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In the previous issue of critical care, friesecke and colleagues demonstrate that the survival rate of patients with severe lactic acidosis due to metformin accumulation can be strikingly higher than expected based on the initial clinical evaluation . Metformin is nowadays the first - line drug of choice for the treatm... |
In june 2003, an outbreak of plague emerged in the oran area of algeria (4). During the following weeks, a total of 11 confirmed and all cases were bubonic plague; septicemia and coma later developed in 2 patients . According to national health records, the last outbreak in oran was in 1946 and the last human cases of ... |
The patient - centered scalable national network for effectiveness research (pscanner) is a consortium of three existing networks that together constitute a highly diverse patient population with respect to insurance coverage, socioeconomic status, demographics, and health conditions . System characteristics of pscanne... |
Initial workup exams demonstrated a 2.8 cm cortical lower pole tumor in the right kidney . Renovascular hypertension, primary hyperadosteronism and pheocromocytoma are potential diagnosis that must not be forgotten and should be excluded . Although rare, chronic pyelonephritis and renal tumors as rennin - producing tum... |
Diseases with symptoms of edema that are encountered a medical institutions vary from internal diseases (e.g., kidney, liver, heart, and endocrine diseases) to orthopedic diseases, central nerve disease, and malignant tumors . Generally, edema exceeds a physiological compensatory function to an interstitial fluid and i... |
Western society is currently faced with an increasing incidence of vascular diseases such as hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, mainly as a consequence of unhealthy lifestyle habits, an increase in obesity, and an aging population . Vascular diseases and obesity are risk factors for disorders that affect cogniti... |
Environmental variations affect the nutritional composition of food resources . A common example is animals encountering different quality of food depending on a dry or rainy season . This phenomenon is less evident in human agricultural populations, in which efforts are devoted to maintain consistent food resources, b... |
The treatment of orbital floor fractures with silastic sheet was prominent, until the advent of the titanium plate . It was an adequate treatment; however, it had a tendency to migrate through the skin . Diplopia when present for months tends to be difficult to resolve surgically, and what makes this case unique is tha... |
The liver is the largest internal organ in the body and performs many important functions, so it is not surprising that diseases of the liver are a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world . Among the most common liver disorders hcv infection is considered a major worldwide public health problem with... |
Ligand - gated ion channels (lgics) are multimeric membrane proteins that play an important role in fast synaptic transmission and in the modulation of cellular activity . They are involved in many neurological disorders, such as alzheimer s disease, anxiety, epilepsy, and learning and attention deficit, and are target... |
The incidence of hbv or hcv - associated viral hepatitis is increasing, along with the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). However, advances in diagnostic imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, computed tomography (ct), and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) now enable early detection and diagnosis of hcc .... |
A 49yearold woman suspected of having a right optic neuritis was referred to the neurology department . She had been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) 10 years earlier, and, at the time of presentation, she was receiving azathioprine 50 mg three times a day, prednisone 5 mg daily, and belimumab 640 mill... |
Open surgical repair with graft implantation has been the standard therapy for patients with asymptomatic descending aortic aneurysms larger than 5 - 6.5 cm, while aortic dissections without complications generally have been treated conservatively, . Within the last years, new and much less invasive treatment modalitie... |
Many potential kidney transplant recipients are unable to receive a live donor transplant due to cross - match or blood type incompatibility . Kidney paired donation (kpd) increases access to live donor transplantation . From its first realization as an exchange of kidneys between two incompatible donor / recipient pai... |
Many simple rhythmic behaviors are controlled by specialized central pattern generator (cpg) networks in the spinal cord or brainstem with intrinsic oscillatory characteristics (grillner, 2006; kiehn, 2006). However, goal - directed upper - limb movements under cortical control can also exhibit rhythmicity . When track... |
Re - methylation of homocysteine (hcy) to methionine constitutes one of the most important reactions catalysed in one - carbon metabolism . There are numerous factors that influence hcy level including age, gender, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, various medications and polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes a... |
Square turning is frequently used for corners, and semicircular turning is often used to avoid obstacles during activities of daily living1 . Balance is challenged during turning gaits, and this is one of the most common reasons for falls by older adults1, 2 . Many older adults have decreased postural stability and hav... |
Ependymomas are rare forms of primary brain tumors, accounting for 37% of all brain tumors [1, 2]. Ependymomas, composed of neoplastic ependymal cells, are thought to arise from the ependymal cells in the ventricular system . The majority occur infratentorially in the pediatric population, while a smaller fraction occu... |
Malaria accounts for the highest cause of mortality in africa with 90% of the global malaria deaths occurring on this continent . It constitutes 9% of the disease burden to the people of africa and is responsible for 25% of deaths below the age of five years . Susceptibility to malaria is increased by up to 3-fold duri... |
The assessment of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (lvd) using phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion single - photon emission computed tomography (spect) (mps) was introduced in 2005, allowing for the simultaneous assessment of left ventricular (lv) perfusion, function, and mechanical dyssynchrony . Furt... |
Discontinuation of anticoagulated drugs when a minor oral surgery is to be undertaken has been a common practice . Multiple studies, however, reported this concept to be associated with high potential risks, and that minor surgeries can be performed safely in anticoagulated patients without interruption of the drug adm... |
Overuse tendon injuries, namely, tendinopathies, pose a significant clinical problem in musculoskeletal medicine . The intrinsic pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of tendinopathies are largely unknown [2, 3]; however, several model systems have recently implicated proinflammatory cytokines [46]. The in... |
It is accepted that surgical treatment of super superobese patients (bmi> 60 kg / m) and high - risk patients with comorbidities, is responsible for an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality after bariatric surgery [1, 2]. Sleeve gastrectomy is a recently used surgical technique, with an acceptable rat... |
The pas - gaf - phy and pas - gaf fragments from deinococcus radiodurans were expressed in the escherichia coli strain bl21 (de3) and purified by affinity and size - exclusion chromatography . Crystallographic data was collected at beamline id23 - 1 of the esrf (see extended data table 1). Time - resolved x - ray scatt... |
Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) is one of the major imaging modalities in use today . Compared to computed tomography (ct), mri has advantages in imaging soft tissues . However, its relatively long imaging time remains a great challenge for clinical application, often limiting its application . Significant efforts hav... |
Acceptor systems such as substituted benzenes reveals many interesting processes occurring in electronically excited states . Particularly, dual fluorescence of 4-(n, n - dimethylamino)benzonitrile (dmabn) in polar solution, consisting of an emission from the lb state and an anomalous red - shifted emission from the la... |
Currently, a combination of genetic and environmental factors underlying the development of this disorder is discussed . Genetic association and genome - wide association studies revealed several risk genes of schizophrenia, among them are neuregulin1, disc1, d - amino - acid oxidase activator (daoa / g72), zinc finger... |
Sensory disturbances in schizophrenia are often described as an inability to filter meaningful sensory stimuli.19 in experimental settings, this filtering inability has been examined most often using auditory evoked potentials to repeated sounds with the main aim of testing the brain s ability to inhibit (or gate) its ... |
Posterior tibial slope that is created during proximal tibial resection in total knee arthoplasty (tka) has emerged as an important factor in the biomechanics of the knee joint and postoperative clinical outcome . The common approach is to restore the posterior tibial slope as closely as possible to the anatomical cond... |
-chiral ethers are present in many natural products, biologically active molecules and synthetic intermediates.1 therefore, much effort has been directed towards efficient routes to enantiomerically enriched chiral ethers through allylic etherification reactions.2 within this context, there is currently ongoing interes... |
Osteochondroma or exostosis is most common primary benign bony tumor comprising of more than one third of the total occurrences . Osteochondromas are considered as an aberration in the normal physial growth plate and originate from the metaphysis of long bone with more than third (35 - 46%) of cases affecting the bone ... |
Young adult college students in the united states are at a heightened risk for alcohol use problems due to their hazardous patterns of alcohol use [14]. Particularly, among 14000 students from 119 universities, 31% endorsed criteria for alcohol abuse and 6% endorsed criteria for alcohol dependence . However, few colleg... |
Lymphedema (le) is a condition in which lymphatic transport is compromised, allowing lymph fluid to accumulate between tissues . The accumulation causes progressive fibrosis between the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and is characterized by non - pitting swelling . This fibrosis and swelling damage lymphocytes and weake... |
The growth of home and community - based services (hcbs) under medicaid can be traced to the early 1980s when it was found that: a disproportionate percentage of medicaid resources were being used for institutional long - term care (davidson, 1980; grannemann and pauly, 1983; holahan, 1975; spiegel and podair, 1975). S... |
Not only is copd a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, but it is also the fourth - leading cause of mortality today and is estimated to be the third - leading cause of death by 2020 . Exacerbations of copd are the episodic periods of the disease, characterized by deterioration of respiratory function . Respirator... |
Ultrasound examinations have become the routine technique for the evaluation of the inflammatory changes in the musculoskeletal system in children in the course of systemic inflammatory conditions such as jia . They allow to identify the inflamed structures of the locomotor system such as e.g. Joints, bursae, and tendo... |
Such symptoms include impaired judgment, lack of impulse control, suspiciousness, disinhibition, paranoia, inability to trust others, delusions and hallucinations . It is quite likely that act of incarceration may well exacerbate certain underlying psychiatric conditions . The effect of such incarceration may well be s... |
A 73-year - old diabetic patient presented with a recent - onset visual decline od . 1a] with mild non - proliferative diabetic retinopathy with no macular edema; left fundus was normal . Optical coherence tomography (oct) revealed vitreomacular traction; central macular thickness (cmt) was 630m [fig . 1b]. After obtai... |
Inflammation is receiving an increasing amount of attention for its potential role in the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders, from insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm) to fatty liver and cardiovascular disease (cvd). Current evidence shows that c - reactive protein (crp) level is a plasma protein... |
In a recent issue of critical care, parnell and colleagues examined host gene expression changes in whole blood from critically ill patients infected with pandemic h1n1 influenza a infection . The measurable genomic response of the host to influenza may provide important information not only on viral pathogenesis but a... |
Dna microarray technology, a powerful tool in functional genome studies, has yet to be widely accepted for extracting disease - relevant genes, diagnosis, and classification of human tumor [13]. Generally, genes are ranked according to their differential expression by analysis of combination of normal and tumor samples... |
With an estimated 70,530 new cases and 14,680 deaths in the united states in 2010, bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urothelium and kidneys . Metachronous disease is common, and surveillance for additional tumors is a lifelong challenge in patients with bladder cancer . Ct urography (ctu) is defined a... |
Bacillus calmette guerin (bcg) vaccine, derived from multiple passages of wild - type mycobacterium bovis, has been used in humans since 1921 and is still the only vaccine available against tuberculosis (1). Approximately, 100 million children routinely receive one or more bcg vaccines in most countries of the world ev... |
Glucagon - like peptide-1 (glp-1) is secreted from the enteroendocrine l cells of the intestinal mucosa and is released into the portal circulation in response to meal ingestion through posttranslational processing of proglucagon by prohormone convertase-1 in its secretory cells . Glp-1 enhances insulin secretion and i... |
In the previous issue of critical care we read with great interest a report of the first experimental study of recombinant human activated protein c (rhapc) in oleic acid - induced nonseptic acute lung injury (ali) in sheep . Impairment of the protein c pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis . Treat... |
Minimally invasive dentistry is an approach that seeks to maintain the patient's oral health with preventive measures and to treat possible disturbances of health as early as possible and with as little intervention as possible . This requires that caries is detected at an early stage of development and that its status... |
Parkinson's disease (pd) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 1 - 2% of the elderly population . In addition to the well - known motor problems of pd patients, that are related to nigrostriatal dopamine deficits, also nonmotor symptoms are common . These symptoms strongly affect quality of life of pd p... |
Post - traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) is a pathological response to a traumatic event affecting many combat veterans . Sleep disturbance, nightmares and insomnia are distressing and often treatment - resistant symptoms of ptsd (1, 2) and are also the criteria to diagnose ptsd in the diagnostic and statistical manual ... |
Human mitochondrial sequence data has been used to make various inferences about the origins of modern humans, including a single out of africa dispersion event (1,2) (currently the most popular theory for modern human origins), multiple dispersions from africa (3), and a multi - regional, parallel development model (4... |
We report on a chronic hemiparetic patient whose gait recovery was delayed until healing of an injured corticoreticulospinal tract (crt), which was demonstrated on diffusion tensor tractography (dtt). A 71-year - old female presented with complete paralysis of the right extremities resulting from a spontaneous intracer... |
The bromodomain (brd) family of proteins recognize acetylated - lysine (kac) in proteins and represent a set of protein protein interaction modules that are becoming increasingly explored in the field of drug discovery . The bet family of brds is a subset of this larger bromodomain family and is made up of four members... |
Alkylsilanes are known to self - assemble at the surface of oxide materials . This ability has been widely exploited, for example, to tune the wetting and electronic transport properties of the surface . Furthermore, alkylsilanes are often used as coupling agents for attaching organic moieties or nanoparticles to the o... |
It dissolves quickly in concentrated acids and in some fluoroalcohols yet its reactivity is low . Other relevant properties of this biopolymer are its high molecular weight and porous structure which favors high water absorption [1, 2]. On the other hand these associations act as a matrix that interacts with other cons... |
The composite shrinkage creates stresses within the material at the tooth structure interface, which might manifest clinically as cuspal deflection, which in turn compromises the synergism of the bond at the tooth restoration interface possibly leading to bacterial microleakage and ultimately to marginal discoloration,... |
Radiation treatments, which include external beam radiation, plaque brachytherapy, proton beam radiation, helium ion radiotherapy, and gamma knife radiotherapy,110 may result in long - term damage to the retinal vascular endothelial cells, causing radiation maculopathy in over 50% of eyes undergoing plaque radiotherapy... |
Medicine is based on professional virtues such as self - regulation, autonomy authorisation, specialisation, and adherence to an ethical code of practice . The privilege of self - regulation assumes assurance of the competencies of every practicing doctor, which is gained by standards for education and practice . The a... |
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia) is an autoimmune disease1 whose association with uveitis is established for more than half a century.2,3,4 there are, according to the international league of associations for rheumatologists (ilar), 7 subtypes of jia known as oligoarticular, polyarticular rf(), polyarticular rf(+), ... |
Using cluster sampling, 337 free - living elderly subjects (193 females and 144 males) were entered in a cross - sectional designed study in shiraz (iran). The study population was divided into regional clusters based on regional municipality; and, a random sample of these clusters was selected . Exclusion criteria wer... |
Obstructive sleep apnea (osa) is a common disorder with repetitive upper airway obstruction during sleep resulting in intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation . When untreated, it may cause daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and poor quality of life . Positive airway pressure (pap) is the first - line treatment for osa; ... |
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, pathologically characterized by non - caseating epithelioid granuloma (13). A definitive diagnosis of sarcoidosis is still challenging and no gold criteria for diagnosis a set of non - specific clinical features and laboratory findings including hyp... |
It is well established, that more than 90% of low - grade malt lymphomas are associated with h. pylori infection1). Indeed, the eradication of h. pylori infection has been associated with the regression of gastric malt lymphoma in 70% to 80% of patients2, 3). Additional factors contribute to the development of malt lym... |
Peach is one of the most well - liked fruits in the world because of their flavor, dietary value, attractive color, and medicinal worth . It is enriched with ascorbic acid, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds, which were considered prime sources for antioxidants [1, 2]. However, peaches have a very short shelf life becau... |
The history of the initial discovery and characterization of proprotein convertase subtilisin / kexin type 9 (pcsk9) has been well described . The seminal discovery in 2003 by abifadel et al . Linked mutations in the gene encoding pcsk9 with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (adh). This finding uncovered a key ne... |
Oxidized phospholipids (oxpl) are generated in vivo as a result of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial respiration, xenobiotic metabolism, and other processes that generate oxidants . The fatty acyl group esterified at the 2 position of glycerophospholipds is mono- or polyunsaturated and is sensitive to oxidation ... |
Respiratory complications are 3 times more common during endotracheal extubation than during tracheal intubation or induction of anaesthesia (4.6% vs. 12.6%). A smooth tracheal extubation without coughing, bucking or haemodynamic changes is one of the anaesthetic goals during any general anaesthetic procedure especiall... |
Alzheimer disease (ad), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly . Prevalence increases with age from 1% in the 6064-year age group, to 24 - 33% in those aged> 85 years.1 the neuropathological hallmarks of ad are the presence in the brain of extracellular senile p... |
Colorectal cancer (crc) is one of the most common cancers in the world . Crcs usually progress from adenomatous polyps, and the morphological and genetic progression of crcs in an adenoma - adenocarcinoma sequence has been well described.1,2 a hyperplastic polyp (hp) is the most common histological type found among col... |
There are several lower urinary tract dysfunctions (lutd) that are more prevalent in women than men including interstitial cystitis, recurrent urinary tract infections, and incontinence [1, 2]. The inner most tissue layer of the bladder wall, the mucosa (urothelium), is intimately associated with lower urinary tract fu... |
Ventricular enlargement following head injury is a frequent finding but cases that require shunt operation are relatively rare.2) hydrocephalus following traumatic brain injury (tbi) or post - traumatic hydrocephalus (pth) is not just a ventricular enlargement but an active and progressive disorder of cerebrospinal flu... |
The reported frequency of patients with obstructive colon cancer has ranged from 8% to 29% (3). Left - sided colon malignancies are more prone to obstruct the colon lumen than are the right - sided malignancies . This is because the diameter of the left colon is smaller than that of the right colon . Ct is a sensitive ... |
Allogenic blood transfusion (abt) is a life - saving procedure in many clinical situations . However, abt can result in unpredictable clinical consequences and risks despite technical improvements to reduce such problems . A study evaluated transfusion management procedures in elective orthopedic surgeries, particularl... |
By the end of 2011, more than 90% of the 34 million people infected with hiv worldwide were living in low- or middle - income countries . 16.8 $billion was invested globally into hiv in 2011 and, in low- and middle - income countries, 89% of the investment was allocated to treatment care and support of hiv infected peo... |
Attempts have been made to introduce technologies associated with ltp at atmospheric pressure into medical practice for various situations, and ltp s feasibility for use has been demonstrated in hemostasis, wound care, and anti - cancer therapy . Translational studies of the basic technology for ltp at atmospheric pres... |
Inflammatory myfibroblastic tumor (imt) is rare and may be grouped within the family of fibroinflammatory disorders . This tumor affects predominantly children and young adults, but patients of any age and sex can be affected.1 its clinical symptoms are also diverse according to the location of the lesion . A mass, fev... |
Osteoarthritis (oa) is one of the most frequent joint diseases and is a major cause of pain and locomotor disability for people in advanced age . Balneotherapy (bt) is one of the most commonly used nonpharmacological approaches for oa . Bt, in its most general sense, is used for bathing in thermal or mineral water . Ho... |
Ion mobility spectrometry (ims) has been a tool for the analysis of gases for a long time . Famous for their small device size in the centimeter range, their fast response times in the ms range, and their very high sensitivity in the lower ppbv range, ims detectors can be found in a number of quite different locations ... |
Intramedullary cavernomas (imc) are rare lesions especially in children, in whom they represent 1% of all intramedullary lesions . As such, less than 20 symptomatic cases have been reported in the english literature [1, 2, 6, 9, 10, 16, 1820, 2325] and predominantly in boys (table 1). These invariably presented with an... |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) is widely used in western and developed countries to relieve a wide range of painful conditions, including non - malignant acute and chronic pain and pain resulting from cancer and its treatment [13]. Tens can be self administered by patients following simple training ... |
A 40-year - old african american woman with a medical history of anorexia nervosa, depression, and a documented history of iron overload syndrome presented to the emergency department with a self - reported weight loss of 150 lbs, confusion, ambulatory dysfunction, and generalized weakness, all of which progressed over... |
Ssireum is a traditional korean sport in which two athletes hold on to a satba (a cloth - sash tied around the waist and the thigh of the right leg) and use strength and various skills to throw their opponent to the ground1 . The weight classifications depend on the level of ssireum such as gyungjang, sojang, chungjang... |
Spinal giant cell tumors (sgcts) are locally aggressive benign bone tumors that can occur anywhere along the spine . Sgcts account for approximately 2 to 3% of all giant cell tumors (gcts). Its incidence is higher in females, the sacral region, and patients aged 20 to 40 years.1 2 sgcts are usually discovered at enneki... |
Suction blister epidermal grafting (sbeg) is a simple and effective way of surgical repigmentation in cases of vitiligo, especially when areas such as lip and eyelids are involved . The major problem faced during the procedure is the time taken for the formation of blisters . Temperature at the suction site is one of t... |
Bone scans have become a key tool in assessing musculoskeletal pathology [1, 2]. Use of single photon emission computerized tomography (spect) is becoming more common over the years as well . Use of spect allows a three - dimensional assessment of the isotope dispersed in the subjects body, as compared with a two - dim... |
The thyroid gland (lat.glandula thyroidea) is located in the neck in front of the larynx (lat.larinx), and consists of two lobes (lat.lobus) connected by narrowing (lat.isthmus). Seen from the front has the shape of a letter h or a butterfly with its wings outstretched . Thyroid gland is odd endocrine gland that secret... |
Early reperfusion is the modality of choice for treating stemi (st elevation myocardial infarction) 2 . Primary pci (percutaneous coronary intervention) is the preferred method of reperfusion when it can be performed in a timely fashion by experienced operators 3 . There is a significant thrombus burden in nearly 30% o... |
Childhood and adolescent obesity is associated with insulin resistance, abnormal glucose metabolism, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, liver disease, and compromised vascular function.15 as with obesity, these impairments could track into young adulthood, which increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and... |
With a production surpassing 100 billion liters per year, biofuels have become an important part of the motor fuel consumption in the world, where ethanol continues to be the most common biofuel worldwide . Because of its high energy density, ethanol has also been considered one of the most important renewable resource... |
However, controversy exists regarding the role of collagen fibrils on resin adhesion and sealing efficiency of dbas . Nanoleakage, a microscopic leakage inside the thickness of ridl, was first described by sano et al ., collagen matrix degradation occurs either by the breakdown of the polymer phase or collagen fibrils ... |
Current standards in root canal treatment are based on cleaning and shaping the root canal prior to filling.1 an important innovation that has a major impact on these procedures has been the introduction of rotary nickel - titanium (niti) instruments.2,3 a considerable number of rotary niti instruments with particular ... |
A 64-year - old male patient with a smoking history of 46 pack - years was diagnosed with peripheral tumour of the left upper lobe of the lung and underwent typical left upper lobectomy . As the upper lobe had near the primary tumour slight adhesions to the sixth segment, the upper lobe was resected anatomically and fr... |
To stent or not to stent is a point debated since long time . This assumes importance in children and infants requiring intervention for ureteropelvic junction obstruction (upjo). Although literature supports stentless pyeloplasty, in laparoscopic pyeloplasty particularly, it is a common practice to stent the anastomos... |
The incidence in pregnant reproductive age women is reported to be 8 patients per 100 000 per year . The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy, as in the general population, is a single adenoma . In 1938, friedrichsen described symptomatic hypocalcemia in an infant unmasking the mother's hyperpa... |
On august 5, 2011, a community hospital laboratory contacted the minnesota department of health to submit for identification a bacillus sp . Cdc typed the isolate as gt59 using multiple - locus variable - number tandem repeat analysis specific for 8 loci (8). The isolate was related to strains with genotypes generally ... |
There are symptoms common to both chronic heart failure (chf) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah). Pulmonary abnormalities play an important role in the evaluation and prognosis of chf and pah . The differences of pulmonary function in chronic left heart failure and chronic right heart failure are not fully under... |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no known curative treatments . Respiratory insufficiency is a critical problem, and earlier administration of non - invasive ventilation (niv) prolongs the survival of als patients (1). Diaphragm pacing (dp), which was initially... |
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