for many years. The winery celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2006. In 2007 the vineyard was labeled as one of the best new wine destinations. The region has over 200 wineries and much of their success can be paid to Zonin for starting the business. Four County Players Founded in 1973, Four County Players is Central Virginia’s longest continuously operating community theater. For more than forty years, Four County Players has delighted audiences with a full range of theater experiences. Located in the small village of Barboursville, the theater is the cultural hub for the community, serving as both an artistic and educational center. Four County Players is well-known for its masterful musicals, hilarious comedies, and thought-provoking dramas. The group grew out of an idea shared by Lillian Morse and Bill Thomas: “Creative arts need to be a part of the area’s rural communities.” The theater group officially started in January 1973 when a group of ten people gathered at Morse’s home. They pooled their money for start-up costs, and when the take was tallied, the founders had $70 to launch their new enterprise. The first thing they did was set up theater workshops for children at the Gordonsville Recreational Center. This effort produced many new members and two productions: Switched at the Crossroad and Noah’s Flood.	1.9375
2940761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barboursville%2C%20Virginia	Barboursville, Virginia	Four County Players prides itself in producing quality productions that involve volunteers from the community and keep generations of audiences returning for years. Mining in Barboursville Residents of the Barboursville community (including an historic free town made up of descendants of former enslaved people of surrounding plantations) were threatened in 2001 by a mining operation proposed by General Shale Product Corp. Also threatened were local businesses, including two wineries. The brick-making company wanted to mine 89 acres of a 139-acre plot in Barboursville. This move was crucial to the company’s business due to the fact their site in Somerset would run out of shale at the end of the year. A group called Friends of Barboursville banded together to speak against the mining at two Planning Commission public hearings. The Friends of Barboursville, and others in the community, fought for over 3 years with the brick-making company, and with the county about how shale mining would be detrimental to the community’s progress. A judge dismissed the case in 2003. The case was then taken to the Virginia Supreme Court who, in January 2005, decided in favor of the plaintiffs, the result being that no mining at the site in question was permitted to go forward. Demographics Barboursville first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.	2.015625
2940764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merioola%20Group	Merioola Group	Merioola and the Sydney Charm School Although there was no common style or 'movement' at Merioola, it could be said that its artists were more interested in art as a light-hearted and poetic expression of the spirit and less interested in art as a progressive force. Many of the group had spent long years in the armed services or had been displaced persons as a result of the war in Europe. Artists under the label of the "Merioola Group" exhibited in both Sydney (November 1947) and Melbourne in 1947. The "Sydney Charm School" was another term used synonymously to refer to the Merioola group of artists because they shared a light-hearted, decorative element in their work. The Sydney Charm School included painters William Dobell, Russell Drysdale, Donald Friend, Lloyd Rees, Justin O'Brien, Jean Bellette, Paul Haefliger, David Strachan, Sali Herman, Eric Wilson, Mary Edwell-Burke, Margaret Olley, Roland Strasser, Michael Kmit, Peter Kaiser, Harry Tatlock Miller, Jocelyn Rickards, Adrian Feint, Arthur Fleischmann, Eileen Haxton and applied artists Wallace Thornton, Loudon Sainthill and Wolfgang Cardamatis. Paul Haefliger first used the phrase "Charm School" in 1948 in a review of the work of Jocelyn Rickards. Titled ‘Artist Relies on Charm’, Haefliger's review states that Rickard's work "certainly belongs to the charm-school and, as a substitute, it will carry this young artist quite a distance". Later, the name "The Sydney Charm School" was disparagingly used by Australian Art critic Robert Hughes to describe the Merioola group of artists. He believed that the art made in Sydney in the period circa 1940–1955 was less worthy than the works produced in Melbourne as it was decorative and overly romantic, unlike the "truthful vital energy of Melbourne". Regarding the difference in art expressions between Sydney and Melbourne at that time Donald Friend commented:	2.703125
2940782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notonectidae	Notonectidae	Notonectidae is a cosmopolitan family of aquatic insects in the order Hemiptera, commonly called backswimmers because they swim "upside down" (inverted). They are all predators and typically range from in length. They are similar in appearance to Corixidae (water boatmen), but can be separated by differences in their dorsal-ventral coloration, front legs, and predatory behavior. Their dorsum is convex, lightly colored without cross striations. Their front tarsi are not scoop-shaped and their hind legs are fringed for swimming. There are about 350 species in two subfamilies: Notonectinae with seven genera, and Anisopinae with four genera. Members in the former subfamily are often larger than those in the latter. Backswimmers swim on their backs, vigorously paddling with their long, hair-fringed hind legs and attack prey as large as tadpoles and small fish. They can inflict a painful "bite" on a human being, actually a stab with their sharp tubular mouthparts (proboscis). They inhabit still freshwater, e.g. lakes, ponds, marshes, and are sometimes found in garden ponds and even swimming pools. Although primarily aquatic, they can fly well and so can disperse easily to new habitats. The best-known genus of backswimmers is Notonecta – streamlined, deep-bodied bugs up to long, green, brown, or yellowish in colour. The common backswimmer, N. glauca, is widespread in Europe, including the United Kingdom where it is known as the greater water boatman. Another of the same region, N. maculata, is distinguished by its mottled brick-coloured forewings.	2.671875
2940800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%27%20Church%2C%20Howick	All Saints' Church, Howick	All Saints’ Church is a historic Tudor revival Anglican church located in Howick, Auckland, New Zealand. Constructed in 1847 to a designed from Frederick Thatcher and located on a site picked by Bishop George Augustus Selwyn, it is one of the oldest churches in Auckland and is registered as a category 1 historic building by Heritage New Zealand. Description All Saint's Church is a timber Tudor revival church. It has a unique look due to a duplicated aisle and both a belfry and tower. The church is situated on an elevated position that overlooks the Hauraki Gulf. History In 1847, Howick was established as a fencible settlement. In preparation for the settlement the government gave a grant of an acre to the Anglican Church. Bishop Selwyn picked the site himself and had Frederick Thatcher design it. The church was a prefabricated construction, with this taking place at the nearby St John's College before being moved via boat and later by hand to the site to be put together. It was the first building in Howick to be constructed and was completed before the fencibles arrived. Originally built to a cruciform plan with equal span transepts, chancel and nave, with a tower. In 1862 the church was too small and the aisle was duplicated to extend it. In 1893 a belfry was added separate the existing tower. These modifications give All Saints' Church a unique look. All Saints' Church is the only extant prefabricated Selwyn church.	2.109375
2940807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Teenie%20Weenies	The Teenie Weenies	The Teenie Weenies is a comic strip created and illustrated by William Donahey (19 October 1883 – 2 February 1970). It first appeared in 1914 in the Chicago Tribune and ran for over 50 years. It consisted of normal-size objects intermingled with tiny protagonists. The comic strip characters were two inches tall and lived under a rose bush. They lived with "real world" size materials made from discarded objects like hats, jars, barrels, kegs, and boxes – all of which were gigantic to them. History The strip was inspired by Palmer Cox's The Brownies and was done in the form of text with a single large picture. Unlike the Brownies where the text was written in verse, Donahey wrote in prose. The Teenie Weenies first appeared in black and white in the women's section of the Chicago Tribune on June 14, 1914. This first story was of the Top Hat house burning down. The comic strip ran as a one panel story with a picture until 1923. It then moved to the comics page as a strip cartoon. Color versions soon appeared in the magazine section of the newspaper printed in rotogravure. Donahey drew the comic strip until October 26, 1924, when it was temporarily discontinued. While the newspaper feature was stopped, Donahey's comic characters were used in advertising for Reid, Murdock & Company. Donahey did advertising for them in The Saturday Evening Post and on their Monarch canned foods line. Several books of the strip comic characters were also published by Beckley-Cardey Company and Reilly & Lee. In an effort to stimulate new interest in the Teenie Weenies, Reid, Murdock & Company in 1927 issued an eight-page pamphlet called The Teenie Weenies: Their Book. On September 24, 1933, the daily comic strip was added again to the Chicago Tribune newspaper. It ran for about a year until it was suspended again on December 2, 1934.	2.25
2940815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecovillage%20Training%20Center	Ecovillage Training Center	The Ecovillage Training Center is a "total immersion school" for sustainability. It is located at The Farm, an intentional community/ecovillage in Summertown, Tennessee, USA. The curricula of the center are "holistic and comprehensivist" and foster hands-on learning. Albert Bates, a long-time resident of The Farm, founded the center in July 1994. The original farmhouse was refurbished and renamed "You're Inn at The Farm," to provide accommodation for participants. There are many permaculture design and energy conservation features at the Ecovillage Training Centre that result in a significant reduction in use of resources. These include a 5-kW solar electric system, water catchment, organic gardens, greywater treatment, ponds, wetlands, and natural buildings. In addition to offering ecovillage apprenticeships, the Training Center's curriculum includes: Shiitake Mushroom Growing Basics Solar Installation Alternative Energy Systems Bamboo Cultivation and Construction Ecovillage Design and Permaculture Practicum Natural Building Basics The center is affiliated with the Global Ecovillage Network, Gaia University and local colleges and offers college credit for several of its courses.	2.359375
2940816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Utilities%20Commission	British Columbia Utilities Commission	The British Columbia Utilities Commission (BCUC) is an independent agency of the Government of British Columbia responsible for regulating rates and standards of service quality. The Commission's primary responsibility is the regulation of British Columbia's natural gas and electricity utilities. They also regulate intra-provincial pipelines and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC), a crown corporation responsible for insuring vehicles and operators in the province. Apart from rates and services, the BCUC is also responsible for ensuring that shareholders of utilities are afforded a reasonable opportunity to earn a fair return on their invested capital, that competitive interests are not frustrated, and that government energy policy is practically implemented. In addition, it approves the development of infrastructure planned by utilities and their issuance of securities, establishes tolls and conditions of service for intraprovincial oil pipelines, and has responsibility for electric power transmission facilities and energy supply contracts. The BCUC also reviews energy-related matters referred to it by Cabinet, which usually involve public hearings, followed by a report and recommendations to Cabinet. With respect to ICBC, the Commission is responsible for ensuring that service to basic automobile insurance policyholders is adequate, efficient, just and reasonable, and that ICBC optional insurance is not subsidized by other ICBC operations. The BCUC has quasi-judicial responsibilities, and may make legally binding rulings (subject to court appeal). It is governed by its enabling statute, the Utilities Commission Act, other legislation and regulations including the Administrative Tribunals Act, Pipeline Act, and — with respect to ICBC — provisions of the Insurance Corporation Act. The BCUC works to maintain processes that are fair, transparent and inclusive. The BCUC values input from British Columbians, and is committed to issuing well-reasoned, evidence-based decisions.	2.171875
2940833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Katzbach	Battle of the Katzbach	The Battle of the Katzbach on 26 August 1813, was a major battle of the Napoleonic Wars between the forces of the First French Empire under Marshal MacDonald and a Russo-Prussian army of the Sixth Coalition under Prussian Marshal Graf (Count) von Blücher. It occurred during a heavy thunderstorm at the Katzbach river between Wahlstatt and Liegnitz in the Prussian province of Silesia. Taking place the same day as the Battle of Dresden, it resulted in a Coalition victory, with the French retreating to Saxony. Prelude Blücher ordered the Army of Silesia to advance on 13 August, before the Truce of Pläswitz could conclude on 17 August. In a series of running fights, the Allied army beat back the confused French, who did not anticipate that the Allies would break the armistice so brazenly. These minor victories raised the morale of the inexperienced German levies. On the first day, Blücher and his chief of staff August Neidhardt von Gneisenau became separated and did not issue orders for troop movements until late in the day, slowing down the Allied advance. The French resistance grew in intensity, the Allied night marches multiplied owing to constant combat and delays, and the weather turned atrocious. On 20 August, Blücher's men came face-to-face Napoleon's main army at the Bober river and beat a hasty retreat when the cheers of the French troops announced the arrival of the French emperor. For the next five days, the Silesian Army engaged in a series of fierce and costly rearguard actions against the pursuing French forces, which were personally commanded by Napoleon. Blücher lost 6,000–8,000 men in combat on 21, 22 and 23 August, while French losses since 17 August were about the same. Blücher's army began to fall apart. Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg's corps lost 5,000 men to desertion. The Landwehr militiamen deserted en masse in entire battalions, while the Allied corps commanders complained of the ruin befalling their army thanks to the incompetence of its general staff. Blücher contemplated firing Gneisenau.	2.46875
2940833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Katzbach	Battle of the Katzbach	The two armies stumbled upon one another at 9 am after MacDonald crossed the swollen Katzbach river. A sudden flood cut away many of the bridges and destroyed the fords. In the midst of the confusion and heavy rain, MacDonald seemed to recover first. Although his orders were to defend the flank of Napoleon's main force from Blücher, MacDonald decided to attack. He dispatched two-thirds of his army, about 60,000 men, in an attempt to flank the Russo-Prussian right. But confusion reigned again as the French columns found themselves too far apart to support one another. Blücher ordered his right-wing to advance. The muskets were too wet for firing and the battle was decided with cold steel. The remaining 30,000 men of MacDonald's force, who were supposed to hold down the Coalition forces, were met by a heavy counter-attack by Prussian cavalry. Without support or reinforcement, the French II Cavalry Corps, Brayer's 8th Division from III Corps and Meunier's 2nd brigade were routed at 6.30 pm by Blücher's entire army. The remnants of MacDonald's army retreated, with hundreds drowning in the Katzbach and the Raging Neisse which were in spate. Aftermath Casualties MacDonald's casualties on 26 August are unknown but by 1 September he had lost 30,000 men and 103 guns, including 12,000 killed and wounded and 18,000 captured. Blücher's losses were some 1,000 men killed and wounded in the battle and 22,000 for the campaign. Analysis Beyond the battle losses, the French strategic position had been weakened. Austria might have defected from the Allied coalition after Napoleon's victory at Dresden on 26–27 August. News of Blücher's triumph revitalized the worried Allied leadership. This, coupled with the defeats at Kulm, four days later, and Dennewitz on 6 September, would more than negate Napoleon's victory at Dresden. Because of his victory, Blücher received the title of "Prince of Wahlstatt" on 3 June 1814.	2.40625
2940834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukkwan%20Victory%20Monument	Pukkwan Victory Monument	The Pukkwan Victory Monument (Pukkwan Taech'ŏppi, full name Yumyŏng Chosŏnguk Hamgyŏngdo Imjin Ŭibyŏng Taech'ŏppi, the "Ming-Joseon Hamgyongdo Imjin righteous army victory monument") is a stone stele written in Korean Hanmun commemorating a series of Korean military victories between 1592 and 1594 against the invading army of Japan during the Imjin War. First erected in 1707 in Kilju in what is now North Korea, it was subsequently taken to Japan during the Japanese occupation of Korea during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. It was eventually discovered on the grounds of Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, prompting a Korean outcry that it be returned. In a ceremony on 12 October 2005, it was turned over to officials from South Korea, who returned it to its original location, which is now in North Korea. Creation The Seven-Year War resulted from two Japanese invasions, in 1592 and 1597. The Koreans and their Chinese allies drove back the invasion but the bitter war was a disaster for the country. During the initial invasion, Korean general Jeong Mun-bu formed a volunteer army that won eight victories between 1592 and 1594 against an army of 20,000 Japanese led by General Katō Kiyomasa in the Hamgwallyong Pass area of Hamgyong Province, during Kato's Hamgyong campaign. In 1707, King Sukjong ordered the creation of a monument commemorating the victories. The 187 cm tall and 66 cm wide stela has 1500 characters detailing the actions of the volunteer army. It was erected in Kilju county, North Hamgyong Province, where it stood for the next two hundred years.	2.75
2940834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukkwan%20Victory%20Monument	Pukkwan Victory Monument	Removal to Japan During the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, much of the Korean peninsula was under the occupation of the Imperial Japanese Army. The monument, located at Immyong Station, came to the attention of Major General Ikeda who was stationed in the area. Apparently displeased by it, he allowed Lieutenant General Miyoshi to take the monument home to Japan. It was placed in a Japanese imperial museum before being moved into the woods in the grounds of Yasukuni Shrine, a Shinto shrine honoring Japan's war dead. There it stood in obscurity for three-quarters of a century, forgotten by both the Japanese and Koreans. In 1969, Choe Myo-myeon, the director of the International Institute of Korean Studies in Tokyo came across the monument. In the meantime, Yasukuni Shrine had become a focus of controversy after several Class A war criminals of the Second World War had been honored there. Many Koreans were outraged to learn that a Korean victory monument over a Japanese invasion now stood on the grounds of a Japanese shrine seen as commemorating the militarism that had caused immense suffering in Korea. Negotiations Despite requests by the South Korean government and civic groups that the monument be returned, Japan refused, stating that doing so violated their principle of "separation of religion and politics" and that as the monument originally stood in what was now North Korea, South Korea was not in a position to negotiate its return.	2.609375
2940837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decasyllable	Decasyllable	Decasyllable (Italian: decasillabo, French: décasyllabe, Serbian: десетерац, deseterac) is a poetic meter of ten syllables used in poetic traditions of syllabic verse. In languages with a stress accent (accentual verse), it is the equivalent of pentameter with iambs or trochees (particularly iambic pentameter). Medieval French heroic epics (the chansons de geste) were most often composed in 10 syllable verses (from which, the decasyllable was termed "heroic verse"), generally with a regular caesura after the fourth syllable. (The medieval French romance (roman) was, however, most often written in 8 syllable (or octosyllable) verse.) Use of the 10 syllable line in French poetry was eclipsed by the 12 syllable alexandrine line, particularly after the 16th century. Paul Valéry's great poem "The Graveyard by the Sea" (Le Cimetière marin) is, however, written in decasyllables. Similarly, South Slavic and in particular Serbian epic poetry sung with the accompaniment of the gusle is traditionally sung in the decasyllabic verse. In 19th-century Italian opera, this form was often employed in the libretto. Noting its use in the operas of Giuseppe Verdi, musicologist Philip Gossett describes the composer's request to the librettist for his opera Macbeth, Francesco Maria Piave, as follows: "I'd like to do a chorus as important as the one in Nabucco, but I wouldn't want it to have the same rhythm, and that's why I ask you for ottonari" [8 syllables; and then Gossett continues] "Va, pensiero, sull'ali dorate" from Nabucco, "O Signore del tetto natio" from I Lombardi, and "Si ridesti il Leon di Castiglia" from Ernani all employ the poetic meter of decasillabi.	2.4375
2940855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20Bragg%20grating	Fiber Bragg grating	Archambault et al. showed that it was possible to inscribe gratings of ~100% (>99.8%) reflectance with a single UV pulse in fibers on the draw tower. The resulting gratings were shown to be stable at temperatures as high as 800 °C (up to 1,000 °C in some cases, and higher with femtosecond laser inscription). The gratings were inscribed using a single 40 mJ pulse from an excimer laser at 248 nm. It was further shown that a sharp threshold was evident at ~30 mJ; above this level the index modulation increased by more than two orders of magnitude, whereas below 30 mJ the index modulation grew linearly with pulse energy. For ease of identification, and in recognition of the distinct differences in thermal stability, they labeled gratings fabricated below the threshold as type I gratings and above the threshold as type II gratings. Microscopic examination of these gratings showed a periodic damage track at the grating's site within the fiber [10]; hence type II gratings are also known as damage gratings. However, these cracks can be very localized so as to not play a major role in scattering loss if properly prepared. Grating structure The structure of the FBG can vary via the refractive index, or the grating period. The grating period can be uniform or graded, and either localised or distributed in a superstructure. The refractive index has two primary characteristics, the refractive index profile, and the offset. Typically, the refractive index profile can be uniform or apodized, and the refractive index offset is positive or zero. There are six common structures for FBGs; uniform positive-only index change, Gaussian apodized, raised-cosine apodized, chirped, discrete phase shift, and superstructure. The first complex grating was made by J. Canning in 1994. This supported the development of the first distributed feedback (DFB) fiber lasers, and also laid the groundwork for most complex gratings that followed, including the sampled gratings first made by Peter Hill and colleagues in Australia.	2.09375
2940855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20Bragg%20grating	Fiber Bragg grating	Tilted fiber Bragg gratings In standard FBGs, the grading or variation of the refractive index is along the length of the fiber (the optical axis), and is typically uniform across the width of the fiber. In a tilted FBG (TFBG), the variation of the refractive index is at an angle to the optical axis. The angle of tilt in a TFBG has an effect on the reflected wavelength, and bandwidth. Long-period gratings Typically the grating period is the same size as the Bragg wavelength, as shown above. For a grating that reflects at 1,500 nm, the grating period is 500 nm, using a refractive index of 1.5. Longer periods can be used to achieve much broader responses than are possible with a standard FBG. These gratings are called long-period fiber grating. They typically have grating periods on the order of 100 micrometers, to a millimeter, and are therefore much easier to manufacture. Phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings Phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings (PS-FBGs) are an important class of gratings structures which have interesting applications in optical communications and sensing due to their special filtering characteristics. These types of gratings can be reconfigurable through special packaging and system design. Different coatings of diffractive structure are used for fiber Bragg gratings in order to reduce the mechanical impact on the Bragg wavelength shift for 1.1–15 times as compared to an uncoated waveguide.	2.4375
2940855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20Bragg%20grating	Fiber Bragg grating	Interference This was the first method used widely for the fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings and uses two-beam interference. Here the UV laser is split into two beams which interfere with each other creating a periodic intensity distribution along the interference pattern. The refractive index of the photosensitive fiber changes according to the intensity of light that it is exposed to. This method allows for quick and easy changes to the Bragg wavelength, which is directly related to the interference period and a function of the incident angle of the laser light. Sequential writing Complex grating profiles can be manufactured by exposing a large number of small, partially overlapping gratings in sequence. Advanced properties such as phase shifts and varying modulation depth can be introduced by adjusting the corresponding properties of the subgratings. In the first version of the method, subgratings were formed by exposure with UV pulses, but this approach had several drawbacks, such as large energy fluctuations in the pulses and low average power. A sequential writing method with continuous UV radiation that overcomes these problems has been demonstrated and is now used commercially. The photosensitive fiber is translated by an interferometrically controlled airbearing borne carriage. The interfering UV beams are focused onto the fiber, and as the fiber moves, the fringes move along the fiber by translating mirrors in an interferometer. As the mirrors have a limited range, they must be reset every period, and the fringes move in a sawtooth pattern. All grating parameters are accessible in the control software, and it is therefore possible to manufacture arbitrary gratings structures without any changes in the hardware.	2.125
2940855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20Bragg%20grating	Fiber Bragg grating	Fiber Bragg gratings can then be used as direct sensing elements for strain and temperature. They can also be used as transduction elements, converting the output of another sensor, which generates a strain or temperature change from the measurand, for example fiber Bragg grating gas sensors use an absorbent coating, which in the presence of a gas expands generating a strain, which is measurable by the grating. Technically, the absorbent material is the sensing element, converting the amount of gas to a strain. The Bragg grating then transduces the strain to the change in wavelength. Specifically, fiber Bragg gratings are finding uses in instrumentation applications such as seismology, pressure sensors for extremely harsh environments, and as downhole sensors in oil and gas wells for measurement of the effects of external pressure, temperature, seismic vibrations and inline flow measurement. As such they offer a significant advantage over traditional electronic gauges used for these applications in that they are less sensitive to vibration or heat and consequently are far more reliable. In the 1990s, investigations were conducted for measuring strain and temperature in composite materials for aircraft and helicopter structures. Fiber Bragg gratings used in fiber lasers Recently the development of high power fiber lasers has generated a new set of applications for fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), operating at power levels that were previously thought impossible. In the case of a simple fiber laser, the FBGs can be used as the high reflector (HR) and output coupler (OC) to form the laser cavity. The gain for the laser is provided by a length of rare earth doped optical fiber, with the most common form using Yb3+ ions as the active lasing ion in the silica fiber. These Yb-doped fiber lasers first operated at the 1 kW CW power level in 2004 based on free space cavities but were not shown to operate with fiber Bragg grating cavities until much later.	2.453125
2940858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation	Rejuvenation	Rejuvenation is a medical discipline focused on the practical reversal of the aging process. Rejuvenation is distinct from life extension. Life extension strategies often study the causes of aging and try to oppose those causes in order to slow aging. Rejuvenation is the reversal of aging and thus requires a different strategy, namely repair of the damage that is associated with aging or replacement of damaged tissue with new tissue. Rejuvenation can be a means of life extension, but most life extension strategies do not involve rejuvenation. Historical and cultural background Various myths tell the stories about the quest for rejuvenation. It was believed that magic or intervention of a supernatural power can bring back youth and many mythical adventurers set out on a journey to do that, for themselves, their relatives or some authority that sent them anonymously. An ancient Chinese emperor actually sent out ships of young men and women to find a pearl that would rejuvenate him. This led to a myth among modern Chinese that Japan was founded by these people. In some religions, people were to be rejuvenated after death prior to placing them in heaven. The stories continued well into the 16th century. The Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León led an expedition around the Caribbean islands and into Florida to find the Fountain of Youth. Led by the rumors, the expedition continued the search and many perished. The Fountain was nowhere to be found as locals were unaware of its exact location. Since the emergence of philosophy, sages and self-proclaimed wizards always made enormous efforts to find the secret of youth, both for themselves and for their noble patrons and sponsors. It was widely believed that some potions may restore the youth. Another commonly cited approach was attempting to transfer the essence of youth from young people to old. Some examples of this approach were sleeping with virgins or children (sometimes literally sleeping, not necessarily having sex), bathing in or drinking their blood.	2.59375
2940858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation	Rejuvenation	There have been many experiments which have been shown to increase the maximum life span of laboratory animals, thereby achieving life extension. A few experimental methods such as replacing hormones to youthful levels have had considerable success in partially rejuvenating laboratory animals and humans. A 2011 experiment involved breeding genetically manipulated mice that lacked an enzyme called telomerase, causing the mice to age prematurely and suffer ailments. When the mice were given injections to reactivate the enzyme, it repaired the damaged tissues and reversed the signs of aging. There are at least eight important hormones that decline with age: 1. human growth hormone (HGH); 2. the sexual hormones: testosterone or oestrogen/progesterone; 3. erythropoietin (EPO); 4. insulin; 5. DHEA; 6. melatonin; 7. thyroid; 8. pregnenolone. In theory, if all or some of these hormones are replaced, the body will respond to them as it did when it was younger, thus repairing and restoring many body functions. In line with this, recent experiments show that heterochronic parabiosis, i.e. connecting the circulatory systems of young and old animal, leads to the rejuvenation of the old animal, including restoration of proper stem cell function. Similar experiments show that grafting old muscles into young hosts leads to their complete restoration, whereas grafting young muscles into old hosts does not. These experiments show that aging is mediated by systemic environment, rather than being an intrinsic cell property. Clinical trials based on transfusion of young blood were scheduled to begin in 2014. Another intervention that is gaining popularity is epigenetic reprogramming. Through the use of Yamanaka factors, aged cells can revert to a younger state. It has been demonstrated that reprogramming induces a youthful epigenetic state and can restore vision after injury	2.703125
2940858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation	Rejuvenation	Most attempts at genetic repair have traditionally involved the use of a retrovirus to insert a new gene into a random position on a chromosome. But by attaching zinc fingers (which determine where transcription factors bind) to endonucleases (which break DNA strands), homologous recombination can be induced to correct and replace defective (or undesired) DNA sequences. The first applications of this technology are to isolate stem cells from the bone marrow of patients having blood disease mutations, to correct those mutations in laboratory dishes using zinc finger endonucleases and to transplant the stem cells back into the patients. More recent efforts leverage CRISPR-Cas systems or adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). Enhanced DNA repair has been proposed as a potential rejuvenation strategy. See DNA damage theory of aging. Stem cell regenerative medicine uses three different strategies: Implantation of stem cells from culture into an existing tissue structure Implantation of stem cells into a tissue scaffold that guides restoration Induction of residual cells of a tissue structure to regenerate the necessary body part A salamander can not only regenerate a limb, but can regenerate the lens or retina of an eye and can regenerate an intestine. For regeneration the salamander tissues form a blastema by de-differentiation of mesenchymal cells, and the blastema functions as a self-organizing system to regenerate the limb. Yet another option involves cosmetic changes to the individual to create the appearance of youth. These are generally superficial and do little to make the person healthier or live longer, but the real improvement in a person's appearance may elevate their mood and have positive side effects normally correlated with happiness. Cosmetic surgery is a large industry offering treatments such as removal of wrinkles ("face lift"), removal of extra fat (liposuction) and reshaping or augmentation of various body parts (abdomen, breasts, face).	2.625
2940858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation	Rejuvenation	The biomedical gerontologist Aubrey de Grey has initiated a project, strategies for engineered negligible senescence (SENS), to study how to reverse the damage caused by aging. He has proposed seven strategies for what he calls the seven deadly sins of aging: Cell loss can be repaired (reversed) just by suitable exercise in the case of muscle. For other tissues it needs various growth factors to stimulate cell division, or in some cases it needs stem cells. Senescent cells can be removed by activating the immune system against them. Or they can be destroyed by gene therapy to introduce "suicide genes" that only kill senescent cells. Protein cross-linking can largely be reversed by drugs that break the links. But to break some of the cross-links we may need to develop enzymatic methods. Extracellular garbage (like amyloid) can be eliminated by vaccination that gets immune cells to "eat" the garbage. For intracellular junk we need to introduce new enzymes, possibly enzymes from soil bacteria, that can degrade the junk (lipofuscin) that our own natural enzymes cannot degrade. For mitochondrial mutations the plan is not to repair them but to prevent harm from the mutations by putting suitably modified copies of the mitochondrial genes into the cell nucleus by gene therapy. The mitochondrial DNA experiences a high degree of mutagenic damage because most free radicals are generated in the mitochondria. A copy of the mitochondrial DNA located in the nucleus will be better protected from free radicals, and there will be better DNA repair when damage occurs. All mitochondrial proteins would then be imported into the mitochondria. For cancer (the most lethal consequence of mutations) the strategy is to use gene therapy to delete the genes for telomerase and to eliminate telomerase-independent mechanisms of turning normal cells into "immortal" cancer cells. To compensate for the loss of telomerase in stem cells we would introduce new stem cells every decade or so.	2.359375

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