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Endoscopy is an essential procedure for the diagnosis of a gastrointestinal (gi) disease . However, detection of premalignant and early malignant lesions in the inflamed stomach and intestine remains difficult . In recent years, a range of innovative techniques have entered the endoscopic arena due to their ability to ...
Inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is an immune based disorder that is more prevalent in caucasians . Osteoporosis (low bone density) is one of the most common and important consequences of inflammation in the bowel mucosa . Different clinical and epidemiological studies using dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry(dxa) ha...
Cell movement or motility is a highly dynamic phenomenon that is essential to a variety of biological processes such as the development of an organism (morphogenesis), wound healing, cancer metastasis and immune response . For example, during morphogenesis there is a targeted movement of dividing cells to specific site...
Ruptured cerebral aneurysms are the most frequent cause (~80%) of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah). Delayed ischemic deficits (dids) due to cerebral vasospasm are still the major cause of death and disability following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (asah). Symptomatic vasospasm (sv) and dids are considere...
Gbcs participants (n = 30,519) underwent, after written consent, a half - day assessment, including structured interview and physical examination . A nurse - led interview included questions on total sleep duration (including daytime naps) in a 24-h period . Total sleep duration was categorized into <6 h, 6 to <7 h, 7 ...
A 28-years - old para three was referred to a tertiary care centre from a primary health centre on the eighth postoperative day of interval sterlization with complaints of gradually increasing abdominal distension causing respiratory difficulty, drowsiness, and inability to accept orally . Patient had undergone mini la...
Marfan syndrome (mfs) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with skeletal, cardiac and ocular involvement . Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene (fbn1) on chromosome 15 are responsible for the development of mfs . Complete picture of the syndrome is age - dependant and seldom occurs in younger ages . However, mfs is r...
Henoch - schnlein purpura (hsp), characterized by palpable purpura, gastrointestinal bleeding, arthritis or arthralgia, glomerulonephritis, and acute abdominal pain, is the most small vessel vasculitis in children [1, 2]. The annual incidence of hsp is approximately 1 per 5000 children aged 20 years, and it decreases w...
Intact proprioception is a basic element in controlling movement1, and joint position sense (jps) is an important body function for recognizing the position of the joints and an essential factor in maintaining balance or kinesthesis2 . Jps in the spine is provided by the spinal ligaments, facet joints, and intervertebr...
Scotland has higher mortality rates than the rest of britain, higher mortality rates than all other western european countries and wider health inequalities than the rest of western europe.1 2 scotland's mortality outcomes have not always, however, compared so badly.1 it is only from around 1950 onwards that the rate o...
Cho et al compared kidney- and bullet - shaped cage designs and found no difference in construct stability in a cadaveric biomechanical study.9 similarly, faundez et al found no statistically significant difference in the construct stability between anteriorly or posteriorly placed interbody cages in a cadaveric biomec...
Celem badania bya ocena uytecznoci elastografii fali poprzecznej w odrnianiu zmian zoliwych stercza od agodnych . W sumie uzyskano 120 prbek tkanek gruczou krokowego od 10 pacjentw, u ktrych przeprowadzono zabieg radykalnej prostatektomii, poprzedzony biopsj wyniki badania elastograficznego i biopsji porwnano za pomoc ...
Protein kinase inhibitors now play a leading role in the treatment of cancer, exemplifying small - molecule exploitation of oncogene addiction . A total of 24 small - molecule kinase inhibitors have been approved for use as therapeutic agents, 17 of which are for cancer . In addition, four monoclonal antibodies acting ...
Usher syndrome (ush) is an autosomal recessive disorder considered as the most common cause of hereditary deaf - blindness in human, accounting for over 50% of individuals who are both deaf and blind . Ush is characterized by bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, progressive visual loss due to retinitis pigmentosa (rp)...
Water is ubiquitous in our daily lives and generally regarded as harmless, yet for some patients, water is a source of great discomfort . Aquagenic urticaria (au), a form of physical urticaria that occurs with cutaneous exposure to water, including sweat and tears, was first described in the literature in 1964 by shell...
It is imperative for a physician to collect complete patient profile before prescribing new medications for current treatment . The excipients are divided into various functional classifications, depending on purpose of use, such as binders, diluents, disintegrants, lubricants, wetting agents, solvents, fillers, emulsi...
Health effects of chronic exposure to uranium (u) in drinking water are emerging, including nephrotoxicity and possible toxicity on bones . Groundwater u concentrations ([u]) in excess of the u.s . Environmental protection agency (epa) maximum contaminant level (mcl) of 30 g / l for drinking water have been reported wo...
Complementary and alternative medical treatment (cam) has gained significant interest in recent years . Although the list of cam has changed over the years, the office of alternative medicine (established at the national institutes of health [nih] in the usa) nowadays recognizes five major categories . Acupuncture, bel...
We retrospectively reviewed the records of 85 treatment - nave patients newly diagnosed with choroidal neovascularization (cnv) secondary to amd at the vitreoretinal clinic of inha university hospital . Subjects with disease duration less than one month and those who were treated with intravitreal ranibizumab (0.50 mg)...
Injection of lipopolysaccharide into volunteers is followed by acute rises of monocyte - derived proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor, il-1, and il-6 . Although the concentration of these cytokines falls to normal within a few hours, the secondary effects of their release can be devastating . The...
The discovery of grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (mec) (hafting et al ., 2005) has been a major advance in cortical physiology (burgess 2014). The assessment of single - unit activity in rats running in boxes has led to the discovery of a plethora of functional cell types in the mec: conjunctive (head - dire...
In the united states, there are over 500,000 arterial bypass operations performed each year [13]. Autologous vessels are preferred as graft materials, however, up to 40% of patients needing bypass surgery may not have a healthy artery or saphenous vein of suitable length for use as an autograft . Even if suitable venou...
When such an organized collection of cells is identified in the stomach, it is designated as granulomatous gastritis, a subtype of chronic gastritis classified according to its cause as infectious, noninfectious, or idiopathic granulomatous gastritis 1 2 3 . Most cases of granulomatous gastritis in economically develop...
The study, conducted during 1999 and 2007, was designed as a follow - up to an experimental field study that had been conducted in the conurbation of zurich (11). Along the urban periphery, we selected 12 study plots of 1-km each and 1 additional, 6-km, plot . Experimental bait delivery was structured in 2 phases: apri...
Late - onset urea cycle deficiencies are defined as those that have clinical onset after an age of 28 days . This disorder occurs due to the deficiency of any of the following enzymes - ornithine transcarbamylase (otc), carbamoyl - phosphate synthetase (cpsi), argininosuccinate synthetase (ass), argininosuccinate lyase...
The blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis (northern populations previously treated as i. dammini), is the primary vector of the lyme disease bacterium, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l .) East of the rocky mountains 1 . Complex consists of at least 23 genospecies or genomospecies . In north america, at least 9 b. bur...
Adverse pregnancy outcomes remain a major cause of perinatal and paediatric morbidity and mortality, and subsequent morbidity into adult life . One of the key causes of adverse pregnancy outcome is fetal growth restriction (fgr). Fetal growth restriction describes a situation in which the fetus fails to achieve its ful...
Thyroid nodules are a common clinical finding and occur in approximately 1070% of the general adult population and are more common in women, the elderly, and patients with a family history of thyroid disorders . Malignant transformation of thyroid nodules occurs in only 510% of patients depending on age, gender, histor...
Although the prevalence of thyroid diseases in diabetic patients is two to threefold higher than in nondiabetic subjects1, little attention is paid to infectious thyroid diseases in diabetics, as they are diagnosed in only a few diabetic patients; by contrast, autoimmune thyroiditis, graves' disease and other endocrine...
Epidemiologic studies have shown that cerebrovascular accident (cva) is the 3 cause of death in developed countries with 0.8% prevalence in whole population . Although, prevalence rate of stroke is reduced but yet is one of the most important health problem in united state . Not only urinary tract infections independen...
Protein domains are distinct units of molecular evolution, usually associated with particular aspects of molecular function such as catalysis or binding . In general, they represent discrete units of three - dimensional (3d) structure . The identification of functionally characterized domains in protein sequences may g...
Cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems infiltrate the tumor microenvironment (tme) and form an ecosystem that modulates all aspects of tumor development (grivennikov et al ., 2010). T cells are the most abundant and best - characterized population in the tme of solid tumors (galon et al ., 2006, vesely et al ....
Previous studies have shown that the ir(100) surface exhibits interesting properties with respect to its surface reconstructions . Similar to other fcc metal surfaces (e.g., au or pt(100)) the ir(100) surface undergoes a (1 1) (5 1) surface reconstruction . According to experimental studies of the surface phonon distri...
In the present issue of critical care, dubin and collaborators report the results of a study in which they tested the hypothesis that intramucosal - to - arterial carbon dioxide difference (the so - called pco2 [partial carbon dioxide tension] gap) may remain unaltered during dysoxia (a state in which oxygen delivery [...
Conventional surgical repair of aortic aneurysms has been applied for many decades . However, despite the advances in operative techniques and perioperative management of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms or occlusive aorto - iliac disease, there are many early and late complications related to aortic graft repa...
Static cold storage is without doubt the simplest and most practical means of organ preservation . Flushing the organ with cold preservation solution removes the blood and rapidly reduces the temperature . Nonetheless, the anaerobic environment causes substantial tissue injury which exacerbates the level of ischaemia r...
Melancholia is a kind of depression with the most common symptoms of evident mental disorder, slimness, lack of enjoyment, feeling guilty and having no appetite . In modern medicine, however, historically, it could have physical symptoms as well as mental symptoms and the atrabilious situations were categorized accordi...
Suicide the most preventable cause of death is among the top 20 leading causes of mortality globally for all ages . In the last 50 years suicide rates have increased by 60% worldwide while in india there is 43% increase in suicide rate in last three decades every individual differs in aetiology of their suicide or suic...
Medical research is the cornerstone of scientific research . It has the potential to engender a better state of physical and psychological health when conducting medical research, one must abide by the ethical and moral obligations as outlined by the nuremberg code in 1947 and the subsequent declaration of helsinki 196...
Chronic glomerulonephritis, until recently has been the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (ckd) in developing countries like india . However, with the increase in diabetes mellitus, the majority of ckd patients in india now have diabetic nephropathy as their underlying etiology . According to the recently pub...
Closed polarographic oxygen sensors (clark electrodes and its varieties) are convenient and still the most widely used tools for measuring of oxygen consumption in various biochemical studies [14]. However, users of clark electrode are often forced to face a number of problems, the causes of which are not obvious . Usu...
Historically, most patients who sustained serious arterial injury did not survive long enough to reach medical care providers . With advancement in health care systems, and urbanization of the population, many seriously injured patients now arrive at hospitals . Even those with very serious vascular injuries (e.g., car...
A four - year - old boy was referred to the oral and maxillofacial radiology department at the school of dentistry of the university of mashhad . His chief complaint was a swelling in the right inferior border of the lower jaw, which had been present for one week and exhibited slow growth . The lesion was initially dia...
Eruptive vellus hair cysts (evhc) are typified by multiple, small, and discrete follicular papules with a smooth or centrally umbilicated appearance [1, 2]. They are skin - colored or yellowish papules, 1 - 5 mm in diameter, usually on the chest and proximal extremities . Steatocystoma multiplex (sm) is characterized b...
In the past two years, several important events have focused attention on chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection in the us and elsewhere (table 1). Three new evidenced - based practice guidelines sponsored by regional liver societies have helped clarify hbv treatment [1 - 3]. In addition, the centers for disease con...
Spine - related ailments are a major cause of morbidity and lost productivity in the united states, affecting nearly 33 million people per year.1 although multiple spine - related symptoms often coexist, the individual symptomatic components can be broadly divided into those that cause axial pain, central neural dysfun...
Since the mid-1990s, controversy has surrounded the question of a potential link between exposure to recombinant hepatitis b vaccine (hbv) and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (cns), in particular multiple sclerosis (ms). While most epidemiological studies have failed to demonstrate a link between h...
Growth and development are continuous processes, which bring a change in an individual, every moment . Development of sexuality starts as early as in intrauterine life following conception and continues through infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood till death . During infancy self - awareness about sexuality (gend...
Let us imagine a population with n individuals where we recruit 1 control per case into a cc study and follow up the coca and the coco . The exposure (e) and outcome (o) are distributed as shown in figure 1 . Figure 1.venn diagram showing the distribution of 2400 cases and 2400 controls in relation to an exposure and a...
Pathological or traumatic processes that cause rotational changes to the forearm bones, particularly the radius, may result in persistent pain, limitation of motion and instability at the distal radioulnar joint.1,2 this occurs with malunited fractures that usually result in limited forearm rotation and can lead to deg...
For nearly a century, progressive discovery of the number and molecular structure of chromosomes and their information content have proven to be useful in the clinical domain [1, 2]. With the sequencing of the human genome, we have gained a reference for base pair resolution comparisons that have provided unprecedented...
Breast carcinoma in men is uncommon with an incidence report rate of 1.08 per 100,000 . At time of diagnosis, men have a higher median age; and are more likely to have a more advanced stage of disease and lymph node involvement . Forequarter (interscapulothoracic) amputation was first performed in 1808 for severe traum...
In high volume centers, partial pancreaticoduodenectomy (pd) can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality . While the outcome is clearly associated with surgeon and center experience, the rate of pancreatic fistulas seems not to drop below a certain level [2, 3]. Even after thousands of pd, highly experienc...
Organophosphorus (op) insecticides are applied in agricultural situations for insect control and have served as the active ingredients in many household insecticides . Although their use has been restricted in many countries, they are still heavily used in many developing nations of the world . In these areas, there is...
A mysterious disorder is killing more than half a million patients around the world each year . This disorder is associated with sudden onset of profound impairment of kidney function and its exact cause is unclear and treatment is unsatisfactory . Many of those that survive remain with permanent kidney failure . The t...
In the previous issue of critical care, takala and colleagues published a multicenter randomized controlled trial (rct) investigating the use of less invasive cardiac output monitoring in hemodynamically unstable patients admitted to the intensive care unit (icu). In this study, patients were randomly assigned to be tr...
Protein protein interactions (ppis) represent a promising new class of attractive therapeutic targets, and the advancement in drug discovery efforts against ppis has been recently referred as the unmined biology gold reserve (1). However, ppis are still considered as extremely difficult for targeting by small - molecul...
Aggressive angiomyxoma (aam) is a rare locally aggressive soft tissue tumor, which primarily occurs in the pelvic perineal regions . The incidence in females is significantly higher than in males (female - to - male ratio of 6:1). The main site of disease is the perineum, followed by the pelvic cavity and vagina . In 1...
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among veterans and more common in veterans than in the general (nonveteran) population . Nearly 3/4 of the veteran population is at least overweight, and more than 1/3 of this population is obese or morbidly obese [1, 2]. Obese veterans often carry multiple medical and p...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is currently the third most common cause of death in the world.1 copd is a global health concern and a slowly progressive inflammatory disease caused by airflow obstructions.2 copd is not fully reversible and can lead to progressively worsening breathlessness, which affects ...
In the last 10 years, the number of disciplines, subjects, methodologies and individual researchers and practitioners working or associated with the medical humanities has grown considerably . As befits an emerging field of enquiry, there is on - going debate about its future direction (ahlzn 2007; evans and greaves 20...
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (pres) is a clinicoradiological entity first described by hinchey et al1 in 1996 who called it reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome . It was renamed pres by casey et al2 in 2000 to stress the involvement of both white and gray matter . The diagnosis is based on ...
The practice of anatomical pathology is changing as a result of the introduction of new tests, services, and technologies, as well as the emergence of personalized medicine that asks for targeted pathological diagnoses . This situation is contributing to an increase in the volume of patient cases to be diagnosed, as we...
Previous studies have enabled objective measurements of lens density, providing more precise and reliable assessments compared to the locs iii grading system.47 different approaches have been described to quantify cataract density from the scheimpflug images, and some correlated better with lens grading and visual perf...
A reabilitao pulmonar (rp) melhora a capacidade de exerccio na maioria (mas no todos) dos pacientes com dpoc . Os fatores associados ao sucesso do tratamento e o papel da mecnica da parede torcica na determinao desse sucesso ainda no claro . Investigamos o impacto da rp no desempenho ao exerccio em pacientes com dpoc e...
Since its inception, the international journal of exercise science has enjoyed the involvement of several students and professionals from brazil . As our relationship has developed, we felt that it would be an ideal opportunity for our international readership to learn about exercise science programs from leading insti...
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (op) is a major women s health problem that increases morbidity, mortality, and cost of healthcare . A revised perspective of the pathogenesis in this disease from estrogen - centric to oxidative stress has highlighted the need to identify reliable markers for reflecting oxidative stress sta...
Retinoblastoma (rb) is the most common malignant ocular tumor in the pediatric age group, occurring in 1/15,000 to 1/30,000 live births, although it forms a smaller percentage of all pediatric malignancies (~5/1,00,000 children). The hereditary group present at a younger age, usually have bilateral disease, and have an...
The vast majority of cancers in the head and neck region are of epithelial origin . We present a patient with metastasis in the right tonsil of a primary adenocarcinoma of the distal oesophagus . A 57-year - old man was referred to our department of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery, because of dysphagia, pain a...
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which may be caused by defects in either insulin secretion by the pancreas or insulin action in target tissues like skeletal muscles . The world health organization (who) projects that by the year 2030, the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus will have inc...
Traumatic brain injury (tbi) remains a significant health burden worldwide [1, 2]. This is especially relevant in pediatrics, due to the varied and nonspecific complaints among head - injured children . Age, glasgow coma scale (gcs), accidental hypothermia, hyperglycemia, and coagulation disorders are reported to be in...
Foix - chavany - marie syndrome (fcms), also known as opercular syndrome, is characterized by bilateral paralysis of the facio - glosso - pharyngo - masticatory muscles in voluntary movement due to bilateral anterior opercular lesions, with normal strength in involuntary actions (such as yawning or laughing).1,2 functi...
As predicted by who, by 2015, approximately 2.3 billion adults will be overweight and more than 700 million will be obese . The multitudinous pathological consequences of obesity and overweight include type ii diabetes, oxidative stress, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension . The emer...
Although obesity has stabilized in some us populations, it is still at epidemic proportions, with 31.7% of all children 219 years of age overweight or obese (bmi 85th percentile). Anti - obesity efforts often fail [2, 3], and exactly why they fail is still unclear . The discouraging results of many studies, including t...
It can be acquired by transmission of parasites from mother to child during pregnancy or perinatally during labour . Congenital malaria has been documented for many years, but it was previously thought to be uncommon especially in indigenous populations; more recent studies, however, suggest that incidence has increase...
Obstructive sleep apnea (osa) is characterized by an intermittent repeatable cessation of airflow to the lung due to closure of the airway at pharyngeal level and afflicting about 2442% adults and has been implicated as an independent risk factor for hypertension, cardiocerebrovascular diseases, and metabolic complicat...
Antimicrobial growth promoters such as monensin have been used extensively in ruminant production to modulate competition among different microbial populations for improving the efficiency of energy and protein utilization in the rumen . Monensin is a carboxylic polyether ionophore antibiotic that is produced by fermen...
A 67-year - old caucasian woman presented with a lesion on her left sural region which consisted of an erythematous purplish round plaque, surrounded by a the patient had brown hair and was classified as skin phototype 3 according to fitzpatrick's classification . She had been suffering from type 2 diabetes for 12 year...
A 71-year - old female underwent clear corneal phacoemulsification in the left eye with implantation of non - foldable intraocular lens . The patient had best corrected visual acuity (bcva) of finger counting (fc) at 2 m. slit - lamp examination showed severe corneal edema [fig . 1] and anterior segment could not be vi...
Older adults in canada are the fastest growing cohort of the population, a trend echoed in other industrialized nations . Currently, over 35% of the canadian population is comprised of individuals aged 50 years and above, a number expected to rise as the baby boom generation progresses further into older age [2, 3]. Re...
We employed the -haemolysin protein pore, a toxin from staphylococcus aureus bacterium, as the sensor element . The translocation of single - stranded oligonucleotides through this 2-nm pore has been studied extensively . However, it is difficult to distinguish the translocation of different micrornas because the seque...
Knowledge of radiation dose and risk is poor among all radiology workers . Significant knowledge gap among technologists compared to residents, fellows and staff radiologists . Radiology plays a prominent role in modern medicine . Many of the diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures involve exposure to ionisi...
Gestational diabetes mellitus (gdm) has been defined for many years as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy . According to the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes (hapo study), a large - scale multinational epidemiologic study, the risk of adverse maternal, fetal, ...
Sedentary behaviour (sb) is defined as participation in activities such as sitting and reclining during waking hours that do not substantially increase energy expenditure . Recent systematic reviews have indicated that sb is associated with increased risk of chronic disease morbidity and mortality, often independent of...
The pathogenesis of leprosy has been found to be influenced by a number of factors including oxidative stress (os). The infected macrophages show increased phagocytosis and oxygen consumption known as respiratory burst, associated with production of free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ros), such as superoxide a...
Baseline hemoglobin of 12 g / dl and 13 g / dl for potential female and male donors' respectively, and a donation interval of 12 weeks minimum have been stipulated in some countries to ensure donor safety . As a way of attaining this goal, voluntary nonremunerated blood donation is encouraged and the world health organ...
Humanizing the clinical experience for families in the icu may improve family satisfaction and prompt more effective use of technological icu resources . Schaefer and block identified trends toward three broad groups of clinical competencies that positively impact length of icu stay, family satisfaction, and family ber...
Oral myiasis was however, first described by laurence (1909) and is reported mainly in the tropics and is associated with, inadequate public and personal hygiene . The term myiasis refers to infestation of living tissues of animals or humans by diptera larvae . The species of flies that cause myiasis are cochiliomyia h...
Routine subculture as clumps was executed when hescs reach confluency every 45 days using 1 u / ml dispase in dmem / f12 (stemcell technologies). Prior to all treatments, hescs were instead passaged as single cells using tryple express (life technologies). 24 h after treatment, medium was replaced to mtesr1 without sel...
As cochair of graduate admissions of the tetrad program at the university of california at san francisco (ucsf), i conducted a retrospective analysis of our highest- and lowest - ranked graduate students over the past 20 years to identify undergraduate metrics that significantly differed between these groups . I interv...
Cerebrovascular diseases represent the third leading cause of death and disability.1 furthermore, stroke is associated with significant reductions in the quality of life, not only due to the presence of neurological deficits but also due to resultant cognitive dysfunction.2 strokes also represent a major etiological fa...
Wistar hannover galas rats (galas rats) have recently been used in toxicity studies in japan because of their beneficial characteristics such as a higher survival rate and a lower body weight than other ordinary strains, such as sprague - dawley and fisher 344 . In galas rats, it has been reported that vacuolar change ...
Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (dhs) is a severe, idiosyncratic multisystem reaction defined by the clinical triad of fever, rash and internal organ involvement (e.g., hepatitis, myocarditis or pneumonitis), which may occur 1 - 8 weeks after exposure to the drug . The term, dhs is often used interchangeably with anothe...
Russia is one of the countries with the highest incidence of tuberculosis in the world . However, a considerable reduction in the incidence of the disease has been observed in recent years, particularly in northwest russia . For example, in the arkhangelsk region the incidence of tuberculosis decreased from 104.0 per 1...
In vertebrates, di- and tri - methylation of h3k4 are generally restricted to euchromatin and occur in discrete zones in the proximity of transcriptionally active genes . Methylation is thought to facilitate transcription through the recruitment of nucleosome remodeling complexes and histone modifying enzymes, or by pr...
Osteoarticular tuberculosis has remained a diagnostic enigma particularly when the disease affects unusual sites.15 the morbidity and prognosis are thus significantly worsened due to the tendency of tb to mimic other known diseases, leading to diagnostic and therapeutic delays, resulting in inferior functional outcomes...
Malignant transformation of a mature cystic teratoma is an uncommon complication occurring in approximately 1 - 3% of all mature cystic teratomas . Although any of the constituent tissues of a teratoma has the potential to undergo malignant transformation, squamous cell carcinoma (scc) is the most commonly associated c...