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13178008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish%20snake	Crayfish snake	The crayfish snake (Liodytes rigida), also known commonly as the glossy crayfish snake, the glossy swampsnake, the glossy water snake, and the striped water snake, is a species of semiaquatic snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, and preys mainly on crayfish. Geographic range L. rigida is found on the coastal plains of both the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast: in eastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, southern Arkansas, Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, northern Florida, southern Georgia, eastern South Carolina, and southeastern North Carolina. There is also a disjunct population in eastern Virginia. Description Adults of L. rigida are on average 16 inches (about 41 cm) in total length (including tail), and are heavy-bodied. The maximum recorded total length for this species is . L. rigida is olive brown dorsally. Additionally, two blackish dorsal stripes may or may not be present. The upper lips (labial scales) are yellow. Ventrally, it is yellow with two parallel series of black spots, which merge anteriorly into a single series. The ventral surface of the tail may have a median black line, or it may be unmarked. The dorsal scales are arranged in 19 rows at midbody. They are strongly keeled, except for the first two rows. The first row (adjacent to the ventrals) is smooth, and the second row is weakly keeled. The ventrals number 132-142. The anal plate is divided. The subcaudals number 51-71, and are divided. Diet L. rigida eats crayfish. Reproduction L. rigida is viviparous. Subspecies Three subspecies of L. rigida are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies. Liodytes rigida deltae – Delta crayfish snake Liodytes rigida rigida – glossy crayfish snake Liodytes rigida sinicola – Gulf crayfish snake Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Liodytes.	2.390625
13178068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20decipiens	Eremophila decipiens	Eremophila decipiens, commonly known as slender fuchsia bush or narrow-leaved fuchsia bush (although it is not closely related to Fuchsia) is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to an area extending from the south-west of Western Australia to southern parts of South Australia. It is low, sprawling shrub with lance-shaped leaves and red, orange or yellow flowers on a long, S-shaped stalk. Description Eremophila decipiens is a low, sprawling shrub with many tangled branches growing to a height of between . The ends of the branches and the leaves are sticky and shiny due to the presence of resin. The leaves are arranged alternately, sometimes densely clustered, sometimes scattered along the stems. They are glabrous, linear to lance-shaped, sometimes with a few irregular teeth on the margins, mostly long and wide. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a S-shaped stalk long and at least twice as long as the longest sepal. There are 5 egg-shaped to triangular, slightly overlapping sepals mostly long which are slightly hairy and sticky. The petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is red, orange or sometimes yellow and lacks spots. The outer surface of the petal tube and lobes are usually glabrous, often sticky while the inside is covered with short hairs. The four stamens extend beyond the end of the tube. Flowering occurs from February to December, although in the Esperance region mostly between July and November. The fruits are dry, cylinder-shaped to almost spherical, glabrous with a papery covering and are long. Eremophila decipiens is sometimes mistaken for Eremophila glabra but the latter species lacks a long, S-shaped flower stalk. Taxonomy The species was first formally described in 1921 by Carl Hansen Ostenfeld in Biologiske meddelelser, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. The specific epithet is from the Latin decipiens, 'deceiving', 'false', referring to the similarity of this species to E. maculata.	2.390625
13178068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20decipiens	Eremophila decipiens	Two subspecies are accepted by the Australian Plant Census: Eremophila decipiens Ostenf. subsp. decipiens that has leaves that are wider than and petals that are glabrous on the outside; Eremophila decipiens subsp. linearifolia (Moore) Chinnock that has leaves that are narrower than and petals that have glandular hairs on the outside. Eremophila decipiens subsp. linearifolia was first formally described as Eremophila maculata var. linearifolia in 1920 by Spencer Le Marchant Moore. It is much less common than subspecies decipiens. The epithet linearifolia is from Latin, meaning 'long narrow leaved'. Distribution and habitat Eremophila decipiens subsp. decipiens occurs throughout the south-west botanical province but also extends north to Wiluna and east across the Nullarbor Plain to the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. Subspecies linearifolia has a more restricted distribution in the eastern wheatbelt and goldfields. Both subspecies grow in a variety of soil types often in Eucalyptus woodland. Ecology Most species of Eremophila are insect pollinated - E.decipiens is one of the 40 or so that are pollinated by birds. Conservation status Eremophila decipiens is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife. Use in horticulture Slender fuchsia bush is a hardy garden plant which will grow in most soils in full sun or partial shade and will tolerate harsh drought conditions or severe frosts. Propagation is very difficult from seed but cuttings strike readily when mist is not used. It is long-lived in the garden and some specimens are more than 30 years old. Older specimens respond well to even heavy pruning.	3.046875
13178082	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20River%20%28Western%20Australia%29	Arthur River (Western Australia)	The Arthur River is located in the south-west of Western Australia. The river was named by Governor James Stirling in October 1835 after Arthur Trimmer, who was a member of the exploring expedition led by Stirling. The headwaters of the Arthur River is located about north of Wagin in the Arthur River Nature Reserve near the small settlement of Arthur River on Albany Highway. The longest tributary of Arthur River is Beaufort River but other tributaries include Hillman River, Kojonup Brook, Narrogin Brook and Yilliminning River. The river flows in a generally south-westerly direction until it meets with the Balgarup River to form the Blackwood River. The river flooded in 1895 following heavy rains when the swollen river rose swiftly causing several near drownings among the settlers who lived along the banks at the township of Arthur River. The bridge near Piesseville was left underwater following heavy rains near Wagin cause the river the rise downstream. More flooding occurred in 1939 rendering the bridge at Arthur River impassable and closing it for two days while repair crews worked to make the bridge usable again.	2.765625
13178095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian%20quilt	Hawaiian quilt	A Hawaiian quilt is a distinctive quilting style of the Hawaiian Islands that uses large radially symmetric applique patterns. Motifs often work stylized botanical designs in bold colors on a white background. Hawaiian quilt appliqué is made from a single cut on folded fabric. Quilting stitches normally follow the contours of the appliqué design. History Hawaiian quilting derives from the kapa moe, an indigenous bed cover textile. Kapa was constructed from the inner bark of local trees. Traditional kapa was beaten and felted, then dyed in geometric patterns. Quilting may have begun in the Hawaiian islands with the arrival of missionaries and Western fabrics in the 1820s. The climate of Hawaii is unsuitable for cotton cultivation and kapa is unsuitable for quilting so all Hawaiian quilts are constructed from imported material. The earliest written reference comes from Isabella Bird who visited Hawaii in 1870 and wrote a travelogue Six Months in the Sandwich Islands. Flag quilts Another Hawaiian quilt style is the Hawaiian flag quilt, also known as Ku’u Hae Aloha ("My Beloved Flag" or "Lost Beloved Flag") quilts. The typical flag quilt includes four Hawaiian flags surrounding the coat of arms of the Hawaiian Royal Family or crown. Flag quilts combine pieced work with appliquéd motifs, unlike other traditional Hawaiian quilts, which do not use pieced work. Flag quilts may have originated as early as 1843, when Lord George Paulet claimed the Hawaiian Islands for the British and ordered all Hawaiian flags destroyed. Many of these flag quilts date back to the overthrow of the monarchy, when displaying the Hawaiian flag was considered treason. Quilts bearing symbols of the monarchy were a form of silent resistance. Other styles Hawaiian quilters have also made quilts using other styles and techniques, such as embroidery and crazy quilting. The most famous Hawaiian crazy quilt is the one made by Queen Liliuokalani during her internment after the overthrow of the monarchy.	2.828125
13178100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20eriocalyx	Eremophila eriocalyx	Eremophila eriocalyx, commonly known as desert pride, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with greyish leaves, very hairy sepals and petals that range in colour from white to yellow, sometimes pink or purple. Description Eremophila eriocalyx is an erect, sometimes spindly shrub, usually growing to a height of between with branches that are covered with white or yellowish hairs. The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches and are linear to lance-shaped with the edges thickened and turned under. They are mostly long and wide and covered with soft, white hairs. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a hairy stalk usually long. There are 5 hairy green to reddish-purple sepals which are mostly long. The petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a tube. They are a shade of cream to yellow, white or sometimes purple to pinkish-purple. The petal tube is mostly covered with glandular hairs except for the inner side of the petal lobes. The inside of the tube is filled with woolly hairs. The 4 stamens are enclosed in the petal tube sometimes equalling it in length. Flowering occurs from August to October and is followed by fruits which are oval-shaped, have distinct ribs, are glabrous and long. Taxonomy and naming The species was first formally described in 1859 by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. His description was based on plant material collected by Augustus Frederick Oldfield near the Murchison River. The specific epithet (eriocalyx) is derived from the ancient Greek erion (ἔριον), "wool" and kalyx (κάλυξ), "calyx", and "refers to the distinctive woolly sepals". Distribution and habitat Desert pride is widespread from the coast of Western Australia between Geraldton and Kalbarri and eastwards to near the Plumridge Lakes. It grows in a wide range of soils, often in mulga woodland.	2.5625
13178114	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20cuneifolia	Eremophila cuneifolia	Eremophila cuneifolia, commonly known as pinyuru, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to the north-west of Western Australia. It is a spreading, sticky shrub with wedge-shaped leaves, coloured sepals and usually deep purple flowers. Description Eremophila cuneifolia is a spreading shrub growing to a height of between with hairy branches and with branches and leaves that are thickly covered with sticky, shiny resin. The leaves are arranged alternately and clustered near the ends of the stems, mostly long, about wide, wedge-shaped or heart-shaped but with a distinct small point at the tip. They are thick and stiff and the top surface of the leaves is glabrous while the lower surface is hairy. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on hairy stalks long. There are five cream-coloured to pale reddish-purple, slightly overlapping, egg-shaped sepals differing in size from each other but mostly long. The petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is usually deep purple on the outside, sometimes paler, and white inside with purple spots. There are scattered hairs on the outside of the tube and on the lobes but the tube is filled with long, soft hairs. The four stamens are fully enclosed within the tube. Flowering occurs mostly from June to October and is followed by fruits which are oval to cone-shaped, shiny and long. Taxonomy and naming The species was first formally described by Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin in 1929 and the description was published in Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis Beihefte. The type specimen was collected by the explorer Charles Crossland, near Mount Hale on the upper reaches of the Murchison River, about west north west of Meekatharra. The specific epithet (cuneifolia) is from the Latin words cuneus meaning "wedge" and folium meaning "a leaf".	2.5
13178117	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20denticulata	Eremophila denticulata	Eremophila denticulata, also known as toothed eremophila, toothed poverty bush and Fitzgerald eremophila, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with red flowers and leaves that have toothed margins. Description Eremophila denticulata is an erect shrub growing to tall with shiny, sticky branches and leaves due to the presence of resin. The leaves are arranged alternately and are mostly long, wide, elliptic to lance-shaped, deep green in colour and have edges that are usually toothed. Young leaves are often very sticky. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a stalk long. There are 5 lance-shaped, pointed, greenish-coloured sepals which are long and slightly sticky. The petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a tube. The flower buds are orange-coloured but the open flower is bright red, rarely yellow. The petal tube is usually mostly covered with glandular hairs but the inside of the tube and the lower lobe have longer, softer hairs. The 4 stamens extend beyond the end of the petal tube. Flowering occurs from August to February and is followed by fruits which are dry, oval shaped with a pointed end, have a papery covering and are long. Taxonomy and naming The species was first formally described in 1859 by Ferdinand von Mueller in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. In 2007, Robert Chinnock described two subspecies of E. denticulata and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census: Eremophila denticulata F.Muell. subsp. denticulata which has leaves that are long and fruit that have a prominent point; Eremophila denticulata subsp. trisulcata Chinnock which has leaves that are smaller ( long) and fruit that have a blunt end. The specific epithet is derived from the "Latin denticulata, finely dentate, very small teeth." The epithet trisulcata is derived from the "Latin trisulcata, three-furrowed".	2.1875
13178117	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20denticulata	Eremophila denticulata	Distribution Eremophila denticulata subsp. denticulata occurs near Ravensthorpe. There is a record by "Black" in South Australia but this report has not been accepted. Eremophila denticulata subsp. trisulcata occurs near Mount Buraminya and Mount Ragged in the Cape Arid National Park. Ecology Eremophila denticulata is pollinated by birds. Subspecies trisulcata becomes rare in its range when not disturbed. After fire, the number of individual plants increases dramatically. Conservation status Both subspecies of Eremophila densifolia are classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). An Interim Recovery Plan has been prepared for subspecies trisulcata. Use in horticulture Toothed poverty bush is well known in cultivation. It is suitable for larger gardens, especially where fast growth is required but is inclined to break branches in windy locations. It is difficult to propagate from seed but easily grown from cuttings. In high rainfall areas it is preferable to graft onto Myoporum species. It will grow well in most soils and is both drought and frost tolerant.	1.96875
13178130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20dichroantha	Eremophila dichroantha	Eremophila dichroantha, also known as bale-hook eremophila, is species of a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with many ascending branches making the plant appear broom-like. It has small, hooked leaves and small, though abundant, violet to lilac-coloured flowers. Description Eremophila dichroantha is an erect shrub with many ascending branches which, although glabrous, have many raised glands. It grows to a height of and the ends of the branches and younger leaves are shiny and sticky due to the presence of resin. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems and are linear to almost needle-shaped, mostly long, about wide with a curved, hooked tip on the end. The flowers are borne in groups of 3 to 5 in leaf axils on a stalk which is long and sticky when young. There are 5 overlapping, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, brownish sepals which are long. The sepals are glabrous except for the long hairs on their edges, are sticky and remain on the plant long after flowering has finished. The petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a tube. They are a shade of violet to lilac-coloured, rarely white on the outside and white with violet spots inside the tube. The petal lobes are hairy on the outside and have short, flattened hairs on the inside. The petal tube is mostly glabrous on the outside while the inside of the tube is filled with long, spidery hairs. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs from August to November and is followed by fruit which are oval-shaped, hairy and long. Taxonomy and naming The species was first formally described in 1904 by Ludwig Diels in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. The specific epithet (dichroantha) is derived from the Ancient Greek words δίχρως (díkhrōs) meaning “two-coloured” and ἄνθος (ánthos) meaning “flower”.	2.609375
13178137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20clarkei	Eremophila clarkei	Eremophila clarkei, commonly known as turpentine bush, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. It is a shrub which is variable in form, but usually with narrow leaves and white or pale pink flowers. It is similar to Eremophila georgei and Eremophila granitica. Description Eremophila clarkei is an erect shrub growing to a height of between and wide with branches that are flattened near their tip, glabrous and very sticky due to the presence of resin. The leaves are dark green, widely spaced and arranged alternately along the stems, linear to narrow elliptic in shape and mostly long and wide. The leaf margins may be smooth, wavy or toothed. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on an s-shaped, flattened stalk which is long. There are 5 linear, green to purple sepals differing slightly in length, long and lance-shaped. The petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is white, pink, mauve or purple. The outside of the tube and petal lobes are hairy while the inner surface of the lobes is glabrous and the inside of the tube is filled with woolly hairs. The lowest petal lobe covers the opening of the petal tube. Flowering occurs from March to October and is followed by fruits which are dry, woody oval to cone-shaped and long. Taxonomy and naming Eremophila clarkei was first formally described by Augustus Frederick Oldfield and Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 and the description was published in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. The type specimen was collected by Oldfield "near the mouth of the Murchison River". The specific epithet (clarkei) honours William Clark, a patron of botanical collecting who supported the expedition during which the type collection was made.	2.265625
13178144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20maitlandii	Eremophila maitlandii	Eremophila maitlandii, commonly known as Shark Bay poverty bush, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a silvery-grey shrub with linear leaves and lilac-coloured to light purple flowers and is common in coastal areas between Shark Bay and Carnarvon. Description Eremophila maitlandii is an erect shrub or small tree growing to a height of . Its branches and leaves are covered with a layer of grey or yellowish branched hairs. The leaves are clustered near the ends of the branches and are linear to elliptic in shape, tapering towards both ends and are mostly long, wide with a prominent mid-vein on the lower surface. The flowers are borne singly or in pairs in leaf axils on hairy stalks which are . There are 5 green, hairy, lance-shaped sepals which are long but which enlarge after flowering. The petals are long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is lilac-coloured to purple on the outside and lighter with faint lilac spots inside. The petal tube and lobes are mostly glabrous except that the inside of the tube is filled with long, soft hairs. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs from May to December and the fruits which follow are cone-shaped with a pointed end, glabrous and long. Taxonomy and naming Eremophila maitlandii was first formally described in 1870 by botanist George Bentham in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (maitlandii) honours Maitland Brown. Distribution and habitat Shark Bay poverty bush is common between Shark Bay and Carnarvon, often growing on coastal sand dunes but grows inland as far as the Kennedy Range in the Carnarvon, Gascoyne, Geraldton Sandplains, Murchison and Yalgoo biogeographic regions. Conservation status Eremophila maitlandii is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.	2.25
13178151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Betancourt	Ana Betancourt	On 9 July 1871, she and her husband were taken by surprise by the Spanish forces. Utilizing quick thinking, Betancourt was able to save her husband but arthritis in her legs made it impossible to escape. She was kept outdoors under a tree for three months until she escaped captivity in 1871. She hid in Havana but was then exiled to Mexico. Betancourt then spent time in New York where she visited Ulysses Grant, to ask the US to pardon imprisoned Cuban medical students. She then lived in Jamaica, where in 1875 she heard that her husband had been executed. Following her escape she never saw la Pera again. She was to return to Cuba following his death. She eventually left Cuba again, visiting New York and then settling in Spain. She transcribed her husband's war time journal and kept active correspondence with Cuban patriots up until her death. At the age of 69 she was about to return to her native country but contracted fulminating bronchopneumonia and died before she could begin her journey. She died in 1901. Cuba was occupied by the US at time and her remains were unable to be sent to Cuba until 1978. She was then buried in the pantheon of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, in the Cemetery Colón in Havana. After this honor, a mausoleum was erected for her in Guáimaro, the site of her famous speech. She remains there to this day.	2.671875
13178152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila%20fraseri	Eremophila fraseri	Eremophila fraseri, commonly known as burra or jilarnu, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a shrub or small tree with all above-ground parts of the plant, apart from the petals, sticky and shiny due to the presence of a large amount of resin. The petals are coloured white, cream, pink and brown. Description Eremophila fraseri is an erect shrub or small tree, usually growing to a height of between . The branches, leaves, sepals and flower stalks are glabrous and thickly covered with resin making them very sticky and shiny. The leaves vary in size and shape, depending on subspecies, from lance-shaped to egg-shaped. They have a stalk mostly long and a leaf blade mostly long and wide. The flowers are usually borne singly in leaf axils on a stalk, long. There are 5 reddish-purple sepals which differ from each other in size and shape. The largest sepal is long and is egg-shaped while the smallest ones are long and are narrow egg-shaped to lance-shaped. The petals are mostly long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is brown and the petal lobes on its end are whitish to pale lilac often spotted brown or purple. The inside and outside of the petal tube are hairy, especially the inside of the tube and the petal lobes on the sides are bent back over the petal tube. The 4 stamens extend beyond the end of the petal tube. Flowering occurs from March to November and is followed by fruits which are dry, sticky, oval shaped with a pointed end and long. Taxonomy and naming The species was first formally described in 1881 by Ferdinand von Mueller and the description was published in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. The specific epithet (fraseri) honours Sir Malcolm Fraser, the Surveyor-General of Western Australia from 1872 to 1883.	2.546875
13178307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet%20270	Bréguet 270	The Bréguet 270 was a sesquiplane military reconnaissance aircraft designed and produced by the French aircraft manufacturer Breguet. It was designed in response to a requirement released by the Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) for a new twin-seat observation aircraft. This clean-sheet aircraft featured unusual fuselage that ended abruptly, aft of the two open cockpits, while the empennage was mounted on a boom behind the fuselage. It performed its maiden flight on 23 February 1929. In addition to its adoption by the Armée de l'Ai, it was also sold on the export market to both Venezuela and China. Design and development The Bréguet 27 was designed in response to a 1928 request for proposals issued by the Armée de l'Air that sought a new two-seat observation aircraft to replace the Bréguet 19. Bréguet decided to produce a new aircraft to submit for this requirement. This design, which was of a large all-metal sesquiplane, made extensive use of high-tensile steel for all stressed elements of the structure, a choice that represented a considerable departure from accepted practice of the era; the Bréguet 27 would be the first aircraft to employ such construction. The prototype exhibited mediocre performance during flight trials. Nonetheless, the French military opted to place orders for 85 aircraft in 1930 and a further 45 in 1932, this latter batch having a more powerful engine fitted. Two high-altitude reconnaissance versions were also built as the Breguet 33, but these did not lead to further production.	2.28125
13178307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet%20270	Bréguet 270	Design The Bréguet 270 was a twin-seat sesquiplane military reconnaissance aircraft that featured a somewhat unorthodox design. Its structure was entirely rigid, lacking any internal or external bracing wires or rods and thus excluding rigging. All stressed structural members were composed of high-tensile steel, while secondary members, such as coverings, cowlings, and formers were typically composed of light alloys instead. Light alloys had been intentionally avoided for primary structures due to its mechanical properties. One key advantage of this structural approach was to permit the size of the fuselage to be minimised considerably which, amongst other benefits, impinged less upon the range of both vision and fire of the observer, although visibility for the pilot remained broadly similar to that of conventional aircraft. Despite its unorthodox nature, evaluation of the design proved that the Bréguet 270's aerodynamic efficiency was equal to that of most conventional aircraft of the era. The various parts of the aircraft were typically assembled using riveting, which studies has determined to be the preferential method; exceptions were occasionally made in order to make disassembly of the overall aircraft practical, thus in such circumstances bolts were used instead. Neither studs or welding were used in the construction process. All parts were designed to facilitate automatic riveting by machine while the number of rivets was reduced to a minimum via the use of processes such as the corrugating of sheet metal and the rolling of edges in order that riveted stiffeners could be dispensed with. Seeking to ease the tasks of maintenance, repairs, and replacement, the assembly of the aircraft was deliberately shaped so to maximise interchangeability and standardise elements such pins and bolts. Permanent jigs were used for all subassemblies.	2.640625
13178307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet%20270	Bréguet 270	Being a sesquiplane, the lower wing of the Bréguet 270 was considerably smaller than the upper wing, accounting for only 17.6 per cent of the total area. Despite this, the lower wing was the centre point of the aircraft's structure, and thus had immense strength. Being a single-piece unit, it comprised a single spar of box construction composed of steel. It featured flanges made from large drawn plates with reinforcing corrugations joined by sheet webs stiffened in a similar manner. Internal frames of stamped steel provided considerable strength while the ribs, composed of sheet steel, featured rolled-edge lightening holes, slid on the spar and secured by riveted steel fittings. The wing covering was composed of duralumin sheeting that ran lengthwise between two adjacent ribs and riveted along the edges of the latter through an interposed inverted U-shaped strips of duralumin. Attachments for steel fittings at each end of the spar were provided for the wing struts. In addition to its primary aerodynamic purpose, the lower wing served various secondary purposes. Its internal space accommodated, amongst other things, a total of four fuel tanks; for greater fuel capacity, the leading edge on either side could be replaced by a tank that had an identical external shape. The lower wing also bared a 'backbone' that substitutes for a conventional fuselage as well as the undercarriage. This undercarriage, which was directly mounted onto the lower wing's single spar, comprised two completely independent wheels without any kind of leg or strut. Instead, a relatively sturdy bracket, akin to the head lug of a motorcycle, that received the upper end of the fork supporting the wheel was used. The bracket incorporated a oleo-pneumatic shock absorber, the design of which Bréguet secured a patent on, as well as a special type of wheel bearing. The relatively large track of the undercarriage made contract between the ground and a wing tip reasonably implausible while air resistance was also reduced to a minimum.	2.515625
13178307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet%20270	Bréguet 270	The structure of the upper wing comprised two identical I-shaped steel spars with corrugated sheet steel webs and butterfly drawn profiles as flanges. It was free of compression tubes, except where struts joined with the spars. The upper wing was supported via struts attached to the tips of the lower wings in addition to the central cabane. The bracing members comprised two channel steel profiles that were riveted together back to back and disposed at right angles. It was strengthened using ribs, the majority of which were composed of duralumin while a minority of master ribs were composed of steel instead. A third false spar, composed of duralumin, was used to anchor the ailerons. These ailerons were divided into two portions, one of which was elastically mounted in such a manner that the effort required by the pilot was relatively uniform. Actuation of the ailerons was achieved via a series of toothed rods. As a result of the unusual strut arrangement used, the upper wing's incidence could be adjusted relatively easily via the use of a special spanner.	2.265625
13178307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet%20270	Bréguet 270	The aircraft's backbone is composed of two distinct parts, a central box and the tail boom; the former consisted of a steel beam of a small cross-section, attached at its forward end to the central box and resting directly on the lower wing, to which is bolted to the detachable engine unit. The cockpits formed an independent unit that was superimposed upon the central box to form, together with the engine cowling, the bodywork of the aircraft. Various different types of bodies, furnished with appropriate equipment for the mission to which the aircraft was to be tasked, with were available. The demountable body housing the pilot and observer's cockpits was of light duralumin construction; access to both cockpits was acquired via doors that were mounted so that they could be rapidly dropped mid-flight by merely knocking a lever so that emergency egress via parachute was as easy as possible for both crew. The pilot's cockpit was relatively roomy and comfortable; all instrumentation was conveniently placed while a curved windshield protected the occupant from external weather conditions. The observer's cockpit, which was also provided with a windshield, had a camera mounting installed in front of it, which, in combination with sliding apertures in the bodywork, facilitated convenient photography from both vertical and oblique orientations.	2.640625
13178324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaejos	Alaejos	Alaejos is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2011 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,467 inhabitants. History Even though the origins of the town remain uncertain, it is known that it was part of the old province of Toro. Its name around the 12th and 13th century was Falafeios. One theory says that it might have been founded by the Castilian monarchs as a hamlet in the reconquered territories during the Reconquista. By the mid-14th century, the village had been sold to Medina del Campo by Diego Fernández de Medina. It was a jurisdictional dominion by the Bishop of Ávila, Alfonso de Fonseca, until the 19th century. During the 15th century, Doña Juana de Portugal (Enrique IV's wife) was imprisoned in the castle of Alaejos. In 1520, the comuneros destroyed a large part of the town. In 1595 it joined Valladolid's Bishopric, even though it kept being part of the Province of Segovia. By year 1785, the Royal Economical Society of Charity (Real Sociedad Caritativo Económica) was founded in the town as a part of the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment, which promoted several very advanced economic, social and educational activities for the childhood and the youth of the town. The town was declared Conjunto Histórico-Artístico (the equivalent to Heritage Preservation) in 1980. Trivia Alaejos is the antipode of the capital of New Zealand, Wellington.	2.171875
13178402	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northpoint%20Training%20Center	Northpoint Training Center	Northpoint Training Center is a medium-security prison located in unincorporated Boyle County, Kentucky, with a Burgin postal address, and near Danville. It opened in 1983 and had a prison capacity of 1,256 as of 2006. History Northpoint was originally constructed as a state mental hospital called Kentucky State Hospital. From 1941 to 1946, the U.S. Army controlled the facilities and renamed it Darnell Hospital. It was used to provide care for soldiers suffering from psychiatric illness and to contain German prisoners of war (POWs). In 1946, the hospital was returned to state control for the sum of $1. The facilities were again operated as the Kentucky State Hospital until 1977. From July 1977 through February 1983, the Kentucky Bureau of Social Services operated the facilities as the Danville Youth Development Center, a youth center for juvenile offenders. In January 1983, the Kentucky Department of Corrections received control of the property and renamed it Northpoint Training Center. It was intended as a minimum-security institution for fewer than 500 inmates, but quickly changed to a medium-security institution with a proposed population of approximately 700 inmates. Status Northpoint consists of and approximately 50 structures. It has a bed capacity of 1,256 inmates, consisting of 1,108 general population medium-security beds, 60 special management beds, and 40 minimum-security beds. General population inmates are housed in six open-bay dormitories. Restricted Housing Unit inmates are housed in single cells in a 60-bed structure separated from the main compound. The perimeter of the secure compound is a double fence high, with razor wire on the bottom and top. The inner perimeter fence has a sensor system that alerts the main control in the event of contact, four armed-wall-towers, an outside patrol, and a control center. Minimum-Security inmates are housed in two structures outside the secure perimeter.	2.109375
13178457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiel%20de%20Duero	Curiel de Duero	Curiel de Duero is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. It covers an area of 18,75 km2, has a population of 134 inhabitants, yielding a density of 6,93 inhabitants/km2. It belongs to the Valle del Cuco and the county (Spanish: Comarca) of Campo de Peñafiel. The municipalities of San Llorente, Corrales de Duero, Valdearcos de la Vega, and Bocos de Duero also belong to the Valle del Cuco. Roturas, that borders north to Curiel De Duero, historically also belonged to Curiel, but has in modern times not been included into the Valle del Cuco county. In 1900, Curiel had its peak of 590 inhabitants. The economy is based on agricultural dryland farming, vineyards, and domestic sheep keeping. Curiel has several wineries, belonging to the Denominación de Origen Ribera del Duero. History Curiel was the capital (Spanish: Cabecera) of the Villa y Tierra community of Curiel in the historic autonomous community, Castilian Extremadura. It also has been known as "Curiel of the Garlics" (Spanish: Curiel de Los Ajos) due to the quality of its garlic plantations. Please refer to the Autonomous community of villa and tierra of Curiel. Curiel de Duero has an historic connection to the Sephardi Jewish family: Curiel and various other Muslim and Sephardi families. The castle located at Curiel is the oldest fortress in the province of Valladolid, dating from the seventh century. It was first mentioned in writing in the eleventh century.	2
13178479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville%20Clock	Louisville Clock	The Louisville Clock (often called the Derby Clock) was a high ornamental clock that was formerly located on Fourth Street in Louisville, Kentucky. It was designed in the appearance like a gigantic wind-up toy, incorporating themes of Kentucky culture, especially the Kentucky Derby horse race. Eight ornamental columns supported an elevated 5-lane race track. At noon each day, a bugle would announce the beginning of a race between five hand-carved statues of figures with local significance: George Rogers Clark, Daniel Boone, Thomas Jefferson, King Louis XVI of France, and the Belle of Louisville. Several mechanized sculptures of notable past Louisvillians watched from above in a Victorian-esque gazebo: Mary Anderson, D.W. Griffith, Zachary Taylor, Henry Watterson, and the trumpeter Oliver Cooke. In 2015, it was dismantled and moved into indefinite storage. History In 1970, Barney Bright was commissioned to create a major landmark for the city to be located in the new River City Mall development (later the Louisville Galleria, and then Fourth Street Live!). Funds were not allocated initially and River City Mall opened with the space intended for the clock sitting empty. In 1974, former mayor Wilson W. Wyatt found funding and formed a committee that selected Barney Bright of Louisville to design the clock. Construction began immediately and the clock was dedicated on December 3, 1976, before a crowd of 3,000 people. However the final result was scaled back considerably due to cost. The clock suffered from mechanical problems and was frequently out of order. The city ended up paying over $20,000 a year in maintenance costs. When the Louisville Galleria opened in 1981, the clock had to be moved a block south to Guthrie Street. Later in 1986 the clock was relocated to the Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center, but the city stopped making repairs and it sat inactive for years before being removed in 1993. Its new location the Kentucky Derby Museum and there it would remain in pieces in storage for several years.	2.546875
13178486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Scudder%20Page	Thomas Scudder Page	Thomas Scudder Page (April 19, 1800 – April 17, 1877) was Kentucky's first elected auditor of public accounts, and the first elected official to be tried for corruption in that state. Biography He was born in New York City, and moved to Kentucky in 1817. He became a clerk with the Land Office and in 1839 was appointed auditor by Governor James Clark. Under Kentucky's third constitution, auditor became an elected position. Page was elected in 1851 as a Whig and in 1855 with the Know Nothing party. He required official collectors of funds to deposit their collections with the Auditor's office, rather than the state treasurer directly, and in 1859 was sued for corruption by the state for embezzling $88,927 (~$ in ). Page declared bankruptcy in 1863. In 1867, he was ordered by the legislature to repay the state $88,000, plus interest and court costs. The case was settled by special act of the legislature that year, with Page agreeing to repay half. He lived the remaining 10 years of his life in destitution in Frankfort, and was buried in Frankfort Cemetery.	1.976563
13178499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20von%20Hoerner	Sebastian von Hoerner	Sebastian Rudolf Karl von Hoerner (15 April 1919 – 7 January 2003) was a German astrophysicist and radio astronomer. He was born in Görlitz, Lower Silesia. During WW II, Von Hoerner served in the German Army on the Eastern Front. A bullet struck a pair of binoculars he was wearing on a strap around his neck, ricocheted up and blinded him in one eye. He was sent to Germany to recover and was there when the Front collapsed. After the end of World War II he studied physics at University of Göttingen. He obtained his doctorate at the same university in 1951 as Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Together they conducted simulations that studied the formation of stars and globular clusters. He continued this work at Astronomical Calculation Institute (University of Heidelberg) with Walter Fricke. He obtained his habilitation in 1959 at the University of Heidelberg. In 1962 he moved to National Radio Astronomy Observatory (Green Bank, West Virginia), where he collaborated, inter alia, with Frank Drake. He worked there, among others on the analysis of work and technical optimization of radio telescopes. His research led to the development of a new method for the construction of radio telescopes, homology, later used in the construction of many of them. During this time, he was actively involved in discussions on SETI, the number of advanced civilizations in the galaxy, and the possibilities interstellar travels. He was skeptical on these issues.	2.515625
13178499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20von%20Hoerner	Sebastian von Hoerner	In 1961, he published an article in which he was not optimistic about the survival time of species using machines. At the outset, he noted that the current state of mind (primacy of science, developing technology, searching for interstellar communication) is just one of many possibilities and in the future it can be replaced by other interests. Moreover, according to him, the progress of science and technology on Earth was driven by two factors – the struggle for domination and the desire for an easy life. The former leads to complete destruction, the latter to biological or psychical degeneration. Von Hoerner assumed that any civilization must disappear after some time and listed 4 possible causes of such a catastrophe: total destruction of life on the planet destroying only intelligent beings mental or physical degeneration loss of scientific and research interests (related to cause 3.) He estimated the average duration of civilization at 6,500 years. He suggested the succession of technological species on a given planet over a time distance of hundreds of millions of years, and each habitable planet (one in 3 million stars) during its existence "produces" an average of 4 technological species. With these assumptions, the average distance between civilizations in the Milky Way is 1,000 light-years. Von Hoerner's calculations also show that the probability of establishing first contact with a civilization in the same phase of development as the earthly one is 0.5%. The most likely such contact is with a civilization that will be 12,000 years old and with a 75% probability that it will not be the first civilization on this planet. Hoerner died in Esslingen am Neckar, Baden-Württemberg, at age 83. His daughter, Hanna von Hoerner, was also an astrophysicist.	2.53125
13178500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Jay%20Park	John Jay Park	John Jay Park is a park in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is located between East 76th and 78th Streets, and between the FDR Drive and a short street called Cherokee Place, on Manhattan's Upper East Side. The park is named for statesman and New York Governor John Jay. In 1902 the city acquired through condemnation a parcel of land at the site of the park and opened a public bath house in 1906. A swimming pool and promenade was built nearby from 1940 to 1942, part of a Work Projects Administration construction program. In 1941 the bath house was renovated to include an auditorium, recreation room, gym, and changing facility which could accommodate 1,002 male and 590 female bathers. In 2010, a substantial upgrade was completed on the bath house, allowing visitors who are disabled to have full access to the facilities. A large playground occupies almost half of the park's total acreage. The remaining half has basketball courts, handball courts, tennis court, and the pool and bath house. The park is used for physical education classes by Eleanor Roosevelt High School, Lycée Français de New York, P.S. 158, and M.S. 177. It used to house East Side Middle School students until the school moved further uptown.	2.375
13178502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%27s%20Imperial%20Conspiracy	Japan's Imperial Conspiracy	Japan's Imperial Conspiracy is a nonfiction historical work by David Bergamini. Its subject is the role of Japanese elites in promoting Japanese imperialism and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere; in particular, it examines the role of Crown Prince and Emperor Hirohito in the execution of Japan's Imperial conquest, and his role in postwar Japanese society. Controversial upon its publication, as well as in the years since, Bergamini concludes that the conventional conclusion of historical analyses – that the Imperial household was largely powerless and not culpable or particularly supportive of the imperial adventures, blame for which is assigned to military elites – is mistaken. Instead, he asserts that the internal political fighting necessary to gain support for imperialism was a long-premeditated plan supported by all sectors of the elite and especially by members of the imperial family. The reason given as to why the American occupiers provided immunity for Crown Prince Hirohito, and furthermore allowed for the continuation of the institution of the Emperor, is that its support was sought for the purposes of fighting Communism and the nearby Soviet Russia. Bergamini, born in Tokyo and fluent in Japanese, draws his conclusion from a variety of novel sources, but gives prominence to his interpretation of various diaries kept by involved figures. Reviews by both participants in the war, war tribunals, as well as historians, range from effusive praise (e.g. from Australian lawyer and Chief Justice of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East William Webb, The Associated Press, and The New York Times) to outright condemnation (e.g. from British Japanologist Richard Storry and American military historian Alvin Coox). Social Troubles Institute	1.90625
13178508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20Analysis%20Branch	Satellite Analysis Branch	The United States Satellite Analysis Branch, part of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service's Satellite Services Division, is the operational focal point for real-time imagery products within NESDIS. It is also responsible for doing Dvorak technique intensity fixes on tropical cyclones. Its roots lie in the establishment of the Meteorological Satellite Section by January 1959. Its primary mission is to "operate new proof of concept satellite analysis techniques needed to support disaster mitigation and warning services" for the U.S. government and its agencies. It also distributes real-time satellite imagery from geostationary satellites. The SAB also produces graphics for Tropical Rainfall Potential forecasts for all tropical systems in the Western Hemisphere and many in the Eastern Hemisphere. Away from tropical cyclones, the SAB functions as the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center, having been designated as such by the International Civil Aviation Organization in 1997. It also does snow and ice analysis, and has done so, along with its parent organizations NESDIS and SSD, since 1966.	2.5625
13178523	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%20Route%20924	Pennsylvania Route 924	When Pennsylvania legislated routes in 1911, the road between Frackville and Shenandoah was designated as part of Legislative Route 183. PA 924 was designated in 1928 to run from a point between Brandonville and Sheppton northeast to PA 93 in West Hazleton; at this time the entire route was unpaved except for the portion near West Hazleton. The section of the present route between US 120 (now PA 61) in Frackville and Ringtown Boulevard north of Shenandoah was designated as part of PA 142 in 1928; PA 142 continued north from Shenandoah to Ringtown. At this time, the section of PA 142 between Frackville and Sheandoah was paved. By 1930, PA 924 was paved between southwest of Sheppton and the border of Schuylkill and Luzerne counties while the remainder of the route was under construction. At this time, the road between north of Shenandoah and between Brandonville and Sheppton was an unnumbered, unpaved road. In the 1930s, PA 924 was extended southwest to PA 142 (Ringtown Boulevard) north of Shenandoah; at this time the entire route was paved. PA 142 was also widened to a multilane road between Frackville and Gilberton.	2.015625
13178524	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20United%20Kingdom%20local%20elections	1997 United Kingdom local elections	The 1997 United Kingdom local elections took place on Thursday 1 May 1997 in England, and Wednesday 21 May 1997 in Northern Ireland. Elections took place for all of the English country councils, some English unitary authorities and all of the Northern Ireland districts. The local elections were held on the same day as the 1997 general election. Summary of results While the results were overshadowed by the landslide election of a Labour government, they did provide some comfort to the Conservative party. The Conservatives made some gains and were the largest party in the county council elections. It is likely that what helped the Conservatives gain some councils (Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Essex and Kent) was the creation of unitary authorities and thus the abolition of county council divisions in these areas (in this case unitaries in Peterborough, Luton, Thurrock and Medway), in predominantly urbanised areas which are usually strong for the Labour Party in elections and indeed all four of those unitaries (and all of the parliamentary seats that they cover) were won/held by Labour at the point these elections took place. Buckinghamshire, the only county council that the Conservatives actually had a majority for the four years prior to these elections, will have also been helped by the creation of a unitary authority for Milton Keynes in 1996.	1.9375
13178527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%20631	New York State Route 631	Origins Plans to construct a bypass of the village of Baldwinsville have existed in some form since at least the mid-1970s. Around that time, NYSDOT developed a proposal for a highway intended to divert traffic away from the Baldwinsville village center and provide access to Radisson, a planned community developed east of Baldwinsville by the New York State Urban Development Corporation. Several alignments of varying endpoints and length were considered by NYSDOT; however, all of the potential routes began south of Baldwinsville at NY 690 and proceeded generally northeastward along the NY 31 corridor to NY 481 in the adjacent town of Clay. The 1988 New York Transportation Bond Act, dubbed "Rebuild New York", provided funding for the design and planning stages of the project, and NYSDOT began gathering feedback on the project from the community in June 1991. In January 1994, NYSDOT released a new, refined set of plans for the project based on community input that considered four specific alignments for the road. Unlike the original highway proposed 20 years before, the proposed paths, referred to by the state as the Red, Yellow, Purple, and Railroad alternatives, would only run from a point just south of the village center to a location along NY 31 in either eastern Baldwinsville or just east of the village in the town of Lysander. The Red Alternative would begin at NY 48 near the southern village line and head to the northeast, while the Yellow route would start at the junction of NY 48 and Downer Street just across the Seneca River from the village center and proceed to the east. After crossing the Seneca River, the two routes merged to follow a single path north-northeastward across NY 370 to NY 31 in Lysander. The Red and Yellow alternatives were the two most expensive options, with an estimated cost of $15 million and $18 million, respectively.	2.21875
13178528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashio%20Station	Yashio Station	Yashio Station (八潮駅, Yashio-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Yashio, Saitama, Japan, operated by the Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company. Its station number is TX08. Lines Yashio Station is served by the Tsukuba Express, and is located from the terminus of the line at . Station layout The station consists of two elevated island platforms serving four tracks, with the station building underneath. Trains generally stop at the outer platforms (1 and 4), but when a faster train stops or passes through the station, the inner platforms are used to hold the slower trains. Yashio is one of three stations on the Tsukuba Express ( and ) where parallel tracks allow for trains traveling in the same direction to pass each other. Some trains terminate at Yashio Station, especially during the morning commuter rush between Yashio and the Akihabara terminal. Immediately north of the station are four tracks that can hold trains as they are taken out of service, or put into service. Platforms History The station opened on 24 August 2005, coinciding with the opening of the Tsukuba Express line. Effective the timetable revision on 16 March 2024, Yashio became a station on the Rapid service. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 24,809 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). Surrounding area Metropolitan Expressway No. 6 Misato Line Yashio PA Yashio City Ose Elementary School Yashio City Ohara Junior High School	2.046875
13178542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viikki%20Campus	Viikki Campus	The manor was allocated in 1931 to the University of Helsinki for use as an experimental and teaching farm. However, the University took the area in to its actual use only in 1946, after the Second World War. At this time, the area was clearly countryside outside the city. In 1960s, the Departments of Agriculture, Food Sciences, Domestic Sciences and Environmental Sciences received new buildings in the area, and student dormitories were also built for the students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry. The campus was built into its present size from the year 1993 onwards. Then, a decision was made to concentrate the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry and all life sciences to the Viikki Campus, resulting in major construction activities. All departments of Forestry moved into the campus area in 2002, and the Departments, later Faculties of Biosciences and Pharmacy moved in Biocenter building complex at the same time. As part of the centralization of Helsinki bioscience activities, the Finnish Food Safety Authority moved into the area in 2006.	1.96875
1483667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club%20Universidad%20de%20Chile	Club Universidad de Chile	Club Universidad de Chile () is a professional football club based in Santiago, Chile, that plays in the Primera División. Founded on 24 May 1927, Universidad de Chile is one of the most successful and popular football clubs in Chile, having won the league title 18 times. In the last 10 years, the team has been crowned champion six times, including their undefeated run to the 2011 Copa Sudamericana title. The team has been associated with the colour blue throughout its history, blue is present on the logo, which was officially adopted in 1943. The club rivalries are with Colo-Colo and Universidad Católica, with whom they regularly contest the Santiago derbies known as Superclásicos. Despite not owning its stadium, the club usually rents and plays its home games at the Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos, in the commune of Ñuñoa in Santiago. Universidad de Chile was the champion of the Copa Sudamericana 2011. In this tournament, the club had an excellent performance: wasn't defeated, won all their matches in Chile and had the top scorer of the tournament's history (Eduardo Vargas). Universidad de Chile has reached semi-finals in the Copa Libertadores four times (years 1970, 1996, 2010 and 2012).	1.960938
1483667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club%20Universidad%20de%20Chile	Club Universidad de Chile	History The club was founded on 24 May 1927, as Club Deportivo Universitario by the merger of Internado FC and Club Universitario de Deportes. Initially, the club was formed by students of the Universidad de Chile and was the sport brand of the university until 1980 when the university's rector and president of the club at the time (both of them appointed by the Pinochet dictatorship) decided to separate the club from the university and created the CORFUCH to manage the football team. This move was a part of the atomization of the Universidad de Chile made by the military dictatorship to strengthen the private universities that were founded during that time and also to reduce state power. This was seen as a major blow to the club, as it was left with nothing but a loyal fan base. From then on, the club started to decline in terms of results on the field and lack of support from various sectors of the economy when other major clubs in Chile were helped by main powers such as the government, the catholic church, and Codelco. Eventually, the team's poor performances led to a relegation to second division in 1988, and threats to dissolve the club were made by the university if the team did not manage to return to the first division within a year. In 1989, Universidad de Chile were able to earn the 2nd division's championship, thus bringing them back to the first division, where they have remained since then. Bankruptcy and Azul Azul In 2006, the club declared bankruptcy and received an imposed administration that was criticized by the supporters, as the new chairman immediately fired many club workers and tried to transform the club into a private company of public stocks, being opposed to the decision of the club members in a previous assembly. The team finished the year with the worst campaign in the club history and the almost-sure transformation into private company due to the ties between the appointed chairman and several businessmen.	2.40625
1483667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club%20Universidad%20de%20Chile	Club Universidad de Chile	The chuncho logo The team's logo, a red and white chuncho (Austral pygmy owl), has its origins in the days of the Club Náutico Universitario which gave its emblem to the Club Universitario de Deportes (CUD), when was founded in 1927. The logo was taken from Germany by Pablo Ramírez Rodríguez, who turned into a Minister of Exchequer in 1945. The chuncho was chosen for its association with wisdom, mutual knowledge, harmony of the body and soul. The team's logo is not usually found on the team's uniform, being favored in turn by a red letter U with a white trim. The chuncho logo was absent from the team's jersey starting in 1979, but made a return during the 1996–97 season. Since 2006–07, a small chuncho logo could be found on the jersey along with the red U. Achievements Universidad de Chile's first title was won in 1940, just 3 years after their professional debut. The team won six titles (1959, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1969) between 1959 and 1969 and they became known as the Blue Ballet in reference the beautiful style of football they played. Nine members of that squad were part of the Chilean national team that reached 3rd place in the 1962 FIFA World Cup, the best result ever achieved by Chile in a World Cup. In 1995, Universidad de Chile won the cup once more, this time at home in front of almost 78,000 people in the Estadio Nacional. The team would then win back-to-back titles in 1999 and 2000. More recently Universidad de Chile has won the Apertura in 2004, 2009, 2011 and 2014/2015, and Clausura in 2011 and 2016/2017. The 2011, the title was won at the hands of defending champions Universidad Católica, by a global score of 4–3, having lost the first leg of the final 2–0 and needing to win by a 3-goal margin, the team managed to win the second leg by a 4–1 score. On the international stage Universidad de Chile have had a few of good runs in Copa Libertadores, reaching the semi-finals in 1970, 1996, 2010, and 2012.	2.28125
1483678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o%20Independente	Televisão Independente	TVI - initialism for Televisão Independente ("Independent Television") - is Portugal's fourth terrestrial television channel, launched in 1993. It was the most watched channel in Portugal from 2005 to 2019. It competes directly with SIC and RTP1. It is one of the two private free-to-air channels in Portugal, among the seven terrestrial free-to-air channels broadcasting from the country. History Plans for a television channel for the Church The Catholic Church of Portugal demanded the end of the television monopoly in Portugal and wanted its channel as far back as the early 80s. At the time, there were only two television channels, RTP1 and RTP2, both owned by the state. In October 1981, Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon António Ribeiro demanded the government to authorize the creation of an exclusive television channel for the church, under Article 41-4 of the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic, enabling freedom of education for any religion and the use of media for its activities. The plan for such a channel was greenlighted in January 1982, with consultancy from Luxembourgish television. If a plan to use separate frequencies failed, there was the hypothesis of renting airtime on RTP2. An amendment to the law was passed in February, with the government stressing the church's influence in Portuguese society. Observers of the visit of Pope John Paul II to Portugal planned for May 1982 believed that it was part of the campaign of the Church's bid for a television channel. An interview given by Bishop of Évora Maurílio Gouveia to the Catholic radio station Rádio Renascença believed that a channel owned by the Church was a step towards the creation of a more democratic society, having the right to own a TV channel, just like the right it had to own a radio station and a newspaper. In 1986, with talks in government to limit government influence in media underway, the idea of a Church-owned channel gained momentum again.	1.976563
1483678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o%20Independente	Televisão Independente	Creation of TVI The company was founded on March 25, 1991 by a group of 46 Catholic institutions, companies and businessmen, to receive the license for one of the two slots available for private television, that started in December 1990. It was one of the three shortlisted companies between January 2 and April 2, 1991. It also received support from the RTL Group and wanted to follow the example of the Dutch Catholic omroep KRO and Catholic-backed local television stations in northern Italy. Potential foreign investors were ruled out. By the summer of 1991, it was speculated that TVI would start broadcasting in September 1992. The total cost of operating was of six million contos, against eight million from TV1 and twelve million from SIC. The project was greenlighted on February 6, 1992, as the fourth channel. The operative functions were divided between Cinema Berna, which housed the news operation, and the Altejo building, for the rest of the teams, both in Lisbon. The channel came out of an old claim (as far back as the 1980s) from the Portuguese Catholic Church, and that its initial aim was of being a "Christian-inspired television channel" with a charter of principles defining it as "a moral and cultural enterprise". When the channel gained its license, the channel had withdrawn from its key characteristic of being "the Church's channel". Priest Vitor Melícias, who despite having a daily slot on the channel (Encontro), was never aligned with the project, as he preferred that the channel would include what would eventually be called "civil society": religious entities, unions, universities and other institutions. Melícias believed that the project was "utopian" whose limitations were faced further by "pressure from viewers and addictions from the staff".	1.90625
1483678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o%20Independente	Televisão Independente	TVI's initial schedule was built primarily by international feature films, with a selection from Lauro António, some foreign television series and a substantial amount of national production. Notable early national productions included Telhados de Vidro, the first telenovela made for a private television station in Portugal, the children's program A Casa do Tio Carlos hosted by Carlos Alberto Moniz, which aired on Sunday mornings, and the Portuguese sitcom Cos(z)ido à Portuguesa on Tuesdays, with Florbela Queiroz. José Nuno Martins was the first director of programs. Interference of the Catholic Church in the channel's content was at its whole, the aim was to “build a stable station with very familiar programming", but was plagued by difficulties, such as no reception in parts of Lisbon during the channel's first weeks, "extremely violent efforts" from the professionals and "nonsensical management options" given to an "amateur administration". Friars, nuns and other individuals became shareholders of the channel, expecting a return of their money. In its first year, TVI had a share of 6.6%. In 1994, TVI begins to experience its first signs of crisis that followed in the coming years. In the following year, Rádio Renascença and the Catholic Church withdrew much of their shares from the channel, selling them to a British pensioners' fund. The channel's finances deteriorate, in an advertising market that was seen as "too small" for four channels, it was hard for the channel to receive ad revenue. Despite the entrance of foreign investors, the channel wanted to remain faithful to its founding charter of principles, but, on the other hand, wanted a more attractive schedule to gain ad revenue. Such hesitation between the two formulas turned out to be fatal.	2.046875
1483701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Glaspell	Susan Glaspell	Susan Keating Glaspell (July 1, 1876 – July 28, 1948) was an American playwright, novelist, journalist and actress. With her husband George Cram Cook, she founded the Provincetown Players, the first modern American theatre company. First known for her short stories (fifty were published), Glaspell also wrote nine novels, fifteen plays, and a biography. Often set in her native Midwest, these semi-autobiographical tales typically explore contemporary social issues, such as gender, ethics, and dissent, while featuring deep, sympathetic characters who make principled stands. Her 1930 play Alison's House earned her the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. After her husband's death in Greece, she returned to the United States. During the Great Depression, Glaspell worked in Chicago for the Works Progress Administration, where she was Midwest Bureau Director of the Federal Theater Project. Although a best-selling author in her own time, after her death Glaspell attracted less interest and her books went out of print. She was also noted for discovering playwright Eugene O'Neill. Since the late 20th century, critical reassessment of women's contributions has led to renewed interest in her career and a revival of her reputation. In the early 21st century, Glaspell is today recognized as a pioneering feminist writer and America's first important modern female playwright. Her one-act play Trifles (1916) is frequently cited as one of the greatest works of American theatre. According to Britain's leading theatre critic, Michael Billington, she remains "American drama's best-kept secret." Biography Early life and career	2.140625
1483701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Glaspell	Susan Glaspell	Susan Glaspell was born in Iowa in 1876 to Elmer Glaspell, a hay farmer, and his wife Alice Keating, a public school teacher. She had an older brother, Raymond, and a younger brother, Frank. She was raised on a rural homestead just below the bluffs of the Mississippi River along the western edge of Davenport, Iowa. This property had been bought by her paternal great-grandfather James Glaspell from the federal government following its Black Hawk Purchase. Having a fairly conservative upbringing, "Susie" was remembered as "a precocious child" who would often rescue stray animals. As the family farm increasingly became surrounded by residential development, Glaspell's worldview was still shaped by the pioneer tales of her grandmother. She told of regular visits by Indians to the farm in the years before Iowa statehood. Growing up directly across the river from Black Hawk's ancestral village, Glaspell was also influenced by the Sauk leader's autobiography; he wrote that Americans should be worthy inheritors of the land. In 1891, her father sold the farm, and the family moved into Davenport. Glaspell was an accomplished student in the city's public schools, taking an advanced course of study and giving a commencement speech at her 1894 graduation. By eighteen, she was earning a regular salary as a journalist for a local newspaper. By twenty, she wrote a weekly 'Society' column that lampooned Davenport's upper class. At twenty-one, Glaspell enrolled at Drake University, against the local belief that college made women unfit for marriage. A philosophy major, she excelled in male-dominated debate competitions, winning the right to represent Drake at the state debate tournament her senior year. A Des Moines Daily News article on her graduation ceremony cited Glaspell as "a leader in the social and intellectual life of the university."	2.5625
1483701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Glaspell	Susan Glaspell	Believing an amateur staff would lead to increased innovation, the Provincetown playwrights often participated directly in the production of their own plays. Though untrained, Glaspell received further acclaim as an actress. William Zorach, an early member of the group, reported "she had only to be on the stage and the play and the audience came alive." Jacques Copeau, a legendary French theatre director and critic, was moved to tears by a Glaspell performance. He described her as "a truly great actress." While considering new plays to produce, Glaspell discovered Eugene O'Neill, who would eventually be recognized as one of the greatest playwrights in American history. Other notables associated with the group include Edna St. Vincent Millay, Theodore Dreiser, and Floyd Dell, Glaspell's friend from the Davenport group. After their first two seasons in Provincetown, the players moved their theater to New York City. As the company became more successful, playwrights began to view it as a means to get picked up by other, more commercial theatre venues, a violation of the group's original purpose. Cook and Glaspell decided to leave the company they founded, which had become 'too successful'. Glaspell was by now at the height of her theatre career, with her most recent play, The Verge, bringing the most praise. In 1922 Glaspell and Cook moved to Delphi, Greece. Cook died there in 1924 of glanders, an infectious disease he caught from his dog.	2.265625
1483701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Glaspell	Susan Glaspell	From the onset, Glaspell's plays were also published in print form, receiving laudatory reviews by New York's most prestigious periodicals. By 1918 Glaspell was already considered one of America's most significant new playwrights. In 1920, her plays began to be printed in England by the highly reputable British publisher, Small & Maynard. She was even better received there. English critics hailed her as a genius and ranked her above O'Neill. They compared her favorably to Henrik Ibsen, whom they ranked as the most important playwright since Shakespeare. To satisfy demand for Glaspell's writing, a British version of her novel Fidelity was published, going through five editions in five weeks. When Inheritors was produced for England in 1925, every leading newspaper and literary magazine published an extensive review, most unanimous in their praise. The reviewer for the Liverpool Echo claimed, "This play will live when Liverpool is a rubbish heap." However, the influence and critical success of Glaspell's plays did not translate into financial gain. In order to support herself and her husband during their years with the theater, Glaspell continued to submit short stories to top periodicals for publication. Literary scholars consider the stories from this period to be her finest. It was during her productive time as a playwright that Glaspell also established herself as, in the words of biographer Linda Ben-Zvi, "a central figure in the development of the modern American short story." Later career	2.296875
1483701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Glaspell	Susan Glaspell	In 1940, a new generation of influential Broadway-based critics began publishing derogatory reviews of her plays, having a sizable effect on her long-term standing. Exacerbating the issue was Glaspell's reluctance to seek publicity and her tendency to downplay her own accomplishments, perhaps a result of her modest Midwestern upbringing. In addition, Glaspell's idealistic novels of strong and independent female protagonists were less popular in the post-war era, which stressed female domesticity. Her novels fell out of print after her death. Accordingly, in the United States her work was seriously neglected for many years. Internationally, she received some attention by scholars, who were primarily interested in her more experimental work from the Provincetown years. In the late 1970s, feminist critics began to reevaluate Glaspell's career, and interest in her work has grown steadily ever since. In the early 21st century, Glaspell scholarship is a "burgeoning" field. Several book-length biographies and analyses of her writing have been published by university presses since the late 20th century. After nearly a century of being out of print, a large portion of her work has been republished. With major achievements in drama, novel, and short fiction, Glaspell is often cited as a "prime example" of an overlooked female writer deserving canonization. Perhaps the originator of modern American theater, Glaspell has been called "the First Lady of American Drama" and "the Mother of American Drama."	2.328125
1483724	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Jones%20%28Virginia%20politician%29	Walter Jones (Virginia politician)	Walter Jones (December 18, 1745December 31, 1815) was an 18th- and 19th-century politician and physician from Virginia. Biography Born in Williamsburg in the Colony of Virginia, Jones graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1760. He studied medicine in Edinburgh, Scotland and received a degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1770. He returned to Northumberland County, Virginia and became physician general of the Middle Military Department in 1777. Jones was a member of the Virginia Senate from 1785 to 1787. He was also a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788; an event held at the Richmond Theatre. He was elected a Democratic-Republican to the United States House of Representatives in 1796, serving from 1797 to 1799. He returned to the state Senate in 1802 and 1803 and was elected back to the House of Representatives again in 1802, serving from 1803 to 1811. His son and namesake, Walter Jones (1775-1861) practiced law in Washington most of his life and reportedly argued more cases before the U.S. Supreme Court – over 300, including McCulloch vs. Maryland - than any other attorney in American history. A close friend of James Madison, James Marshall and John Calhoun, he also held the rank of Major General of the Army, and rode at the head of the District of Columbia Militia at presidential inaugurations. The younger Jones was also a member of the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, a prestigious society which counted among its members former presidents Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams and many other prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical and other professions. Living until the start of the Civil War, he strongly opposed Virginia’s secession. The elder Jones died in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on December 31, 1815, and was interred there in the family cemetery at "Hayfield" near what is now Callo, Virginia.	2.453125
1483731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Bakr%20ibn%20Umar	Abu Bakr ibn Umar	Abu Bakr ibn Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Turgut, sometimes suffixed al-Sanhaji or al-Lamtuni (died 1087; ) was a chieftain of the Lamtuna Berber Tribe and Amir of the Almoravids from 1056 until his death. He is credited to have founded the Moroccan city of Marrakesh, and under his rule the heretic Barghawatas were destroyed. His campaigns may have included attacking the Ghana Empire, although the Almoravid impact on and relationship with sub-Saharan states is disputed amongst historians. In November of 1087, Abu Bakr died of a poisoned arrow in what is now Mauritania. Background Abu Bakr ibn Umar was a member of the Banu Turgut, a clan of the Lamtuna Berbers. His uncle, Yahya Ibn Ibrahim was the chieftain of the Lamtuna who, together with the Maliki scholar Abdallah ibn Yasin, launched the Almoravid (murabitūn) movement in the early 1040s. Amir al-Muslimin Upon the death of Yahya ibn Umar in the spring of 1056 at the Battle of Tabfarilla, the spiritual leader Abdallah ibn Yasin appointed Abu Bakr as the new military commander and amir of the Almoravids. That same year, Abu Bakr recaptured Sijilmassa from the Maghrawa of the Zenata confederation. The city had been taken earlier by Yahya, but subsequently lost; Abu Bakr recaptured it definitively for the Almoravids in late 1056.	2.265625
1483731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Bakr%20ibn%20Umar	Abu Bakr ibn Umar	In order to ensure they did not lose Sijilmassa again, Abu Bakr launched a campaign to secure the roads and valleys of southern Morocco. He immediately captured the Draa valley, then moved along the Wadi Nul (along the edge of the Anti-Atlas, picking up the adherence of the Sanhaja tribes of the Lamta and the Gazzula (Jazzula) to the Almoravid movement. Abu Bakr led the conquest of the Sous valley of southern Morocco, seizing the local capital of Taroudannt in 1057. By negotiation, Abdallah ibn Yasin secured an alliance with the Masmuda Berbers of the High Atlas, which allowed the Almoravids to cross the mountain range with little incident and seize the critical Zenata-ruled citadel of Aghmat in 1058 with little opposition. Delighted at the apparent ease of their advance, Abdallah ibn Yasin ventured into the lands of the Berghwata of western Morocco with only a light escort and was promptly killed. Abu Bakr, who was then mopping up the area north of Aghmat, wheeled the Almoravid army around and conquered the Berghwata in a brutal campaign of revenge. The death of the spiritual leader Abdallah ibn Yasin left the Almoravids under the sole command of Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr continued carrying out the Almoravid program without assuming the pretence of religious authority in himself. Abu Bakr, like later Almoravid rulers, took up the comparatively modest title of amir al-Muslimin ("Prince of the Muslims"), rather than the caliphal amir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Faithful").	2.421875
1483731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Bakr%20ibn%20Umar	Abu Bakr ibn Umar	Abu Bakr married the wealthiest woman in Aghmat, Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, who helped him navigate the complicated politics of southern Morocco. But Abu Bakr, a rustic desert warrior, found crowded Aghmat and its courtly life stifling. In 1060/61, Abu Bakr and his Sanhaja lieutenants left the city and pitched their tents on the pastures along the Tensift River, setting up an encampment for their headquarters, as if they were back in the Sahara desert. Stone buildings would eventually replace the tents, and the encampment would become the city of Marrakesh, an unusual-seeming city for the time, evocative of desert life with planted palms and an oasis-like feel. Abu Bakr placed his cousin Yusuf ibn Tashfin in charge of Aghmat, and assigned him the responsibility of maintaining the front against the Zenata to the north. In a series of campaigns through the 1060s, while Abu Bakr held court in Marrakesh, Yusuf directed Almoravid armies against northern Morocco, reducing Zenata strongholds one by one. In 1070, the Moroccan capital of Fez finally fell to the Almoravids. Discontent, however, had arisen in the Almoravid ranks. Return to the Desert Many among the desert clans back in the Sahara regarded the northern campaigns as expensive and pointless. The Guddala tribe, who had earlier broken away from the Almoravid coalition, began urging other desert tribes to follow suit. After the fall of Fez, feeling Morocco was now secure, Abu Bakr decided it was time to return to the Sahara to quell the dissension in the desert homelands. He placed Yusuf ibn Tashfin in charge of Morocco in his absence. As was common among the Sanhaja tribes before extended military campaigns, Abu Bakr divorced Zaynab before he left, advising her to marry Yusuf if she needed protection.	2.609375
1483731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Bakr%20ibn%20Umar	Abu Bakr ibn Umar	Dating Following Ibn Abi Zar, Abu Bakr ibn Umar's death has been commonly dated to 1087. This is supported by numismatic evidence, with coins minted in Sijilmassa in Abu Bakr's name until that date. Ibn 'Idhari, however, records him dying only 3 years after his return to the desert, sometime in 1075 or 1076. The clear exaggerations in Ibn Abi Zar's account are perhaps a reason to view his dates with skepticism, as well as the fact that the campaign against Ghana was possibly led by Abu Bakr's son, Yahya. No historian has yet accounted for the ease with which Almoravid historiography has appropriated Ibn Idhari's chronology—this, at the expense of that passed on by Ibn Abi Zar and Ibn Khaldun—at all junctures except the date he provides Abu Bakr's death. Legacy Although records are sparse, Abu Bakr may have been succeeded as emir of the southern Almoravids by his son, establishing a dynasty that lasted 200 years. Oral tradition records that at his death Abu Bakr left a pregnant Fula wife, Fâtimata Sal, who gave birth to a son, the legendary Amadou Boubakar ibn Omar, better known as Ndiadiane Ndiaye, who went on to found the Wolof kingdom of Waalo in the lower Senegal river and the Jolof Empire. The difference in dates between the two, however, make a direct connection impossible. More likely, Ndiaye was a descendant of Abu Bakr's, and one of several leaders who took power upon the dynasty's collapse.	2.25
1483754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Herman%20%28journalist%29	George Herman (journalist)	George Edward Herman (January 14, 1920 – February 8, 2005) was a veteran CBS journalist. He was a correspondent for more than 40 years, 15 of them as the moderator of Face the Nation. Biography Herman was good friends and roommates with Walter Lippmann, graduated from Dartmouth College with a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1941, and received a master's degree in journalism in 1942 from Columbia University. He first worked for the New York classical music station WQXR, which was gaining a reputation for news since hiring reporter and commentator Quincy Howe. He left the radio station when it was purchased by The New York Times and applied to Paul White, director of CBS News and a member of the Columbia University faculty. Herman traveled to Asia in 1949 with a 16mm camera and audio recorder, and provided CBS with its first sound-and-film reports from overseas. He was CBS television correspondent during the Korean War before returning to the United States as CBS White House correspondent for the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. He made several appearances as an interviewer during the 1950s on the news show, Longines Chronoscope with Larry LeSueur. Herman was also the first reporter to broadcast coverage of the burglary of the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in 1972. He was a long-standing moderator for the Face the Nation program and interviewed hundreds of politicians and celebrities, including Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran and Muhammad Ali. He also made regular appearances on the CBS Evening News as a correspondent. Herman died February 8, 2005, at age 85.	1.90625
1483761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titania%27s%20Palace	Titania's Palace	Titania's Palace is a miniature castle (dollhouse) that was hand-built in Ireland by James Hicks & Sons, Irish Cabinet Makers, who were commissioned by Sir Nevile Wilkinson from 1907 to 1922. Wilkinson's daughter Guendolen claimed to have seen a fairy running under the roots of a tree, in a wood beside their home at Mount Merrion House. It is said that Guendolen felt sorry for the fairies, who have to live in caves. In the early 1930s, Wilkinson loaned the miniature to the NSPCC, who exhibited the item around the country, in an effort to raise funds. While exhibited in Croydon in the UK, Titania's Palace was visited by 4,882 people and led to over £150 (a sum equivalent to approximately £10,000 in 2017 prices) being donated to the Croydon Branch of the NSPCC. In 1978, Titania's Palace went up on auction at Christie's but was lost to Ireland in a bidding war to Denmark where it remains on display today. The palace consists of 18 rooms and salons, is 4'1" tall, is built in a 12" to 1" scale (1:12)and contains hand-carved mahogany furniture. There are 3000 tiny works of art and miniatures from around the world on display inside the palace. When the palace was purchased at auction in London in 1978, the purchaser was revealed to be Legoland in Denmark. It stayed on display at Legoland until 2007. In 2006 Count Michael Ahlefeldt-Laurvig-Bille made a loan agreement with Lego to display Titania's Palace at Egeskov Castle in Denmark from 2007 onwards. It remains at Egeskov Denmark. The underbidders at the London auction were disappointed at Titania's Palace being lost to Ireland. They commissioned a new palace, a dollhouse called Tara's Palace, which is on display in the Tara's Palace Museum of Childhood, located in Powerscourt Estate, near Enniskerry, County Wicklow, Ireland.	2.171875
1483769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gospel%20According%20to%20Spiritism	The Gospel According to Spiritism	The Gospel According to Spiritism (L'Évangile Selon le Spiritisme in French), by Allan Kardec, is a book published in 1864 that relates the teachings of Jesus to Kardecist Spiritism, the moral and religious philosophy that Kardec had been preaching. It is intended to demonstrate that Spiritism clarifies and extends the most important teachings of Jesus. It is one of the five fundamental works of Kardecist Spiritism. Kardec wrote in The Gospel According to Spiritism that he viewed Spiritism as "the new science that would reveal to men, by means of irrefutable proofs, the existence and nature of the spiritual world and its relationship with the material world". He incorporated ideas from positivism, evolution, and empiricism, as well as Hindu teachings on karma and reincarnation, and applied them to spiritualism. The book attracted a lot of reaction from the Catholic Church and was indexed (added to the List of Prohibited Books). The first edition had been titled Imitation de l'Évangile (An Imitation of the Gospels), but the third, and definitive edition (1865) had the book renamed and profusely corrected (mostly typos or supposed mistakes in channeling), edited and expanded. Contents The book, the best documented and the most organised of the five fundamental works of Kardecist Spiritism, contains one introductory part and 28 chapters. The first 27 are each dedicated to dissecting one particular verse of the Gospels and the last one is a collection of prayers inspired by elevated spirits. Kardec looked forward to basing his teachings in biblical knowledge, as well as the messages he received from his guiding spirits. Therefore, the first part of the Gospel According to Spiritism is dedicated to a series of observations and clarifications intended to situate its arguments and doctrine so that those more familiar with exegesis would find their way throughout it more easily.	2.0625
1483799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration	Geometrical frustration	In condensed matter physics, geometrical frustration (or in short, frustration) is a phenomenon where the combination of conflicting inter-atomic forces leads to complex structures. Frustration can imply a plenitude of distinct ground states at zero temperature, and usual thermal ordering may be suppressed at higher temperatures. Much-studied examples include amorphous materials, glasses, and dilute magnets. The term frustration, in the context of magnetic systems, has been introduced by Gerard Toulouse in 1977. Frustrated magnetic systems had been studied even before. Early work includes a study of the Ising model on a triangular lattice with nearest-neighbor spins coupled antiferromagnetically, by G. H. Wannier, published in 1950. Related features occur in magnets with competing interactions, where both ferromagnetic as well as antiferromagnetic couplings between pairs of spins or magnetic moments are present, with the type of interaction depending on the separation distance of the spins. In that case commensurability, such as helical spin arrangements may result, as had been discussed originally, especially, by A. Yoshimori, T. A. Kaplan, R. J. Elliott, and others, starting in 1959, to describe experimental findings on rare-earth metals. A renewed interest in such spin systems with frustrated or competing interactions arose about two decades later, beginning in the 1970s, in the context of spin glasses and spatially modulated magnetic superstructures. In spin glasses, frustration is augmented by stochastic disorder in the interactions, as may occur experimentally in non-stoichiometric magnetic alloys. Carefully analyzed spin models with frustration include the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model, describing spin glasses, and the ANNNI model, describing commensurability magnetic superstructures. Recently, the concept of frustration has been used in brain network analysis to identify the non-trivial assemblage of neural connections and highlight the adjustable elements of the brain. Magnetic ordering	2.265625
1483799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration	Geometrical frustration	Geometrical frustration is an important feature in magnetism, where it stems from the relative arrangement of spins. A simple 2D example is shown in Figure 1. Three magnetic ions reside on the corners of a triangle with antiferromagnetic interactions between them; the energy is minimized when each spin is aligned opposite to neighbors. Once the first two spins align antiparallel, the third one is frustrated because its two possible orientations, up and down, give the same energy. The third spin cannot simultaneously minimize its interactions with both of the other two. Since this effect occurs for each spin, the ground state is sixfold degenerate. Only the two states where all spins are up or down have more energy. Similarly in three dimensions, four spins arranged in a tetrahedron (Figure 2) may experience geometric frustration. If there is an antiferromagnetic interaction between spins, then it is not possible to arrange the spins so that all interactions between spins are antiparallel. There are six nearest-neighbor interactions, four of which are antiparallel and thus favourable, but two of which (between 1 and 2, and between 3 and 4) are unfavourable. It is impossible to have all interactions favourable, and the system is frustrated.	2.828125
1483799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration	Geometrical frustration	Geometrical frustration is also possible if the spins are arranged in a non-collinear way. If we consider a tetrahedron with a spin on each vertex pointing along the easy axis (that is, directly towards or away from the centre of the tetrahedron), then it is possible to arrange the four spins so that there is no net spin (Figure 3). This is exactly equivalent to having an antiferromagnetic interaction between each pair of spins, so in this case there is no geometrical frustration. With these axes, geometric frustration arises if there is a ferromagnetic interaction between neighbours, where energy is minimized by parallel spins. The best possible arrangement is shown in Figure 4, with two spins pointing towards the centre and two pointing away. The net magnetic moment points upwards, maximising ferromagnetic interactions in this direction, but left and right vectors cancel out (i.e. are antiferromagnetically aligned), as do forwards and backwards. There are three different equivalent arrangements with two spins out and two in, so the ground state is three-fold degenerate. Mathematical definition The mathematical definition is simple (and analogous to the so-called Wilson loop in quantum chromodynamics): One considers for example expressions ("total energies" or "Hamiltonians") of the form where G is the graph considered, whereas the quantities are the so-called "exchange energies" between nearest-neighbours, which (in the energy units considered) assume the values ±1 (mathematically, this is a signed graph), while the are inner products of scalar or vectorial spins or pseudo-spins. If the graph G has quadratic or triangular faces P, the so-called "plaquette variables" PW, "loop-products" of the following kind, appear: and respectively, which are also called "frustration products". One has to perform a sum over these products, summed over all plaquettes. The result for a single plaquette is either +1 or −1. In the last-mentioned case the plaquette is "geometrically frustrated".	2.140625
1483799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration	Geometrical frustration	The spin ice model is only one subdivision of frustrated systems. The word frustration was initially introduced to describe a system's inability to simultaneously minimize the competing interaction energy between its components. In general frustration is caused either by competing interactions due to site disorder (see also the Villain model) or by lattice structure such as in the triangular, face-centered cubic (fcc), hexagonal-close-packed, tetrahedron, pyrochlore and kagome lattices with antiferromagnetic interaction. So frustration is divided into two categories: the first corresponds to the spin glass, which has both disorder in structure and frustration in spin; the second is the geometrical frustration with an ordered lattice structure and frustration of spin. The frustration of a spin glass is understood within the framework of the RKKY model, in which the interaction property, either ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic, is dependent on the distance of the two magnetic ions. Due to the lattice disorder in the spin glass, one spin of interest and its nearest neighbors could be at different distances and have a different interaction property, which thus leads to different preferred alignment of the spin.	2.328125
1483799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration	Geometrical frustration	It is sometimes possible to establish some local rules, of chemical nature, which lead to low energy configurations and therefore govern structural and chemical order. This is not generally the case and often the local order defined by local interactions cannot propagate freely, leading to geometric frustration. A common feature of all these systems is that, even with simple local rules, they present a large set of, often complex, structural realizations. Geometric frustration plays a role in fields of condensed matter, ranging from clusters and amorphous solids to complex fluids. The general method of approach to resolve these complications follows two steps. First, the constraint of perfect space-filling is relaxed by allowing for space curvature. An ideal, unfrustrated, structure is defined in this curved space. Then, specific distortions are applied to this ideal template in order to embed it into three dimensional Euclidean space. The final structure is a mixture of ordered regions, where the local order is similar to that of the template, and defects arising from the embedding. Among the possible defects, disclinations play an important role. Simple two-dimensional examples Two-dimensional examples are helpful in order to get some understanding about the origin of the competition between local rules and geometry in the large. Consider first an arrangement of identical discs (a model for a hypothetical two-dimensional metal) on a plane; we suppose that the interaction between discs is isotropic and locally tends to arrange the disks in the densest way as possible. The best arrangement for three disks is trivially an equilateral triangle with the disk centers located at the triangle vertices. The study of the long range structure can therefore be reduced to that of plane tilings with equilateral triangles. A well known solution is provided by the triangular tiling with a total compatibility between the local and global rules: the system is said to be "unfrustrated".	2.1875
1483799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration	Geometrical frustration	But now, the interaction energy is supposed to be at a minimum when atoms sit on the vertices of a regular pentagon. Trying to propagate in the long range a packing of these pentagons sharing edges (atomic bonds) and vertices (atoms) is impossible. This is due to the impossibility of tiling a plane with regular pentagons, simply because the pentagon vertex angle does not divide 2. Three such pentagons can easily fit at a common vertex, but a gap remains between two edges. It is this kind of discrepancy which is called "geometric frustration". There is one way to overcome this difficulty. Let the surface to be tiled be free of any presupposed topology, and let us build the tiling with a strict application of the local interaction rule. In this simple example, we observe that the surface inherits the topology of a sphere and so receives a curvature. The final structure, here a pentagonal dodecahedron, allows for a perfect propagation of the pentagonal order. It is called an "ideal" (defect-free) model for the considered structure. Dense structures and tetrahedral packings The stability of metals is a longstanding question of solid state physics, which can only be understood in the quantum mechanical framework by properly taking into account the interaction between the positively charged ions and the valence and conduction electrons. It is nevertheless possible to use a very simplified picture of metallic bonding and only keeps an isotropic type of interactions, leading to structures which can be represented as densely packed spheres. And indeed the crystalline simple metal structures are often either close packed face-centered cubic (fcc) or hexagonal close packing (hcp) lattices. Up to some extent amorphous metals and quasicrystals can also be modeled by close packing of spheres. The local atomic order is well modeled by a close packing of tetrahedra, leading to an imperfect icosahedral order.	2.265625
1483799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration	Geometrical frustration	A regular tetrahedron is the densest configuration for the packing of four equal spheres. The dense random packing of hard spheres problem can thus be mapped on the tetrahedral packing problem. It is a practical exercise to try to pack table tennis balls in order to form only tetrahedral configurations. One starts with four balls arranged as a perfect tetrahedron, and try to add new spheres, while forming new tetrahedra. The next solution, with five balls, is trivially two tetrahedra sharing a common face; note that already with this solution, the fcc structure, which contains individual tetrahedral holes, does not show such a configuration (the tetrahedra share edges, not faces). With six balls, three regular tetrahedra are built, and the cluster is incompatible with all compact crystalline structures (fcc and hcp). Adding a seventh sphere gives a new cluster consisting in two "axial" balls touching each other and five others touching the latter two balls, the outer shape being an almost regular pentagonal bi-pyramid. However, we are facing now a real packing problem, analogous to the one encountered above with the pentagonal tiling in two dimensions. The dihedral angle of a tetrahedron is not commensurable with 2; consequently, a hole remains between two faces of neighboring tetrahedra. As a consequence, a perfect tiling of the Euclidean space R3 is impossible with regular tetrahedra. The frustration has a topological character: it is impossible to fill Euclidean space with tetrahedra, even severely distorted, if we impose that a constant number of tetrahedra (here five) share a common edge. The next step is crucial: the search for an unfrustrated structure by allowing for curvature in the space, in order for the local configurations to propagate identically and without defects throughout the whole space. Regular packing of tetrahedra: the polytope {3,3,5}	2.109375
1483799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20frustration	Geometrical frustration	Twenty irregular tetrahedra pack with a common vertex in such a way that the twelve outer vertices form a regular icosahedron. Indeed, the icosahedron edge length l is slightly longer than the circumsphere radius r (l ≈ 1.05r). There is a solution with regular tetrahedra if the space is not Euclidean, but spherical. It is the polytope {3,3,5}, using the Schläfli notation, also known as the 600-cell. There are one hundred and twenty vertices which all belong to the hypersphere S3 with radius equal to the golden ratio (φ = ) if the edges are of unit length. The six hundred cells are regular tetrahedra grouped by five around a common edge and by twenty around a common vertex. This structure is called a polytope (see Coxeter) which is the general name in higher dimension in the series containing polygons and polyhedra. Even if this structure is embedded in four dimensions, it has been considered as a three dimensional (curved) manifold. This point is conceptually important for the following reason. The ideal models that have been introduced in the curved Space are three dimensional curved templates. They look locally as three dimensional Euclidean models. So, the {3,3,5} polytope, which is a tiling by tetrahedra, provides a very dense atomic structure if atoms are located on its vertices. It is therefore naturally used as a template for amorphous metals, but one should not forget that it is at the price of successive idealizations. Literature	2.28125
1483815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo	Rodrigo	Rodrigo () is a Spanish, Portuguese and Italian name derived from the Germanic name Roderick (Gothic *Hroþareiks, via Latinized Rodericus or Rudericus), given specifically in reference to either King Roderic (d. 712), the last Visigothic ruler or to Saint Roderick (d. 857), one of the Martyrs of Córdoba (feast day 13 March). The modern given name has the short forms Ruy, Rui, and in Galician Roy, Roi. The patronymic surname of this name is "Rodríguez". The name is very frequently given in Portugal; it was the most popularly given masculine name in 2011–2012, and during 2013–2016 ranked between 4th and 2nd most popular. It is also moderately popular in Spain, ranking between 30th and 60th most popular during 2002–2015. History The form Rodrigo becomes current in the later medieval period. It is recorded in the Cantar de Mio Cid, written c. 1200, as the name of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (c. 1043–1099, known as El Cid Campeador), and Don Rodrigo king of the Visigoths (688-711), of the Spanish Visigothic Kingdom. Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada (c. 1170 – 1247) was a Navarrese-born Castilian bishop and historian. Rodrigo Lanzol Borja (1431–1503) was the birth name of Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492–1503). Rodrigo de Triana was the name of the Spanish sailor to have first sighted the New World (i.e., the island of Guanahani) on Columbus' first voyage (on 12 October 1492). Rodrigo López (c. 1525–1594) was a physician to Queen Elizabeth. Rodrigo de la Guitarra was a medieval Spanish musician	2.421875
1483827	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia%20Metro	Sofia Metro	The Sofia Metro (, also colloquially called ) is the rapid transit network servicing the Bulgarian capital city Sofia. It is the only metro in Bulgaria. It began operation on 28 January 1998. , the Sofia Metro consists of four interconnected lines, serving 47 stations, with a total route length of and also being among the top 15 of the most extensive European metro systems, ranking 14th as of 2023. The Metro links the densely populated districts of Lyulin – Mladost (M1 line – Red) and Nadezhda – Lozenets (M2 line – Blue), and serves the Sofia Airport. History Planned since the 1960s, construction of the metro started in the 80s with the demolition of a significant number of buildings. At the beginning of the 90s, construction stopped due to a lack of funds and the complexity of the construction work. Being one of the oldest cities in Europe, Sofia contains many historical layers underneath its central areas. Evidence of antiquity can be clearly seen at the Serdika Station, which exhibits a wealth of unearthed Thracian and Roman ruins. During the construction of the enormous complex of the National Palace of Culture, two stations forming part of the M2 line and their connecting tunnels were built. The construction of the system began from the route that sees the highest volume of passenger traffic, reaching 38,000 at rush hour.	2.40625
1483828	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%20Federal%20Highway	Mexican Federal Highway	Federal Highways () are a series of highways in Mexico. These highways link Mexico's 32 federal entities with each other or with a neighboring country, and they are wholly or mostly built by Mexico's federal government with federal funds or through federal grants by individuals, states, or municipalities. Locally known as federal highway corridors (), they are built and maintained by Mexico's Secretariat of Infrastructure, Communications and Transportation (, SICT). Federal Highways in Mexico can be classified into high-speed, limited access expressways (usually toll highways that may be segmented and are marked by the letter "D") and low-speed roads with non-limited access; not all corridors are completely improved. High speed, limited-access expressways High-speed expressways, known as autopistas or carreteras de cobro, are limited-access toll roads with controlled interchanges. Access to these roads is generally prohibited for pedestrians and animal-drawn vehicles, and fences are located at the side of the road for most of the length. Autopistas are highways with four or more defined lanes. Supercarreteras are toll roads with only two lanes, and they are found in mountainous areas. These tolled expressways typically have a corresponding non-limited-access road adjacent to them as a free alternative. In this system, the tolled road is signified by the word Cuota (toll), and the free road by the word Libre (free). The maximum speed limit is normally for cars and for buses and trucks. In some cases, the maximum speed can be .	2.625
1483871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-125%20%28Michigan%20highway%29	M-125 (Michigan highway)	M-125 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan. The highway is entirely within Monroe County with the southern terminus on the Ohio state border near Toledo and a northern terminus at US Highway 24 (US 24) in Frenchtown Township, north of Monroe. M-125 runs through rural farmlands and connects a couple of smaller towns with Monroe. It has an unsigned connector highway that links the main highway with Interstate 75 (I-75). The highway is a section of the former Dixie Highway and US 25 in the state. It was first added to the state highway system in 1926 and given its current number in 1973. Previously there were two other highways that carried the M-125 moniker. One in the 1930s ran through the Upper Peninsula near Thompson and a second from 1938 until the mid-1950s was located in Bay County. The current designation was created in 1973 when US 25 was decommissioned in Michigan. The section in downtown Monroe was named what is now a Pure Michigan Byway in 1995. Route description M-125 starts at the state line as the continuation of Detroit Avenue running northward from Toledo. Once across the state line, the roadway takes on the Dixie Highway name and passes a residential subdivision. The highway runs north-northeasterly roughly parallel with, and between, both US 24 and I-75 through farm land in rural Monroe County. The trunkline passes through the community of Erie before intersecting with Conn. M-125 (Summit Street) north of town. That unsigned connector is a state highway that links M-125 with I-75 to the south. Continuing north, M-125 intersects Luna Pier Road, which to the west is the unsigned Conn. US 24 that offers a path to US 24 (Telegraph Road).	1.921875
1483871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-125%20%28Michigan%20highway%29	M-125 (Michigan highway)	The route of M-125 changes direction slightly as it passes through the community of LaSalle; north of town it follows a more northeasterly course. The roadway passes through residential areas north of town as it approaches Monroe. South of the city, M-125 crosses the La Plaisance Creek and turns north-northwesterly through South Monroe. North of Lake Monroe, the road name changes from Dixie Highway to Monroe Street. The highway is the main street of the downtown area as it crosses the River Raisin upstream from the River Raisin National Battlefield Park. M-125 exits town near The Mall of Monroe. About north of Monroe, after running through farm land again, M-125 terminates at an intersection where Dixie Highway merges into US 24 (Telegraph Road). M-125 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) like other state highways in Michigan. As a part of these maintenance responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction. These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic, which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway. MDOT's surveys in 2011 showed that the highest traffic levels along M-125 were the 21,229 vehicles daily between Jones and Front streets in Monroe; the lowest counts were the 2,306 vehicles per day between Sterns and Erie roads near Erie. No section of M-125 has been listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. History	2.46875
1483884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem%20D%C3%A9sir	Harlem Désir	Harlem Jean-Philippe Désir (; born 25 November 1959) is a French politician who served as leader of the Socialist Party (PS) from 2012 to 2014. First widely known as a community activist and as the first president of SOS Racisme in the 1980s, Désir subsequently entered politics in the 1990s, first in Génération Écologie then in the PS. He served as MEP from 1999 to 2014 and then served in the government of France as Secretary of State for European Affairs from 2014 to 2017. From 2017 to 2020, he served as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Representative on Freedom of the Media. Early life and education Born in Paris, Désir is the son of a Martinican father and an Alsatian mother. He grew up in a housing project in Bagneux, north of Paris. Désir studied at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University, where he earned a license in philosophy in 1983. Also in 1983, he emerged as a leader from that year's social unrest in France and helped organize the March for Equality and Against Racism (the so-called March of the Beurs) that started in the immigrant neighborhoods outside Lyon and ended in Paris. SOS Racism Harlem Désir was briefly active in the JCR, the youth organization of the Revolutionary Communist League. Désir was the first president of the French anti-racist organisation SOS Racisme between 1984 and 1992. Under his leadership, the organization grew significantly in membership and acquired significant influence in French public life. Accused of misusing public assets from 1986 to 1987, he was sentenced to an 18 months suspended sentence and a 30,000 francs fine in 1998. Political career Member of the European Parliament, 1999–2014 Désir first became a Member of the European Parliament following the 1999 European elections. A member of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats group, he was re-elected in 2004 and 2009.	1.9375
1483903	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20B.%20Jones%20Sr.	Walter B. Jones Sr.	Walter Beaman Jones Sr. (August 19, 1913 – September 15, 1992), was an American Democratic politician from the state of North Carolina who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1966 until his death from natural causes in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1992. Early life and education Jones was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, and attended Elise Academy, in Hemp, North Carolina. He received a Bachelor of Science in 1934 from North Carolina State University in Raleigh. Career Jones became a businessman. Soon after graduation he married and started a family. After getting established in local life, Jones was elected as mayor of Farmville from 1949 to 1953. He was elected to the North Carolina General Assembly from 1955 to 1959, and to the North Carolina State Senate in 1965. Jones was elected as a Democrat to the 89th United States Congress by special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative Herbert C. Bonner. He was reelected to the 90th, 91st, 92nd, 93rd, 94th, 95th, 96th, 97th, 98th, 99th, 100th, 101st, and 102nd United States Congresses, serving from February 5, 1966 to September 15, 1992. He was the chairman of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries from the 97th through 102nd Congresses. He died in Norfolk, Virginia. His son Walter B. Jones Jr. served as a Republican congressman in North Carolina from 1995 to 2019. Walter Sr. is buried in Forest Hills Cemetery in Farmville, North Carolina.	1.976563
1483908	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina%20Theatre%20%28Durham%29	Carolina Theatre (Durham)	Programming Carolina Theatre of Durham, Inc. is the 5th-largest performing arts organization in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina, which encompasses Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill. The nonprofit presents nearly 100 concerts and comedy performances per year, more than any major venue in the market, and has been among the smallest venues ranked in Pollstar's Top 100 theatres worldwide since 2012. The theater shows more than 3,000 film screenings annually. It is the producer of the North Carolina Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, one of the largest LGBT film festivals in the Southeastern United States, as well as the Nevermore Film Festival. Rental events The Carolina Theatre hosts numerous arts nonprofits from Durham and the Triangle Region. The Full Frame Documentary Film Festival occupies the theater for four days each April. The Durham Savoyards present a multi-day run of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera each March. Chamber Orchestra of the Triangle, the Mallarme Chamber Players, Durham Symphony, and Triangle Youth Ballet are among the other arts organizations that have a history of performances at the Carolina Theatre. Civil rights history In 2014, an exhibit commemorating the Carolina Theatre's role in desegregation in Durham was unveiled to the public. The Carolina Theatre was the first theater in Durham to admit African-Americans, although there were still segregated ticket lines and lounge areas until the summer of 1963.	2.296875
1483911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardelegen%20massacre	Gardelegen massacre	The Gardelegen massacre was a massacre perpetrated by the locals (Volkssturm, Hitlerjugend and local firefighters) of the northern German town of Gardelegen, with direction from the SS, near the end of World War II. On April 13, 1945, on the Isenschnibbe estate near the town, the troops forced over 1,000 slave laborers who were part of a transport train evacuated from the Mittelbau-Dora and Hannover-Stöcken concentration camps into a large barn, which was then set on fire. One thousand and sixteen people, of whom the largest number were Poles, were burned alive or shot trying to escape. The crime was discovered two days later by Company F, 2nd Battalion, 405th Infantry Regiment, U.S. 102nd Infantry Division, when the U.S. Army occupied the area. Eleven prisoners were found alive – seven Poles, three Russians and a Frenchman. The testimonies of survivors were collected and published by Melchior Wańkowicz in 1969, in the book From Stołpców to Cairo. Gardelegen became a part of the newly established German Democratic Republic in 1947 and is now in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Details The discovery of the massacre seems to have been by chance. The consensus account is that American Lieutenant Emerson Hunt, a liaison officer between 102nd Infantry Division headquarters and the 701st Tank Battalion, was captured by German forces on April 14, 1945, and bluffed the German forces defending the town of Gardelegen into believing that American tanks were approaching the city. This induced the German commander to surrender to the American forces. The Americans arrived at the site before the Germans had time to bury all of the bodies. On April 3–4, following the U.S. Army's crossing of the Rhine River and push into Germany, the SS camp administration at Dora-Mittelbau had ordered the evacuation of prisoners from the main camp and a number of its affiliated subcamps. The goal was to transport the inmates by train or by foot to the other north German concentration camps: Bergen-Belsen, Sachsenhausen, or Neuengamme.	2.09375
1483911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardelegen%20massacre	Gardelegen massacre	On April 14, the 102nd entered Gardelegen and, the following day, discovered the atrocity. They found 1,016 corpses in the still-smoldering barn and nearby trenches, where the SS had the charred remains dumped. They also interviewed several of the prisoners who had managed to escape the fire and the shootings. U.S. Army Signal Corps photographers soon arrived to document the Nazi crime and by April 19, 1945, the story of the Gardelegen massacre began appearing in the Western press. On that day, both the New York Times and The Washington Post ran stories on the massacre, quoting one American soldier who stated: I never was so sure before of exactly what I was fighting for. Before this you would have said those stories were propaganda, but now you know they weren't. There are the bodies and all those guys are dead. Eleven prisoners survived the burning of the barn and were found alive by U.S. soldiers – seven Poles, three Russians and one severely wounded Frenchman. According to eyewitnesses, 20 men who participated in the massacre were summarily executed by U.S. soldiers after being identified. On April 21, 1945, the local commander of the 102nd ordered between 200 and 300 men from the town of Gardelegen to give the murdered prisoners a proper burial. Over the next few days, the German civilians exhumed 586 bodies from the trenches and recovered 430 bodies from the barn, placing each in an individual grave. On April 25, the 102nd carried out a ceremony to honor the dead and erected a memorial tablet to the victims, which stated that the townspeople of Gardelegen are charged with the responsibility that the "graves are forever kept as green as the memory of these unfortunates will be kept in the hearts of freedom-loving men everywhere." Also on April 25, Colonel George Lynch addressed German civilians at Gardelegen with the following statement:	2.25
1483928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt%20Hamon	Benoît Hamon	In 2016, Hamon declared his intention to run in the Socialist Party primary for the 2017 presidential election. Being dubbed the "Jeremy Corbyn of the French-left" and "reinventing the French left", Hamon ran on ideas accused of being "far-out" such as legalising cannabis, taxing automation and introducing a universal basic income. Hamon eventually won in a run-off against former Prime Minister Manuel Valls and campaigned on similar ideals in the general election, though only gathering 6.36 per cent of votes. Shortly following his loss in the legislative election, Hamon left the Socialist Party in July 2017 to found his own political party called 1 July Movement, later renamed Génération.s. After failing to win any seats in the 2019 European elections, Hamon said that he would step back to reflect on his and his movement's political future. Early life Hamon was born 26 June 1967 in Saint-Renan, Finistère to an engineer father who worked for Naval Group in Brest and a secretary mother. Hamon lived in Brest until 1980, moving with his parents to Dakar, Senegal where he attended a Cours Sainte Marie de Hann private school. Hamon credited growing up in Dakar as influential to the future of his life due to the religious and ethnic diversity of the region. Hamon returned to Brittany following his parents divorce in 1984 and eventually enrolled in the University of Western Brittany studying a degree in History where he joined the Young Socialist movement. Hamon lived in an apartment with current Socialist Party first secretary Olivier Faure during his academic life. Political career	1.945313
1483944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battered%20woman%20syndrome	Battered woman syndrome	Battered woman syndrome (BWS) is a pattern of signs and symptoms displayed by a woman who has suffered persistent intimate partner violence—psychological, physical, or sexual—from her male partner. It is classified in the ICD-9 (code ) as battered person syndrome, but is not in the DSM-5. It may be diagnosed as a subcategory of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Victims may exhibit a range of behaviors, including self-isolation, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse, and signs of physical injury or illness, such as bruises, broken bones, or chronic fatigue. The condition is the basis for the battered woman legal defense that has been used in cases of physically and psychologically abused women who have killed their male partners. The condition was first researched extensively by Lenore E. Walker, who used Martin Seligman's learned helplessness theory to explain why women stayed in relationships with abusive men. Although the diagnosis has mainly centered on women, it has occasionally been applied to men when employing the term battered person syndrome, especially as part of a legal defense. As a legal defense, it may be incorporated in defenses such as self defense-, provocation-, and insanity-based defenses. The term "battered woman syndrome" has been criticized by some survivor advocates as being outdated terminology not used outside of courts. The newer term used among advocates and outside of the courts is "criminalized survivor". Concept and terminology In 1979, Lenore E. Walker proposed the concept of battered woman syndrome (BWS). She described it as consisting "of the pattern of the signs and symptoms that have been found to occur after a woman has been physically, sexually, and/or psychologically abused in an intimate relationship, when the partner (usually, but not always a man) exerted power and control over the woman to coerce her into doing whatever he wanted, without regard for her rights or feelings."	2.4375
1483944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battered%20woman%20syndrome	Battered woman syndrome	Walker stated, "As there are significant differences between the theory underlying the construct of BWS, and to date there are no empirically supported data, it has not yet been applied to men. Therefore, the term used is BWS rather than a gender-neutral battered person syndrome (BPS) or even battered man syndrome (BMS). Of course, men are abused by women, but the psychological impact on the man does not appear to be consistent with trauma in most cases." Occasionally, the term battered person syndrome has been used to apply to men, especially as part of a legal defense. Author John Hamel stated that although the term BWS has been replaced with battered person's syndrome in some legal circles, "and sounds more politically neutral, the new term does not improve on the former in providing a unitary syndrome, and does not account for the characteristics unique to male victimization." It was estimated that in 2010, "roughly one woman" is "battered every seven seconds. It is estimated that one of every four American women will be physically or sexually abused by an intimate partner during her lifetime." Diagnosis ICD9 code 995.81 lists the syndrome under "battered woman/man/spouse/person NEC", and categorizes it as any person presenting with identified physical descriptors rather than psychological descriptors. It falls under the general heading of "Adult physical abuse", classified under "Injury and Poisoning". The diagnosis, especially with regard to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), has mainly centered on women. The DSM-IV-TR does not provide a distinct diagnostic category for reactions to battering. The diverse reactions of battered women are treated as separate diagnoses; for example, PTSD or depression. Because there are no subcategories of the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in the DSM-5, the diagnosis is absent from the manual. It may, however, be used as a classification to guide treatment plans and forensic issues. Symptoms	2.015625
1483944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battered%20woman%20syndrome	Battered woman syndrome	When battered woman syndrome (BWS) manifests as PTSD, it consists of the following symptoms: (a) re-experiencing the battering as if it were recurring even when it is not, (b) attempts to avoid the psychological impact of battering by avoiding activities, people, and emotions, (c) hyperarousal or hypervigilance, (d) disrupted interpersonal relationships, (e) body image distortion or other somatic concerns, and (f) sexuality and intimacy issues. Additionally, repeated cycles of violence and reconciliation can result in the following beliefs and attitudes: The abused thinks that the violence was their fault. The abused has an inability to place the responsibility for the violence elsewhere. The abused fears for their life, and/or, the lives of loved ones whom the abuser might or has threatened to harm (e.g., children-in-common, close relatives, or friends). The abused has an irrational belief that the abuser is omnipresent and omniscient. Causes The syndrome develops in response to a three-stage cycle found in intimate partner violence situations. First, tension builds in the relationship. Second, the abusive partner releases tension via violence while blaming the victim for having caused the violence. Third, the violent partner makes gestures of contrition. However, the partner does not find solutions to avoid another phase of tension building and release so the cycle repeats. The repetition of the violence, despite the abuser's attempts to "make nice", results in the abused partner feeling at fault for not preventing a repeat cycle of violence. However, since the victim is not at fault and the violence is internally driven by the abuser, this self-blame results in feelings of helplessness rather than empowerment. The feeling of being both responsible for and helpless to stop the violence leads in turn to depression and passivity. This learned depression and passivity makes it difficult for the abused partner to marshal the resources and support system needed to leave.	2.15625
1483944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battered%20woman%20syndrome	Battered woman syndrome	Feelings of depression and passivity may also be created by lack of social support outside of the abusive situation. Research in the 1980s by Gondolf and Fisher found that women in abusive situations increase help-seeking behavior as violence intensifies. However, their attempts at seeking help are often frustrated by unresponsive extended family and social services. In a 2002 study, Gondolf found that more than half of women had negative views of shelters and programs for battered women because of negative experiences with those programs. In legal cases In the US, the battered woman syndrome as a legal defense started to be developed in the 1970s. In 1977 in the US, Francine Hughes' trial for the murder of her husband was one of the first cases involving what was later called battered-woman syndrome as a defense. A legal defense using BWS may argue that the systematic abuse suffered by the victim of domestic violence has led her to believe that killing the abuser was the only way to avoid being killed herself and may rely on self-defense or imperfect self defense. Alternatively, the victim may argue that the abuse has severely affected her mental state, in which case the insanity defense or diminished responsibility defense may be used. Provocation is another defense that may be used. A legal defense using BWS seeks to obtain an acquittal, a mitigated sentence or a conviction of a lesser offense. In the UK, battered woman syndrome emerged as a legal defense in the 1990s, as a result of several murder cases in England involving women who had killed violent partners in response to what they described as cumulative abuse rather than in response to a single provocative act. In a series of appeals against murder convictions, feminist groups (particularly Southall Black Sisters and Justice for Women) challenged the legal definition of provocation and secured the courts' recognition of battered woman syndrome.	2.390625
1483944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battered%20woman%20syndrome	Battered woman syndrome	Until the mid-1990s, the legal definition of provocation in England had relied on Devlin J in R v Duffy [1949] 1 All ER 932: "Provocation is some act, or series of acts done (or words spoken) ... which would cause in any reasonable person and actually causes in the accused, a sudden and temporary loss of self-control, rendering the accused so subject to passion as to make him or her for the moment not master of his or her mind." Three cases helped to change this: R v Ahluwalia [1992] 4 AER 889; R v Humphreys [1995] 4 All ER 1008); and R v Thornton (No 2) [1996] 2 AER 1023. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 replaced the defence of provocation in English law with the loss of control defence. In addition to loss of control, diminished responsibility in English law is also an available defense. The courts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States have accepted the extensive and growing body of research showing that battered women can use force to defend themselves. This may include even killing their abusers because of the abusive, and sometimes life-threatening, situation in which they find themselves. These women act in the firm belief that there is no other way than to kill for self-preservation. The courts have recognized that this evidence may support a variety of defenses to a charge of murder or to mitigate the sentence if convicted of lesser offenses. Under the term battered person syndrome, the defense has occasionally been used by men in reference to their abusive spouses. Battered woman syndrome is not a legal defense in and of itself, but may legally constitute:	2.171875
1483944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battered%20woman%20syndrome	Battered woman syndrome	The effectiveness of new laws in "reducing the incidence of domestic violence, however, has been limited for a number of reasons." A major barrier "to using these laws to protect women is that proving domestic violence in court is difficult. First, the victim is often the only witness to the abuse. For a variety of reasons, victims are reluctant to testify against their abusers and pursue civil and criminal remedies." Even with those who experience domestic violence do testify, they "are often not believed. Despite changes in legal and popular conceptions of domestic violence, judges and juries continue to ignore or discount victims' testimony about the abuse." England In R v Ahluwalia (1992) 4 AER 889 a woman (Kiranjit Ahluwalia), created napalm and set fire to the bed of her husband, Deepak, after he had gone to sleep. He suffered severe burns over 40% of his body and died 10 days later in the hospital. He allegedly had attempted to break her ankles and burn her with a hot iron on the night of her attack. Accusing him of domestic violence and marital rape, she claimed provocation. The judge directed the jury to consider whether, if she did lose her self-control, a reasonable person having the characteristics of a well-educated married Asian woman living in England would have lost her self-control given her husband's provocation. On appeal, it was argued that he should have directed the jury to consider a reasonable person suffering from 'battered woman syndrome'. Having considered fresh medical evidence, the Court of Appeal ordered a retrial on the basis that the new evidence showed an arguable case of diminished responsibility in English law.	2.078125
1483944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battered%20woman%20syndrome	Battered woman syndrome	United States In 1994, as part of the Violence Against Women Act, the United States Congress ordered an investigation into the role of battered woman syndrome expert testimony in the courts to determine its validity and usefulness. In 1997, they published the report of their investigation, titled The Validity and Use of Evidence Concerning Battering and Its Effects in Criminal Trials. "The federal report ultimately rejected all terminology related to the battered woman syndrome...noting that these terms were 'no longer useful or appropriate (Rothenberg, "Social Change", 782). Instead of using the term "battered woman", the terminology "battering and its effects" became acceptable. The decision to change this terminology was based on a changing body of research indicating there is more than one pattern to battering and a more inclusive definition more accurately represented the realities of domestic violence. Weiand v. State was a landmark Florida Supreme Court case that took place in March 1999. In this historic case, the state's Supreme Court granted Florida citizens the ability to rely upon battered spouse syndrome as a defense in killing their abuser. While the decision is effective for anyone who is in an abusive situation, the majority of people that would take advantage of this defense are women since they are generally abused more than men. In this notable instance of an attempted defense using BWS, Florida resident Kathleen Weiand shot and killed her husband Todd Weiand. She used the battered woman syndrome in her defense and the defense expert agreed that she was suffering from the syndrome. However, the jury rejected her defense and Kathleen was sentenced to 18 years in prison for second degree murder. Kathleen appealed, eventually reaching Florida's Supreme Court who regarded her case as high priority. Ultimately, the Court overturned the ruling, in favor of Kathleen Weiand.	2.296875
1483971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20E.%20Crary	Isaac E. Crary	Isaac Edwin Crary (October 2, 1804 – May 8, 1854) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the first elected U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan. He served in the Michigan House of Representatives including as Speaker. Early life Crary was born in Preston, Connecticut, where he attended the public schools and graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, in its first class in 1827. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Hartford. During this time he was also assistant editor of the New England Weekly Review. He moved to Marshall, Michigan, in 1833. Career Crary was a delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1835 and upon the admission of Michigan as a state into the Union, he was elected on October 5 and 6, 1835, as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress. Due to Michigan's dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip (see the Toledo War), Congress refused to accept his credentials and he was seated as a delegate until Congress admitted Michigan as a state of the Union on January 26, 1837. He was re-elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses, and served until March 3, 1841.	2.078125
1483971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20E.%20Crary	Isaac E. Crary	In 1840, during the William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign, on February 14, 1840, as the House of Representatives debated funding for the Cumberland Road, Crary essayed an attack on Harrison's record as an Indian fighter, deeming him a bogus hero. Crary sat down to applause from his fellow Democrats. The next day, Ohio's Thomas Corwin, known as a humorist, rose in the House, and depicted Crary, a militia general in his home state, having to deal with the terrors of the militia's parade day, until afterwards, safe with the survivors, "your general unsheathes his trenchant blade... and with an energy and remorseless fury he slices the watermelons that lie in heaps around him." According to longtime Washington journalist Benjamin Perley Poore, Corwin's response to Crary was "one of the most wonderful speeches ever delivered at Washington," leaving the House "convulsed with laughter" at Crary's expense. As word of Corwin's speech reached newspapers in February and March, there was much amusement across the nation; Crary failed to be renominated to Congress. He served as regent of the University of Michigan from 1837 to 1844, and with John D. Pierce wrote the education article of the 1835 constitution. Crary was appointed a member of the State board of education from 1820 to 1852. Crary and Pierce planned Michigan's public school system and established a separate department of education run by a superintendent, introducing uniform schooling in Michigan. He was editor of the Marshall Expounder for several years and a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 1842 to 1846, serving as speaker of the house in 1846. Death Crary died in Marshall, Michigan and is interred at Oakridge Cemetery in Marshall. Legacy Isaac E. Crary Elementary School in Detroit, Michigan and Isaac E. Crary Middle School in Waterford, Michigan were named in his honor.	2.46875
1483973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goroka	Goroka	Goroka is the capital of the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. It is a town of approximately 19,000 people (2000), above sea level. It has an airport (in the centre of town) and is on the "Highlands Highway", about from Lae in Morobe province and from the nearby town of Kainantu also in the Eastern Highlands. Other nearby towns include Kundiawa in Simbu Province and Mount Hagen in Western Highlands Province. It has a mild climate, known as a "perpetual Spring". It is the home of several national institutions: CRMF Christian Radio Missionary Fellowship, the PNG Institute of Medical Research, the National Film Institute, the Liturgical Catechetical Institute, the Melanesian Institute, the Raun Raun Theatre Company and the University of Goroka. Several NGOs also have presences there, including Oxfam and Save the Children. The town's single largest hotel is the Bird of Paradise, owned by the Coral Seas Hotels chain. Coffee is a common cash crop in the area; smaller industries include trout farms, pigs, bee keeping and food gardens (broccoli, kau kau or sweet potato, carrots, ginger and peanuts are examples of produce that grow well here; nearby Bena Bena is known for its pineapples). Events In May, Goroka hosts the PNG Coffee Festival. The Goroka Show event takes place annually around the time of the country's Independence Day (September 16). It continues for two or three days. The Goroka Show is the oldest show in Papua New Guinea, over 50 years of "keeping the spirit alive". Climate Goroka has a subtropical highland climate (Cfb). Due to altitude Goroka features warm to very warm afternoons and cool to mild mornings year-round, with heavy rainfall most of the year and low rainfall from June to September. Notable people Goroka is the birthplace of ex-Premier of Tasmania Lara Giddings Rugby league players Stanley Gene and James Segeyaro.	2.296875
1483974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Peillon	Vincent Peillon	Vincent Benoît Camille Peillon (; born 7 July 1960) is a French politician who served as Minister for Education in the French Government. He is a longstanding French politician and, from 2014 until 2019, served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for North West France (allied with the Socialist Party and the Party of European Socialists). Early life and education After a degree in Philosophy at Panthéon-Sorbonne University (class of 1980), Peillon became a high school teacher (junior teaching qualification in 1984 and senior teaching qualification in 1986). He remained a teacher until 1992. He worked one year at Henri Emmanuelli staff at the Assemblée nationale and resumed his teaching between 1993 and 1997. Peillon completed graduate studies at Pantheon-Sorbonne University, graduating with a PhD in Philosophy in 1992. He was Senior Research Fellow at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique between 2002 and 2004, working on ante-marxist socialism. Political career Early career Secretary of the Socialist Party's group of experts (1993–94) Seconded to the First Secretary of the Socialist Party (1995–97) National research secretary of the Socialist Party (1997–2000) Member of the Socialist Party national bureau (since 1994) Member of the National Assembly, 1997–2002 Peillon served as a Member of the National Assembly from 1997 until 2002. During his time in office, he was the chairman of the National Assembly's inquiry into money laundering (1999–2002). He also served as the Socialist Party's national spokesman (2000–02).	1.960938
1483999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20St%20Agnes%20and%20St%20Pancras%2C%20Toxteth%20Park	Church of St Agnes and St Pancras, Toxteth Park	The Church of St Agnes and St Pancras is in Ullet Road, Toxteth Park, Liverpool, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is an active Anglican church in the diocese of Liverpool, the archdeaconry of Liverpool and the deanery of Toxteth and Wavertree. Pevsner described it as "by far the most beautiful Victorian church of Liverpool...an epitome of Late Victorian nobility in church design". History The church was built between 1883 and 1885 at a cost of £28,000 (equivalent to £ in ), which was paid for by the stockbroker H. Douglas Horsfall. The architect was John Loughborough Pearson. Present day The parish stands in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the Church of England. As it rejects the ordination of women, it receives alternative episcopal oversight from the Bishop of Beverley (currently Stephen Race). Architecture Exterior The church is built in red brick with red sandstone dressings and a tile roof. Its plan consists of a four-bay nave with lean-to aisles and a clerestory, transepts at both ends, a south chapel with lean-to aisles, a short chancel with a canted polygonal apse, and an ambulatory which is flanked by turrets. At the west end are two porches. The west end and the transepts have angle buttresses and gable crosses. Over the east crossing is a lead-covered flèche. The windows are either lancets or have plate tracery.	1.929688
1483999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20St%20Agnes%20and%20St%20Pancras%2C%20Toxteth%20Park	Church of St Agnes and St Pancras, Toxteth Park	Interior The interior of the church is lined with Caen stone. The northwest transept contains the baptistry with a marble font carved by Nathaniel Hitch, who also worked with Pearson in Truro Cathedral. The nave has arcades with round piers and balconies above. The northeast transept contains the organ loft which consists of a polygonal platform supported by a central column of black marble surrounded by ten more columns around the edges. The south chapel is the Lady Chapel. Its screen of 1904 and reredos of 1904 were designed by G. F. Bodley. The ambulatory runs round the apse and is divided from the sanctuary by an arcade with statues of angel musicians in the spandrels. Above this is a frieze in high relief depicting the Adoration of the Lamb, and above this are statues of angels under canopies. The high altar reredos was carved by Nathaniel Hitch, as were the apse carvings. The pulpit is carved in Italian marble and depicts the Apostles and Church Fathers. The stained glass includes windows by Kempe and Herbert Bryans. The original pipe organ originally built by Wordsworth and Maskell of Leeds, has been unusable since 1996. The fine case and majority of the pipework survive in situ, for restoration should a funds be later made available. The instrument was well regarded for its rich and noble tone, having received attention and enlargement from the pipe organ firms of Rushworth and Dreaper as well as the firm of Walker’s. The console has been removed and replaced by that of an electronic organ which was made by Hugh Banton. Associated buildings	2.140625
1484002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie%20Kim	Nellie Kim	Nellie Vladimirovna Kim (Russian: ; born 29 July 1957) is a retired Soviet and Belarusian gymnast of Sakhalin Korean and Tatar descent who won three gold medals and a silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, and two gold medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. She was the second woman in Olympic history to earn a perfect 10 score and the first woman to score it on the vault and on the floor exercise, rivaling Nadia Comăneci, Ludmilla Tourischeva, and other strong competitors of the 1970s. Kim worked for a long time as a coach, training several national teams, and judged many major international competitions. As president of the Women's Artistic Gymnastics Technical Committee, she coordinated the introduction of new rules in women's gymnastics, as provided by the new Code of Points, developed by the FIG in 2004–2005 and in effect since 2006. Her gymnastic appearances are remembered for "her strong feminine, temperamental and charismatic appeal". Early life Nellie Kim was born in Shurab, Tajik SSR, Soviet Union. She is the daughter of a Sakhalin Korean father, Vladimir Kim, and a Tatar mother, Alfiya Safina. Later the family moved to Kazakh SSR, where her father worked in the Chimkent slate factory. At age 9, she entered Chimkent City Children and Youth Sports School 3 of the Spartak Sports Society. Two other children in the family, her younger brother Alexander and her sister Irina, also entered a gymnastics school and trained for some time. Alexander was harassed by his classmates in the secondary school for his small stature and retired from gymnastics in favor of boxing. Irina, whom Nellie considered more talented than she, retired because of the demands of the frequent training sessions.	1.96875
1484002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie%20Kim	Nellie Kim	Kim's trainers were Vladimir Baidin and his wife, Galina Barkova. Initially, she did not have the required flexibility of many of her fellow gymnasts, but was soon able to compensate with superior technique and the difficulty of her exercises. Kim excelled and quickly became one of the best in Soviet gymnastics. One of Kim's earliest successes was her victory in the republican Spartak's competition, held in Chimkent in 1969. Nevertheless, a year later she was said to "have no future" by celebrated gymnast Larisa Latynina. After that verdict, Kim was close to leaving gymnastics but persevered with support from Baidin. At the 1971 Junior USSR Championships, her first national competition, she placed fifth in the all-around. Success in the national junior circuit, as well as senior national and international debuts, followed two years later. Kim won the all-around title and two more gold medals at the All-Union Youth Sports Games, placed eighth in the all-around and first on the uneven bars at the USSR Cup; she also won the prestigious Chunichi Cup in Japan. After a second-place finish at the USSR Cup in August 1974, Kim was added to the team roster for the World Championships, held in October, where she earned the gold medal in the team competition. Afterwards, and until 1980, she successfully competed in numerous top-level international events. Kim's nickname among USSR teammates and team coaches was "Kimanellie," which she earned when a trainer Vladislav Rastorotsky called her very quickly: "Kim, Nellie, to the phone!" Olympics and World Championships	2.015625
1484002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie%20Kim	Nellie Kim	Nellie Kim became one of the main medal prospects for the upcoming Olympics and actual leader of the Soviet team after the 1975 Canadian Pre-Olympics Test competition. At the Test she placed second in the all-around to Nadia Comăneci, but won three golds in the event finals (vault, balance beam, floor exercise), while Comăneci won the remaining one on bars. Larisa Latynina, who had already changed her opinion about Kim earlier, described her gymnastics style as sparkling and cheerful. She also cited a comment by Canadian newspapers about Kim's performance: "There are moments, when a natural smile is more worth, than triumph". However, although Kim also won the 1976 USSR Cup, beating famous compatriots such as Olga Korbut and Ludmilla Tourischeva, they were still considered leaders by the media. Even the Coach Council of the Soviet team failed to define her as the leader. That was to prove a mistake, as later recognized by Soviet experts. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, the rivalry between Nellie Kim and Nadia Comăneci became the focal point of the women's gymnastics competition. Kim's teammates Ludmilla Tourischeva and Olga Korbut, the Olympic champions of Munich, were overcome by the two rising stars in the battle for the gold. Kim won three gold medals, one in the team competition and two in the event finals: on the vault and floor exercise. Music for her floor routine, choreographed by Valentina Kosolapova, was a fiery Samba, and one of the elements was the double back salto, performed for the first time in Olympic women's events. Kim also won a silver medal in the all-around, receiving the perfect 10 for the Tsukahara vault with the full twist, which was also performed for the first time in Olympic history. She was praised for her feminine beauty and the flamboyant, graceful and intense style. Comaneci won the gold in the all-around, on bars and balance beam. Nellie's weak performance on the beam together with a lower preliminary score, led her to place second in the all-around, after Nadia.	2.203125
1484002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie%20Kim	Nellie Kim	After the 1976 Summer Olympics, Kim moved to the Byelorussian SSR (joining the Armed Forces sports society in Minsk) and represented her new club on the USSR team. Two years later Kim successfully competed at the World Championships. She won gold medals on the vault, floor exercise and in the team competition, and placed second in the all-around to Elena Mukhina, overcoming Nadia Comăneci. The greatest success came at the 1979 World Championships, where Kim became the all-around champion, beating Maxi Gnauck, Melita Ruhn and her teammate Maria Filatova. Her floor exercise routine, choreographed by Galina Savarina, was accompanied by a new piece of music, House of the Rising Sun by Santa Esmeralda, which would also be used one year later at the Olympics. In 1980, Kim won the all-around title at the USSR Championships and successfully competed in the Moscow Olympics, her last competitive performance. She tied for the gold medal on the floor with Nadia Comăneci after scoring 9.95 in that event finals, and won gold in the team competition. As of the 2020 Summer Games in Tokyo, she and Larisa Latynina are the only female gymnasts to defend their Olympic gold medal in the floor exercise event. After the Moscow Olympics, Kim appeared with a roster of other top-class gymnasts at Wembley Arena in January 1981 for a popular exhibition of gymnastic performances on floor and apparatus.	2.09375
1484007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegonus%20fulgerator	Telegonus fulgerator	Telegonus fulgerator, the two-barred flasher, is a species of spread-wing skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae which may constitute a possible cryptic species complex. It ranges all over the Americas, from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Description Telegonus fulgerator is a mid-sized skipper butterfly with the wing shape typical of this group. The upperside is black, with basal to postbasal blue corners which are more extensive on the forewings. There is one discal-tomal and one apical band on the forewing; these are usually off white to light blue but the former may be quite white towards the costal margin. The thorax has bluish hair on the back, the underside is yellow to orange. The caterpillars and pupae show a wide range of colors and patterns, and the caterpillars also vary in food preference. Last-instar caterpillars are black with a pattern consisting of light to bright yellow dots along the sides, or rings of varying thickness, sometimes interrupted on the back, in a range of colors varying from white to orange red. Larval food plants This species is highly polyphagous, with most food plants belonging to the Fabaceae (legume family): Selected primary food plants Fabaceae Inga: I. exalata, I. oerstediana, I. punctata, I. sapindoides, I. vera and probably others Lonchocarpus (see also below) Senna: candle bush (S. alata), S. cobanensis, S. hayesiana, S. pallida, S. papillosa, S. undulata and probably others Malvaceae Hampea appendiculata (but see below) Sapindaceae Cupania: C. glabra, C. guatemalensis and probably others	1.960938
1484007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegonus%20fulgerator	Telegonus fulgerator	Cryptic variation The exact number of taxa involved is disputed, most of the "species" detected by the DNA barcoding study seem to be nothing more than morphs or incipient subspecies, coupled with a serious underestimation of variation. Still, two lineages appear to be well distinct and separable at least as subspecies: "CELT" has larvae with bold orange bands in the last instar, which were recorded only on Celtis iguanaea (Ulmaceae); "TRIGO" last-instar larvae have bold yellow bands and were found on the Malpighiales Trigonia (T. arborea, T. laevis and T. rugosa) and, apparently accidentally, on Licania arborea. Three more lineages are in need of further study. One, "NUMT", was initially dismissed as a numt pseudogene combined with sequencing error but may represent a hitherto unrecognized taxon. Two other lineages, "LOHAM" and "LONCHO", were considered highly distinct in the barcoding study but the reanalysis showed that this might be an error. The latter two are peculiar in some aspects, such as apparently never having bands or orange colors in the last instar stage and showing a preference for Lonchocarpus costaricensis, Lonchocarpus oliganthus, and Hampea appendiculata as larval food but are not monophagous. They appear to be an intermediate stage in lineage sorting and might be considered one or two subspecies if the two most distinct lineages are split off as species. The other lineages show a marked lack of agreement between morphological, ecological and genetical variation in the reanalysis of the supposed clusters. The entire range of caterpillar colors and patterns is found across one huge ill-structured cluster of genetic diversity. They are polyphagous, feeding preferentially on Inga and Senna as well as a variety of other plants, but apparently not on those preferred by the more distinct lineages except Hampea appendiculata. The proposed divergence times for the lineages are derived from a standard molecular clock model, which is today known to be incorrect. Footnotes	2.046875
1484022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20W.%20Briggs	Jason W. Briggs	Jason William Briggs (June 25, 1821 – January 11, 1899) was a leader in the early history of the Latter Day Saint movement and was instrumental in bringing about the 1860 "Reorganization" of the church, which resulted in the establishment of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Early membership Briggs was born on June 25, 1821, in Pompey, New York, to Hugh Lackey Briggs and Polly Briggs (née Damon). In 1841 at Potosi, Wisconsin, he was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints by William O. Clark. By 1842, Briggs had been ordained an elder of the church and he organized and became the head of a branch in Beloit, Wisconsin. By 1843, Briggs had organized a second branch in Waukesha, Wisconsin. In 1844, the movement's founder, Joseph Smith, was killed and a succession crisis ensued. Brigham Young, president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, assumed control of the church's headquarters in Nauvoo, Illinois. Briggs became convinced that Young's organization had fallen into apostasy and by 1846 he and his branches affiliated with James J. Strang, who had organized a new church headquarters in nearby Voree, Wisconsin. Briggs was a fervent opponent of polygamy, and when Strang began to practice plural marriage openly, Briggs broke with his organization. He affiliated briefly with William Smith's organization of the church before learning that William, too, had been practicing plural marriage.	1.976563
1484022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20W.%20Briggs	Jason W. Briggs	"New Organization" After these set-backs, Briggs despaired that the Latter Day Saint movement had irrevocably fallen into iniquity. He later reported that on November 18, 1851, on the prairie near Beloit, he was pondering this concern when the "Spirit of the Lord" came upon him and spoke, saying: Verily, verily, saith the Lord, even Jesus Christ unto his servant, Jason W. Briggs, concerning the church: Behold I have not cast off my people; neither have I changed in regard to Zion. Yea, verily, my people shall be redeemed, and my law shall be kept which I revealed unto my servant Joseph Smith... According to Briggs, the Lord further explained that "in mine own due time will I call upon the seed of Joseph Smith," (i.e., one of his sons), "and will bring one forth, and he shall be mighty and strong, and he shall preside over the high priesthood of my Church...". And finally, Briggs said the Lord assured him "that which ye received as my celestial law," (i.e., plural marriage), "is not of me, but is the doctrine of Baalam." After reporting that he received this guidance, Briggs began to coordinate with leaders of branches in Wisconsin and Illinois, including Zenas H. Gurley Sr. who resolved with him to wait for a leader to be raised up "from the seed of Joseph." They began to establish a "New Organization" of the church and Briggs was called to preside over its first conference on June 12, 1852, in Beloit. In 1853, Briggs was called as an apostle and sustained as President of the Quorum of the Twelve and as the "Representative President of the Church." Important leaders, including William Marks and Aaron Smith (former leader of a Strangite schismatic group), joined the movement. On April 6, 1860, at a General Conference of the New Organization of the church in Amboy, Illinois, Joseph Smith III joined with the group and was sustained to follow in his father's role as President of the Church.	2.1875
1484032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Tillman%20Jr.	George Tillman Jr.	Tillman went to John Marshall High School in Milwaukee and he took Mass Communications Magnet Classes. As a teenager, Tillman made amateur videos and created Splice of Life, which was a program for a local Public-access television. After high school, Tillman attended Columbia College in Chicago and majored in Film and Video. Tillman decided to move to Chicago because he thought a lot was happening there creatively. "There is a lot of theater there, and there are a lot of things happening in Chicago that I wanted to be a part of, so that's where I went to film school," according to Tillman. While in film school, he created a 30-minute short, Paula, which was a story of a 17-year-old, single African American mother who works in a diner and motivates the people around her. Paula'''s success attributed to numerous awards including the Black Filmmaker's Hall of Fame Award "George Tillman Jr.". and winning the Midwest Regional, Dramatic Category, of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences' 19th Annual Student Academy Award competition (1992). In 1991, Tillman graduated from Columbia College and became a part of a directing and producing partnership with his college friend, Robert Teitel. Together, they created Menagerie Films. During that time, Tillman supported himself by being a production assistant. He helped work on various commercials, but he always knew he wanted to direct. "Usually, I was the first guy on the set and the last guy to leave—eighteen hours of hard work. And I just felt like if I want to direct, why am I doing this?" Tillman's only experience of being close to a director was made was when he worked on the film, Mo' Money. The writer of Mo' Money, Damon Wayans told the union that he wanted more African Americans to be a part of the crew, which is the major reason why Tillman got hired. Tillman was a set dresser and was able to see how they made the film. At that point, Tillman realized that if he wanted to direct he had to write his own script to make everything happen	2.3125
1484046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP%20Odyssey	ARP Odyssey	The ARP Odyssey is an analog synthesizer introduced by ARP Instruments in 1972. History ARP developed the Odyssey as a direct competitor to the Moog Minimoog and an answer to the demand for more affordable, portable, and less complicated "performance" synthesizers. ARP produced several versions of the Odyssey from 1972 to 1980. In early 2015, Korg reissued the Odyssey in cooperation with the original designer and ARP co-founder, David Friend. Design The Odyssey is a two-oscillator analog synthesizer, and one of the first with duophonic capabilities (the ability to play two notes at the same time). All parameters, including a resonant low-pass filter, a non-resonant high-pass filter, ADSR and AR envelopes, a sine and square wave LFO, and a sample-and-hold function are controllable with sliders and switches on the front panel. Features Switchable between sawtooth, square, and pulse waveforms with oscillator sync, a "ring modulator", and pink or white noise. (As with the Korg MS-20, the "ring modulator" is actually a logical exclusive-OR between the two VCOs' pulse waves.) Pulse-width can be modulated manually or with the LFO or the ADSR envelope generator. There is a (static) high-pass filter, as well as a voltage controlled low-pass self-oscillating filter. The filter can be controlled by either of the two envelope generators, an ADSR (attack, decay, sustain, release) and a simple AR (attack, release) and modulated by the LFO, sample-and-hold, the keyboard, or a separate CV (pedal) input on the back panel. The Sample/Hold input mixer can be used to route the output of the VCOs to the FM input of VCO 2 and the VCF, enabling audio frequency FM. ARP Odyssey models Odyssey Mk I (Model 2800)	2.234375
1484053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenas%20H.%20Gurley%20Sr.	Zenas H. Gurley Sr.	Zenas Hovey Gurley Sr. (May 29, 1801 – August 28, 1871) was a leader in the history of the Latter Day Saint movement. He was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on April 1, 1838, and became an elder soon thereafter. By the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, Gurley had been ordained a seventy. Beginning in 1849, Gurley led a branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) in Yellowstone, Wisconsin, in the early years after the succession crisis. In 1852, Gurley broke with James Strang over the issue of plural marriage and was eventually excommunicated from Strang's church. Along with Jason W. Briggs, Gurley became an important early leader of the "New Organization" of the church that developed in the Midwest in the 1850s. In 1853, he was called as an apostle in the New Organization, which is today known as the Community of Christ. Along with William Marks, Gurley ordained Joseph Smith III as President of the Church in 1860. Gurley's son Zenas H. Gurley Jr. was called as an RLDS Church apostle in 1873.	1.96875
1484056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noman%20%C3%87elebicihan	Noman Çelebicihan	Noman Çelebicihan arrived in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire in 1908. He attended Vefa Lisesi (High School) and later Law School. He resided in Karagümrük section of Constantinople where a small group of Crimean Tatar students lived. One of the first organizations he founded, while a student in Constantinople, was "Yaş Tatar Yazıcılar Cıyını" (Young Tatar Writers' Association). He founded this association with his friend Abibulla Temircan in 1910 and published his first literary works such as Qarılğaçlar Duası (Swallows' Prayer), Altın Yarıq (Golden Light) and Şiirler Cönkü (Collection of Poems). He was one of the original founders of "Crimean Tatar Student Association" and also "Vatan" (Homeland), which became the seed for the political organization Milliy Fırqa (National Party) to carry on the independent movement in Crimea during the most turbulent period in its history. After graduating from Law School, Çelebicihan returned to Crimea to get involved in the independence movement, and was elected to represent the Or region of Crimea in the Crimean Tatar Qurultay. He was one of the most popular delegates because of his young age and education he received in Istanbul. In 1917 he founded the Milliy Fırqa and later that year, during the opening of the Qurultay on 26 November 1917, Noman Çelebicihan was elected the first president of the young Crimean Republic.	2.28125
1484061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrave%20Square	Belgrave Square	24 Belgrave Square is now the Embassy of Spain. In the early part of the 20th century, it was known as Downshire House and was the London residence of Lord and Lady Pirrie. Lord Pirrie was the chairman of Harland & Wolff, a leading shipbuilding firm located in Belfast, Ireland. One evening in July 1907, the Pirries hosted J. Bruce Ismay and his wife Florence for dinner. Ismay was the managing director of White Star Line, one of the main shipping lines of the North Atlantic. Harland and Wolff constructed all of White Star's vessels, with their main rival being Cunard Line. Cunard's newest vessel, the , the largest ship in the world, was just two months before entering service. Pirrie and Ismay discussed the new ships during the dinner, and how to respond to their competition. Their discussions led to the original propositions behind the construction of the newest and the then largest class of ocean liner in the world. The names of these new ocean liners would be , and . 25 Belgrave Square has been the Embassy of Norway since 1949. 28 Belgrave Square was the home of Robert Carew, 3rd Baron Carew, who died there on 29 April 1923. It is now the home of the Embassy of the Republic of Serbia. 29 Belgrave Square is where Sir Winston Churchill received his first cabinet appointment in 1906, from the Prime Minister at that time, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. 31 Belgrave Square was the home of the Royal Automobile Club Motor Sports Association and the Speedway Control Board. 32 Belgrave Square was an overseas residence of Heidi Horten. 33 Belgrave Square was home to the banker Maurice Ruffer, and later to the Spiritualist Association of Great Britain. 34 Belgrave Square served as the embassy of the German Democratic Republic until German reunification in 1990. It currently houses the British-German Association. 36 Belgrave Square, known as Ingestre House, was leased by Queen Victoria as a home for her mother, the widowed Duchess of Kent.	2.03125
1484071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic%20Park%20video%20games	Jurassic Park video games	Sequels and other games (1994–1996) A sequel to the Sega Genesis version of Jurassic Park, entitled Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition, was released in 1994, and immediately follows the events of its predecessor. In it, Grant's helicopter crashes on Isla Nublar after taking off from the island. Now he must deal not only with dinosaurs, but InGen soldiers as well. As in the game's predecessor, the player can play as either Grant or a Velociraptor. Additionally, Universal Interactive released Jurassic Park Interactive exclusively on the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in 1994. The game plays out through eight different minigames and features FMV segments starring look-alikes of the main characters. Also in 1994, Hi Tech Entertainment released Jurassic Park: Paint and Activity Center, a painting activity game for DOS. Ocean developed an action side-scrolling platform game titled Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues and released it for the SNES and Game Boy in 1995. The SNES version uses an original story and is a sequel to the film, while the Game Boy version reuses the film's plot. In the SNES version, which takes place one year after the events of the film, the player controls Dr. Alan Grant, who is sent to Isla Nublar by John Hammond to prevent BioSyn (a rival genetics company) from stealing dinosaurs from the island. On August 12, 1996, Universal launched an online game titled Jurassic Park – The Ride Online Adventure, to promote Jurassic Park: The Ride. In the game, the player controls Jurassic Park's director of operations, who must stop an escaped Velociraptor that is wandering inside a compound, where the game takes place. The player must walk through hallways while avoiding the Velociraptor. The player must search in offices and other rooms for objects that can be used and combined with one another to stop the Velociraptor or gain entry to new areas. The game includes a feature known as the "IntraNet", which contains files on the park's employees and records, as well as information on InGen and its dinosaurs.	2.25
1484071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic%20Park%20video%20games	Jurassic Park video games	The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997) To coincide with The Lost World: Jurassic Park, the second film in the series, studio DreamWorks utilized its internal software company, DreamWorks Interactive, to create their own game. For the PlayStation and Sega Saturn, DreamWorks and Appaloosa Interactive developed The Lost World: Jurassic Park, a side-scrolling platform game portrayed in a 3D rendered environment. The game has five playable characters and 30 levels. In 1998, an updated version of The Lost World: Jurassic Park was released for the PlayStation, with improved gameplay. Appaloosa Interactive developed another version of The Lost World: Jurassic Park that was published by Sega for the Sega Genesis. Played from an overhead view, the game contains levels brought together by four hub areas on Isla Sorna and also contains four unique boss levels. It also has driveable vehicles, a large number of dinosaurs, and a GPS system used for mission objectives. Four versions of the game were developed and published by different companies for handheld game consoles, including the Game Boy, Game Gear, and Tiger Electronics' Game.com and R-Zone consoles. DreamWorks also released Chaos Island: The Lost World, a strategy video game for Microsoft Windows, with similar gameplay to Command & Conquer. The game is played across 12 levels, and involves the player creating dinosaurs that can be controlled and used against enemies. Six actors from the film provided their voice to the game. An arcade game titled The Lost World: Jurassic Park was also released by Sega, and made use of the Model 3 arcade hardware.	2.46875

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