id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
381
| title
stringlengths 1
211
| text
stringlengths 1.02k
2.05k
| edu_quality
float64 1.91
4.03
| naive_quality
int64 0
0
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15844676
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20Boat
|
The Open Boat
|
"The Open Boat" is a short story by American author Stephen Crane (1871–1900). First published in 1898, it was based on Crane's experience of surviving a shipwreck off the coast of Florida earlier that year while traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent. Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours when his ship, the SS Commodore, sank after hitting a sandbar. He and three other men were forced to navigate their way to shore in a small boat; one of the men, an oiler named Billie Higgins, drowned after the boat overturned. Crane's personal account of the shipwreck and the men's survival, titled "Stephen Crane's Own Story", was first published a few days after his rescue.
Crane subsequently adapted his report into narrative form, and the resulting short story "The Open Boat" was published in Scribner's Magazine. The story is told from the point of view of an anonymous correspondent, with Crane as the implied author; the action closely resembles the author's experiences after the shipwreck. A volume titled The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure was published in the United States in 1898; an edition entitled The Open Boat and Other Stories was published simultaneously in England. Praised for its innovation by contemporary critics, the story is considered an exemplary work of literary Naturalism, and is one of the most frequently discussed works in Crane's canon. It is notable for its use of imagery, irony, symbolism, and the exploration of such themes as survival, solidarity, and the conflict between man and nature. H. G. Wells considered "The Open Boat" to be "beyond all question, the crown of all [Crane's] work".
Background
| 2.421875
| 0
|
15844676
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20Boat
|
The Open Boat
|
Hired by the Bacheller newspaper syndicate to serve as a war correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, the 25-year-old Stephen Crane boarded the filibustering steamship SS Commodore on New Year's Eve, 1896. The ship sailed from Jacksonville, Florida, with 27 or 28 men and a cargo of supplies and ammunition for the Cuban rebels. On the St. Johns River, less than from Jacksonville, Commodore struck a sandbar in a dense fog and damaged its hull. Although towed off the sandbar the following day, it was again beached in Mayport, Florida, and further damaged. A leak began in the boiler room that evening, and as a result of malfunctioning water pumps, the ship came to a standstill about from Mosquito Inlet (now called Ponce de León Inlet). As the ship took on more water, Crane described the engine room as resembling "a scene at this time taken from the middle kitchen of Hades."
Commodores lifeboats were lowered in the early hours of the morning on January 2, 1897, and the ship sank at 7 a.m. Crane was one of the last to leave the ship in a dinghy. He and three other men (including the captain, Edward Murphy) floundered off the coast of Florida for a day and a half before attempting to land their craft at Daytona Beach. The small boat, however, overturned in the surf, forcing the exhausted men to swim to shore; one of them, an oiler named Billie Higgins, died. The disaster was front-page news in newspapers across the country; rumors that the ship had been sabotaged were widely circulated but never substantiated.
| 2.234375
| 0
|
15844676
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20Boat
|
The Open Boat
|
"The Open Boat" is divided into seven sections, each told mainly from the point of view of the correspondent, based upon Crane himself. The first part introduces the four characters—the correspondent, a condescending observer detached from the rest of the group; the captain, who is injured and morose at having lost his ship, yet capable of leadership; the cook, fat and comical, but optimistic that they will be rescued; and the oiler, Billie, who is physically the strongest, and the only one in the story referred to by name. The four are survivors of a shipwreck, which occurred before the beginning of the story, and are drifting at sea in a small dinghy.
In the following four sections, the moods of the men fluctuate from anger at their desperate situation, to a growing empathy for one another and the sudden realization that nature is indifferent to their fates. The men become fatigued and bicker with one another; nevertheless, the oiler and the correspondent take turns rowing toward shore, while the cook bails water to keep the boat afloat. When they see a lighthouse on the horizon, their hope is tempered with the realization of the danger of trying to reach it. Their hopes dwindle further when, after seeing a man waving from shore, and what may or may not be another boat, they fail to make contact. The correspondent and the oiler continue to take turns rowing, while the others sleep fitfully during the night. The correspondent then notices a shark swimming near the boat, but he does not seem to be bothered by it as one would expect. In the penultimate chapter, the correspondent wearily recalls a verse from the poem "Bingen on the Rhine" by Caroline Norton, in which a "soldier of the Legion" dies far from home.
| 1.945313
| 0
|
15844676
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20Boat
|
The Open Boat
|
The final chapter begins with the men's resolution to abandon the floundering dinghy they have occupied for thirty hours and to swim ashore. As they begin the long swim to the beach, Billie the oiler, the strongest of the four, swims ahead of the others; the captain advances towards the shore while still holding onto the boat, and the cook uses a surviving oar. The correspondent is trapped by a local current, but is eventually able to swim on. After three of the men safely reach the shore and are met by a group of rescuers, they find Billie dead, his body washed up on the beach.
Style and genre
Although autobiographical in nature, "The Open Boat" is a work of fiction; it is often considered a principal example of Naturalism, an offshoot of the Realist literary movement, in which scientific principles of objectivity and detachment are applied to the study of human characteristics. While a majority of critics agree that the story acts as a paradigm of the human situation, they disagree as to its precise nature. Some believe the story affirms man's place in the world by concentrating on the characters' isolation, while others—including those who call "The Open Boat" ideologically Symbolist—insist that the story questions man's place in the universe through metaphorical or indirect means.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
15844676
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20Boat
|
The Open Boat
|
Man vs. nature
Similar to other Naturalist works, "The Open Boat" scrutinizes the position of man, who has been isolated not only from society, but also from God and nature. The struggle between man and the natural world is the most apparent theme in the work, and while the characters at first believe the turbulent sea to be a hostile force set against them, they come to believe that nature is instead ambivalent. At the beginning of the last section, the correspondent rethinks his view of nature's hostility: "the serenity of nature amid the struggles of the individual—nature in the wind, and nature in the vision of men. She did not seem cruel to him, nor beneficent, nor treacherous, nor wise. But she was indifferent, flatly indifferent." The correspondent regularly refers to the sea with feminine pronouns, pitting the four men in the boat against an intangible, yet effeminate, threat; critic Leedice Kissane further pointed to the story's seeming denigration of women, noting the castaways' personification of Fate as "an old ninny-woman" and "an old hen". That nature is ultimately disinterested is an idea that appears in other works by Crane; a poem from Crane's 1899 collection War is Kind and Other Lines also echoes Crane's common theme of universal indifference:
| 2.515625
| 0
|
15844676
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20Boat
|
The Open Boat
|
The metaphysical conflicts born from man's isolation are also important themes throughout the story, as the characters cannot rely on a higher cause or being for protection. The correspondent laments the lack of religious support, as well as his inability to blame God for his misfortunes, musing: "When it occurs to a man that nature does not regard him as important, and that she feels she would not maim the universe by disposing of him, he at first wishes to throw bricks at the temple, and he hates deeply that there are no bricks and no temples." Man's perception of himself and the world around him are also constantly questioned; the correspondent regularly refers to the way things "seemed" or "appeared", leaving how a thing actually "was" entirely ambiguous. Wolford similarly pointed to the importance of the story's strong yet problematic opening line—"None of them knew the color of the sky"—as one that sets the scene for the story's sense of unease and uncertainty.
Survival and solidarity
Chester Wolford noted in his critical analysis of Crane's short fiction that although one of the author's most familiar themes deals with a character's seeming insignificance in an indifferent universe, the correspondent's experience in "The Open Boat" is perhaps more personal than what was described in earlier stories because of Crane's obvious connection to the story. Sergio Perosa similarly described how Crane "transfigures an actual occurrence into existential drama, and confers universal meaning and poetic value on the simple retelling of man's struggle for survival".
| 1.960938
| 0
|
15844676
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20Boat
|
The Open Boat
|
Facing an ultimately detached nature, the characters find solace in human solidarity. They are often referred to collectively as "the men", rather than singularly by their professions, creating a silent understanding between them of their togetherness. The first few sentences of section three attest to this connection: "It would be difficult to describe the subtle brotherhood of men that was here established on the seas. No one said that it was so. No one mentioned it. But it dwelt in the boat, and each man felt it warm him. They were a captain, an oiler, a cook, and a correspondent, and they were friends, friends in a more curiously iron-bound degree than may be common." Survival is also an important thematic element in itself, as it is contingent upon the men to battle the elements in order to save themselves. The correspondent's desire to survive is evident in his refrain of the lyrical line: "If I am going to be drowned—if I am going to be drowned—if I am going to be drowned, why, in the name of the seven mad gods who rule the sea, was I allowed to come thus far and contemplate sand and trees?" By repeating himself, the correspondent expresses himself ritualistically, and yet he remains existentially adrift.
| 1.929688
| 0
|
15844676
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Open%20Boat
|
The Open Boat
|
Sympathy
In his 1990 book Sea-Brothers: The Tradition of American Sea Fiction from Moby-Dick to the Present, author Bert Bender noted Crane's sympathetic portrayal of the oiler Billie, the most physically able of the four characters, and yet the only one to perish. The correspondent even notes with wonder Billie's exceptional ability to row despite having worked a double shift before the ship sank. Bender wrote that Crane "emphasizes that Billie's steady, simple labor is the tangible basis for his role here as a savior," and that the oiler's portrayal as a "simple, working seaman, clearly expresses his sympathy with the democratic ideal of the sailor before the mast that figures so crucially in the tradition of American sea fiction." That Billie does not survive the ordeal, however, can be seen as an antithesis to Darwinism in that the only person to not survive was in fact the strongest physically.
"The Open Boat" directly references Lady Caroline Norton's 1883 poem "Bingen on the Rhine", which focuses on the death of a French Foreign Legionnaire, far from home, while grasping the hand of a comrade. Recalling the poem, the correspondent sees how the soldier's dire circumstances mirror his own, leading him to feel sorry for the anonymous poetic figure; noting the similarities between the dying soldier and the shipwrecked correspondent, critics such as Edward Stone and Max Westbrook believe this realization causes the correspondent to discover the necessity for human sympathy in an uncaring world. While the literary reference may be considered ironic, unsympathetic, and only of minor interest, Stone for one argued that this poem may also have served as a source for The Red Badge of Courage, which also explores man's relationship with the metaphysical.
| 2.109375
| 0
|
15844707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye%20Dancer
|
Faye Dancer
|
Faye Katherine Dancer (April 24, 1925 – May 22, 2002) was a center fielder who played from through for three teams of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at , 145 lb., she batted and threw right-handed.
Women in baseball
The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League flourished in the 1940s when the Major Leagues went on hold as men went to war, yet it was not really a well known fact until the 1992 film A League of Their Own, directed by Penny Marshall and starred by Geena Davis, Tom Hanks, Madonna, Lori Petty and Rosie O'Donnell, that brought many of the real players a rebirth of celebrity with the first season of the AAGPBL.
Early life
Born in 1925 in Santa Monica, California, Faye Dancer was the third of four children into the family of James and Olive (née Pope) Dancer. Her father worked as an inspector for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. He later became an appliance store owner and sponsored a men's local softball team for a long time. While attending Santa Monica High School, the young Dancer played softball for a girls' team called the Dr Peppers, which was sponsored by the historic soft drink company. She also attended University High School in West Los Angeles, where she broke an all-city basketball record after shooting 42 baskets in just one minute. She ran an obstacle course in 9.4 seconds and fast-walked the half mile in 2 minutes and 42 seconds, and enjoyed kicking balls with the boys.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
15844707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye%20Dancer
|
Faye Dancer
|
After her graduation in 1941, Dancer started to play professional softball in a southern California league. In 1944, Dancer signed a contract for $75 a week, a sizeable sum in those days and also the top salary for any player in the AAGPBL. As an aside, when retired in 1950, she was earning $125 per week. Her greatest attribute was her stunning speed, which made her an adept base stealer. In her brief five-season career, she stole 358 bases, averaging 70 steals per season with a career-high 108 in her final year. She also was the first player in the league to hit two home runs in a game, and the first to belt two grand slams in a single season. Sometimes she pitched, posting an 11–11 record with 43 strikeouts and a 2.28 ERA in 25 appearances. Her career was shortened by a serious back injury, but the impression Dancer left on the league and her teammates was one of dedication, hustle and fun.
Professional career
Dancer entered the AAGPBL in 1944 with the expansion Minneapolis Millerettes, a hapless team with poor fan support and few victories. In the inaugural season, the team finished dead last with a 23–36 record for the first half of the calendar and a 22–36 record in the second for an overall record of 45–72. Despite little encouragement, Dancer posted a .274 batting average with 58 runs and 48 runs batted in. Her 90 hits included 44 for extra bases and two grand slams.
In search of a new horizon, the Millerettes moved in 1945 to Fort Wayne, Indiana, where they were renamed the Daisies. During the next three seasons, Dancer became one of the most talented and colorful players of the league. She always entertained the crowd, thriving on the attention, with her spontaneous cartwheels and backflips en route to the center field. She also participated in community events and gave the fans their money's worth on the field, not only in the outfield, but also at first base or as an emergency pitcher.
| 2.265625
| 0
|
15844707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye%20Dancer
|
Faye Dancer
|
In 1945, Dancer dropped to .195 with 44 runs and 29 RBI, but posted a league-best three home runs. The next year she rebounded with a .250 average, 56 runs, and 43 RBI. In 1947, after 29 games with the Daisies, she was traded to the Peoria Redwings. Dancer finished the season with a combined average of .237, 51 runs and 26 RBI. In 1948 for Peoria, she batted .272 with a career-high 89 runs, six home runs, 34 RBI, and ranked second behind Sophie Kurys with 30 stolen bases. A litany of injuries forced her to retire following that season.
Dancer tried a return with the Redwings in 1950, but a herniated disk from a sliding injury and a chipped vertebra forced her permanent retirement after just 49 games. She hit .207 with 25 runs, 34 RBI, and amassed 108 stolen bases – by that time a league season record. She never appeared on any All-Star team or played in the playoffs.
During the off-season, Dancer worked as an electronics technician in the Howard Hughes Aircraft Company. Following her baseball career, she labored for a power generator company in Santa Monica for 35 years and also opened an electronics business with her fellow player and longtime friend Pepper Paire.
The AAGPBL folded in 1954, in part because Major League Baseball was televised. A permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum since November 5, honors those who were part of this unforgettable experience. Dancer, along with the rest of the AAGPBL players, is now enshrined in the venerable building at Cooperstown, New York. She joined more than 75 other former AAGPBL players for the opening of the exhibit, where her baseball glove and spikes are on permanent display, as well as her most famous photo that depicts her hustle and all-out play in 1948, while sliding into third base to avoid a tag. The void the league filled during wartime was inspiration for the aforementioned film, which brought a rejuvenated interest to the history of women's baseball.
| 1.960938
| 0
|
15844857
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorted%20array
|
Sorted array
|
A sorted array is an array data structure in which each element is sorted in numerical, alphabetical, or some other order, and placed at equally spaced addresses in computer memory. It is typically used in computer science to implement static lookup tables to hold multiple values which have the same data type. Sorting an array is useful in organising data in ordered form and recovering them rapidly.
Overview
Sorted arrays are the most space-efficient data structure with the best locality of reference for sequentially stored data.
Elements within a sorted array are found using a binary search, in O(log n); thus sorted arrays are suited for cases when one needs to be able to look up elements quickly, e.g. as a set or multiset data structure. This complexity for lookups is the same as for self-balancing binary search trees.
In some data structures, an array of structures is used. In such cases, the same sorting methods can be used to sort the structures according to some key as a structure element; for example, sorting records of students according to roll numbers or names or grades.
If one is using a sorted dynamic array, then it is possible to insert and delete elements. The insertion and deletion of elements in a sorted array executes at O(n), due to the need to shift all the elements following the element to be inserted or deleted; in comparison a self-balancing binary search tree inserts and deletes at O(log n). In the case where elements are deleted or inserted at the end, a sorted dynamic array can do this in amortized O(1) time while a self-balancing binary search tree always operates at O(log n).
Elements in a sorted array can be looked up by their index (random access) at O(1) time, an operation taking O(log n) or O(n) time for more complex data structures.
History
John von Neumann wrote the first array sorting program (merge sort) in 1945, when the first stored-program computer was still being built.
| 3
| 0
|
15844940
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20Energy%20Commission
|
African Energy Commission
|
History
In April 1980, the Assembly of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) adopted the Lagos Plan of Action (LPA) in Lagos (Nigeria). In this meeting, short-, medium- and long-term actions were proposed to remedy the main energy problems of Africa. The Assembly saw the urgent need to set up an institutional framework, and hence endorsed the recommendation relating to the establishment of the AFREC.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in collaboration with OAU and ECA, carried out in 1984-1985 a study which recommended the creation of the AFREC. The recommendations of the OAU Heads of State and Government and UNDP study were reaffirmed, advocated and reiterated mainly in the treaty establishing the African Economic Community (AEC) (1991), The first Pan African Conference of Energy Ministers (1995), the Cairo Program of Action (1995), the regional conferences of ministers responsible for the development and utilization of mineral and energy resources in Africa (1997), the African Energy Program of the African Development Bank (AfDB) (1995), etc.
The General Secretariat of the OAU carried out a feasibility study with its partners such as the Regional Economic Communities, the AfDB, the World Energy Council (WEC), UPEDEA, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNDP, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and UNESCO. Following these studies, the OAU adopted the report entitled "Proposal of the OAU General Secretariat on the Creation of the African Energy Commission AFREC". The OAU and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt organized "The African Energy Experts Meeting for the creation of the African Energy Commission" in 2000 Cairo (Egypt), that worked out and adopted a "Draft Convention of the African Energy Commission (AFREC)".
| 2.40625
| 0
|
15845101
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangolo%20Mbumba
|
Nangolo Mbumba
|
Nangolo Mbumba (born 15 August 1941) is a Namibian politician who is the fourth president of Namibia. He became president after the death of Hage Geingob, under whom he had served as the second vice-president of Namibia from 2018 to 2024.
A member of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Mbumba has headed several Namibian Government ministries: Agriculture, Water and Rural Development (1993–1996), Finance (1996–2003), Information and Broadcasting (2003–2005), Education (2005–2010) and Safety and Security (2010–2012). From 2012 to 2017, he was the secretary-general of SWAPO.
Mbumba was appointed Vice-President in 2018 to replace Nickey Iyambo, who departed because of ill health. He succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Hage Geingob in February 2024 and announced that he had no intention of running for election for a full term later in the year.
Education and early career
Born on 15 August 1941 in Olukonda, Oshikoto Region, South West Africa (now Namibia), Mbumba graduated from Southern Connecticut State University in the United States with a BSc in 1971. In 1973, he graduated from the University of Connecticut with an MSc in biology.
After graduating from the University in Connecticut, Mbumba began teaching at Harlem Preparatory School in New York City. Returning to Africa in 1978, he became the Head of the Science Department at the Namibia Education Centre in Cuanza Sul, Angola. In 1980, he was promoted to Principal of the Centre. He held that post until 1985.
Politics
Mbumba officially took a position with SWAPO in 1985 as Deputy Secretary for Education and Culture. Leaving that position in 1987, he became Personal Secretary to SWAPO President Sam Nujoma. He was the joint administrator of Walvis Bay during its handover to Namibia in 1994.
| 1.984375
| 0
|
15845158
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge%20Callaghan
|
Marge Callaghan
|
Early years
Callaghan is one of five children (three sisters and two brothers) into the family of Albert and Hazel (née Terryberry) Callaghan, of Irish ancestry. She grew up in a home where baseball was considered of vital importance, as her younger sister Helen teamed up with her in the AAGPBL and her nephew Casey Candaele played in Major League Baseball. Athletically inclined, Marge and Helen filled their student days at King Edward High School participating in almost every sport the school had to offer, competing in track and field, basketball, lacrosse, volleyball, soccer and field hockey. The sisters also played softball for the Vancouver Western Mutual team and performed at the 1943 World Series Softball tournament held at Detroit, Michigan, where they were recruited by a AAGPBL scout.Biographical Dictionary of American Sports – David L. Porter. Publisher: Greenwood Press, 2000. Format: Hardcover, 2064pp. Language: English.
Career
Callaghan entered the league in 1944 with the Minneapolis Millerettes, playing for them one year before joining the Fort Wayne Daisies (1945–48), South Bend Blue Sox (1949), Peoria Redwings (1950-'51) and Battle Creek Belles (1951). As a rookie, she hit .182 while playing third base. She improved to .196 in 1945 and reached the playoffs, but Fort Wayne lost to the Rockford Peaches in the final series, four to one games. In 1946 she batted .188 with a .355 on-base percentage, including career-highs in stolen bases (80) and walks (88), while tying for sixth in runs scored (70).
| 2.4375
| 0
|
15845246
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Kurys
|
Sophie Kurys
|
Sophie Kurys (May 14, 1925 – February 17, 2013) was a former second basewoman who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at , , Kurys batted and threw right-handed.
Career
A native of Flint, Michigan, Kurys was by far the greatest base stealer in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history. She was nicknamed Tina Cobb or the Flint Flash for her swiftness in stealing bases, because once she reached base she was virtually unstoppable. Eighty percent of the time she stole at least one base, averaging 150 steals per season between 1944 and 1950, with a career-high 201 in 1946.
She also amassed a World Record with a career 1,114 stolen bases, more than Ty Cobb (892), and later more than both Lou Brock (938) and Japanese star Yutaka Fukumoto (1,065), until her mark was surpassed by Rickey Henderson in . Her 201 stolen bases in a single season still stands as a professional record, collecting 71 more than Henderson (130), who set the Major League Baseball single-season record in . But like many of her colleagues, Kurys was relatively unknown until the 1992 film A League of Their Own by filmmaker Penny Marshall was exhibited for the first time.
A well-rounded athlete, at the age of 14, Kurys scored a record-setting 4,693 points out of 5,000 in the Mott Pentathlon. That year, she was also Most Valuable Player of the Michigan State Basketball Tournament at Lansing. In addition, she was a competent infielder at shortstop and third base in fastpitch softball. Kurys did not even play second base until joining the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, yet she immediately became the best in the game at the position.
| 1.9375
| 0
|
15845246
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Kurys
|
Sophie Kurys
|
A founding member of the AAGPBL when it was organized in 1943, Kurys entered the league with the Racine Belles, playing for them for eight years. Her most productive season came in 1946, when she reached base 215 times and stole 201 bases in 203 attempts, while hitting a .286 batting average with league-leads in runs (117) and on-base percentage (.434). She also set season-league records with 93 walks in 113 games and for fielding percentage by a second baseman, at .973, being named Player of the Year. In addition to her 1946 campaign, Kurys capped the season as the top hitter in the playoffs and stole five bases in the 16-inning, title-winning Game Six against the Rockford Peaches, where she singled in the bottom of the 13th, stole second, then hustled home with the winning run on a short single by Betty Trezza.
Before the 1951 season, when the team moved from Racine, Wisconsin, to Battle Creek, Michigan, Kurys, Eleanor Dapkus, Maddy English, Edythe Perlick and Joanne Winter, among some original members of the Belles, were disappointed and decided not to make the move. During eight years, the Belles were a close-knit team, always like a family and often away from home. Kurys and her teammates thought that too much would change, and did not like the ideas of a new team, a new manager and, especially, a new location. Nevertheless, Kurys reconsidered the decision and joined the Battle Creek Belles club in 1952. She played in 17 games before she was injured. She retired during the midseason.
| 2.015625
| 0
|
15845318
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRFC%20%28AM%29
|
WRFC (AM)
|
On February 20, 1971, NORAD broadcast a normal required weekly test of the Emergency Broadcast System. However, AT&T reported that the U.S. Air Force used the wrong tape by accident, initiating an Emergency Action Notification, normally issued by the president. It prompted all north Georgia radio stations by order of the FCC to operate under emergency procedures and feed the broadcast from primary station 750 WSB in Atlanta through their transmitters. Everett Langford was at the microphone at WRFC and had no idea what had happened. He listened to WSB but heard no emergency announcements. He was attempting to call the owner, L.H. Christian, when he heard the corrected message from the Air Force. Listeners could hear in his voice that he was very relieved it was only a mistake.
In 1981, WRFC dropped its Top 40 format and went into a short-lived MOR format. This didn't last long. WRFC dropped MOR and went into adult contemporary in 1982. During this time WRFC adopted the moniker Stereo One, when it became the first-in-Georgia, and one of the first in the US AM Stereo radio stations with upgraded transmitting equipment. Though the format was short-lived, WRFC was also one of the first stations to use Compact Discs when that recorded media format debuted. When 1993 rolled along, the station began adding talk programs and sports programming from ESPN, although their adult contemporary format remained in place until the station dropped adult contemporary a year later in 1994.
In January 2008, WRFC was sold (along with sister stations WGMG, WPUP, WNGC, and WGAU) to Cox Radio in Atlanta. Southern Broadcasting of Athens and associated owners continue as a wholly owned subsidiary of Cox.
| 1.90625
| 0
|
15845458
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Coast%20Guard
|
China Coast Guard
|
The China Coast Guard (CCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the People's Armed Police of China. The Coast Guard is an armed gendarmerie force (of corps grade), and its cutters are armed.
History
The China Coast Guard was formed in 2013 by combining the maritime branch of the People's Armed Police, the Border Security Force's Maritime Police, and the other maritime law enforcement agencies in China (the Fisheries Law Enforcement Command, General Administration of Customs, and China Marine Surveillance). The unified Coast Guard has been in operation since July 2013. On July 1, 2018, the China Coast Guard was transferred from the civilian control of the State Council and the State Oceanic Administration, to the People's Armed Police, ultimately placing it under the direct command of the Central Military Commission. Its new commander was a PLAN officer, emphasizing its new role as a paramilitary force.
In June 2018, the China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin to civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out law enforcement against illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, in all areas involved with the use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling. The Coast Guard Law of 1 February 2021 allows CCG ships to use lethal force on foreign ships that do not obey orders to leave Chinese waters. In June 2024, a domestic regulation came into force empowering the CCG to detain foreign vessels and persons up to 60 days.
Functions
The CCG duty is to perform regular patrols and reactive actions (such as Search and Rescue) on the coastal, near sea, and open ocean areas of its jurisdiction (and international waters). These actions include principally law enforcement tasks such as interdicting smuggling, illegal fisheries control, and protecting the environment (such as stopping coral fishing and pollutant dumping).
| 2.671875
| 0
|
15845458
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Coast%20Guard
|
China Coast Guard
|
The CCG also serves as an armed border guard, protecting China's claimed maritime borders, which often leads to conflict and controversy. As a constituent part of the Chinese Armed Forces (being subordinate to the PAP), on wartime it would be placed under the operational control of the People's Liberation Army Navy, in which case it would be likely to play support roles and rear-area escort (like its USCG counterparts, which is also a branch of the military, its ships are not equipped for full military combat).
Law enforcement
The first set of duties of the CCG according to the China Coast Guard Law include seven law enforcement tasks:
fighting maritime violations and crimes,
preserving maritime safety and security,
development and utilization of marine resources,
marine ecological and environmental protection,
management of marine fishery resources,
carrying out anti-smuggling tasks on the sea,
coordinating and guiding local maritime law enforcement.
Maritime safety
Another set of responsibilities come from Maritime safety. While maritime safety, SAR, and the enforcement of the rules of marine safety is the main remit of the China Maritime Safety Administration, and the leading organ in active SAR is the China Rescue and Salvage Bureau, the CCG, as the main maritime law enforcement agency, is involved very often in rescue operations. It also supports the CMSA in enforcing maritime safety rules and inspect ships suspected of presenting risks to navigation.
| 2.671875
| 0
|
15845458
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Coast%20Guard
|
China Coast Guard
|
International cooperation
International cooperation and coordination is one of the official tasks of the CCG. Part of this is cooperation with friendly nations for mutually beneficial tasks (such as cooperating with Russia in fishery operations, as part of the plan for the opening and operation of an Arctic passage).
More critical is cooperation with neighboring states on matters of mutual interest, in particular fisheries and smuggling. The frequency of that cooperation often correlates with the state of bilateral relationships, but institutional connections do remain continuously active.
In the 2000s and early 2010s, the Chinese Coast Guard (Before 2013, the Maritime Police and China Marine Surveillance) conducted periodic joint-training sessions with other navies in the North Pacific, including the US Coast Guard service. The Chinese Coast Guard has also participated in the annual North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum in Alaska, along with the US, Canadian, Japanese, South Korean, and Russian Coast Guards. As part of an exchange program, around 109 members of the Chinese Coast Guard service have served on U.S. Coast Guard cutters.
The worsening of US-China relationships in the last few years (as of 2024), in particular the ongoing conflict regarding the South China Sea (in which the CCG is directly involved) have all but ended the co-training missions with the USCG, although the purely civilian CMSA still keeps a very close working relationship with its counterparts in the US and Japan.
| 2.4375
| 0
|
15845458
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Coast%20Guard
|
China Coast Guard
|
In March 2007, it was reported that the PLAN had transferred two repurposed Type 053 Frigates (renamed Type 728 cutter after the remodeling) (44102, ex-509 Changde; 46103, ex-510 Shaoxing) to the Coast Guard and re-numbered them as Haijing 1002 & Haijing 1003. At the time these ships were the largest vessels in the China Coast Guard inventory. Three more Type 053s were transferred in 2015 (31239, 31240, 31241).
In May 2017, it was reported that China had deployed the 12,000 ton Zhaotou-class patrol cutter China Coast Guard Haijing 3901 (cutter No. 1123 in USI numbers), later renumbered Haijing 5901, to patrol its claimed islands in the disputed South China Sea. The CCG 5901 is the world's biggest coast guard cutter, and is larger than the U.S. Navy's 9,800 ton Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruisers or the 8,300-9,300 ton Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers. The CCG 3901 cutter is armed with 76mm H/PJ-26 rapid fire naval guns, two auxiliary guns, and two anti-aircraft guns. A second unit, 2901 was deployed in 2020.
Between mid 2021 and January 2023, the Coast Guard received 22 coastal defense Type 056 corvettes transferred from the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.
A 2019 estimate of the total number of hulls that can be deployed by the CCG counted 140 regional and oceangoing patrol vessels (more than 1,000 tons displacement), 120 regional offshore patrol boats (500 to 999 tons), 450 coastal and riverine patrol craft (100 to 499 tons), and 600 inshore patrol boats/minor craft (<100tons).
Aircraft
The Chinese Coast Guard has used modified versions of the Xi'an MA60 airliner known as the MA60H as marine patrol aircraft. The Harbin Z-9 has also been used by the Chinese Coast Guard.
Personnel
CCG ships are staffed by People’s Armed Police personnel. China Coast Guard Academy is a dedicated institution that provides training for personnel entering the CCG.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
15845522
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater%20Breaking%20Through%20Barriers
|
Theater Breaking Through Barriers
|
Theater Breaking Through Barriers (TBTB), formerly Theater By the Blind, is an inclusive theater company in New York City that strives develop the talents of individuals with disabilities for work onstage, backstage, in the office and in the audience. It was founded in 1979 by Ike Schambelan(who died of cancer in 2015), with sighted actors recording plays for the blind. The theater then moved to performances for the blind and then blind performances for the sighted. They recently began doing a short play festival each year.
Crystal Clear
Crystal Clear by Phil Young opened in 1986 at the Long Wharf Theater's Stage II. The show starred (George Ashiotis) who played a young actor who is gradually going blind from diabetes and his girlfriend who has been blind from birth (Lucia Puccia) . Crystal Clear began as an improvisation on a London pub stage in 1982.
The production had mixed reviews from critics. Mel Gusso said for The New York Times, "It is diagnostic rather than psychologically probing." Another critic said the play was "a wildly unfocused work that tries to cover too vast a terrain" and that it contained "a cornucopia of cliches".
A Midsummer Night's Dream
A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare staged at the Barrow Group Theater in Manhattan, was the first play by TBTB to feature a character in a wheelchair:
A note in the theater program said, "Increasingly we feel we must include all disabled people [rather than blind people only] in our work." To reflect this shift in thought and philosophy, 2008 saw the company changing its name from Theater By The Blind to Theater Breaking Through Barriers. Productions, such as Romeo & Juliet, closely followed featuring an actor, Gregg Mozgala, with Cerebral Palsy, their first in a subsequent line of productions incorporating actors with various disabilities. In 2020 as a result of the pandemic they presented playwriting intensives and performances via Zoom with captions and audio descriptions.
| 2.4375
| 0
|
15845612
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithukuli%20Murugadas
|
Pithukuli Murugadas
|
Pithukuli Murugadas (25 January 1920 – 17 November 2015) was a devotional singer from Tamil Nadu, India. He was best known for his compositions on the Hindu deity Murugan.
Life
Pithukuli Murugadas was born as Balasubramanian in Coimbatore to Alamelu and Sundaram Iyer in a devout Tamil Brahmin family. At the age of seven, he went to practice yoga in Palani under the tutelage of Nadayogi Brahmananda Paradesiar. He was also called "Pittukuli" by his teacher. In 1931, at the age of eleven, he participated in the Salt Satyagraha campaign and spent some days in prison. During 1936, while participating in the nationwide Satyagraha to protest against the Jalianwalla Bagh massacre, he was imprisoned for six months. He lost his vision in one eye due to severe police atrocities. He was released later, as a governmental gesture on the occasion of the wedding of Mysore Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar.
In 1935, at the age of 15, he relinquished his house and started his pilgrimage. He began wandering around the country. In 1939, he visited Swami Ramdas and Mata Krishnabai of Anandashram. He was named as Murugadas by Swami Ramdas as he sang to Lord Murugan. In 1940, he spent a few days with Avadhudha Swami Swayam Prakash at Sendhamangalam and then went on a pilgrimage by foot and traveled throughout India. He learnt various renderings of Brahmananda Paradesiar and Ramana Maharishi.
In 1946, he joined Thirupugazh Mani in popularizing bhajans praising Muruga. After the Indian Independence Act 1947, he became the patron of the orphanage known as Dhinabandhu Ashram at Walajapet. Remaining a bachelor until the age of 58 in 1978, he married Devi Saroja (b. 1936), who was an accomplished artiste in dance, music, Tala Vadya, and painting. Saroja used to accompany his concerts for a long period, and predeceased him in 2011. Murugadas died on Kanda Sashti Day, 17 November 2015, aged 95.
Awards
| 2.09375
| 0
|
15845702
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell%20Osteen
|
Darrell Osteen
|
Milton Darrell Osteen (February 14, 1943 – October 22, 2017) was an American professional baseball player for the Cincinnati Reds and the Oakland Athletics from 1965 to 1970. A right-handed pitcher, he was signed as an amateur free agent in 1962 by the Reds, and was traded to the Athletics on November 21, 1967. He was listed at tall and .
Career
He was a graduate of Putnam City High School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, where he was named 1961 Player of the Year in the Oklahoma City area.
Osteen's professional career extended from 1962 to 1967 and 1970–1971. He made his major league debut on September 2, 1965 against the Braves in Cincinnati's Crosley Field, relieving Gerry Arrigo and pitching two scoreless innings in a 4–3 Reds loss. The first batter he faced was opposing starting pitcher Hank Fischer, who grounded out. Osteen was traded with Rob Gardner from the Oakland Athletics to the New York Yankees for Curt Blefary on May 25, 1971.
He served in the military in 1968 and 1969. In parts of four Major League seasons, he pitched in 29 games and had a 1–4 record with an 8.05 earned run average.
| 2.015625
| 0
|
15845727
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory%20of%20the%20Good%20Shepherd
|
Oratory of the Good Shepherd
|
Each province of the oratory also includes "companions", who are part of the oratory family. Companions, after a period of probation, promise to keep a rule of life based on the rule observed by the professed brethren. They seek to attend the Eucharist on Sundays and some weekdays, to pray regularly, to spend time in retreat and to be regular in alms-giving, confession and praying for the oratory. Companions also read and study the Seven Notes as, although they don not apply in every detail to companions, they reflect the spirit of the oratory life.
Members
The founders of the oratory were Bishop John How, Bishop Edward Wynn and the Very Revd Eric Milner-White.
The brethren have included amongst their number several notable figures, including: the Revd Canon Wilfred Knox, the Revd Canon Alec Vidler, the Revd Canon Eric Mascall, Archbishop Robert Selby Taylor, Bishop George Briggs, Bishop Henry Hill, Bishop John Ruston, Bishop John William Salt, the Revd Fr Henry R.T. Brandreth and Bishop Kenneth Mason.
The current membership includes several bishops: Bishop Lindsay Urwin, Bishop Dominic Walker and Bishop Bruce Myers, the reigning Bishop of Quebec. The Rev’d Dominic Austin Cawdell, the youngest priest ordained in the Church in Wales, is also a professed brother of OGS.
Archbishop Michael Ramsey was the visitor of the oratory for many years. The current episcopal visitor is Bishop Rowan Williams, the former archbishop of Canterbury.
| 1.992188
| 0
|
15845762
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20George%27s%20Basilica%2C%20Prague
|
St. George's Basilica, Prague
|
In the years 1364–1378 the abbess Elisabetta completed the renovation of the chapel of Santa Ludmilla in the Gothic style, while the chapel's altar was consecrated in 1371 by Archbishop Jan Očko of Vlašim. During the 15th century, the monastery was devastated during the Hussite Wars and rebuilt after the return of the Benedictines under Sigismund of Luxembourg. At the beginning of the 16th century, a new southern portal was built. During the fire of 1541, the basilica burned down again and was rebuilt again. Between 1608 and 1612, the Abbess Sophia of Helfenburg had a large choir for the nuns built in the western part of the central nave. In the late 17th century the Baroque façade was built, probably under the direction of . Between 1717 and 1722, the chapel of St. John of Nepomuk was erected by František Maxmilián Kaňka. A bas-relief on the south portal of the building represents Saint George and the Dragon.
In the 1780s, the condition of the buildings had deteriorated when Joseph II disbanded the monastic orders, and the monastery and basilica were repurposed and used by the army.
With the exception of some elements of the façade, and interior of the church, the basilica has maintained the Romanesque style from the restoration after the fire in Prague Castle in 1142. A bas-relief on the outside of the building represents Saint George and the dragon.
Interior
Unlike the baroque and rococo churches of Prague, the interior of the basilica is simple and austere limestone block. The church is a three-aisled basilica with two towers located on the eastern end of the church, at the end of the two side aisles. It begins with a square presbytery, and ends in an apse. There is a three-nave crypt under the chancel.
The mausoleum holds the tombs of the members of Přemyslid dynasty and the relics of many saints.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
15845763
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%E2%80%93Maxwell%E2%80%93Poisson%20distribution
|
Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution
|
In probability theory and statistics, the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson (CMP or COM–Poisson) distribution is a discrete probability distribution named after Richard W. Conway, William L. Maxwell, and Siméon Denis Poisson that generalizes the Poisson distribution by adding a parameter to model overdispersion and underdispersion. It is a member of the exponential family, has the Poisson distribution and geometric distribution as special cases and the Bernoulli distribution as a limiting case.
Background
The CMP distribution was originally proposed by Conway and Maxwell in 1962 as a solution to handling queueing systems with state-dependent service rates. The CMP distribution was introduced into the statistics literature by Boatwright et al. 2003 and Shmueli et al. (2005). The first detailed investigation into the
probabilistic and statistical properties of the distribution was published by Shmueli et al. (2005). Some theoretical probability results of COM-Poisson distribution is studied and reviewed by Li et al. (2019), especially the characterizations of COM-Poisson distribution.
Probability mass function and basic properties
The CMP distribution is defined to be the distribution with probability mass function
where :
The function serves as a normalization constant so the probability mass function sums to one. Note that does not have a closed form.
The domain of admissible parameters is , and , .
The additional parameter which does not appear in the Poisson distribution allows for adjustment of the rate of decay. This rate of decay is a non-linear decrease in ratios of successive probabilities, specifically
When , the CMP distribution becomes the standard Poisson distribution and as , the distribution approaches a Bernoulli distribution with parameter . When the CMP distribution reduces to a geometric distribution with probability of success provided .
For the CMP distribution, moments can be found through the recursive formula
Cumulative distribution function
| 2.34375
| 0
|
15845852
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Odermatt
|
Arnold Odermatt
|
A colleague observed Odermatt as he took pictures for the force and was suspicious. He was ordered to report to his commander immediately. Odermatt managed to convince his superiors of the pioneering work he was doing. They allowed him to convert an old toilet in an observation post in Stans into a makeshift darkroom. When the observation post was moved into another building several years later, Switzerland’s first police photographer was given his own laboratory.
Odermatt's biggest role model was the famous Magnum photographer Werner Bischof. He met him once by chance, as he was on security duty on the Bürgenstock and wanted to photograph Charlie Chaplin. Odermatt's own style was characterised by sobriety and authenticity. The spartan linguistic expression of his police reports can also be found in Odermatt’s images. His craftsmanship is beyond question, nothing of note is missed by his photographic eye. In KARAMBOLAGE, his most famous series of work, you can’t see the maimed victims but you do see the ethereal, surreal sculptures of scrap metal. With the softness and melancholy of Jacques Tati, he looks at the consequences of speed and the hectic nature of modern times.
For 40 years, Odermatt captured the daily work of the Nidwalden police force. It was only rarely that the local press, the court or an insurance company were interested in his photos. It was only when his son, the film and theatre director Urs Odermatt, showed the photos for the first time at a solo exhibition in Frankfurt am Main that the art scene first became interested in his work. After the inspiring exhibition, the photo book 'Meine Welt' followed. Suddenly the everyday observations from the central Swiss province had gained the same status as those of his well-travelled predecessor, Werner Bischof.
| 1.921875
| 0
|
15845889
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized%20Infantry%20%28Ukraine%29
|
Mechanized Infantry (Ukraine)
|
Mechanized Infantry Forces of Ukraine () are the general basis and primary combat formations of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. They execute tasks of holding the occupied areas, lines and positions tasks of enemy's impacts repelling, of penetrating the enemy's defense lines, defeating the enemy forces, capturing the important areas, lines and objectives, Capture and expel enemy forces from territory and can operate in structure of marine and landing troops.
The Mechanized Infantry Corps of the Ukrainian Ground Forces are organized into mechanized infantry brigades and motorized infantry brigades that help perform the principal missions entrusted to the Ukrainian Ground Forces and the wider Armed Forces as a whole.
Lineage of the Ukrainian Infantry Corps
When the Ukrainian Ground Forces had been formed on the basis of the Soviet Army in Ukraine in 1991-92, the majority of the new forces involved infantry (motor rifle/mechanized) divisions, a few of these with roots dating back to the Russian Civil War and the Ukrainian War of Independence and majority with Second World War battle honours.
What are today the 24th, 28th, 30th, 72nd, 92nd and 108th Brigades, among others, were then infantry divisions, which would become infantry brigades in the 21st century and are the oldest in active service.
In 2000, when the National Guard was merged with the Internal Troops, a few National Guard of Ukraine units, including the current Presidential Brigade were given to the Ukrainian Ground Forces instead of undergoing reflagging as special police formations.
Following Euromaidan and in the midst of the first years of the Russo-Ukrainian War the heritage of many of the brigades was replaced, under the insistence of President Petro Poroshenko, with the identities of the infantry and cavalry of both the Ukrainian People's Republic and West Ukrainian People's Republic of the War of Independence and their short-lived armed forces, with some of the honorifics celebrating other heroes from Ukraine's past.
| 2.09375
| 0
|
15845889
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized%20Infantry%20%28Ukraine%29
|
Mechanized Infantry (Ukraine)
|
Battalions armed with variants of the BTR family (BTR-70, BTR-80, BTR-3, BTR-4) notionally will have 600 personnel mounted in 45 vehicles. Battalions armed with variants of the BMP family of vehicles (BMP-1, BMP-2) notionally will have 520 personnel mounted in 40 vehicles.
Motorized Infantry Battalion
After the 2016 reforms, each mechanized infantry brigade received one motorized infantry battalion. But after the Russian invasion in 2022, mechanized brigades have seen more motorized battalions attached to themselves. The battalions are organized in like manner as their mechanized counterparts and are armed with Humvees or similar vehicles, many of them nationally produced in Ukraine.
Rifle Infantry Battalion
The 2022 invasion of Russia in Ukraine saw each mechanized infantry brigade add one rifle infantry battalion upon the urging of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine to the brigade Order of Battle. The battalions are organized in like manner as the motorized battalions under the brigade framework and are based on the civilian militia battalions that were raised to resist the Russian invasion of the country. These battalions may or may not have similar vehicles as the motorized battalions use.
Assault Infantry Battalion
Also another creation stemming from the aftermath of the 2022 Russian invasion, the assault infantry battalion under mechanized infantry brigades are designated and organized to serve as wartime shock and offensive forces slated to lead up the advance of brigade infantry and armored elements into enemy defensive positions, fortifications, trenches, etc. and attack enemy rear areas on the battlefield as may be assigned by brigade or operational command leadership. In peacetime, these would act as a strategic reserve force for the brigade.
| 2.125
| 0
|
15845925
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%20Torres
|
Wal Torres
|
Wal Torres (born March 30, 1950, in São Paulo) is a Brazilian gender therapist and sexologist.
Biography
A graduate of the University of São Paulo Polytechnic School (USP) in Engineering, Torres has a bachelor's degree in Philosophy from the PUC (Pontifícia Universidade Católica), among other related qualifications.
For many years, Torres worked as a consultant in the petrochemical and fertilizing industries, where—before transitioning her gender identity—she had a successful career, both nationally and internationally. Despite the professional success, she accepted her gender dysphoria and realized she would need to move away from engineering (where it would have been difficult to be accepted in a new gender).
Her own gender transition started in 1993 and took many years. In 1995, she decided to research the dynamics in the formation of gender dysphoria in Bireme Library, which is connected to the Universidade Federal de São Paulo. In 1997, she had sex reassignment surgery with a reputed Brazilian surgeon named Jalma Jurado.
From this period of studies, she published a book entitled Meu Sexo Real (“My Real Sex”), under the pseudonym of Martha Freitas (Vozes Edition, 1998). This book was subsequently sent by its editor to the Frankfurt Book Fair of 1998 and was soon recognized as an authoritative book about the gender subject by Günter Dörner, of the Endocrinology Department at the Humboldt University in Berlin. Later, she would also publish O Mito Genital ("The Genital Myth") by Belaspalavras Edition.
| 2
| 0
|
15846302
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey%20to%20the%20Center%20of%20the%20Earth%20%281989%20film%29
|
Journey to the Center of the Earth (1989 film)
|
Journey to the Center of the Earth is an American 1989 fantasy film directed by Rusty Lemorande and starring Nicola Cowper and Paul Carafotes. It was a nominal sequel to the 1988 film Alien from L.A., both of which are very loosely based on the 1864 novel Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne.
Plot summary
Newly hired nanny Crystina arrives in Hawaii to discover that her charge is the dog of Nimrod, a rock star. Two brothers accidentally take the dog's basket to a local cave with their sister. The group of young people get lost in a cavern while exploring a volcano. The volcano explodes and while fleeing they discover the lost city of Atlantis, at the center of the Earth. Atlantis is inhabited, and view the arrival of the group along with a separate visitor from the surface, Wanda Saknussemm, as an invasion. This leads the Atlanteans to prepare to invade the surface. The children, nanny and Saknussemm must stop the invasion and escape to the surface.
Cast
Emo Philips as Nimrod
Paul Carafotes as Richard
Jackie Bernstein as Sara
Kathy Ireland as Wanda Saknussemm
Janie du Plessis as Gen. Rykov / Shank
Nicola Cowper as Crystina
Lochner De Kock as Professor Galba
Ilan Mitchell-Smith as Bryan
Albert Maritz as Mago/Kepple/lab assistant
Jeff Celentano as Tola
Simon Poland as Roderman / hairdresser
Jeremy Crutchley as Billy Foul
Production
The film marked the directorial debut of Rusty Lemorande and began shooting in June 1986 over the course of 40 days in Newport Beach, California with various underground scenes constructed within a vacant hangar at Long Beach Naval Shipyard.
| 2.125
| 0
|
15846331
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Clarkson
|
Steve Clarkson
|
Clarkson organizes various football camps and programs, such as the Super 7 program held in different cities. His training has been noted for involving significant classroom sessions in addition to on-field training.
Controversy
Clarkson was featured in a CBS "60 Minutes" segment by Morley Safer. The segment aired on a December 22, 2013 episode. During the segment, Safer featured the potential moral implications of creating a business such as Clarkson's "Dreammaker" quarterback camps. Those implications included the question of whether children as young as seven should be intensively training to become college quarterbacks and whether the parents of young children should be investing large sums of money in Clarkson's tutelage. In the segment, Clarkson admitted he did not want his own 10-year-old son to play football. While many of Clarkson's successful former students were featured, none of Clarkson's unsuccessful students were interviewed or even mentioned.
Mike Forcier, the father of a former student Tate Forcier, alleged that Clarkson "was more into promoting than coaching... It's like a big cattle call. That's what it is. It's all about promoting his guys and himself."
Clarkson at one point had fifty kids in private group training that cost $7,400 a year, although add-ons often took the tabs into five figures. He also works with more than 200 other players through camps and semi-private clinics. Clarkson will do a full 12-hour session over two days for an out-of-state QB that costs $3,000 plus expenses.
Clarkson is also self-styled as a recruiting middle man. Forbes Magazine quoted Clarkson as saying "Kids are on the cusp of getting scholarships before high school and it is all because of the Sills story, I guess I'm the person who started this whole madness."
Notable trainees
| 1.914063
| 0
|
15846479
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20T.%20Craw
|
Demas T. Craw
|
Demas Thurlow "Nick" Craw (April 9, 1900 – November 8, 1942) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. Craw and Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton were the first Army Air Forces recipients of the Medal in the European-Mediterranean theater of World War II and the only AAF members to be awarded that decoration for valor not involving air combat.
Biography
Craw was born in Long Lake Township, Michigan (near Traverse City), to Mark Craw, a game warden, and his wife Clara. He was twin brother to Theron Craw, who died in a hunting accident in 1927. A younger sister, Jane, became a registered nurse and served in the Army Nurse Corps during World War II. The twins attended Traverse City public schools, but dropped out of Traverse City High School during World War I to enlist in the United States Army on April 18, 1918, at Columbus Barracks, Ohio. Craw was sent to Camp Stanley, Texas, for training with the 12th Cavalry, then transferred to Columbus, New Mexico, on the border with Mexico. He was promoted to private first class in November 1918 and sent to Machine Gun School at Camp Hancock, Georgia. There he applied for and was selected to attend the Central Officer's Training School at Camp Gordon, Georgia.
In the demobilization of the Army following the Armistice, Craw was discharged on February 15, 1919, but re-enlisted three months later in the infantry at Grand Rapids, Michigan. Assigned as a recruiter, he was promoted to corporal, but continued to pursue a commission. At Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, where he was attached to the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, Craw undertook a two-month preparatory course in February 1920 for entry into the United States Military Academy. Returning to Grand Rapids afterward, Craw was discharged on May 14 and entered West Point on July 1, 1920.
| 1.960938
| 0
|
15846479
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20T.%20Craw
|
Demas T. Craw
|
In September 1937, Craw was assigned as a student to the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, graduating June 20, 1938. His next billet was as Inspector General and Assistant Intelligence Officer, General Headquarters Air Force, at Langley Field, Virginia. On March 11, 1940, Craw was promoted to major. His tour at Langley included temporary duty as an air observer for the War Department in the Netherlands East Indies, China, Romania, and India.
In October 1940, Craw traveled to Cairo, Egypt, as an observer to the Royal Air Force. During combat against Italy in Libya, he was slightly wounded, and with the onset of the Greco-Italian War, went to Athens as assistant military attaché. He reportedly came under fire 136 times and participated in twenty-one RAF bombing sorties during the assignments. When the German army invaded Greece in April 1941, Craw was captured and interned for six weeks, until exchanged at Sofia, Bulgaria, and was awarded the Order of George I (Officer class) by the King of Greece. He returned to Egypt and observed the campaign against the Afrika Korps in June 1941, then was assigned as deputy executive officer of the II Bomber Command at Fort George Wright, Washington. On November 15, 1941, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and on March 1, 1942, after the United States entered the war, to colonel.
In October, Craw was named air officer for Maj. General Lucian K. Truscott, commanding one of the sub-task forces, Force Goalpost, of Operation Torch, an amphibious invasion of North Africa. He sailed with the invasion force from Virginia and while en route, volunteered to assist another Army Air Forces officer, Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton, Truscott's intelligence officer, in delivering a message to the local French commander near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, to broker a cease fire, should French forces resist.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
15846479
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20T.%20Craw
|
Demas T. Craw
|
Medal of Honor action
On November 8, 1942, French forces resisted Allied landing operations and Craw undertook the mission with Hamilton. The officers intended to land at a jetty on the Sebou River near French headquarters, but the alerted French defenders began shelling the landing force, and they instead came ashore with the first wave of Goalpost landing craft carrying troops of the 2nd Battalion, 60th Regimental Combat Team.
After disembarking on Green Beach before dawn, and still under hostile fire from shore batteries, the officers commandeered a small truck. They were strafed by French aircraft when it became stuck in a muddy marsh. After the truck was extricated by a detachment of combat engineers, they attempted to continue their mission but were forced to return to the beach when caught in the exchanges of French artillery and naval gunfire from Task Group 34.8 of the United States Navy. When Truscott expressed misgivings about the mission, Craw convinced him to allow them to continue. They located a jeep and enlisted its driver, Pfc. Orris V. Correy, to cross through the French lines. Craw carried unfurled American and French flags, and Hamilton a white flag, in an attempt to safeguard their passage.
At dawn the officers reached the jetty that was to have been their original starting point. After several contacts with French troops to obtain directions, and requesting a guide (which was refused), the jeep proceeded cautiously approximately six miles into Port Lyautey. As they came over a rise on the outskirts near the French headquarters, a hidden machine gun position took them under sustained fire and killed Craw instantly with a burst to the chest. Hamilton and Correy were both captured, but Hamilton eventually completed the mission and arranged the surrender of French forces.
Craw was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on March 4, 1943, for his part in the mission. Hamilton was also awarded the Medal of Honor in January, 1943.
Awards and honors
| 2.515625
| 0
|
15846479
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20T.%20Craw
|
Demas T. Craw
|
Medal of Honor citation
Colonel Craw's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty. On November 8, 1942, near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, Col. Craw volunteered to accompany the leading wave of assault boats to the shore and pass through the enemy lines to locate the French commander with a view to suspending hostilities. This request was first refused as being too dangerous but upon the officer's insistence that he was qualified to undertake and accomplish the mission he was allowed to go. Encountering heavy fire while in the landing boat and unable to dock in the river because of shell fire from shore batteries, Col. Craw, accompanied by 1 officer and 1 soldier, succeeded in landing on the beach at Mehdia Plage under constant low-level strafing from 3 enemy planes. Riding in a bantam truck toward French headquarters, progress of the party was hindered by fire from our own naval guns. Nearing Port Lyautey, Col. Craw was instantly killed by a sustained burst of machinegun fire at pointblank range from a concealed position near the road.
Legacy
The military airfield at Port Lyautey was named Craw Field in 1943. Other entities named in commemoration were:
Col. Demas T. Craw, U.S. Army Auxiliary Aircraft Repair Ship FS-207 (January 1945);
Demas T. Craw Army Reserve Center, Traverse City, Michigan;
Demas T. Craw Army VA Clinic, Traverse City, Michigan;
Demas T. Craw Squadron, Arnold Air Society, University of Virginia.
Demas T Craw Marker Mehdia Beach Morocco 1952 / Current location or existence unknown. This is the only photo believed to exist of the marker.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
15846559
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Rudolf
|
Anna Rudolf
|
Outside of her playing career, Rudolf is a regular chess commentator at high-profile tournaments, having worked with both Chess.com and chess24. She was the official commentator for the 2018 World Chess Championship together with her childhood idol Judit Polgár. She had started producing instructional videos for chess24 in 2013, and has co-hosted a series with fellow IM Sopiko Guramishvili where they are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics. Since 2017, Rudolf has not played any competitive chess tournaments and focused primarily on her broadcasting career. She launched her own Twitch channel in 2018 and also runs her own YouTube channel.
Early life
Rudolf was born in Miskolc, which was then in the Hungarian People's Republic, on 12 November 1987. She grew up in Bátaszék and has a younger sister named Kata. Her father, László Rudolf, is an experienced chess player with a peak FIDE rating of 2185. He has also been a world champion of hexagonal chess. Rudolf learned how to play chess at the age of four with her sister through the Battle Chess computer game, which follows the same rules as chess while also animating moves and captures anthropomorphically. At nine years old, she drew media attention for defeating Hungarian Grandmaster (GM) Lajos Portisch as a participant in a simultaneous exhibition.
| 2.15625
| 0
|
15846559
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Rudolf
|
Anna Rudolf
|
Rudolf primarily plays 1.e4 (the King's Pawn Game) compared to 1.d4 (the Queen's Pawn Game) or other first moves. When playing against 1.e4, she prefers to respond with the French Defence (1.e4 e6), which she often continues with the Tarrasch Morozevich variation (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Be7). When facing 1.d4, she commonly defends with the Queen's Gambit Declined (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6).
Broadcasting career
Rudolf began her online instructional career by creating a video series for chess24 in 2013. The following year, she teamed up with fellow International Master Sopiko Guramishvili to launch the long-running Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics video series on chess24 in which they aim to combine strategical and tactical approaches to chess with Rudolf as Miss Strategy and Guramishvili as Miss Tactics.
Rudolf had already begun to combine teaching chess with her playing career when she moved to Spain and resided in Madrid in 2010. On chess24, she presents content both in English and in Spanish. She has also released several online training courses, including one titled the Anna Rudolf Method and another via the Chessable course website on attacking strategies in chess.
Rudolf is one of the leading chess commentators. Alongside Judit Polgár, she co-hosted the official coverage of the 2018 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Fabiano Caruana. She has also commentated on the Grand Chess Tour. In addition to over-the-board events, she is also a regular commentator for online events hosted on Chess.com such as the PRO Chess League finals that feature professional chess players and the Pogchamps tournaments that feature popular streamers relatively new to chess.
Rudolf launched her own YouTube channel in 2016, and began streaming on her own Twitch channel in 2018. She complements her focus on chess on her YouTube and Twitch channels with variety content as well.
| 2.109375
| 0
|
15846772
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleofection
|
Nucleofection
|
Nucleofection is an electroporation-based transfection method which enables transfer of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA into cells by applying a specific voltage and reagents. Nucleofection, also referred to as nucleofector technology, was invented by the biotechnology company Amaxa. "Nucleofector" and "nucleofection" are trademarks owned by Lonza Cologne AG, part of the Lonza Group.
Applications
Nucleofection is a method to transfer substrates into mammalian cells so far considered difficult or even impossible to transfect. Examples for such substrates are nucleic acids, like the DNA of an isolated gene cloned into a plasmid, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) for knocking down expression of a specific endogenous gene.
Primary cells, for example stem cells, especially fall into this category, although many other cell lines are also difficult to transfect. Primary cells are freshly isolated from body tissue and thus cells are unchanged, closely resembling the in-vivo situation, and are therefore of particular relevance for medical research purposes. In contrast, cell lines have often been cultured for decades and may significantly differ from their origin.
| 2.359375
| 0
|
15846772
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleofection
|
Nucleofection
|
Mechanism
Based on the physical method of electroporation, nucleofection uses a combination of electrical parameters, generated by a device called Nucleofector, with cell-type specific reagents. The substrate is transferred directly into the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. In contrast, other commonly used non-viral transfection methods rely on cell division for the transfer of DNA into the nucleus. Thus, nucleofection provides the ability to transfect even non-dividing cells, such as neuron and resting blood cells. Before the introduction of the Nucleofector Technology, efficient gene transfer into primary cells had been restricted to the use of viral vectors, which typically involve disadvantages such as safety risks, lack of reliability, and high cost. The non-viral gene transfer methods available were not suitable for the efficient transfection of primary cells. Non-viral delivery methods may require cell division for completion of transfection, since the DNA enters the nucleus during breakdown of the nuclear envelope upon cell division or by a specific localization sequence.
Optimal nucleofection conditions depend upon the individual cell type, not on the substrate being transfected. This means that identical conditions are used for the nucleofection of DNA, RNA, siRNAs, shRNAs, mRNAs and pre-mRNAs, BACs, peptides, morpholinos, PNA, or other biologically active molecules.
| 2
| 0
|
15846842
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumardagh
|
Drumardagh
|
Drumardagh () is a townland in the east of County Donegal in Ulster, Ireland. The townland is about 5 kilometres (around 3 miles) east of Letterkenny in the Laggan district of East Donegal. The townland is just outside the village of Manorcunningham. The Isle Burn flows along the eastern boundary of the townland. The Irish name means 'the Ridge (drum) on the High Place (ardagh)', and it is this elevation that gives Drumardagh its commanding views over Lough Swilly, from Glenswilly to Inch Island, and beyond to the peaks of the Fanad and Inishowen peninsulae.
History
Due to its elevated location, and the surrounding lowland isles on the banks of Lough Swilly, Drumardagh has a history of military significance. The first notable use of the hill in Drumardagh was as a strategic viewing point for the nearby Battle of Farsetmore on 8 May 1567. Drumardagh and surrounding areas of the Laggan district were heavily 'planted' with Lowland Scots settlers during the Plantation of Ulster in the seventeenth century. Hence, a version of Ulster-Scots was spoken in the area, in common with the rest of the Laggan.
In 1790, the British Army erected a stone building in the farmyard at Drumardagh, which they used as a cavalry and munitions store. On the north-westernmost tip of Drumardagh, directly overlooking Lough Swilly, trenches were dug into the hillside, at a place which is known locally as the Cannon Knowe or the Cannon Hill. These trenches were used by the British as a means of maintaining watch over the nearby shipping channel, which at that time was a busy communications link into and out of central County Donegal. Several cannons have been recovered from this site, and an example is now under the care of the nearby Letterkenny Museum.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
15846865
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20politics
|
Scientific politics
|
Scientific politics was a late 19th-century political theory based on the positivist philosophy of Auguste Comte. Proponents of scientific politics advocated a society and political system that was to be organized in accordance with the laws of nature.
Scientific politics was considered to be a sort of liberalism, more specifically conservative liberalism. Proponents of scientific politics rejected liberal jacobinism, and sought to replace revolution with evolution. They rejected classical liberal notions like individual rights, natural law, and constitutionalism as 'metaphysical' and disruptive to social and political evolution. They were willing to sacrifice political liberties such as universal suffrage in order to foster order and social and political progress, which were considered prerequisites for the existence of liberty. Nonetheless proponents of scientific politics didn't consider themselves to be opponents of liberalism, but rather its heirs. They shared the liberal views in support of republicanism, secularism and the importance of progress. Some, but not all, proponents of scientific politics also espoused Social Darwinism.
Most proponents of scientific politics could be found in France, the Ottoman Empire, Spain and Latin America. The rule of Porfirio Díaz in Mexico and Juan Vicente Gómez in Venezuela was justified by their supporters using the theories of scientific politics. The national motto of Brazil, Order and Progress (Ordem e Progresso), was one of the main adages of scientific politics.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
15847065
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Combat%20Communications%20Squadron
|
1st Combat Communications Squadron
|
The 1st Combat Communications Squadron is a military communications unit of the United States Air Force. It is part of the 435th Air Ground Operations Wing, United States Air Forces in Europe. It is located at Ramstein Air Base, Germany.
The squadron traces its history to the constitution of the 1st Airways and Air Communications Service Squadron, Mobile, on 28 January 1952, and its subsequent activation on 1 March 1952 at Johnson Air Base, Japan, as part of the 1808th Airways and Air Communications Service Wing, Airways and Air Communications Service, USAF. After a number of changes, the then-1st Mobile Communications Group arrived at Lindsey ASN, West Germany, in January 1976, thereafter being assigned to the European Communications Area.
Today the squadron's mission is to provide rapidly-deployable communications and air traffic control services throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The unit also supports training exercises, deployments, contingencies, and special military projects for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, United States European Command, the Department of State, and the United Nations, as directed by United States Air Forces in Europe. In many cases, the unit's mission requires its members to be some of the first US forces to arrive at an operating location. Because of the nature of the operation and the services the unit provides, unit members are frequently among the last personnel to leave. Hence the motto, "First In--Last Out."
The squadron was the Air Force's Major General Harold M. McClelland Large Unit of the Year Award winner for 2017.
| 2.03125
| 0
|
15847153
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer-Marsh%20House
|
Palmer-Marsh House
|
The Palmer-Marsh House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark on Main Street south of Carteret Street in Bath, North Carolina. Built in 1744, it is one of the oldest residences in North Carolina, and is a well-preserved example of a large colonial town house with a commercial space built in. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is now a North Carolina state historic site, and is open for tours.
Description and history
The Palmer-Marsh House is located in the center of Bath, on the east side of South Main Street just south of its junction with Carteret Street (North Carolina Highway 92). It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a brick-faced foundation. It is oriented facing south, with a seven-bay facade that has a center entrance with minimal trim. The other facades have secondary entrances at their centers. The secondary entrance on the street-facing west side opens into a large chamber that extends the full depth of the house, with a parlor and study continuing across the front. The interior retains some original features, including wide pine floors and exposed timber framing.
The house was built in 1744 by Michael Coutanch, who used the large western room as a shop. In later years this space is also said to have played host to the colonial legislature when it met in Bath. In the 1760s it was purchased by Robert Palmer, who served as the royal collector of the port, and was on the governor's council. In 1802 the house was purchased by brothers Jonathan and Daniel Gould Marsh, whose family owned it until 1915. It underwent restoration by Historic Bath in 1960–62, and was given to the state in 1963; it has served as a museum property ever since.
| 2.0625
| 0
|
15847249
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Highway%2092
|
North Carolina Highway 92
|
History
NC 92 first appeared on the June 1, 1926 edition of the North Carolina State Transportation map. The western terminus of the highway was located at NC 91 northeast of Jessama. From that point, it ran to the southeast, ending in Bath. All of NC 92 was paved at the time of establishment. By 1933, the eastern terminus of NC 92 was extended south to Bayview. It followed its modern alignment between Bath and Bayview Road but turned south at the Bayview Road intersection and ended in Bayview. In 1931, the entire alignment between Bath and Bayview was considered a graded road but was paved by 1935. The routing remained the same until January 31, 1963 when NCDOT removed NC 92 from Bayview Road and moved the eastern terminus to Belhaven. The highway followed its modern-day routing to NC 306 and then followed the modern routing NC 99 to the northeast. The highway crossed Pungo Creek and Pantego Creek before entering Belhaven and ending at US 264 and US 264 Business in Belhaven. On April 1, 1985, NC 92 was eliminated between NC 306 and Belhaven, with the old routing replaced by an extension of NC 99. The western terminus of NC 92 was later moved to Washington, on May 12, 1986. The highway was routed to run concurrently with US 264 between US 17 in Washington and its former western terminus at the intersection of US 264 and NC 92 northwest of Bayview.
Major intersections
| 1.96875
| 0
|
15847382
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland%2C%20British%20Columbia
|
Falkland, British Columbia
|
Falkland is an unincorporated community located in the Columbia-Shuswap Regional District of British Columbia, Canada.
Recognized as being home to one of Canada's largest Canadian flags, and the annual Falkland Stampede, the Falkland area has a wide array of lakes, which are used for fishing and recreation.
Town history
Falkland was first settled seasonally by the Salish tribes, who frequently stayed in the region during the summer to gather food for the winter. Located in what's now the Falkland Valley, the Salish named the valley Slahaltkan, meaning "meeting of the winds."
Naming and European Settlement
The name "Falkland" was adopted in honor of Colonel Falkland G.E. Warren of the Royal Horse Artillery. Colonel Warren was an early European settler who established a post office in the valley in 1893. The community's name reflects this connection to a prominent figure in the region's early history.
After retiring from British service, Warren emigrated to Canada in 1893. He settled in the valley that would later bear his name—Falkland, British Columbia. As an early pioneer, he established a post office in the area, contributing to the development of the community of Falkland. Warren also worked for the Canadian Pacific Railway during his time in Canada.
Economic Development
The Falkland Gypsum Mine began operations in 1926. This mine played a significant role in the local economy, providing employment and contributing to the region's development. Currently owned by Lafarge, the mine continues to operate, demonstrating the community's ongoing reliance on natural resource industries.
Falkland in the News
| 2.328125
| 0
|
15847435
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Edward%20County%20High%20School
|
Prince Edward County High School
|
Prince Edward County High School is a public high school located in the Farmville area of Prince Edward County, Virginia. The high school is part of the Prince Edward County School Division. The division consists of three Schools: Prince Edward County Elementary School, Prince Edward County Middle School and the Prince Edward County High school. Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League's AA Southside District in Region I.
Leadership (principals)
Historical significance
In 1951, the school, which was then called Moton High School, was all-black and very impoverished. On April 23, 1951, citing the inequities of the current school to the all-white school, Barbra Johns called to action the all-black student body to walk out and go on strike. At the time, white students would attend public all-white schools. Prince Edward County High School is known for the landmark cases Davis v. The Prince Edward County Board of Education and Griffin v. the Prince Edward County Board of Education. These two initial cases that challenged the concept of separate but equal doctrine, and championed by the NAACP were decided for the defendant.
Davis v. The Prince Edward County Board of Education became one of five others forming the foundation of the landmark case, Brown Versus The Board of Education.
By 1959, when the county schools were finally forced to integrate, Prince Edward County reacted by closing their public schools. The schools in Prince Edward County were closed from 1959 to 1964, making it the only county in the nation to close its public schools for an extended period to avoid desegregation.
| 2.65625
| 0
|
15847447
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Office%20for%20Disarmament%20Affairs
|
United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
|
The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) () is an Office of the United Nations Secretariat established in January 1998 as the Department for Disarmament Affairs, part of United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan's plan to reform the UN as presented in his report to the General Assembly in July 1997.
Its goal is to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and the strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological weapons. It also promotes disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons, especially landmines and small arms, which are often the weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts.
It is led by an Under-Secretary-General (USG) and High Representative (HR), Izumi Nakamitsu of Japan, who took office on 1 May 2017.
History
In its landmark resolution 1653 of 1961, "Declaration on the prohibition of the use of nuclear and thermo-nuclear weapons", the UN General Assembly stated that the use of nuclear weaponry "would exceed even the scope of war and cause indiscriminate suffering and destruction to mankind and civilization and, as such, is contrary to the rules of international law and to the laws of humanity".
| 2.84375
| 0
|
15847447
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Office%20for%20Disarmament%20Affairs
|
United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
|
The United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs comprises five branches: Conference on Disarmament Secretariat and Conference Support Branch (Geneva), Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch (WMD), Conventional Arms (including Practical Disarmament) Branch (CAB), the Information and Outreach Branch (IOB) and, Regional Disarmament Branch (RDB). RDB further manages three regional centers.
Branches and centers are organized as follows:
Activities
Conference on Disarmament Secretariat and Conference Support Branch
The Conference on Disarmament Secretariat and Conference Support Branch, based in Geneva, provides organizational and substantive servicing to the Conference on Disarmament (CD), the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of the international community.
Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch
The WMD Branch provides substantive support in the area of the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and biological weapons). It supports and participates in multilateral efforts to strengthen the non-proliferation of WMD and in this connection cooperates with the relevant intergovernmental organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations system, in particular the IAEA, the OPCW and the CTBTO PrepCom.
Conventional Arms (including Practical Disarmament Measures) Branch
The CAB focuses its efforts in the conventional field (all weapons not considered WMDs, including small arms and light weapons) of promoting transparency and confidence-building, curbing the flow of small arms in regions of tension, and developing measures of practical disarmament. It is responsible for substantive conference support on the UN Programme of Action on small arms, the Arms Trade Treaty process, and the UN transparency registers. CAB chairs the UN-internal coordination mechanism on small arms, CASA.
Information and Outreach Branch
| 2.3125
| 0
|
15847470
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmonops%20truncatus
|
Chelmonops truncatus
|
Chelmonops truncatus, the eastern talma or truncate coralfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish from the family Chaetodontidae. It is endemic to Australia.
Description
Chelmonops truncatus bears a close resemblance to the Western talma (C. curiosus), the main difference being that the dorsal fin is truncated, compared to the long filament present on the western species. The fins and dark bands on the body are often tinged vinaceous, giving them a dark, red appearance in some light. Like other butterflyfishes the juveniles have an obvious ocellus on the dorsal fin, but this smudges and becomes less obvious as the fish matures. The smooth profile of the rear part of the dorsal fin is more obvious in younger fish, and this part of the fin becomes slightly elongated in adults. The rear margin of the soft dorsal and anal fins is almost vertical in adults, the fins are more rounded in juveniles. This species attains a maximum total length of .
Distribution
Chelmonops truncatus is endemic to south eastern Australia where it occurs from Double Island Point in southern Queensland south to around Jervis Bay in New South Wales.
Habitat and biology
Chelmonops truncatus is found in coastal bays and estuaries where they live along deep rocky walls. The adults are normally found in pairs, while the juveniles are frequently encountered alone. Their diet comprises small crustaceans, worms, and filamentous algae. Pairs defend territories.
Utilisation
Chelmonops truncatus is rare in the aquarium trade and is almost never exported from Australia.
Taxonomy
Chelmonops truncatus was first formally described in 1859 as Chaetodon truncatus by the austrian ichthyologist Rudolf Kner (1810-1869) with the type locality given as Sydney. The Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker (1819-1878) created the genus Chelmonops in 1876 as a monotypic genus with this species as its only member. C. truncatus is, therefore, the type species of Chelmonops.
| 2.515625
| 0
|
15847593
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Henry%20Emerson
|
William Henry Emerson
|
William Henry "Big Doc" Emerson (June 17, 1860 – November 13, 1924) was an American chemistry professor and dean at Georgia Tech.
Life
William Henry Emerson was born in Tunnel Hill, Georgia in 1860 to Matilda Caroline Austin, daughter of Clisbe Austin, and Caleb J. Emerson. He joined the United States Naval Academy at age 16, graduating in 1880. Emerson spent the next several years as an officer in the U.S. Navy before enrolling in graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University in October 1883. At Johns Hopkins, Emerson studied chemistry under Ira Remsen. He graduated with his Ph.D. in 1886 and accepted a faculty position at the South Carolina Military Academy (now The Citadel).
In 1888, Emerson left this position to join the faculty at the newly formed Georgia School of Technology (now the Georgia Institute of Technology or Georgia Tech) as an assistant professor. When he joined the faculty at Georgia Tech, Emerson held the only American-earned scientific doctorate among the three other professors. Emerson remained at Georgia Tech for the rest of his life, having been appointed its first dean in 1910. He died in 1924 while still a member of the faculty.
Emerson was a member of the Phi Kappa Phi honor society and the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. He received an honorary Sc.D. degree from the University of Georgia in 1912. Emerson also helped form the ANAK Society, a secretive honor society at Georgia Tech for senior students.
Legacy
William Henry Emerson's son, Cherry Logan Emerson, Sr., also attended Georgia Tech and served as one of its deans. William Henry Emerson's grandson, Cherry Logan Emerson, Jr., did not attend Georgia Tech but nevertheless followed in his grandfather's footsteps and became a notable chemist.
| 2.5625
| 0
|
15847595
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak%20language
|
Biak language
|
Sociolinguistic situation
Despite the comparatively high number of speakers compared to some other Austronesian languages, Biak is still in danger of extinction. Within the main towns, the generation of speakers aged between 20 and 50 have only passive knowledge of the language and rarely use the language actively, instead preferring to use Malay. Younger generations do not even generally have passive knowledge of the language. Biak is only actively used as a spoken language by members of the community over 50 years of age or so and even they regularly code switch into Malay. However, within the villages further from town there are still children who are fluent in Biak. Songs in Biak are also very popular throughout the islands.
There is a strong initiative to promote the use of the Biak language, with translations of various books and teaching manuals as well as a radio station and a number of church services throughout the year being conducted solely in Biak. Since 2002, there has also been an initiative to introduce Biak being taught formerly in schools on the islands.
Phonology
Biak has a phoneme inventory consisting of 13 consonants and 5 vowels, in which vowel length is phonemic. In the orthography long vowels are written with an acute accent. The phoneme is very infrequent in its use and some older speakers still realise it as in loanwords.
The vowel is the only rounded vowel in Biak; the other four are unrounded.
Morphology
Pronouns and person markers
In Biak pronouns and articles are morphologically related, with both situating a given participant by indicating their relative discourse or spatial (e.g. directional or motional) status. This is not uncommon for Austronesian Languages. Pronouns in Biak are marked for number and clusivity.
| 3.015625
| 0
|
15847595
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak%20language
|
Biak language
|
The table above restricts person-SPC to 3SG marker for an explanation, but 3SG marker can be replaced (DU), (TR), and (PL.AN) or (PL.INAN). Also, it is important to note that the corpus contains no example of complex articles containing both a directional and a motion marker. Furthermore, and are used as allomorphs of and , respectively, but attested in article-final position only.
In Biak, the relationship between the third-person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives, which is uncommon in Austronesian languages. However, Biak follows the worldwide trend in terms of the relationship.
Moreover, depending on the speaker's relative distance, Biak has three-way distance contrasts of adnominal demonstratives, which is common in Austronesian languages. The comparison is restricted to only adnominal use because some languages do not express the same distance contrasts in adnominal and pronominal demonstratives.
If a complex article contains a demonstrative, the demonstrative is preceded by person-, as illustrated by and , respectively. Also, in the below examples, situational use of demonstratives is shown.
The paradigm for complex articles sets the basis for deictic nouns, predicative pronouns, and locative-existentials.
Deictic nouns
Deictic nouns are formed by applying the formative 'place' at the position preceding demonstratives, as illustrated by 'place-back-over.there' and 'place-here.'
The situational use of demonstratives is seen in (9). On the other hand, (10) shows 'this' as the situational use of demonstratives and 'here' as the anaphoric use of demonstratives.
Predicative pronouns
Predicative pronouns are formed by using the inflected predicative is 'PRED' at the position otherwise occupied by the marker of givenness an. This is illustrated by '3SG.PRED-SPC-this' in both (11) and (12).
In (11), it depends on the context whether situational or anaphoric use of the demonstrative is. Situational use of the demonstrative is given in (12).
| 2.25
| 0
|
15847595
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak%20language
|
Biak language
|
Locative-existentials
Locative-existentials is different from predicative pronouns because they do not possess a specificity marker, which is illustrated by '3SG.PRED-over.there'.
In (13), the use of the demonstrative depends on the context.
Semantics
Demonstratives
For the semantic characterization of demonstratives, a part of Levinson's terminology should be known to grasp the difference between the Figure and the Ground or the Relatum. The Figure refers to an entity positioned somewhere in Space, while the Ground or the Relatum designate the entity in terms of where the entity is.
As additional information, there are three essential points about Levinson's terminology. First, the 'frame of reference' can be classified as an intrinsic frame of reference, a relative frame of reference, and an absolute frame of reference. Second, it is crucial to grasp the origo of the coordinate system. The deictic centre called origo is approximately equal to the speaker's position. Third, it is vital to comprehend deixis. For spatial deixis, the interpretation of spatial linguistics elements is defined by the location of extra-linguistic entities.
Regarding the demonstratives usage, it may be followed by pointing, such as lip-pointing, head pointing, or finger pointing.
Syntax
Demonstratives
From a perspective of syntax, Deictic nouns typically set the complement of a preposition. This is clear from the form 'place-here,' 'place-over.there' in (14) and (15), respectively. However, the demonstrative locational nouns are used on their own, without a preceding preposition. This is illustrated by 'place-here' in (16).
In (14), (15), and (16), these contain the situational use of demonstratives.
Possession
Similar to other Austronesian languages, Biak makes a grammatical distinction between alienable and inalienable for possession.
| 2.65625
| 0
|
15847611
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20longnose%20butterflyfish
|
Yellow longnose butterflyfish
|
Territoriality
Being territorial, yellow longnose butterflyfish patrol their patches of coral with a monogamous partner. However, instances of overt aggression among F. flavissimus have been observed between territory holders and individuals of the same sex. Chasing is rare, but when it does occur, males chase males and females chase females. Females defend food resources from other females, while males defend territories containing a female from other males.
Territoriality is a favorable strategy for a species to adopt primarily when resources are temporally stable, predictable, and evenly distributed throughout a territory. Territoriality is commonly displayed by benthic-feeding longnose butterflyfish, therefore, because their main dietary resources fulfill these characteristics. Their monogamous pairing appears to be closely linked to their territorial behavior. Although several could cause a species to evolve monogamous behavior, the necessity for biparental care does not apply to longnose butterflyfish because they lay pelagic, or freely floating, eggs. One source of selective pressure responsible for the monogamous pairs observed could be the advantage of territorial defense it provides. Monogamy is favored when a pair makes the defense of one or more resources more efficient than defense by a solitary individual. Longnose butterflyfish pairs have been confirmed by studies to be heterosexual and pair fidelity has been observed for periods of up to seven or more years.
| 2.921875
| 0
|
15847628
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Doughty%20Bartlett
|
Paul Doughty Bartlett
|
Paul Doughty Bartlett (August 14, 1907 – October 11, 1997) was an American chemist.
Life and career
Bartlett was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan and grew up in Indianapolis. He received his B.A. from Amherst College in 1928. After his graduation from Harvard with James Bryant Conant, Bartlett worked at the Rockefeller Institute and the University of Minnesota. Most of his career was spent at Harvard. Among other achievements, Bartlett was co-author with Lawrence H. Knox of a classic paper on organic reaction mechanisms. After his retirement in 1972, he started his second career at Texas Christian University.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1947. He was awarded the Willard Gibbs Award in 1963, National Medal of Science in 1968, and the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1970. In 1969, Paul Doughty Bartlett was elected as member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1978.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
15847659
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujail%20massacre
|
Dujail massacre
|
The Dujail massacre was a mass killing of Shiite rebels by the Ba'athist Iraqi government on 8 July 1982 in Dujail, Iraq. The massacre was committed in retaliation to an earlier assassination attempt by the Iranian-backed Islamic Dawa Party against the then President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein. The town of Dujail had a large Shia population, with 75,000 residents at the time of the incident, and was a well-known stronghold of the Dawa Party. It is located approximately from the capital of Baghdad, in the Sunni-majority Saladin Governorate of Iraq.
Hundreds of men, women and children were detained after the failed assassination attempt; more than 140 people were sentenced and executed for their alleged involvement in the plot, including four people who were mistakenly killed during the mass executions. Hundreds more were sent into exile and their houses, farms and properties were demolished.
Following his capture and subsequent trial during the Iraq War, Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006 for crimes against humanity in connection with his involvement in the Dujail massacre. Many others, including Hussein's brother, were also sentenced and executed for crimes against humanity.
Background
The Shia-dominated town of Dujail was a stronghold of the Islamic Dawa Party, an Islamist organization involved in the Iranian-backed insurgency against Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime in Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War. Widely viewed in the West as a terrorist organization at the time, the Dawa Party was banned by the Iraqi regime in 1980 and its members sentenced to death in absentia by the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council.
| 1.921875
| 0
|
15847659
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujail%20massacre
|
Dujail massacre
|
After nearly two years in detention, around 400 detainees, primarily family members of the 148 who had confessed to involvement, were sent into internal exile in a remote part of southern Iraq. The remaining detainees were released and sent back to Dujail.
Trial and execution of suspects
Following the 1982 confessions of 148 of the accused, the judiciary investigated the evidence in support and in late May 1984, it accepted their pleas of guilty to treason for providing armed support for Iran during the war, allowing the Revolutionary Court to review the investigation records and confessions before it sentenced the suspects. On 14 June 1984, the court handed down the mandatory death sentence. On 23 July 1984, Saddam signed the court documents authorising the executions and ordered the razing of the homes, buildings, date palms and fruit orchards of the convicted.
On March 23, 1985, 96 of the 105 condemned still living were executed. Two of the condemned were accidentally released, and a third was mistakenly transferred to another prison and survived. The 96 executed included four members of the Abdel-Amir family who had previously been found not guilty and ordered released. They were instead mistakenly executed. An investigation recommended for a decree to be issued to declare the Abdel-Amirs "martyrs" and the return of the property confiscated from their relatives. It further recommended the prosecution of the officer responsible. Saddam gave his approval to the recommendation and issued the decree. The officer would be sentenced to three years of imprisonment.
Ten children aged between 11 and 17 were originally believed to have been among the 96 executed, but they had actually been transferred to a prison outside the city of Samawah. In 1989, the ten juveniles, all now adults, were secretly executed on the orders of the Mukhabarat.
After the fall of Saddam
| 2.0625
| 0
|
15847724
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonietta%20Meo
|
Antonietta Meo
|
Meo viewed the loss of her leg as a sacrifice to Jesus for the conversion of sinners. "I am very happy that Jesus gave me this problem so that I may be his dearest one," she told her father after her leg was amputated. She also remarked, "Pain is like fabric, the stronger it is, the more it's worth" to her father on a different occasion. Sources disagree on the exact wording of this statement. "For an instant I lie down on my wound, so as to offer more pain to Jesus," she spoke to her spiritual guide. "When you feel pain, you have to keep quiet and offer it to Jesus for a sinner. Jesus suffered so much for us, but He hadn't committed any sin: He was God. How could we complain, we who are sinners and always offend him?" she told her mother. Meo was eager to receive the sacraments of the Catholic Church and received the initiation sacraments (baptism, confirmation and the holy communion) as well as the extreme unction in June 1937.
Meo insisted on writing one last letter to Jesus a few days before her death but failed to finish it due to her illness. She asked Jesus to care for everyone she loved and for strength to bear her pain. She ended the letter with the words, "Your little girl sends you a lot of kisses." She told her mother when it was time for her to die. "In a few hours, I will die, but I will not suffer anymore, and you shouldn't cry. I should have lived a few days longer, but Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus said, "it's enough!" After Meo died, her mother received a vision of her daughter in a glorified state, reassuring her that she was now in heaven.
The Basilica of Santa Croce in Rome, where Meo was baptized and spent much of her time in meditation, holds a shrine containing relics from her life. The church moved her body inside in 1999.
| 2.015625
| 0
|
15847724
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonietta%20Meo
|
Antonietta Meo
|
Canonization efforts
Before 1981, the Vatican Congregation for Saints required that a candidate for sainthood reach some level of maturity. In 1981, it relaxed that rule, declaring that "it is possible to speak of a human being being precocious in their sense of good and evil". The Catholic Church commemorates the Holy Innocents as the first martyrs. The youngest saints canonized in modern times, Francisco and Jacinta Marto, became the two youngest non-martyred Catholic saints in 2017. The next-youngest modern saint, Maria Goretti, died in 1902 at age eleven and was canonized in 1950 as a virgin and martyr.
Efforts to canonize Meo began soon after her death. Her case went to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 23 May 1972. Pope Benedict XVI approved a decree on 17 December 2007, praising the girl's heroic virtues and approving the process to start declaring her a saint. A woman in Indiana has already attributed one of two necessary miracles to Meo, claiming she became Hepatitis C-free after invocating Meo.
| 2.15625
| 0
|
15847827
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Azure%20Dev%20Tools%20for%20Teaching
|
Microsoft Azure Dev Tools for Teaching
|
Microsoft Azure Dev Tools for Teaching or simply Azure Dev Tools for Teaching is a Microsoft program to provide students with Microsoft software design, Microsoft developer tools, Cloud Computing Access and learning resources. The program is available for university/college and K-12 students Azure for Student and Azure Dev Tools for teaching are available in more than 140 countries.
It has formerly been known as Microsoft Imagine, DreamSpark and MSDN-AA.
Azure Dev Tools for Teaching (previously known as Microsoft Imagine Standard and Premium) is a subscription-based offering for accredited schools and departments providing access to tools commonly used in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) programs. It gives teachers and students tools, software, and services from Microsoft that are used by professional developers and designers.
Many academic institutions provide information and resources for Azure Dev Tools for teaching and Azure for students under their academic IT Services support pages; see the following example from a university from around the world .
1. University of Pittsburgh
2. Queen University
3. University of Sussex
History
All students get access to Cloud resources and Azure credit. student must register at Microsoft Azure for Student and verify their identity through their verified educational institutions. If an institution is not listed on the available list, the user may manually verify their student status by uploading a proof such as an ID card.
The Microsoft student developer tools programme was announced by Bill Gates as DreamSpark on February 20, 2008, during a speech at Stanford University. It is estimated that up to 35 million students will be able to access these software titles through this program. The service was renamed to Microsoft Imagine on September 7, 2016, to better align with the annual Imagine Cup competition hosted by Microsoft. and renamed to Azure Dev Tools for Teaching and Azure for Students in June 2018.
| 2.640625
| 0
|
15847893
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20G8
|
HMS G8
|
HMS G8 was a G-class submarine of the Royal Navy that saw service during World War I, costing an estimated £125,000.
Description
The G-class submarines were designed by the Admiralty in response to a rumour that the Germans were building double-hulled submarines for overseas duties. The submarines had a length of overall, a beam of and a mean draft of . They displaced on the surface and submerged. The G-class submarines had a crew of 30 officers and ratings. They had a partial double hull.
For surface running, the boats were powered by two Vickers two-stroke diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a electric motor. They could reach on the surface and underwater. On the surface, the G class had a range of at .
The boats were intended to be armed with one 21-inch (53.3 cm) torpedo tube in the bow and two 18-inch (45 cm) torpedo tubes on the beam. This was revised, however, while they were under construction, the 21-inch tube was moved to the stern and two additional 18-inch tubes were added in the bow. They carried two 21-inch and eight 18-inch torpedoes. The G-class submarines were also armed with a single deck gun.
War service
Like the rest of her class, G8s role was to patrol the North Sea in search of German submarines.
G8 belonged to the 10th Flotilla during her war service, but also operated out of Scapa Flow during most of 1917. Her patrol areas were from north of Shetland to Norway, the Skagerrak, the Kattegat, and the Horns Reef. She also made one patrol out of Harwich for the 9th Flotilla in August 1916 before joining the Tees Flotilla.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
15847948
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative%20prayer
|
Affirmative prayer
|
Affirmative prayer is a form of prayer or a metaphysical technique that is focused on a positive outcome rather than a negative situation. For instance, a person who is experiencing some form of illness would focus the prayer on the desired state of perfect health and affirm this desired intention "as if already happened" rather than identifying the illness and then asking God for help to eliminate it.
New Thought
New Thought spirituality originated during the 1880s and has emphasized affirmative prayer as an essential part of its philosophy. Practitioners among the various New Thought denominations Religious Science, Divine Science and Unity may also refer to this form of prayer by such names as "scientific prayer," "spiritual mind treatment" or, simply, "treatment."
Within New Thought organizations, centers, and churches, the foundational logic of this form of prayer is based on the belief that God is unlimited and plays no favorites, that God has created spiritual laws that are both as mysterious and as constant as scientific principles like gravity, and thus if one's prayer is correctly and diligently focused, it will be answered consistently.
Religious Science, Divine Science, and Unity
Affirmative prayer is called "Spiritual Mind Treatment" by practitioners of Religious Science.
Affirmative prayer with a Christian theme is a central practice of the Unity School of Christianity.
Jewish Science
| 2.578125
| 0
|
15847973
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris%20E.%20Crain
|
Morris E. Crain
|
Morris E. Crain (October 7, 1924 – March 13, 1945) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.
Biography
Crain joined the Army from Paducah, Kentucky in March 1943, and by March 13, 1945, was serving as a technical sergeant in Company E, 141st Infantry Regiment, 36th Infantry Division. On that day, he led his platoon during urban combat against a German force in Haguenau, France. He repeatedly braved hostile fire to lead and encourage his men, procure ammunition, and carry messages. When a house defended by some of his men came under intense attack from German soldiers and a tank, he ordered the men to withdraw while he held the position alone. He was killed when the house was destroyed by German fire. For these actions, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on February 13, 1946.
Crain, aged 20 at his death, was buried in Mount Pleasant Church, La Center, Kentucky.
Medal of Honor citation
Technical Sergeant Crain's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
| 2.09375
| 0
|
15847973
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris%20E.%20Crain
|
Morris E. Crain
|
He led his platoon against powerful German forces during the struggle to enlarge the bridgehead across the Moder River. With great daring and aggressiveness he spearheaded the platoon in killing 10 enemy soldiers, capturing 12 more and securing its objective near an important road junction. Although heavy concentrations of artillery, mortar, and self-propelled gunfire raked the area, he moved about among his men during the day, exhorting them to great efforts and encouraging them to stand firm. He carried ammunition and maintained contact with the company command post, exposing himself to deadly enemy fire. At nightfall the enemy barrage became more intense and tanks entered the fray to cover foot troops while they bombarded our positions with grenades and rockets. As buildings were blasted by the Germans, the Americans fell back from house to house. T/Sgt. Crain deployed another platoon which had been sent to his support and then rushed through murderous tank and small-arms fire to the foremost house, which was being defended by 5 of his men. With the enemy attacking from an adjoining room and a tank firing pointblank at the house, he ordered the men to withdraw while he remained in the face of almost certain death to hold the position. Although shells were crashing through the walls and bullets were hitting all around him, he held his ground and with accurate fire from his submachinegun killed 3 Germans. He was killed when the building was destroyed by the enemy. T/Sgt. Crain's outstanding valor and intrepid leadership enabled his platoon to organize a new defense, repel the attack and preserve the hard-won bridgehead.
Honored in ship naming
The USAT Morris E. Crain, a United States Army ship which served at the end of World War II, was named in his honor.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
15848080
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Park%20School%2C%20Yeovil
|
The Park School, Yeovil
|
The Park School (Yeovil) was an independent, co-educational day school, near Yeovil, Somerset, England. It had 250 students from Reception to sixth form and was the only independent school in Yeovil. Based in Yeovil since its foundation in 1851, the school moved to Chilton Cantelo in 2017–2018 where it maintained Junior, Senior and Sixth Form departments.
The school closed in May 2020.
History
The school was founded in 1851 by Mrs Bennet, who was headmistress from 1851 to 1919. It was originally an all-girls school, before becoming a co-educational school in 1991. In 2017 the school acquired the buildings and grounds of the former Chilton Cantelo School and relocated the junior school and boarders in September 2017, followed by the senior school and sixth form in September 2018. The final head was Jane Huntington, who had been appointed in 2011 following Paul Bate's retirement.
School format
The school was independent, co-educational with a Christian foundation. Founded as an evangelical Christian foundation, before it became a registered charity. Students were predominantly from the local area.
School houses
Students and staff (apart from P.E teachers, and headteachers) were placed into one of four school houses. Families were always put into the same house. The houses were: (house colour in brackets)
Müller (formerly Ashley) (green)
Slessor (yellow)
Shaftesbury (red)
Livingstone (blue)
Ashley House was formally changed to Müller following a school referendum in 2014. Head of House, Mr. Richard Coles, suggested that a change of name would be a suitable way to mark the centenary of the start of WW1. The other three houses were named after Christian philanthropists. Ashley, however, was named after Ashley Down in Bristol, which was the location of the George Müller's children's homes. The prefects in the interwar years felt that it was unfitting to have a house with a Germanic name, but still wanted to recognise the work of Müller.
| 2
| 0
|
15848124
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazian%20railway
|
Abkhazian railway
|
On 15 May 2009, the President of Abkhazia, Sergei Bagapsh, announced, that Abkhazia's railway and airport would be transferred to Russia with management rights for ten years, a decision, which caused a negative outcry in Abkhazia. According to the Abkhaz tycoon and opposition party leader, Beslan Butba, this has led to growing anti-Russian sentiment in Abkhazia.
The Adler-Gagra train service was resumed on 26 June 2010 by the Don-Prigorod company.
Russian Railways restored a 130 km section of the railway in mid-2011 using a 2 billion ruble loan from the Russian government. Regular passenger services from Moscow and Sochi were also restored.
Operation
The railway is administered by the Abkhazskaya Zheleznaya Doroga (, ) company. As of 2016, there is a daily long-distance train between Moscow and Sukhumi, and some suburban trains between Adler and Gagra.
Currently, there is only one train connection from the Russian Federation to Abkhazia. The train from Moscow to Sukhumi operates daily at the high touristic season in summer and twice a week at the low season. The additional trains from Belgorod and St. Petersburg operate during the summer months which is the main tourist season.
Link to Georgia
There have been proposals to re-establish rail traffic between Russia and the Trans-Caucasian countries of Armenia and Georgia. The alternative route through Azerbaijan is significantly longer and not available at all, in the case of Armenia, due to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
Abkhazia and Russia signed a protocol on repairing the Abkhazian stretch in October 1995, but Georgia has long tied the restoration of rail traffic with the return of refugees to Abkhazia. Negotiations to restore the railway link between Georgia and Abkhazia were held in 2004-2005, but ultimately stalled.
| 1.921875
| 0
|
15848150
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karka%E1%B9%ADa
|
Karkaṭa
|
Karkaṭa, also referred to as Karka or Karkatha, is a month in the Indian solar calendar. It corresponds to the zodiacal sign of Cancer, and overlaps approximately with the later half of July and early half of August in the Gregorian calendar.
In Vedic texts, the Karka month is called Suchi (IAST: Śuchi), but in these ancient texts it has no zodiacal associations. The solar month of Karkata overlaps with its lunar month Shraavana, in Hindu lunisolar calendars. The Shraavana marks the middle of the monsoon season on the Indian subcontinent, and is preceded by the solar month of Mithuna, and followed by the solar month of Siṃha.
The Karkata month is called Adi in the Tamil Hindu calendar. The ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts of India vary in their calculations about the duration of Karkata, just like they do with other months. For example, the Surya Siddhanta calculates the duration of Karkata to be 31 days, 11 hours, 24 minutes and 24 seconds. In contrast, the Arya Siddhanta calculates the duration of the Karkata month to be 31 days, 11 hours, 13 minutes and 36 seconds.
The Indian solar month names are significant in epigraphical studies of South Asia. For example, Karkaṭa month, along with other solar months are found inscribed in medieval era temples. The Karkaṭa month (spelled as Karkataka) is found inscribed in Chola Empire monument such as the Valisvara temple near Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border.
Karka is also an astrological sign in Indian horoscope systems, corresponding to Cancer (astrology).
Karkata is also the sixteenth month in the Darian calendar for the planet Mars, when the Sun traverses the constellation Cancer as seen from Mars.
| 2.703125
| 0
|
15848255
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20L.%20Rasmussen
|
Robert L. Rasmussen
|
Post Navy career
Due to his prowess as an artist, his knowledge of US Naval Aviation history, and his lengthy aviation career, he was asked to join the Naval Aviation Museum Foundation as vice president upon his retirement. In 1987, he fleeted up to director and oversaw the museum’s expansion in which its size and operation was increased 300% and collection was increased over 400%. He was inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor in 2008, and was awarded the Navy Superior Civilian Service Award on 24 September 2009. Captain Rasmussen retired as the Director of the museum on September 30, 2014.
Art career
A prolific artist, Rasmussen has created hundreds of Naval Aviation paintings in watercolor, oil and acrylic. His bronze sculptures include the design of the Spirit of Naval Aviation, displayed at the front entrance of the National Museum of Naval Aviation, Pensacola, Florida, the Alan Shepard memorial heroic figure at the Astronaut Hall of Fame, and the World War II and Korean War memorials in Pensacola, Florida. His works have been displayed around the country, including the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida, and the NASA Museum at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Rasmussen is the recipient of the R.G. Smith Award for Excellence in Naval Aviation Art,
Personal life
Captain Rasmussen is married to the former Phyllis Colter of Pensacola. They have two children, daughter Kathryn and son Eric; Eric is also a retired Navy Captain, Naval Aviator and career F/A-18 Hornet pilot.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
15848293
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humane%20Farm%20Animal%20Care
|
Humane Farm Animal Care
|
Humane Farm Animal Care is a nonprofit organization established to promote and administer its certification and labeling program, Certified Humane Raised & Handled, for meat, dairy, eggs and poultry raised under its animal care standards in the US. It is governed by a board of directors and retains a scientific committee which includes scientists and veterinarians. The organization is endorsed by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
History
Both the organization and the Certified Humane Raised & Handled program were founded in 2003, by Adele Douglass. In the late 1990s, Douglass had traveled to England to study a brand of farm products which advertised as derived from humanely raised animals. Certified Humane was influenced by the RSPCA Assured scheme.
Mission
Humane Farm Animal Care's mission is "improving the lives of farm animals in food production from birth through slaughter."
"Certified Humane Raised and Handled" program
The certification program requires the inspection of aspects of production, including raising of live animals, slaughter and the processing/packaging of animal products, to ensure the authenticity of the Certified Humane Raised & Handled label. The program provides documents detailing certification program requirements and specifications, as well as standards for animal care and slaughter. The program is ISO Guide 65 accredited (the USDA is the accrediting agency in the US).
HFAC says that its label "creates a win-win-win situation for retailers, producers, and consumers." Animal rights philosopher Gary L. Francione criticizes this as promoting the idea "that animal interests should be protected if and only if there is an economic benefit for humans in doing so". Francione says that "linking animal welfare with efficient exploitation is inconsistent with the recognition of the inherent value of nonhumans" and connects the label with broader trends in the animal movement.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
15848360
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%20%C3%93%20Foighil
|
Pól Ó Foighil
|
Pól Ó Foighil (1 June 1928 – 21 March 2005) was an Irish politician and activist for Irish-speaking, coastal and island communities. A teacher turned co-operative manager, he was an active member of the Fine Gael party, and as a long-serving councillor he was the party's only elected representative in the Connemara Gaeltacht for two decades. He also served as a senator from 1989 to 1993.
Early life and family
Ó Foighil was born in Thurles, County Tipperary, and was educated by the Christian Brothers in Thurles and at University College Galway (UCG). His first job was as a teacher in the Cois Fharraige area of south Connemara, and he settled in Inverin. He married Chrissie Nic Eoin, and they had seven children.
One of their four sons, Éanna, a medical student at UCG, committed suicide in 1982. Ó Foighil later spoke on RTÉ television about the impact of suicide on families.
Activism
Ó Foighil's first community development effort was the establishment of group schemes for water supply, leading to the nickname "fear an uisce". He went on establishing Irish-language summer colleges in Connemara, and to develop co-operatives in Connemara, the Aran Islands, and Inishbiggle.
As manager of the co-op on Inis Meáin, he supervised the construction of a desalination plant on the island, and of a controversial wind farm. The environmentalist and author Tim Robinson opposed the wind turbines, and was accused by Ó Foighil of "giving vent to confrontational heritage attitudes" and of being "hell bent" on the depopulation of Inis Meáin". He also campaigned for a cable-car to link the island of Inishbiggle in County Mayo with the neighbouring Achill Island. Inishbiggle had no ferry service, and the short crossing to the island was frequently impassable due to poor weather, with result that families had to leave the island so that their children could attend school. The government agreed to fund a cable car, but in December 2005 the plan was cancelled in favour of improved piers.
| 2.0625
| 0
|
15848423
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%20Massey
|
Cal Massey
|
Career
In the mid-1950s, Massey led an ensemble in Philadelphia with Jimmy Garrison, McCoy Tyner, and Tootie Heath. On occasion, guests including John Coltrane and Donald Byrd played with Massey's group. According to jazz researcher Fred Ho, after his move to Brooklyn, Massey put together a new group. Tenor saxophonist Roland Alexander told Ho that the group included Alexander and Massey on saxophone and trumpet, with Sadik Hakim on piano, Roy Standard on bass, and Scoby Stroman on drums. "The band worked such Brooklyn clubs as the Moulin Rouge, The Turbo Village, and The Coronet. The band never worked outside of Brooklyn, according to Alexander. Massey in this period would occasionally do concerts with Sonny Stitt and Coltrane in Philadelphia. Alexander believed that the Brooklyn quartet worked for two or three years." However, Ho writes that according to Massey's wife Charlotte, "they often lived at the edge of poverty. Massey earned most of his money not from performing but from the many arrangements he wrote for local bands and singers."
In the 1950s, he gradually receded from active performance and concentrated on composition; his works were recorded by Coltrane, Tyner, Freddie Hubbard, Jackie McLean, Lee Morgan, Philly Joe Jones, Horace Tapscott and Archie Shepp. Massey played and toured with Shepp from 1969 until 1972. He also performed in The Romas Orchestra with Romulus Franceschini.
Massey died from a heart attack at the age of 44 in New York City, New York. His son, Zane Massey (born 1957), is also a jazz musician.
| 2.375
| 0
|
15848447
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Queen%20%28Through%20the%20Looking-Glass%29
|
Red Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)
|
The Red Queen is a fictional character and the main antagonist in Lewis Carroll's fantasy 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass. She is often confused with the Queen of Hearts from the previous book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), although the two are very different.
Overview
With a motif of Through the Looking-Glass being a representation of the game of chess, the Red Queen could be viewed as an antagonist in the story as she is the queen for the side opposing Alice. Despite this, their initial encounter is a cordial one, with the Red Queen explaining the rules of chess concerning promotion—specifically that Alice is able to become a queen by starting out as a pawn and reaching the eighth square at the opposite end of the board. As a queen in the game of chess, the Red Queen is able to move swiftly and effortlessly.
Later, in Chapter 9, the Red Queen appears with the White Queen, posing a series of typical Wonderland/Looking-Glass questions ("Divide a loaf by a knife: what's the answer to that?"), and then celebrating Alice's promotion from pawn to queen. When that celebration goes awry, Alice turns against the Red Queen, whom she "considers as the cause of all the mischief", and shakes her until the queen morphs into Alice's pet kitten. In doing this, Alice presents an end game, awakening from the dream world of the looking glass, by both realizing her hallucination and symbolically "taking" the Red Queen in order to checkmate the Red King. The red queen is often said to be based on Mary Prickett, the Alice Liddell family's governess.
Confusion with the Queen of Hearts
The Red Queen is commonly mistaken for the Queen of Hearts from the story's predecessor, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The two share the characteristics of being strict queens associated with the color red, while their personalities are very different. Carroll, in his lifetime, made the distinction between the two Queens by saying:
| 2.453125
| 0
|
15848452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Ball%20%28American%20author%29
|
Edward Ball (American author)
|
Edward Ball (born 1958) is an American author who has written multiple works on topics such as history and biography. He is best known for works that explore the complex past of his family, whose members were major rice planters and slaveholders in South Carolina for nearly 300 years. One of his more well known works is based around an African-American family, descended from one member of this family and an enslaved woman, whose members became successful artists and musicians in the Jazz Age.
The Ball Family Slaveholder Index (BFSI) reports that between 1698 and 1865, six generations of the Ball family "owned more than twenty rice plantations in Lowcountry South Carolina and enslaved nearly 4,000 Africans and African Americans." Edward Ball, who completed his MA in 1984, worked as a freelance journalist before he began researching and writing about his family's history of slaveholding.
His books include Slaves in the Family (1998), which won a National Book Award. In Slaves in the Family, he described his great-great grandfather, Isaac Ball (1785-1825), a fifth generation member of the Ball family of slaveholders, who inherited the Comingtee plantation, near Charleston and owned 571 enslaved people.
He was also recognized for his Life of a Klansman: A Family History in White Supremacy (2020). In the Life of a Klansman: A Family History in White Supremacy, he wrote about his maternal great-great-grandfather, Constant Lecorgne (1832 -n.d. ). At one time, he was officially classified as "colored," which denoted that he was a mulatto or a mixed race person at the time. Having European ancestors, he changed his name and passed as white. He became an "embittered racist."
| 2.78125
| 0
|
15848452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Ball%20%28American%20author%29
|
Edward Ball (American author)
|
Early years and education
Edward Ball was born in 1958 in Savannah, Georgia to parents with deep roots in the South. He is a son of Theodore Ball, an Episcopal priest, and Janet (Rowley) Ball, a bookkeeper. Ball grew up in Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana, as his family moved following his father's church assignments. His father's ancestors had been major planters and slaveholders for six generations in South Carolina. Ball graduated from St. Martin's Episcopal School in 1976.
Ball received a B.A. from Brown University in 1982 and an M.A. from the University of Iowa in 1984.
During the 1980s, Ball worked as a freelance journalist in New York City, writing about art, books, and film for The Village Voice and Condé Nast, Hearst, and Hachette magazines. He also wrote a column about architecture and design for The Village Voice.
Slaves in the Family
Ball's history Slaves in the Family (1998) was described in a 2020 New York Times review as a "deeply reported National Book Award-winning history". Ball had "tracked down descendants of those who had once been enslaved by his South Carolina ancestors on his father’s side." In it he described how the Ball family had owned slaves in South Carolina for six generations. The well-received book was also reviewed at the time of publication by the Washington Times, and The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Edward Ball's great-great grandfather, Isaac Ball (1785–1825)—a fifth generation of the Ball family slaveholders—had inherited the Comingtee plantation, near Charleston, and owned 571 enslaved people. The Ball Family Slaveholder Index reported that between 1698 and 1865, generations of Ball family "owned more than twenty rice plantations in Lowcountry South Carolina and enslaved nearly 4,000 Africans and African Americans."
| 2.28125
| 0
|
15848452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Ball%20%28American%20author%29
|
Edward Ball (American author)
|
Edward Ball conducted research that went far beyond this work, as he traced numerous slaves named in records, including some who appeared in photographs held by the family. He has recounted the life of an enslaved African woman named Priscilla by his Ball ancestor. She was captured from the area of present-day Sierra Leone in 1756 and sold in Charleston to Isaac Ball (or his overseer). She died at Comingtee plantation near Charleston in 1820. Ball's account, "Priscilla's homecoming", was published by The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. In Ball's telling, a former enslaved African American, P.H. Martin (c. 1853-) had written several letters in the 1920s to his former master, also named Isaac Ball.
Life of a Klansman: A Family History in White Supremacy
In his 2020 book, Life of a Klansman: A Family History in White Supremacy, Ball explores the life of his maternal great-great-grandfather, Polycarp Constant Lecorgne (1832–1886), called Constant. Ball's family referred to him as a 19th-century Klansman. He was born in Louisiana and raised in ethnically complex New Orleans. Lecorgne was a middle son in a large, French-speaking white Creole family: his mother's family had owned a plantation in Louisiana and been there for some time, and his father deserted from the French Navy. At one time the Lecorgnes rented a house from a French-speaking free woman of color.
Lecorgne became a carpenter but was not very successful, and was considered part of the poor white working class, known as petit blancs. After serving in the Confederate Army (where he was not very successful), in the early 1870s, during Reconstruction, Lecorgne became active in the White League in his neighborhood; it was one of a number of paramilitary, white supremacist organizations. It operated openly for maximum intimidation of Republican blacks. He participated in an 1873 attack on a local police station but it was suppressed.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
15848452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Ball%20%28American%20author%29
|
Edward Ball (American author)
|
In this book, Ball also explored the life of Louis Charles Roudanez, a prominent homme de couleur libre, or free man of color, a contemporary in New Orleans of the Lecorgne family. Creoles of color (who like other ethnic French still mostly spoke French), were often descendants of white French or ethnic French fathers and African-descended women, some of whom were women of color, had developed as a separate class in New Orleans, attaining education, property, and standing by the 19th century. Roudanez became educated, and a medical doctor, "trained in France and at Dartmouth, who published The New Orleans Tribune, a daily newspaper for the Black community." It was the first such paper in the United States.
Ball explored Roudanez's descendants and found a great-great grandson in St. Paul, Minnesota. He appeared and identified as white. He grew up knowing only of his white ancestry and culture. He learned in 2005, at the age of 55 after his father's death, that his father had been a Roudanez descendant, recorded at birth in New Orleans as "colored", or mixed-race (when much of the South had established laws related to the one-drop rule). Refusing to be limited by state segregation in Louisiana, his father had changed his name and passed as white, studying and graduating from the segregated Tulane University. After that he moved to the upper Midwest, where he lived and worked, married a white woman, and had a family. But, his son said, the father as he knew him as an adult had become "a resentful white racist."
Reception
According to the 2020 Times review of Life of a Klansman,
"The interconnected strands of race and history give Ball’s entrancing stories a Faulknerian resonance. In Ball’s retelling of his family saga, the sins and stains of the past are still very much with us, not something we can dismiss by blaming them on misguided ancestors who died long ago."
| 2.390625
| 0
|
15848452
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Ball%20%28American%20author%29
|
Edward Ball (American author)
|
Selected works
The Sweet Hell Inside: The Rise of an Elite Black Family in the South (Morrow, 2001) — The history of the Harlestons, a prosperous black family who were descendants of a white Southern slaveholder and his enslaved black cook. They struggled after the end of the Civil War to create a dynasty in art and music during the Jazz Age.
Peninsula of Lies: A True Story of Mysterious Birth and Taboo Love (Simon & Schuster, 2004) — The life of English writer Gordon Hall, who, during the 1960s, became one of the first sex-reassignment patients. He transitioned to become Dawn Langley Simmons, a rich white woman. She married a black fisherman. She claimed their mixed-race daughter was her biological child.
The Genetic Strand: Exploring a Family History Through DNA (Simon & Schuster, 2007) — After finding a 150-year-old collection of children's hair, kept by his family during the 1800s, Ball turns to DNA science as a tool of family history. He had the locks of hair analysed to reveal their genetic secrets.
The Inventor and the Tycoon: A Gilded Age Murder and the Birth of Moving Pictures (Doubleday, 2013) — Ball explores the lives of 19th-century photographer Eadweard Muybridge and railroad capitalist Leland Stanford. Together they invented the technology of motion pictures. Muybridge murdered a man who had seduced his wife.
Other work
Edward Ball has taught at Yale University between 2010 and 2015. He has also taught at the State University of New York.
Recognition
Awards
Fellow, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University 2016–17
Fellow, Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers, New York Public Library, 2015–16
Fellow, National Endowment for the Humanities, Public Scholar Grant, 2015
Southern Book Award, 1999
National Book Award, Nonfiction, 1998
| 2.40625
| 0
|
15848486
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20C.%20T.%20Chao
|
Edward C. T. Chao
|
Scientific contributions
Chao worked on a variety of topics over the course of his USGS career, including engineering geology, economic geology, and coal petrology. However, he was best known for his work on impact geology and tektites. Shortly after he began work on tektites in 1960, Chao was given a sample of sandstone from the vicinity of Meteor Crater, Arizona. From this material, he was able to isolate an unusual mineral with high refractive index, which he showed to be a high-pressure polymorph of silicon dioxide. He named the new mineral coesite in honor of the scientist who had synthesized the same phase in the laboratory seven years earlier. Several years later, Chao found a second high-pressure polymorph of silica in these rocks. It, too, had been previously synthesized in laboratory studies, but was not known to occur in nature. He named this mineral stishovite in honor of the person who had first made it, Russian physicist, Sergei Stishov. Coesite and stishovite became known as hallmarks of impact crater events, which were essentially the only natural processes that produced high enough pressures to transform ordinary quartz into both of these dense minerals. Chao went on to find coesite and stishovite in rocks from the Ries Crater in Bavaria, Germany, establishing that this structure was also produced by impact cratering.
Chao made many pioneering studies on tektites, and discovered the occurrence of iron-nickel metal in specimens from the Philippines. This helped establish that tektites were produced in meteorite impacts. He also recognized that tektites showed evidence for passage through Earth's atmosphere, which led him to the conclusion that the impacts responsible for tektites occurred on the Moon, a view that is no longer widely held among scientists.
His work on Moon rocks included being a member of preliminary examination teams and
a principal investigator during the Apollo 11-17 research programs.
Publications
| 2.546875
| 0
|
15848507
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim%20joist
|
Rim joist
|
In the framing of a deck or floor system, a rim joist is attached perpendicular to the joists, and provides lateral support for the ends of the joists while capping off the end of the floor or deck system. Rim joists are not to be confused with end joists, which are the first and last joists at the ends of a row of joists that make up a floor or deck frame.
A rim joist's relationship to the joists is similar to what the top or bottom wall plate is to the studs. It is also confusingly called a header (header also refers to other framing components) or rim board. Collectively, the end joists and rim joists are called band joists, especially in regard to deck construction. In dimensioned lumber construction, the rim joists are the same depth, thickness and material as the joists themselves; in engineered wood construction, the rim joists may be oriented strand board (OSB), plywood or an engineered wood material varying in thickness from to as much as , though they are usually laminated veneer lumber (LVL) or laminated strand lumber (LSL) thick. In flooring construction, the rim joists sit on the sill plates; in deck construction, they are parallel to the support beams and sit on the beams or in some cases, cantilever away from the beams.
A double thickness board in the position of a rim joist is called a flush beam and serves a dual purpose, providing primary support for the joist ends as well as capping the joists.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
15848558
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20B.%20Craft
|
Clarence B. Craft
|
He was a rifleman when his platoon spearheaded an attack on Hen Hill, the tactical position on which the entire Naha-Shuri-Yonaburu line of Japanese defense on Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, was hinged. For 12 days our forces had been stalled, and repeated, heavy assaults by 1 battalion and then another had been thrown back by the enemy with serious casualties. With 5 comrades, Pfc. Craft was dispatched in advance of Company G to feel out the enemy resistance. The group had proceeded only a short distance up the slope when rifle and machinegun fire, coupled with a terrific barrage of grenades, wounded 3 and pinned down the others. Against odds that appeared suicidal, Pfc. Craft launched a remarkable 1-man attack. He stood up in full view of the enemy and began shooting with deadly marksmanship wherever he saw a hostile movement. He steadily advanced up the hill, killing Japanese soldiers with rapid fire, driving others to cover in their strongly disposed trenches, unhesitatingly facing alone the strength that had previously beaten back attacks in battalion strength. He reached the crest of the hill, where he stood silhouetted against the sky while quickly throwing grenades at extremely short range into the enemy positions. His extraordinary assault lifted the pressure from his company for the moment, allowing members of his platoon to comply with his motions to advance and pass him more grenades. With a chain of his comrades supplying him while he stood atop the hill, he furiously hurled a total of 2 cases of grenades into a main trench and other positions on the reverse slope of Hen Hill, meanwhile directing the aim of his fellow soldiers who threw grenades from the slope below him. He left his position, where grenades from both sides were passing over his head and bursting on either slope, to attack the main enemy trench as confusion and panic seized the defenders. Straddling the excavation, he pumped rifle fire into the Japanese at pointblank range, killing many and causing the others to flee down the trench
| 2.078125
| 0
|
15848614
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Wyatt
|
Greg Wyatt
|
Greg Wyatt is an American representational sculptor who works primarily in cast bronze, and is the sculptor-in-residence at the Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine in New York City.
Wyatt was born in Nyack, New York and raised in Grand View-on-Hudson, New York. His father was William Stanley Wyatt, a painter and professor of fine arts at Columbia University, Rockland Community College and the City College of New York. Greg Wyatt graduated from Columbia College of Columbia University in 1971 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History. He also attended the National Academy of Design for three years, where he studied figurative sculpture, and received his certificate in sculpture, and earned a master's degree in Ceramic Arts from Columbia Teachers College in 1974. Wyatt has taught at New York University and at Jersey City State College. He is currently a member of the Board of Directors at The American College of the Mediterranean in Aix-en-Provence, France. He is also a member of the Board at Brookgreen Gardens.
Wyatt bases his work on the philosophy of "spiritual realism," merging realistic images and abstract masses of form, space and energy. Professor Sir Stanley Wells, a renowned Shakespearian scholar and emeritus chairman of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, says, "I compare Wyatt to Rodin. He's that good." "Wyatt emulates the sculpture of the western world with contemporary vision." His works have been exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harvard University, and Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, among other institutions and collections, and can be seen in more than 20 public spaces in cities from New York to Beijing.
Wyatt has made many corporate commissions, including a bronze statue of J.C. Penney founder James Cash Penney which weighs 3 tons and cost $250,000.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
15848639
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%20Camp
|
Sykes Camp
|
Sykes Camp is located from the Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park trailhead along the Pine Ridge Trail. There were seven campsites along both sides of the Big Sur River upstream and downstream from where the trail intersects the river. There was a pit toilet downstream of this intersection.
Description
Sykes is accessible from the Pine Ridge Trail (Forest Trail No. E306), which is connected to the lower Terrace Creek (Forest Trail No. 3E22) and Ventana Camp (Forest Trail No. 2E14) trails. The and challenging (6-7 hour) hike from the coast requires climbing from the trailhead at to in about . Before the camp was impacted by the heavy rains and resultant flooding (following the Soberanes Fire) during the 2017-18 winter, there were seven campsites along both sides of the Big Sur River, both upstream and downstream from where the trail intersects the river. There was a pit toilet downstream of this intersection.
Sykes Hot Spring
There were before the closure in 2017 three small man-made rock and concrete impoundments that trapped the flow of a hot spring carved out of the southern hillside about downstream from where the trail intersects the river. The largest of the hot springs pools, adjacent to the river, was about across and about deep, suitable for about four adults. The temperature was depending on rain. According to the Forest Service, the man-made tubs were illegal impoundments that are inconsistent with the intention of a wilderness experience. The U.S. Forest Service proposed asking rangers or volunteers to remove, and discouraging visitors from rebuilding, the containment structures when they wash out after winter rains.
| 2.15625
| 0
|
15848683
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20World%20Stages
|
New World Stages
|
New World Stages is a five-theater, Off-Broadway performing arts complex in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is between 49th and 50th Streets beneath the plaza of the Worldwide Plaza complex at Eighth Avenue.
History
Constructed on the site of the third Madison Square Garden, New World Stages was originally built as a Loews Cineplex Entertainment multiplex cinema at Worldwide Plaza. The Worldwide Cinemas multiplex opened in June 1989 and was originally operated by the Cineplex Odeon Corporation. The Loews Cineplex at Worldwide Plaza closed in early 2001 after its operator went bankrupt. The former multiplex temporarily served as office space for accounting firm Deloitte later that year after that firm's offices were destroyed in the September 11 attacks.
Dodger Stage Holding Theatricals leased the complex in 2002 with plans to convert the former six-screen multiplex into five Off-Broadway stages. The movie theater complex reopened as Dodger Stages in 2004 following substantial renovations. The architects were Beyer Blinder Belle, the theatre designers were Sachs Morgan, and the interior designer was Klara Zieglerova. Since that time, the theater complex has housed many commercial theatrical productions, as well as numerous corporate events, readings, and concerts. Dodger Stages was renamed New World Stages on March 16, 2006, concurrent with Stage Entertainment’s assuming sole ownership of the complex. Since November 17, 2014, the venue has been owned and operated by The Shubert Organization.
| 1.9375
| 0
|
15848731
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.44%20Russian
|
.44 Russian
|
The .44 Russian / 10.9x24mmR, (commonly known as the .44 S&W Russian), is a black-powder center-fire metallic revolver cartridge developed and produced by Smith & Wesson in 1870. The .44 Russian design was the first use of an internally lubricated bullet in modern firearm ammunition.
Development history
In the early 1870s, General Alexander Gorloff, the military attaché assigned to the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C., approached Smith & Wesson about the possibility of negotiating a military sales contract for the purchase of a large number of Smith & Wesson Model 3 revolvers for the Imperial Russian Army.
However, Gorloff had some reservations about the standard .44 S&W American chambering of the pistol which, similar to today's .22 long rifle, had an externally lubricated heeled bullet. Gorloff correctly recognized that such ammunition tends to pick up debris and contaminants which erode the bore when fired, so a qualification of the purchase contract was that Smith & Wesson develop an internally lubricated version of their .44 round.
| 2.0625
| 0
|
15848760
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla%20%28Burney%20novel%29
|
Camilla (Burney novel)
|
Mrs Tyrold allowed Eugenia to join the festivities only on the promise that the party of young people would not leave the grounds of Cleves because the girl had not yet been inoculated against smallpox. Unfortunately, Lionel's mischievous and restless nature leads him to convince his uncle to allow the entire party of children to go to a fair. It is here that Eugenia is exposed to and contracts smallpox. Eugenia is disfigured but survives, only to suffer a tragic see-saw accident which leaves her further maimed and crippled. As a result, Sir Hugh disowns not only Camilla but all of his nieces and nephews in favour of making Eugenia his sole heiress. He justifies this sweeping action by arranging an eventual marriage between Eugenia and Clermont Lynmere. In the meantime, he consigns Eugenia's education to Dr Orkbourne so that if she will not be a beautiful bride, she will at least be a highly intelligent one able to entertain and engage her future husband in what he calls hic hæc hoc—that is, is to receive the same sort of intensive, classical education that was at the time more generally given to boys and rarely to girls. Though at first dismissive of the idea of educating girls in general and the teaching of Greek and Latin to females in particular, Dr Orkbourne discovers that Eugenia is not only an enthusiastic student but one who is also extremely intelligent and capable.
At first, Edgar Mandelbert finds himself drawn to Indiana's exquisite beauty. Sir Hugh decides that despite their young ages (13 and ten respectively), Edgar and Indiana are clearly destined for each other. This means that Sir Hugh spends much of the early part of the novel waiting and planning for the day when Edgar and Clermont leave off their educations and finishing tours of the Continent so that they may marry Indiana and Eugenia.
| 2.4375
| 0
|
15848760
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla%20%28Burney%20novel%29
|
Camilla (Burney novel)
|
Main characters
Camilla is the seventeen-year-old protagonist of the novel. She is in love with Edgar Mandlebert but frequent misunderstandings prevent their union.
Frances Burney decided on the name 'Camilla' for her heroine shortly before the novel's publication. At one time she was called Clarinda, but most frequently Ariella. As late as 15 July 1795, Frances Burney wrote to her brother Charles to say, 'The name of my heroine is ARIELLA.' Dr. Burney, however, objected to the name Ariella, so the novelist struck out the name Ariella and wrote in the name he suggested, Camilla.
Camilla is very pretty, though not as exquisitely beautiful as Indiana. She is generous (caring about poor people and the singing bird that was "pinched"), cheerful spirited, sincere, and very emotional. She loves her family dearly. Her naive simplicity and admiration can sometimes lead her into danger, such as when she makes friends with the witty and eccentric Mrs. Arlbery, or the beautiful and romantic Mrs. Berlinton. Her brother Lionel calls her "the best girl in the world, when she did not mount the pulpit."
| 2.359375
| 0
|
15848761
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag%20XI-A
|
Stalag XI-A
|
Stalag XI-A (also known as Stalag 341) was a German World War II prisoner-of-war camp (Stammlager), located just to the east of the village of Altengrabow and in the south of Dörnitz in Saxony-Anhalt, about south-west of Berlin.
Camp history
Pre-war
The camp was located on Truppenübungsplatz Altengrabow ("Altengrabow Military Training Area"), which had been in use by the German Army since 1893, and had served as the prisoner-of-war camp Dörnitz Altengrabow during World War I, holding around 12,000 POW of various nationalities.
World War II
During the German invasion of Poland which started World War II, in September 1939 it again became a prisoner-of-war camp, and was designated Stalag XI, before it was renumbered Stalag XI-A in November 1939. The camp housed Australian, French, British, Belgian, Serb, Russian, Italian, American, Dutch, Slovak and Polish PoWs, all in separate compounds, and served as the centre from which most of the PoWs were assigned to Arbeitskommandos ("fatigue details"). On 1 January 1945 more than 60,000 PoWs were registered there.
On 25 April 1945, one of the last airborne operations of the ETO, code named Operation Violet, took place. Six teams composed of officers and men of Commonwealth, French and United States armed services and under the command of Major Worrall were to be dropped near the camp to assure the protection of the PoWs, to assess the humanitarian need of the PoWs and to ensure a peaceful handover of the camp into Allied authority. However the teams were scattered during the drop and all members were soon captured and transferred to the Altengrabow camp. There, the new PoWs urged the Camp Commandant, Col. Ochernal to cooperate and a radio link between the camp and SHAEF, then SAARF Headquarters was established.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
15848791
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Underdogs%20%28novel%29
|
The Underdogs (novel)
|
The whole novel has various reading levels and the character names represent forces or ideals beyond the characters themselves. Some of them are prototypes of the kind of people that were dragged into the revolution, like Demetrio, whose name is associated with the goddess of farming and agriculture Demeter; La Pintada (translated as War paint) a tough woman; and Camila, a teenager peasant who is dragged into the conflict by means of subterfuge to become Macías's lover. Others symbolize revolutionary hopes and conflicts, like Luis Cervantes, an educated man (whose name evokes Miguel de Cervantes) mistreated by the Federales and therefore turning on them, and Güero Margarito, a cruel man who finds justification for his deeds in the turbulence of the times. Macías's dog, killed at the beginning, is a symbol of peace, fittingly named Palomo (dove).
With a concise, unsympathetic tone, Azuela takes the reader along with this band of outcasts as they move along the hills of the country, seemingly struggling for a cause whose leader changes from day to night. The rebels, not very certain of what or whom they are fighting for, practice the abuse and injustice they used to suffer in the hands of the old leaders. So the Mexican people, as the title of the book hints, are always the "ones below", no matter who runs the country.
In the end, Macías has lost his cherished ones and most of his men, and reunites with his family with no real desire or hope for redemption or peace. He has forebodings of his destiny, and the last scene of the book leaves him firing his rifle with deathly accuracy, alone and extremely outnumbered by his enemies.
| 2.40625
| 0
|
15848791
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Underdogs%20%28novel%29
|
The Underdogs (novel)
|
Characters
Demetrio Macías: He is a tall and well-built man with a sanguine face and beardless chin. He wears a shirt and trouser of white cloth, broad Mexican hat, and leather sandals. He leads a group of men fighting against the federal forces of Victoriano Huerta. He is famous for his marksmanship and his ability to lead men in battle. Many poor peasants he meets throughout his journey protest against the Federales because they burn their houses, take their wives, their stock, and their food. His dog is killed in one of the most iconic and melodramatic scenes in the novel. It depicts a moment of helplessness, a recurring theme throughout the book. Macias and his band of men travel great lengths and loot and sack villages throughout their journey in order to stay alive. They rape many Mexican women and hang dozens of men. Macias also has a semi-sexual encounter with another man that changes the essence of his character throughout the rest of the novel. At the beginning of the novel, he fights to change his country; at the end he does not know why he continues to fight, and compares his actions to that of a pebble he throws into a canyon. Many of Macías' men forget what they are fighting for, and as time goes by start to concentrate more on their own needs.
Luis Cervantes: The newest member of Demetrio's band of rebels. He was conscripted to fight in the Federale Army, but deserts when he was offended. Different from the rest of the band, Cervantes is educated and well-mannered, as he is a medical student and journalist. Towards the end of the novel he flees the country to go to the United States. His story is said to be similar to the author's. However, in many interviews Azuela has stated his voice is not represented by the life of Cervantes but rather Solis.
| 2.265625
| 0
|
15848791
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Underdogs%20%28novel%29
|
The Underdogs (novel)
|
The first edition was an astounding success, receiving mostly positive critics from the Americans and even from the author himself, even if many questioned the name given as they think it didn't capture the true meaning of the expression Los de Abajo in Spanish, related more to the oppressed, the poor ones, those without privileges and the underdogs. About the reviews, Timothy Murad wrote:"Ernest Gruening, writing in the Nation, considered the translation well done: Enrique Munguía, Jr. has performed creditably the task of rendering the almost untranslatable Mexican-Aztec argot into readable English." Isaac Goldberg, in The New World Monthly agreed: "Mr. Munguia's version . . . appears to have managed with unobtrusive skill the difficult task not only of translating, but what we might call ‘trans-psyching’ the story."About the title, Murad added:
"The objections to 'The Underdogs' for 'Los de Abajo' are indicative of the difficulties posed in the translation of the title. Strictly speaking, and dependent on context, 'los de abajo' as 'those from below,' or 'those underneath.' or 'those down below,' could refer as well to neighbors on the floor below or down the street as to a book on a bottom shelf. To a degree, when Azuela coined the phrase he intended the socio-cultural and political meanings (the poor, the lower classes, the uneducated, the powerless, the downtrodden) that are inextricably linked to its use as the title of the novel."
| 2.046875
| 0
|
15848842
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy%20II
|
Freddy II
|
Freddy (1969–1971) and Freddy II (1973–1976) were experimental robots built in the Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception (later Department of Artificial Intelligence, now part of the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh).
Technology
Technical innovations involving Freddy were at the forefront of the 70s robotics field. Freddy was one of the earliest robots to integrate vision, manipulation and intelligent systems as well as having versatility in the system and ease in retraining and reprogramming for new tasks. The idea of moving the table instead of the arm simplified the construction. Freddy also used a method of recognising the parts visually by using graph matching on the detected features. The system used an innovative collection of high level procedures for programming the arm movements which could be reused for each new task.
Lighthill controversy
In the mid 1970s there was controversy about the utility of pursuing a general purpose robotics programme in both the USA and the UK. A BBC TV programme in 1973, referred to as the "Lighthill Debate", pitched James Lighthill, who had written a critical report for the science and engineering research funding agencies in the UK, against Donald Michie from the University of Edinburgh and John McCarthy from Stanford University. The Edinburgh Freddy II and Stanford/SRI Shakey robots were used to illustrate the state-of-the-art at the time in intelligent robotics systems.
Freddy I and II
Freddy Mark I (1969–1971) was an experimental prototype, with 3 degrees-of-freedom created by a rotating platform driven by a pair of independent wheels. The other main components were a video camera and bump sensors connected to a computer. The computer moved the platform so that the camera could see and then recognise the objects.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
15848842
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy%20II
|
Freddy II
|
Freddy II (1973–1976) was a 5 degrees of freedom manipulator with a large vertical 'hand' that could move up and down, rotate about the vertical axis and rotate objects held in its gripper around one horizontal axis. Two remaining translational degrees of freedom were generated by a work surface that moved beneath the gripper. The gripper was a two finger pinch gripper. A video camera was added as well as a later a light stripe generator.
The Freddy and Freddy II projects were initiated and overseen by Donald Michie. The mechanical hardware and analogue electronics were designed and built by Stephen Salter (who also pioneered renewable energy from waves (see Salter's Duck)), and the digital electronics and computer interfacing were designed by Harry Barrow and Gregan Crawford. The software was developed by a team led by Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone and Harry Barrow which used the POP-2 programming language, one of the world's first functional programming languages. The computing hardware was an Elliot 4130 computer with 384KB (128K 24-bit words) RAM and a hard disk linked to a small Honeywell H316 computer with 16KB of RAM which directly performed sensing and control.
Freddy was a versatile system which could be trained and reprogrammed to perform a new task in a day or two. The tasks included putting rings on pegs and assembling simple model toys consisting of wooden blocks of different shapes, a boat with a mast and a car with axles and wheels.
Information about part locations was obtained using the video camera, and then matched to previously stored models of the parts.
It was soon realised in the Freddy project that the 'move here, do this, move there' style of robot behavior programming (actuator or joint level programming) is tedious and also did not allow for the robot to cope with variations in part position, part shape and sensor noise. Consequently, the RAPT robot programming language was developed by Pat Ambler and Robin Popplestone, in which robot behavior was specified at the object level.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
15848847
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%20concerto
|
Organ concerto
|
An organ concerto is an orchestral piece of music in which a pipe organ soloist is accompanied by an an orchestra, although some works exist with the name "concerto" which are for organ alone.
The orchestral form first evolved in the 18th century, when composers including Antonio Vivaldi and George Frideric Handel wrote organ concertos with small orchestras; these organ parts rarely if ever call for the organ pedal board. During the Classical period the organ concerto became popular in many places, especially in Bavaria, Austria and Bohemia (whether called there a concerto, pastorella, or sonata), reaching a position of being almost an integral part of the church music tradition of jubilus character. From the Romantic era fewer works are known. Finally, there are some 20th- and 21st-century examples, of which the concerto by Francis Poulenc has entered the basic repertoire, and is quite frequently played.
Some works for organ and orchestra which clearly feature the organ in a solo, virtuoso role are not given the name concerto, e.g. the Symphonie concertante of Joseph Jongen.
However, the organ concerto form does not include certain orchestral works that call for the pipe organ to be used as an extra orchestral section, such as the Third Symphony of Camille Saint-Saëns, Gustav Holst's The Planets and Richard Strauss's Also sprach Zarathustra.
In general, the term organ symphony is reserved for works for solo organ without orchestra, although the nickname "Organ Symphony" for the Saint-Saëns Third Symphony persists, though it is neither a concerto nor a true organ symphony.
Composers of organ concertos
| 2.6875
| 0
|
958050
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe%20CF
|
Getafe CF
|
Getafe Club de Fútbol S.A.D. () is a Spanish professional football club based in Getafe, a city in the Community of Madrid. They compete in La Liga, the top tier of the Spanish football. The team has played its home matches in the 16,500-capacity Estadio Coliseum since 1998.
Founded in 1946 and refounded in 1983, the club was promoted to La Liga for the first time in 2004, and participated in the top level of Spanish football for twelve years between 2004 and 2016, and again since 2017. The club maintain rivalries with neighbours Leganés, who are based near the town of Getafe, Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid.
History
Beginning
Sociedad Getafe Deportivo was founded in 1923, only playing in lower divisions from 1928 to 1932. After the Spanish Civil War, in 1945 five Getafe locals – Enrique Condes García, Aurelio Miranda Olavaria, Antonio Corredor Lozano, Manuel Serrano Vergara and Miguel Cubero Francés – while meeting at La Marquesina bar, decided to form a local team. Officially founded on 24 February 1946, the club was named Club Getafe Deportivo.
The club originally played in the Campo del Regimiento de Artillería, which lacked goal posts. Shortly after, the club moved to San Isidro, housed in the current Municipal Sports Center of San Isidro. Here, Club Getafe was promoted to the third division following their victory against Villarrobledo in the 1956–57 season. Getafe was nearly promoted to the Segunda División in 1957–58, but was defeated by CA Almería.
On 2 September 1970, the club inaugurated its own stadium after being promoted back to the Tercera División. Presided by chairman Francisco Vara, Las Margaritas won a 3–1 victory over Michelín. The team survived in the third level that season, and six years later gained their first promotion to the second division.
Second Division
Club Getafe Deportivo played six seasons in the Segunda División, with little success. From 1976 to 1982, they placed below tenth level all six years.
| 2.109375
| 0
|
958050
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe%20CF
|
Getafe CF
|
In 1978, the club advanced to play against Barcelona in the Copa del Rey round of 16. Playing at home in the first leg, Getafe drew with a star-studded Barcelona team 3–3, before traveling away for the second leg and being thrashed 8–0 at the Camp Nou.
At the conclusion of the 1981–82 season, players having not been paid, Getafe was automatically relegated and subsequently liquidated.
Meanwhile, on 1 September 1976, a new club was founded in the National Sports Council and the Regional Federation of Castille. The club was called Peña Madridista Getafe (the "Real Madrid supporters' club of Getafe"). This club played for four seasons in various divisions, until taking the name Club Deportivo Peña Getafe, and played under this name for a further two seasons. On 10 July 1982, they joined forces with the much older Club Getafe Promesas, and were registered again in the Regional Federation of Castille.
Present existence
Based on the merger the previous year, the present Getafe Club de Fútbol was officially founded on 8 July 1983, after passing through assembly.
Starting in the regional leagues in 1983–84, Getafe was promoted for four consecutive seasons until reaching the Segunda División B. The club started a new period with its promotion into Segunda in 1994–95, staying only two years. Threatening absolute disappearance just a few years later in 1997, Getafe survived relegation into the fourth level Tercera División following a two-legged playoff victory over Huesca.
Meanwhile, Getafe's current stadium, the Coliseum Alfonso Pérez, was inaugurated on 1 January 1998.
Returning to the second division for 1999–2000, Getafe lasted another two seasons. However, one year later, they would return following an amazing promotion in 2001–02 during which one of their players, Sebastián "Sebas" Gómez, was murdered, and controversy regarding unpaid payments of players following a debt of €3 million.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
958050
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe%20CF
|
Getafe CF
|
Consolidating their position after one year, Getafe had a fantastic season in Segunda. At the top of the table for most of the year, the side travelled to the Canary Islands on the final matchday needing a win to assure a historic promotion to La Liga, the top-flight. Amazingly, they defeated Tenerife 5–3 with five goals from Sergio Pachón, thus becoming along with Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid and Rayo Vallecano the fourth team from the Community of Madrid – and the first of them from outside of the capital – to ever play in La Liga. With this promotion, Getafe had ascended the whole Spanish football pyramid, achieving this feat in only 20 years.
La Liga
The club started 2004–05 poorly, lying at the bottom of the table. Home wins over Espanyol, Athletic Bilbao, Valencia and Real Madrid, followed by a sole away win of the season over Athletic Bilbao, saw Getafe climb to finish 13th, being the only promoted side to avoid relegation. At the end of the season, the club lost head coach Quique Sánchez Flores and several players to rival clubs. In Getafe's next season, the club briefly topped the table before slipping to finish ninth. During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Argentine-born Mariano Pernía became Getafe's first Spanish international, before moving to Atlético Madrid.
| 2.015625
| 0
|
958052
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20interface%20guidelines
|
Human interface guidelines
|
Human interface guidelines (HIG) are software development documents which offer application developers a set of recommendations. Their aim is to improve the experience for the users by making application interfaces more intuitive, learnable, and consistent. Most guides limit themselves to defining a common look and feel for applications in a particular desktop environment. The guides enumerate specific policies. Policies are sometimes based on usability studies of human–computer interaction, but most reflect the platform developers' preferences.
The central aim of a HIG is to create a consistent experience across the environment (generally an operating system or desktop environment), including the applications and other tools being used. This means both applying the same visual design and creating consistent access to and behaviour of common elements of the interface – from simple ones such as buttons and icons up to more complex constructions, such as dialog boxes.
HIGs are recommendations and advice meant to help developers create better applications. Developers sometimes intentionally choose to break them if they think that the guidelines do not fit their application, or usability testing reveals an advantage in doing so. But in turn, the organization publishing the HIG might withhold endorsement of the application. Mozilla Firefox's user interface, for example, goes against the GNOME project's HIG, which is one of the project's main arguments for including GNOME Web instead of Firefox in the GNOME distribution.
Scope
Human interface guidelines often describe the visual design rules, including icon and window design and style. Much less frequently, they specify how user input and interaction mechanisms work. Aside from the detailed rules, guidelines sometimes also make broader suggestions about how to organize and design the application and write user-interface text.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.