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Ameloblastic fibroma (af) is an extremely rare true mixed benign tumor that can occur either in the mandible or maxilla . It is frequently found in the posterior region of the mandible, often associated with an unerupted tooth . It usually occurs in the first two decades of life with a slight female predilection, causi... |
The burden of non - communicable disease in the developing countries is increasing and leading to high mortality rates . Nowadays, type 2 diabetes (t2 dm) is pandemic and there are no signs of reduction in incidence rates . Diabetes is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and is the most p... |
Insulin resistance is a classic risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm). A significant predisposition to insulin resistance obesity and its associated comorbidities are reaching never - seen - before levels worldwide . With sufficient increases in basal and nutrient - stimulated insulin leve... |
Overactivation of post - synaptic receptors for glutamate places a metabolic stress upon neurons which can contribute to neuronal injury in a wide range of conditions . The evidence for a contribution of glutamate receptor overactivation (termed excitotoxicity) is strongest in conditions like ischemia, prolonged seizur... |
Transdermal delivery of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs is a topical treatment routinely used in physiotherapy to reduce pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders.14 in order to weaken the skin barrier and to achieve a clinically effective drug concentration in the target tissues, various transdermal en... |
The primary hosts of this parasite are birds such as herons or ducks, and its second intermediate hosts are freshwater fish such as carp, crucian carp, or loach . The parasite becomes a metacercaria inside the second intermediate host by forming a globular film around its body and waits for an opportunity to infect the... |
It is common in countries with poor socio - sanitary conditions.1 humans act as intermediate hosts and get infected either through contact with definitive host (dogs, wolves) or its feces or by ingesting the infected food.2 due to its subtle presentation and absence of characteristic findings in plain radiographs, diag... |
Acute myeloid leukemia (aml) is a clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by uncontrolled self - renewal of hematopoietic stem cells, maturation arrest at myeloblast level, peripheral blood and bone marrow infiltration of blast cells . It is demonstrated that pathogenesis of aml is associated with some disorders in... |
This prospective study was conducted among 488 patients admitted to oncology ward of our hospital, over a period of 1 year, after obtaining the approval of the institutional ethics committee (iec 176/2012). It was an observational, focused pharmacovigilance study carried out as a part of the pharmacovigilance program o... |
Ultrasound is increasingly being applied in practical medicine for both clinical diagnosis and therapeutic purposes.1, 2 for diagnostic applications, a better resolution of the morphological features of organs is desirable . One of the most important factors in such diagnostic applications is the avoidance of biologica... |
As a result of increased access to dental care, people are retaining their natural dentition to a greater age . Nevertheless, the prevalence of edentulism remains significant, especially among the elderly.1 the population continues to age worldwide, especially in developing countries and among groups with high socioeco... |
The study subjects were type 2 diabetic patients enrolled in the diabetes management through an integrated delivery system (dmids) project (nct00288678, clinicaltrials.gov) (6). The patient recruitment period was between august 2003 and december 2005, with the project carried out through december 2009 . All type 2 diab... |
Schizophrenia and related psychoses are chronic disorders with an onset usually in early adulthood that affect patients all over their life and generally have moderate prognosis . Several previous [1, 2] and more recent [3, 4] studies have suggested that early intervention is crucial for the improvement of the prognosi... |
If i wish to explain it to him who asks me, i do not know . An initial issue regarding time is that, in our western mode of thinking, we have retained heracleitus' metaphor of time being a river which we never can enter twice, because it never remains the same . This is one the main assertions or principles attributed ... |
Current comprehensive cancer care is centered on reducing the bulk of disease through surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation . Despite the increasing effectiveness of these cornerstones of treatment and high cure rates of multiple cancer forms, cancer remains a leading cause of death.1 recent breakthroughs in cancer immu... |
The morphologically similar appearing clear cells are ambiguous in nature and believed to be originated from different cell lineages such as epithelial, mesenchymal, melanocytic, or hematopoietic . Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (ccoc) is one among the rare neoplasm with only 74 reported cases in the literarure . It ... |
Whole blood viscosity (wbv) is one of virchow's triad, which is an established concept of three phenomena including stasis, endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis that ultimately lead to, and/or result from cardiovascular complications[14]. Each phenomenon represents a subclinical vascular process, which in turn ... |
The most frequent tumors and simulating lesions in ocular adnexa are lymphoproliferative disorders (lpds), including malignant lymphomas and orbital inflammation with lymphoid hyperplasia or infiltration, some of which are historically called orbital pseudotumors . In japanese studies, goto reported that the rate of lp... |
Bone metastases affect up to two - thirds of patients with advanced solid tumours such as breast, prostate or lung cancer, and osteolytic bone lesions are typical of multiple myeloma . Individuals with bone metastases or lesions are at a high risk of experiencing skeletal - related events (sres), including pathologic f... |
Hemangiopericytomas (hpcs) were first categorized by stout as malignant tumors arising from the blood vessels and described as a sarcoma . The cell of origin is thought to be the pericyte which interacts with endothelial cells and is critical for blood vessel maintenance . Hpcs are extremely rare and occur usually outs... |
Due to the nature of the job, physical therapists provide medical services in close relationships with patients1, 2 . The turnover of physical therapists is a major loss in quality improvement of health services and rehabilitation related to human resources3 . Currently, medical services are moving from healthcare prov... |
One of the important risks is the existence of high levels of gasoline vapors including benzene that during work shifts employees are exposed to . Employees in functional units are more vulnerable population because of their continuous contact with harmful substances such as benzene . Based on usepa (united state envir... |
Type i ifns can be produced by almost any cell type in the body in response to stimulation of an array of transmembrane and cytosolic receptors . In most cell types, the prevalent pathway of type i ifn induction is the activation of cytosolic receptors that recognize viral or other xenogeneic or autologous nucleic acid... |
In gynecology endosalpingiosis is a benign condition in which fallopian tube - like epithelium is found outside of the fallopian tube . Endosalpingiosis is associated with the formation of psammoma bodies, which may lead to the misdiagnosis of malignancy such as serous carcinoma.1 the significance of endosalpingiosis i... |
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide . In the united states the estimates for 2010 were 209,060 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 40,230 deaths . The overall 5-year relative survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer is 23%, while the relative survival of breast cancer pati... |
Lumbar spondylolysis, a defect in the pars interarticularis, is a common cause of low back pain in adolescents and young adults . It occurs in 6% of the general population and has been reported more commonly in men . Spondylolysis commonly occurs at the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae, accounting for more than 95% of... |
Angina bullosa hemorrhagica is a rare benign subepithelial oral mucosal blisters filled with blood that are not attributable to a systemic disorder or haemostatic defect . Angina bullosa hemorrhagica (abh) is a sub epithelial oral mucosal hemorrhagic blister of unknown aetiology . This condition was first described in ... |
Congenital epulis, the rare benign soft - tissue tumors, derived from greek word meaning on the gum present with an aggressive appearance with large size, causing swelling, and difficulties during the breastfeeding . Any exophytic, asymptomatic soft - tissue tumor in infants, unifocal / multifocal of the mucogingival z... |
Systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is a prototypic autoimmune disease affecting various parts of the body including skin, kidneys, lungs, joints, heart, nervous system, and hematopoietic organs . It is a disease whereby a diverse array of autoantibody production, complement activation, immune complex deposition, and in... |
Ultrasound is widely available in emergency departments and point - of - care ultrasound is increasingly used by emergency physicians . Detection of intraperitoneal free air (ifa) is of great value in identifying life - threatening conditions in patients with acute abdominal pain . Ifa usually occurs as a result of a p... |
There is still no evidence to base interventions on neuropsychological rehabilitation or cognitive stimulation related with learning development . This is not derived at all from a lack of studies but to methodological difficulties finding trials suitable for meta - analysis . This is a real hazard for translational re... |
Acute hospital settings do not provide the ideal care environment for older patients with heart failure (hf). A european integrated home - care model has been developed with the goals that patients will experience participation, safety and have knowledge about their disease and treatment . To describe the meaning of pa... |
Brain and other central nervous system (cns) cancers include a variety of histopathologic subtypes, but the most common, by far, are gliomas . These tumours, which arise from the glial cells that surround and support neurons, include astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, and ependymoma . Medul... |
Since its discovery in the mid-1960s, the development of stable, well - defined, and functional - group - tolerant olefin metathesis catalysts has greatly influenced the fields of organic synthesis and polymer and materials science . Although alkene metathesis has found a wide range of applications, alkyne metathesis h... |
Conjugated polymers have been studied extensively because of their semiconducting and optical properties, which offer great potential for a diverse range of applications such as organic light - emitting diodes, field - effect transistors, and polymer solar cells . Recently, macrocycles have attracted increasing attenti... |
More recently, tewari et al reported this structure as the retrotrigonal layer and emphasized that this tissue may serve as a key surgical anatomical landmark to orient the location of the vasa and seminal vesicles, which are located just beneath this layer (fig ., we have used this structure to identify the vas defere... |
Postoperative as are well described major and long - term complications of cervical laminoplasty for csm . The overall incidence ranges from 6% to 60% 1,2 . The incidence and severity of as appears to vary among different types of laminoplasty procedures . Further, various procedural approaches to the cervical spine ma... |
Caricom countries like many other developing nations are in varying stages of an epidemiologic and nutrition transition, such that the traditional public health problems of infectious disease have decreased in prevalence, only to be largely replaced by the diseases of life style that are associated with western - type ... |
Copd is a lifestyle - related disease of the lungs that is primarily caused by regular smoking.1 it is an inflammatory disease associated with damage to the alveolar septa and increased levels of inflammatory mediators, such as c - reactive protein (crp), interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor- (tnf-) ... |
Craniopharyngioma is a type of benign tumor that arises from rathke s pouch, a derivative of the oral ectoderm, and accounts for approximately 33.5% of all intracranial tumors3). Although regarded as a world health organization (who) grade i tumor, it often demonstrates aggressive local behavior after surgery and requi... |
Since the initial evidence for the existence of transposable elements (tes) reported by mcclintock, large - scale sequencing of the genome of a wide range of living organisms has highlighted the abundance of te - derived sequences relative to the coding portion of genomes . Parasitic dna, are mobile genetic elements th... |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (psc) and primary biliary cirrhosis (pbc) are both immune - mediated chronic cholestatic liver conditions . Psc, which is frequently seen in association with inflammatory bowel disease, is a chronic biliary disease which may affect both the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree while in pb... |
It is estimated that, globally, 466,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed each year . As per estimate 231,000 women in a year die of cervical cancer and 80% of them are from the developing world . Use of cytological screening technique, papanicolaou (pap) test, has significantly increased the detection of cerv... |
Early life events contribute substantially to the likelihood of an individual becoming obese, although underlying mechanisms are not well understood . Obesity in women of reproductive age (15 to 44 years) is increasing rapidly, and up to 50% of women in this age range in the usa are now either overweight or obese . Thi... |
Diabetes is a major threat to public health worldwide, and its prevalence has rapidly increased and even has influenced the younger population . The world health organization estimates that about 366 million people worldwide will develop diabetes by 2030, the majority of who develop type 2 diabetes (t2d). Lifestyle neg... |
Halogenated inhalational anesthetics are the most commonly used agents for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia . The choice of anesthetic depends on many factors including ease of administration, cost, availability and permissibility of their effects . For more than 50 years chloroform the original halogena... |
The most prevalent cause of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in females is the attenuation of the pelvic floor muscle, resulting in a state in which the pelvic floor muscle is unable to be independently recognized and contracted . This results in pelvic girdle relaxation, pelvic organ prolapse, or stress urinary inconti... |
Helminths employ a range of immunomodulatory strategies to modulate the host immune response and utilize it to extend their longevity in the host and facilitate transmission . Characteristic of infection with helminths such as schistosoma mansoni is the induction of a th2 response . Two products released from eggs have... |
Diabetic high blood glucose or hyperglycemia causes mortality and morbidity through dn and dr via disrupting the vascular function in the kidney and retina . These pathologies are the major cause of death associated with renal failure and blindness among the type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients [13]. Similar molecular p... |
Adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix is a rare neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract with an incidence of about 0.1% to 0.2% . Age - adjusted incidence of cancer of the appendix is 0.12 cases per 1 000 000 per year . These rare tumors are seldom suspected before surgery, and <1/2 are diagnosed intraoperatively . T... |
Bronchogenic cysts are not uncommon in either children or adults . In children, they comprise approximately 6% of all mediastinal masses . Their presentation can range from an asymptomatic incidental finding to sudden respiratory distress . Video - assisted thoracoscopy was utilized to remove a bronchogenic cyst that w... |
In recent years, medical anthropologists have been turning their ethnographic attention to issues of science and technology, including how science is produced, where it is produced, by whom, and when . Anthropologists have also highlighted how scientific and technological advancements spread around the world, gradually... |
Rna interference (rnai) is a conserved cellular mechanism by which a small double stranded rna (dsrna) directs the degradation of complementary mrna and therefore inhibits the expression of a specific gene. (1) since its discovery, rnai has become a powerful tool to study gene functions in biological processes . The ab... |
Simple anthropometric measures of body composition and fat distribution are widely accepted as being the most practical and valuable approach to diagnose excess body fat, usually classified as overweight and obesity . Excess body fat can have an adverse effect on health, leading to development of various chronic diseas... |
Our aim in dpp was to prevent diabetes by some lifestyle measure or even medication interventions among at risk individuals (ifg / igt patients). In the dpp, the first group was the lifestyle intervention that received intensive training in diet and physical activity . Our aim was, losing 7 percent of their body weight... |
The evolution of sexually dimorphic traits, such as armaments, bright coloration, or exaggerated traits has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists, as such traits are often thought to reduce fitness through natural selection (e.g.,). However, in spite of the potential negative consequences of these traits, ma... |
Seasonal affective disorder (sad) was first time described as syndrome of recurrent episodes of depression that occur annually (usually in winter season at same time each year) by rosenthal et al . In 1984 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4 edition, text revision (dsm - iv - tr) describes sad no... |
In patients presenting with their first seizure, identifiable structural brain abnormalities are a risk factor for recurrent seizure and imaging helps guide clinicians in determining whether or not to recommend the initiation of chronic treatment with antiepileptic drugs (aeds) after an initial seizure . The epidemiolo... |
Renal cell carcinoma (rcc) is among the most frequent malignant tumors with significant morbidity and mortality . More than 58,000 estimated new cases and more than 13,000 deaths occurred in the united states in 2010 . During the last decades, an increase in the incidence of all clinical stages of renal tumors was obse... |
Anti - n - methyl - d - aspartate receptor (anti - nmdar) encephalitis is an increasingly recognized etiology of previously unexplained encephalopathy and encephalitis, since its original description in 2007, . The disease has initially been described in women with an ovarian teratoma but can also be seen in seen in wo... |
The european committee for standardization defines bitumen as a virtually nonvolatile, adhesive, and waterproofing dark brown viscous organic material derived from crude oil or present in natural asphalt . Due to its binding and hydrophobic properties, bitumen is commonly used for the construction of pavements and wate... |
When a crime is committed and a biological trace such as blood stain or semen is found at the crime scene or the body of the victim, forensic scientists can link the case to the arrested suspect through the matching of the trace evidence to the suspect, using dna profiling . For cases in which no suspect can be identif... |
Human diseases can be treated by the transfer of therapeutic genes (transgene) into specific cells or tissues of patients to correct or supplement defective, causative genes . The success of gene therapy depends on the ability to deliver therapeutic dna or sirna or other genetic materials to target site . Viral vectors... |
Contrast media can lead to acute deterioration in renal function particularly in patients with pre - existing chronic kidney disease . About 1214% of patients who develop acute renal sufficiency during hospitalization do so after procedures involving radiographic contrast . The incidence of progressive deterioration ca... |
H2o2, an endogenous oxidant present in all aerobic cells, was traditionally viewed as a toxic substance (winterbourn, 2008). However, research during the last two decades built a compelling case supporting the role of h2o2 as a diffusible signaling messenger that controls many cellular processes by modulating the redox... |
A 33-year - old woman was admitted to our hospital with a two - month history of abdominal distension and edema . The patient had no prior history of drug usage, including oral contraceptives, and no relevant family medical history . Upon admission, the patient underwent a physical examination, which revealed diffuse h... |
Ectopic neurohypophysis may be accompanied by midline brain defects and some degree of endocrine disorders . The associated endocrine disease varies from isolated growth hormone (gh) deficiency to multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies, but posterior pituitary function remains unchanged . Anterior pituitary h... |
There are an estimated 150,000 surgical amputations per year in the us, most of which are secondary in nature, arising from diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, trauma, and cancer.1 residual pain in amputation stumps can extend beyond the normal recovery time, and is seen in 13%71% of cases.2,3 after the nerve injury, ... |
In excess of one billion people are infected with helminths in developing countries, where these diseases cause substantial morbidity and hundreds of thousands of deaths annually (may, 2007; albonico et al ., 2008; hotez, 2011; bardosh, 2014). Helminths also plague livestock in developing and developed countries, with ... |
Bacteria and archaea exist in an incessant arms race with various selfish genetic elements (phages, transposons, and plasmids) and have evolved a variety of defense systems . The best known ones probably are the numerous restriction - modification enzyme systems that exploit different methylation patterns of host and i... |
Ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) increases the risk for developing contralateral breast cancer (cbc).1 the risk for developing either invasive cancer or dcis in the contralateral breast has been estimated at 0.6% per year.1,2 increasing numbers of women with dcis are electing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (cpm),... |
According to popular studies, the attempted resuscitation of patients in traumatic cardiac arrest in the prehospital care environment should not be pursued due to undo risk to the provider and has been shown to be ineffective . However, after review of current literature, sherren and colleagues developed and published ... |
Following advances in information - tailoring tools and telemedicine, medical information becomes increasingly available and individuals take a more active role in managing their personal health . At the same time, the environment in which patients consume medical and health information has changed dramatically . The i... |
Like in other branches of medicine, in psychiatry too, most clinicians and researchers are concerned, if not really obsessed, with what is the most recent advance in a particular field or area . Enlightened readers scan the references list and are suitably impressed if there is a generous sprinkling of recent ones . Wr... |
A 29-year - old woman, being artificially inseminated with twins, was hospitalized to get a cesarean section . A cesarean section was scheduled for her on the next day, but sudden pain and progression of the childbirth delivery forced her to the childbirth delivery room early . As she had undergone a vaginal delivery 3... |
Nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (nsaids) have been commonly used but are effective only for treating inflammatory pain by inhibiting prostaglandin production . Understanding endogenous pain modulatory systems that alter nociceptive transmission in the nervous system may lead to the development of pain treatment ... |
The phenomenon of immigration has an immense impact on the health care of population in the united states . Cases of tuberculosis (tb) among foreign - born nationals, currently living in the united states, account for more than half of the total . Also the absence of systemic symptoms does not rule out tb . Radiologica... |
Core stabilization exercises may prevent or improve symptoms of low back pain because it provides the basis for force production by the limbs2 . Broad benefits of core stabilization have been reported, including improvement of athletic performance and prevention of injuries3 . The core muscles include the abdominal mus... |
Data prospectively collected in the canadian alteplase for stroke effectiveness study (cases) were analyzed (16). This was a national prospective cohort study that led to the full approval of iv - tpa for acute ischemic stroke in canada . Sixty sites across the country participated over a period of 2.5 years and, where... |
In a retrospective observational study recently published in british medical journal, lockey et al . Note that trauma patients intubated without sedation before reaching hospital had a poor prognosis . They looked at the records of 1623 patients registered in a helicopter emergency medical service database over six yea... |
A 62-year - old female presented with gradually increasing swelling of the right side face for 5-years duration . Extra orally she had a diffuse, bony hard, non - tender swelling involving right side mandible (expansion of ramus, angle, and posterior body region) [figure 1a]. Color and texture of the overlying skin was... |
Cardiovascular disease (cvd) including sudden cardiac death (scd) is a major cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (ckd). Apart from left ventricular dysfunction, unique factors such as autonomic imbalance and inflammation contribute to the high incidence of scd in ckd . Traditional risk factors for atherosclero... |
It is generally established that the harmful effects of communicable disease and malnutrition on public health are of the utmost importance notably in the poor countries . Consequently, the priority of the health institutions and care workers has been focusing on control and preventive measures of the infectious diseas... |
The effectiveness of endodontic files, rotary instrumentation, irrigating solutions, and chelating agents to clean, shape, and disinfect root canals underpins the success, longevity, and reliability of modern endodontic treatments . The role of microorganisms in the development and perpetuation of pulp and periapical d... |
Recently, helper - dependent adenoviral vectors (hdads) have been used to deliver donor dna into human embryonic stem cells (escs), induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs), and adult stem cells to achieve high efficiency gene editing by homologous recombination to a wide variety of transcriptionally active and inactive ... |
Effective occupational safety and health (osh) management requires appropriate and reliable osh performance measurement . An indicator can be defined as a concise definition of a concept, meant to provide maximal information on an area of interest,[1, p.36] or a quantitative or qualitative factor or variable that provi... |
Polymer nanocomposites that integrate nanoparticles (nps) into polymer melts often possess superior mechanical, thermal, optical, or electrical properties in comparison with pure polymeric materials . Fabrication and processing of polymer nanocomposites require a good understanding of their viscoelastic behavior . Cent... |
Micrornas (mirnas) are small endogenous post - transcriptional regulators of gene expression found in a wide range of eukaryotes . These 20- to 24-nucleotide (nt)-long rnas regulate numerous physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and development [25]. Deregulation of mirna exp... |
Atonic seizures are characterized by a sudden loss or diminution of muscle tone without an apparent preceding myoclonic or tonic event . This phenomenon was first described as a postepileptic paralytic phenomenon and is now well known as todd's paralysis . Currently, such an episode of atonia during an epileptic seizur... |
Inflammatory activation with increased serum cytokine levels has been described by several authors as an important factor in the progression of the syndrome of chronic heart failure (chf) [13]. In multifactorial analyses, elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor-(tnf-) alpha and interleukin-(il-) 6 have been identifie... |
Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of nociception is a challenge that has important implications for pain management and the development of new analgesics . Nociception plays a vital role in the survival of the organism, serving to transmit warning signals of impending harm.13 however, beyond this function,... |
Kimura's disease is a rare benign haematological disorder, involving subcutaneous tissue, predominantly in the head and neck region and frequently associated with painless lymphadenopathies . The disease is endemic in asia, but rare and sporadic in the rest of the world . It can be associated with eosinophilia and incr... |
An increasing number of proteins with unknown function have their 3d structure solved at high resolution (1). This situation, largely due to structural genomics initiatives (2), has been stimulating the development of automated structure - based function prediction methods (3). Knowledge of residues important for funct... |
Vertebral artery injury is a catastrophic complication that can occur during anterior decompression of the cervical foramen . The distance between the uncinate tip and the vertebral artery was found to be as short as 1 mm on cadaveric specimens.1 2 there are controversies regarding the width of the uncinate process tha... |
Urethral catheterization is one of the most commonly performed procedures in healthcare settings worldwide, with more than 5 million urinary catheterization in the united states in the year 2000 alone (1). Adding to this, it is usually safe and relatively easy if performed by well - trained healthcare personnel . Altho... |
Most patients with fractures present first to the traditional bonesetters before coming to the hospital; it is therefore apt that we do not ignore this level of care . This practice is usually within the family circle from father to son and sometimes extended family members with other people being trained through appre... |
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (s - ich) accounts for 10% to 15% of all strokes and 78% to 88% of intracerebral hemorrhages24). The 30-day mortality rate of s - ich has been reported to range from 35% to 52%24), and around half of all deaths occur during the first 2 days3). In addition, s - ich produces serious n... |
G - protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) are located in the cellular membrane and act as mediators for cell signaling, making them promising therapeutic targets . However, drug design for gpcrs has been challenging due to the paucity of validated 3d structures . Although these integral membrane proteins have long been dif... |
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