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Eighteen sedentary obese subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes who were not being treated with diabetes medications were randomized to one of three treatment groups: 1) placebo (saline; four men and two women; age: 60 3 years; bmi: 36 1 kg / m; hba1c: 7.8 0.3%; fasting plasma glucose concentration: 8.0 0.4 mmol... |
There is no diagnostic difficulty in these cases . Sometimes, the cyst lining may ulcerate focally or completely without any trace of the lining squamous epithelium, eliciting a foreign body giant cell reaction . In such cases, the nature of the lesion is evident only by the presence of extruded keratin flakes surround... |
There are several studies dealing with sexual behavior, people's attitude towards hiv / aids and hiv testing[14]. In zimbabwe, one study found that the prevalence of hiv among monogamous women was 21.8% . These factors are the husbands having children with other women, more than five years age difference within couples... |
Intrusion of the gas into the bowel wall is due to mucosal or immune compromise . Acute massive gastric dilatation with intragastric pressure> 30 cm h2o has been shown to decrease intramural blood flow, leading to necrosis . Traditionally, pneumatosis of the intestine has been considered an ominous sign suggesting bowe... |
Treatment of the residual alveolar defect in patients with cleft lip and palate often requires bone grafting . An important goal for this treatment, apart from restoring the missing alveolar bone in the cleft area, is to obtain favorable periodontal conditions for the teeth adjacent to the defect . Attempts to move the... |
Dry eye disease (ded), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a complex condition that affects the ocular surface . Alterations in the quality and/or quantity of the tear film result in an instable tear film . Patients with ded report ocular discomfort and irritation in conjunction with photophobia and blurred / ... |
Although cataract surgery is highly effective and relatively safe, owing to the enormous numbers, even uncommon surgical complications could be potentially harmful for many patients . Endophthalmitis is one of the most serious complications of cataract surgery, affecting around 0.1% of the cases, and often resulting in... |
Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most common malignant lung tumor and accounts for 95% of the lung malignancies . It is divided mainly into two groups: non - small cell carcinoma (which includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma) and small cell carcinoma . One of the rare tumor of lung is p... |
The institute of medicine (iom) has defined patient safety as the prevention of harm to patients . Patient safety includes risk assessment, identification, management of patient related risk, reporting and analysis of incidents and the capacity to learn from and follow - up incidents and implement solutions to minimize... |
Data uncertainty widely exists in realistic problems due to their random nature, measurement errors, or other reasons . As a result, decision making inherently involves consideration of such uncertainties since the solution of an optimization problem often exhibits high sensitivity to data perturbations, and ignoring t... |
Based on the type of acrylic resin used, the specimens were divided into three groups with 10 specimens each . They were group 1 - conventional denture base resins, group 2 - high impact denture base resins, and group 3 - glass reinforced denture base resins . Each group was subjected to flexural strength evaluation . ... |
Although not a diagnostic symptom of autism spectrum disorder (asd), deficits in face processing represent a model domain in which to understand some of the core behavioral and neural features of autism . For example, many components of face processing (e.g., identity recognition, expression recognition) are developing... |
Children with craniosynostosis develop an abnormal head shape due to the premature closure of one or more cranial sutures . This congenital malformation occurs in one in 2100 to 2500 births . In up to 20% of these cases it is part of a syndrome, such as apert, crouzon, muenke and saethre - chotzen, caused by mutations ... |
Three hospitals providing inpatient clinical care were identified in the western kenyan highlands (figure 1). These hospitals were selected because malaria epidemics had been reported within the last 5 years where they were located, and complete clinical records, spanning more than 10 years, were available for review .... |
Metastases to organs such as the liver, bones or central nervous system appear to be a frequent complication of lung cancer, whereas metastases to the suprarenal glands are found less frequently . Metastases of lung cancer to the spleen are a great rarity and they are described sporadically . An adrenal gland tumor det... |
Alzheimer's disease (ad) is a neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly characterized by progressive dementia [1, 2]. The disorder probably begins many years before the first clinical symptoms are evident [3, 4]. Recent studies have demonstrated that during the presymptomatic phase, neuronal degeneration occurs even wi... |
Teaching - learning is a dynamic process and depending on the subject it can be accomplished by various ways and means . Problem - based learning (pbl) is a student - centered approach in which students learn through analyzing and solving problems . The goals of pbl are to help the students develop flexible knowledge, ... |
Since 2010, the us national health interview survey (nhis) has included questions assessing pain persistence and pain bothersomeness . These questions were developed and piloted as part of an international initiative under the purview of the washington group on disability statistics,1 constituted by the united nations ... |
New - generation sequencing technologies have substantially enhanced the development of genomic tools to assist in breeding decisions . Among many techniques, genotyping technologies have enabled breeders or researchers to identify dna regions or quantitative trait loci (qtl) associated with a particular phenotypic tra... |
Pulmonary embolism (pe) is a relatively common cardiovascular emergency, and is associated with a high mortality.1) in this respect, early diagnosis of pe is clinically important . Because of the variable and nonspecific clinical presentations of pe, a diagnostic testing like computed tomographic pulmonary angiography ... |
The english longitudinal study of ageing (elsa) is a prospective observational study of community - dwelling people aged 50 years and over in england . At baseline, in 20022003, the sample comprised 11 391 core participants who were recruited from households that had earlier participated in the health survey for englan... |
Children with spina bifida develop a wide variety of congenital and acquired orthopedic deformities including knee flexion contractures . Knee flexion contractures in children with spina bifida affect children s functional activities and interfere with the ability of children to transfer and walk1 . A limited number of... |
However, only a minority of patients with such a history are actually allergic to penicillin(s), based on the results of allergological work - up . In real life, most physicians prefer to prescribe alternate antibiotics to these patients, unless a penicillin allergic status can be excluded [3, 4]. Since the prescriptio... |
Traumatic brain injury (tbi) is characterized by intracranial damage resulting from an external force and can be the product of physical insults such as puncture, blunt impact, or blast (maas et al ., 2008). Tbi affects 1.7 million people annually, presenting a significant economic burden, and is particularly prevalent... |
The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of each patient . We studied 44 probands with pndm diagnosed before 6 months of age, who had been referred to the molecular genetics laboratory at the peninsula medical school in exeter... |
The systems for controlled delivery of the medicaments in the body are causing real revolution in the medicine and pharmacy in the recent years, and all in favor of better medical treatments of the patients . Using the system for the controlled and balanced release of medicaments, opposing to standard and conventional ... |
Morphine, the main component of opium, is perhaps the oldest drug known to man . Pure morphine was isolated in 1803 by sertrner (schmitz 1985), and its structure was elucidated 120 years later . Full systemic name of morphine is 7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-(5, 6)-morphinan-3,6-diol . Morphine was found to be a pa... |
From january 1999 to december 2000, aft was performed on patients aged 2575 years who had type 2 diabetes at the university - affiliated diabetes center of st . Patients with normal aft results were recruited (n = 1,021) and received follow - up aft from january 2006 to february 2008 . Patients were excluded if they we... |
Since the introduction of the cephalometer in 1931, cephalometric analysis has become an important clinical tool in diagnosis, treatment planning, evaluation of growth, or treatment results and research [2, 3]. Recently, due to the affordability of digital radiographic imaging, the demand for the medical profession to ... |
End - stage renal disease (esrd) is a potential outcome of chronic kidney disease (ckd). The prevalence and incidence of esrd as a worldwide public health concern are increasing in developed and developing countries . According to the report published by the management center for transplantation and special disease (mc... |
The rat genome database (rgd,) is the model organism database for the laboratory rat, rattus norvegicus . The primary goal of the database is to provide convenient access to high quality data about the genes and genome of the rat and to support the goals of researchers using the rat as a genetic and genomic model [see ... |
Female sexual dysfunction is a serious, common, multifactorial general health problem which is usually neglected in the general population while affecting the women's quality of life to a great extent (1). Lack of sexual health and security will result in anger, excessive rage, depression, drug abuse, lack of physical ... |
The cytosolic free ca concentration ([ca]i) in eukaryotic cells is in the low nanomolar range (~100 nm), and transient modifications of this concentration serve as an intracellular mechanism for cell signaling because of the existence of a variety of effectors that are sensitive to such transient increases . For instan... |
Assisting couples to achieve their desired family size ought to be the prime purpose of any family planning program . Fertility control is facilitated when long - acting contraceptives are promoted and made available to all eligible women looking for long - term spacing . Approximately 20% of currently married women be... |
Neurofibromatosis-1 (nf1), also known as von recklinghausen disease, is an inherited, autosomal dominant disease phenotypically characterized by multiple caf au lait spots, lisch nodules, freckling, and development of neurofibromas, and in some cases, their malignant derivatives 1 . Also, gastrointestinal stromal tumor... |
The prevalence of distal symmetric polyneuropathy (dsp) is greater than 3% and is even higher in the elderly (1,2). This common condition causes significant morbidity and is associated with pain, falls, and reduced quality of life (3,4). While diabetes is by far the number one cause, enhanced glucose control is only ma... |
Zingiberaceae, one of the largest families of the plant kingdom, is an important natural resource that provides many useful food products, spices, and traditional medicines to treat a variety of diseases [1, 2]. The consumption of herbal products for therapeutic purposes and to promote wellness is widely popular since ... |
Cell polarity is maintained in part by targeted vesicular trafficking to the apical and basolateral membrane domains as well as the primary cilium of polarized cells . The cilium is a rod - like organelle featured on the apical plasma membrane domain on most epithelial cells in vertebrates, increasing evidence indicate... |
Alexandrite laser (755 nm) is one of the most common methods of hair removal . However, the disuse of protective goggles during the application of this laser is a serious problem . Alexandrite laser light is visible, and it is known that ocular injuries may occur during the use of alexandrite laser when protective gogg... |
In the present world, the prime requisite is to maintain global sulphur balance in the environment including wadden sea and other associated ocean belts . This therefore would make a better and safe environment to dwell in . In the foremost stage, formation of thiosulphate (s2o3) occurs from sulphide (s) in aerobic sit... |
Chikungunya is a mosquito - borne virus (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus), first identified more than 60 years ago in modern - day tanzania, which is responsible for outbreaks of acute febrile polyarthralgia . Epidemics have been described in africa, the middle east, europe, india, southeast asia, and most recentl... |
Early - onset dementia (at age <65 years) is an uncommon but important group of disorders . It has devastating impact on the lives of patients and families and deserves attention of the clinicians . Dementia in younger people usually has some demonstrable secondary etiology (psychiatric illness, alcohol or drugs or met... |
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ttp) is a life - threatening disorder classically presenting with fever, thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction, and neurological impairment as well as various multiorgan complications and a mortality rate reaching 95% for untreated cases.1 the surviv... |
Leptospirosis is one of the most important zoonoses infecting both developing and developed countries in the world ., leptospirosis was also associated with recreational activities through exposure to the contaminated soil or water [35]. An increasing number of people involved in outdoor activities have increased the c... |
Feeding practices in the first few days of life play an important role in neonatal health: studies in nepal, india, and ghana have reported that newborns who were first breastfed within 24 hours of birth had a lower risk of neonatal mortality relative to newborns for whom breastfeeding was initiated after the first day... |
Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes which affects around 50 percent of patients . There is much debate about the pathogenesis of this condition but a lot of studies consider hyperglycemia as the main initiating factor (2 - 5). Hyperglycemia may lead to neuropathy as a consequence of increasing oxid... |
The rapidly destructive coxarthrosis was first reported by postel and kerboull in 1970 and has been a rare disease ever since . Until the present day, the exact etiology has not been established123). Initially, pain is the only symptom while the plain radiograph shows no abnormal findings . Narrowing of involved joint ... |
The major adverse consequences of hearing impairment for an individual's social, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and economic well - being and overall quality of life are well documented in the literature17 . However, these devices may not fully compensate for severe and/or profound hearing loss in which the damage t... |
Hypertensive crisis is defined as a sudden and abrupt elevation in blood pressure (bp). It is subclassified into hypertensive emergency and hypertensive urgency based on the presence or absence of end - organ damage . Renal parenchymal disease, renal artery stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, and neuro - endocrine tumo... |
Unanticipated difficult laryngoscopic intubation has been a major concern for anesthesiologists, and the incidence ranges from 0.05% to 18% . Failure to maintain the patency of the airway after induction of anesthesia can lead to catastrophic sequelae, such as irreversible brain damage and death . Suggested a simple sc... |
Obesity is an epidemic and a significant health threat both in the united states and all around the world . Poor dietary habits and lack of physical activity are the two main contributors to this growing health crisis . New smartphone applications and research projects aim at helping people track their daily food intak... |
Cognitive treatments using computers, which began with memory training, are being widely used these days1 . Computer - assisted cognitive rehabilitation has advantages, in that it provides personalized treatment based on a subject s neuropsychological pattern to stimulate impaired areas2 . A computer - assisted cogniti... |
Insomnia, agitation, and anxiety are common presentations to primary care clinicians, with these frequently being treated with anxiolytic and hypnotic medications (defined by the british national formulary [bnf] chapters 4.1.1 and 4.1.2). These medications may also be used as part of a program of alcohol withdrawal, tr... |
During the islamic scientific golden age that started in the 9th century, islamic medicine greatly influenced european science, an effect that continued until the renaissance . Islamic scientists not only accumulated the existing information, but added to this knowledge through their own observations, trials and skills... |
Understanding of the daily rhythmicity in nociception is important for the standardization of studies of analgesic drugs . Yet, few studies have investigated the daily rhythmicity in nociception . Although studies on rats and golden hamsters have indicated the occurrence of greater pain sensitivity during the dark phas... |
A 30-year - old male presented in the emergency department with a history of bilateral blurring of vision of one - day duration . Since his systemic hypertension was not well controlled with this drug his physician had switched over to a combination of atenelol 50 mg with chlorthalidone 12.5 mg (tenoric 50, ipca pharma... |
The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (osas) is a highly prevalent sleep disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction and subsequent recurrent arousal during sleep . It is estimated that up to 5% of adults in western countries have osas . According to published data emerging studies suggest t... |
Hemoglobin oxygen desaturation in the absence of acute illness is common in children with sickle cell anemia (sca), and is associated with higher cerebral blood flow velocities [1, 2], and with risk of complications including stroke . The underlying mechanisms of hemoglobin oxygen desaturation in sca are poorly underst... |
Single - port laparoscopic surgery (spls) is a development in the field of minimally invasive surgery that aims to minimize the surgical access trauma by reducing the number of abdominal incisions to a single incision . Advocates of spls claimed potential advantages for this approach when compared to standard multitroc... |
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (sbma) is a slowly progressive adult onset neurodegenerative disease that affects men in mid - life . The disease causes degeneration and atrophy of the muscles of the proximal limb girdle and the bulbar muscles of the jaw (kennedy et al ., 1968), as well as the accumulation of nuclea... |
Sturge - weber - krabe syndrome (sws), also known as encephalotrigeminalangiomatosis and named the forthfacomatosis, recall the names of the authors who first described it in its basic clinical, radiological, and anatomopathologicalaspects . Sturge - weber syndrome is a neurocuta - neoussyndrome, characterized by the a... |
The sunlight - driven generation of the energy carrier h2 from water using earth - abundant materials is considered one of the key processes to generate more sustainable fuels in a postfossil age . Synthetic first - row transition - metal complexes containing co, fe, and ni are under intense development as scalable alt... |
The role of hla compatibility as a parameter for allocation of kidneys from deceased donors to patients on the kidney waiting list remains a matter of debate . It is well accepted that the best possible organ for an end stage renal disease patient is a fully hla compatible kidney . Both graft and patient survival in po... |
De van stated, meet the mind of the patient before meeting the mouth of the patient . Thus, understanding the mental attitude of the patient is very helpful for the clinician to anticipate the patient's response during the clinical procedures . Krochak stated that many patients with favorable anatomy cannot tolerate a ... |
The interaction between genetic and environmental factors lies behind the neuronal representation of sensory stimuli in the nervous system . Sensory experience actually drives the refinement of immature neural circuitries into organized patterns of synaptic connectivity that subserve adult brain functions . Environment... |
The ecls - b includes data from a cohort of ~10,200 children born in the us in 2001 . Note that all sample sizes reported in this paper have been rounded to the nearest 50, as specified by ecls - b data confidentiality requirements (which are available at the ecls - b website: http://nces.ed.gov/ecls/birthdatainformati... |
It is estimated that 6685% of the world s population depends directly on plants as medicines [13]. Since the existence of human civilization, plants and their by - products have been used by a large proportion of the population living in rural and urban areas for various purposes such as medicine, healthcare, food, clo... |
A 16-year - old female patient came to department of oral medicine and radiology with chief complaints of bleeding from gums . On examination, she was thin built . Extraoral examination of face and skull revealed hypoplasia of the malar eminences and zygomata, hypoplasia of maxilla and underdevelopment of the mandible ... |
Growth prediction is defined as the estimation of alterations in speed and direction of future growth . The growth patterns of the mandible, maxilla, and other craniofacial structures should be taken into consideration as essential components to determine the time of occurrence, duration, and prognosis of malocclusions... |
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has led to significant improvement in the morbidity, mortality, and quality of life of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). However, this improved outcome is being mitigated by increase in deaths from liver disease, cancer and cardiovasc... |
Data synthesized from existing randomised controlled trials show that pyloric drainage procedures reduce the occurrence of early post - operative gastric outlet obstruction after oesophagectomy with gastric reconstruction (1,2). Pyloromyotomy and pyloroplasty are generally considered simple procedures, however, they ma... |
The goal of treatment in phenylketonuria (pku) is to control hyperphenylalaninemia by phenylalanine dietary restriction . Patients with persistent plasma levels of phenylalanine> 6 mg / dl (360mole / l) should be treated . Continuation of this dietary restriction during the whole life is necessary for optimal outcomes ... |
This disorder is relatively frequent on the beard of adult men and on the scalp of children . A 33-year - old man was referred for evaluation of an itchy sensation on his back that had been present for more than 10 years . Physical examination revealed a large patch with short and irregular hairs that involved his enti... |
His development of alternative continent bladder access through a continent stoma has relieved the necessity for the patient to either void efficiently or to catheterize through the urethra . There have been other alternatives to mitrofanoff's original use of appendix for extra - anatomic access to the bladder . Other ... |
The transsphenoidal approach is the most commonly utilized operation for the surgical treatment of sellar lesions and is a relatively safe operation in experienced centers.1 following resection of pituitary adenomas and other sellar tumors, many surgeons utilize absorbable plates to reconstruct the bony sellar floor to... |
The health protection agency centre for infections has coordinated national surveillance of listeriosis in england and wales since 1990 . Cases are included in the system by voluntary referral of cultures to the national reference laboratory or by electronic reporting of confirmed cases from local laboratories . Clinic... |
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (aaa) can be repaired with an aortic bifemoral bypass graft, which is considered an ideal procedure for aortic aneurysms, aorto - iliac disease or aortic atherosclerosis . Though rare, infections involving the graft can happen, typically, two to five years following implantation . Anaerobic, ... |
From the time of the earliest descriptions of growing pains (gp) to the most recent reviews,13 the nature of the prevalent disorder of childhood, gp (benign nocturnal limb pains of childhood), has remained enigmatic . Early etiological theories of gp addressed growth,4 relative hyperactivity and fatigue,58 anatomical /... |
Computer - aided diagnosis (cad) has been the subject of a lot of research as a tool to help health professionals in medical decision making . As a result, many cad systems integrate image processing, computer vision, and intelligent and statistical machine learning methods to aid radiologists in the interpretation of ... |
Although tumor immunosurveillance was first hypothesized more than four decades ago, the observed absence of spontaneous tumors in several immune - compromised mouse strains initially dampened enthusiasm for this idea . Mabs specific for immunoregulators have sometimes proven useful in establishing the importance of su... |
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (pidd) are a heterogeneous group of more than 150 disorders that result from many different congenital, or even acquired, genetic defects affecting the innate and adaptive immune systems [1, 2]. Despite major advances over the last 20 years in the clinical and molecular characterizatio... |
The immune system consists of two closely related systems known as the innate and adaptive immune systems . The adaptive immune system responds to specific nonself antigens and generates immunological memory . In contrast, the innate immune system provides an immediate first line of defense against a diverse repertoire... |
Headache is a notable and common somatic complaint in paediatric age [1, 2]. Although migraine and tension - type headache show the highest incidence, other primary headaches are much rarer and poorly recognised, thus representing a clinical and therapeutic challenge . Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (cph) is a rare and ... |
Surfactant has become standard therapy in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (rds) 1 . Surfactant lowers the alveolar surface tension and prevents expiratory alveolar collapse increasing compliance, reducing pulmonary vascular resistance and improving ventilation - perfusion mismatching . Surfactant can... |
Although multiple factors have contributed to the decline of pacific salmon (oncorhynchus spp .) Across portions of their natural range, dams have arguably played a major role in many locations (nrc 1996; lichatowich 1999; ruckelshaus et al . Large dams (> 15 m tall)designed to generate hydropower, control floods, or f... |
Bladder exstrophy (be) is a rare condition with an incidence of 1 in 50.000 newborns [1, 2]. It is a complex pathology with an unknown etiology and is characterized by a low - lying umbilicus, exposed bladder plate, pubic symphysis diastasis, divarication of the rectus abdominis and pelvic floor, anterior ectopia of an... |
Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s13659 - 012 - 0040 - 1 and is accessible for authorized users. |
The influence of xylitol on the control of risk factors and prevention of dental caries has already been assessed in several studies . The outcomes of this strategy seem to depend on the detection of minimal salivary levels of that polyol along time . However, the rapid clearance of xylitol from the oral cavity can exp... |
The anorectum plays an important role in regulation of defecation and in the maintenance of continence.1 the most widely used test for anorectal function is anorectal manometry . A comprehensive assessment of anorectal function consists of measuring at a minimum each of the following parameters: (1) anal sphincter func... |
The microenvironment is a dynamic system that is largely composed of inflammatory cells and cytokines, including tumor cells and stroma (the latter of which consists of immune cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix) [1, 2]. Under specific stimulation conditions, inflammation can result in the production of anti... |
Breast - conserving therapy (bct), including breast - conserving surgery (bcs) and postoperative radiotherapy (rt), has become a standard treatment in early stages (t1, t2) breast cancer for the last 30 years [1, 2]. Breast - conserving therapy was determined as primary treatment at the national institutes for health c... |
Proximal junctional kyphosis (pjk) is traditionally defined as a proximal junctional sagittal cobb angle change of 10 versus the preoperative value . Although no consensus has been reached, the majority of authors have used kyphosis of 10 between the lower endplate of the uppermost instrumented vertebra (uiv) and the u... |
In studies spanning over three decades, antigen spread has been observed in the context of autoimmunity and infectious disease (2935). Cancer immunotherapy also appears to work, in part, through antigen spread, ie, beginning with an immune response to specific target antigens that broadens over time to additional antig... |
In healthy individuals, cell free dna (cfdna) is released into the circulation by cells undergoing apoptosis.13, 14 apoptotic cells shed dna fragments approximately 185 to 200 bp in length.14, 15 in contrast, cfdna of cancer patients is derived from both nonmalignant and malignant cells . Interestingly, the percentage ... |
It has been reported that over 50% of patients admitted for sah develop hyponatremia (1 - 3). Sah - associated hyponatremia can be caused by excessive intravenous fluid therapy, diuretic therapy, cerebral salt - wasting syndrome (csws), and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (siadh) (4). Both csws and siadh... |
Although jean - martin charcot is credited with providing a comprehensive description of ms, reports of both ms and comorbid cognitive impairment precede charcot s 1868 lectures . Friedrich von frerichs first cited ms - related cognitive impairment in 1849, 25 years after the disease s initial clinical description . De... |
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