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15835620
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia%20Contributionship
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Philadelphia Contributionship
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The Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire is the oldest property insurance company in the United States. It was organized by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 and incorporated in 1768.
The Contributionship's building, at 212 S. 4th Street between Walnut and Locust Streets in the Society Hill neighborhood of Philadelphia, was built in 1835-36 and was designed by Thomas U. Walter in the Greek Revival style, with Corinthian columns. The portico was replaced in 1866 by Collins and Autenreith, who also expanded the living quarters on the top two floors by adding a mansard roof. A marble cornice between the third and fourth floors was also added. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977.
History
The Philadelphia Contributionship (TPC) was founded in 1752, largely through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. It was structured as a mutual insurance organization, providing fire insurance to a limited area in and around Philadelphia. It introduced several key principles that underpin modern insurance techniques, including inspecting properties to be insured and setting rates based on a risk assessment. Buildings not constructed to specified standards were rejected for coverage, and rates could be raised for unsafe living practices, such as storing combustible materials in wooden buildings. The company was also the first to establish a financial reserve to pay claims.
| 2.125
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15835761
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20water%20skink
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Southern water skink
|
The southern water skink, cool-temperate water-skink, highland water skink, or Dreeite water skink (Eulamprus tympanum) is a medium-sized (maximum snout-vent length c. 100 mm) species of skink that is endemic to Australia. These skinks are found in New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria as well as on Tasmania's Rodondo Island in the Bass Strait. They are viviparous, mating in spring, and giving birth to live young in mid to late summer.
Description
The southern water skink is a medium-sized skink with a snout-to-vent length of up to . The head and body are mainly olive-brown, with darker speckles. The flanks are olive-brown with pale speckling.
Distribution and habitat
This species is native to southeastern Australia. It is found in the states of New South Wales, Victoria, the eastern part of Southern Australia and Tasmania, where it only occurs on Rodondo Island. Its habitat is in the vicinity of fresh water and its altitudinal range extends from sea level to near the top of Mount Kosciuszko.
Ecology
The skink usually lives near small creeks, hunting for small prey such as invertebrates, tadpoles, small frogs and other small skinks. Its metabolic rate increases after feeding to about 2.4 times its pre-feeding level, and remains elevated for up to 48 hours. This is probably typical for an active lizard that feeds relatively frequently and is greater than that found in an ambush predatory species.
Reproduction is viviparous, producing live young in mid to late summer. It has been found that the female can select the sex of her offspring by regulating her temperature; she does this by increasing or decreasing the time she spends basking in the sunshine, though what cues are involved in her decision making process are not fully understood. When adult males are scarce, the litters contain more male offspring and when they are plentiful, more female offspring are produced.
| 2.6875
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15835764
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettice%20Curtis
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Lettice Curtis
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Eleanor Lettice Curtis (1 February 1915 – 21 July 2014) was an English aviator, flight test engineer, air racing pilot, and sportswoman.
Origins
Curtis was born on 1 February 1915 at Denbury in Devon, a daughter of Eleanor Francis (née Master) and Walter Septimus Curtis (born 1871) of Denbury House. Her father was lord of the manor of Denbury, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn and a grandson of Matthew Curtis (1807–1887) of Thornfield in the parish of Heaton Mersey, Lancashire, a leading manufacturer of cotton-spinning machinery in Britain and thrice Mayor of Manchester. She had one brother and five sisters.
Early life
Curtis was educated at Benenden School and St Hilda's College, Oxford where, in addition to studying Mathematics, she was Captain of the University Women's Lawn Tennis and Fencing teams. She also played Lacrosse for the University.
She learned to fly in 1937 at the Yapton Flying Club, Ford, West Sussex, earning a B–class licence.
Air Transport Auxiliary
In early July 1940 Curtis became one of the first women pilots to join the British Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA), remaining with the ATA until 30 November 1945, when the organisation was closed down.
She commenced her ATA career by delivering primary training aircraft such as the Tiger Moth, progressing to the Miles Master and North American Harvard advanced trainers. During her ATA service she graduated to fly all categories of wartime aircraft and was one of the first dozen women to qualify to fly four-engined heavy bombers. She was the first woman pilot to deliver an Avro Lancaster bomber and also flew 222 Handley Page Halifaxes and 109 Short Stirlings. She flew continually during World War II from various Ferry Pool locations delivering all types through all weather to various destinations. According to Whittell [pp. 193–94] she flew "thirteen days on, two off, for sixty-two consecutive months", between July 1940 and September 1945.
| 2.234375
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15835764
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettice%20Curtis
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Lettice Curtis
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On 26 October 1942 she was introduced to US First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt as the first woman pilot to be trained on four engined bombers, during Roosevelt's visit to the ATA at White Waltham Airfield in Maidenhead. By that point, Curtis had already flown 90 different types of aircraft. Her final ATA rank was as First Officer.
Post-war life
After the war, Curtis became a technician and flight test observer at the A&AEE military aircraft test establishment at Boscombe Down, moving later to Fairey Aviation where she was a senior flight development engineer. She took an active part in British air racing, flying various aircraft including her Wicko and a Spitfire XI owned by the American air attaché in London. She was a founding member of the British Women Pilots' Association. She qualified to fly helicopters in October 1992 and continued to fly aircraft until voluntarily "grounding" herself in 1995.
With the nationalisation of the aircraft industry in the sixties she left Fairey for the Ministry of Aviation, working for a number of years on the initial planning of the joint civil/RAF Air Traffic Control Centre at West Drayton. Later under the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority, she worked for the Flight Operations Directorate. Retiring from the CAA in 1976, she took a job with a firm supplying contractors to the Sperry Corporation at Bracknell.
Curtis died in Maidenhead, Berkshire on 21 July 2014 at the age of 99.
| 2.390625
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15835797
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20Lichine%27s%20classification%20of%20Bordeaux%20wine
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Alexis Lichine's classification of Bordeaux wine
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In considering the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, Alexis Lichine held the opinion that the list, some hundred years after the selection was made, no longer expressed the whole truth concerning the ranking of Bordeaux wine. Working for a reevaluation and change of structure of the classification of Bordeaux estates, he ended up spending much of his professional life on a campaign that lasted more than thirty years to accomplish a revision. Having published his Classification des Grands Crus Rouges de Bordeaux in 1962, with several revisions over the following years, Lichine came to be viewed as "the doyen of unofficial classification compilers".
Reclassification
In 1959, a committee of which Lichine was a member as well as leading Bordeaux growers, shippers and brokers, was formed to decide what was to be done about reclassifying the work of 1855. Investigations revealed to what extent parcels of land had exchanged hands, some were considered insignificant but in other cases important transfers of terrain had taken place. It is acknowledged that at the time the list was compiled in great haste, primarily on the basis of which estates had consistently commanded the highest prices. While there was widespread agreement the 1855 classification had flaws, a general view remained that it was impossible to improve upon it.
| 1.984375
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15835817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Isles%20%28Fort%20Lauderdale%29
|
Seven Isles (Fort Lauderdale)
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The Seven Isles neighborhood comprises 315 households, with approximately 1,145 residents, and is situated north of Las Olas Boulevard. The Intracoastal Waterway borders the east and north boundaries, while the neighborhoods of Sunrise Key and Sunrise Intracoastal are to the north, the neighborhood of Central Beach is east of it, the neighborhoods of Idlewyld and Riviera Isles are to the south, Las Olas Isles is located southwest of it, and the neighborhood to the west of the Intracoastal Waterway is Nurmi Isles. There are nine streets within the Seven Isles: Aqua Vista Boulevard, Barcelona Drive, Castilla Isle, Del Mar Place, De Sota Drive, De Sota Terrace, Pelican Isle, Sea Island Drive and Seven Isles Drive.
W.F. Morang arrived in Fort Lauderdale from Boston in the early 1920s and participated with other developers in the land boom era of 1923 to 1926. His company, W.F. Morang & Sons, Inc., helped develop and dredge some of the finger islands around the city including the currently called the Seven Isles. Within these , his first projects included Rio Vista Isles where he dredged canals and built roads and bridges before dredging the area north of Las Olas Boulevard, which back then was called "Lauderdale Isles" (not to be confused with the present-day Lauderdale Isles neighborhood across from Riverland Village,) which included the island|isles of Aqua Vista, Barcelona, De Sota, Sea Island and Pelican Isle, as well as "Lauderdale Shores" (which includes Castilla and Del Mar).
The names of the seven isles are Aqua Vista (which means "Water View" in Latin,) Barcelona (after the city in Spain,) Castilla (a feminine noun of the Spanish word "Castle" or "Castillo,") Del Mar (which means "Of the Sea," in Spanish,) De Sota (which is a feminine form of the Spanish conquistador, Hernando De Soto's last name,) Pelican Isle, and Sea Island.
| 2.0625
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15835817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Isles%20%28Fort%20Lauderdale%29
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Seven Isles (Fort Lauderdale)
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The Florida land boom era came to an end after the September 1926 hurricane, which did extensive damage to Fort Lauderdale and toppled the twin columns on East Las Olas Boulevard. Only the most easterly pedestal remains where it has sat on its original site since being built in 1925. During the East Las Olas road renovation of 1995, the pedestal was slated for demolition. A resident of Seven Isles, Diane Hess, petitioned the City to save the structure, initiated a campaign to obtain its historic designation status and raised funds (including a matching grant from the State of Florida) to preserve and conserve the pedestal. The surviving pedestal stands west of Seven Isles Drive.
The original plats for the development subdivided the into lots. Between 1928 and 1937, the lots were re-platted and consolidated into acreage. Between 1937 and 1952, the land was again re-platted and the acreage converted back into individual lots. These lots encompassed a variety of widths: most in excess of , many over . With the exception of one, all the original lots were either re-platted into bigger lots, or through land sales, were merged with adjacent lots.
Seven Isles Drive was originally called Southeast 23rd from East Las Olas Boulevard to Pelican Drive where, at that point – for the city's demarcation for areas N.E. and S.E. Broward Boulevard – it became Northeast 23rd Avenue. In 1986, the neighborhood, through the efforts of a hard-working, industrious resident, formed the Seven Isles Homeowners’ Association. The Association had the name of 23rd Avenue changed to Seven Isles Drive. With a majority of residents making a significant contribution, the guardhouse was designed by a resident of Seven Islands and then built.
| 2.203125
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15835942
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Fradkin
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Les Fradkin
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Les Fradkin (born 1951) is an American MIDI guitarist, keyboardist, songwriter, composer, and record producer. He is best known for being a member of the original cast of the hit Broadway show Beatlemania. In addition to playing MIDI guitar, he plays 12 string guitar, the Starr Labs Ztar, guitar synthesizer, SynthAxe, Hammond organ, Mellotron, piano, bass guitar, and Moog synthesizer.
Early years
Fradkin was born in New York City and raised in Riverdale in the Bronx. He travelled extensively in Europe, the United Kingdom, and the Caribbean as a youngster. He began his musical education at the age of 10 being taught the basics of classical piano from his mother, a former concert pianist. Inspired by seeing the Beatles on "The Ed Sullivan Show" and hearing "Walk Don't Run '64" by the Ventures on the radio at the age of 13, he began to teach himself guitar. Other music that inspired him ranged from the British Invasion sounds of the day to American rock acts such as the Byrds, the Beach Boys, Bob Dylan, and Frank Zappa. But what most held his interest and fascination was the art of record production. He was particularly interested in how producers such as Les Paul, Joe Meek, and Phil Spector got their sounds and, in 1966, began tape experiments with Sound on Sound with a Panasonic tape recorder he received as a birthday gift. By 1968, he could edit, splice, and overdub complex recordings at home. By 1969, he had written a large portfolio of original pop and rock songs and was proficient on guitar, bass guitar, Hammond organ, and piano. He turned professional that year and signed a staff songwriting contract with April-Blackwood Music, a division of CBS. This situation did not work out to either April's or Fradkin's satisfaction and April Music gave him his release in early 1970.
| 2.34375
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15835942
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les%20Fradkin
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Les Fradkin
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Beatlemania: the Broadway musical
In July 1976, Fradkin auditioned for and won the role of George Harrison in Beatlemania, the hit Broadway show of the late 1970s. Beatlemania was a Broadway musical revue focused on the life and music of the Beatles. Advertised as "Not the Beatles, but an Incredible Simulation", it ran from 1977 to 1979 for a total of 1006 performances. The Beatlemania show marked the birth of the "Tribute Band" industry. Fradkin appeared in over 1000 performances as lead guitarist. The show debuted in Boston at the Colonial Theatre in April 1977 and opened for previews on May 26, 1977, at the Winter Garden Theater in New York City. Quickly achieving sellout status without ever having an official "opening night", the Beatlemania band and the musical saw great success and worldwide publicity in Time magazine, People Magazine, Us Magazine, Newsweek, and Rolling Stone Magazine. For the first six months, every ticket for the show was sold out. Fradkin was also featured in performances with Beatlemania at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, Palace Theatre in New York City; the Shubert Theatre in Century City, Los Angeles, California and the Pantages Theater in Los Angeles, California; and the Blackstone Theater (now the Merle Reskin Theatre) in Chicago, Illinois. Fradkin performed with the show until its close on October 17, 1979.
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15836015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Milner
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Andrew Milner
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Andrew John Milner (born 9 September 1950) is Professor Emeritus of English and Comparative Literature at Monash University. From 2014 until 2019 he was also Honorary Professor of English and Comparative Literary Studies at the University of Warwick. In 2013 he was Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack Visiting Professor of Australian Studies at the Institut für Englische Philologie, Freie Universität Berlin.
Milner was born in Leeds, UK, the son of John Milner and Dorothy Ibbotson. He was educated at Batley Grammar School and later at the London School of Economics, where he studied sociology. He graduated with a BSc (Econ) degree, with honours in Sociology, in 1972 and a PhD in the Sociology of Literature in 1977. He married Verity Burgmann, the Australian political scientist and labour historian, in 1977. They have three sons. He is a member of the Melbourne Cricket Club and an inaugural member of the Melbourne Victory Football Club.
Milner was politically active, by turn, in the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, the Labour Party Young Socialists, the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign, the International Socialists, the Socialist Workers Party (Britain) and, in Australia, People for Nuclear Disarmament. In the early 21st century he appears to have joined the Australian Greens.
Milner's academic interests include literary and cultural theory, the sociology of literature, utopia, dystopia and science fiction. His work has been published in English in Australia, India, the US and the UK and has been translated into French, German, Portuguese, Chinese, Persian and Korean. He first attracted attention for work, strongly influenced by Lucien Goldmann, on the sociology of 17th-century literature. Subsequently, he has become better known for his advocacy of Raymond Williams's cultural materialism and for studies of utopian and dystopian science fiction. He also has a strong interest in the cultural sociology of Pierre Bourdieu.
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15836015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Milner
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Andrew Milner
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Sociology of literature
Milner's first book, John Milton and the English Revolution, was an application of Goldmann's 'genetic structuralist' sociology of literature to the political, philosophical and poetical writings of John Milton, the great poet of the English Revolution. It argued that the seventeenth-century revolutionary crisis had witnessed the creation and subsequent destruction of a rationalist world vision, which found political expression in the political practice of 'Independency'. A detailed analysis of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes interpreted the poems as articulating distinct and separate responses to the problem of defeat, whether actual or potential, and to the triumph of unreason over reason. Literature, Culture and Society was published in two editions, the first in 1996 and the second, very substantially revised, in 2005. Both develop a substantive account of the capitalist literary mode of production, focussing on technologies of mechanical reproduction and social relations of commodification. The differences between editions are evidence of Milner's growing interest in comparative literature and science fiction studies. Two of the additional case-studies in the second edition reflect both interests, a third the latter alone.
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15836015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Milner
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Andrew Milner
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Science fiction
Locating Science Fiction is arguably Milner's most important, potentially paradigm-shifting, book. Academic literary criticism had tended to locate science fiction primarily in relation to the older genre of utopia; fan criticism primarily in relation to fantasy and science fiction in other media, especially film and television; popular fiction studies primarily in relation to such contemporary genres as the romance novel and the thriller. Milner's book relocates science fiction in relation not only to these other genres and media, but also to the historical and geographic contexts of its emergence and development. Locating Science Fiction sought to move science fiction theory and criticism away from the prescriptively abstract dialectics of cognition and estrangement associated with Fredric Jameson and Darko Suvin, and towards an empirically grounded understanding of what is actually a messy amalgam of texts, practices and artefacts. Inspired by Williams, Bourdieu and Franco Moretti's application of world systems theory to literary studies, it drew on the disciplinary competences of comparative literature, cultural studies, critical theory and sociology to produce a powerfully distinctive mode of analysis, engagement and argument. The concluding chapter is preoccupied with environmentalist thematics occasioned by Milner's growing interest in Green politics.
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15836086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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The Great Depression (1929) impacted the majority of Albanians in Australia. Rural jobs became scarce and many men, including those from the Albanian community, sought employment in the Western Australian goldfields. By 1934, competition, disputes and riots over work at the goldfields between some Anglo-Celtic Australians and Southern Europeans like Albanians made many Albanian men move to Queensland and Victoria in the 1930s. Albanians became labourers on tobacco and cotton farms in Queensland. On Queensland sugar cane farms, they worked as cutters in an industry subjected to racial tests because British Preference Leagues wanted all workers to be of an Anglo-Celtic background. News of the migrants' difficult circumstances reached the Albanian government, which as a result discounted return fares for those who wanted to return to Albania. Most Albanian migrants remained in Australia and sought opportunities in other parts of the country; only a minority took the government offer and returned to Albania.
In the 1920s, most migrants came from around the city of Korçë in southern Albania, and engaged in agriculture, especially fruit growing. Other rural Muslim Albanians from the surrounding Bilisht area emigrated to Australia. In Western Australia, early centres of Albanian settlement were Northam and York, where Albanians worked as wheat and sheep farmers, and other migrants settled in Moora. The first Albanian migrants in Northam were Sabri Sali and Ismail Birangi, who later, with their families and friends Fethi Haxhi and Reshit Mehmet, settled in Shepparton. Being seasonal labourers, some Albanians left Queensland and its sugar cane industry and others left Western Australia to work on farms in Shepparton and the Yarra Valley in Victoria.
Establishing the Shepparton community
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15836086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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In Victoria, most Albanians settled on rural properties around Shepparton in the Goulburn Valley and became one of the region's earliest Muslim communities. Migrants chose farm work and other agricultural employment because the work required little skill in English and resembled work they did in Korçë. Albanian migrants chose Shepparton because it reminded them of Korçë and its terrain, and prospective migrants among relatives in Albania were told it would be like home if they came. The community grew through chain migration from Albania; migrants sponsored relatives to move to Australia. By pooling resources, migrants bought businesses and established farms, and some families from the community were the first to set up orchards in the region, assisting Shepparton to establish a reputation as "the fruit-bowl of Victoria".
In the late 1930s, the Shepparton Albanian community numbered between 300 and 500; they were a mix of Muslims and Orthodox Christians, with some Orthodox Albanians self-identifying as Greeks. Tensions arose over the purchase of land in the Shepparton area by southern Europeans; the local press said Albanians were "buying land at inflated prices, hoarding the land and distributing it among relatives and fellow countrymen", and "stealing" prime irrigated land from locals. Other depictions in the metropolitan Sydney press said a quarter of Shepparton's inhabitants were "aliens" and the town was becoming a "second Albania", whereas local media said that was an exaggeration. Some Albanians experienced racism from a small section of the Australian community and wider society did not consider Albanians "white".
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15836086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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Some Albanian migrants often carried large amounts of remittance cash and pistols to protect it and their properties. For some single men, isolation became a problem and some violent incidents occurred between Albanians; these incidents later decreased as families outnumbered singletons. Local press stereotyped Albanians as prone to lawlessness and violence. Most of the Shepparton population, however, welcomed and accepted Albanians and other migrants into the community. Albanian songs were included in concerts held by primary schools, the Country Women's Association held functions for Albanian migrants, and Shepparton inhabitants held English classes that were attended by some Albanians. Alongside other local farmers, some Shepparton Albanian tomato growers were prominently involved in creating a union to better serve their interests in selling produce. In the 1930s, an Albanian migrant-turned-landowner Golë Feshti established an Albanian club in Shepparton. As Shepparton went from being a town to a significant regional city, Albanians became an important part of its expanding population, and were involved in its economy and growth of the urban centre.
Other settlement in Australia
Other Albanian migrants settled in Melbourne because of its manufacturing industry. Albanians were employed in manufacturing and at the Melbourne docks, others operated small businesses like shops, cafés and boarding houses. In Queensland, Muslim Albanians established themselves in Mareeba and mainly Christian Albanians settled in Brisbane. Other Albanians went to live in Cairns. A smaller group of Albanians from Gjirokastër, who were speakers of the Tosk dialect group, settled mainly in urban centres such as Perth, Sydney and Melbourne, and later established small catering businesses. Some Albanians established orchards and market gardens in Werribee.
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15836086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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The Australian government enacted the National Security Act, 1939-1940, which outlined internment regulations. Anyone suspected of Fascist associations or political membership were liable for internment. The legislation excluded from internment Albanians who had naturalised as British subjects. Albanians in Australia did not pose an imminent threat but by 1942, fears of an Axis invasion were high. In that year, there were 1,086 Albanians in Australia, and the federal government designated the Albanian community "enemy aliens" due to the Italian-controlled Albanian government's war declaration against the Allies. Personal information was collected and the movements of people were tracked. Australian authorities viewed parts of the Albanian community as a Fascist threat; some individuals were arrested and interned, and others were subjected to restrictions. These actions were seen as essential for security. The Australian government interned Albanians whom they suspected supported Fascism; some people were detained as a result of economic rivalries, hearsay and gossip.
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15836086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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Queensland had the largest concentration of Albanians in the country, numbering 434 in 1941, only 55 of whom naturalised as British subjects. In 1942, 415 Albanians in Queensland were unnaturalised and only 43 were British subjects. A majority of Albanian Queenslanders, 242, lived north of Ingham; these were a mix of Muslims and Christians. Albanian Queenslanders were most affected by state actions; according to anecdotal evidence, some Italians spread anti-Allied propaganda among the community and two Albanians joined a pro-Fascist Italian group. The Queensland government's security service interned 84 Albanians and was concerned about many others who remained free. In 1942, the 84 men were held in camps at Cowra in New South Wales and Enoggera in Queensland. Albanians deemed enemy aliens and not interned were made to regularly report to police and were placed under special call-up provisions. Reasons for internment varied; some internees were seen as a "potential danger" to society; some were detained on political grounds because they said they were "anti-British"; some were considered suspects,;and a few were interned due to interpersonal rivalries, for possessing letters in a foreign language and for having an allegiance to a foreign country—Albania or Italy—and not being naturalised.
Muslim Albanians in Australia felt they were victims of government internment policies and a small number of Catholics were also interned. Families of interned Albanians experienced psychological trauma and humiliation. Albanian men felt they were allies of Australia because Albania was occupied by Italy. The internment created difficulties for married men with families in Albania, and those who were farmers had their crops confiscated by the government. Fear of Albanians from the wider Australian public was linked to Albanians' dual identities in regard to nationality rather than concerns over religion. Part of the wider Australian community viewed naturalised Albanians as a "potential threat".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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Some interned Albanians whom the federal government considered physically able were placed in the Civil Alien Corps, part of the Allied Works Council; others with medical conditions came under the control of the Manpower authorities, which oversaw what work they did. Authorities restricted the movement of some Albanians, and a few internees challenged those provisions. Some Albanians protested their innocence and a National Security Regulations Department investigation showed some Albanians were victims of personal rivalries. Albanian sentiment about the situation ranged from reluctant cooperation to acceptance, and some considered their internment conditions good while others performed poorly in tasks assigned to them by the Civil Aliens Corps. Due to labour shortages in the countryside and after Italy's surrender in late 1943, the internment of Albanian Queenslanders ended and an exemption was granted for continued service in the Civil Aliens Corps. Wartime treatment in Queensland made many Albanians in a post-war environment leave the state for other parts of Australia.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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Unlike the Germans or Italians, who were considered a major wartime threat in Australia, government authorities treated Albanians in a fair and mainly even-handed manner regarding internment and later naturalisation. This was due to demand for Albanian labour, their status as European stock who did not pose a direct threat to the British Empire, and religion did not play a role in their wartime treatment.
Albanian contribution to the Australian war effort
The Albanian community were concerned they may be viewed in Australia as having dual loyalties and often made contributions to show their support for the war effort. Throughout the war, Albanians donated money to the war effort as an ethnic bloc because the community viewed Albanian and Australian interests as one. Albanians felt their contribution was one of changing their status from migrant group to a community integrated in Australia. These efforts were acknowledged in Australia and admired by the press, although media representations and political stances remained unchanged toward Albanians. Shepparton Albanians founded the Free Albanian Association (1943-1946), which raised money for the Australian Red Cross and supported the integration of the Albanian community into Australian society and their acceptance as Australians. During the war, Albanians in Australia were able to maintain contact with family in Albania, mainly through the Red Cross.
Displays of loyalty by Albanians resulted in authorities allowing over 30 Albanian-born men to enlist and serve in the Australian army during the war, a majority of whom were Muslim. Some Albanians served in Australia in combat-support roles and in the Battle of Darwin. Other Albanians were sent to the Middle East and the Pacific theatre; they were stationed in combat divisions and fought in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere; a few of them died oversees. Some Albanian men were decorated for their war service.
Post-war immigration
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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Influx of refugees and the Cold War
In the early decades of their migration to Australia, the lives of migrant Albanians were based on hard work in isolated conditions with simple living standards. After the war ended in August 1945, previous economic and social difficulties, and their wartime treatment by the government prompted some migrants to leave Australia and return to Albania. Most men remained in Australia and naturalisation became a goal to prevent any recurrence of their wartime experience.
At the war's conclusion, the communist takeover of Albania was positively received by the Albanian community but that stance changed with the onset of the Cold War. Australia was preferred over Albania due to the establishment of a communist government in the country. Some Albanian men with Australian citizenship initially persuaded their spouses or fiancés to migrate from Albania to Australia but Albania's post-war communist government implemented a policy of non-emigration, and families in Albania and Australia became separated. Border closures meant some of the men became trapped, though a few did escape the country. Families of migrants who tried and failed to leave were punished or subjected to hardship by the communist government, as were others with connections in the West. Unmarried Albanian migrants were no longer able to take prospective marriage partners from Albania to Australia.
| 2.875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian%20Australians
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Albanian Australians
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By 1947, the number of Albanian migrants in Australia had doubled from that of 1933, and Victoria became the state with the largest Albanian population. A gender imbalance persisted; women formed only 10 percent of the Albanian population in 1947, increasing to 16 percent in 1954. From 1949 to 1955, 235 Albanian refugees escaping communist Albania migrated to Australia and became part of the Shepparton community. The refugees fled Albania to escape persecution; they were supporters of the anti-communist, royalist Legality Party and Balli Kombëtar, a political party active in Albania during the war. Other Albanian refugees from Yugoslavia moved to Australia from Kosovo and from south-western Macedonia's Prespa region. Albanians from Prespa settled in Melbourne and Perth, and travel to Albania only became possible with the conclusion of the Cold War decades later.
In the immediate post-war period, political differences of royalists and democrats among the Albanian community reflected political divisions of inter-war Albania and were at times expressed as separate gatherings and cultural events of the two groups. There were tensions between some Albanians who supported the Albanian communist government and others who opposed it. Over time, political differences subsided. Previous pro-union stances changed as the Cold War affected Albanians in rural areas, who opposed joining unions because they wanted to support individualism and prevent a perceived loss of freedom like the situation in Albania. Community members felt such actions were needed so the state would accept them as loyal Australian citizens.
Transition from "White Australia" to multiculturalism
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Prior to the 1960s, most of the Albanian population in Australia had been born in Albania. As a result of the influx of Albanian refugees, Australia's Albanian-born population increased until 1976. From 1945 to the 1990s, the political environment in Albania interrupted and affected marriage customs among Albanian Australians, such as finding Albanian spouses and organising Albanian weddings. Some Albanian Australians resorted to marrying people from Albanian-populated areas of Yugoslavia and Turkey. Other Albanians in Australia married partners from different Muslim communities or non-Muslims.
Post-war Albanian migration, as with other Muslim immigrant communities, occurred during the transition from the White Australia Policy to a multicultural immigration policy; this shift was due to the arrival of post-war migrants of non-Anglo-Celtic origins. Multiculturalism was intended to deal with population influx, and allowed migrants to retain their culture and address difficulties migrants encountered in Australia regarding resources and services.
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In the Australian context of notions about race and ethnicity, the settlement of Muslim Albanians during the White Australia policy period made them straddle classifications of White due to skin colour, and they were considered as "Other". Islam was not an impediment for Albanians migrating to Australia and undergoing the naturalisation process. Albanians built Mosques during the White Australia era. Later, with the official implementation of multiculturalism, the term "ethnic" was used to describe groups like Muslim Albanians as being "non-Anglo" or "other" in discourses about the policy by the majority Anglo-Australian population. Some in the Albanian community see their light-coloured skin and European heritage as factors that allowed them to integrate. Australian Albanians are at times deemed "invisible ethnics" and are mobile within the spectrum of "whiteness" as a result of them being accepted in Australia at certain points in Australian history. In Australian scholarship, reasons are given for the allowance of Albanians and their gradual acceptance in Anglo-Celtic Australia while still considered somewhat different or as "ethnics". They range from the Albanian presence being tolerated due to their small numbers, compatibility with the White Australia policy due to their light European complexion, filling labour shortages and not being of Asian origin.
Communities in Victoria
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The Australian census of 1947 recorded 227 Shepparton Muslims, most of whom were from an Albanian background. In local media, negativity toward post-war Shepparton Albanians sharply decreased and they were depicted as hard-working people with civic participation in the town. In the early 1950s, Shepparton Albanians established their own Albanian Muslim Society and fund-raised in their community, and built Victoria's first mosque in the late 1950s. In the 1950s, Albanians partook in the revival of Islamic life within Australia, creating networks and institutions for the community. Religious and social survival prompted Albanians, like other Muslims of different ethnic backgrounds who were geographically dispersed, to co-operate on social projects through Muslim associations.
The Islamic Society of Victoria (ISV) was established in the late 1950s; its first head was an Albanian and during the early 1960s Albanians comprised most of its membership. The multicultural organisation laid foundations for Muslim groups like the Albanians to individually create Muslim facilities and infrastructure for their growing communities. Albanians based in Melbourne established their own Albanian Muslim Society and constructed the city's first mosque in the late 1960s. In the same decade, a multicultural Muslim women's association was established in Carlton North; its membership included Albanian women. Albanian radio was established in Melbourne by Bahri Bregu and Luk Çuni. In 1974, an Albanian Catholic Society was established and in 1993, the Australian Albanian Women's Association was created.
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Communities in other states
After the end of the Second World war, some Muslim migrants from Albania went to live in Western Australia, in particular to Fremantle and in Perth, settling near the old city mosque alongside other Muslims. In Perth, Albanians were involved in establishing the Muslim Society of Australia in the late 1940s. Other post-war Muslim Albanian migrants went to live in Northam and York, the state's wheat-and-sheep-farming regions, and worked as gardeners and farmers. In South Australia, the postwar Albanian community became interconnected with other Muslim migrants through Islamic community societies. The state had 150 Albania-born people and 300 of Albanian descent in 1993. By the 1990s, small numbers of Albanians had settled in Darwin, Northern Territory. In New South Wales, soon after 1945, a small number of Albanians settled in Sydney. Others went to live in Wollongong, where over 200 people are of Albanian descent.
Immigration from south-western Yugoslavia
The majority of Albanian-speaking arrivals in Australia migrated from Yugoslavia beginning in the 1950s. During the 1960s and 1970s, most of these migrants were from the Lake Prespa region, and the villages Kišava and Ostrec in Bitola municipality, all of which are now part of south-western North Macedonia. Many left Yugoslavia due to discrimination against the ethnic Albanian minority and Muslim population, and the deteriorating economy and rise in unemployment.
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Albanian Australians
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Settlement in Dandenong
In 1963, Jakup Rustemi and later the brothers Tahir and Vefki Rasimi became the first Albanians to settle in the Melbourne suburb Dandenong after migrating from Kišava. Chain migration by Albanians from Kišava led to other friends and family migrating to Australia. Migrating Albanians with mainly agricultural skills chose to settle in Dandenong because it had industry and farms nearby. Local Albanians formed an Albanian soccer club in the suburb in 1984. A mosque was built by the Dandenong Albanian community in 1985. As the Dandenong Albanian community became settled and grew, they lacked a voice and representation, and their interests were not a focus of local and state government until the mid-2000s.
Over time, Dandenong became a centre for arriving Albanian migrants from southern Yugoslavia, and the suburb attracted Albanians from other parts of Australia who wanted to be in an Albanian community. Albanians also live in the neighbouring small suburb Dandenong South; they comprise much of its population and supply much of the kindergarten and school populations in the Dandenong area. Two-story houses are a common feature among many Albanian homeowners in Dandenong, and often they make up most of the population in some streets. Many Albanian households are extended or multigenerational families that contribute to preserving traditions and the Albanian language. Some features of Albanian life in Dandenong are the speaking of Albanian, the playing of Balkan music, Albanian cuisine and local Albanian businesses.
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According to the 1996 Australian census, in that year, Albanian Australians were mainly employed in the agriculture, services and production industries as labourers and tradespeople, and smaller numbers as professionals, with less than a quarter being unemployed. The Albanian language was spoken by 6,212 people in Australia in 1996, a five-fold increase over people born in Albania. Of that number, 1,299 were born in the Republic of Macedonia, and 60 in Serbia and Montenegro.
The Albanian community in Australia has mostly attracted little attention to itself, only coming to national attention during the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the resulting Kosovo crisis of the 1990s. During the Kosovo War (1999), the Australian government conducted Operation Safe Haven and gave temporary asylum to 4,000 Kosovo Albanians by housing them in military facilities, although Albanian Australians offered to house the refugees. The event provoked change in Australian government policy toward refugees by offering temporary asylum rather than permanent settlement. In Victoria, 1,250 Kosovo Albanians were housed at army bases at Puckapunyal in the Shepparton area and at Portsea, south from Dandenong. Local Albanians from both areas provided the refugees with support, and assisted them with interpreting and translation. Some Albanian community organisations and networks in Australia were involved assisting Kosovo Albanian refugees. Erik Lloga, a Melbourne-based Albanian community leader, led efforts and was the main interlocutor between the Australian government and refugees.
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Albanian Australians
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The Shepparton Albanian community produced Australia My Home: An Albanian Migration, a documentary about Albanian migration to Australia. In 2022 it has been shown in film festivals in Australia, the US and Albania, and won awards.
Demographics
In the early twenty-first century, Victoria has the highest concentration of Albanians in Australia, and smaller Albanian communities exist in Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory. In 2016, 4,041 persons resident in Australia identified themselves as having been born in Albania or Kosovo, while 15,901 persons identified themselves as having Albanian ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry. According to Australian Albanian societies, they state the number of Albanians in the country is under reported.
Language
Albanian Australians use the Tosk and Gheg dialects of the Albanian language. In Shepparton, Albanian language use had declined among a large number of Albanian Australians to the point it was barely used and no longer spoken. An influx of Albanian migrants from Albania to Shepparton in the 1990s led to a revival of Albanian among the earlier group of Shepparton Albanians who wanted to reconnect with their heritage through the language.
In the late twentieth century, the ages of those proficient in the Albanian language among Albanian Australians ranged from infants to the elderly; proficiency was maintained by the second generation and the language was spoken by more-recent migrant arrivals of the time. From 1986 to 1996, use of the Albanian language increased by a quarter and some elderly migrants were not fluent in English.
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In the early twenty-first century, most Albanian Australians from the second and third generations speak English as their primary language. Some of the young can understand Albanian but may be reluctant to use it and prefer to speak English. Some Albanian households are heavily involved in efforts towards ensuring the transmission and maintenance of the Albanian language by their children in Australia.
In the twentieth century, Albanian migrants established Sunday schools to teach Albanian. The first Albanian school was established by Bahri Bregu and Luk Çuni. Its inaugural Albanian-language class was held in 1964 and taught by its first teacher Mithat Jusufi, an Albanian from Bitola who immigrated in 1961. In Victoria, continued support for maintaining the Albanian language has come from the education system through Victorian School of Languages (VSL) and community schools teaching languages. Albanian-language classes undertaken through the VSL system are held on the weekends in Shepparton, and the Melbourne suburbs Brunswick, Dandenong and Caroline Springs.
Religion
Islam
In the late twentieth century, 80% of Albanian speakers in Australia followed Islam. Because Islam is the dominant religion among Albanian Australians, it has given the community a sense of unity, and the capacity and resources to construct their own mosques, which have symbolised the Albanian community's permanent settlement in Australia. Mosques serve as centres for community activities and are important for retaining the religious identity of Albanian Australians.
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Shepparton Mosque was the first mosque to be built in Victoria, and Carlton Mosque was the first to be built in Melbourne. Other mosques in metropolitan Melbourne are Dandenong Mosque and the Albanian Prespa Mosque in Reservoir. Mareeba Mosque was the second mosque in Queensland and the first in its rural interior. In Western Australia, Perth-based Albanians use Perth Mosque. Albanian representatives serve in most federal Islamic organisations and some are or have been in senior positions. In the few areas of concentrated Albanian settlement, their small numbers shaped local areas through the construction of mosques or becoming a sizable proportion of the school Muslim population. The infrastructure created by Albanian Australians has attracted Muslim migrants to areas that have an existing mosque or services assisting with settlement.
From the 1920s-1950s, Albanian identity was closely associated with being Muslim in Albanian communities like Shepparton; these were significant elements that contributed to their place in the country and established sentiments of community among its members. In the early twenty-first century, most Albanians in areas such as Shepparton and Dandenong are secular or non-observant Muslims, but there are also some devout Muslims. Australian Albanians perceive community as integrated into Australia, tolerant Muslims with relaxed religious practices and a "laid back" outlook on religion. Albanians believe a lack of religious knowledge does not diminish one's own Muslim identity.
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Albanian Australians
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A small number of Albanian women, mainly elderly individuals, wear Muslim head coverings, a practice that is considered acceptable by Albanian Australians. Among some Albanians, the month long Ramadan fast is lightly adhered to; the effort is seen as important rather than the completion of fasting requirements. Australian Albanians perform certain traditions such as the sacrificing of sheep to bring good luck by Albanian imams before the construction of a house, something other imams and mainstream Islam consider un-Islamic. In Shepparton, the present local Albanian community's practice of Islam is influenced by the legacy of Sufi Bektashism in Albania.
In the Albanian community, there has been some trepidation towards, and difficulty in relating to, newly arrived Middle-Eastern Muslims whose practice of Islam is often devout and visible. Sharing a European background has made Albanians more open to the British origins of a large part of the Australian population. A lack of commonality and the turbulent Balkan legacy have distanced Albanians from efforts by some non-Albanian Muslim bodies to supersede ethnic and national organisations for a unitary, Muslim-only approach to advocating for community interests. Albanians in Australia rarely attract attention to themselves due to a legacy of discrimination and persecution experienced in the Balkans under communism, either as minorities or from war.
Among Albanians, people identify as "Albanian" or "Australian", and the two identities are rarely distinguished between by community members unless they are recent migrants. Both identities are viewed as similar to each other by the Albanian community. Some segments of the Australian Muslim population regard Albanians as "white Muslims". In places like Shepparton where Albanians are concentrated, the broader, non-Muslim population view them as tolerant Muslims.
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Albanian Australians
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Differing views exist among the Albanian community over Islam. Those belonging to the pre-1950s migration flow view their connection to Islam as intact and "authentic", and consider the Islam of recent arrivals who lived under communist-imposed atheism as severed from their past and sense of self. A sizable number of Albanian migrants from post-communist Albania identify as Muslim but do not wish to openly associate themselves with Islam due to being in Australia. Among post-1991 Albanian migrants and some older community members and those who were raised in Australia view older members of the Albanian community who were cut off from Albania for decades as holding on to past practices that no longer exist in Albania.
Some young people and newer Albanian arrivals view the opinions of older generations linking Albania and Islam as a concern and incompatible with contemporary Australia. These young people and recent immigrants are not closely attached to Islam, neither do they see a connection between Islam and their nationality, and view expressions of an Islamic heritage as a negative in Australia due to negative media coverage of Muslims. Some Albanian Australians do not view being Muslim as a barrier to integration within the mainly Christian population of Australia. Some Albanians view Christianity as the "true" faith of the Albanian people whereas others see Islam and Albanian identity as intertwined.
Christianity
In the late twentieth century, 400 Albanian Australians were Catholic and 114 were Orthodox. Following their migration, Catholic and Orthodox Albanian Australians use existing religious institutions in Australia for their religious needs. Christian Albanian Australians have difficulties preserving their heritage due to a lack of Albanian churches and Albanian-speaking clergy in Australia. In April 2022, the Catholic Albanian community erected a statue of Saint Mother Teresa in Adelaide.
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Albanian Australians
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Community and culture
Albanian Australians of Muslim and Christian backgrounds are united by a shared heritage and common Albanian identity. Religious differences have not been a significant factor in Albanian community relations. In Australia, social networks and relations in the context of a common language, family, migration and cultural practices play a significant role in influencing being Muslim and Albanian, and belonging to a community.
Among Albanian communities in Victoria, certain geographic and political designations have been carried over from the Balkan countries of origin to identify and differentiate between individuals. Places like Shepparton are identified with Albanians from the Korçë area of Albania, and Dandenong with Albanians from the Bitola area of North Macedonia. Other identity references exist for northerners and southerners, Albanians from pre- or post-communist Albania, Kosovar Albanians, cultural and linguistic differences, religion, and Albanians settled in other parts of Australia. With some exceptions in Dandenong, these complex social and identity markers among Albanian Victorians are not sources of contention. Similarities between Albanian communities are also highlighted and there is acceptance of differences along with the notion people self-identifying as Albanians form one cohesive group. People attending large social gatherings like community festivals and New Year parties are all identified as Albanian by Albanian Australians.
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In Melbourne, Albanian Australians founded some of the city's soccer clubs. Dandenong Thunder is based in Dandenong and North Sunshine Eagles is in St Albans; other Albanian-founded teams are Heidelberg Eagles and South Dandenong.
An Albanian Association of Brisbane exists in Queensland; and in the rural interior is the Albanian Australian Moslem Society of Mareeba. In Adelaide, South Australia, there is an Albanian Australian Association, the Mother Teresa Albanian Catholic Society and Adelaide Albanian Folk Dance Group.
Cultural events
Festivals and other celebrations showcasing Albanian culture, music and food serve as reminders or links for Albanian Australians of their Albanian identity and ancestral past. They also serve to strengthen social networks and friendships. Albanians belonging to various generations, religions, affiliations and origins freely gather and associate at community cultural events celebrating Albania and its culture. Albanians in Australia celebrate Albanian Independence day (28 November), host and attend community New Year's celebrations and Albanian music concerts, and partake in other functions. Celebrations marking the conclusion of Ramadan are also a focal point for the community.
In Shepparton, events are organised by the local Albanian Islamic Society, which also holds the annual Albanian Harvest Festival at the Shepparton showgrounds; the event is attended by around 2,000 people, mainly Albanian Australians. In Dandenong, the Albanian-Australian Community Association organises community events; its annual Albanian festival is held in the Dandenong Ranges. The festival is held on the first Sunday in December and at times it has been also held in Melbourne's inner-western suburbs. Albanian music and dance feature at both festivals and the events attract Albanians from other areas of Victoria, and are important for connecting the dispersed Albanian community, families and friends.
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Albanian Australians
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The Albanian community sometimes participate in multicultural events like the Shepparton Festival in Shepparton and the Piers Festival in Dandenong. Albanian culture, including folklore, music, dance and national costume, is celebrated.
Events hosted by Albanian soccer clubs are important for socialisation between Albanians and people from the broader community. The club grounds of Dandenong Thunder are used by the Albanian-Australian Community Association for community events, such as music concerts featuring Albanian performers from the Balkans. The club grounds also hosts the Qamil Rexhepi Cup, which is played each January between Melbourne-based Albanian soccer clubs. In Dandenong, Albanian men socialise at the coffee shop and gym, and Albanian women socialise at other women's houses, the shopping centre, the park and the swimming pool.
In Queensland, Albanians socialise at picnics, barbecues and at community dinners where traditional drinks are served and communal singing is enjoyed. Queensland Albanians also celebrate Albanian Independence Day with Albanian folkloric music and dancing.
Weddings are important events among the Albanian community. Often, they are big celebrations, lavish and full of symbolism. Marriages signify an important transition and position in the social status of a new couple, their parents and grandparents within the Albanian community.
Food
Albanian cuisine is consumed in Australia. Abanian dishes include Lakror, a pastry with fillings such as cheese and spinach, tomato, onion and pepper, fried doughballs called Petulla; Revani, a semolina and sherbet cake; and Bakllava, a sweet, multilayered pastry filled with nuts. Some households attempt to pass on Albanian culinary traditions to younger generations.
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Musical traditions
Various musical genres and dances exist among Albanians in Australia, reflecting the regions within the Balkans from where they migrated and stylistic differences that typify traditional music from northern and southern Balkan-Albanian areas. Polyphonic singing is associated with southern Albanian musical traditions; a singer begins a song and is followed by a second singer entering at a different melodic line while others maintain a drone (iso); this is mainly performed by elderly Prespa Albanians of both genders, though separately, at weddings.
Northern Albanian musical traditions of solo singing are performed by Albanians from Kosovo. The repertoire of songs, which often involves love songs and narrative ballads about historical or legendary events, is played on a stringed musical instrument like the çifteli and lahutë. Some local Albanian music bands are composed of a vocalist and other members who play clarinet, drums, electric guitar and piano accordion, though the latter is increasingly substituted with an electric keyboard. These bands perform at weddings or other gatherings and their music repertoire often reflects the influences from their places of origin in the Balkans, though some create new musical compositions.
Bands who reflect a Kosovo-Albanian origin often sing about patriotic and political themes, alongside traditional songs. Their music contains Turkish influences dating from the Ottoman era. Traditional dances are performed, some of the most popular of which the Shota for Kosovo Albanians, the Ulqin for Montenegro Albanians and the Devollice for Southern Albanians. Some dances that were previously performed by only one gender are increasingly being danced by both males and females, and many younger members of the Albanian community partake in traditional dancing.
Notable people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20the%20Ends%20of%20the%20Earth%20%281948%20film%29
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To the Ends of the Earth (1948 film)
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To the Ends of the Earth is a 1948 American film noir thriller film directed by Robert Stevenson and starring Dick Powell, Signe Hasso and Ludwig Donath. It was released by Columbia Pictures.
Plot
In 1935, United States Narcotics Agent Michael Barrows (Powell) is assigned to find an unidentified freighter suspected of smuggling drugs. When he and the Coast Guard spot it along the California coast, they give chase. Barrows watches helplessly through binoculars as the freighter captain has about a hundred chained slave laborers thrown overboard to drown. The ship escapes by passing beyond the 12-mile limit and entering international waters. Horrified by what he has seen, Barrows determines to smash the narcotics ring – traveling "to the ends of the Earth" if need be – without first clearing it with his boss, Commissioner H. J. Anslinger (played by the real Harry J. Anslinger).
The trail leads him to Shanghai, where his Chinese counterpart, Commissioner Lum Chi Chow (Vladimir Sokoloff), has obtained information from a dying man. The man had escaped from a slave labor gang growing poppies somewhere in Egypt. Lum Chi Chow believes that once the poppies are harvested within the next few days, they will be smuggled into Shanghai for final processing. Suspicion falls on Nicholas Sokim (Ludwig Donath), as he has a criminal record, but he claims to have been out of the drug business for many years. During his investigation, Barrows meets recent widow Ann Grant (Signe Hasso), who is preparing to send orphan Chinese teenager Shu Pan Wu (Maylia) to the safety of the United States. When a drug processing lab is discovered beneath Sokim's business, Sokim commits suicide.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Culinary%20Academy
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California Culinary Academy
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The California Culinary Academy (CCA) was a for-profit school, and an affiliate of Le Cordon Bleu located in San Francisco, California. Danielle Carlisle established the school in 1977 to train chefs using the European education model. The original location on the corner of Fremont and Howard Street in the South of Market area of San Francisco, was located in the remodeled, top-floor, cafeteria in the Del Monte headquarters. The academy trained more than 15,000 people for restaurant careers through its 30-week baking and pastry chef program and 16-month culinary arts degree program. It was purchased by Career Education Corporation in 1999.
History
The school was established in 1977. The original school was accredited by the American Culinary Federation. In 1999, the California Culinary Academy was sold. Curriculum, instruction requirements for entry and graduation was altered. In mid-2007 the San Francisco Weekly claimed that the school preyed on students, misrepresenting the jobs and wages that were available to graduates, and the ability of graduates to service their student loan obligations after graduation. Soon thereafter, a class action lawsuit (Amador v. California Culinary Academy) was filed. One allegation was that the school inflated job placement rates by counting as successful post-culinary school placements jobs that would have been available without going to culinary school at all. The complaint in its various iterations, with detailed allegations, is available from the San Francisco Superior Court, Case No. CGC-07-467710.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renner%2C%20Dallas
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Renner, Dallas
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Renner is a section of Dallas, Texas, United States, within southwestern Collin County and southeastern Denton County, that was once a distinct rural community of approximately 10 square miles and housed the center of a nonprofit agricultural research organization.
Renner is within the North Central Division of the Dallas Police Department, which is headquartered at 6969 McCallum Boulevard.
History
The namesake of the community, John A. Renner, developed townsites along the Cotton Belt line. A post office appeared in 1888. Coincidentally, the postmaster of Collin County in 1888 was George Renner. (DMN July 14, 1888). Renner received a telephone service in 1898 (DMN July 25, 1898). Renner was incorporated as a town in 1954 and annexed to Dallas in 1977.
Although the main residential portion of Renner mostly comprised a small triangle between McCallum (Wells) Blvd and the St. Louis Southwestern Railway, the agricultural portions of Renner extended North to Plano and East to include the agricultural research station, which is now a campus of the University of Texas at Dallas. The town also had a small bit of territory on the south side of McCallum Blvd. Land as far west as Josey Lane was within the corporate boundaries of Renner. Before absorption into Dallas, Renner had platted some of the agricultural portions for housing development.
The City of Dallas has plans to revitalize the area and use the existing freight line for a light rail.
AT&T's Renner switch includes several exchanges that now serve North Dallas but that once served the community of Renner. For example, the current "733" exchange was originally "Renner 3" or simply "RE3."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Barkay
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Gabriel Barkay
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Gabriel Barkay (born 1944) (Hebrew: גבריאל ברקאי; sometimes transcribed from the Hebrew Gavriel Barkai) is an Israeli archaeologist.
Biography
Gabriel Barkay was born in the Budapest Ghetto, Hungary. He immigrated to Israel in 1950.
He studied archaeology, comparative religion and geography at Tel Aviv University, graduated summa cum laude, and received his PhD in archaeology from the same university in 1985. His dissertation was about LMLK seal impressions on jar handles. He participated in the Lachish excavations with David Ussishkin. His academic areas of interest include the archaeology of Jerusalem, biblical archaeology, burials and burial customs, art, epigraphy, and glyptics in the Iron Age.
Teaching and academic career
Barkay is an external lecturer at Bar Ilan University and Jerusalem University College on Mount Zion.
Archaeology career
First Temple Period tombs
In 1968–71, Barkay and David Ussishkin surveyed the Silwan necropolis from the time of the Judean Monarchy during the Iron Age, containing 50 rock-cut tombs of Judahite high government officials. Barkay also excavated the Iron Age tombs on the grounds of the École Biblique in the early 1970s.
Priestly Blessing scrolls
Dr. Barkay's most famous discoveries are two small silver scroll amulets containing the priestly benediction from the Book of Numbers (), which he discovered in 1979 in a First Temple Period tomb at Ketef Hinnom. These amulets contain the oldest surviving biblically related inscription discovered to date, dating back to the seventh century BCE and are to-date the only archaeological proof that passages from the Hebrew Bible as we know them were in circulation in the First Temple Period.
Temple Mount excavations
In 2000, Barkay, Eilat Mazar, and other prominent individuals in Israel founded the Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount in response to a protruding bulge discovered in 2000 in the Temple Mount's southwest corner.
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Gabriel Barkay
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In 2005, together with archaeologist Zachi Zweig, Barkay established the Temple Mount Sifting Project, a project funded by the Ir David Foundation and dedicated to recovering archaeological artifacts from 400 truckloads of earth removed from the Temple Mount by the Waqf and Israeli Islamic movement during 1996–2001. The construction included the establishment of the underground so-called El-Marwani Mosque at an ancient structure known since medieval times as Solomon's Stables, excavating a huge pit as an entrance to the structure, and reducing the platform level at the area north to the entrance.
One of the findings of this project is a 7th-century BCE bulla (round clay seal affixed to documents), which became known as the "Bethlehem Seal". Dr. Barkay offered the first translation of the Hebrew three-line inscription: "In the 7th year, Bethlehem, for the king".
Barkay points out to the findings from the Byzantine period—mainly ceramics and coins, including rare coins, but also architectural elements, some from churches. Some scholars claim that the Temple Mount was left bare by the Christian rulers, to conform with Jesus' prophecy that not a stone of the Temple complex will be left standing () and in order to emphasise the Church of the Resurrection, but in Barkay's assessment, the findings prove that "in the Byzantine era the Temple Mount was a center of activity", as the place may have held churches and a marketplace.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senigaglia%20family
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Senigaglia family
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The Senigaglia family (sometimes spelt Sinigaglia) is an Italian Jewish family, whose origins can be traced back nearly 800 years, the period between the High Middle Age and the Renaissance.
Origins
Possible Spanish origin
One theory claims a Spanish origin, forming the hypothesis that they fled Spain because of the Inquisition. However, 22 years before 1492 (year of the Spanish expulsion), they were already settled in Italy, probably at Senigallia. Apart from the date problem, it seems difficult to believe that families running away from the Holy Inquisition and the Vatican, end up in a town run practically by the pope himself; whether it was Pope Alexander VI from the Borgia family, of Spanish origins, or Julius II from the Della Rovere family.
Possible Roman origin
Another theory claims a Roman origin. If the family came from Rome, they probably fled the city after 1215, when a Roman Catholic Church council, convened by Pope Innocent III, passed a law that authorized and encouraged princes to forbid all commerce between Jews and the Christian majority, and to favor Christians while being “zealous in restraining Jews.” The law also demanded that Jews who had ever acquired property from Christians must pay heavy fines to the church. The pope was both the head of the church and the direct ruler of Rome and the surrounding Papal States.
During the subsequent centuries a number of Roman Jewish families left Rome on their own, or were encouraged by the Church to go to different towns or villages to establish small usury banks (with the purpose to substitute Christians in that line of business). They traveled choosing the Via Salaria or the Via Flaminia, taking along with them their tradesman abilities (with the corresponding family names, respectively): Orefice, Tessitori, Tintori, Della Seta (Goldsmith, Weaver, Dyer, Silk).
Other possible origins
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15836342
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Sollee
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Ben Sollee
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Ben Sollee is an American cellist, singer-songwriter, and composer known for his political activism. His music incorporates banjo, guitar, and mandolin along with percussion and unusual cello techniques. His songs exhibit a mix of folk, bluegrass, jazz, and R&B elements. Sollee has also composed longer instrumental pieces for dance ensembles and for film.
Early life and education
Sollee was raised in Lexington, Kentucky, and attended public schools where he was introduced to the cello in the fourth grade. Yates Elementary School orchestra teacher Ellen Dennison brought a collection of musical instruments to her class and demonstrated them for students. Sollee was quickly charmed by what he called the "growly" sound of the cello and chose it as the instrument to learn to play and he eventually became the only cello player in his school orchestra.
Sollee graduated from the School for Creative and Performing Arts at Lafayette High School in 2002. He was admitted to the University of Louisville's School of Music on a full-tuition scholarship to study cello. The four years of study expanded Sollee's technical mastery of his instrument, marked by a struggle with his teacher over their different musical interests and objectives. In this context, Sollee collided with the firmly established tradition of the cello as a fundamentally, if not exclusively, classical instrument. He found that his participation in two disparate worlds of music had become a struggle within himself as well as a source of frustration with his formal training. In resisting the conventional orthodoxy, Sollee disputed the classical tradition as the way to play the cello, insisting that was just one way to play it.
Musical career
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15836342
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Sollee
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Ben Sollee
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Early career and Learning to Bend
While in college, Sollee performed and soloed in his school's classical ensembles but continued to participate in the Woodsongs programs and took part in the recording sessions of seasoned performers such as Otis Taylor and Abigail Washburn. Sollee toured off and on with Washburn as a duo from 2005 to 2008. He became a member of the Sparrow Quartet (which also included banjoist Béla Fleck and violinist Casey Driessen) when Washburn formed it in 2006, and that year the group issued an EP with five songs on the Nettwerk label. The Sparrow Quartet made a trip to perform in China in 2007 and, under auspices of the U.S. State Department, became the first American music ensemble of any kind to be permitted to enter Tibet, where it performed several shows. The group then began working on what would be its signature studio album, Abigail Washburn & The Sparrow Quartet, which was released in May 2008. That same month, Sollee came out with his first EP If You're Gonna Lead My Country The group toured widely throughout the U.S. during the period of 2006–2008. On June 30, 2008, the quartet was featured in a broadcast on PBS station KPBS in San Diego.
While Sollee had been touring commercially since his late teens with artists such as Otis Taylor and Abigail Washburn, during his senior year he began performing his first solo gigs in Louisville area, playing his own music. By this time he had already self-produced three CD albums, the last of which, Turn on the Moon, was released in March 2006. After graduating from the University of Louisville in May 2006 with a degree in cello performance, and while still touring with the Sparrow Quartet, Sollee began work on a new solo album, also self-produced, entitled Learning to Bend, which was released in an initial premium "collector's" version (1000 numbered copies) in November 2007. By December 28, 2007, on the strength of that record, NPR's Morning Edition had identified Sollee as one of the "Top Ten Unknown Artists of the Year."
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15836342
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Sollee
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Ben Sollee
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In May 2016 Sollee recorded Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home" live in Kentucky's Woodford Reserve Distillery in honor of the annual Kentucky Derby Festival. The video was recorded inside the barrel house of the distillery and was released on the Woodford Reserve website and Facebook page accumulating over 191,000 views.
On May 2, Sollee received the Smoky Mountain Music Award from the Scruffy City Film Festival for his various works on film scores.
On June 2, Sollee stopped by the Chicago-based Audiotree Live studios to perform an intimate set of seven songs including songs from Infowars (the latest release at the time) and songs from previous releases.
In 2016, Sollee was asked to provide sounds/music for an interactive water monitoring system that doubles as an art installation by Kiersten Nash and a soundscape at Jacobson Park in Lexington. This installation is the first of its kind in Kentucky and has been tremendously successful since its debut. The water monitoring pipes protrude form the ground in various areas of the park and translate data from the water source into the sounds of which Sollee has created. The data comes from the waters conductivity, temperature and flow. The Idea behind the project is to bring awareness of the importance water in Kentucky, where it comes from, its susceptibility to contamination, the need to protect it, and over all environmental literacy. The project was commissioned by LexArts and LFUCG's Department of Environmental Quality and Public Works, and funded in-part by a $40,000 National Endowment for the Arts ART WORKS grant. The Kentucky Geological Survey was also a partner in the project.
In March 2016 in collaboration with Stage One Family Theatre in Louisville, Sollee was asked to participate in the creation and technological infused performance of Crockett Johnson's 1955 classic book Harold and the Purple Crayon. Sollee wrote an original score for the piece and performed it live for 30 performances for schools and four public performances.
| 2.046875
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15836342
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Sollee
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Ben Sollee
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Characterizing Sollee's music with any precision is a challenge, since it fuses elements from a wide variety of sources. In describing his music, Sollee told Jim Fusilli of The Wall Street Journal that, "Phrasing-wise, [it's a] free story-telling style of singing where its about moving the story line along. [My influences have been] Paul Simon, Nina Simone, Ani DiFranco, Louis Armstrong, Lauryn Hill, Sam Cooke, Phoebe Snow."
Sollee's cello work is the element that seems to most impact audiences that have not previously seen him perform. The initial reaction is often one of surprise, if not shock, since most listeners' familiarity with the cello, if any, is in formal classical settings, primarily as a part of an orchestra. Sollee shows up in a T-shirt instead of a tux. He plucks the cello's strings as frequently as he bows them, plays without printed music, and rarely concentrates his gaze on the instrument while performing. Mostly, he is singing, coordinating with his fellow performers, and connecting with the audience, in much the manner that many guitar players do. In Response to a probe about the uniqueness of what he is doing as a musician, Sollee has said he's "just continued with stuff thats been going on in banjo, guitar, mandolin, fiddle, and bass" In explaining his bond to the cello, Sollee told CNN interviewer that the cello is "a great Swiss Army Knife...It always does the different things I need it to do in ensembles. I can take the lead. I can play rhythm. It always creates a sound that works in the environment I'm playing in."
| 1.90625
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15836360
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Tiger%20Conservation%20Authority
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National Tiger Conservation Authority
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During the tiger census of 2006, a new methodology was used extrapolating site-specific densities of tigers, their co-predators and prey derived from camera trap and sign surveys using GIS. Based on the result of these surveys, the total tiger population was estimated at 1,411 individuals ranging from 1,165 to 1,657 adult and sub-adult tigers of more than 1.5 years of age. The 2010 National Tiger Assessment estimated the total population of wild tigers in India at 1,706. As per Ministry of Environment and Forests, the wild tiger population in India stood at 2,226 in 2014 with an increase of 30.5% since the 2010 estimate.
In 2018, according to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, there were an estimated 2,603–3,346 wild tigers with an average of 2,967 in existence in India. The wild tiger population increased to 3,682 as of 2022. As India is home to majority of the global wild tiger population, the increase in population of tigers in India played a major role in driving up global populations as well; the number of wild tigers globally rose from 3,159 in 2010 to 3,890 in 2016 according to the World Wide Fund and Global Tiger Forum.
Tiger reserves
In 1973, nine protected areas were initially designated as tiger reserves. By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of had been increased to 15 reserves covering an area of . By 1997, 23 tiger reserves encompassed an area of . As of March 2024, there are 55 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves.
| 3.375
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15836408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reval%20Governorate
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Reval Governorate
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Reval Governorate () was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, which existed from 1719 to 1783. Its capital was in Reval (Tallinn).
History
Reval Governorate was originally formed in 1719 by Tsar Peter the Great of Russia, under a decree issued on 29 May 1719. It encompassed four North-Estonian counties: Läänemaa, Harjumaa, Järvamaa, and Virumaa. At that time, the Narva region was merged with Saint Petersburg Governorate.
These territories were conquered from Sweden during the Great Northern War by Russian troops, with Vyborg falling on 24 June 1710, Riga on 15 July, Pärnu on 23 August, followed by Paide, Haapsalu, Kuressaare on 26 September, and Tallinn on 10 October.
Earlier in the Great Northern War, in 1708, the Russian troops had already taken control of Virumaa (then known as Narva Uyezd) and Tartumaa (then known as Tartu Uyezd), which were incorporated into Saint Petersburg Governorate.
Sweden formally ceded the Estonian territories captured during the 1710 war in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. Despite the change in sovereignty, the Swedish system of administration and government persisted in Estonia. This continuity was guaranteed by the acts of capitulation signed by the Estonian towns and knighthood when they surrendered to the Russian troops during the Great Northern War.
From 1713 to 1722, Tartu Uyezd was part of Reval Governorate, but it was reincorporated into Riga Governorate in 1722.
In 1727, Narva Uyezd was detached from Saint Petersburg Governorate. However, the towns of Narva and Ivangorod remained within the Saint Petersburg Governorate, serving as the capital of Jamburg County from 1775 to 1802. The eastern border of Reval Governorate (Narva Uyezd) began at Joala Manor and extended to the mouth of the Narva River, but further border demarcation efforts ceased in 1784.
| 2.046875
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15836541
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger%20space
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Danger space
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The danger space or alar space, is a region of the neck. The common name originates from the risk that an infection in this space can spread directly to the thorax, and, due to being a space continuous on the left and right, can furthermore allow infection to spread easily to either side.
Structure
It is bounded at the top by the skull base, at the front by the alar fascia and behind by the prevertebral fascia. It comes to an end at the level of the diaphragm.
The retropharyngeal space is found anterior to the danger space, between the alar fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia. There exists a midline raphe in this space so some infections of this space appear unilateral. The retropharyngeal space drains into the superior mediastinum, whereas the danger space drains into the posterior mediastinum.
Clinical significance
On CT or MRI it is only visible when distended by fluid or pus, below the level of T1-T6, as the retropharyngeal space ends at this level, allowing distinction between the two entities. Superior spread of infection can affect the contents of the carotid sheath, including the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII, while inferior spread of infection through the danger space can cause mediastinitis.
History
It was first characterized in 1938.
| 2.28125
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15836545
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%20bonding
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Laser bonding
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Laser bonding is a marking technique that uses lasers to bond an additive marking substance to a substrate.
First invented in the mid 1990s by Essilor International, this patented method produces permanent marks on metal, glass, ceramic and plastic parts for a diverse range of industrial and artistic applications, ranging from aerospace and medical to the awards and engraving industries. It differs from the more widely known techniques of laser engraving and laser ablation in that it is an additive process, adding material to the substrate surface instead of removing it.
Laser bonding has been achieved by Nd:YAG, CO2 laser, Fiber laser and Diode-pumped solid-state laser and can be accomplished using other forms of radiant energy.
The laser bonding process
Mark quality depends on a variety of factors, including the substrate used, marking speed, laser spot size, beam overlap, materials thickness, and laser parameters. Laser bonding materials may be applied by various methods, including a brush on technique, spraying, pad printing, screen printing, roll coating, tape, and others.
The marking process generally comprises three steps:
1. Application of the marking material.
2. Irradiating the marking material with a laser in the form of the desired mark.
3. Removal of excess, unbonded material.
The resulting marking is permanently bonded to the substrate, and in most cases it is as durable as the substrate itself.
The durability of laser bonded markings
Markings placed on stainless steel are extremely durable and have survived such testing as abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, outdoor exposure, extreme heat, extreme cold, acids, bases and various organic solvents.
Marks on glass have been tested for resistance to acids, bases and scratching.
NASA's International Space Station, or ISS, was home to aluminum squares laser marked with CerMark® marking material for almost four years. These squares were part of the Material International Space Station Experiment, or MISSE.
| 2.375
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15836545
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%20bonding
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Laser bonding
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In this experiment test markings were applied to coupons made of materials commonly used in the construction of the external components used on space transportation vehicles, satellites and space stations. Markings applied using a wide range of different methods and techniques, including laser bonding. The material test coupons were then affixed to spaces provided on test panels, which were then installed onto trays which were attached to the ISS during a space walk conducted during the STS-105 Mission flown on August 10, 2001. The trays were positioned on the ISS so that they could expect to receive the maximum amount of impact damage and exposure to a high degree of atomic oxygen and UV radiation.
The experiment was recovered on July 30, 2005 during STS-114 and returned to earth on August 9, 2005. The markings, DataMatrix two dimensional bar codes, were evaluated and found to be readable and visually looked as good as the day they were placed in orbit.
The laser bonding process is outlined and specified in both military and NASA marking specifications and standards. Laser bonding is also a preferred technique for use in the United States Department of Defense "Item Unique Identification" system (IUID).
| 2.203125
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15836881
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobber%20%28motorcycle%29
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Bobber (motorcycle)
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Bobbers vs. choppers
The term 'chopper' did not appear in print until the mid-1960s, over 30 years after the bob-job was invented. The chopper is a more stylistically and technically extreme evolution of the bob-job, which emerged after the highly elaborate, heavily chromed bob-jobs which appeared in the late 1940s and 1950s. Bobbers are typically built around unmodified frames, while choppers use either highly modified or custom-made frames. Chopper frames are often cut and welded into shape. A bobber is a motorcycle that has undergone a ‘bob-job’ (hence the moniker 'Bobber'), that is, had extraneous parts removed for simplicity and weight-reduction. Thus, bobbers are fairly easy to create from stock motorcycles, as it is an exercise in subtraction for the sake of performance.
Choppers, on the other hand, often sport features that actually decrease the safety, handling, and braking ability of the machine. Choppers are more about overall style than overall performance. The driving force of a traditional bobber's style is the original form of the bike. Some parts could be swapped, such as turning around a stock Harley FL front fender and running it on the rear of the motorcycle, but in general stock parts were modified (trimming a fender shorter) or removed.
Instead of the large diameter front wheels of choppers, bobbers usually come with a size similar to the rear rim. Builders mostly use spring saddles, which isn't a must on choppers with their long extended sissy-bars. Springer forks are popular on both bikes, but often mounted with a higher rake in the chopper's triple-tree, to move the front wheel forward. Instead of glossy flake-paintings and chrome parts used for many choppers, a bobber more often comes as a Ratbike in flat paint and/or some rusty parts, though this is more of a modern trend as motorcycles are built to resemble vintage motorcycles that had received a 'bob-job'.
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15836891
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Mason%20%28writer%29
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Paul Mason (writer)
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Paul Mason (1898–1985) was an American writer, parliamentarian, historian, and assistant Secretary of the California State Senate in the first half of the 20th century. Mason wrote the first edition of Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure in 1935.
Early life
Mason was born in Idaho and was educated in schools of Idaho and Utah, interrupting education to enlist for infantry officer training, 1918. Received Bachelor's Degree, 1920. Later attended Stanford University, where he submitted a thesis on Procedure in the California Legislature, and was granted Master's Degree in Political Science, 1923. Admitted to Cal. State Bar, September, 1923, and entered private law practice for a time. Assistant Minute Clerk and File Clerk in the Senate in 1923. The Assistant Legislative Counsel, 1925 and 1927 Sessions. Chief Assistant Secretary of the Senate until 1931, when he became Parliamentarian.
Professional career
Paul Mason served for many years in California government: Chief Assistant Secretary of the California Senate (1929–32); Chief, Division of Driver's Licenses (1937–53); Director of Motor Vehicles (1954–58); and Legislative Secretary to California Governor Goodwin Knight (1954–58).
Mason is known primarily for two published works: The Constitutional History of California and the Manual of Legislative Procedure.
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), Mason's Manual has become the most widely used legislative procedure guide in the U.S., currently in use by 77 of the 99 state legislative bodies in the United States.
Before Mason's death in 1985, he assigned the copyright of his manual to the NCSL. The book is edited by an NCSL commission every few years to keep it up-to-date with the latest legal precedents.
Mason's other seminal work was his Constitutional History of California. In this essay, Mason examines the Spanish alcalde origins of California's legal system, through the Mexican era, up through the framing of the Constitutions of 1849 and 1879.
| 1.90625
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15836926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20television%20Apollo%2011%20coverage
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British television Apollo 11 coverage
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Every day of the mission had broadcasts from the space studio. These would vary between long programmes at important points in the mission, such as launching and undocking, shorter progress reports, and special Moon-centric contributions to news bulletins, children's television and Twenty-Four Hours, a current affairs show. Programmes in between Apollo 11 reports included So what if it's just Green Cheese? an Omnibus anthology broadcast on the night of the Moon landing. Rock group Pink Floyd provided an exclusive instrumental piece called "Moonhead": there is an audio recording of the track, which was only officially released in 2016 as part of the box set The Early Years 1965–1972. Featured alongside them were distinguished actors including Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, Michael Hordern and Roy Dotrice, all reading quotes and poetry about the moon. The show also featured Dudley Moore with The Dudley Moore Trio and jazz singer Marion Montgomery. David Bowie's song "Space Oddity" — which had been released just a few weeks prior to the landing — was also included in the coverage.
The actual night of the Moon landing on Sunday/Monday, 20/21 July was also historic for British TV, as it was the first all-night broadcast on British television, with both BBC1 and ITV remaining on air for 11 hours from 11.30 p.m. on 20 July to 10.30 a.m. the following morning. The Lunar Module landed on the Moon at 21:17:39 BST (16:17:39 EDT) on Sunday, 20 July 1969. Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the Moon at 3:56 a.m., 21 July, British time. His comments were interspersed with commentary from James Burke, often to fill in the silences.
John Godson, who was directing the news that night, remembered,
| 2.234375
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15836926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20television%20Apollo%2011%20coverage
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British television Apollo 11 coverage
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For the coverage of the Moon landing itself, ITV used computer generated captions such as "Armstrong taking manual control" and "Touchdown, The Eagle has landed". The captions were made by listening to the Houston-Lunar Module talkback, then entering in computer codes, which translated the Eagle's speed and altitude into on-screen information. Paul Haney described the moonwalk on the coverage as "the greatest thing to happen since fish crawled up on the beach and survived." He remarked the landing was only four miles off the point projected "which is pretty good for Government work". Reminiscing in 1999, ITN producer David Nicholson remembered it as "perhaps the most exciting twelve minutes I've ever seen on television. It was a hugely thrilling moment. I remember in the ITN control room there was a gasp from the production staff."
In his diary on 21 July 1969, comedian Michael Palin wrote "the extraordinary thing about the evening was that, until 3:56am, when Armstrong clambered out of the spaceship and activated the keyhole camera, we had seen no space pictures at all, and yet ITV had somehow contrived to fill ten hours with a programme devoted to the landing." Comparing the BBC and ITV's takes on the broadcast, Stanley Reynolds in The Guardian commented: "Perhaps on no other programme have we seen quite so clearly the basic differences between the two television services."
| 1.921875
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15836960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purok
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Purok
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A purok () is an informal division within a barangay in the Philippines. While not officially considered a local government unit (LGU), a purok often serves as a unit for delivering services and administration within a barangay.
A purok is typically composed of twenty to fifty or more households, depending on the particular geographical location and cluster of houses. The term purok is often applied to a neighborhood (zone) within an urbanized barangay, or a portion (district) of a less densely populated, but still relatively geographically compact, barangay. This contrasts with the sitio, which is usually a cluster of households (hamlet) in a more dispersed, rural barangay.
If created and given a mandate by an ordinance of the barangay, municipality, or city, a purok could perform government functions under the coordination and supervision of their local officials. Sometimes, a member of the Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Council) may be recognized as the leader of their purok.
New barangays are often created by officially enumerating which puroks and/or sitios are included within the territory. On rare occasions, a purok may also be enumerated in the creation of a municipality, as in the case of Shariff Saydona Mustapha, Maguindanao where the puroks of Libutan East and Pagatin I were directly named as one of the constituent parts of the new municipality. These two puroks were later recognized as full-fledged barangays by the Philippine Statistics Authority in early 2010.
| 2.5
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15836992
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie%20Renwood
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Minnie Renwood
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United States Circuit Court Judge Lancombe ruled against an injunction filed by dancer Loie Fuller to prevent Renwood from performing the serpentine dance on the roof of Madison Square Garden, in June 1892. Fuller had originated the dance, which she contended that she retained the exclusive right to perform because she held its copyright. In denying the injunction Lancombe stated it is essential to such a composition that it should tell the same story. The plot may be simple it may be but narrative, or a representation of a single transaction, but it must repeat or mimic some action, speech, emotion, passion, or character, real or imaginary. When it does, its ideas thus expressed become subject of copyright. He concluded by saying that the serpentine dance was only intended to impress the audience with the concept of a comely woman illustrating the poetry of motion in a singularly graceful fashion, and while such an idea may be pleasing, it can hardly be dramatic. Motion for preliminary injunction denied. A central point of his ruling was Lancombe's statement that the mere mechanical movements by which effects are produced on the stage are not subjects of copyright.
Illness
In August 1897 Renwood underwent a serious operation and was confined to a New York City sanitarium. The columnist believed she would not dance again for some time.
| 2.125
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15837124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Pack%20Monadnock
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North Pack Monadnock
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North Pack Monadnock or North Pack Monadnock Mountain is a monadnock in south-central New Hampshire, at the northern end of the Wapack Range of mountains. It lies within Greenfield and Temple, New Hampshire; the Wapack Trail traverses the mountain. Ledges on the summit offer long views north to the White Mountains and west to Mount Monadnock. Pack Monadnock Mountain is directly to the south along the Wapack ridgeline. The upper elevations of the mountain are within Miller State Park.
The east side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, thence into the Merrimack River and Atlantic Ocean; the west side drains into the Contoocook River, thence into the Merrimack River.
Etymology
"Monadnock" is derived from the Abenaki language, and indicates a mountain surrounded by relatively flat terrain. According to local tradition, the word "pack" is an Abenaki word for "little". Thus "Pack Monadnock" (Little Monadnock) refers to its relationship to the higher Mount Monadnock, , to the west. It should not be confused with the similarly named peak Little Monadnock Mountain, to the west.
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15837161
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride%20varnish
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Fluoride varnish
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Fluoride varnish is a highly concentrated form of fluoride that is applied to the tooth's surface by a dentist, dental hygienist or other dental professional, as a type of topical fluoride therapy. It is not a permanent varnish but due to its adherent nature it is able to stay in contact with the tooth surface for several hours. It may be applied to the enamel, dentine or cementum of the tooth and can be used to help prevent decay, remineralise the tooth surface and to treat dentine hypersensitivity. There are more than 30 fluoride-containing varnish products on the market today, and they have varying compositions and delivery systems. These compositional differences lead to widely variable pharmacokinetics, the effects of which remain largely untested clinically.
Fluoride varnishes are relatively new in the United States, but they have been widely used in western Europe, Canada, South Africa and the Scandinavian countries since the 1980s as a dental caries prevention therapy. They are recognised by the Food and Drug Administration for use as desensitising agents, but, currently, not as an anti-decay agent. Both Canadian and European studies have reported that fluoride varnish is as effective in preventing tooth decay as professionally applied fluoride gel; however, it is not in widespread use for this purpose.
Fluoride varnish is composed of a high concentration of fluoride as a salt or silane-based preparation in a fast drying, alcohol and resin based solution. The concentration, form of fluoride, and dispensing method may vary depending on the manufacturer. While most fluoride varnishes contain 5% sodium fluoride at least one brand of fluoride varnish contains 1% difluorsilane in a polyurethane base and one brand contains 2.5% sodium fluoride that has been milled to perform similar to 5% sodium fluoride products in a shellac base.
| 2.546875
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15837197
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Prent
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Mark Prent
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Mark Prent (born Poland, 1947, died USA, 2020) was a Canadian sculptor and performance artist that lived in the United States and was best known for the graphic realism of his figurative sculpture. Prent's sculptures have been described as disturbing and even brutal.
His work was the subject of a 1972 lawsuit in which a gallery, exhibiting one of his works consisting of a butcher’s counter of human body parts, was charged with "exhibiting a disgusting object". Prent was the subject of the 1976 documentary "If Brains Were Dynamite [You Wouldn't Have Enough to Blow Your Nose] - Mark Prent".
Style and Technique
Mark Prent works consist of life-moulded mixed media, polyester resin and fiberglass casts of human models in sometimes disturbing poses and juxtapositions. Mark Prent has consistently maintained throughout the years, that his sculptures and installations do not carry intentional messages. Despite the powerfully grotesque imagery that he has employed, interpretation is left to the viewer. Prent developed his own unique technique of layering to give a heightened realism to his figures; thus giving rise to the label "Extended Realism". When he later became concerned about the toxicity of polyester resin, he began to experiment with other materials, developing innovative techniques for recreating that trademark quality of virulent realism. This venture into new materials led him in many new directions in his own work and ultimately, to become a technical resource for other artists as well.
| 2.140625
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15837197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Prent
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Mark Prent
|
Biography
Born in Łódź, Poland in 1947, Prent came with his family to Canada in infancy, and grew up in Montreal. He was educated at Sir George Williams University in Montreal, earning a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. In 1983 he relocated with his wife to Vermont (U.S.A.). Since his public career began in 1970, Mark Prent has had over forty solo exhibitions, including the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, the Academy of Arts in Berlin and the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, as well as participating in an extensive list of group exhibitions. His work can be found in the collections of the National Gallery of Canada, the Art Gallery of Ontario and Montreal’s Musée d’art contemporain. He has been the recipient of numerous awards including many Canada Council Senior Arts Grants, the Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship, the Canada Council’s Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award (1977), the Ludwig Vogelstein Foundation Fellowship, and an Art Matters grant. He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.
Prent had a 43-year career at Concordia University in Montreal as a Senior Technician in the Mould-Making workshop in the Department of Studio Arts. He was well-known for his technical mastery, and his devotion to helping students realize their artistic projects.
Career
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15837197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Prent
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Mark Prent
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Early controversial work
In that same year as he graduated, Prent exhibited two uniquely disturbing entries in "Survey '70", an exhibit of Canadian avant garde artists organized by the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. In 1972 his work gained notoriety when he had solo exhibitions at the Isaacs Gallery on Yonge St. in Toronto. Responding to a complaint lodged by a public morality organization, the Toronto police attempted to close the exhibition which included a delicatessen, dinner table, and butcher room featuring human body parts as foodstuffs. A large group of artists, critics and gallery owners came together to fund the successful legal battle in defense of the Isaacs Gallery. This confrontation was repeated in 1974 when Mark Prent's second solo exhibition at the Isaacs Gallery featured controversial room environments including an interactive prison electrocution scene, a voyeuristic glimpse into a handicapped toilet, and an enigmatic operation in progress on a figure with the head of pig and the body of a woman. The gallery's right to exhibit these works was again successfully defended in court.
Berlin
In 1974, Mark Prent's friend, installation artist Edward Kienholz, secured Prent an invitation to live and work in Berlin, Germany via the German Academic Exchange Service. Prent and his wife Sue spent nearly two years living and working in Berlin, a period of prolific work for the artist which produced a series of figurative installation sculptures of depicting mythic ordeals, superhuman athletes, and the merciless warriors. Upon his return to Canada in 1976, Prent embarked on a new series of smaller, more personal sculptures as well as working on his large installation works.
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15837212
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillgrove%2C%20New%20South%20Wales
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Hillgrove, New South Wales
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Hillgrove is a Northern Tablelands historic goldmining town, now a village with a population of about 95. The village lies about 30 km east of Armidale and 5 km south of the Waterfall Way, at an elevation of 1,000 m on a granite plateau above Bakers Creek, near the Oxley Wild Rivers National Park. It lies in Sandon County, part of the Armidale Regional Council local government area.
Hillgrove was one of the major gold fields in New South Wales, with a recorded production of over 15,000 kg of gold. It has also been a significant producer of antimony (14,700 tons) and tungsten (at least 2,000 tons of scheelite).
History
1800s
The town was first known as Eleanora Township, named after the antimony mine that for nearly a decade after 1876 was the sole reason for its existence. The name Hillgrove was given to the town in 1888.
Although some alluvial gold was discovered in Bakers Creek gorge as early as 1857, it was not until antimony was discovered that important mining was undertaken in the late 1870s. The main shaft in Bakers Creek was sunk 610 metres below the surface. Tramways operated by a steam-powered winding engine pulled the trams up and down the precipitous incline to the Bakers Creek mines.
The town of Hillgrove was established in 1884 and grew rapidly during the 1880s and 1890s due to the expanding production of the mining companies. Hillgrove Post Office opened on 1 June 1884 and closed in 1979. A Hillgrove West Post Office opened in 1890, was renamed Metz in 1896 and closed in 1922.
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15837253
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack%20Monadnock
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Pack Monadnock
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Pack Monadnock or Pack Monadnock Mountain , is the highest peak of the Wapack Range of mountains and the highest point in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. The mountain, a monadnock, is located in south-central New Hampshire within the towns of Peterborough and Temple. The Wapack Trail and a number of shorter trails traverse the mountain. A firetower and ledges on the summit offer long views north to the White Mountains, west to Mount Monadnock, and south into Massachusetts. North Pack Monadnock Mountain is located directly to the north along the Wapack ridgeline; Temple Mountain to the south.
Much of the mountain is located within Miller State Park. A seasonal automobile road ascends from the south to a picnic area at the summit. The summit also has a staffed air-pollution monitoring station.
The east side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, thence into the Merrimack River and Atlantic Ocean; the west side drains into the Contoocook River, thence into the Merrimack River.
The mountain is the home of the Pack Monadnock Raptor Migration Observatory, where birdwatchers from around the region gather for the annual hawk migration. During the peak migration season in September, birdwatchers search the sky for kettles of hundreds of hawks swarming above rising thermals as they migrate south.
The mountain's summit at Peterborough is also home to the transmitter of two Manchester-market radio stations: NOAA Weather Radio station WNG575 and 92.1 WDER-FM, which airs a Christian talk and preaching format.
Etymology
According to local tradition, the word "pack" is a Native American word for "little" and "monadnock" is used to describe an isolated mountain summit; thus "Little Monadnock" refers to its relationship to the higher Mount Monadnock, , to the west. Pack Monadnock should not be confused with Little Monadnock Mountain, located to the west.
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15837284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homathko%20Icefield
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Homathko Icefield
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The Homathko Icefield is an icefield in British Columbia, Canada. Officially named the Homathko Snowfield from 1950 until the current name was adopted in 1976, it is one of the largest icefields in the southern half of the Coast Mountains, with an area of over . It is located between Chilko Lake and the Homathko River, and lies across the Great Canyon of that river to the east of the Waddington Range. Although adjacent to Mount Queen Bess, the Homathko Icefield is largely an expanse of ice, about across, ringed by relatively minor peaks and distinguished, relative to the other Coast Mountains icefields, by lack of any major ones. The Lillooet Icecap and the Compton Névé, both similar in size to the Homathko Icefield but much more peak-studded, lie to the Homathko Icefield's southeast across the Southgate River which bends around the icefield-massif's southern flank to reach the head of Bute Inlet adjacent to the mouth of the Homathko River. The icefield is essentially one large ice-girt montane plateau between these two rivers.
The highest summit of the icefield is Mount Grenville, located at its southern edge. Among its other peaks are Plateau Peak, Cambridge Peak, Cloister Peak, Galleon Peak and, on its northwest overlooking the site of the opening battle of the Chilcotin War, Klattasine Peak, named for the Tsilhqot'in leader of the war. Just northeast of the icefield is Mount Queen Bess, the second-highest summit in the Pacific Ranges, and to the icefield's east is Mount Good Hope; near it, and within the icefield, are peaks whose names continue the Elizabethan theme - Burghley Peak, Howard Peak, and Walsingham Peak, named after soldiers and statesmen of that era.
Homathko is a derivation of Homalco or Homalhco or Homalhko, who are a subgroup of the Mainland Comox whose territory includes Bute and Toba Inlets.
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15837343
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyant%20College%20of%20Optical%20Sciences
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Wyant College of Optical Sciences
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The University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences, considered the largest institute for optics education in the United States, is dedicated to research and education in optics with an emphasis on optical engineering. The college offers more than 90 courses in optical sciences, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Optical Sciences and Engineering, Masters and Doctoral degree programs in Optical Sciences, as well as a dual master's degree in Optical Sciences and Business Administration. The college also offers comprehensive distance learning courses leading to a Professional Graduate Certificate or a master's degree and markets non-credit short courses on DVD to optics professionals.
History
The creation of the Optical Sciences Center, as the college was formerly known, was proposed by the Air Force Institute of Technology, together with the needs in Optics Committee of the Optical Society of America and Dr. Aden Meinel, Director of Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona in the early 1960s. The center was established in 1964 thanks to the financial support of the University of Arizona Foundation with Dr. Aden Meinel as its first director. The first research contracts given to the college came from the United States Air Force. Today, the college has partnerships with more than 40 corporations.
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15837366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enea%20Bossi%20Sr.
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Enea Bossi Sr.
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Professional career
Bossi graduated from the Istituto Tecnico in Lodi, Italy, in 1907, specializing in physics and mathematics. The Wright brothers' Flyer, having successfully flown in December 1903, impressed Bossi so much that he devoted himself to aviation, becoming the second licensed pilot in Italy. Financed by his father, in 1908 he designed and built his own plane, modeled after the Wright Flyer. Bossi also used the plane to teach both himself and Giuseppe M. Bellanca how to fly. The design won a silver medal the following year at the first international aviation meeting in Reims, France. The plane, built in Bossi's own factory, was the first successful plane to be designed in Italy.
In early December 1909, the first flight of an Italian-designed and built aircraft was successfully completed alongside fellow engineers Giuseppe M. Bellanca and Paolo Invernizzi. Also in 1909, Bossi developed the first landing gear braking system as well as the Italian Navy's first seaplane.
During the early 1910s, Bossi served as an Italian representative of Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company – securing rights for local license production of the Curtiss Model F by the Zari brothers, who built eight examples at their workshop in Bovisaa (today a district of Milan). The first of these was demonstrated to the Italian Navy on Lake Como on September 22, 1914. During this decade, Bossi also worked for the Aviation Corps, assisting the Italian government with building and organizing its naval air forces.
During World War I, Bossi served both as a bomber pilot and as a flight instructor for the Italian Navy. Due to the economic and social difficulties in Italy following the war, in 1918, Bossi emigrated to the United States, where he eventually became a naturalized citizen. In the 1920s, Bossi worked on a number of devices relating to fuel systems – leading to work in his later years on modern aerial refueling systems.
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15837366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enea%20Bossi%20Sr.
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Enea Bossi Sr.
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In 1927, Bossi was a co-founder of the company Société Continentale Parker in France together with Robert Deté, Louis Paulhan and Pierre Prier. The purpose was to transfer surface treatment technologies for the growing aerospace industry to Europe. Using his relationships he brokered a license from Parker Rust-Proof in Detroit (Parkerizing) and in a later step the distribution rights of Udylite Corp for specialty chemicals in electroplating. The company later became the European market leader in surface treatment via its successor organizations Chemetall GmbH and Coventya GmbH.
American Aeronautical Corporation
In October 1928, Bossi founded the American Aeronautical Corporation (AAC), officially located at 730 Fifth Avenue in Port Washington, New York, to build Savoia-Marchetti seaplanes under license. Licenses were acquired for both the S-55 and the S-56 and both were tested at the Miller Army Air Field, but only the latter made it to production. The S-56 became the first plane used by the New York City Police Department, which used it to enforce flying regulations, assist with sea rescues, and to chase rum-runners during the Prohibition era. A follow-up design, the more-powerful S-56B, proved even more successful. Whereas the prices for the S-56 and S-56B were modest for the time, the Great Depression caused sales to drop significantly by 1933. Two original AAC S-56 planes exist today, one of which is on display at the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Garden City, New York.
Bossi's work was not without its setbacks. In early 1930, he survived the crash of an experimental S-56 off Port Washington which claimed the life of test pilot Peter Talbot. Bossi was rescued by the Coast Guard's ship CG-162.
Budd Company
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15837366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enea%20Bossi%20Sr.
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Enea Bossi Sr.
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Initially developed at Delgado Trades School and completed by Enea Bossi, the two-place side-by-side single-rotor Higgins EB-1 helicopter was completed in 1943 and built by Higgins Industries, Inc., of New Orleans, Louisiana. Plans for larger versions were terminated following the downturn in the military aviation industry following the end of World War II. The fuselage was covered in its entirety by a metallic skin, with the tail covered in fabric. A two-bladed vertical tail rotor was included in its design to counter the effects of torque and the landing gear was configured in a fixed tricycle form. The four-bladed main rotor consisted of two pairs of blades mounted one above the other. The interior featured controls similar to those of a conventional airplane.
Bossi further developed helicopter technology, particularly with regard to contra-rotating dual propellers and tail rotors – work which was also, to a limited degree, furthered by his two sons.
Bossi, a resident of West Orange, New Jersey, died on January 9, 1963, at the age of 74 at Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton, Ohio, while visiting his youngest son Charles, Charles's wife Thelma and Grand-Children Charles and Ronald. He is interred at David's Cemetery in Kettering, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio.
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15837451
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport%20city
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Airport city
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Airport City (also known as an Aerotropolis) is a model for urban development that focuses on improving the livability of the areas within and immediately surrounding the airport in support of a variety of economic activities. An Airport City is differentiated from a "city airport" by its design, which includes both the inside and outside areas. It offers most of the amenities found in a typical urban center.
General description
The Airport City model is based on the idea that an airport can target non-aeronautical services such as offices, hotels, convention centers, and entertainment to create more sources of income. Airports are now routinely targeting non-aeronautical revenue streams amounting to 40–60% of their total revenues. Industry leaders and researchers share best practices on non-aeronautical revenues for airports at conferences and in literature, including refereed literature.
Since airports are typically surrounded by undeveloped land that acts as an environmental buffer for nearby residents, the land holdings can also present as real estate opportunity.
The airport city concept consists of several elements that reinforce each other. Services and facilities are designed to guide travelers through the airport transit process. The design of an airport city includes considering passengers, cargo, businesses, workers, and residents of the area.
In 2011, Time named the Airport City in its feature on "10 ideas that will change the world".
Drivers
Kasarda identified the following drivers to the development of airport cities:
The creation of non-aeronautical revenue sources as well as serving traditional aviation functions.
The commercial sector's pursuit of affordable, accessible land.
Increased gateway passengers and cargo traffic generated by airports.
Airports serve as a catalyst and magnet for land-side business development.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport%20city
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Airport city
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The most common air side and land side airport city commercial activities include duty-free shops and airline lounges; restaurants, catering, and other food services; specialty retail and factory outlet centers; cultural and entertainment attractions; hotels; banks and currency exchanges; business offices and complexes; convention and exhibition centers; leisure, recreation and fitness venues; logistics and distribution; perishables and cold storage; and free trade zones and customs-free zones.
Some notable activities
Airport cities may be found at major airports worldwide, particularly in Europe. Some older airports are being redeveloped or expanded on large tracts of unused airport land. Some new airports in Asia are also being planned as airport cities. North America, South America, and Africa all have airport cities and Aerotropolis developments.
A qualitative list of airport city characteristics has been developed by researchers at the Center for Air Commerce at the Frank Hawkins Kenan Institute of Private Enterprise at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Criteria include:
Demonstrated commitment to the Aerotropolis or airport city model as seen in the establishment of Aerotropolis steering committees, strategic planning, and development initiatives.
Government/regulatory support of the Aerotropolis or airport city through Aerotropolis legislation, tax incentives, or other mechanisms.
Media announcements by proponents with substantiated evidence that an Aerotropolis or airport city initiative is moving forward.
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15837486
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Shore%20%28New%20Brunswick%29
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North Shore (New Brunswick)
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The North Shore is a region in the northeastern part of the Canadian province of New Brunswick.
Specifically, it refers to the province's northern shoreline which borders Chaleur Bay, a sub-basin of the Gulf of St. Lawrence as well as the estuary portion of the Restigouche River, including all coastal communities between Tide Head and Lameque Island. The North Shore faces the southern shore of Quebec's Gaspe Peninsula.
The area contains the northwestern coast of the Acadian Peninsula in Gloucester County, a predominantly French-speaking area, as well as English-speaking areas in the cities of Bathurst and Campbellton and the town of Dalhousie.
The North Shore is also the home of the Mi'kmaq Eel River Bar First Nation.
The geographic area of the North Shore is sometimes expanded to include areas along New Brunswick's east coast on the Gulf of St. Lawrence from Lameque Island to Miramichi Bay and sometimes to include the estuarine portions of the Miramichi Valley around the city of Miramichi.
Other references
The name "North Shore" will always be remembered in connection with the North Shore Regiment of the Canadian Army which had 70 battle honours in World Wars I and II. It was part of the Royal New Brunswick Regiment from 1954 to 2012 as the 2nd Battalion, RNBR (North Shore), but is now again a distinct regiment, the North Shore Regiment.
The name "North Shore" was used in the North Shore Leader, a weekly newspaper published from 1906-1978 before being renamed to the Miramichi Leader.
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15837496
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise%20on%20Ammunition
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Treatise on Ammunition
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Treatise on Ammunition, from 1926 retitled Text Book of Ammunition, is a series of manuals detailing all British Empire military and naval service ammunition and associated equipment in use at the date of publication. It was published by the War Office at approximate 5 year intervals. As the guns are listed for which the ammunition can be used, the Treatise also constitutes a list of guns in service at the publication date.
Its predecessor was Ammunition: A Descriptive Treatise on the Different Projectiles, Charges, Fuzes, Rockets, &c., at Present in Use for Land and Sea Service, and on Other War Stores Manufactured in the Royal Laboratory of 1867.
The editions contain diagrams, measurements, storage and transportation instructions useful to officers involved in storage, transport and firing of ammunition. It is an important primary source of information for military historians researching the types and capabilities of ammunition available to the British military at the time of various conflicts, and for collectors wishing to identify artifacts. However, the individual editions lack historical context, in that they omit dates and rationales for particular types and Marks of ammunition being added to or removed from the inventory.
The editions are notable for the many pages of colour lithographs of cartridges, shells and fuzes by Harrison & Sons and later by Malby & Sons.
From the 1926 edition onwards it was renamed Text Book of Ammunition.
The best known editions are the 10th, accurate as at August 1, 1914 and published in 1915 which constitutes a definitive description of the ammunition with which Britain began World War I, and the 1936 edition which lists the ammunition with which Britain entered World War II. These and other editions are available as modern facsimile reprints.
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15837509
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Aeronautical%20Corporation
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American Aeronautical Corporation
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In December 1928, the AAC named Captain Hugo (Ugo) Veniero d'Annunzio, son of Gabriele d'Annunzio, as a director and vice president. Captain d'Annunzio had never arrived in the United States in 1917 to supervise the manufacture of Caproni bombing planes at the Fisher Body plant, as an agent of Isotta Fraschini.
With a factory already in place in Port Washington, on Long Island, the AAC sponsored the construction of a seaplane base in the town. It was officially dedicated by the striking of a bronze medal on 14 September 1929. The rectangular medal is sized 4 x 2 15/16" (102 x 73mm) and features a one-sided print consisting of a flying boat and an amphibian aloft in the upper-center, a sketch of the projected terminal building at the bottom, a winged male figure at lower left, and at right, the words "Laying of Cornerstone, New York Seaplane Airport September 14th 1929 American Aeronautical Corporation". Prominent speakers at the dedication included Edward P. Warner.
In 1933, the American Aeronautical Corporation facility was purchased by Pan Am and became the base for early survey flights for transatlantic air service.
In 1937, the first regular commercial transatlantic airline service in America started from the facility. International seaplane flights continued into the early 1940s.
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15837511
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossi-Bonomi%20Pedaliante
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Bossi-Bonomi Pedaliante
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The Pedaliante (Italian for "Pedal Glider") was a human-powered aircraft designed and built by Enea Bossi and and credited with, in 1936, making one of the first fully human-powered flights. The aircraft successfully traveled as part of an Italian competition, but was denied the monetary prize due to its catapult launch.
History
Early development
In 1932, Enea Bossi heard of an airplane which had successfully flown while powered only by a engine. This prompted Bossi to calculate the minimum power that a manned aircraft would need to fly. The calculation yielded a value of approximately , which convinced Bossi that human-powered flight might be possible.
During a trip to Philadelphia, Bossi tested the speed at which a glider would take off under tow. The experiment consisted of hiring a professional bicyclist to tow a glider. A spring scale was attached to the tow line to sense the force exerted by the bicyclist, the results confirming that a speed at which the necessary lift could be obtained was indeed attainable. This same experimental procedure was later repeated as part of the development of the Gossamer Condor and the Gossamer Albatross.
A second experiment conducted during a trip to Paris involved a propeller-driven bicycle designed by Bossi; the test rider achieved a speed of , but one drawback was noted: the gyroscopic effect of the propeller generated so much torque that the bicycle became unstable. Bossi concluded, erroneously, that a successful human-powered aircraft would therefore require two counter-rotating propellers to cancel out the effects of torque.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossi-Bonomi%20Pedaliante
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Bossi-Bonomi Pedaliante
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In 1933, the Frankfurt Polytechnische Gesellschaft (Frankfurt Polytechnic Society) offered a prize to promote human-powered flight. Due to the newly-formed Rome-Berlin axis, similar political and military events were staged during the initial period in both Italy and Germany to help strengthen that bond. To this end, in 1936, the Italian government initiated an equivalent contest: offering 100,000 lire for a 1 km (0.62 mi) human-powered flight made by an Italian citizen. Bossi was aware that he could not receive the prize due to his American citizenship, but he opted to attempt to win it, anyway.
Aircraft design
Bossi's human-powered aircraft, named the Pedaliante, utilized conventional glider configuration and construction. The high-winged streamlined monoplane design featured two laminated balsa wood propellers – each approximately in diameter. The control surfaces consisted of a conventional rear rudder, elevator, and a pair of roll spoilers on the wings – all activated by a divided control yoke. The pilot sat semi-upright, and a bicycle chain transmitted the power from the pedals to an overhead transverse shaft that was bevel-geared to the two propellers, which extended from the wing on each side of the fuselage.
Vittorio Bonomi, an Italian sailplane manufacturer, was contracted to build the aircraft. The wooden airframe was originally specified to have an empty weight of , with an overweight contingency of . While this design would have been feasible, the Ministry of Aeronautics (Ministero dell' Aeronautica) required that the aircraft satisfy the same structural requirements of an engine-powered aircraft, forcing the designer to increase empty weight to nearly .
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15837539
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd%20BB-1%20Pioneer
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Budd BB-1 Pioneer
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The Budd BB-1 Pioneer was an experimental United States flying boat of the 1930s utilizing the Savoia-Marchetti S.56 design. Its framework was constructed entirely of stainless steel, using a newly patented method of welding that alloy.
Development
By 1930 the Budd Company was a national leader in construction of railway vehicles containing considerable amounts of stainless steel. Anxious to expand this expertise into other areas, company founder Edward G. Budd hired Enea Bossi to design and construct a flying boat of shot-welded stainless steel sheet and strip. They contracted with the Italian aircraft company Savoia-Marchetti for the use of the S.56 design. The S.56 was a single-engine three-seat flying boat. The Italian company granted licenses for construction of three units in the US, one to Budd and the others to other companies.
The resulting BB-1 was a biplane flying boat, with the lower wing attached near the top of the hull and the upper wing held high above, with a single Kinner C-5 radial engine mounted on the aircraft centerline between the wings. Wheels mounted on the sides of the hull were retracted upwards during water landings. The single tailwheel was not retractable. The pilot and two passengers rode in an open cockpit near the bow.
The prototype BB-1 first flew from the Budd Factory airfield, a field northwest of Philadelphia (Latitude 40.11/West Longitude 75.04). The field is still visible, although not used as a landing strip.
Although the Pioneer was the first American airplane to be made of stainless steel, it did not go into production. Another stainless steel amphibian, the Fleetwings Sea Bird was the first to go into production, with one prototype and five production units manufactured.
Operational history
The BB-1 Pioneer first flew in 1931. Flight tests showed it to be typical in performance and challenging to handle on the water. The aircraft logged about 1,000 flying hours on tours of the US and Italy.
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15837633
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlazBlue%3A%20Calamity%20Trigger
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BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger
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BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger (ブレイブルー カラミティ・トリガー) is a 2-D fighting game developed by Arc System Works. The game's name is a combination of the words "blaze" and "blue" when the title is rendered in rōmaji, and of the words "brave" and "blue" when rendered in katakana. As Japanese people usually follow the katakana rendering, the Japanese pronunciation is made similar to the word "bray", entirely omitting the "z" sound. The game was released for the arcade in 2008, it was also released for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows. A port for the PlayStation Portable, titled BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger Portable, was released in 2010. It was the first game for the BlazBlue franchise.
Gameplay
BlazBlue is a traditional 2D fighter where two characters participate in a duel. A round is called a "rebel" and one match can consist of one to five "rebels". To win a round, one player must either incapacitate the other by inflicting damage through various attacks to reduce their opponent's health to zero or by having more remaining health than their opponent after the clock runs out.
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15837633
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlazBlue%3A%20Calamity%20Trigger
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BlazBlue: Calamity Trigger
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Advanced tactics
A form of an advanced tactic is the "Rapid Cancel". These can be done after any attack to instantly cancel the character sprite's animation frames and reset back to the resting position. However, this can only be done at the cost of 50% of the heat gauge. Counters are one of the easier tactics to perform. All that is required is for a player to strike their opponent while they are in the middle of an attacking animation to stop them in their tracks. This leaves an opponent open for a combo. In addition to a player's regular block options, they can also "Instant Block", blocking as soon as an opponent's attack lands, but reduces the amount of time the character is stuck in their blocking animation and gives you a little heat. If a player is under pressure from the opponent, a "Barrier Burst" can be done at any time to send the opponent away to create some space at the cost of having no Barrier Block and receiving 150% damage for the rest of the round. A Barrier Burst may also be used offensively to break the opponents guard, though the player's character will still suffer the extra damage and be unable to Barrier Block for the remainder of the round. A Barrier Burst can be performed twice at most throughout the entire match.
Plot
Before the events of the game, humanity was on the verge of extinction from a creature called the "Black Beast." The world was saved by six heroes who wielded magic. They helped humanity create "Ars Magus", a fusion of magic and science, to defeat the Black Beast. This event would be later known as the First War of Magic.
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15837670
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic%20RittenhouseTown
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Historic RittenhouseTown
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Historic RittenhouseTown, sometimes referred to as Rittenhouse Historic District, encompasses the remains of an early industrial community which was the site of the first paper mill in British North America. The mill was built in 1690 by William Rittenhouse and his son Nicholas on the north bank of Paper Mill Run (Monoshone Creek) near (and now within) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The district, off Lincoln Drive near Wissahickon Avenue in Fairmount Park, includes six of up to forty-five original buildings. RittenhouseTown was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated a National Historic Landmark District on April 27, 1992.
History
Flax was woven into linen in nearby Germantown. When the linen fabrics wore out, the rags were brought to RittenhouseTown to be made into paper. Paper produced at the Rittenhouse mill was sold to printers in Germantown, Philadelphia, and New York City. The Rittenhouse paper mill operated until about the 1850s, by which time the family was leasing its facilities out to other types of manufacturing.
Between the years 1890 and 1917, the site was acquired through donations and purchases by the City of Philadelphia's Fairmount Park Commission. A nonprofit organization called Historic RittenhouseTown, Inc. was founded in 1984 to preserve, restore, and historically interpret RittenhouseTown. The organization maintains offices within RittenhouseTown and offers historic tours, paper making workshops and special events.
Description
RittenhouseTown includes six historic buildings maintained by Historic RittenhouseTown: Abraham Rittenhouse Home (c. 1720); Rittenhouse Homestead (1707); Rittenhouse Bake House (c. 1730); Enoch Rittenhouse Home (1845); Jacob Rittenhouse Home (1810); and another unnamed 18th century Rittenhouse Home. The Rittenhouse Bake House is used for cooking demonstrations. A 20th century barn originally built for the Fairmount Park Commission is now used for paper-making workshops and demonstrations.
| 2.65625
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15837719
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphimallon%20solstitiale
|
Amphimallon solstitiale
|
Amphimallon solstitiale, also known as the summer chafer or European june beetle, is a beetle similar to the cockchafer but much smaller, approximately in length. They are declining in numbers now, but where found they are often seen in large numbers. At dusk they actively fly around tree tops looking for a mate and can often be found drowning in pools of water the following morning. They are also attracted to light and come in through open, lit windows and fly around lamps, making quite a racket while bumping into lights. They are found throughout the Palearctic region (and North America) and, commonly seen from June to August, living in meadows, hedgerows, and gardens, and eating plants and tree foliage.
The larva of summer chafer undergo a two to three-year period of development underground, feeding upon host plants. Carabid beetles, such as Poecilus cupreus, hunt and consume larvae and serve as a primary predator in arable fields.
These June beetles act as root pests for a number of economically important crops including potatoes, rape, legumes, chestnuts, and turfgrass. As generalist herbivores, they primarily feed upon secondary roots with smaller amounts of anti-herbivore chemicals across many different species. Several chemical and bio-control agents have been developed to control their populations, including their endemic bacteria and entomopathogenic nematodes.
Distribution
The species can be found throughout Europe, extending into Turkey and even occurring in portions of East Asia. A number of other species of Amphimallon have been synonymized with subspecies of A. solstitale, including A. ochraceum and A. irtishensis.
| 2.65625
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15837772
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Sully%20Residence
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Thomas Sully Residence
|
The Thomas Sully Residence is a historic rowhouse at 530 Spruce Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was briefly (1828–29) a home of painter Thomas Sully (1783-1872), who lived in Philadelphia for the last 64 years of his life.
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.
It is a private residence, and is not open to the public.
Description and history
The Thomas Sully House is located in Center City, Philadelphia, on the south side of Spruce Street roughly midway between 5th and 6th Streets. One of several brick rowhouses on the block, it is stories in height, with a gabled roof pierced by a single gabled dormer.
The facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the rightmost bay. The entrance is framed by pilasters, and a transom window with cornice above. The trim is all white marble.
The building is not architecturally distinguished.
The house was built in 1820, with subsequent construction in 1860.
It is one of many homes occupied by the painter Thomas Sully during sixty-four years of residence in the city. Although he was born in England, Sully came to the United States as a child in 1792, and became one of the nation's most prolific painters of the first half of the 19th century, producing more than 2,600 works in his long career.
After living in Charleston, South Carolina and New York City, Sully came to Philadelphia in 1808.
It remained his home until his death in 1872, although he is recorded as living at many different local addresses.
| 1.914063
| 0
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15837842
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%20Scheel
|
Günther Scheel
|
Günther Scheel (23 November 1921 – MIA 16 July 1943) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. He is credited with 71 enemy aircraft shot down in only 70 combat missions, all of which he claimed over the Eastern Front. He is the only pilot with over ten victories known to have scored a strike rate higher than 1:1, having achieved more combat kills than his missions flown. He also was "ace-in-a-day" four times, shooting down five or more aircraft on a single day.
Born in Dannenberg, he was trained as a fighter pilot and was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) in early 1943. At the time JG 54 was based at airfields near Leningrad where he claimed his first aerial victory on 9 February 1943 during the Siege of Leningrad. In July 1943, his unit was moved to an airfield at Oryol, where it fought in Operation Citadel. In 12 days of combat during the Battle of Kursk, Scheel claimed 31 further aerial victories. On 16 July, he claimed his 71st and last aerial victory before he had a mid-air collision with a Soviet fighter. Crashing behind enemy lines, he was reported missing in action, presumed killed in action. Posthumously, Scheel was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
Early life and career
Scheel was born on 23 November 1921 in Dannenberg in the Province of Hanover of the Weimar Republic. In early 1943, Scheel had completed flight training and was posted to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing), a squadron of I. Gruppe (1st group) in late January. At the time, I. Gruppe was commanded by Major Hans Philipp and was based at an airfield at Krasnogvardeysk, present day Gatschina, which is located approximately southwest of Leningrad.
| 2.0625
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15837904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20O.%20Tanner%20House
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Henry O. Tanner House
|
The Henry O. Tanner House is a historic house at 2908 West Diamond Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It was from 1872 to 1888 the childhood home of Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859-1937), an African-American artist who was the first of his race to be elected to National Academy of Design. This rowhouse was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.
Description and history
The Henry O. Tanner House is located on Philadelphia's north side, on the south side of West Diamond Street between 29th and 30th Streets. It is a three-story brick rowhouse, set between a similar-height rowhouse and the modern Mount Lebanon Church. It has a three-part picture window with flanking sashes on the ground floor, with the entrance to its left, both devoid of styling. The upper two levels are filled with an oriel window bay, whose exterior has been clad in aluminum siding. The building cornice has also been covered in aluminum, although projecting decorative brackets are visible at the ends. The interior of the building has also been significantly altered since occupation by the Tanners.
Henry Ossawa Tanner's parents moved to Philadelphia in 1866, and were documented living here in 1872. Encouraged by well-educated parents, Tanner embarked on the study of art, enrolling in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1880 and studying with Thomas Eakins. Tanner achieved his greatest success in Paris, where he settled in 1891, in part to avoid the harsh racial climate in the United States at the time. His works won awards at the annual Salons in 1896 and 1897. In 1927 he was elected a full member of the American National Academy of Design, the first African-American to be so honored.
| 2.546875
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15837906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottebohm%20case
|
Nottebohm case
|
Nottebohm case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) [1955] ICJ 1 is the proper name for the 1955 case adjudicated by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Liechtenstein sought a ruling to force Guatemala to recognize Friedrich Nottebohm as a Liechtenstein national. The case has been cited in many definitions of nationality.
Background
Friedrich Nottebohm was born September 16, 1881, in Hamburg, Germany. In 1905, he moved to Guatemala, where he went into business in trade, banking, and plantations with his brothers. The business prospered, and Nottebohm became its head in 1937. Nottebohm would live in Guatemala until 1943 as a permanent resident without ever acquiring Guatemalan citizenship. He would sometimes visit Germany on business, and had friends and relatives in both countries. He also paid a few visits to Liechtenstein to see his brother Hermann, who had moved there in 1931 and became a citizen.
In 1939, Nottebohm again visited Liechtenstein, and on October 9, 1939, shortly after World War II began, he applied for citizenship. His application was approved and he became a citizen. Under German law, he lost his German citizenship. In January 1940, he returned to Guatemala on a Liechtenstein passport and informed the local government of his change of nationality.
| 2.296875
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15837906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottebohm%20case
|
Nottebohm case
|
Although originally neutral, Guatemala soon sided with the Allies and formally declared war on Germany on December 11, 1941. In spite of his Liechtenstein citizenship, the Guatemalan government treated Nottebohm as a German citizen. As part of the deportation of Germans from Latin America during World War II, in which the US co-operated with various Latin American countries to intern in the US over 4,000 persons of German ancestry or citizenship, Nottebohm was arrested by the Guatemalan government as an enemy alien in 1943, handed over to a US military base, and transferred to the US, where he was interned until 1946. The Guatemalan government confiscated all his property in the country, and the US government also seized his company's assets in the US. In 1950, the US government returned to the Nottebohm family about half the value of what it had seized. The Guatemalan government held on to his property and returned 16 coffee plantations to his family in 1962, after he had died. After his release, he returned to Liechtenstein, where he lived for the rest of his life.
In 1951, the Liechtenstein government, acting on behalf of Nottebohm, brought suit against Guatemala in the International Court of Justice for what it argued was unjust treatment of him and the illegal confiscation of his property. However, the government of Guatemala argued that Nottebohm did not gain Liechtenstein citizenship for the purposes of international law. The court agreed and so stopped the case from continuing.
| 2.390625
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15837939
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Bloomfield
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Louis Bloomfield
|
Louis Mortimer Bloomfield (August 8, 1906 – July 19, 1984), KStJ, QC, PhD, LLD, DCL, was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and soldier. Bloomfield was recognized as a leader of the Canadian Jewish community. Proponents of some John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories have alleged he was tied to the shooting through the Office of Strategic Services, the Central Intelligence Agency, and Permindex.
Early life and family
Bloomfield was born August 8, 1906 Westmount, Quebec near Montreal, a city in which his Jewish family had roots since the early nineteenth century. He had a brother, Bernard, and three sisters, Dorothy, Florence, and Myrtle.
On February 16, 1969, he married Justine Adelaide Stern.
Education
Bloomfield earned a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University in 1927 and a Master of Laws from the University of Montreal in 1930. He also received a Doctor of Laws from St. Francis Xavier University in 1964 and a Doctor of Civil Law from St. Thomas University in 1973.
Legal career
Bloomfield was admitted to the Bar of Quebec in 1930 and practised international law with Phillips, Bloomfield, Vineberg, and Goodman from 1930 to 1970. Bloomfield assisted King Carol II of Romania in his attempt to gain entry into Canada after World War II, and was an executor of the Lady Davis estate. He was appointed a King's Counsel in 1948 and was elected to serve on the Mixed Court of Tangier (Tribunal Mixte Tangier) within the international zone of Tangier in 1949. In 1952, Bloomfield co-founded the Canadian branch of the International Law Association with Maxwell Cohen, Gerald F. FitzGerald, and Nicolas Mateesco-Matte. He served as that organization's president from 1964 to 1978, and was an honorary president from 1974 until his death in 1984. From 1968 to 1972, he was a council member of the American Society of International Law.
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15837939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Bloomfield
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Louis Bloomfield
|
Honors
Bloomfield was awarded numerous honors throughout his life. In 1967, he received the Histadrut Humanitarian Award at a dinner in his honor; Davie Fulton, a candidate in the 1967 Progressive Conservative leadership election, was among the guests and referred to Bloomfield as his "dear friend". He received the Knight of Justice of St. John, the Canadian Centennial Medal, and the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977. Bloomfield also received honorary degrees from the Hebrew University in 1973 (Doctor of Philosophy) and Bar-Ilan University (doctorate) in July 1984, and was recognized as an honorary citizen in Tel Aviv and Winnipeg.
The Bloomfield Centre at St. Francis Xavier University, the Bloomfield Library for the Humanities and Social Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Bloomfield Stadium in the Tel Aviv are named after Bloomfield and his brother, Bernard.
Death
On July 19, 1984, Bloomfield died of a heart attack while in Jerusalem to receive the honorary degree from Bar-Ilan University.
JFK assassination allegations
Proponents of some John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories have alleged the Bloomfield was linked to the shooting through the Office of Strategic Services, the Central Intelligence Agency, and Permindex.
| 2.140625
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15837967
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Roc
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Margaret Roc
|
Margaret Roc (born 14 July 1945) is an Australian author, co-author and editor of over fifty published fiction and non-fiction books for children and teachers.
Biography
Roc was born in Stirling, Scotland, the youngest of three children. She immigrated to Australia with her family at age eight in 1953.
Roc graduated in 1969 from the University of Sydney majoring in Psychology and Government and subsequently attained her Diploma in Education in 1970, also at the University of Sydney. She obtained her Remedial Teacher's Certificate in Special Education from the Kuring-gai College of Advanced Education (now part of the University of Technology, Sydney) in 1974. Other qualifications include her Masters of Arts (Education) in 1975 from the University of Sydney, her Masters of Arts (Creative Writing) in 2001 from the University of Western Sydney. In 2004 Roc obtained her Graduate Diploma of Information from the University of Technology, Sydney.
Roc has worked as a teacher, special needs teacher and teacher-librarian at a number of inner Sydney public schools and continues to teach in Sydney.
Roc has an ongoing collaboration with author and editor Kathleen Hawke. Their books Australia's Critically Endangered Animals and Australia's Deadly and Dangerous Animals and Plants are on the booklist for the Premier's Reading Challenge, a literacy initiative designed to promote reading to children.
Roc is a member of The Australian Society of Authors and the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators.
Roc married husband John in 1965. She has two children: James Roc, and actress Tasneem Roc.
Selected bibliography
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15838041
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoytsville%2C%20Utah
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Hoytsville, Utah
|
Hoytsville is a census-designated place in western Summit County, Utah, United States. Hoytsville is named for early settler Samuel P. Hoyt. It is bordered by Coalville to the north, and by Wanship on the south. The population was 607 at the 2010 census. Interstate 80 passes through the area, as well as the Weber River. Hoytsville is home to a large chapel of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a cemetery, and a handful of businesses and farms. Farmers primarily focus on dairy farming, beef ranching, and raising sheep for wool. In the past, mink were also raised although that industry has declined in recent years.
Hoytsville is also the site of the Hoyt Mansion, considered by the Summit County Historical Society as "one of the most elegant 19th Century homes still standing in Utah today."
History
In 1859, Thomas Bradberry and others settled along the Weber River in the area of Hoytsville. The settlement was first known as East Plymouth. During the Utah Black Hawk War, the settlers united to build a fort for protection, the foundation of which is easily identifiable in Hoytsville today. The settlement was subsequently named Unionville. In 1863, Samuel P. Hoyt built the first flour mill in Summit County. He also ran the local post office from his house. The settlement was renamed Hoytsville in his honor.
The Mormon chapel in Hoytsville is the site of Historical Marker #37 of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, which was erected on August 27, 1938. The plaque reads:
| 2.1875
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15838064
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20Gorda%2C%20Chile
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Sierra Gorda, Chile
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Sierra Gorda is a Chilean commune in Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta Region. The total population was 1,516 as of the 2012 census. The two main settlements are the villages of Sierra Gorda (pop. 428) and Baquedano (pop. 825).
The Sierra Gorda Copper Mine is located 2km north-west of the village of Sierra Gorda. Due to the mining business, Sierra Gorda has the eighth highest average household income in the country (PPP US$34,842 in 2006).
The village of Sierra Gorda stages a yearly summer music festival called Festival del Desierto ("Festival of the Desert"), which attracts thousands of people from nearby towns, and even from neighboring countries such as Peru and Bolivia.
Climate
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Sierra Gorda had 2,356 inhabitants (1,791 men and 565 women), and is an entirely rural area. The population grew by 65.3% (931 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Sierra Gorda is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2021-2024 alcalde is José Guerrero Venegas.
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Sierra Gorda is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Pedro Araya (PRI) and Manuel Rojas (UDI) as part of the 4th electoral district, together with Antofagasta, Mejillones and Taltal. The commune is represented in the Senate by Jorge Soria (Ind., 2018–2026) and Luz Ebensperger (UDI, 2018–2022) as part of the 2nd senatorial constituency (Antofagasta Region).
2008 Quantum of Solace incident
While filming for the James Bond film Quantum of Solace was under way in the village, the mayor of Sierra Gorda, Carlos López Vega, drove his car onto the set because the crew had not asked his permission to film in his commune.
| 1.992188
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15838075
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20Highway%2012
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Puerto Rico Highway 12
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Puerto Rico Highway 12 (PR-12), also called Avenida Malecón, and Avenida Santiago de los Caballeros, is a 6.4-kilometer, limited-access highway entirely located within the city limits of Ponce, Puerto Rico, and connecting Puerto Rico Highway 14 to the La Guancha area in Barrio Playa in Ponce. It is similar to a freeway but has one traffic light near its intersection with PR-14. In addition to its northern and southern terminus, the highway has four full interchange exits: PR-52, PR-2, PR-133/Calle Comercio, and Avenida Las Américas. Since PR-12's southern terminus is at the Port of Ponce, its traffic volume is expected to grow as construction in the new Port of the Americas is completed.
History
The 2.5 kilometer section of this road, from the Ponce Bypass to just a few feet from the Caribbean Sea at PR-123, was the first segment built; it was built in 1960. It was called "Avenida Malecón" (Pier Avenue), as it led from the then-urbanized area of Ponce to the Ponce wharf. The segment north of PR-12's intersection with PR-2, that is, between PR-2 and Avenida Tito Castro was built in the 1990s, and completed in 2002, as part of the Ponce en Marcha project.
PR-12 used to be signed as part of 'PR-14' before construction of the new PR-10 took place. The PR-14 signing has since been moved into another route (ending at Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud, near downtown Ponce, while the PR-12 signing was assigned to the southernmost 5.28 kilometers of the old PR-14 route. As of 2008, the Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works had not yet updated the signing on the road, but by 2011 it had.
Major intersections
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15838141
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto%20Rico%20Highway%2015
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Puerto Rico Highway 15
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Puerto Rico Highway 15 (PR-15), formerly Road 4 (), is a main highway connecting the municipalities of Guayama and Cayey in Puerto Rico. With a length of , it extends from PR-3 in downtown Guayama to PR-14 in downtown Cayey.
Route description
This highway consists of one lane in each direction for most of its length due to its rural characteristics. In Guayama, PR-15 begins at PR-3 junction in the city center. Then, it leaves the urban area and heads to the north, where meets with PR-179 and crosses the Río Guamaní though the Cayey Bridge before climbing the Sierra de Cayey mountains. In this municipality, PR-15 makes its way though Caimital, Palmas and Guamaní barrios before entering Cayey.
In Cayey, PR-15 makes its way though Jájome Alto barrio after crossing the Guayama municipal limit in the Sierra de Cayey. From this point, the highway continues to the north towards the urban area. Between Jájome Alto and Culebras Bajo barrios, PR-15 meets with the Ruta Panorámica, of which is part from PR-741 intersection to PR-7737 junction. After that, the road goes down the mountains through Quebrada Arriba and Monte Llano barrios until its junction with PR-1, where PR-15 enters the city center for make its final length until PR-14 intersection.
History
Originally, PR-15 was identified as Road No. 4, a spur route of the Carretera Central from Cayey to Guayama. As Road No. 4, Puerto Rico Highway 15 was built between 1886 and 1897, and changed its number to the current designation after the 1953 Puerto Rico highway renumbering, a process implemented by the Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works () that increased the insular highway network to connect existing routes with different locations around Puerto Rico. The entire length of PR-15 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.
Major intersections
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15838151
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient%20Blackswan
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Orient Blackswan
|
Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd., formerly Orient Longman India, commonly referred to as Orient Longman, is an Indian publishing house headquartered in Hyderabad, Telangana.
The company publishes academic, professional and general works as well as school textbooks, of which the "Gul Mohar" series of English-language school books grew popular. It also publishes low cost reprints of foreign titles.
History
Established in 1948 as Longman Green by the UK publishing company Longman, it was taken over by J. Rameshwar Rao, who bought the majority shareholding and became the company chairman in 1968. Rao retained the majority holding till 1984. The company's board included Khushwant Singh and the Patwardhans of Pune.
The "Indianisation" of Orient Longman's management during this period was also reflected in its product, where Indian writers found an increasingly prominent place. Also during this period various subsidiaries came about such as Orion Books, and Gyan Publishings which sprang up as entrepreneurial enterprises from individuals based in Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, and Kolkata such as B.K. Todi, Saugat Biswas, Varun Tamble and many others.
Disputes
In 2006, the Pearson Education group, which holds a minority stake in Orient Longman as well as the rights to the "Longman" brand worldwide, sued Orient Longman asserting its claim on the brand. In 2008, Orient Longman agreed to drop the "Longman" suffix in an out-of-court settlement, and the company was renamed Orient Blackswan.
| 1.953125
| 0
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15838191
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywood-class%20attack%20transport
|
Heywood-class attack transport
|
The Heywood-class attack transport was a class of US Navy attack transport built in 1918-19. Four were ordered for British use but requisitioned by the United States Shipping Board (USSB) for WW I service when the U.S. entered that war. All saw commercial service under the USSB and commercial lines until acquired by the Navy in 1940 and converted, some to transports, and eventually all into attack transports for World War II service.
Like all attack transports, the purpose of the Heywood class ships was to transport troops and their equipment to hostile shores in order to execute amphibious invasions. To fulfill their mission, attack transports were fitted with a substantial number of integral landing craft, and were well armed with antiaircraft weaponry to protect themselves and their vulnerable cargo of troops from air attack in the battle zone.
Background
The Heywood class is amongst the few classes of attack transport that were converted from pre-war tonnage rather than built from either Maritime Commission or Victory ship hull types during the war.
Four of the five ships, Heywood being the exception, were ordered by the British Shipping Controller under construction at Union Iron Works Alameda yard and requisitioned by the United States Shipping Board when the United States entered World War I. Upon requisition the British ordered ships, with "War" first in the name, were renamed before completion. They were all completed with the original steam plant driving a turbine generator powering an electric drive. Eclipse, later William P. Biddle, was the first United States commercial cargo vessel with electric drive. All, including Heywood, operated commercially until sold in 1931 to the Baltimore Mail Steamship Company.
| 2.3125
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15838199
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin%20beta-4
|
Thymosin beta-4
|
Thymosin beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMSB4X gene. Recommended INN (International Nonproprietary Name) for thymosin beta-4 is 'timbetasin', as published by the World Health Organization (WHO).
The protein consists (in humans) of 43 amino acids (sequence: SDKPDMAEI EKFDKSKLKK TETQEKNPLP SKETIEQEKQ AGES) and has a molecular weight of 4921 g/mol.
Thymosin-β4 is a major cellular constituent in many tissues. Its intracellular concentration may reach as high as 0.5 mM. Following Thymosin α1, β4 was the second of the biologically active peptides from Thymosin Fraction 5 to be completely sequenced and synthesized.
Function
This gene encodes an actin sequestering protein which plays a role in regulation of actin polymerization. The protein is also involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This gene escapes X inactivation and has a homolog on chromosome Y (TMSB4Y).
Biological activities of thymosin β4
Any concepts of the biological role of thymosin β4 must inevitably be coloured by the demonstration that total ablation of the thymosin β4 gene in the mouse allows apparently normal embryonic development of mice which are fertile as adults.
Actin binding
Thymosin β4 was initially perceived as a thymic hormone. However this changed when it was discovered that it forms a 1:1 complex with G (globular) actin, and is present at high concentration in a wide range of mammalian cell types. When appropriate, G-actin monomers polymerize to form F (filamentous) actin, which, together with other proteins that bind to actin, comprise cellular microfilaments. Formation by G-actin of the complex with β-thymosin (= "sequestration") opposes this.
Due to its profusion in the cytosol and its ability to bind G-actin but not F-actin, thymosin β4 is regarded as the principal actin-sequestering protein in many cell types. Thymosin β4 functions like a buffer for monomeric actin as represented in the following reaction:
F-actin ↔ G-actin + Thymosin β4 ↔ G-actin/Thymosin β4
| 2.015625
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15838199
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymosin%20beta-4
|
Thymosin beta-4
|
Such tissue-regenerating properties of thymosin β4 may ultimately contribute to repair of human heart muscle damaged by heart disease and heart attack. In mice, administration of thymosin β4 has been shown to stimulate formation of new heart muscle cells from otherwise inactive precursor cells present in the outer lining of adult hearts, to induce migration of these cells into heart muscle and recruit new blood vessels within the muscle.
Anti-inflammatory role for sulfoxide
In 1999 researchers in Glasgow University found that an oxidised derivative of thymosin β4 (the sulfoxide, in which an oxygen atom is added to the methionine near the N-terminus) exerted several potentially anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophil leucocytes. It promoted their dispersion from a focus, inhibited their response to a small peptide (F-Met-Leu-Phe) which attracts them to sites of bacterial infection and lowered their adhesion to endothelial cells. (Adhesion to endothelial cells of blood vessel walls is pre-requisite for these cells to leave the bloodstream and invade infected tissue). A possible anti-inflammatory role for the β4 sulfoxide was supported by the group's finding that it counteracted artificially-induced inflammation in mice.
The group had first identified the thymosin sulfoxide as an active factor in culture fluid of cells responding to treatment with a steroid hormone, suggesting that its formation might form part of the mechanism by which steroids exert anti-inflammatory effects. Extracellular thymosin β4 would be readily oxidised to the sulfoxide in vivo at sites of inflammation, by the respiratory burst.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
Thymosin β4 induces the activity of the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in populations of thymocytes (thymus-derived lymphocytes). This suggests that the peptide may contribute to the maturation of these cells.
Clinical significance
Tβ4 has been studied in a number of clinical trials.
| 1.96875
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15838220
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windeward%20Bound
|
Windeward Bound
|
Windeward Bound is a two-masted brigantine-rigged vessel based in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. The vessel is named after Lewis Winde, the builder of an 1848 Boston schooner on which Windeward Bound was modelled. It is constructed almost entirely of Tasmanian eucalypt, huon pine and Oregon pine, recycled from old boats and buildings. The hull is constructed of 5 cm hardwood strip planks, over epoxy-laminated douglas fir frames, spaced 38 cm (15 inches) apart. The stem, sternpost and keel are of epoxy-laminated Tasmanian blue gum and the decks are of huon and New Zealand kauri pines.
Windeward Bound is rigged with four square sails, three headsails, three staysails between the masts, a gaff mainsail and gaff topsail, totalling 12 sails in all. The total sail area is and the windage lever of the sails from the centre of lateral resistance is 9.87 m.
She is commonly used for training youth (of any age) to sail, offering training and voyages that last from anywhere between an hour or two to many weeks. In 2002–2003, the ship and her crew embarked on a successful circumnavigation voyage around Australia to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the first circumnavigation, charting and naming of the continent of Australia by Matthew Flinders. During this voyage, the crew docked in most Australian ports and coastal communities, with the help of Coastcare, to spread the message for individuals and organisations to become actively involved in ground works to protect and manage coastal and marine environments.
The ship was also able to connect with local schools and community groups by performing a play recounting the adventures of Flinders in his circumnavigation through the play Roundabout, written by Les Winspear and performed by Theatre Alfresco.
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15838323
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Talpiot
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East Talpiot
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East Talpiot ( Talpiot Mizrach) or Armon HaNetziv (ארמון הנְציב) is an Israeli settlement in southern East Jerusalem, established by Israel in 1973 on land captured in the Six-Day War and occupied since then. The international community considers East Talpiot to be an Israeli settlement that is illegal under international law. With a population of over 15,000 Israeli settlers, East Talpiot is one of Jerusalem's Ring Neighborhoods.
History
Before the new housing projects built after 1967, the area was known as Armon HaNetziv (lit. The Governor's Palace) after the headquarters of the British High Commissioner located on the hilltop. In 1928, Rachel Yanait Ben-Zvi, wife of Israel's second president Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, established an agricultural training farm for young women, the first of its kind in the country, in the area of East Talpiot. Both the farm and the Arab Girls College, another historical landmark, are earmarked for conservation. The Lili and Elejandro Shaltiel Community Center was inaugurated in 1980.
In the 1967 Six-Day War Israel captured and occupied East Jerusalem, East Talpiot was constructed as part of the 1968 Jerusalem Master Plan, which called for the creation of Jewish settlements around Jerusalem to cement Israeli control over the region. East Talpiot is situated in southern East Jerusalem, between the Palestinian villages of Sur Baher and Sawaher.
According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from nearby Palestinian neighborhoods/villages in order to construct East Talpiot:
1,343 dunams from Sur Baher,
544 dunams from Jabel Mukaber,
Beit Canada, an absorption center for new immigrants, is located in East Talpiot. Nearly all the streets of East Talpiot take their names from those of the Olei Hagardom, members of Irgun and Lehi hanged by the British.
Demography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Talpiot
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East Talpiot
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In 2006, some 15,000 people were living in East Talpiot. Mainly populated by young couples when it was first established, the neighborhood is now aging. For the most part, East Talpiot is a secular neighborhood, with only 15 synagogues.
Archeological findings
An excavation has found remains of a significant royal estate from the second half of the 7th century BC that archaeologists consider as indicative of a remarkable administrative development by the Kingdom of Judah during that century. An ancient aqueduct that brought water to the Temple Mount from springs located outside of Jerusalem was also discovered in East Talpiot. This waterworks, a highly sophisticated engineering feat, continued to function for more than two thousand years.
There have been claims that an ancient tomb discovered in East Talpiot when a housing project was being built in 1980 could be the tomb of Jesus and his family.
Arab-Israeli conflict
On 8 January 2017, 4 Israeli soldiers were killed in the 2017 Jerusalem truck attack that took place on the Armon Hanatziv Esplanade.
Status under international law
The international community considers Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem to be illegal under international law, violating the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the transfer of civilians into occupied territory. Israel however disputes that East Jerusalem is occupied territory and instead considers it to be annexed to its territory as part of the Jerusalem municipality. That annexation is unrecognized internationally and East Jerusalem is considered occupied territory by the international community. Israel does not consider East Talpiot or other Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem to be settlements and instead considers them neighborhoods of Jerusalem.
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