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It is chronic, progressive, and costly, and creates several complications . For individuals with diabetes it is difficult to accept these threads which may change their lifestyle . In most cases it will not be weird to see mood disorders such as depression in these individuals (1). Depression has a two - way relationsh...
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide and occurs predominantly in obese, sedentary people and patients with type ii diabetes (1). Nafld includes a wide variety of liver disorders from simple steatosis to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis (2). It is usually asso...
It is thought to be secondary to the seeding and subsequent growth of splenic cells within the peritoneal cavity and, less commonly, within extraperitoneal locations.13 given that splenosis is usually asymptomatic, its true incidence is unknown.4 the diagnosis of splenosis is usually made incidentally on imaging or at ...
Gitelman's syndrome (gs) is an autosomal recessive tubular disorder characterized by hypokalemic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalciuria . Hypopituitarism can have varied etiologies including tumor in hypothalamo - pituitary region or its treatment, inflammatory, genetic, trauma, and hemorrhage, and can result in ...
Gastric cancer is a universally common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer related death . Lymph node metastasis is reported to be one of the most important prognostic factors for gastric carcinoma . The tumor - node - metastasis staging method (tnm) staging system is a widely accepted method for the dete...
Stroke is the third cause of mortality and the first cause of disability in adults [1, 2]. As cerebral ischemia cannot be predicted, timely imaging and accurate interpretation are required to identify patients who might benefit from more aggressive therapy . Although computed tomography (ct) and magnetic resonance imag...
Could there possibly have been some influence from the old world on the group of people you mentioned deep in the amazon? Varisco s response: some people think that perhaps the phoenicians came over here very early . [that] would be an old world influence . It is the kind of thing that if one steps back, it makes sense...
During the past 50 years, the number of women enrolling in medical school has increased almost nine - fold . In particular, the figures published by the association of medical colleges showed that, in 2005, women in the united states (us) represented 49% of all medical students, compared to 6% in 1960 . Similarly in th...
It is well - documented in the international literature that elevated levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose are significant risk factors, among others, for coronary heart disease (chd). Considerable efforts were made in the past to inform people of the critical consequences their lifestyle could have on the...
Tuberculosis (tb) is of notable public health significance globally with the greatest disease burden documented in sub - saharan africa (ssa). The world health organization (who) estimated about 8.7 million incident cases of tb with about 1.45 million deaths due to tb in 2011 globally . A minority of patients with tb p...
Routine diabetes care remains a family practice activity for which the canadian diabetes association (cda) has set standards since 1999 . Previous work in 7 canadian provinces examining the management of t2 dm patients between 1998 and 1999 found family physicians were falling short of best practice guidelines, particu...
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) resulting from rupture of intracranial aneurysms is a highly fatal condition with a mortality rate as high as 50% in the 1st month . Although vasospasm was the main cause of mortality and morbidity after aneurysm rupture, the conscious-2 trial showed no significant effect of clazosentan, a...
More than 80% occur in the submandibular gland or its duct, probably because of its more viscous saliva, longer duct, and higher mineral content in the saliva, 4 - 10% have been reported in the parotid gland and 1 - 7% in the sublingual gland or minor salivary glands . The etiological factors of the sialoliths are unkn...
The action plan of the world health organization (who) for prevention and control of non - communicable diseases (ncds) in 2013 - 2020 has aimed a 25% relative reduction in the prevalence of hbp . In addition to the effects of fetal programming, several factors determine the blood pressure (bp) level in childhood, whic...
Melanoma is a malignancy of pigment - producing cells (melanocytes) located predominantly in the skin but also found in the eyes, ears, gi tract, leptomeninges, and oral and genital mucous membranes . The incidence of malignant melanoma appears to be increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world over the past 304...
Neonatal hemochromatosis (nh) is defined by liver disease associated with siderosis of the extrahepatic tissues 1 . The most frequent cause of nh is a gestational alloimmune disorder called gestational alloimmune liver disease, which results from the transplacental transfer of maternal immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies...
They occur in approximately 1 in 100,000 or represent 12% of all pancreatic neoplasms . Some of the tumors may be part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type one syndrome (men-1). Etps are categorized on the basis of their clinical manifestation into functioning and nonfunctioning tumors . Functioning tumors are asso...
As altitude increases, the weight of air decreases, and the atmospheric pressure decreases . Low atmospheric pressure means there is more space between air molecules . As a result, the number of oxygen molecules existing in the same volume of air deceases, so the amount of oxygen intake decreases in the uplands, even i...
Duplicated gb is often picked up on ultrasonography, however there are a lot of differentials . Since, 99 m tc hida follows hepatobiliary physiology, any tracer concentration in gb fossa is confirmatory for presence of gb, thus in turn increasing the specificity in picking up anatomical variants as in our case . A 15 y...
Amniocentesis is one of the most popular and safe methods of invasive prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities . It is performed in patients with high risk of having a child with birth defects [13]. In 2007, the pomeranian region was the first to introduce the guidelines in everyday practice in 2008 . The main p...
Recently, a growing body of evidence has suggested that a transient increase in insulin resistance is a component of pubertal development . There is a phenomenon of increasing insulin resistance that begins in early puberty, peaks in the mid of puberty, and resolves by the end of puberty in normal weight children [25]....
Among the acute esophageal injuries, intramural hematoma of the esophagus (ihe) is an uncommon clinical entity . Ihe may occur spontaneously1 or secondarily2 to either sudden intraesophageal pressure changes or direct mucosal injury / trauma . Patients usually present with a sudden onset of severe retrosternal pain, dy...
A hepatic lymphangioma is a rare benign neoplasm characterized by cystic dilatation of the lymphatic vessels in the hepatic parenchyma, and usually occurs as part of systemic lymphangiomatosis.1 a solitary hepatic lymphangioma is extremely rare in adult patients.12 the prognosis for hepatic lymphangioma is good and pat...
Numerous studies have underscored the significance of the early parenting experiences in the development of depression in adulthood . Negative experiences in childhood may make children more susceptible with respect to psychopathological development during their lifespan (1 - 3). Mood disorders in children can be attri...
Good's syndrome (gs) was first described by dr robert good in 1954 . Good's syndrome is a rare combination of thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia, and features with few or absent b lymphocytes, cd4 + t cell lymphopenia, and abnormal ratio of cd4 +: cd8 + t cell . An increased risk for infections in gs patients has been d...
An increasing body of research is based on the classification and evaluation of the rate of dna evolution in coding regions . In many cases nucleotide substitutions are classified according to their impact on the encoded protein and the resulting classification can be used for a variety of analyses . Classification of ...
The soils and roots used in this study were collected from a mine (12812'50" e, 3704'05" n) located in jecheon, korea . The mine was closed in 1981 after about 20 years of mining molybdenum and other heavy metals . Ten samples of soils and roots were randomly collected within a radius of 20 m from the mine - tail . A n...
Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (hh) occurs because of inappropriate secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells . The congenital forms of hh (chi) occur because of defects in key genes involved in insulin secretion . The commonest and most severe forms of chi are due to mutations in the abcc8 and kcnj11 genes [2...
Simple bone cyst or unicameral bone cyst (ubc) are benign cystic lesions commonly found in femur and humerus . However hand is a very rare site of occurrence . A 7 year old right hand dominant girl presented to us with chief complaints of pain and swelling in right 4th metacarpal since 2 month . On imaging, plain radio...
Participants were from the health abc study, an ongoing longitudinal study that investigates changes in body composition as a common pathway by which multiple diseases contribute to disability . Participants (n = 3,075; 48.4% male and 41.6% black, aged 7079 years) were recruited in 19971998 from pittsburgh, pennsylvani...
Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (renal pelvis and ureter; uut - uc) is an infrequent genitourinary malignancy accounting for 5% of urothelial cancers and less than 10% of renal tumours . Analysis of epidemiological and survival patterns of uut - uc over the past 30 years in a review of a large, populati...
Heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-o - sulfotransferase 4 hypoxia - inducible factor 1 subunit lung endothelial cells platelet - derived growth factor receptor telomeric repeat - binding factor 2 tumor endothelial cell vascular endothelial growth factor wilms tumor suppressor 1 inhibition of tumor angiogenesis is widely a...
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (shpt) is a major complication of chronic kidney disease (ckd), resulting from disturbances in the regulation of parathyroid hormone (pth), calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin d. although hyperphosphatemia appears to be particularly important in the development of shpt, the complication often...
Dermatophytes are responsible for a variety of clinical manifestations in man, trichophyton rubrum being the commonest isolate worldwide . They are assuming greater significance both in developed and developing countries due to illnesses like diabetes, hiv infection and the use of immunosuppressive drugs . Overall ring...
Upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (tcc), i.e., tcc of the renal pelvis and ureter accounts for only 5% of all urothelial tumors and 10% of all renal tumor cases . Stage of the tumor is the single most important prognosticator for the outcome of this disease . In west, spectrum of the diseases skewed to lower stag...
Male infertility is generally characterized by dysfunctions in processes of adhesion, penetration, and fusion of sperm with oocyte . During spermatogenesis, the haploid round spermatids undergo an elongation phase, cytoplasmic droplet rejection, and eventually differentiate into mature spermatozoa . The formation of ma...
It is estimated that the planet is host to 8 to 10 million species of plants and animals with approximately 1.5 million currently documented in the catalogue of life . Yet much of our current knowledge of biochemical, molecular genetic, and cellular processes relies on studies of fewer than a dozen model organisms . It...
Metabolic syndrome (mes) is defined as a cluster of atherosclerotic risk factors, including abdominal obesity, elevated serum triglycerides, decreased hdl cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated serum plasma glucose [13]. Insulin resistance is a central feature in the pathogenesis of mes in addition to an un...
The website of ijp was searched for publications year and issue wise for contributing authors from pharmacy institutions during 20102015 . Based on the geographical addresses, the publications were categorized as national and international and were further categorized to state wise if national, and country wise if inte...
It has been argued that the degree of asymmetry in bilateral features is one of the fundamental factors underlying human attractiveness . One such study was done by goel et al . To detect the asymmetries and their correlation with malocclusions in karnataka population . They concluded that there was decrease in magnitu...
Regarding increased rates of premature and low birth weight newborns as well as associated factors with high risk pregnancies, the number of infants who require admission to neonatal intensive - care units (nicu) is growing . Along with the increasing complexity of technology and the development of the nicu wards, the ...
The motor vehicle accidents are one of the major reasons for cervical spine injuries (especially upper cervical spine) in 0 - 9 age group, whereas sports injuries are one of the major reasons for cervical spine injuries (especially lower cervical spine) over the age of 10 . Some factors such as larger head, underdevelo...
However, limitations and complications from using autografts include a limited quantity and chronic donor site pain [1, 2]. This has led to the need for an ideal bone graft substitute . An ideal substitute must have enhanced capabilities to reduce or eliminate the need for an autograft altogether and are necessary to p...
The hypothalamus is often times a target for newer potential obesity treatments due to its crucial role in food intake and metabolism . It is also established that food intake modulation is confounded by numerous players within the hypothalamus, allowing for the research and development of a diverse array of obesity ma...
Diabetes mellitus is recognized as a group of heterogeneous disorders, with common elements of hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance due to insulin deficiency, impaired effectiveness of insulin action, or both . The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age, is increasing worldwide, and its economic impact curre...
Cochlear implant (ci) surgery has become a widespread procedure with clearly increasing numbers around the world to treat deaf and profoundly hearing impaired patients of different age . Histological studies of human cochleae have evidenced different levels of intracochlear trauma induced by the insertion of different ...
Cerebral palsy (cp) is the most common cause of upper motor neuron lesions in children, causing spasticity and muscle tendon contractures, leading to bony deformation, weakness, and loss of selective motor control . Kerr graham classified sagittal gait patterns in spastic diplegia by providing a management algorithm ba...
Polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (ppap) natural products including nemorosone, clusianone, and hyperforin are structurally complex molecules having promising chemotherapeutic properties (figure 1). Ppaps are highly regarded for their biological activities which include anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial properti...
The most important role of vascular endothelium is the control of vascular tone by producing contracting and relaxing agents.1 nitric oxide is one of these factors which are released after the stimulation of endothelial cells by shear stress and some hormones like acetylcholine and cerotonin.2 risk factors such as oxid...
Non - melanoma skin cancer (nmsc) is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer . Over 2 million patients are treated for these cancers each year in the usa alone, resulting in nearly $1.5 billion total direct costs annually . Unlike many other types of cancer, the rates of nmsc continue to rise, indicating the need to...
This retrospective study included 964 eyes from 500 subjects including 128 healthy normal eyes and 836 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma had various stages of visual field defects (572 early, 164 moderate and 100 severe). Both eyes of each patient were included in the study if they satisfied the entry criteria as f...
B cells are central components of adaptive immunity, responding to pathogens by proliferation, differentiation and production of antibodies . B cells also function in presentation of antigen to t cells and secretion of regulatory cytokines and chemokines . Like t cells, they express highly variable and clonally restric...
Triathlon is a challenging individual sport that involves the disciplines of cycling, swimming, and running; these disciplines are combined in a continuous manner through two transitions1 . The ability to sustain high metabolic power for long periods is very important for athletes competing in triathlons . Several fiel...
Assessment measures currently used by clinicians to aid in determining if a person is safe are typically validated for outcomes that do not include safety . Safety, or the ability to live without unintentional harm or injury, is clinically important in geriatric rehabilitation because of the risk of self - neglect or d...
Since mccully1 first reported the relationship between homocysteine and atherosclerosis, hyperhomocysteinemia (hhcy) has come to be recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease.2 further, some studies have demonstrated that hhcy might be involved in the pathophysiology of many neuropsyc...
A total of 109 i. ricinus specimens were collected in northern and central italy (figure 1), identified by using standard taxonomic keys, and stored at 20c . Specifically, 89 ticks (70 adults and 19 nymphs) were collected by dragging vegetation in different parts of trentino province in april october 1997 and 1999, and...
Er stress due to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins activates the unfolded protein response (upr) signaling pathway in eukaryotic cells and has been shown to be involved in c. albicans morphogenesis . Upr signaling activates a variety of downstream transcripts, including the bzip transcription factor hac...
Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region are a unique challenge to the radiation oncologist because of the close relationship of various structures in the region that are responsible for maintaining the aero - digestive functions of the body along with the inherently complex topography . Brachytherapy can b...
Infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) remains a frequent etiology of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma with estimated 360 million individuals with chronic infection worldwide . Although vaccination will ultimately reduce the disease burden due to hbv, antiviral therapy can favorably alter its natural history . Go...
Approximately 55 000 new cases are diagnosed with non - hodgkin's lymphomas (nhls) in the united states . Despite current therapeutic strategies including chemotherapy, transplantation, and passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, the recent years have witnessed the development of a variety of promising immuno...
Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive, optic neuropathy requiring the long - term use of antiglaucoma eye drops . These medications containing preservatives may induce ocular damage, such as squamous metaplasia, subconjunctival fibrosis, and a decrease in goblet cells . A correlation has been found between preservatives a...
Currently, 1,457 residential care facilities across south korea provide rehabilitation counseling, treatment, and training to disabled individuals as they prepare to reenter society (disability act, section 48). The number of individuals enrolled in these long - term care facilities is estimated to be 80,8461 . Those w...
It is generally recommended to perform surgical treatment in lumbar disc herniation (ldh) for patients who suffer from cauda equina syndrome or intractable radicular pain, with or without neurological sensory / motor deficit21). However, in numerous non - fatal cases, conservative treatment such as a nerve block could ...
Chylopericardium is a rare clinical entity that is characterized by the presence of chyle in the pericardial cavity . Its association with lymphangiomas, cystic hygromas, thoracic and cardiac surgery, trauma, radiation and malignancy is well reported [2, 3]. However, primary chylopericardium, in which there is absence ...
Quackery is rampant among many parts of india.many types of skin diseases and eruption can occur due to practices employed by quacks . Many types of skin diseases and eruption can occur due to practices employed by quacks . Various religious beliefs, socio - cultural and religious practices, and quackery to treat varie...
In prosthodontic practice, limited mouth opening in patients is a common occurrence . Prosthetic rehabilitation of patient with restricted mouth opening due to any causative factors, presents difficulties at all stages, right from the preliminary impressions to the insertion of prosthesis . A maximal oral opening small...
Breast cancer has been one of the most common cancers among women in the united states . The estimates for 2012 are 226,870 new cases of breast cancer and 39,510 deaths due to breast cancer in women in the united states . In addition to the incidence and death in women, 2190 new cases of breast cancer incidence and 410...
Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of death and the first leading cause of disability in adults around the globe . Stroke is accompanied by a robust inflammatory response, glutamate mediated excitotoxicity, release of reactive oxygen species and the initiation of apoptosis(1). Malignant middle cerebral artery i...
The co - existence of an aberration in a different chromosome of a klinefelter's syndrome is rare . Still rare several cases of double aneuploidy of xxy and trisomy 21 have been published since the first report . But occurrence of xxy aneuploidy and 9 chromosome inversion with co - existing schizophrenia has not been r...
Mandibular osteoradionecrosis (orn) is a potentially debilitating complication from ionizing radiotherapy, whose incidence is reported to range between 5% and 15% . Orn is most commonly defined as an exposed, irradiated, nonhealing defect of the mandible with symptoms lasting at least 2 to 3 months, without any evidenc...
A retrospective study was made of 7,567 patients admitted to a tertiary hospital for chest pain from 2005 to 2014 and underwent cardiac catheterization . Patients were divided into two groups: obese and normal with bmi calculated as 30 kg / m and <25, respectively . We assessed the modifiable and non - modifiable risk ...
The study was carried on 12-week old male, wistar albino rats weighing 150 - 200 g. the animals were housed in a group of six animals per cage and maintained at 20 - 30c and 50 - 55% humidity in a natural light and dark cycle, with free access to food and water and kept under standard conditions in an animal house faci...
Type 1 diabetes (t1d) is an organ - specific autoimmune disease that is characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes into the pancreatic islets and pancreas - specific autoantibodies in the serum (1). A variety of genetically predisposed factors and contributing factors some evidence has suggested that the susceptible ...
Of fundamental interest to biology is the extent to which electrostatic interactions enhance the rate of protein protein association . An essential baseline for determining the magnitude of these rate enhancements is the basal kon, which is the rate constant for association in the absence of electrostatic interactions ...
Technological progress has made it possible for additive manufacturing technologies to be applied successfully in the medical sciences . One of these techniques is selective laser melting (slm), which consists of producing irregular shape devices by fusing titanium alloy powder, such as ti6al7nb . Although the surgical...
Hepatitis c patients have fourfold higher incidence of insulin resistance (ir) than non - hcv population, that is, healthy controls or chronic hepatitis b patients . Ir is the major feature of the metabolic syndrome (diabetes type 2, obesity, hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders). Hcv - associated ir may lead to ...
Recently discovered two - dimensional (2d) materials such as graphene, fluorographene, graphene oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron nitride, and phosphorene all have very high surface / mass ratios, and many of their potential practical applications rely on their large surface areas . Consequently,...
Camptothecin (scheme 1), 4-ethyl-4-hydroxy-(s)-1-h - pyrano [3,4:6,7] indolizino [1,26] quinolino-3,14 (4h,12h)-dione, the active compound of camptotheca acuminate, is a well - known antitumor drug for gastric cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer . Its primary cellular target is topoisomerase i, and the antitumor acti...
As our society has become an aging society, improving the quality of life has become one of the major interests in it . Impaired balance and gait abilities due to aging and diseases therefore, it is clear that balance problems can directly affect the quality of our lives . The physical activities of the elderly can be ...
Most of the cells in multicellular organisms are surrounded by a complex mixture of nonliving materials that make up the extracellular matrix (ecm). The ecm of vertebrates is composed of complex mixtures of proteins (collagens, laminins, fibronectin, etc .) And proteoglycans (chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, etc ....
A 39-year - old woman with renal failure secondary to a congenital kidney malformation had been on renal haemodialysis treatment 3 days every week for the previous 17 years . She presented to the emergency eye clinic with a sudden onset bilateral reduction of vision occurring soon after waking in the morning . One day ...
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes pathological alterations in the tooth supporting tissues, leading to loss of periodontal structures and tooth loss gradually in later stages . Thus, periodontal disease points to the need form or effective and efficient management of this condition, in an attempt to ...
A 68-year - old male presented with grade 4 nuclear cataract with visual acuity of 20/200 in the left eye . He had best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 in the right eye and examination of that eye revealed normal pseudophakia with age - related macular degeneration . Stretch pupilloplasty was done for rigid pupil and...
Depression is a common mental health problem among people with visual impairment (burmedi, becker, heyl, wahl, & himmelsbach, 2002). A study in britain showed that people with visual impairment had a higher prevalence of depression compared with people with good vision, because people with visual impairment were more l...
The etiology of endodontic failure is multifaceted, but a significant percentage of failures are related to the lack of knowledge of pulp cavity anatomy and failure to negotiate and obturate the canal in its entirety . The rate of failures after endodontic treatment as apical percolation because of incompletely obturat...
Any comprehensive hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (ssc, scleroderma) must account for the varying contributions of vascular damage, extravascular tissue fibrosis, and inflammation . While certain clinical features of ssc are overt expressions of vascular injury (renal crisis, pulmonary arte...
Advanced surface ablation (asa) and photorefractive keratectomy (prk) and its variations are currently common procedures to correct some refractive errors safely and effectively.1 postoperative pain management is one of the drawbacks of these procedures, which remains an unresolved issue.2,3 current studies, focused on...
Since 2007, genome - wide association studies (gwass) have emerged as a powerful tool to identify disease - related genes for many common human disorders and other phenotypes . The national human genome research institute (nhgri) and the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) both maintain online resources fo...
Clinically, primary glaucoma presents two major subtypes: primary open - angle glaucoma (poag) and primary angle closure glaucoma (pacg). The classification relies mainly on the anterior segment anatomy, particularly that of the anterior chamber angle . Pacg is characterized by obstruction of aqueous fluid drainage thr...
Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) is amongst the top 3 common skin cancers, ranking behind basal cell carcinoma (bcc) and ahead of melanoma . It is a tumor that is locally invasive and which has the capacity to metastasize . Prognostically, it also occupies an intermediate position between bcc and melanoma, with bcc being ...
Melioidosis, though endemic in the southeast asian regions, such as thailand, singapore malaysia and australia, was also reported from africa, north and south america, pacific and caribbean islands, middle east and europe . In india, it is more prevalent in the south; though also reported from other parts . The disease...
Multislice computed tomography with high spatial resolution plays an important role in the imaging delineation of temporal bone . With the advance of computed tomography (ct) technology, a sharp increase in ct scan use has been observed in recent years . Consequently, there is a growing concern regarding the potential ...
On may 2, 2003, a 47-year - old - woman, who lived in northwestern slovenia, was admitted to the department of infectious diseases, university medical centre ljubljana, slovenia, with a 7-day history of fever <40.0c, severe headache, nausea, dry cough, malaise, intense myalgia, and arthralgia . The last bite occurred 1...
Progressive supranuclear palsy (psp) is the second most common cause of parkinsonism [1, 2]. Common symptoms of psp include parkinsonism with progressive vertical gaze palsy, postural instability with falls, akinesia, and cognitive impairment [3, 4]. Further, psp causes neuronal degeneration in the brainstem, including...
Inguinal hernia is the protrusion of abdominal organs into the inguinal canal through the natural or acquired defect of the abdominal wall . Operation of inguinal hernia represent the most frequent surgical intervention in the domain of general surgery with about twenty million procedures performed a year worldwide . F...
Many different genetic mechanisms of sex determination have been discovered in nature and studied deeply, using molecular - genetic tools (reviewed in cline and meyer 1996; marin and baker 1998; zarkower 2001; williams and carroll 2009; charlesworth and mank 2010; gamble and zarkower 2012; hughes and rozen 2012). In hu...
Cystic fibrosis (cf) is an inherited disease resulting in the formation of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and digestive pathways . Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common bacterial isolate that persists in cf lungs by evading host defenses and clearance mechanisms, contributing to declining lung function [1, 2]. In...
Adrenocortical carcinoma (acc) is a rare malignant tumour of the adrenal cortex with an approximate incidence of 1 to 2 cases per million adults annually [1, 2]. Most of these tumours are functional, presenting clinically with cushing's syndrome and/or signs of virilization . It is extremely rare for an adrenocortical ...
Thyroid dysfunction is coupled to adverse outcomes in both the mother and the fetus and is particularly associated with the cognitive and neurological development of the fetus [1, 2]. Women are more susceptible to developing thyroid disease later in life if they exhibit thyroid dysfunction or test positive for antibodi...