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2139677
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland%20Sage
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Leland Sage
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Retirement
Sage took what was then mandatory retirement at age 68 in 1967. But the pace of his career never slackened. He continued to offer a course, usually in Iowa history, on campus during the many semesters until 1981, and directed students via correspondence study until 1986. He was honored by his colleagues in the autumn of 1982 for completing fifty years of continuous service. At the ceremony, he was praised for his ability to relate local and state history to the national and international settings. His colleagues and former students planted a maple tree with a plaque, honoring him in 1984. As far as can be determined, he holds the all-time record for continuous service at the University of Northern Iowa (1932–1986).
Honorary degree
At the University of Northern Iowa Commencement of May 1983, Sage was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, at which time, the citation lauded him as scholar, teacher, and humanist, who shared with his legion of grateful students all over the nation, an insatiable penchant for pursuing the understanding of history. He was respected and admired as a model teacher-scholar.
Personal life
In the community, Sage and his wife were well known for their performances in vocal music, among other activities. He was also a President of the Cedar Falls Rotary Club and President of the Cedar Falls Historical Society. During 1977–1981, he served on the Iowa State Historical Board, including a term as its president. Sage was recognized in 1985 for his services and achievements with an award from Governor Terry Branstad.
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2139684
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casket%20%28decorative%20box%29
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Casket (decorative box)
|
A casket is a decorative box or container that is usually smaller than a chest and is typically decorated. In recent centuries they are often used as boxes for jewelry, but in earlier periods they were also used for keeping important documents and many other purposes. Many ancient caskets are reliquaries, for both Buddhist and Christian relics.
A tall round casket is often called a pyxis, after a shape in Ancient Greek pottery; these were popular in Islamic art, often made from a section of the ivory tusk of an elephant.
The term "casket" overlaps with strongbox (or strong box), a heavily-made box for storing or transporting coin and other valuables. These include more metal, in bands or as the main material, and are functional rather than decorative. Though caskets are often regarded as boxes for jewelry, at least until the Renaissance this was probably not a common use, as at least the most serious jewelry was kept in a strongbox.
History
Surviving caskets from early periods are often made using precious materials, especially ivory, around a wooden framework. In East Asia lacquer over wood is common. The house-shaped chasse is a very common shape for reliquaries in the Early and High Middle Ages, often in Limoges enamel, but some were also secular.
The Embriachi workshop in north Italy, and their imitators, specialized in "marriage caskets", presumed to have been presented to a bride-to-be by her new in-laws. These were decorated with carved bone plaques, within a setting of certosina inlays in wood, and were produced in the decades around 1400. Later in the 15th century caskets decorated in pastiglia, a type of moulded plaster or gesso, became common for similar purposes.
The so-called Casket letters were allegedly written by Mary, Queen of Scots and found in a casket belong to her husband Lord Bothwell. They suggested her complicity in the murder of her previous husband Lord Darnley, but may well have been invented by her enemies.
| 2.90625
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2139688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobermann
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Dobermann
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The Dobermann is a German breed of medium-large working dog of pinscher type. It was originally bred in Thuringia in about 1890 by Louis Dobermann, a tax collector. It has a long muzzle and – ideally – an even and graceful gait. The ears were traditionally cropped and the tail docked, practices which are now illegal in many countries.
The Dobermann is intelligent, alert and tenaciously loyal; it is kept as a guard dog or as a companion animal. In Canada and the United States it is known as the Doberman Pinscher.
History
Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector who ran a dog pound in Apolda in present-day Thuringia in central Germany. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him. He set out to breed a new type of dog that would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after Dobermann's death, Otto Goeller, one of the earliest breeders, created the National Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, breeding and refining them in the 1890s.
The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann is a combination of several breeds including the Beauceron, German Pinscher, Rottweiler and Weimaraner. The single exception is the documented crossing with the Greyhound and Manchester Terrier. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's The Dobermann Pinscher (1939) describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, who helped to establish the breed. The American Kennel Club believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobermann
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Dobermann
|
The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the Dobermann as a breed. The historical reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work. Docking and cropping (see below) have been written out of the Breed Standard by FCI and the International Dobermann Club (IDC), and dogs born after 2016 will not be allowed to participate in FCI or IDC shows without a full tail and natural ears. In the UK, dogs with docked tails have been banned from show for a number of years and the practice is now illegal for native born dogs. Docking is illegal in all European Union states, as well as Australia. The AKC standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd vertebra.
Ears
Some owners crop Dobermann's ears. The Doberman Pinscher Club of America requires that ears be "normally cropped and carried erect" for conformation. Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries.
Intelligence
Canine intelligence is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist Stanley Coren ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of obedience command training, based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book The Intelligence of Dogs). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category, and Tortora (1980) gave the Dobermann the highest rank in general trainability.
Temperament
Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive.
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2139688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobermann
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Dobermann
|
There is some evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders. Despite this, the American breed standard states that, for purposes of determining of conformation fault, aggression and belligerence by a Doberman toward other dogs is not counted as viciousness.
There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined. Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine personality or temperament by using statistical techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness, average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness, and low on sociability. Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability.
| 2.46875
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2139688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobermann
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Dobermann
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In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other household dogs. This study found that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g., Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, and Great Dane). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as Pit bulls, German Shepherd Dogs, Rottweilers, Husky-type dogs, wolf-dog hybrids and Alaskan Malamutes. According to this CDC study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.
Health
Life expectancy
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds. A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 8 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall. A 2005 Swedish study of insurance data found 68% of Dobermann died by the age of 10, higher than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.
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2139688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobermann
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Dobermann
|
Cardiac health
Cardiomyopathies are a common problem for the breed. and cardiac issues are a common cause of death in the breed with 15% of deaths being cardiac related according to a UK survey. Data from the University of Purdue Medical Veterinary Database found the breed to be predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with 5.8% of Dobermanns having the condition. Another study in America found a prevalence of 7.32% for the condition. An English study of 369 cases found the Dobermann make up 16% of those. This disease impacts Dobermanns more severely than other breeds with an average survival time of 52 days compared to 240 days for other breeds. This is possibly due to the type of DCM that affects the Dobermann differing. Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds, as well as an additional fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and Boxer breeds.
This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected.
Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes, and an additional fifty percent die of congestive heart failure. Among female Dobermanns, the sudden death manifestation of the disease is more common, whereas males tend to develop congestive heart failure. In addition to being more prevalent in Dobermanns, this disease is also more serious in the breed. Following a diagnosis, the average non-Dobermann has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Dobermann Pinschers, however, the expected survival time is less than two months. Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
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2139688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobermann
|
Dobermann
|
Dermatology
The Dobermann is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: acral lick dermatitis; chin pyoderma, acne, or folliculitis; cutaneous drug eruptions; colour dilution alopecia; demodicosis; follicular dysplasia; , pedal furunculosis or cyst; pemphigus foliaceus; and vitiligo.
Other conditions
Other conditions that the breed is predisposed to include: von Willebrand's disease, and prostatic disease. Canine compulsive disorder was found to be prevalent in 28% of Dobermanns in one study. The breed is predisposed to hypothyroidism with one US study finding 6.3% of Dobermanns to have the condition compared to 1.54% for mixed-breeds. The Dobermann is also predisposed to gastric dilatation volvulus. A study of 295 cases in America found 6.1% of cases to belong to the Dobermann. Another American study of 1,934 cases found an odds ratio of 5.5 for the Dobermann.
Skeletal conditions
A North American study reviewing over a million dogs examined at veterinary teaching hospitals found the Dobermann to have a noticeably lower prevalence of hip dysplasia with 1.34% of Dobermanns having hip dysplasia compared to 3.52% overall. Another North American study of over 1,000,000 and 250,000 hip and elbow scans found the Dobermann to be among the 15 breeds least likely to have both hip and elbow dysplasia. 5.7% of Dobermanns over the age of 2 years had hip dysplasia and 0.8% had elbow dysplasia.
A US study of the records of over 90,000 dogs found the Dobermann to be predisposed to (IVDD), with 12.7% of Dobermanns having the condition compared to 4.43% for mixed-breeds.
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2139753
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisses
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Cuisses
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Cuisses (; ; ) are a form of medieval armour worn to protect the thigh. The word is the plural of the French word cuisse meaning 'thigh'. While the skirt of a maille shirt or tassets of a cuirass could protect the upper legs from above, a thrust from below could avoid these defenses. Thus, cuisses were worn on the thighs to protect from such blows. Padded cuisses made in a similar way to a gambeson were commonly worn by knights in the 12th and 13th centuries, usually over chausses, and may have had poleyns directly attached to them. Whilst continental armours tended to have cuisses that did not protect the back of the thigh, English cuisses were typically entirely encapsulating, due to the English preference for foot combat over the mounted cavalry charges favoured by continental armies.
Cuisses could also be made of brigandine or splinted leather, but beginning around 1340 they were typically made from steel plate armour. From 1370 onward they were made from a single plate of iron or steel.
Ancient Greece
Perimeridia () and Parameridia (παραμηρίδια) were metal armour for covering the thighs. Though not in common use in the ordinary Greek panoply, are shown sufficiently often on the monuments and vase-paintings as occasionally employed by Greek warriors at least as far back as the fifth century B.C. They are frequently mentioned by Greek writers, of the third century B.C. and downwards, but here almost exclusively as employed by cavalry, both for the rider and his horse (in addition, some writers call the protective armour of the horse parapleuridia (παραπλευρίδια), while others makes a further distinction of παραπλευρίδια for horses driven in chariots and παραμηρίδια for those ridden by the cavalry).
Citations
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2139778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination%20%28statistics%29
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Ordination (statistics)
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Ordination or gradient analysis, in multivariate analysis, is a method complementary to data clustering, and used mainly in exploratory data analysis (rather than in hypothesis testing). In contrast to cluster analysis, ordination orders quantities in a (usually lower-dimensional) latent space. In the ordination space, quantities that are near each other share attributes (i.e., are similar to some degree), and dissimilar objects are farther from each other. Such relationships between the objects, on each of several axes or latent variables, are then characterized numerically and/or graphically in a biplot.
The first ordination method, principal components analysis, was suggested by Karl Pearson in 1901.
Methods
Ordination methods can broadly be categorized in eigenvector-, algorithm-, or model-based methods. Many classical ordination techniques, including principal components analysis, correspondence analysis (CA) and its derivatives (detrended correspondence analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, and redundancy analysis, belong to the first group).
The second group includes some distance-based methods such as non-metric multidimensional scaling, and machine learning methods such as T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and nonlinear dimensionality reduction.
The third group includes model-based ordination methods, which can be considered as multivariate extensions of Generalized Linear Models. Model-based ordination methods are more flexible in their application than classical ordination methods, so that it is for example possible to include random-effects. Unlike in the aforementioned two groups, there is no (implicit or explicit) distance measure in the ordination. Instead, a distribution needs to be specified for the responses as is typical for statistical models. These and other assumptions, such as the assumed mean-variance relationship, can be validated with the use of residual diagnostics, unlike in other ordination methods.
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2139794
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratrooper%20%28ride%29
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Paratrooper (ride)
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The Paratrooper, also known as the "Parachute Ride" or "Umbrella Ride", is a type of fairground ride. It is a ride where seats suspended below a wheel rotate at an angle. The seats are free to rock sideways and swing out under centrifugal force as the wheel rotates. Invariably, the seats on the Paratrooper ride have a round shaped umbrella or other shaped canopy above the seats. In contrast to modern thrill rides, the Paratrooper is a ride suitable for almost all ages. Most Paratrooper rides require the rider to be at least 36 inches (91.44 cm) tall to be accompanied by an adult, and over 48 inches (121.92 cm) to ride alone.
Older Paratrooper rides have a rotating wheel which is permanently raised, which has the disadvantage that riders can only load two at a time as each seat is brought to hang vertically at the lowest point of the wheel. Some models have a lower platform that's slightly raised on the ends that could permit the loading of up to three seats at a time. Most of these rides were made by the manufacturing companies Bennett, Watkins or Hrubetz. The German manufacturer Heintz-Fahtze also made larger models of the Paratrooper under the name of the Twister.
Modern Paratrooper rides use a hydraulic lifting piston to raise the wheel to their riding angle while spinning the seats. In its lowered position, all the seats hang vertically near the ground and can be loaded simultaneously. The above manufacturers also made these types and the height requirements to ride them remain the same.
Variations
The Force 10 is a ride made by Tivoli Enterprises that features some of the same motion of the Paratrooper. The Star Trooper is a variant created by Dartron Industries that features seats facing both ways. The Star Trooper's initial design eventually evolved into the Cliffhanger, also made by Dartron Industries.
The same seats for this ride are used in the Swift-O-Plane and the same height requirement is the same as Enterprise.
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2139831
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav%20Sutnar
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Ladislav Sutnar
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Ladislav Sutnar (9 November 1897 – 13 November 1976) was a Czech graphic designer. He was a pioneer of information design and information architecture. Although he is uncredited, his contributions to business organization benefited society, which included creating a user-friendly telephone directory by implementing parenthetical area codes. He received design commissions from a variety of employers, including McGraw-Hill, IBM, and the United Nations. He also worked as art director for Sweet's Catalog Service for almost twenty years. Sutnar held many one-man exhibitions, and his work is on permanent display in MoMA. He is best known for his books, including Controlled Visual Flow: Shape, Line and Color, Package Design: The Force of Visual Selling, and Visual Design in Action: Principles, Purposes. Sutnar was a master of exhibition design, typography, advertising, posters, magazine and book design.
Life
Sutnar was born on 9 November 1897 in Plzeň, Bohemia. He studied painting at the School of Applied Arts in Prague, architecture at Charles University, and mathematics at the Czech Technical University. Post graduation, Sutnar worked on wooden toys, puppets, costumes, and stage design. Also, he contributed to exhibition design as well as teaching and the design of magazines, books, porcelain products and textiles. He taught at the State School of Graphic Arts, Prague, from 1923 to 1936. In Europe, he gained recognition for typography and exhibition design.
While still in Prague, Sutnar was an Artel Cooperative member. Other designers for Artel included Vlastislav Hofman and Rudolf Stockar. The Artel Cooperative consisted of designers from Czechoslovakia who crafted furniture and held workshops under the Wiener Werkstätte's principles of art accessibility. Medium included ceramics, textiles, carpets, furniture, and metal aiming to visually improve the experiences of daily life. The organization came to an end in 1924.
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2139831
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav%20Sutnar
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Ladislav Sutnar
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In 1927, Sutnar became the head of publication design for a large publisher in Prague. Then in 1928 he went to the Pressa international exhibition, taking responsibility for the Czech pavilion there. He was accompanied by Augustin Tschinkel. He was made director of the State School of Graphic Arts beginning in 1932. Sutnar continued his work in exhibition design and received a gold medal at the 1929 Barcelona Exhibition. Sutnar was also an art director of a book publisher and editor of an architectural magazine.
Sutnar was brought to the United States to design the exhibition for Czechoslovakia at the New York World Fair in 1939. Due to its cancellation, he chose to settle in New York leaving his family behind in Prague as Nazi control continued there.
In 1941, he became art director of F.W. Dodge's Sweet's Catalog Service from 1941 until 1960 where he led the development of information design along with Knud Lonberg-Holm. The company produced and distributed trade and manufacturing catalogues. Sutnar implemented both typographic and iconographic characters that enabled viewers to quickly and successfully navigate through an overwhelming amount of information. He did this by making use of grids, tabs, icons, and symbols. Sutnar and Holm published New Patterns in Product Information in 1944. Their reductive approach aimed for clarity and simplicity for all users with "active design elements".
At the same time, he added punctuation into traffic signs in the United States. He continued his typographic design for advertising and corporations as he was art director for Theatre Arts magazine for ten years. He also created trends in glassware and flatware products.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav%20Sutnar
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Ladislav Sutnar
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Styles and design
Borrowing from the principles of De Stijl, Sutnar's work had a reduction to primary colors, straight lines, and an overall harmony of irregular text alignment. His strong use of diagonal elements, typography and imagery more strongly conveys his design style to be classified as Constructivism. Space is divided into white and black areas and consist of elements with symbolism. Similar to Jan Tschichold's work and modern typography, his style was limited to type and color within strict layouts. More strongly, his work connected with the Bauhaus fundamentals. His work is simple but suggests motion with vivid colors and directional patterns.
Book design
Sutnar designed the book jacket for George Bernard Shaw's Obraceni Kapitana Brassbounda in 1932.
Sutnar's cover of Nejmenší dům (The Smallest House) uses only the colors black, white and red and a diagonal title.
Poster design
Visit the Modern Textile Exhibition (1930) demonstrated the "ability of written characters to focus attention without the help of a pictorial image" with a rectangular arrangement and different text sizes based on a hierarchy of information.
Toy design
Starting in 1924, Sutnar designed toys consisting of simple geometric structures of animals and puppets. He attempted to introduce modern aesthetics into children's toys by developing a building kit that consisted of sawtooth roofs, cones, and pieces in the colors of red, blue, and white (this remained a prototype). He also wrote a children's book on the future of traffic in Transport: Next Half Century. Sutnar created art-oriented toys, i.e. "Apisonadora" (construction vehicle).
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2139849
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20ratio
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Mass ratio
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In aerospace engineering, mass ratio is a measure of the efficiency of a rocket. It describes how much more massive the vehicle is with propellant than without; that is, the ratio of the rocket's wet mass (vehicle plus contents plus propellant) to its dry mass (vehicle plus contents). A more efficient rocket design requires less propellant to achieve a given goal, and would therefore have a lower mass ratio; however, for any given efficiency a higher mass ratio typically permits the vehicle to achieve higher delta-v.
The mass ratio is a useful quantity for back-of-the-envelope rocketry calculations: it is an easy number to derive from either or from rocket and propellant mass, and therefore serves as a handy bridge between the two. It is also a useful for getting an impression of the size of a rocket: while two rockets with mass fractions of, say, 92% and 95% may appear similar, the corresponding mass ratios of 12.5 and 20 clearly indicate that the latter system requires much more propellant.
Typical multistage rockets have mass ratios in the range from 8 to 20. The Space Shuttle, for example, has a mass ratio around 16.
Derivation
The definition arises naturally from Tsiolkovsky's rocket equation:
where
Δv is the desired change in the rocket's velocity
ve is the effective exhaust velocity (see specific impulse)
m0 is the initial mass (rocket plus contents plus propellant)
m1 is the final mass (rocket plus contents)
This equation can be rewritten in the following equivalent form:
The fraction on the left-hand side of this equation is the rocket's mass ratio by definition.
This equation indicates that a Δv of times the exhaust velocity requires a mass ratio of . For instance, for a vehicle to achieve a of 2.5 times its exhaust velocity would require a mass ratio of (approximately 12.2). One could say that a "velocity ratio" of requires a mass ratio of .
Alternative definition
Sutton defines the mass ratio inversely as:
In this case, the values for mass fraction are always less than 1.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20Committee%20of%20National%20Liberation
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Polish Committee of National Liberation
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The Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polish: Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN), also known as the Lublin Committee, was an executive governing authority established by the Soviet-backed communists in Poland at the later stage of World War II. It was officially proclaimed on 22 July 1944 in Chełm, installed on 26 July in Lublin and placed formally under the direction of the State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa, KRN). The PKWN was a provisional entity functioning in opposition to the London-based Polish government-in-exile, which was recognized by the Western allies. The PKWN exercised control over Polish territory retaken from Nazi Germany by the Soviet Red Army and the Polish People's Army. It was sponsored and controlled by the Soviet Union and dominated by Polish communists.
Formation
At the time of the formation of the PKWN, the principal Polish authority in German-occupied Poland was the Polish Underground State network of organizations loyal to the Polish government-in-exile, resident in London. As the Red Army, fighting Nazi German forces, entered Polish territory, Joseph Stalin and Polish communists proceeded with the establishment of a rival executive authority, one that they could control.
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2139870
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20Committee%20of%20National%20Liberation
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Polish Committee of National Liberation
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Among the members of the PKWN were politicians of various communist and leftist parties accepted by Stalin. Its chairman was Edward Osóbka-Morawski of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). His deputies were Wanda Wasilewska and Andrzej Witos of the Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP); Witos was a younger brother of Wincenty Witos, a notable pre-war politician. Andrzej Witos was later replaced by Stanisław Janusz. The fifteen members included those from the KRN and the ZPP. Officially, three were from the Polish Socialist Workers' Party (RPPS, a left-wing PPS faction), four represented the agrarian People's Party (SL), one the Democratic Party (SD), five the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) and two were unaffiliated. Stanisław Radkiewicz was responsible for the security department and Michał Rola-Żymierski for the defense department. The Soviet side was represented by Nikolai Bulganin, whose role was to provide support for the PKWN's administration and security apparatus, and who was charged with destruction of political and military groupings representing the Polish government-in-exile. The PKWN presented itself as a broad leftist and democratic coalition, but the major Polish political parties were not officially represented. According to historian Norman Davies, most of the key positions in the PKWN were given to people who were essentially Soviet employees and not PPR members. Communists were in charge of the departments of military affairs, security, and propaganda.
Policies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettelheim
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Bettelheim
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Bettelheim is a surname and Jewish family.
History
The first bearer of the Bettelheim name is said to have lived toward the second half of the 18th century, in Pressburg (Pozsony, today Bratislava). To account for its origin, the following episode is related in the family records:
There was a Jewish merchant in Bratislava (now in Slovakia) (before Pozsony), whose modest demeanor gained for him the esteem of his fellow-townsmen. He was popularly called "Ein ehrlich Jud" (honest Jew). His wife was a woman of surpassing beauty, and many magnates of the country, hearing of her charms, traveled to Pozsony to see her. Count Bethlen was particularly persistent, and, failing to attract her attention, he decided to abduct her. Mounted on his charger, he appeared one day in the open market, where the virtuous woman was making purchases, and in the sight of hundreds of spectators, lifted her on his horse, and heedless of her cries of entreaty, was about to gallop off with her, when her husband appeared on the scene and, after a fierce personal combat, succeeded in rescuing her.
That a Jew should engage in a hand-to-hand encounter with a nobleman of the rank of Count Bethlen was so unprecedented, and the deed itself was so daring in view of the social status of the Jews of those times (which remained unchanged until the liberal laws of Emperor Joseph II were promulgated), that the populace thenceforth styled the hero of the story "Bethlen-Jude". This name clung to him until the royal edict, bidding Jews to assume family names, went into force, and then the name was changed to "Bettelheim". Among the family relics preserved by a scion of the house in Freystadtel, on the Waga (), is an oil painting that depicts the daring rescue of Bethlen-Jude's wife from the hands of her abductor.
People
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2139882
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20Communion
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Water Communion
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The Water Communion (Water Ritual) is a ritual service common in Unitarian Universalist congregations. It is usually held in the fall, during September, as it is the beginning of the Liturgical year.
Some congregations of other religions have also adopted the ritual. For example, a United Methodist service on Earth Day 2013 in Austin, TX includes a water communion.
History
The first Water Ritual was held at the November 1980 Women and Religion Continental Convocation of Unitarian Universalists in East Lansing, Michigan. It was created by activist Carolyn McDade and UU leader Lucile Schuck Longview "as a way for women who lived far apart to connect the work each was doing locally to the whole". Eight women were asked to bring water from different sources, including rainwater, the Assiniboine River, the Atlantic ocean, the Rio Grande, and the Pacific Ocean.
It has come to be used as an ingathering/homecoming ritual for UU congregations.
Ritual
Due to the nature of Unitarian Universalism, traditions vary from one congregation to another; however, most Water Communions follow the same basic framework.
Throughout the year, members of the congregation collect small amounts of water that have meaning for them, either from a special location (e.g., the family home, an ocean or river, memento of a trip) or a special occasion (first rain after a dry spell). At the service, the samples of water are placed in a single bowl so they can merge.
Oftentimes, some of the water is saved, sterilized, and then used for ceremonial purposes at other times of the year. The rest is returned to the world.
Symbolism
The symbolism, like that of the comparable Flower Communion, can be interpreted in various ways. The classic life-related symbolism of water is apparent. The rejoining of many waters can also symbolize the rejoining of the congregation after summer travels.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijilmasa
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Sijilmasa
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Sijilmasa (; also transliterated Sijilmassa, Sidjilmasa, Sidjilmassa and Sigilmassa) was a medieval Moroccan city and trade entrepôt at the northern edge of the Sahara in Morocco. The ruins of the town extend for five miles along the River Ziz in the Tafilalt oasis near the town of Rissani. The town's history was marked by several successive invasions by Berber dynasties. Up until the 14th century, as the northern terminus for the western trans-Sahara trade route, it was one of the most important trade centres in the Maghreb during the Middle Ages.
History
Foundation and early Middle Ages
According to al-Bakri's Book of Routes and Places, Sufrite Kharijites first settled the town in the wake of the Berber revolts against the Umayyads. Al-Bakri recounts that others joined these early settlers there, until they numbered around four thousand, at which point they laid the groundwork for the city. They elected a leader, 'Isa bin Mazid al-Aswad (the Black), to handle their affairs during the earliest first few years after the town's establishment. However, after ruling for 14 years, he was accused by his companions of corruption and executed. Abu al-Qasim Samgu bin Wasul al-Miknasi, chief of a branch of the Miknasa tribe, became the leader of the town. This Abu al-Qasim and his descendants are known as the Midrar dynasty.
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2139884
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijilmasa
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Sijilmasa
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On account of its wealth, the city was able to assert its independence under the Midrarid dynasty, freeing itself from the Abbasid Caliphate as early as 771. Shifting alliances with the Caliphate of Córdoba and the Fatimids of Ifriqiya destabilized the city during the 10th century, beginning with Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah's visit to the city, the man who was later known as the founder of the Fatimid dynasty. 'Abd Allah, accompanied by his son al-Qa'im, arrived in the Maghreb in 905. 'Abd Allah and his son made their way to Sijilmasa, fleeing persecution by the Abbasids, who not only belonged to the Isma'ili Shi'ite interpretations, but also threatened the status quo of Abbasid caliphate. According to legend, 'Abd Allah and his son fulfilled a prophecy that the madhi would come from Mesopotamia to Sijilmasa. They hid among the population of Sijilmasa for four years under the countenance of the Midrar rulers, specifically one Prince Yasa'.Al-Qasim, the son of 'Abd Allah, had miraculous powers and caused a spring to gush forth outside of the city. A Jewish resident of the city witnessed this, and spread the word throughout Sijilmasa that 'Abd Allah was going to attempt to take over the city. At or around the same time, Prince Yasa', the Midrarid ruler, received a letter from the Abbasids in Baghdad, warning him to close his frontiers and be wary of 'Abd Allah. Yasa' was forced to imprison the men he had previously patronized. 'Abd Allah's servant escaped to Kairouan, which at the time was a stronghold for Isma'ilis. The leader of the Isma'ilis in Ifriqiya was Abu 'Abdallah; he quickly mustered an army to rescue his compatriot. On his way to Sijilmasa, he subdued Tahert, the nearby Ibadi Kharijite stronghold under the Rustamid dynasty. The army arrived in the Tafilalt in the latter half of 909, and laid siege to the city
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2139884
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijilmasa
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Sijilmasa
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Later Medieval Ages and Early Modernity
Under the Maghrawa, who later declared independence from the Cordoban caliphate, the city retained its role as a trade centre. It also became a center for the Maghrawan leadership and its campaign against other tribes in Morocco proper. After 60 years of Maghrawa rule, the elders of Sijilmasa appealed to the Sanhaja Berber confederation, which was just beginning its transformation into the Almoravid dynasty. According to al-Bakri, in 1055, Abdallah ibn Yasin, the spiritual leader of the Almoravid movement, responded by bringing his new army to Sijilmasa and killed the leader of the Maghrawa, Mas'ud ibn Wanudin al-Maghrawi. The Almoravid imposed an extremely strict interpretation of Islam, smashing music instruments and closing down wine shops throughout the city. While the city would rebel against the Almoravid garrison on more than one occasion, Sijilmasa became the Almoravid's first conquest. It remained under their control until 1146, when the Almohad Caliphate took control of the city. During the Almoravid's rule, the city shared in the centralized governing structure of the Almoravid Empire. Around this time the nearby mountain fortress of Jebel Mudawwar was established.
When the Almohads took the city in the mid-12th century, they also took advantage of the wealth of trade going through Sijilmasa. However, the strict philosophy imposed by the Almoravids at the beginning of their reign of Sijilmasa was overshadowed by the extremely violent practices of the Almohads. This culminated in the massacre of many of the Jews living in Sijilmasa.
Amid the fall of the Almohad dynasty to the Zenata Berber confederation under the Marinids, Sijilmasa once again played host to the latest Berber dynasty.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijilmasa
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Sijilmasa
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The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta stayed in Sijilmasa on his journey to visit the Mali Empire in 1352–1353. He wrote: "I reached the city of Sijilmasa, a very beautiful city. It has abundant dates of good quality. The city of al-Basra is like it in the abundance of dates, but those of Sijilmasa are superior." Ibn Battuta also mentions Sijilmasa when describing the Chinese town of Quanzhou: "In this city, as in all cities in China, men have orchards and fields and their houses in the middle, as they are in Siljimasa in our country. This is why their towns are so big."
Leo Africanus, who travelled to Morocco in the early 16th century, goes to the Tafilalt oasis and finds Sijilmasa destroyed. He remarks on the "most stately and high walls", which were apparently still standing. He continues to describe the city as "gallantly builte," writing there were many stately temples and colleges in the city and water wheels that drew water out of the river Ziz. Leo Africanus says that since the city was destroyed, former residents had moved into outlying villages and castles. He stayed in this area for seven months, saying that it was temperate and pleasant. According to Leo Africanus, the city was destroyed when its last prince was assassinated by the citizens of Sijilmasa, after which the populace spread across the countryside. Ibn Khaldun says in his Muqaddimah that the city fell due to a lack of resources. Lightfoot and Miller cite several facts from their findings on site: they say that oral tradition preserved by those in the Tafilalt says that the "Black Sultan", a malevolent dictator, was overthrown by the populace.
The city was rebuilt in the 18th century under the orders of Sultan Moulay Ismail. It was conquered and destroyed by the nomadic tribes of Ait Atta in 1818. Today, the ruins of Sijilmasa, located one km north of the town of Rissani, are recognized by the World Monuments Fund as an endangered site. They are preserved by the Moroccan Ministry of Culture.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptive%20trigeminal%20inhibition%20tension%20suppression%20system
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Nociceptive trigeminal inhibition tension suppression system
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The Nociceptive trigeminal inhibition tension suppression system (abbreviated to NTI-TSS, or NTI-tension suppression system), is a type of occlusal splint that is claimed to prevent headache and migraine by reducing sleep bruxism (night-time tooth clenching and grinding). Sleep bruxism is purported to lead to a hyperactivity of the trigeminal nerve, often triggering typical migraine events. The hyperactivity of trigeminal neurons during trigemino-nociceptive stimulation is a proposed cause of migraine and is correlated with imaging of migraine sufferers. The objective of the NTI-TSS is to relax the muscles involved in clenching and bruxing, thus supposedly diminishing the chances for migraines and tension headaches to develop through the reduction in nociceptive stimulation normally caused by parafunctional activity. It is sometimes used for temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD).
The NTI-TSS is a small transparent plastic device which is, in its most widely used form, worn over the front four teeth, of either arch, at night, and intended to prevent contact of the canines and molars. It is normally fitted by a dentist trained in the technique, and is constructed by a dental laboratory.
However, in FDA trials the Nociceptive Trigeminal Inhibition Tension Suppression System (NTI-tss) had been proven to provide a 77% reduction of migraine events in 82% of subjects tested. Practical Neurology Oct. 2005 The origin of the pain must be determined in each individual, and each contributory factor must be addressed. Most migraine sufferers have a combination of two or more of the following: a) vascular pain (pain originating in the arteries of the scalp), b) muscular pain (pain originating from the jaw and neck muscles), c) pain or abnormal sensitivity of the skin of the scalp (known as cutaneous allodynia), and hypersensitivity of the brain to incoming pain messages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nociceptive%20trigeminal%20inhibition%20tension%20suppression%20system
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Nociceptive trigeminal inhibition tension suppression system
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Evidence and safety
As the NTI-TSS does not cover all of the teeth, it is classed as a partial coverage occlusal splint. Partial coverage splints are recommended by some experts, but they have the potential to cause unwanted tooth movements if worn 24 hours a day 7 days a week with no tooth contact (which is never recommended), which rarely can be severe. Since the patient cannot wear the NTI-tss device while chewing food, the posterior alveolar structures receive regular stimulation every day, therefore, there is no opportunity for a functional adaptation of the occlusal scheme, that is supra-eruption of the teeth. Research shows that alveolar bone requires at least 8 days of lack of stimulation before bone growth at the apex (supra-eruption) can initiate. Periodontal ligament that surrounds the root and holds the tooth in place - if this ligament is stimulated (exercised) it will continue holding the teeth in correct position.
As for anterior intrusion, the lack of continuous apical force does not provide adequate opportunity to intrude an incisor. A 2010 review of scientific studies carried out to investigate the use of occlusal splints in TMD concluded the following with regards anterior bite appliances (another term for partial coverage occlusal splints that cover only the front teeth):
"Other types of appliances, including [...] anterior bite appliances, have some RCT (randomized control trial) evidence of efficacy in reducing TMD pain. However, the potential for adverse events with these appliances is higher and suggests the need for close monitoring in their use."
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2139891
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle%20Commissiong
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Janelle Commissiong
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Janelle "Penny" Commissiong, TC (born June 15, 1953) is a Trinidadian politician, model and beauty queen who was crowned Miss Universe 1977.
Biography
She studied at Bishop Anstey High School. migrated to the United States at the age of 13, and returned to Trinidad and Tobago ten years later. After winning the Miss Trinidad and Tobago Universe title, she went on to be crowned Miss Universe 1977 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and in the process became the first black woman to win the prestigious pageant crown. After winning the title, she was most commonly known as 'Penny' because she was small as a penny.
In New York City, she studied fashion at the Fashion Institute of Technology, but returned to Port of Spain in 1976. The following year, Commissiong was selected to represent the country at the 1977 Miss Universe competition in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
She was elected Miss Photogenic four days before the final, becoming the first black woman to win these awards in Miss Universe history. On July 16, in the National Theater of Santo Domingo, Commissiong was crowned Miss Universe, attracting international attention as the first black winner in the chronology of Miss Universe.
During her reign, she was an advocate for black rights and world peace. Commissiong was awarded the Trinity Cross, the country's highest award, in 1977. Three postage stamps were also issued in her honour. In 2017, Queen Street located in the capital of Port of Spain, was renamed to Queen Janelle Commissiong Street in tribute of her 1977 Miss Universe win.
Commissiong was named chair of the newly formed Tourism Trinidad Destination Management Company in October 2017. From 2012 to 2015 she had served as vice-chair of its predecessor agency, the Tourism Development Company.
She married Brian Bowen, founder of Bowen Marine, who died in an accident in November 1989. After his death, she married businessman Alwin Chow.
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2139900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20accumulation%20of%20capital
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Primitive accumulation of capital
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In Marxian economics and preceding theories, the problem of primitive accumulation (also called previous accumulation, prior accumulation, or original accumulation) of capital concerns the origin of capital and therefore how class distinctions between possessors and non-possessors came to be.
Concept
Adam Smith's account of primitive-original accumulation depicted a peaceful process in which some workers laboured more diligently than others and gradually built up wealth, eventually leaving the less diligent workers to accept living wages for their labour. Karl Marx rejected such accounts as 'insipid childishness' for their omission of the role of violence, war, enslavement, and conquest in the historical accumulation of land and wealth. Marxist scholar David Harvey explains Marx's primitive accumulation as a process which principally "entailed taking land, say, enclosing it, and expelling a resident population to create a landless proletariat, and then releasing the land into the privatized mainstream of capital accumulation".
Marx viewed the colonization of the Americas, the African slave trade, and the events surrounding the First Opium War and Second Opium War as important instances of primitive accumulation.
In The German Ideology and in volume 3 of Capital, Marx discusses how primitive accumulation alienates humans from nature.
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2139900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20accumulation%20of%20capital
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Primitive accumulation of capital
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Naming and translations
The concept was initially referred to in various different ways, and the expression of an "accumulation" at the origin of capitalism began to appear with Adam Smith. Smith, writing The Wealth of Nations in English, spoke of a "previous" accumulation; Karl Marx, writing Das Kapital in German, reprised Smith's expression, by translating it to German as ("original, initial"); Marx's translators, in turn, rendered it into English as primitive. James Steuart, with his 1767 work, is considered by some scholars to be the greatest classical theorist of primitive accumulation. In the most recent translation of Capital, Volume 1, translator Paul Reitter chose "original accumulation" instead of "primitive accumulation," arguing that the latter is "misleading lexically."
Myths of political economy
In disinterring the origins of capital, Marx felt the need to dispel what he felt were religious myths and fairy tales about the origins of capitalism. Marx wrote:
What must be explained is how the capitalist relations of production are historically established; in other words, how it comes about that means of production become privately owned and traded, and how capitalists can find workers on the labour market ready and willing to work for them because they have no other means of livelihood (also referred to as the "reserve army of labour").
Link with colonialism
At the same time as local obstacles to investment in manufactures are being overcome, and a unified national market is developing with a nationalist ideology, Marx sees a strong impulse to business development coming from world trade:
Privatization
According to Marx, the purpose of primitive accumulation is to privatize the means of production, so that the exploiting owner class can profit from the surplus labour of those who, lacking other means, must work for them.
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2139900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20accumulation%20of%20capital
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Primitive accumulation of capital
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Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory
The economist Joseph Schumpeter disagreed with the Marxian explanation of the origin of capital, because Schumpeter did not believe in exploitation. In liberal economic theory, the market returns to all people the exact value they have provided it; capitalists are just people who are very adept at saving and whose contributions are especially magnificent, and they do not take anything away from other people or the environment. Liberals believe that capitalism has no internal flaws or contradictions; only external threats. To liberals, the idea of the necessity of violent primitive accumulation to capital is particularly incendiary. Schumpeter wrote rather testily:
Schumpeter argued that imperialism was not a necessary jump-start for capitalism, nor is it needed to bolster capitalism, because imperialism pre-dated capitalism. Schumpeter believed that, whatever the empirical evidence, capitalist world trade could in principle expand peacefully. Where imperialism occurs, Schumpeter asserted, it has nothing to do with the intrinsic nature of capitalism itself, or of capitalist market expansion. The distinction between Schumpeter and Marx here is subtle. Marx claimed that capitalism requires violence and imperialism—first, to kick-start capitalism with a pile of booty and to dispossess a population to induce them to enter into capitalist relations as workers, and then to surmount the otherwise-fatal contradictions generated within capitalist relations over time. Schumpeter's view was that imperialism is an atavistic impulse pursued by a state, independent of the interests of the economic ruling class.
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2139907
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Philadelphia%20v.%20New%20Jersey
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City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
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City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617 (1978), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that states could not discriminate against another state's articles of commerce.
Background
On account of its location wedged between New York City and Philadelphia (the two largest cities on the East Coast of the United States), New Jersey has long been a heavily industrialized state, frequently containing factories and other facilities for businesses centered in or servicing the major cities nearby; as well as in the state. Among the facilities developed in New Jersey was waste processing, including both toxic waste and regular municipal-waste landfills. Municipalities and businesses outside New Jersey made such extensive use of the state's waste-processing facilities that in 1973, the New Jersey Legislature passed a Waste Control Act (N.J.S.A. § 13 et seq.) prohibiting the importation of most "solid or liquid waste which originated or was collected outside the territorial limits of the State."
Subsequent to the passage of the Act, the City of Philadelphia, whose municipal waste was delivered in part to landfills and other waste-processing facilities in New Jersey, filed suit against the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection in the Chancery Division of the New Jersey Superior Court, seeking an injunction against enforcement of the Waste Control Act on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. The New Jersey Supreme Court, however, found that the law advanced vital health and environmental objectives with no economic discrimination against, and with little burden upon, interstate commerce. It therefore found it permissible under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. The plaintiffs appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
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2139922
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiter%20%28ride%29
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Orbiter (ride)
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The Orbiter is a fairground ride, which involves a number of cars spun by a rotating axis. The ride was first presented to the public in the summer of 1976, at Margate Dreamland's Amusement Park.
The ride was invented by Former Showman Richard Woolls in 1976, and was manufactured by Tivoli Manufacturing.
History
The idea of the Orbiter was instigated by Richard Woolls and his Brother-in-law, Bob Nichols, as Woolls was experienced in Industrial Engineering. Showman Henry Frederick Smith invested in the blueprints and consequently became the first owner, taking delivery in 1976 of the OB-1. The ride made its debut at Dreamland Amusement Park in Margate, Kent. The Orbiter is made by Tivoli Manufacturing, a British company, and by their U.S. representatives, Amtech.
Description
The Orbiter has a number of articulated arms radiating from a central rotating vertical axis. Each arm supports a cluster of cars, which are lifted through 90° into the horizontal position once the ride is spinning. At the same time, each cluster of cars rotates around its arm's axis.
The Orbiter's arms do not always tilt at the same height (90%). Some might tilt all the way, while others tilt little. Most Orbiters consist of six arms, and have three cars for each arm with up to two people sitting in each car. There is a metal lap bar that comes down on the car for the restraint.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20II%20Agreement
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Bermuda II Agreement
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Bermuda II was a bilateral air transport agreement between the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States signed on 23 July 1977 as a renegotiation of the original 1946 Bermuda air services agreement. A new open skies agreement was signed by the United States and the European Union (EU) (of which the United Kingdom was part) on 30 April 2007 and came into effect on 30 March 2008, thus replacing Bermuda II.
The original 1946 Bermuda agreement took its name from the island where UK and US transport officials met to negotiate a new, inter-governmental air services agreement. That agreement, which was (relative to modern agreements) highly restrictive at the insistence of the British negotiators who feared that "giving in" to US demands for a "free-for-all" would lead to the then financially superior US airlines' total domination of the global air transport industry, was the world's first bilateral air services agreement. It became a blueprint for all subsequent air services agreements.
Bermuda II was revised several times since its signing, most recently in 1995. Although Bermuda II was much less restrictive than the original Bermuda agreement it replaced, it was widely regarded as a highly restrictive agreement that contrasted with the principle of open skies against the background of continuing liberalization of the legal framework governing the air transport industry in various parts of the world.
Historical background
In July 1976, Edmund Dell, the then new UK Secretary of State for Trade, renounced the original Bermuda Agreement of 1946 and initiated bilateral negotiations with his US counterparts on a new air services agreement, which resulted in the Bermuda II treaty of 1977.
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2139927
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20II%20Agreement
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Bermuda II Agreement
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The extensive fifth freedom rights US carriers used to enjoy from the UK to other European countries were restricted to a few routes from London Heathrow to what used to be West Germany (including West Berlin) in the days prior to German reunification. In the early 1990s, United Airlines used to fly between Heathrow, Berlin, Hamburg and Munich (United had acquired these traffic rights along with Pan Am's transatlantic rights to and from Heathrow for US $1 billion in 1990). A few years earlier, Trans World Airlines flew between London and Brussels but, unlike United, did not have traffic rights to carry local traffic between the two cities.
American and British regulatory authorities needed to approve every airline's capacity and pricing ahead of each operating season. Each country could refuse traffic rights to a carrier it was not satisfied with, particularly with regard to ownership and/or control. Only a specified number of US "gateway cities" could be served by both UK and US carriers from London Heathrow as well as London Gatwick.
Only the following US gateway cities could be served non-stop from Heathrow: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago–O'Hare, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, New York–JFK, Newark, Anchorage, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma, and Washington–Dulles. Anchorage and Minneapolis/St. Paul, held dormant authorities to use Heathrow as their London terminal, grandfathered from use during the original Bermuda Agreement; but could only be operated non-stop by a British carrier. As such, Anchorage remained dormant during the latter years of Bermuda II, and Minneapolis featured service only to London Gatwick, as its operating carrier (Northwest Airlines) did not have the authority to operate into Heathrow.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20II%20Agreement
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Bermuda II Agreement
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1981 revision
Both sides agreed to automatically nominate Gatwick as the gateway airport for London for any London–US route that did not already exist under the original 1946 Bermuda agreement. When all available routes between London Heathrow/Gatwick and the US were taken, any carrier wishing to start a new route to a US gateway city not served from either of London's two main airports at the time of application for route authority needed to drop another route. In addition, any such change could only become effective when there was unanimous agreement between both the UK and US governments. Failure of both nations' governments to agree to such changes prevented the introduction of additional non-stop flights, including between London and Honolulu, Portland (OR), and Salt Lake City. British Airways did successfully gain approval in 1982 to operate nonstop to New Orleans from Gatwick, as an intermediate stop on its Lockheed L-1011 TriStar service to Mexico City. This gateway was later omitted as the performance capability of newer Boeing 747s allowed the airline to operate the round trip route nonstop, despite the Mexican city's high altitude. BA would not resume its New Orleans nonstop operation until 2017, long after the cessation of Bermuda II.
1991 revision
In the wake of the bankruptcies of TWA and Pan Am, the carriers authorized to operate Heathrow routes were replaced by British Airways and Virgin Atlantic on the UK side and American Airlines and United Airlines on the US side.
Pan Am had previously sold its Heathrow traffic rights to United in 1990, but British negotiators initially stated that they would not allow United to receive the transferred route authority citing Bermuda II's specific designation of Pan Am; they furthermore stated that United was not a successor airline because it was not assuming ownership of Pan Am.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20II%20Agreement
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Bermuda II Agreement
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Virgin Atlantic's access rights to Heathrow under Bermuda II derived from the fact that the UK was not using its entitlement to nominate a second carrier to match the two US carriers' presence at London's premier airport. The UK Government therefore took advantage of the abolition of the London [Air] Traffic Distribution Rules, which had confined Virgin's London operations to Gatwick, as well as of the US Government's intention to have American and United replace TWA and Pan Am as the designated US flag carriers at Heathrow to help Virgin establish a presence at that airport as well.
These access restrictions were also the reason BA (as BCal's legal heir between London and Houston, Dallas, and Atlanta) and American (as Braniff Airways's legal heir between Dallas/Fort Worth and London) were compelled to continue using Gatwick as their UK gateway for all non-stop scheduled operations between London and Houston, Dallas/Fort Worth, and Atlanta as long as Bermuda II remained in force.
Code sharing also became possible under the 1991 agreement. The US later approved Continental Airlines to fly to London Heathrow, but British refusal to endorse the US position prevented Continental from exercising this route authority. However, Continental succeeded in obtaining UK permission to enter into a codeshare agreement with Virgin Atlantic, which placed Continental's flight numbers in addition to Virgin's on some of the latter's Heathrow and Gatwick flights.
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2139952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown%20and%20New%20Jersey%20Railroad
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Middletown and New Jersey Railroad
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Decline in traffic and revival
A substantial passenger service, often using railbuses, was offered with emphasis on carrying high school students from hamlets along the line to Middletown High School. Construction of a new high school far from the tracks resulted in cancellation of the school district's contract and the Middletown and Unionville abolished passenger service with the end of the school year in June 1940.
A multi-year, see-saw battle with truck competition ended with the final shipment of milk on August 18, 1941 from Borden at Johnson. Between 1938 and 1942, the NYS&W, newly independent from Erie control, and the O&W developed a very close relationship, reminiscent of the "Midland Route" of an earlier era, and for a short period routed heavy coal traffic from the O&W to the NYS&W via the M&U, once again serving as the link between the two.
In the late 1950s the M&NJ lost two of its three connections as the O&W ceased operations on March 29, 1957 and the NYS&W abandoned its Hanford Branch the next year. On February 20, 1960, the railroad was sold to three partners, Jay Wulfson, Jim Wright and Pierre Rasmussen. The GLF mill at Dolson Ave. burned down on March 30, 1962 but was rebuilt as a much larger facility including a custom mix plant and a bulk plant with an annual capacity of 50,000 tons. GLF soon merged into Agway. The complex received as many as a dozen loads daily. In the early 1960s, the Empire State Railway Museum ran diesel and steam excursions over the line until relocating to Essex, Connecticut, in the mid-1960s. The ESRM has returned to New York but is now located on the Catskill Mountain Railroad in Phoenicia, New York.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown%20and%20New%20Jersey%20Railroad
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Middletown and New Jersey Railroad
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Buildings
The M&NJ's offices are located in Middletown, New York in a converted train station originally built in 1872, with an engine shed located immediately behind the station. Nearby is the more-modern engine house that stores the railroad's sole operating GP9 diesel-electric locomotive.
Rolling stock
The line currently uses its locomotives to pull the rolling stock of other railroads. In the past, it has owned steam and diesel locomotives, as well as boxcars.
Steam locomotives
The railroad and its predecessors would roster a total of eight steam locomotives over the years, all bought second hand and none with a trailing truck. Three of these were camelback locomotives and the wheel arrangements included 4-4-0, 2-6-0, 4-6-0, and 2-8-0. The line's predecessor, the Middletown and Unionville Railroad (M&U), relied on the nearby New York, Ontario and Western shops for locomotive repairs and inspections and rented fifty-six different O&W locomotives in thirteen classes while its own was in the O&W shops. On April 23, 1944, the M&U retired the last railroad-owned steam locomotive and thereafter leased O&W locomotives and then NYS&W 2-10-0 "decapod" steam locomotives.
The M&NJ purchased former Bath and Hammondsport Railroad 2-6-0 11 in the 1980s with the intent of restoring it for freight service. However it sat stored until 2006 when it was sold to the owner of the Everett Railroad. It is currently undergoing restoration to active service at the shops of the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad. In 2015 after 9 years of restoration it returned to services.
During the 1960s when the Empire State Railway Museum was based out of Middletown, NY locomotive 103, a 2-6-2 from the Sumter & Choctaw Railroad was operated in excursion service between Middletown and Slate Hill, NY as the Middletown & Orange Railroad. This locomotive has since returned to the collection of the Railroad Museum of New England in Thomaston, Connecticut, where it is stored awaiting a possible restoration.
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2139956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi%20in%20rem%20jurisdiction
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Quasi in rem jurisdiction
|
A quasi in rem legal action (Latin, "as if against a thing") is a legal action based on property rights of a person absent from the jurisdiction. In the American legal system the state can assert power over an individual simply based on the fact that this individual has property (bank account, debt, share of stock, land) in the state. Quasi in rem jurisdiction does not have much function in the United States any longer. However, in very specific cases, quasi in rem jurisdiction can still be effective.
A quasi in rem action is commonly used when jurisdiction over the defendant is unobtainable due to their absence from the state. Any judgment will affect only the property seized, as in personam jurisdiction is unobtainable.
Of note, in a quasi in rem case the court may lack personal jurisdiction over the defendant, but it has jurisdiction over the defendant's property. The property could be seized to obtain a claim against the defendant. A judgment based on quasi in rem jurisdiction generally affects rights to the property only between the persons involved and does not "bind the entire world" as does a judgment based on "jurisdiction in rem".
The claim does not have to be related to the property seized, but the person must have minimum contacts with the forum state in order for jurisdiction to be proper.
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15833521
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyford%2C%20Oxfordshire
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Lyford, Oxfordshire
|
Lyford is a small village and civil parish on the River Ock about north of Wantage. Historically it was part of the ecclesiastical parish of Hanney. Lyford was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred the Vale of White Horse to Oxfordshire. The 2001 Census recorded the parish's population as 44. Lyford's name refers to a former ford across the river Ock, now replaced with a bridge on the road to Charney Bassett. "Ly" is derived from the Old English lin, meaning "flax". In 1034 it was recorded as Linford.
Manors
There were two manors in Lyford: Lyford Manor and Lyford Grange.
Lyford Manor
The manor of Lyford dates from at least 944, when Edmund I granted six hides of land there to one Ælfheah. The manor was enlarged by a grant of a further two hides of land by King Canute in 1034. The Domesday Book of 1086 records Lyford as Linford. The present manor house was built in the latter part of the 16th century and extended in 1617. It is a Grade II* listed building.
Lyford Grange
Lyford Grange, just east of the village, was originally a moated manor house of Abingdon Abbey built in a quadrangle. The present house was built between 1430 and 1480. It is timber-framed, with a post-and-truss roof including one queen post. It is a Grade II* listed building. In the reign of Elizabeth I the Grange belonged to a recusant family, the Yates, who harboured a community of Bridgettine nuns. In 1581 the house was searched; three priests were eventually found and arrested by the government agent, George Eliot: Thomas Ford, John Colleton and the renowned Jesuit, Edmund Campion. They were subsequently tried and martyred. The Mass is held annually in the village in commemoration of this event. The raid and martyrdoms did not stop recusancy at Lyford. In 1690 an informer reported that a small estate in the parish had been reserved to build a nunnery "when Popish times should come".
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15833521
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyford%2C%20Oxfordshire
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Lyford, Oxfordshire
|
Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St Mary the Virgin was built as a chapelry of Hanney in the first half of the 13th century. There is a Mass dial scratched on the south wall. The wooden bell-turret was added in the 15th century; it has a scissor-braced timber frame and three bells. The Perpendicular Gothic clerestory was added either at the same time or early in the 16th century. The church was restored in 1875 under the direction of the Gothic revival architect Ewan Christian. It is a Grade II* listed building. St Mary's parish is now part of the United Benefice of Cherbury with Gainfield. Rev. Michael Camilleri (c. 1814–1903), sometime vicar of Lyford, translated the New Testament into Maltese.
Social and economic history
In the early 1960s the digging of a soakaway in a cottage garden opposite the vicarage unearthed a small pottery bottle from the late 13th or early 14th century, and a bronze scale-pan. An open field system of farming continued in the parish until Parliament passed the (41 Geo. 3. (U.K.) c. 83 ).
Almshouses
Oliver Ashcombe founded Lyford almshouses in 1611. The present quadrangle of brick-built almshouses and a chapel appear to be 18th century. The quadrangle was completed as 20 houses, which were still tenanted as such in the early 1920s. More recently they have been combined into eight larger units.
| 2.25
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15833528
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido%20Information%20University
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Hokkaido Information University
|
is a private university in the city of Ebetsu, Hokkaidō, Japan, about 20 kilometers away from Sapporo.
The institution started with a focus on basic computer education. Currently, its curriculum has robustly expanded to include various aspects of information science, including data science, artificial intelligence, and network technologies.
Over the years, the university has maintained its commitment to innovative approaches to teaching and learning, and to offering practical, personalized, hands-on experience, with the aim of preparing its graduates to prosper in a workforce that is ever-increasingly integrated with information technology.
History
Hokkaido Information University has its roots in a group of information-technology-focused technical colleges that began in April 1968 under the auspices of Saburo Matsuo (PhD, engineering, Kyoto University), whose vision was to promote computer literacy in Japanese higher education.
Dr. Matsuo specialized in radio wave engineering and wireless communication at the Japanese Ministry of Communications, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), and Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. Matsuo anticipated the widespread adoption of computers and information technology in Japanese daily life, and the need to foster computer literacy to accommodate the needs of a changing workforce. In 1968, Matsuo founded 電子開発学園 (Denshi Kaihatsu Gakuen, or the Electronics Development Computer College), a group of technical schools across Japan with a focus on information technology.
In 1989, Hokkaido Information University (HIU) opened in Ebetsu, Hokkaido, as the flagship of this group of colleges. Today, the university, the group of ten affiliated technical colleges, and three affiliated research institutes collectively form the eDC Group, headquartered in Nakano, Tokyo. The eDC Group, and its individual constituent entities, are still sometimes referred to by the older Japanese moniker, Denshi Kaihatsu Gakuen.
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15833549
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ager%20Romanus
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Ager Romanus
|
The Ager Romanus (literally, "the field of Rome"') is the geographical rural area (part plains, part hilly) that surrounds the city of Rome. Politically and historically, it has represented the area of influence of Rome's municipal government. It is limited to the south by the Monti Prenestini range, Alban Hills and Pontine Marshes; to the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea; to the north by the hills surrounding Lake Bracciano and to the east by the Monti Tiburtini range.
History
Ancient Rome
The Rome of Romulus and his immediate successors possessed a very restricted territory, as did neighbouring Latin cities such as Praeneste. Such territories were marked by boundary stones, or cippi, used to define and limit the legitimate area of influence of cities, and the boundaries of private landholdings. According to tradition, Rome rapidly outgrew the ager established by its founder, and rather than accept its confinement, Tullus Hostilius razed the Latin city of Alba Longa ca. 635 BC, and incorporated its former territories within the ager Romanus.
With the proclamation of the Roman Republic in 509 BC, all the territory occupied by Romans in "Latium vetus" came to be proclaimed ager publicus, equivalent to state lands today, which were held by the state and could be granted to private citizens. The Roman municipal authorities of this era were the consuls. In effect, Rome was a gigantic city-territory continuously expanding across Europe.
| 2.8125
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15833573
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Andreas%20Schwarz
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Walter Andreas Schwarz
|
Walter Andreas Schwarz (2 June 1913 – 1 April 1992) was a German singer, songwriter, writer, Kabarettist, translator, author and narrator of audiobooks and radio dramas. In 1956, he became the first German participant at the Eurovision Song Contest.
Biography
Early life and education
Schwarz was born in Aschersleben on 2 June 1913. His father was born in Brody, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now in Ukraine) and was Jewish.
After graduating from school in 1932, Schwarz moved to Vienna to study German, French, English and musicology. He was also trained as an actor at the Max Reinhardt Seminar. He had first appearances as a theater actor in Berlin, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Bonn and Mannheim.
Nazi persecution
His father was deported to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in 1939, where he was murdered in 1940.
Schwarz himself was also persecuted under the Nuremberg Laws due to his father's Jewish origin. In 1939, he was excluded from the Reichstheaterkammer, which meant that he was not able to work as an actor anymore. He also at some point became stateless. He was later deported to the forced labour camp in Lenne and to the Holzen concentration camp, which he only survived due to one of the commanders there being a former childhood friend. Two of his sisters and one brother also survived the Holocaust.
Career and later life
In 1948, he started working as a translator for the BBC in London, where he lived for many years. He later also lived in Paris and eventually moved back to Germany.
| 2.453125
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15833575
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Durras%2C%20New%20South%20Wales
|
South Durras, New South Wales
|
South Durras is a small village on the South Coast of New South Wales, Australia. South Durras is located approximately 280 kilometres south of Sydney and 15 kilometres north of Batemans Bay, in the local government area of Eurobodalla Shire. The village is surrounded by the Murramarang National Park.
History
Prior to white settlement, South Durras was home to the Yuin people whose land covered much of the South Coast of New South Wales. Just north of South Durras in the Murramarang Aboriginal Area is what is believed to be the largest midden on the South Coast. While there was some initial hostility between the Yuin and the white settlers, introduced diseases such as smallpox killed off around 95% of the tribe, leaving them in no state to fight for their land.
The first land grant in the area was made to John Whitehead McNee in 1840 and the name Durras was in use at that time to describe the area. For the next ninety years or so, the area was primarily used for timber cutting with a mill in operation at Wasp Head but the mill's closure in 1929 caused a reappraisal of the area's potential. The land south of Durras Creek was subdivided in 1937 to form the village of Durras which didn't become known as South Durras until the establishment of another settlement north of Durras Lake. In the 1940s and 50s, a school, post office and store were established in the town with electricity introduced in 1960.
Coastal locations
The southern end of the wide bay is known as Beagle Bay, which includes two beaches (Mills Beach and Cookies Beach) and extends south to Wasp Head, a famous geological site, marking the southern boundary of the Sydney Basin sediments. On the southern side of Wasp Head is Wobbegong Bay.
Attractions
Murramarang National Park is adjacent to South Durras.
The beach at South Durras features tidal rock pools. Kangaroos graze close to the beach. Wildlife is plentiful, including parrots and goannas.
A campground is located just in the bush behind the beach.
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15833579
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive%27s%20Palace
|
Khedive's Palace
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The Khedive's Palace (, "Khedive Palace"), also known as Çubuklu Palace (Çubuklu Sarayı), is located on the Asian side of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, Turkey, and was once the residence of Khedive Abbas II of Egypt and Sudan. In English it is also known as the Khedive's Pavilion or the Khedive's Mansion.
The palace stands on a hiltop within a large grove of some above the Çubuklu neighborhood in the Beykoz district, overlooking the Istanbul Strait.
Completed in 1907, the three-storey palace was designed in Art Nouveau style, taking its inspiration from Italian villas of the Renaissance. However, it also incorporated elements of neo-classical Ottoman architecture. The east side is square, while the south and northwest sides feature crescent-shaped porticoes. The high, square tower is a unique feature visible from the opposite shore of the Bosphorus.
Several ground-floor rooms encircle a central hall, with one large hall featuring a fine fireplace. There are two bedrooms on the upper floor. Many of the walls, ceilings and marble capitals are carved with fruit, flowers and hunting animals reflecting European tastes. Stained glass is featured throughout. A monumental fountain inside the main entrance rises all the way to the roof. The rooftop terrace is accessible via a historic steam-operated elevator. The gate is decorated with gilded flowers.
There are other fine fountains and pools in the grounds. The rose garden is one of the largest in Istanbul.
A copy of the palace was built on the shore of the Nile in Egypt.
| 2.09375
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15833601
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20Time%20%28autobiography%29
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Killing Time (autobiography)
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Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend is an autobiography by philosopher Paul Feyerabend. The book details, amongst other things, Feyerabend's youth in Nazi-controlled Vienna, his military service, notorious academic career, and his multiple romantic conquests. The book's title, Killing Time is a play on the homophone Feierabend, a German compound noun meaning 'the workday's end and the evening following it'.
Feyerabend barely managed to finish writing the book, lying in a hospital bed with an inoperable brain tumor and the left side of his body paralyzed, and he died shortly before it was released. Killing Time was first published in an Italian translation (by Alessandro de Lachenal) in 1994, with the English original as well as German (by Joachim Jung) and Spanish (by Fabián Chueca) translations following the year afterward. It is one of Feyerabend's best-known works.
Summary
Feyerabend discloses that he did not keep any careful records of his life and destroyed much of the documentation autobiographers usually preserve, including a family album discarded "to make room for what I then thought were more important books", and correspondences ("even from Nobel Prize winners"). The book relies on Feyerabends's own memory as well as the various stray sources that he did manage to keep. His personal and intellectual experiences and his romantic and artistic adventures comprise roughly half the book. He recounts how he survived the depressions and suicide of his mother, his bare survival of World War II as an officer in the Wehrmacht, and his forgone apprenticeship as a tenor to Bertolt Brecht. His stormy relationships with philosophical contemporaries including mentor Karl Popper, friend and colleague Imre Lakatos and department chair of philosophy at University of California, Berkeley John Searle are described in vivid anecdotes. The book contains ruminations on the themes of evil, compassion and anti-Semitism.
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15833779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Drum%20Digital%20Differential%20Analyzer
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Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer
|
The MADDIDA (Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer) was a special-purpose digital computer used for solving systems of ordinary differential equations. It was the first computer to represent bits using voltage levels and whose entire logic was specified in Boolean algebra.
Invented by Floyd Steele, MADDIDA was developed at Northrop Aircraft Corporation between 1946 and 1949 to be used as a guidance system for the Snark missile. No guidance system, however, resulted from the work on the MADDIDA, and rather it was used for aeronautical research. In 1952, the MADDIDA became the world's top-selling commercial digital computer (albeit a special-purpose machine), six units having been sold. (The general-purpose UNIVAC I delivered its seventh unit in 1954.)
Development
Development on the project began in March 1946 at Northrop Corporation with the goal of producing a subsonic cruise missile designated "MX-775", which came to be called the Snark. Northrop's parameters for this project were to create a guidance system that would allow a missile to hit a target at a distance of up to with a precision that would be better than the German "vengeance" weapons V1 and V2. However, the MADDIDA was never used in weaponry, and Northrop ultimately used a different analog computer as the guidance system for the Snark missile.
Part of the project parameters involved developing the first digital data analyzer (DIDA).
Physicist Floyd Steele, who had reportedly in 1946 already demonstrated a working DIDA before the press in 1946 in his Los Angeles home, was hired as conceptual leader of the design group. Steele developed the concept for the DIDA, which would entail implementing an analog computer using only digital elements. When the decision was made to use magnetic drum memory (MAD) for the DIDA, the name was lengthened to MADDIDA (pronounced "Mad Ida").
| 2.6875
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15833779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Drum%20Digital%20Differential%20Analyzer
|
Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer
|
In his design for MADDIDA, Steele was influenced by the analog computer invented in 1927 by Vannevar Bush, which had digital components. Another influence was Lord Kelvin's tide-predicting machine, an analog computer completed in 1873.
Steele hired Donald Eckdahl, Hrant (Harold) Sarkinssian, and Richard Sprague to work on the MADDIDA's germanium diode logic circuits and also to do magnetic recording. Together, this group developed the MADDIDA prototype between 1946 and 1949.
Design
The MADDIDA had 44 integrators implemented using a magnetic drum with six storage tracks. The interconnections of the integrators were specified by writing an appropriate pattern of bits onto one of the tracks.
In contrast to the prior ENIAC and UNIVAC I computers, which used electrical pulses to represent bits, the MADDIDA was the first computer to represent bits using voltage levels. It was also the first computer whose entire logic was specified in Boolean algebra. These features were an advancement from earlier digital computers that still had analog circuitry components.
The original MADDIDA prototype is now part of the collection at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.
Distribution
Ultimately, the MADDIDA was never used in weaponry. Northrop ended up using a different analog computing system to guide the Snark missile, a system that was so dubious that many missiles were lost. A missile launched in 1956 went so far off course that it landed in north-eastern Brazil and was not found until 1983. Many of those connected with the program commented in jest "That the Caribbean was full of 'Snark infested waters'".
After the MADDIDA design team left Northrop in 1950, another team, which included Max Palevsky, was hired to duplicate the machine for commercial distribution. By the end of 1952, six MADDIDAs had been delivered and installed, making it the bestselling commercial digital computer in the world at the time. One of the six was sold to the Navy Electronics Laboratory (see above photo).
| 2.65625
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15833779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20Drum%20Digital%20Differential%20Analyzer
|
Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer
|
Aftermath
While developing the MADDIDA, the design team came to realize that a digital differential analyzer could be run on a general-purpose digital computer through the use of an appropriate problem-oriented language (POL), such as Dynamo. A year after the first MADDIDA was demonstrated, Steele and the MADDIDA design team left Northrop, along with Irving S. Reed, in order to develop general-purpose computers. On July 16, 1950, they formed the Computer Research Corporation (CRC), which in 1953 was sold to NCR.
Max Palevsky, who later worked with the MADDIDA duplication team at Northrop, drew influence from the MADDIDA's design in his work in 1952–1956 building the Bendix G-15, an early personal computer, for the Bendix Corporation. In March 1957, Palevsky begin work at Packard Bell, at a new affiliate of the company he started called Packard Bell Computer Corp. Palevsky continued gaining commercial support for digital computing, allowing design advancement to continue. He retired as Director and chairman of the executive committee of Xerox in May 1972. While Xerox would eventually drop personal computing, the Xerox prototypes would influence Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in their 1979 tour of the Xerox facility
| 2.046875
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15833827
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Faunthorpe
|
John Faunthorpe
|
Life and work
Faunthorpe was born in Battersea, son of Reverend John Pincher Faunthorpe, Principal at the Whitelands Training College, grew up at Bromley, and went to Rossall School and Balliol College, Oxford. He qualified for the Indian Civil Service, arriving in India in 1892 in the United Provinces. He was district magistrate and acting commandant for the 1st United Provinces Horse regiment. While in India he earned a reputation as a big game hunter, bagging (among other things) more than three hundred tigers. He was also known for his horsemanship and served as a steward at the Lucknow Race Course. He was posted to various locations in India, including Bahraich (1901), Muzaffarnagar (1905) and Kheri (1907), though he was on leave in England in 1914 when World War I broke out. He worked in army intelligence and worked in France from 1915 to 1917 placed in charge of controlling and censoring the press and journalists on the front. He was transferred to the General Staff and among other things was Military Director of Cinematograph Operations. He produced a film on the battle of Somme. For his service he was named C.B.E. and awarded the Military Cross, and in 1922 was appointed aide-de-camp to King George V. He was Commissioner of Lucknow with Sir Harcourt Butler as governor when he was faced with the Eka Movement, the rise of tenant farmers and landless against Indian landlords.He joined the British mission in the United States in 1918 at San Francisco, working alongside Sir Geoffrey Butler brother of Sir Harcourt Butler who had been governor of the United Provinces. When he returned to India after the war he worked as Commissioner at Lucknow and was placed on special duty so that he could work with Arthur Stannard Vernay to collect specimens for the Natural History Museums of Chicago and New York. Their Vernay-Faunthorpe Expedition (1922–1923) included cameraman G.M. Dyott and his footage was made into a movie called Hunting Tigers in India.
Shooting and hunting
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15833846
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20Highway%2066
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Puerto Rico Highway 66
|
Puerto Rico Highway 66 (PR-66) is a main tollway which parallels Puerto Rico Highway 3 going from the city of Carolina, Puerto Rico via a 3 loops cloverleaf interchange with PR-26 and PR-3, a major exit in the form of a Trumpet interchange in Canóvanas, Puerto Rico and ending in the municipality of Río Grande, Puerto Rico with an intersection of PR-3. It is only long and has very few exits, which work mainly to minimize traffic in the congested Carolina area of PR-3.
The highway is called the Roberto Sánchez Vilella Expressway, which is also the name given to the much larger PR-2 freeway segment from Hormigueros to Ponce. The second phase of PR-66 from Canóvanas to Río Grande was opened on 1 October 2012.
Route description
Naming
PR-66 is, in reality, an extension of older expressway PR-26, as both expressways are attached (that is, there is no need to take an exit to enter the other expressway, much like PR-18 and PR-52). PR-66 was assigned that number after U.S. Route 66 in the United States.
Controversy
PR-66 is very close to the El Yunque National Forest and at the start of construction there were problems between developers and environmental activists. Several acts of disobedience took place, including removing beams which had already been installed. The expressway was planned to be extended to Fajardo but due to the close presence of the forest reserve, it was accorded to be extended to Río Grande and connect to PR-3 which has several exits between that municipality and Fajardo. It is possible PR-3 will be converted into a complete freeway, in that segment, as it approaches PR-53.
| 2.140625
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15833883
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaichi%20Watanabe
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Kaichi Watanabe
|
was a Japanese engineer who studied and worked in Scotland, United Kingdom during the 1880s. He was one of the first Japanese engineers who came to study in the UK. He is best known for his work with Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker in cantilever bridge construction, notably on the Forth Bridge.
Watanabe studied under Henry Dyer, the Scottish engineer associated with technical education in Japan. After obtaining a degree from the Faculty of Technology of the University of Tokyo, he studied at the University of Glasgow from 1885 and graduated with a Civil Engineering and Bachelor of Science degree, and worked as a construction foreman on the Forth Bridge, which crossed the Firth of Forth in eastern Scotland in 1890.
Watanabe's image became well known in the 1887 photograph illustrating the cantilever principle, in which he poses with Fowler and Baker, suspended between the engineers who form a cantilever structure with their arms.
Watanabe returned to Japan in 1888, where he became the chief engineer of the Nippon Doboku Company. He then worked at a number of other companies, including the Hokuestsu Railway Company. He was president of the Sangu Railway Company, Keio Electric Tramway, the Ishikawajima shipyard in Tokyo, and the Kansai Gas company.
Conductor Takashi Asahina was the illegitimate son of Watanabe.
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15833885
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Prato
|
Operação Prato
|
Operation Saucer (; literally, Operation Plate) was an investigation carried out between 1977 and 1978 by the Brazilian Air Force following alleged UFO sightings in the city of Colares. The investigation was closed after finding no unusual phenomena.
History
Precedent events
In 1977, numerous UFOs were reported in the Brazilian city of Colares, Pará. Local residents claimed that scars on their bodies were caused by the lights in the sky, and named the lights "Chupa Chupa" (literally Sucker-Sucker, local name for a "Lollipop"). Believing it would keep the lights away, residents of Colares organized night vigils, lit fires, and ignited fireworks. Mayor José Ildone Favacho Soeiro requested help from the Air Force.
The Operation
The operation was commanded by Captain Uyrangê Bolivar Soares Nogueira de Hollanda Lima. During late 1977, several pictures of lights were recorded but the military remained skeptical. After approximately four months, the operation was closed after finding no unusual phenomena. The official documents can be obtained from the Brazilian National Archives (Arquivo Nacional).
Conspiracy theories
In 1997, two decades after the operation, Captain Uyrangê gave an interview to Ufologists Ademar José Gevaerd and Marco Antônio Petit where he recounted his experiences living alongside his men. Three months after the interview, he was found dead in his home "after he seemingly hung himself using the belt of his bathrobe", attracting the interest of conspiracy theorists.
UFOlogists
According to ufologist Jacques Vallée, a number of individuals were reportedly killed as a result of the "lights" fired upon them by the UFOs, and injuries were consistent with radiation effects from microwaves. Other ufologists claimed that the lights from UFOs sucked blood from 400 people.
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15833888
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur%20Abu%20Bakr
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Al-Mansur Abu Bakr
|
Al-Malik al-Mansur Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr (), better known as al-Mansur Abu Bakr (), (ca. 1321 – November 1341) was a Bahri Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in 1341. From an early age, Abu Bakr received military training in the desert town of al-Karak. His father, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–41), groomed him as a potential successor to the throne and made him an emir in 1335. He was consistently promoted in the following years, becoming the na'ib (governor) of al-Karak in 1339. In June 1341, he became sultan, the first of several sons of an-Nasir Muhammad to accede to the throne. However, his reign was short-lived; in August, Abu Bakr was deposed and arrested by his father's senior emir, Qawsun. Abu Bakr was imprisoned in the Upper Egyptian city of Qus, along with many of his brothers, and executed on Qawsun's orders two months later. He was formally succeeded by his younger half-brother, al-Ashraf Kujuk, but Qawsun was left as the strongman of the sultanate.
Early life and career
Abu Bakr was born around 1321 to his sultan father an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–1341) and his concubine mother, Narjis. Narjis also gave birth to Abu Bakr's younger full brothers Ramadan (died 1343) and Yusuf (died 1346). Information about Abu Bakr's early childhood is unavailable in the Mamluk sources. The first mention of Abu Bakr came in 1332. At that time, Abu Bakr had been sent to the desert fortress of al-Karak to join his half-brothers Ahmad and Ibrahim in their military training. Also during that year, Abu Bakr left al-Karak to accompany his father and half-brothers Anuk and Ahmad at al-Aqaba and from there to Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage. However, an-Nasir Muhammad had them return to al-Karak before the trek to Mecca.
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15833942
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Deventer
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Deventer
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The Diocese of Deventer is a suppressed former diocese of the Catholic Church in what is now the Netherlands. It was erected in 1559 as a suffragan see to the Diocese of Utrecht, which was raised to an Archdiocese at the same time, at the request of King Philip II of Spain. The Diocese of Deventer covered Overijssel, a part of Guelders and the counties of Zutphen, Bentheim and Lingen.
According to the 19th-century historian A.J. van der Aa, the first bishop appointed by Philip II was Johannes Mahusius, but he never occupied the post because of obstruction by the Estates, and he resigned in 1570 because of illness. He was succeeded by Egidius de Monte, who was established in Deventer by the Duke of Alva. After he died in 1589, Gijsbert Koeverinks was named as the third bishop of Deventer, but before he could be consecrated in 1591, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, conquered the city and the diocese ceased to exist.
Saint Lebuinus Church was the cathedral of the Diocese of Deventer. It was later taken in the revolt by the Calvinists. Today it is a Protestant church and is commonly known as the "Grote Kerk" (Great Church). It is located in the old town center in the market square along the IJssel River.
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15833970
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip%20Video
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Flip Video
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FlipShare TV
FlipShare TV was an accessory for the third-generation Flip UltraHD camera, allowing users to connect the TV base to their TV, plug in a USB transmitter key to their computer, and view their Flipshare library.
Acquisition and shutdown by Cisco
On May 21, 2009, Cisco Systems acquired Pure Digital Technologies for US$ 590 million in stock.
On April 12, 2011, Cisco announced that it "will exit aspects of its consumer business", including shutting down the Flip Video division.
Some observers suggested that the Flip was facing growing competition from camera phones, particularly smartphones (which disrupted consumer electronics trade such as point-and-shoot cameras, wristwatches, alarm clocks, portable music players and GPS devices) that had recently begun incorporating HD video cameras.
David Pogue of The New York Times disagreed with the camera phone-competition theory. He said that smartphones made up only a small fraction of overall worldwide sales of cell phones in 2011, and the Flip was still selling strongly when its discontinuation was announced. Other potential causes of the shutdown include the fact that consumer hardware was not part of Cisco's core businesses of services and software, and that their profit margins on consumer electronics were narrow. CNet reported that Flip's Christmas 2010 sales disappointed Cisco.
Cisco shut down the Flip business instead of divesting of it, retaining its technology. It is possible that Cisco always intended the opposite of acquihiring; close the company, keeping Flip's patents and other intellectual property for Cisco's videoconferencing business but not the consumer business or employees.
| 2.109375
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15834026
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20Highway%2010
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Puerto Rico Highway 10
|
Puerto Rico Highway 10 (PR-10) is a major highway in Puerto Rico. The primary state road connects the city of Ponce in the south coast to Arecibo in the north; it is also the shortest route between the two cities.
Construction on the modern PR-10, a new highway, began in 1974. The highway is being built parallel to the old PR-10; that road is now signed PR-123. Most of the new PR-10 is now complete, with an approximately stretch still remaining to be finished. In its current state it is a freeway only in the completed portions, which consists of over three-fourths of the highway.
In May 2010, Autoridad de Carreteras estimated the road would be completed in 2015, at a cost of $500 million. Upon completion, the highway is expected to become one of the two major roads on the island that cross the Cordillera Central mountain range. The first section of the road was inaugurated in the year 2000. After "more than 40 years" since the project was initiated, as of 22 January 2017, remained to be completed.
Route description
PR-10 runs generally north-south over the scenic mountains of the Cordillera Central with magnificent views of the surrounding mountain tops. After its initial completion, the road was described as "(being) of first class construction throughout, and present(ing) a panorama of magnificent scenery, rivaling the views of any of the famed roads of Europe." When completed, the reconstructed highway will significantly reduce travel time. Due to the rugged terrain, several sections of the new highway required the construction of bridges.
Ponce to Adjuntas
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15834026
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20Highway%2010
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Puerto Rico Highway 10
|
The history of PR-10 is closely linked to PR-123 (the old Ponce-to-Adjuntas Road) which predates it.
PR-123 dates to the late 19th century when it was built under the colonial government of Spain to connect the coffee-growing town of Adjuntas to the port city of Ponce as a farm-to-market road.
When the PR-10 road started construction in the mid-1970s, the then Ponce-Arecibo Road, which used to be signed PR-10, was resigned PR-123 and the new road was signed PR-10. Today, PR-10 signs refer to the new road, whereas PR-123 signs refer to the old road. The old road is roughly parallel to the new PR-10. The exception to this is in the area between the towns of Adjuntas and Utuado, where construction of PR-10 is not yet complete and traffic is detoured to use the PR-123. In that area PR-10 signs identify the old road. Prior to 1974, the full length of the old road was, in fact, signed PR-10. This route signing can still be seen in some old street maps of the city of Ponce. PR-10 is an alternate route to PR-123.
Navigating the old Ponce-Arecibo road was very tedious as the road was engineered to run from mountainside to mountainside, following the contours of the mountains, and along the natural definitions of the course of rivers, to reach its destination. Driving was rather hazardous, especially for trucks.
New road
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15834026
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20Highway%2010
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Puerto Rico Highway 10
|
The remaining segment, from Adjuntas to Utuado, is partly complete. Due to the complexities of road-building in the remaining segment, this last segment is being built in nine phases. The first phase, consisting of 1.24 km of roadway, was completed at a cost of $7.9 million and opened to the public on 21 August 2009. Phases 2 and 3 were already also under construction at the time that the beginning of phase 4 was announced on 25 August 2010. Phase 4 will cost of $8.7 million. At that juncture, phase 5 was being readied for bidding. The last four phases were under engineering design in August 2010. The total cost of these last five phases (phases 5 through 9) is projected to be $179 million. During a 2013 presentation by the Puerto Rico DTOP, the last three Utuado-to-Adjuntas phases that were at that point in the design phase ("etapa de diseño"), and known as phases II, III, and IV (synonymous with former phases 7, 8, and 9), would cost $31.8M, $31.3M, and 34.5M, respectively, to build for a total cost-to-build of $97.6 million.
Travel time
The new road runs mostly parallel to PR-123, and for the area that is still under construction, motorists must use a stretch of PR-123 before reaching PR-10 again. The incomplete stretch will link Adjuntas to the mountain town of Utuado. It takes about half hour travel on PR-123 to reach the new PR-10 road, and about one hour and 20 minutes to travel the full length of the road from Ponce to Arecibo. Before the building of the new PR-10 highway, just the stretch from Utuado to Arecibo used to take one hour to travel; it now takes 15 minutes.
| 2.234375
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15834026
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20Highway%2010
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Puerto Rico Highway 10
|
Possible addition of metal nets
On 8 November 2010, large rocks fell on a section of the new PR-10 in barrio Tibes leading to a 24-hour closure of the highway. It was the second time that heavy rains had caused rocks to fall onto the highway in a period of a few months. Meanwhile, northbound traffic was detoured to PR-515 and southbound traffic was detoured to PR-123, the old PR10-signed road. As a result, the Puerto Rico DTOP is assessing whether the area would be a candidate for the installation of metal nets that would minimize the possibility of further erosion.
Environmental concerns
The building of the new PR-10 was an issue of contention based on environmental reasons related to the effect on the virgin Cordillera Central. When a group of American corporations attempted to lease land from the Government of Puerto Rico to exploit nickel, copper and cobalt mines, a grassroots effort by Puerto Rican townspeople had the government turn away from the idea. The plan had its roots in a so-called Plan 2020, the result of a study by a group of U.S. consultants eyeing economic regeneration for Puerto Rico at the expense of the environment.
The frequent rain and high humidity as well as the mountainous terrain of the area traversed by PR-10 make for a road building challenge for road engineers who have come to the use of recycled ground vehicular rubber tires as an innovative solution. The government calls PR-10 "Puerto Rico's first green road" for its use of recycled car tires to build the surface of the road.
Fate of the old road
No plans have been disclosed to close the old PR-123 after the new PR-10 construction project is complete, and PR-123 will likely serve mostly as a local route. Today, the old highway is signed as PR-123 in those stretches of the road where the newer PR-10 parallels it. As new stretches of the PR-10 road are completed and opened to traffic, the corresponding stretch of the old PR-10 road is being signed PR-123.
| 2.59375
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15834185
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar%20Berg%20%28painter%29
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Gunnar Berg (painter)
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Gunnar Berg (21 May 1863 – 23 December 1893) was a Norwegian painter, known for his paintings of his native Lofoten. He principally painted memorable scenes of the everyday life of the local fishermen.
Background
Gunnar Berg was born on Svinøya in Svolvær on Lofoten, Nordland County, Norway. He was the oldest of 12 siblings born to a wealthy landowner and merchant, Lars Thodal Walnum Berg (1830-–1903) and Lovise Johnsen (1842–1921). From 1875 until 1881, he attended Trondheim Cathedral School, and also took private lessons in drawing and painting by the artist H.J. Nicolaysen. He later attended a trade school in Bergen. He was first employed as a merchant. He later studied to become an artist.
Biography
Gunnar Berg first studied at the art academy in Düsseldorf, Germany. From 1883 until his death, Gunnar Berg studied and worked in Düsseldorf and Berlin, associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. During the Lofoten fishing season, Berg was at home in Svolvær. With the help of his parents, built a studio on Svinøya. When he was at Lofoten, he had a good collaboration with fellow painter Otto Sinding.
Berg painted scenes from his hometown including both landscapes and seascapes. Fishermen, mountains and the sea, during both summer and winter, comprised the primary themes of his artistry.
Among his most significant paintings are Fra Vaterfjord (1886) which is now on display at Svolvær City Hall and Trollfjordslaget (1890) which is situated in the Gunnar Berg Gallery in Svolvær. Fra Vaterfjord is dated to between 1886 and 1893. The painting features Nordland boats during a break in fishing. In the background is a steamship that is probably buying up fish for transport south.
Trollfjordslaget depicts The Battle of Trollfjord which was fought in 1890. The Battle at Trollfjord (Slaget i Trollfjorden) was fought between the owners of large steamships and some Lofotfisherman over the control of local fishing.
| 2.296875
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15834206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Cilaurren
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Leonardo Cilaurren
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Leonardo Cilaurren Uriarte ( 5 November 1912 – 9 December 1969) was a Spanish international footballer who played professionally as a midfielder in Spain, Argentina, Uruguay and Mexico between 1929 and 1945.
Career
Club career
Born in Bilbao in the Basque Country, Cilaurren played club football in Spain for Arenas Club de Getxo and Athletic Bilbao prior to the Spanish Civil War. With Athletic, he won the Copa del Rey in 1933 and La Liga in 1933–34 before his career was interrupted by the conflict.
During the 1938–39 season, he played for Club Deportivo Euzkadi (the Basque exiles' team) in the Mexican league. In 1939 he joined River Plate in Argentina where he played 19 times, scoring 3 goals. He then played for CA Peñarol of Uruguay before returning to Mexico in 1943 where he played for Real Club España and was part of the team that won the League title in 1943–44, the Mexican Cup in 1944–45 and two editions of the Mexican Super Cup in 1944 and 1945.
International career
Cilaurren earned 14 caps for the Spanish national side between 1931 and 1935, and participated at the 1934 FIFA World Cup. From 1937 to 1939 he was part of the Basque Country national football team which toured Europa and the Americas.
| 2.140625
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15834273
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo%20text%20O
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Rongorongo text O
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Text O of the rongorongo corpus, the Berlin tablet, is one of two dozen surviving rongorongo texts.
Other names
O is the standard designation, from Barthel (1958). Fischer (1997) refers to it as RR22.
It is also known as the Boomerang because of its bent shape.
Location
Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. Catalog # VI 4878 (Inventory # I 3/83).
Description
A fluted piece of gnarled driftwood, 103 × 12.5/10 × 5.2 cm, this is the most massive rongorongo artifact to survive, as well as the most fragile. It was heavily weathered before inscription, and later it was burnt in five places and lay on side b in damp soil, probably in a cave. Fischer (1997) reports that bits flake off upon handling, and in parts even the fluting is no longer distinguishable.
Fischer (1997) believes that it was once a 'marvelous' piece, a fluted version of the Santiago Staff.
Provenance
In 1882 an archaeological expedition aboard the SMS Hyäne visited Easter Island, and captain Wilhelm Geiseler purchased two tablets. The purchase had been arranged by Schlubach, the German consul in Valparaíso, at the request of Adolf Bastian, the director of the Königliches Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. The tablets were given to the uncle of Schlubach's wife, Alexander Salmon, Jr, who then shipped three tablets, M, N, and O, to Schlubach. When Schlubach returned to Hamburg in 1883, he sent just this one tablet to Bastian.
Text
There are seven visible lines of glyphs on side a, with traces of eleven or twelve (if the edge was used) altogether; on side b there are traces of fluting for thirteen lines, or perhaps fourteen if the edge was used.
No glyphs can be identified on side b (Fischer 1997:497). On side a, Fischer counts ~ 187 glyphs from personal examination and an 1883 sketch by Bastian, many of which cannot be reliably identified. He estimates the original text held 1,200 to 1,300 glyphs. He hopes that a 'substantial amount' of text may be recovered through computer enhancement.
Fischer
| 1.90625
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15834335
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesit%C3%BCkimaa
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Vesitükimaa
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Vesitükimaa (alternately: Vesitükk and Vesitüki. ) is a small, uninhabited Estonian islet located in Saaremaa Parish, at the tip of Sõrve Peninsula of Saaremaa island. It is a site of European Community importance for the Boreal Biogeographical Region, its coordinates are and its territory is 12,6 km2.
Vesitükimaa is among a group of small islets, including Siiasaar, Lombimaa and Pitkasääremaa that make up the Vesitükimaa Islets Sanctuary (Estonian: Vesitükimaa laidude kaitseala). The small island of Lombimaa lies 200 meters south of Vesitükimaa.
The reserve area covers 160.5 hectares, of which 10.8 hectares is land and 149.7 hectares sea. The closest village to Vesitükimaa is Tehumardi, located on the narrowest strip of Saaremaa – the neck of the Sõrve Peninsula.
Vesitükimaa islets and the tip of Sõrve Peninsula were placed under protection in 1971 because of its geological, botanical and ornithological importance. The Estonian Geological Institute has carried on long-term studies on many of the islets, including Vesitükimaa. The islets are also a favored nesting area for sea birds, especially for several species of sea gulls. Swans can be seen here as well as other birds. The area is off limits to visitors during the nesting season, from April 1 to July 1.
| 2.09375
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15834561
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20trapping
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Honey trapping
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Honey trapping is a practice involving the use of romantic or sexual relationships for interpersonal, political (including state espionage), or monetary purpose. The honey pot or trap involves making contact with an individual who has information or resources required by a group or individual; the trapper will then seek to entice the target into a false relationship (which may or may not include actual physical involvement) in which they can glean information or influence over the target.
The term "honey trap" is also used when dating sites are used to gain access to a victim.
Private investigators are often employed to create a honey pot by wives, husbands, and other partners usually when an illicit romantic affair is suspected of the "target", or subject of the investigation. Occasionally, the term may be used for the practice of creating an affair for the purpose of taking incriminating photos for use in blackmail. A honey trap is used primarily to collect evidence on the subject of the honey trap. Honey trapping is also used in getting a new user addicted to illegal drugs and also for drug smuggling.
Espionage
Honey trapping has a long history of use in espionage.
During the Cold War, female agents called "Mozhno girls" or "Mozhnos" were used by the KGB of the USSR to spy on foreign officials by seducing them. The name Mozhno comes from the Russian word "mozhno" (), meaning "it is permitted", as these agents were allowed to breach regulations restricting Russian contact with foreigners.
In 2009, the British MI5 distributed a 14-page document to hundreds of British banks, businesses, and financial institutions, titled "The Threat from Chinese Espionage". It described a wide-ranging Chinese effort to blackmail Western business people over sexual relationships. The document explicitly warns that Chinese intelligence services are trying to cultivate "long-term relationships" and have been known to "exploit vulnerabilities such as sexual relationships ... to pressurise individuals to co-operate with them."
| 2.015625
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15834649
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings%20County%20Museum
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Kings County Museum
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Museum
The Kings Historical Society was founded in 1978. The Kings Historical Society is a non-profit organization which owns and operates the Kings County Museum. When the courthouse closed in 1980, the society successfully campaigned to save it from demolition and restore it to serve as a county museum. raising $64,000 for restoration and $15,000 for neglected repairs. It officially opened to the public as the "Old Kings Courthouse Museum" on May 27, 1981, timed to coincide with the Apple Blossom Festival, marked by the museum's first exhibit, a history of the festival and the success of Kentville's Dominion Atlantic Railway in attracting tourism.
A highlight of the new museum was the restoration of the court room's extensive use of the lost art of painted wood grain. Little of the original finish remained but a local resident named Brad Forsyth, who had learned the technique from his father, repainted and restored the room's panelling, complete with secret figures of birds and animals hidden in grain patterns.
| 2.578125
| 0
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15834812
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Peter%20Lesley%20House
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J. Peter Lesley House
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The J. Peter Lesley House is a historic row house at 1008 Clinton Street in the Washington Square neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. A National Historic Landmark, it was for 27 years the home of John Peter Lesley (1819-1903), one of the leading geologists of the second half of the 19th century. The house is a private residence, and is not open to the public.
Description and history
The J. Peter Lesley House is located in Philadelphia's Washington Square West neighborhood, on the south side of Clinton Street between South 10th and 11th Streets. It is a -story brick building, with a gabled roof pierced in front by a gabled dormer, and flanked on the side walls by chimneys. It is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay, topped by a Federal style half-round transom window. The interior of the house largely retains features of the later 19th century, despite conversion to multiunit residences and back to single-family use.
J. Peter Lesley rented this building from 1869 to 1897, using it as his home and office. Lesley served for many years as the State Geologist of Pennsylvania, and was a leading authority on geology related to coal and iron ore, especially in Pennsylvania and surrounding states. His pioneering work A Manual of Coal, published in 1856, demonstrated the relationship between topography and geological structure. He supervised the publication of more than 120 state reports produced by its Geological Survey department, which he also directed for many years.
The Lesleys made this address their year-round home until 1885, when Mrs. Lesley was given a house in Milton, Massachusetts. He continued to spend most of his days here until ill health compelled his retirement in 1896, after which he also moved permanently to Massachusetts.
| 2.125
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15834915
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino%20Zappa
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Gino Zappa
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Gino Zappa (Milan, 1879 – Venice, 1960) was an Italian economist and one of the most important figures in the fields of economics and accounting in the twentieth century.
Biography
He was a professor at Bocconi University in Milan and University Ca'Foscari of Venice, where he was also Rector. Zappa dedicated his life to the study of business economics. Pietro Onida, Pasquale Saraceno, Tommaso Zerbi, Giordano Dell'Amore, Ugo Caprara, Aldo Amaduzzi, Giorgio Pivato, Ettore Lorusso, Carlo Masini, Lino Azzini, Luigi Guatri, Arnaldo Marcantonio and others would later expand his ideas.
Business Economics: the unity of the disciplines detection, management, organization
"The science that studies the conditions of existence and manifestations of corporate life, the science of economic administration companies, in other words, business administration is our science."
From G. Zappa New Trends in the Studies of Accounting (1927). The lines of the renewal of economics and business studies are drawn from him in this historic inaugural address, delivered in 1926, on the occasion of the inauguration of the academic year at the university Ca 'Foscari of Venice, and published the following year, in 1927. This speech marks the official start of the modern teaching of business economics (“economia aziendale”) in Italian universities.
| 2.375
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15835000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants%27%20Exchange%20Building%20%28Philadelphia%29
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Merchants' Exchange Building (Philadelphia)
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The Greek Revival movement became particularly attractive for American architects in the late eighteenth century on account of the rising popularity of ancient Greece's democratic principles and the strong desire to recast the nation's image and further distance it from Great Britain. Greek Revival architecture began to gain favor in the United States when Thomas Jefferson appointed Benjamin Henry Latrobe to design a number of prominent buildings in Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia for the Federal government. Latrobe led the country's movement toward the Greek Revival style through the late eighteenth century and developed it for future American architects.
Among several mentees of Latrobe was William Strickland, the man who was ultimately appointed architect of the Merchants' Exchange Building. Strickland's design is admired to this day for its balance of order and ornamentation, one of the ideals of the Greek Revival style.
While the trustees of the Philadelphia Exchange Company chose Strickland for his increasing local popularity, his design of the Merchants' Exchange Building is remembered today not only for its reflection of the Greek Revival style, but also the uniqueness in its design. The plot of land allotted for the building was one of the few triangle plots that were not a part of William Penn's original grid layout of Philadelphia.
Strickland's use of a semicircular facade at the rear of the building is an example of his ingenuity in adapting the design so that the building could naturally flow with the arch of the curved road that borders the property. Although both sides of the building have distinctively different facades, Strickland evoked the Greek Revival style through his use of marble Corinthian pillars and elaborate ornamentation. Strickland's use of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates as inspiration for the building's lantern tower drew the local press to write in a newspaper in 1831 that "Philadelphia is truly the Athens of America."
| 2.9375
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15835051
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ireland
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Samuel Ireland
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Samuel Ireland (21 May 1744 – July 1800), English author and engraver, is best remembered today as the chief victim of the Ireland Shakespeare forgeries created by his son, William Henry Ireland.
Early life
He began life as a weaver in Spitalfields, London, but soon took to dealing in prints and drawings and devoted his spare time to teaching himself drawing, etching, and engraving. He made sufficient progress to obtain a medal from the Society of Arts in 1760. In 1784 he appears as an exhibitor for the first and apparently only time at the Royal Academy, sending a view of Oxford. Between 1780 and 1785 he etched many plates after John Hamilton Mortimer and Hogarth. Etched portraits by him of General Oglethorpe (1785) and Thomas Inglefield, an armless artist (1787), are in the print room of the British Museum, together with etchings after Ruisdael (1786) and Teniers (1787) and other masters, and some architectural drawings in water-colour.
Meanwhile, Ireland's taste for collecting books, pictures, and curiosities gradually became an all-absorbing passion. In 1794 he proved the value of part of his collection by issuing "Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth, from Pictures, Drawings, and Scarce Prints in the Author's Possession." Some of the plates were etched by himself. A second volume appeared in 1799. The work is of high interest, although it is possible that Ireland has assigned to Hogarth some drawings by other artists.
Picturesque views
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15835051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ireland
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Samuel Ireland
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In 1790 Ireland published A Picturesque Tour through Holland, Brabant, and part of France made in the Autumn of 1789, London (2 vols. Roy. 8vo and in large-paper 4to). It was dedicated to Francis Grose and contained etchings on copper in aquatint from drawings made by the author "on the spot." He paid at least one visit to France, and the charge brought against him by his enemies that he was never out of England is unfounded. A second edition appeared in 1795. The series, which was long valued by collectors, was continued in the same form in Picturesque Views on the River Thames, 1792 (2 vols., 2nd ed. 1800–1801); in Picturesque Views on the River Medway, 1793 (1 vol.); in Picturesque Views on the Warwickshire Avon, 1795 (1 vol.); and in Picturesque Views on the River Wye, 1797 (1 vol.). In 1800, just after Ireland's death, appeared Picturesque Views, with an Historical Account of the Inns of Court in London and Westminster, and the series was concluded by the publication in 1824 of Picturesque Views on the River Severn (2 vols.), with colored lithographs, after drawings by Ireland, and descriptions by T. Harral. Ireland had announced the immediate issue of this work in his volume on the Wye in 1797.
In 1790 Ireland resided in Arundel Street, off the Strand, and a year later removed to 8 Norfolk Street. His household consisted of Mrs Freeman, a housekeeper and amanuensis, whose handwriting shows her to have been a woman of education, a son William Henry, and a daughter Jane. The latter painted some clever miniatures. Ireland also had a married daughter, Anna Maria Barnard. The family Bible shows that all three children were illegitimate and that Mrs Freeman was their mother. Her original name was Anna Maria de Burgh Coppinger.
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15835051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ireland
|
Samuel Ireland
|
Enthusiasm for Shakespeare
Ireland was a fervent admirer of William Shakespeare, and in 1793, when preparing his "Picturesque Views of the Avon," he took his son with him to Stratford-upon-Avon, to examine carefully all the sights associated with the dramatist. The father recorded many local traditions, which he accepted as true, including those concocted for his benefit (according to Sidney Lee) by John Jordan, a Stratford poet, who was his chief guide throughout his visit.
In his pursuit of information about Shakespeare, Ireland learned from some of the oldest inhabitants that manuscripts had been moved from Shakespeare's residence at New Place to Clopton House at the time of the Stratford fire. To Clopton House he went, where he learned from the tenant that the manuscripts he was seeking had been destroyed only a week before. His disappointment was extreme. "My God! Sir, you are not aware of the loss which the world has sustained. Would to heaven I had arrived sooner!".
Forgeries
Late in 1794 his son, William Henry, claimed to have discovered a mortgage deed signed by Shakespeare, in an old trunk belonging to a mysterious acquaintance of his, whom he designated only as Mr. H. In fact he had forged the deed himself, using blank parchment cut from an ancient deed at his employer's office. Prominent authorities pronounced it genuine, and soon other items followed – a letter from Queen Elizabeth, a love-poem by Shakespeare written to his future wife, "Anna Hatherreway", the original manuscript of King Lear, and the manuscript of an otherwise unknown play, Vortigern and Rowena.
| 2.703125
| 0
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15835051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ireland
|
Samuel Ireland
|
These were soon on display at Ireland's house, where notable literary men such as James Boswell, Samuel Parr, Joseph Warton, and Henry James Pye, the poet laureate, pronounced them genuine. The chief Shakespearean scholars of the day, Edmond Malone and George Steevens, however, unhesitatingly denounced them as forgeries. (One curious exception was George Chalmers, who made genuine contributions to Shakespeare scholarship, but who was nonetheless taken in by the imposition.)
Samuel Ireland, however, had no doubts about their genuineness, and published them in a folio volume in December 1795. Exposure quickly followed. James Boaden, formerly a believer, responded with "A Letter to George Steevens", published in January 1796, that attacked their authenticity, but the decisive blow was delivered by Edmond Malone's response, An Enquiry into the Authenticity of Certain Papers and Legal Instruments, published in March 1796. The failure of Vortigern and Rowena on its first performance quickly followed on 2 April 1796.
| 1.992188
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15835072
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Wolfe%20Islander%20III
|
MV Wolfe Islander III
|
Wolfe Islander III is the ferry currently serving between Kingston, Ontario and Wolfe Island. She can hold approximately 55 cars, and is end-loading. The length of the car deck is 61 metres (200 feet). The vehicle height restriction is 4.4 m (14 feet, 5 inches). As it is the only public access to Wolfe Island, the vessel operates as a free ferry. Crossing time is approximately 20 minutes. She was launched into service on 5 February 1976 by then Ontario Minister of Transportation, James W. Snow.
The previous ferry in service was Wolfe Islander II.
The ferry terminal on Wolfe Island varied by season until the fall of 2020. During the summer season (approximately April to December), the Marysville dock was used, while during the winter season (December to April), the Dawson’s Point dock was used, located east of Marysville. During the three-year reconstruction of the Barrack Street Dock in Kingston and the Marysville dock on Wolfe Island, the Dawson's Point dock will be used year-round on the Wolfe Island side. The route used to include a bubbler system that stretched to the Barrack Street Dock in Kingston, Ontario. It became non-operational for several years, and the machinery was removed in the fall of 2020 during Barrack Street dock reconstruction at Kingston.
The Kingston Terminal is located at the foot of Barrack Street, at Ontario Street.
In 2017, the Ontario provincial government ordered a new battery electric powered ferry with a capacity of 399 people and 75 vehicles from Damen Group to operate the Wolfe Island route. That new ferry, the MV Wolfe Islander IV was to have begun operations in April 2022 as the new vessel is compatible with both the existing and new dock and ramp infrastructure.
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15835109
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20H.%20Douglas%20Jr.
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James H. Douglas Jr.
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James Henderson Douglas Jr. (March 11, 1899 – February 24, 1988) was a lawyer and senior-level official in the United States Government. He was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, serving under both President Herbert Hoover and President Franklin Roosevelt. During the Eisenhower Administration, he served in the United States Department of Defense as Secretary of the Air Force and Deputy Secretary of Defense.
Early life
Douglas grew up in the Lake Forest area near Chicago, Illinois. His family was quite wealthy, having co-founded the Quaker Oats Company.
He attended Princeton University, where he received a commission as a second lieutenant in the United States Army in 1918. He was initially assigned to Camp Hancock, Georgia. World War I ended before he could join a unit in Europe. After the war he returned to Princeton where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1920. He attended Corpus Christi College, Cambridge for a year prior to returning the United States to study law at Harvard University, graduating with a law degree in 1924.
Law and public service
Douglas was admitted to the Illinois Bar in 1925, and joined the Chicago law firm of Winston, Strawn & Shaw, but left the firm after only a year to pursue opportunities in the investment banking. He join investment banking firm of Field, Glore & Company in 1929.
Near the end of the Hoover Administration, Secretary of the Treasury Ogden L. Mills recommended to President Hoover that Douglas be appointed as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. Douglas began service as Assistant Secretary in February 1932. He continued in the position for a year under President Roosevelt. However, he did not agree with Roosevelt's monetary policies, and he resigned in June 1933. After leaving the Federal Government, he founded the Citizens Committee on Monetary Policy to oppose President Roosevelt's financial program.
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15835109
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20H.%20Douglas%20Jr.
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James H. Douglas Jr.
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Douglas also emphasized the importance role of the Air Force during the Second Indochina War which later became known as The Vietnam War. Douglas also suggested that strengthening the air power and the buildup of South Vietnam Air Force would eventually could help the South Vietnam push back the North Vietnamese communist forces. In 1957 under Secretary Douglas's direction, the Air Force sent several of their airmen in order to act as advisory and to train the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) and the RVNAF also began to receive several new U.S.-made aircraft such as the T-28A/B Trojan.
On January 18, 1961, President Eisenhower presented Douglas with the Medal of Freedom for his distinguished service to the United States. The citation recognized Douglas for his "many contributions to the nation's security". It also cited his "sound judgment, wise leadership and great devotion to his country", and his "firm and unyielding dedication to principles of good government".
Later years
When he left the Department of Defense, Douglas once again returned to his law practice in Chicago. He served on the board of directors for American Airlines, March & McLennan, Chicago Title and Trust Company, and Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. He was a trustee of the University of Chicago for 55 years. Over his long career in law and government, Douglas was awarded honorary law doctorates from Princeton, Lake Forest College, and Grinnell College. He died of cancer in Lake Forest, Illinois on February 24, 1988. He was 88 years old.
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15835118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Aunt%20Hagar%27s%20Children
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All Aunt Hagar's Children
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All Aunt Hagar's Children (2006) is a collection of short stories by African-American author Edward P. Jones; it was his first book after winning the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for The Known World. The collection of 14 stories centers on African Americans in Washington D.C. during the 20th century. The stories can be broken down by how the characters suffer burdens from families, society, and themselves. "Each story traces a journey--planned or unplanned, taken or failed--and an obvious root/route symbolism runs throughout the collection." Jones is noted for writing long short stories and these are no exception, they are sometimes called "novelistic", characters are fully fleshed out.
The stories of his first and third book are connected. As Neely Tucker says:
"There are 14 stories in "Lost," ordered from the youngest to the oldest character, and there are 14 stories in "Hagar's," also ordered from youngest to oldest character. The first story in the first book is connected to the first story in the second book, and so on. To get the full history of the characters, one must read the first story in each book, then go to the second story in each, and so on."
Reception
In Bookmarks November/December 2006 issue, a magazine that aggregates critic reviews of books, the book received a (4.5 out of 5) with the critical summary stating, "Pulitzer Prize–winning author Edward P. Jones (The Known World, Nov/Dec 2003) once again unfurls his extraordinary literary talent on the world". On BookBrowse, the book received a from "Critics' Consensus" and for the media reviews on a rating scale out of five: The Washington Post, Booklist, Kirkus Reviews, and Publishers Weekly reviews under five.
All Aunt Hagar's Children won the 2007 Hurston/Wright Legacy Award. In 2024, it was ranked #70 on the New York Times list of best 100 books of the 21st century.
Footnotes
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15835126
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Canadian%20Military%20Institute
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Royal Canadian Military Institute
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The Royal Canadian Military Institute (RCMI) is a private members' organization with a focus on military history, defence studies and international affairs. Located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, it was founded as the Canadian Military Institute on January 14, 1890. General Sir William Dillon Otter set the founding principles: "to provide in an Institute for the defence forces of Canada a Library, museum and club for the purposes of the promotion of military art, science and literature, to gather and preserve the records of the defence forces, and develop its specialized field in Canadian history." The motto of the RCMI is Fidelis Per Manere (Latin for 'To remain faithful').
The RCMI's original headquarters at 426 University Avenue was built in 1907. Designed by William Craven Vaux Chadwick, the library was built in 1908. The building was expanded in 1912 and 1935, and renovated during the 1960s. In 2007, the facade of 426 University Avenue was reconstructed by E R A Kubaneck Architects according to archeological records. Governor General David Johnston laid the cornerstone on June 9, 2012, for a 42-story, 315 suite condominium residence, lofts, and mixed-use project.
The colonel in chief of the RCMI is Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy. The RCMI is supported by fees, donations, and the volunteer services of private members.
Mission
The RCMI provides a forum to promote education on defence, security and foreign affairs in a unique collegial environment. The RCMI intends to become recognized as the pre-eminent Canadian forum for discussion, research and education on defence, security and foreign affairs. The RCMI seeks to promote the study of military strategy, arts, and literature. The RCMI seeks to promote pride in a strong, unified and independent Canada by enhancing public understanding of political and military history.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Canadian%20Military%20Institute
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Royal Canadian Military Institute
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As 1914 approached, the institute was operating at a financial loss, and the executive considered closure. With the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, there was a large number of potential membership candidates. From 1919–1930 the financial position of the institute and membership were healthy. After 1930, the membership dwindled a little each year, owing to deaths and resignations. With the Great Depression it was uncertain whether the institute could survive. Resignations increased since many members could not afford the yearly membership fee of $15. Some affluent citizens who had resigned from their $100-a-year clubs, but still wanted a club to belong to, joined the CMI. In 1935, accounts were short by $52,000. Although criminal prosecution was pointless, so far as collecting the balance was concerned, a cheque for $35,000 was sent by the bonding company. The $17,000, which could have been a death blow to the institute, was written off. In 1935, the executive considered closing. A new finance committee was set up, chaired by Lt. Col. F. S. McPherson, who kept the institute in the black during the period he was either president or chairman of the finance committee, from 1936 to 1953 inclusive, except for two years he was overseas on active service. Under McPherson an annual budget was prepared in advance and adhered to. Once a dollar was banked, it stayed in the bank. Entrance fees were banked and the institute operated on annual fees. The "chit" system was abolished and members were put on a cash basis. These sound financial principles prevail today. From 1936 until 1958, the institute operated at a profit.
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15835126
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Canadian%20Military%20Institute
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Royal Canadian Military Institute
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In 1940, membership was limited to male army, navy and air officers and ex-officers of Her Majesty’s forces. In 1948, membership was denied to women. In 1958, although many members live in the Toronto area, there was a non-resident membership fee for members who lived in various parts of Canada but visit Toronto from time to time. Applications are made for membership, moved and seconded by other members, posted on the board for a minimum period of 197 days and voted on by the Executive Committee. There are no membership drives and no organized efforts to bring in new members.
Today, membership is open to men and women, both military and non-military.
Royal Canadian Military Institute Museum
The RCMI Museum programming involves the conservation and preservation of its collections. The Institute's museum collection includes primitive and modern weaponry such as guns, swords, spears, other weapons from around the world. Artifacts and other military memorabilia, many donated by members, include flags, badges, uniforms, and medals. Captain Roy Brown, who was officially credited with shooting down Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron", in 1918, donated the seat of the Red Baron's Fokker triplane.
The art collection, with an emphases on Canadian and British Military History, includes: miniatures, photographs, Sketches, watercolours, prints, photographs, and oil paintings. The RCMI also has a collection of British, American, and French soldier figurines.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Canadian%20Military%20Institute
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Royal Canadian Military Institute
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Royal Canadian Military Institute Library
The Militia Institute, which was organized in 1878, presented 200 military volumes on the founding of the Institute. Dating back to the eighteenth century, the library has military manuals, service journals, periodicals, and rare books. William Craven Vaux Chadwick, architect, designed the new CMI Library on University Avenue Canadian in 1908. By 1958, the RCMI accumulated over 12,000 military and quasi-military books. The library includes a collection of Canadian regimental histories, squadron, and ship histories, books published in the Napoleonic era, army lists dating back to 1746 and British and Canadian officer lists for the army, navy and air force. The library has one of 4 collections of 134 volumes of correspondence exchanged in the United States Civil War in 134 volumes. Two of the other copies are in the Congress Library at Washington and the Smithsonian Institution in Baltimore. Col. George A Drew, who wrote "Canada's Fighting Airmen” in the Institute Library, described the Library as "a unique treasury of British and Canadian military literature and journalism.” The Library has a collection of Canadian Official War Photographs of World War One. There is collection of Canadian Expeditionary Force Casualty and Nominal Rolls, as well as Orders of Battle, for World War I and World War II.
Arms
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15835247
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzie%20Street%20railroad%20bridge
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Kinzie Street railroad bridge
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The Chicago and North Western Railway's Kinzie Street railroad bridge (also known as the Carroll Avenue bridge or the Chicago and North Western Railroad Bridge) is a single leaf bascule bridge across the north branch of the Chicago River in downtown Chicago, Illinois. At the time of its opening in 1908 it was the world's longest and heaviest bascule bridge. The previous bridges on the same site included a pedestrian span that was the first bridge across the Chicago River; a second bridge that served as Chicago's first railroad bridge; and a third bridge that was one of the first all-steel spans in the United States.
The Chicago Sun-Times, the last railroad customer to the east of the bridge, moved their printing plant out of downtown Chicago in 2000, and the bridge has been unused since. It was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007. The bridge is lowered once a year and inspected by crew driving a Hi-Rail truck, and is still in "active" status.
Location
The Kinzie Street railroad bridge runs in an east-west orientation, spanning the north branch Chicago River between the Near North Side and Near West Side community areas of Chicago. To the south is the historic area of Wolf Point at the confluence of the main stem of the Chicago River with the north and south branches, and to the east is 350 West Mart Center and Merchandise Mart. The railroad track across the bridge is a spur line of the Union Pacific Railroad, that branches off from the route of the Union Pacific/North Line about northwest of the bridge. The railroad to the east of the bridge has no customers since 2000.
Previous bridges
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15835247
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzie%20Street%20railroad%20bridge
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Kinzie Street railroad bridge
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River traffic and railroad traffic were increasingly in competition with each other. In October 1879 a disaster was narrowly avoided when a seven-coach passenger train with 800 people on board approached the open swing bridge too fast and was barely able to stop in time, ending up with its front wheels hanging off the approach road over the river. Meanwhile, boats on the river were getting larger and finding it increasingly difficult to navigate the bridges at the mouth of the north branch, so the Army Corps of Engineers ordered the clearing of three swing bridges near Kinzie Street that were obstructing river traffic. Therefore, in 1907 construction started on a new bascule bridge that would allow more space for boats to pass by on the river.
Design and construction
The bridge is designed to carry two railroad tracks across the river. Its superstructure consists of two spans constructed by the Strauss Bascule & Concrete Bridge Company: a plate-girder span on the west bank of the river and the movable main span that rests on the east trunnion pier. The size and weight of the main span, which, when completed would be world's longest and heaviest bascule span, required the trunnion pier to be constructed on foundations that extend to the bedrock below the river bed. To achieve this caissons were sunk to a depth of below the river bed and then diameter wells were sunk the remaining . The substructure of the bridge was constructed by the Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinzie%20Street%20railroad%20bridge
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Kinzie Street railroad bridge
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Usage
The Chicago and North Western Railway originally planned for two bridges side-by-side that could carry four railroad tracks into the Wells Street Station. However, by the time that the first bridge opened on September 19, 1908 an alternative scheme was already underway that led to the closure of Wells Street Station and its replacement with a new terminal on the west bank of the river. When the new Chicago and Northwestern terminal at 500 Madison Street (now the Ogilvie Transportation Center) opened in 1911, Kinzie Street railroad bridge was left to handle freight traffic only. In 1930 the Merchandise Mart was opened on the site of the old Wells Street Station. Merchandise Mart was built on air rights of the Chicago and North Western, and in the spring of 1932 the railroad opened a new freight house underneath the building that was designed to handle of outbound and of inbound freight per day.
Abandonment
During the second half of the 20th century the number of companies using the railroad for shipping on Chicago's near north side declined severely. In the 1970s customers at the east end of the line included the Curtiss candy factory and the Jardine Water Purification Plant. The construction of the Columbus Drive Bridge in 1982 wiped out part of the right of way and the spur to Navy Pier was abandoned. Service to the Tribune Tower also ended in the 1980s, and by the 1990s traffic along the remaining section of the spur served only one customer, the Chicago Sun-Times, with only one train per day. The newspaper moved their printing plant out of downtown Chicago in early 2001 leaving no traffic across the bridge and it has since been permanently raised in the open position. On December 12, 2007 the bridge was one of 12 historic Chicago railroad bridges to be designated as Chicago Landmarks.
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15835259
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa%20Hall%20%28Leigh%2C%20Texas%29
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Mimosa Hall (Leigh, Texas)
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Mimosa Hall is the name of a plantation house in Leigh, Texas. John J. Webster built Mimosa Hall in 1844. Webster, born in Alabama in 1796, the son of a revolutionary soldier, was an architect. Webster moved to Texas in 1839 with his wife, Miriam Webster, and their children.
History
Mimosa Hall was the first brick house in Harrison County, originally situated in the middle of of land. Enslaved people made all of the bricks and cut all of the lumber on the plantation. The plantation was primarily used for planting.
The family cemetery was on the property adjoining the house. Nestled two miles (3 km) back in the woods, an old brick wall on the top of a knoll surrounds the cemetery. The original family was all buried there, and their descendants still maintain the cemetery.
The American Museum in Britain has in its permanent collection a quilt made by people enslaved on the Mimosa Hall Plantation. The quilt, c. 1860, is called "The Chalice."
Current
Today the house sits in the middle of and is a private residence. It is registered in the National Register of Historic Places, along with its sister home in nearby Karnack, Texas, which was the birthplace of Lady Bird Johnson. The plantation stayed in the original family until the 1980s when Douglas Blocker sold it. Mimosa Hall was then a bed and breakfast for several years until its owners purchased it to use as a private residence.
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15835350
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20I.%20Gordon
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Jeffrey I. Gordon
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Jeffrey Ivan Gordon (born 1947) is a biologist and the Dr. Robert J. Glaser Distinguished University Professor and Director of the Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology at Washington University in St. Louis. He is internationally known for his research on gastrointestinal development and how gut microbial communities affect normal intestinal function, shape various aspects of human physiology including our nutritional status, and affect predisposition to diseases. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, and the American Philosophical Society.
Education and early career
Gordon received his bachelor's degree in Biology at 1969 at Oberlin College in Ohio. Over the next four years, Gordon received his medical training at the University of Chicago and graduated with honors in 1973. After two years as intern and junior assistant resident in Medicine at Barnes Hospital, St Louis, Gordon joined the Laboratory of Biochemistry at the National Cancer Institute as a Research Associate in 1975. He returned to Barnes Hospital in 1978 to become Senior Assistant Resident and then Chief Medical Resident at Washington University Medical Service. In 1981 he completed a fellowship in medicine (Gastroenterology) at Washington University School of Medicine. In the following years, Gordon rose quickly through the academic ranks at Washington University: Asst. Prof. (1981–1984); Assoc. Prof. (1985–1987); Prof. (1987–1991) of Medicine and Biological Chemistry. In 1991, he became head of the Dept. Molecular Biology & Pharmacology (1991–2004). Gordon is currently the Director of the Center for Genome Sciences (2004–present) at Washington University in St. Louis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20I.%20Gordon
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Jeffrey I. Gordon
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Present research
Gordon and his laboratory are currently focused on understanding the mutualistic interactions that occur between humans and the 10–100 trillion commensal microbes that colonize each person's gastrointestinal tract. To tease apart the complex relationships that exist within this gut microbiota, Dr. Gordon's research program employs germ-free and gnotobiotic mice as model hosts, which may be colonized with defined, simplified microbial communities. These model intestinal microbiotas are more amenable to well-controlled experimentation.
Gordon has become an international pioneer in the study of gut microbial ecology and evolution, using innovative methods to interpret metagenomic and gut microbial genomic sequencing data. In recent studies, Dr. Gordon's lab has established that the gut microbiota plays a role in host fat storage and obesity. Gordon and co-workers have used DNA pyrosequencing technology to perform metagenomics on the intestinal contents of obese mice, demonstrating that the gut microbiota of fat mice possess an enhanced capacity for aiding the host in harvesting energy from the diet. A study of the microbial ecology of obese human subjects on two different weight loss diets indicate that the same principles may be operating in humans. His group has applied the sequencing of bacterial and archaeal genomes to describe the microbial functional genomic and metabolomic underpinnings of microbial adaptation to the gastrointestinal habitat. This approach has been extended to describe the role of the adaptive immune system in maintaining the host-microbial relationship.
Gordon is the lead author of an influential 2005 National Human Genome Research Institute white-paper entitled “Extending Our View of Self: the Human Gut Microbiome Initiative (HGMI)”. In 2007 the Human Microbiome Project was listed on the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research as one of the New Pathways to Discovery.
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15835392
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster%20Morris
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Rooster Morris
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Musical background
Rooster's musical skills are self-taught as well. He began learning to play the fiddle when he was a teenager. By the time he graduated from high school, he was playing fiddle for the historic Western Cowpunchers Association that was established in the 1880s in Amarillo, Texas. He has since been recorded by the Smithsonian Institution playing old-time fiddle music (album title, Ridin' Old Paint), recorded a CD of his original compositions (Picnic Tree), and taught himself how to play guitar, mandolin, and bass.
Becoming a writer
In 1999, Morris opened for children's author John R. Erickson during a public event in Lubbock, Texas. The response of the audience to Erickson's reading moved Morris to become acquainted with the Hank the Cowdog series. He spoke with Erickson, who encouraged him to learn some of the songs and voices so he could do Hank the Cowdog programs in schools. Morris soon learned the songs and voices from Erickson's audio books and, in a business agreement with Erickson, Morris began performing solo Hank the Cowdog shows, ultimately reaching over two million people over the next three years. The enthusiasm of the children to the performances, as well as the positive influence Morris could see the performances were having on their reading, convinced him to begin writing his own books. His school and community performances now highlight his own Axle Galench books, and include music, storytelling, and writing workshop components.
Publications
Books
Axle Galench and the Gate of No Return (2004)
Axle Galench in Search of Barnsfoggon (2005)
Axle Galench and the Spin Lizard Rescue (2012-Not Yet Released)
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15835437
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Radical%20Therapist
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The Radical Therapist
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The Radical Therapist was a journal that emerged in the early 1970s in the context of the counter-culture and the radical U.S. antiwar movement. It was an "alternative journal" in the mental health field that published 12 issues between 1970 and 1972, and "voiced pointed criticisms of psychiatrists during this period". It was run by a group of psychiatrists and activists who believed that mental illness was best treated by social change, not behaviour modification. Their motto was "Therapy means social, political and personal change, not adjustment".
Background
In the 1960s, a movement developed to challenge many principals of psychiatry and dispute the mental health system as a successful humanitarian enterprise. The challenge came from Ernest Becker, Erving Goffman, R.D. Laing, Thomas Scheff, and Thomas Szasz. Their writings, along with articles in the journal The Radical Therapist, were given the umbrella label anti-psychiatry despite wide divergences in philosophy. This critical literature, with an associated left-wing activist movement, "emphasized the hegemony of medical model psychiatry, its spurious sources of authority, its mystification of human problems, and the more oppressive practices of the mental health system, such as involuntary hospitalisation, drugging, and electroshock".
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15835437
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Radical%20Therapist
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The Radical Therapist
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Beginnings: Minot, North Dakota
The Radical Therapist took shape in the winter of 1969, in Minot, North Dakota, the product of three officers in the U.S. Air Force Regional Hospital. The idea for the journal came from Michael Glenn, a psychiatrist who had recently arrived as Chief of Neurology and Psychiatry. He was joined by David Bryan, the hospital social worker, and by Michael Galan, an MBA working in the hospital business office. The three of them further developed the idea, and—with Sara Glenn and Linda Bryan—formed the Radical Therapist Collective. The Collective solicited articles, contributing editors and subscriptions, and worked to produce and distribute the journal. After a year, they were joined by Deborah Levitt, from Bennington, Vermont, who had traveled cross-country to work with them. Their manifesto stated:
The Manifesto promised that the journal would provide a needed forum for all people working in the therapy fields; work to liberate therapy, therapists and others from backwards ideology; help develop new training programs; encourage the elaboration of a new psychology of men and women, as well as a new concept of family and community life; foster the development of more responsive therapy programs under client control; encourage new techniques; and confront the various ways U.S. society uses mental health institutions to oppress various people.
The journal was highly critical of the "Establishment" and all its institutions. In this sense, The Radical Therapist was similar to The Insurgent Sociologist, Science for the People, Radical Teacher, and other publications that targeted various groups of professionals whose political spectrum included left-leaning, radical, and revolutionary-minded activists.
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15835437
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Radical%20Therapist
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The Radical Therapist
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During its time in Minot, the journal was typeset and published locally, and mailed out via a collective effort. The journal printed articles critiquing the therapy "establishment" and its practice and outlining a "radical" approach to the ways therapy could be used instead. It enthusiastically promoted women's liberation and gay liberation, and critically examined how therapy ideology and practice were alleged to contribute to sexist and homophobic oppression, and to the oppression and abuse of mental patients. The Radical Therapist also spoke out against the Vietnam War, racism, and the greed of consumerist society, and it was an early supporter of the struggle of mental patients for their rights.
Contributing editors and authors while the RT was in Minot included Joe Berke, Judith Brown, Phil Brown, Phyllis Chesler, Larry Constantine, Rona Fields, Dennis Jaffe, Kenneth Keniston, David Koulack, Rick Kunnes, Terry Kupers, Howard Levy, Robert Jay Lifton, Ken Locke, Peter Roemer, Kris Rosenthal, Steve Sharfstein, Pam Skinner, Claude Steiner, Irving Weisberg, Steve Wood and others. Early issues of The Radical Therapist also reprinted and made more widely available articles such as Anne Koedt's "The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm", Carol Hanish's "The Personal is Political", and Howard Levy's "Prison Psychiatry".
The third issue of the RT focused entirely on women. It examined both women's oppression and women's psychology. The issue began with an editorial by the feminist Judith Brown, and followed with the Redstockings' "Manifesto"; a critique of male supremacy, private property and the family by Carol Giardina; and a reprint of Naomi Weisstein's "Kinder, Kuche Kirche". There were also articles by Kathie Sarachild, Phyllis Chesler, Marilyn Zweig, Martha Shelley, and others, as well as a Women's Liberation bibliography.
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15835437
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Radical%20Therapist
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The Radical Therapist
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By the winter of 1971, sharp political struggle had broken out in the collective over issues of elitism and professionalism. Some members raised questions as to whether therapists really had any skills at all, and whether the field had simply mystified its practices. There were also questions as to the journal's real audience. The use of the words "radical" and "therapist" were heatedly debated; many in the collective held them to be suspect. The struggle spilled onto the pages of the journal itself. Therapists who were deeply critical of their own therapy "establishment" now found themselves having to defend therapy as a bona fide discipline—and themselves as "privileged" individuals. Contention among the collective about the journal's name, and by implication its base and audience, deepened. Some members of the collective felt that the original focus on therapy professionals had been both limited and elitist, and the more revolutionary-minded staff members urged the journal to go beyond the therapy world and expand its support to all bona fide liberation movements. More and more, the collective simply called the journal the RT. Soon after arriving in Somerville, the collective established close ties with the mental patients' rights movement, including the Mental Patients Liberation Front in Boston and many others throughout North America. The RT quickly began publishing articles by its leaders, which were sharply critical of the therapy profession as a whole for tolerating and participating in a wide range of abusive psychiatric practices.
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15835542
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Dohrn%20Seamount
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Anton Dohrn Seamount
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The Anton Dohrn Seamount is a guyot in the Rockall Trough in the northeast Atlantic. It is high and is topped with pinnacles, one of which reaches a depth of . Away from the flat top upon which the pinnacles rest, the slopes fall off steeply into the Rockall Trough and a moat in the sediment that surrounds the seamount.
It appears to be a volcano formed by basaltic lava and tuff. It formed during the Cretaceous and Paleogene and was proposed to be a source for bentonite layers across the British Isles. After the Cretaceous, subsidence and erosion lowered its top until it sank below sea level. The seamount was discovered in 1958.
Anton Dohrn Seamount hosts a diverse ecosystem characterized by reefs formed by cold water corals, sponges and xenophyophorans, which themselves host a number of animals. It has been affected by human fishing operations, however.
Name and research history
Anton Dohrn Seamount is also known as Anton Dohrn Kuppe, a name used by German charts, and as Anton Dohrn bank. It was discovered on 22 September 1958 by the survey vessel Gauss during the Polarfront programme and later surveyed on 18–19 April 1959 by the fishery research vessel .
Geography and geomorphology
Anton Dohrn Seamount is located in the northeast Atlantic Ocean west of Scotland, approximately halfway between St Kilda (Hebrides) and Rockall, about west of the former. It lies in the Rockall Trough, an over deep submarine depression of unclear origin. North-northeast lies the Rosemary Bank and Hebrides Terrace Seamount is found south-southeast from the seamount. The seamount is located inside the exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Dohrn%20Seamount
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Anton Dohrn Seamount
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Anton Dohrn Seamount is a high and about wide circular guyot with a flat top at depth. Flat-topped seamounts are unusual in the North Atlantic. The shallowest point of the seamount lies at about depth and is formed by a pinnacle that protrudes from the deep summit platform. A thick layer of sediment covers the flat top and appears to be reworked by storms and sea currents. Mounds, slope breaks and other volcanic pinnacles are located on the flat top. The seamount tilts southeastward.
Beyond the margin of the flat top, the slopes of Anton Dohrn Seamount drop down to depth. The steep slopes have been variously described as either lacking a sediment cover or featuring gravelly sediments along with outcropping bedrock. There are cliffs, ridges and rockfalls but no gullies or canyons. Parasitic cones lie on the northwestern slope. A moat surrounds the seamount and reaches depths of about . It might have formed either through erosion of surrounding sediments by ocean currents or through isostatic subsidence.
Geology
The crust underneath Anton Dohrn Seamount is much thinner than underneath the British Isles and the Rockall Plateau east and west of the seamount, respectively, and the Mohorovičić discontinuity is located at a shallower depth. It may be either stretched continental crust or oceanic crust, and is covered by sediments. At Anton Dohrn Seamount it appears to be unusually shallow, perhaps due to the Iceland plume's buoyancy. The Iceland plume has uplifted terrain as far as from the plume. A long crustal lineament known as the Anton Dohrn Lineament crosses through the seamount; it may extend into Scotland and Rockall Bank and runs in northwest–southeast direction.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Dohrn%20Seamount
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Anton Dohrn Seamount
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Anton Dohrn Seamount is probably formed mostly by basaltic lava and tuffs which define a transitional to alkaline suite. The rocks contain feldspar and olivine phenocrysts as well as plagioclase. They are covered with ferromanganese crusts and vesicles contain carbonates, clay and zeolites which formed through alteration. Chalks of Maastrichtian age, Eocene nearshore conglomerates and Miocene muds and sands have also been recovered. A granite rock has been dredged as well; it may be a dropstone from icebergs and such exotic rocks have been found in other dredge samples.
Geologic history
Anton Dohrn Seamount is a former volcano. Radiometric dating of volcanic rocks dredged from it has yielded ages of 70 ± 1, 62 ± 1, 47 ± 1 and 41 ± 1 million years ago, indicating episodic activity over 29 million years. Pulses of volcanic activity of similar age have been identified at other volcanoes in the region and may reflect fluctuations of the Iceland plume. The onset of volcanic activity may have been the consequence of crustal extension in the region. The activity during the Cretaceous implies that rifting in the North Atlantic was already underway at that time. At that time, the Rockall Trough was at least deep.
Xenoliths found in volcanic rocks indicate that at Anton Dohrn volcanic activity involved interactions between magma and sediments, resulting in phreatomagmatic eruptions that could have dispersed volcanic ash in the region. This volcanic ash erupted by Anton Dohrn may be the source of post-Cenomanian bentonites of the British Isles but the age and composition of the bentonites do not support this theory. The seamount was once proposed to be the source of Turonian tephra deposits in Western Europe before its Maastrichtian age was established.
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15835542
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Dohrn%20Seamount
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Anton Dohrn Seamount
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During the Cretaceous the seamount was about higher than present, perhaps even reaching height above sea level; presumably it was then eroded during the Paleocene when a wave of erosion took place in western Britain and stripped much of the volcanic centres of northwest Scotland. An episode of crustal subsidence in the Cretaceous-Oligocene also played a role in lowering Anton Dohrn Seamount. The pinnacles on the seamount may be leftover volcanic conduits that resisted erosion. Sedimentation covered the seamount and its flanks in the Eocene and continued afterwards.
Ecology
Barnacles and brachiopods grow on the top of the seamount, and echinoderms, corals and cirripedes also occur there. On the sandy or gravelly substrate serpulids and sponges are found. The seamount may be a shark nursery. Finally, the bivalve Xylophaga anselli has been found at Anton Dohrn Seamount and the Hebrides slope.
A number of ecosystems have been found on Anton Dohrn Seamount, including coral gardens, cold water coral reefs and sponge and xenophyophore communities; this seamount is the first place in the United Kingdom where coral gardens have been discovered. The sandy and cobbly terrain of the slopes with occasional bedrock outcrops is populated by reefs that grow on bedrock or on cobbles. They mostly occur on the sides of the seamount, on mounds on the flat top and its margin, perhaps for hydrodynamic reasons or because substrates favourable for the development of the reefs are found there. There is a vertical stratification, with Lophelia found at shallower depths than Solenosmilia. Corals such as antipatharians like Leiopathes sp., small bamboo corals, large gorgonians and soft corals like as Anthomastus sp. have also been found at parasitic vents. The cold water coral cover can become so thick that the underground disappears underneath it.
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15835542
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Dohrn%20Seamount
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Anton Dohrn Seamount
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Dropframe camera surveys have seen anemones, anthozoans, ascidians, the asteroid (starfish) Henricia sp., bamboo corals, caryophyllids, cerianthids, antipatharian corals with various shapes, the corals Desmophyllum dianthus, Lophelia pertusa and Solenosmilia variabilis, echinoderms including brisingids and crinoids, glass sponges, gorgonians, holothurians, the ophiuroids Ophiactis balli and Ophiomusium lymani, the pencil urchin Cidaris cidaris, pycnogonids, the scleractinian Madrepora oculata, the seapen Pennatula phosphorea, sea urchins, sea whips, serpulids, soft corals such as Gersemia sp. and Anthomastus sp., lobose, large and encrusting sponges, stylasterids and xenophyophores. Decapods, fish including Lepidion eques, the eel Synaphobranchus kaupi and squat lobsters Munida sp. have also been encountered.
Seamounts are considered to be biodiversity hotspots, and there are proposals to make Anton Dohrn Seamount a Special Area of Conservation. The region is considered to be "the cradle of deep-sea biology" as Victorian-era scientists sampled the regional fauna. Ocean currents around Anton Dohrn Seamount are complicated and formed by various water masses. Internal tides at the seamount appear to be important for its ecosystem.
The seamount has been impacted by deep water fishing. Lost fishing gear and trawl marks have been found on Anton Dohrn Seamount, and animals found at its foot have ingested microplastics. In October 2020 the seamount was made part of the West of Scotland Marine Protected Area by the Scottish Government in attempt to protect the area's ecology.
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15835556
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne%20Drioton
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Étienne Drioton
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Étienne Marie Felix Drioton (21 November 1889 – 17 January 1961) was a French Egyptologist, archaeologist, and Catholic canon. He was born in Nancy and died in Montgeron.
Biography
Etienne Drioton, his father, was originally from Burgundy where the family founded a business in Dijon in 1742 which developed along three axes: manufacture of church bronzes, manufacture of church ornaments and religious bookstore. Lawyer at the Court of Nancy, a profession he probably never exercised, he married on December 19, 1888, in Nancy with Félicie Moitrier, a native of Lorquin; both run a religious bookstore selling religious ornaments at n°4, quai Claude le Lorrain, while their new home and their clothing workshop are at n°6, rue Saint Antoine. Then, they will open a second store, Place Stanislas, at the corner of rue Héré, a store open from 1902 to 1971 (trade under the current name of Daum). Later, they will live in Villers les Nancy, 78.
Early in life he assisted as Conservative Deputy in the Department of Egyptian antiquities at the Louvre in Paris; in 1936 he became Director General of Antiquities of Egypt in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo; finally becoming Head Curator back at the Louvre in 1957. He deciphered hieroglyphic writings, and later laid the foundations of Coptic archaeology. Drioton authored numerous books, and has been considered the greatest Egyptologist of all time.
Nag Hammadi Codices
When a cache of over a dozen codices written in ancient Coptic were discovered near Nag Hammadi, Egypt, in 1945 (they became known as the Nag Hammadi codices), underworld characters began to acquire them, selling them on the black market. Fearful that the precious manuscripts would be scattered and never recovered, the Egyptian government sent Drioton to acquire as much of the collection as he could.
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15835606
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Levy%20%28psychologist%29
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David Levy (psychologist)
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David Levy is an American psychologist, professor, author, stage director, and actor. He is a professor of psychology at the Graduate School of Education and Psychology of Pepperdine University, near Malibu, California. He has co-authored a textbook on cross-cultural psychology and critical thinking, and has appeared on radio and television.
Education
Levy has a BA from the University of California, Los Angeles, where he won a Hugh O'Brian Acting Award. He has an MA from Pepperdine University, and a second MA and a PhD from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Psychotherapist
Levy holds professional licenses both in psychology and in marriage and family therapy.
Media consultant
Levy has appeared on television and radio programs to provide psychological perspectives on current events, examine issues and trends in the mental health field, and provide sport psychology analyses of the Los Angeles Lakers for the Los Angeles Times.
Author
Levy has written numerous books including Shots of Wisdom: Laughing, Wincing, and Learning Through Life's Lessons, Tools of Critical Thinking: Metathoughts for Psychology,Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications (which was coauthored with Eric Shiraev), and Life Is a 4-Letter Word.
He is also the author of numerous satirical articles, including "The Emperor’s Postmodern Clothes: A Brief Guide to Deconstructing Academically Fashionable Phrases for the Uninitiated".
Stage director
Levy co-created and directed the world premiere of Let's Call the Whole Thing Gershwin, which marked the first theatrical revue of the music and lyrics of George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin. Levy also directed the West Coast premiere of William Gibson’s Golda: A Partial Portrait, starring Liz Sheridan. He assisted Steve Allen in directing Seymour Glick is Alive But Sick (with Bill Maher), a satirical musical revue produced and written by Allen.
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15835611
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Northumberland%20Secondary%20School
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East Northumberland Secondary School
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East Northumberland Secondary School (ENSS) is a secondary school in Brighton, Ontario, Canada.
The school was the topic of a song performed by Miley Cyrus called "East Northumberland High", written by ENSS graduate Samantha Moore.
Sports
The school offers the following sports; Curling, Soccer, Basketball, Volleyball, Badminton, Rugby, Cross Country, and Track and Field. As of 2024, ENSS has captured the Bay of Quinte Track & Field title 38 consecutive times.
Musicals
East Northumberland Secondary School is regarded as having an esteemed theatre program. The show Matilda was performed in 2023.
Reputation as a "Green" School
Over the years, ENSS has been known as a "Green" school, with regular garbage clean-ups, tree-plantings, and a heavily involved Environmental Club. The environmental club runs the "Chique Boutique", an in-school thrift store.
ENSS installed a wind turbine in June 2009, generating power and reducing ENSS's carbon footprint. In the summer of 2011, ENSS installed solar panels on the roof of the school.
Terry Fox Fundraising
ENSS runs a variety of different fundraisers for the Terry Fox Foundation, including the Terry Fox Run, a pancake breakfast, a dance, and the Hope Project. Two students started the Hope Project in 2018. Community members are invited to purchase bricks for the ENSS Garden of Hope, with a portion of each donation going to the Terry Fox Foundation. In 2015, the school reached the milestone "One Million for Terry", after raising over one million dollars throughout their years of fundraising.
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