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Amicrograntis a small sum of money distributed to an individual or organization, typically for hundreds or thousands of dollars, with the intent of enabling the recipient to develop or sustain an income-generating enterprise. Often they target individuals living on less than $1/day,extreme poverty, for the purpose of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgrant |
Computational neuroscience(also known astheoretical neuroscienceormathematical neuroscience) is a branch ofneurosciencewhich employsmathematics,computer science, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern thedevelopment,structure,physiologyandcognitive abilitiesof thener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscience |
In the context of theWorld Wide Web,deep linkingis the use of ahyperlinkthat links to a specific, generally searchable or indexed, piece ofweb contenton awebsite(e.g. "https://example.com/path/page"), rather than the website's home page (e.g., "https://example.com"). TheURLcontains all the information needed to point t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_linking |
Inproject management, ascheduleis a listing of aproject'smilestones,activities, anddeliverables. Usuallydependenciesand resources are defined for each task, then start and finish dates areestimatedfrom theresource allocation,budget, task duration, and scheduled events. A schedule is commonly used in theproject plann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_(project_management) |
Algebraic statisticsis the use ofalgebrato advancestatistics. Algebra has been useful forexperimental design,parameter estimation, andhypothesis testing.
Traditionally, algebraic statistics has been associated with the design of experiments andmultivariate analysis(especiallytime series). In recent years, the term "al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_statistics |
Incryptography, theInternational Data Encryption Algorithm(IDEA), originally calledImproved Proposed Encryption Standard(IPES), is asymmetric-keyblock cipherdesigned byJames MasseyofETH ZurichandXuejia Laiand was first described in 1991. The algorithm was intended as a replacement for theData Encryption Standard(DES). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm |
Eddystonewas aBluetooth Low Energy beaconprofile released byGooglein July 2015. In December 2018 Google stopped delivering both Eddystone and Physical Web beacon notifications. TheApache 2.0-licensed,cross-platform, and versioned profile contained several frame types, includingEddystone-UID,Eddystone-URL, andEddystone-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddystone_(Google) |
Insoftware engineering,couplingis the degree of interdependence between softwaremodules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are,[1]and the strength of the relationships between modules.[2]Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional.[3]
Coupling is usually contrasted withcohesion.Low couplingof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_coupling_(computing) |
Kochanski multiplication[1]is analgorithmthat allowsmodular arithmetic(multiplication or operations based on it, such asexponentiation) to be performed efficiently when the modulus is large (typically several hundred bits). This has particular application innumber theoryand incryptography: for example, in theRSAcryptos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochanski_multiplication |
System Commander(SCfor short) is a graphicalboot manager/loadersoftwareapplication developed byVCOM. The software allowed for multipleoperating systemsto be installed onto a machine at once, providing a menu from which the user selected the operating system they wished to boot from. Other software with similar function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Commander |
Infinityis something which is boundless, endless, or larger than anynatural number. It is denoted by∞{\displaystyle \infty }, calledthe infinity symbol.
From the time of theancient Greeks, thephilosophical nature of infinityhas been the subject of many discussions among philosophers. In the 17th century, with the intr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity |
Aprogram transformationis any operation that takes acomputer programand generates another program. In many cases the transformed program is required to besemantically equivalentto the original, relative to a particularformal semanticsand in fewer cases the transformations result in programs that semantically differ fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_transformation |
Crowdmappingis a subtype ofcrowdsourcing[1][2]by whichaggregationof crowd-generated inputs such as captured communications andsocial mediafeeds are combined withgeographic datato create adigital mapthat is as up-to-date as possible[3]on events such aswars,humanitarian crises,crime,elections, ornatural disasters.[4][5]S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdmapping |
The Password Gameis a 2023puzzlebrowser gamedeveloped by Neal Agarwal, where the player creates apasswordthat follows increasingly unusual and complicated rules. Based on Agarwal's experience withpassword policies,[1]the game was developed in two months, releasing on June 27, 2023. The gamewent viraland was recognized ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Password_Game |
Therepeating circleis an instrument forgeodetic surveying, developed from thereflecting circlebyÉtienne Lenoirin 1784.[1]He invented it while an assistant ofJean-Charles de Borda, who later improved the instrument. It was notable as being the equal of thegreat theodolitecreated by the renowned instrument maker,Jesse Ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_circle |
Communications interceptioncan mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_interception_(disambiguation) |
Inmathematical logic,System UandSystem U−arepure type systems, i.e. special forms of atyped lambda calculuswith an arbitrary number ofsorts, axioms and rules (or dependencies between the sorts).
System U was proved inconsistent byJean-Yves Girardin 1972[1](and the question of consistency of System U−was formulated). T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_U |
Grid computingis the use of widely distributedcomputerresourcesto reach a common goal. A computing grid can be thought of as adistributed systemwith non-interactive workloads that involve many files. Grid computing is distinguished from conventional high-performance computing systems such asclustercomputing in that gri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing |
Theparallelization contractorPACTprogramming model is a generalization of theMapReduceprogramming modeland usessecond order functionsto perform concurrent computations on large (Petabytes) data sets in parallel.
Similar to MapReduce, arbitrary user code is handed and executed by PACTs. However, PACT generalizes a coup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelization_contract |
"Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) was the official United States policy onmilitary service of homosexual people. Instituted during theClinton administration, the policy was issued underDepartment of DefenseDirective 1304.26 on December 21, 1993, and was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011.[1]The pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell |
Geopositioningis the process of determining or estimating thegeographic positionof an object or a person.[1]Geopositioning yields a set ofgeographic coordinates(such aslatitudeandlongitude) in a givenmap datum. Geographic positions may also be expressed indirectly, as a distance inlinear referencingor as a bearing and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopositioning |
Information Processing Language(IPL) is aprogramming languagecreated byAllen Newell,Cliff Shaw, andHerbert A. SimonatRAND Corporationand theCarnegie Institute of Technologyabout 1956. Newell had the job of language specifier-application programmer, Shaw was the system programmer, and Simon had the job of application p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Processing_Language |
Inconcurrent programming, an operation (or set of operations) islinearizableif it consists of an ordered list ofinvocationand responseevents, that may be extended by adding response events such that:
Informally, this means that the unmodified list of events is linearizableif and only ifits invocations were serializabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearizability |
Ininformation science, anontologyencompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or alldomains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)#Domain_ontology |
Employee monitoring software, also known asbosswareortattleware, is a means ofemployee monitoring, and allows company administrators to monitor and supervise all their employee computers from a central location.[1]It is normallydeployedover abusiness networkand allows for easy centralized log viewing via onecentral net... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_monitoring_software |
Symmetric multiprocessingorshared-memory multiprocessing[1](SMP) involves amultiprocessorcomputer hardware and software architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single, sharedmain memory, have full access to all input and output devices, and are controlled by a single operating system inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing |
Ininformation theory, theHamming distancebetween twostringsor vectors of equal length is the number of positions at which the correspondingsymbolsare different. In other words, it measures the minimum number ofsubstitutionsrequired to change one string into the other, or equivalently, the minimum number oferrorsthat co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance |
Inmachine learning,sequence labelingis a type ofpattern recognitiontask that involves the algorithmic assignment of acategoricallabel to each member of a sequence of observed values. A common example of a sequence labeling task ispart of speech tagging, which seeks to assign apart of speechto each word in an input sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_labeling |
GQM, theinitialismforgoal, question, metric, is an establishedgoal-orientedapproach tosoftware metricsto improve and measure software quality.[1]
GQM has been promoted byVictor Basiliof theUniversity of Maryland, College Parkand the Software Engineering Laboratory at theNASAGoddard Space Flight Center[2]after supervis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQM |
Virtual legacy wires(VLW) are transactions over theIntel QuickPath InterconnectandIntel Ultra Path Interconnectinterconnect fabrics that replace a particular set of physical legacy pins on Intel microprocessors. The legacy wires replaced include the INTR, A20M, and SMI legacy signals.[1]
This computing article is astu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_legacy_wires |
Inprobability theory, thebirthday problemasks for the probability that, in a set ofnrandomlychosen people, at least two will share the samebirthday. Thebirthday paradoxis the counterintuitive fact that only 23 people are needed for that probability to exceed 50%.
The birthday paradox is averidical paradox: it seems wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem |
Requirements managementis the process of documenting,analyzing,tracing,prioritizingand agreeing on requirements and then controlling change and communicating to relevant stakeholders. It is a continuous process throughout a project. A requirement is a capability to which a project outcome (product or service) should co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_management |
Incomputer jargon, akiller pokeis a method of inducing physicalhardwaredamage on a machine or itsperipheralsby the insertion of invalid values, via, for example,BASIC'sPOKEcommand, into amemory-mappedcontrolregister. The term is typically used to describe a family of fairly well known tricks that can overload theanalog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_poke |
Multidimensional Expressions(MDX) is aquery languageforonline analytical processing(OLAP) using adatabase management system. Much likeSQL, it is a query language forOLAP cubes.[1]It is also a calculation language, with syntax similar to spreadsheet formulae.
The MultiDimensional eXpressions (MDX) language provides a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiDimensional_eXpressions |
Inmathematics,Siegel modular formsare a major type ofautomorphic form. These generalize conventionalellipticmodular formswhich are closely related toelliptic curves. The complex manifolds constructed in the theory of Siegel modular forms areSiegel modular varieties, which are basic models for what amoduli spacefor abel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegel_modular_form |
The concept of alatticearises inorder theory, a branch of mathematics. TheHasse diagrambelow depicts the inclusion relationships among some important subclasses of lattices.
1. Aboolean algebrais acomplementeddistributive lattice. (def)
2. A boolean algebra is aheyting algebra.[1]
3. A boolean algebra isorthocomplem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_of_lattices |
Acommunications satelliteis anartificial satellitethat relays and amplifiesradiotelecommunication signals via atransponder; it creates acommunication channelbetween a sourcetransmitterand areceiverat different locations onEarth. Communications satellites are used fortelevision,telephone,radio,internet, andmilitaryappli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection_satellite |
Inpsycholinguistics,language processingrefers to the way humans usewordstocommunicateideas and feelings, and how such communications areprocessedand understood. Language processing is considered to be a uniquely human ability that is not produced with the samegrammaticalunderstanding or systematicity in even human'sclo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_processing |
Inmathematics, an∞-topos(infinity-topos) is, roughly, an∞-categorysuch that its objects behave likesheavesof spaces with some choice ofGrothendieck topology; in other words, it gives an intrinsic notion of sheaves without reference to an external space. The prototypical example of an ∞-topos is the ∞-category of sheave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%88%9E-topos |
util-linuxis a package ofutilitiesdistributed by theLinux Kernel Organizationfor use in aLinuxoperating system. Afork,util-linux-ng(withngmeaning "next generation"), was created when development stalled,[4]but as of January 2011[update]has been renamed back toutil-linux, and is the official version of the package.[5]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Util-linux |
Pattern recognitionis the task of assigning aclassto an observation based on patterns extracted from data. While similar, pattern recognition (PR) is not to be confused with pattern machines (PM) which may possess PR capabilities but their primary function is to distinguish and create emergent patterns. PR has appli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition |
Mathematical inductionis a method forprovingthat a statementP(n){\displaystyle P(n)}is true for everynatural numbern{\displaystyle n}, that is, that the infinitely many casesP(0),P(1),P(2),P(3),…{\displaystyle P(0),P(1),P(2),P(3),\dots }all hold. This is done by first proving a simple case, then also showing that if we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_induction |
Web designencompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design;user interface design(UI design); authoring, including standardised code andproprietary software;user experience design(UX design); andsearch engine opt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_content_vendor |
In philosophy,similarityorresemblanceis a relation between objects that constitutes how much these objects are alike. Similarity comes in degrees: e.g. oranges are more similar to apples than to the moon. It is traditionally seen as aninternal relationand analyzed in terms of sharedproperties: two things are similar be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_(philosophy) |
Inmathematics, adifferentiable functionof onerealvariable is afunctionwhosederivativeexists at each point in itsdomain. In other words, thegraphof a differentiable function has a non-verticaltangent lineat each interior point in its domain. A differentiable function issmooth(the function is locally well approximated as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable_function |
Most legal doctrines are named after the cases. This section only includes doctrines named after the judges who formulated them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_doctrines |
In general,bootstrappingusually refers to a self-starting process that is supposed to continue or grow without external input. Many analytical techniques are often called bootstrap methods in reference to their self-starting or self-supporting implementation, such asbootstrapping (statistics),bootstrapping (finance), o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping |
Critical exponentsdescribe the behavior of physical quantities near continuousphase transitions. It is believed, though not proven, that they are universal, i.e. they do not depend on the details of the physical system, but only on some of its general features. For instance, for ferromagnetic systems at thermal equilib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_exponent |
Non-negative matrix factorization(NMForNNMF), alsonon-negative matrix approximation[1][2]is a group ofalgorithmsinmultivariate analysisandlinear algebrawhere amatrixVisfactorizedinto (usually) two matricesWandH, with the property that all three matrices have no negative elements. This non-negativity makes the resulting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-negative_matrix_factorization |
Incryptography, aweb of trustis a concept used inPGP,GnuPG, and otherOpenPGP-compatible systems to establish theauthenticityof the binding between apublic keyand its owner. Its decentralizedtrust modelis an alternative to the centralized trust model of apublic key infrastructure(PKI), which relies exclusively on acerti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_of_trust |
Inmathematics, there is an ample supply ofcategorical dualitiesbetween certaincategoriesoftopological spacesand categories ofpartially ordered sets. Today, these dualities are usually collected under the labelStone duality, since they form a natural generalization ofStone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_duality |
Inmathematics, acyclic orderis a way to arrange a set of objects in acircle.[nb]Unlike most structures inorder theory, a cyclic order is not modeled as abinary relation, such as "a<b". One does not say that east is "more clockwise" than west. Instead, a cyclic order is defined as aternary relation[a,b,c], meaning "afte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_order |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Thematrix voteis a voting procedure which can be us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_vote |
Peace war gameis aniterated gameoriginally played in academic groups and bycomputer simulationfor years to study possible strategies ofcooperationandaggression.[1]As peace makers became richer over time it became clear that making war had greater costs than initially anticipated. The onlystrategythat acquired wealth mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_war_game |
This is a list of elections that will be or may be held in 2025. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_2025 |
Incomputing,code generationis part of the process chain of acompiler, in which anintermediate representationofsource codeis converted into a form (e.g.,machine code) that can be readily executed by the target system.
Sophisticated compilers typically performmultiple passesover various intermediate forms. This multi-st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler) |
Asecure attention key(SAK),special attention key,[1]orsecure attention sequence(SAS)[2]is a special key,key combinationor sequence to be pressed on acomputer keyboardbefore aloginscreen which must, to the user, be completely trustworthy. Theoperating systemkernel, which interacts directly with the hardware, orinit syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_attention_key |
L'Hôpital's rule(/ˌloʊpiːˈtɑːl/,loh-pee-TAHL), also known asBernoulli's rule, is a mathematical theorem that allows evaluatinglimitsofindeterminate formsusingderivatives. Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to an expression that can be easily evaluated by substitution.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27H%C3%B4pital%27s_rule |
MIFAREis a series ofintegrated circuit (IC)chips used incontactless smart cardsandproximity cards.
The brand includes proprietary solutions based on various levels of theISO/IEC 14443Type-A 13.56MHzcontactless smart card standard. It usesAESandDES/Triple-DESencryption standards, as well as an older proprietary encrypt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIFARE |
TheneuRFonproject (named for a combination of "neuron" and "RF") was a research program begun in 1999 atMotorolaLabs to develop ad hoc wireless networking forwireless sensor networkapplications.[1]The biological analogy was that, while individual neurons were not very useful, in a large network they became very powerfu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuRFon |
Letter caseis the distinction between the letters that are in largeruppercaseorcapitals(more formallymajuscule) and smallerlowercase(more formallyminuscule) in the written representation of certain languages. Thewriting systemsthat distinguish between the upper- and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters: each in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_case |
Programming complexity(orsoftware complexity) is a term that includes software properties that affect internal interactions. Several commentators distinguish between the terms "complex" and "complicated". Complicated implies being difficult to understand, but ultimately knowable. Complex, by contrast, describes the int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_complexity |
Inmathematics, abivectoror2-vectoris a quantity inexterior algebraorgeometric algebrathat extends the idea ofscalarsandvectors. Considering a scalar as a degree-zero quantity and a vector as a degree-one quantity, a bivector is of degree two. Bivectors have applications in many areas of mathematics and physics. They ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivector |
Ingraph theory, amatchingin ahypergraphis a set ofhyperedges, in which every two hyperedges aredisjoint. It is an extension of the notion ofmatching in a graph.[1]: 466–470[2]
Recall that ahypergraphHis a pair(V,E), whereVis asetofverticesandEis a set ofsubsetsofVcalledhyperedges. Each hyperedge may contain one or mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_in_hypergraphs |
Inmathematics, acharacteristic classis a way of associating to eachprincipal bundleofXacohomologyclass ofX. The cohomology class measures the extent to which the bundle is "twisted" and whether it possessessections. Characteristic classes are globalinvariantsthat measure the deviation of alocalproduct structure from a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_class |
Inmathematics, aquasi-finite field[1]is a generalisation of afinite field. Standardlocal class field theoryusually deals withcomplete valued fieldswhose residue field isfinite(i.e.non-archimedean local fields), but the theory applies equally well when the residue field is only assumed quasi-finite.[2]
Aquasi-finite fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-finite_field |
Inanalysis of algorithms,probabilistic analysis of algorithmsis an approach to estimate thecomputational complexityof analgorithmor a computational problem. It starts from an assumption about a probabilistic distribution of the set of all possible inputs. This assumption is then used to design an efficient algorithm or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_analysis_of_algorithms |
Firefly.com(1995–1999) was acommunitywebsite featuringcollaborative filtering.[citation needed]
The Firefly website was created by Firefly Network, Inc.(originally known as Agents Inc.)[1]The company was founded in March 1995 by a group of engineers fromMIT Media Laband some business people fromHarvard Business School... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(website) |
Bayesian statistics(/ˈbeɪziən/BAY-zee-ənor/ˈbeɪʒən/BAY-zhən)[1]is a theory in the field ofstatisticsbased on theBayesian interpretation of probability, whereprobabilityexpresses adegree of beliefin anevent. The degree of belief may be based on prior knowledge about the event, such as the results of previous experiments... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_statistics |
TheHubbert curveis an approximation of the production rate of a resource over time. It is a symmetriclogistic distributioncurve,[1]often confused with the "normal"gaussian function. It first appeared in "Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels," geologistM. King Hubbert's 1956 presentation to theAmerican Petroleum Insti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbert_curve |
In probability theory and statistics, aMarkov chainorMarkov processis astochastic processdescribing asequenceof possible events in which theprobabilityof each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event. Informally, this may be thought of as, "What happens next depends only on the state of affairsnow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chains |
Inmathematics, adualitytranslates concepts,theoremsormathematical structuresinto other concepts, theorems or structures in aone-to-onefashion, often (but not always) by means of aninvolutionoperation: if the dual ofAisB, then the dual ofBisA. In other cases the dual of the dual – the double dual or bidual – is not nece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(mathematics) |
Dimensionality reduction, ordimension reduction, is the transformation of data from a high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space so that the low-dimensional representation retains some meaningful properties of the original data, ideally close to itsintrinsic dimension. Working in high-dimensional spaces can be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_reduction |
Mobile app developmentis the act or process by which amobile appisdevelopedfor one or moremobile devices, which can includepersonal digital assistants(PDA),enterprise digital assistants(EDA), ormobile phones.[1]Such software applications are specifically designed to run on mobile devices, after considering many hardwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_development |
Programmable matterismatterwhich has the ability to change its physical properties (shape, density,moduli, conductivity, optical properties, etc.) in a programmable fashion, based upon user input or autonomous sensing. Programmable matter is thus linked to the concept of a material which inherently has the ability to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_matter |
Incomputing,Microsoft Binary Format(MBF) is a format forfloating-pointnumbers which was used inMicrosoft'sBASIClanguages, includingMBASIC,GW-BASICandQuickBASICprior to version 4.00.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
There are two main versions of the format. The original version was designed for memory-constrained systems and stor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Binary_Format |
Inmathematics, asquare rootof a numberxis a numberysuch thaty2=x{\displaystyle y^{2}=x}; in other words, a numberywhosesquare(the result of multiplying the number by itself, ory⋅y{\displaystyle y\cdot y}) isx.[1]For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because42=(−4)2=16{\displaystyle 4^{2}=(-4)^{2}=16}.
Everynonn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root#Modular_square_root |
Inmathematics,Euler's identity[note 1](also known asEuler's equation) is theequalityeiπ+1=0{\displaystyle e^{i\pi }+1=0}where
Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematicianLeonhard Euler. It is a special case ofEuler's formulaeix=cosx+isinx{\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x}when evaluated forx=π{\displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_identity |
Belief propagation, also known assum–product message passing, is a message-passingalgorithmfor performinginferenceongraphical models, such asBayesian networksandMarkov random fields. It calculates themarginal distributionfor each unobserved node (or variable), conditional on any observed nodes (or variables). Belief pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief_propagation#Gaussian_belief_propagation_.28GaBP.29 |
The computer toolpatchis aUnixprogramthat updatestext filesaccording to instructions contained in a separate file, called apatch file. The patch file (also called apatchfor short) is a text file that consists of a list of differences and is produced by running the relateddiffprogram with the original and updated file a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(Unix) |
Anoperating systemshellis acomputer programthat provides relatively broad and direct access to the system on which it runs. The termshellrefers to how it is a relatively thinlayeraround an operating system.[1][2]
A shell is generally acommand-line interface(CLI) program although somegraphical user interface(GUI) progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing) |
Instatistics,Spearman's rank correlation coefficientorSpearman'sρ, named afterCharles Spearman[1]and often denoted by the Greek letterρ{\displaystyle \rho }(rho) or asrs{\displaystyle r_{s}}, is anonparametricmeasure ofrank correlation(statistical dependencebetween therankingsof twovariables). It assesses how well the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearman%27s_rank_correlation_coefficient |
Incryptography,Simultaneous Authentication of Equals(SAE) is apassword-based authentication andpassword-authenticated key agreementmethod.[1]
SAE is a variant of theDragonfly Key Exchangedefined inRFC7664,[2]based onDiffie–Hellman key exchangeusingfinite cyclic groupswhich can be aprimary cyclic groupor anelliptic cur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_Authentication_of_Equals |
GSM frequency bandsor frequency ranges are thecellular frequenciesdesignated by theITUfor the operation ofGSMmobile phonesand othermobile devices.
A dual-band 900/1800 device is required to be compatible with most networks apart from deployments inITU Region2.
GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are used in most parts of the world ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands |
TheBlum–Goldwasser (BG) cryptosystemis anasymmetric key encryption algorithmproposed byManuel BlumandShafi Goldwasserin 1984. Blum–Goldwasser is aprobabilistic,semantically securecryptosystem with a constant-sizeciphertext expansion. The encryption algorithm implements an XOR-basedstream cipherusing theBlum-Blum-Shub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum%E2%80%93Goldwasser_cryptosystem |
Genuine progress indicator(GPI) is ametricthat has been suggested to replace, or supplement,gross domestic product(GDP).[1]The GPI is designed to take fuller account of thewell-beingof a nation, only a part of which pertains to the size of the nation's economy, by incorporating environmental and social factors which ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator |
In mathematics, theprogressive-iterative approximation methodis aniterative methodofdata fittingwith geometric meanings.[1]Given a set of data points to be fitted, the method obtains a series of fitting curves (or surfaces) by iteratively updating the control points, and thelimitcurve (surface) caninterpolateorapproxim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive-iterative_approximation_method |
For AES-128, the key can be recovered with acomputational complexityof 2126.1using thebiclique attack. For biclique attacks on AES-192 and AES-256, the computational complexities of 2189.7and 2254.4respectively apply.Related-key attackscan break AES-256 and AES-192 with complexities 299.5and 2176in both time and data, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard |
TecTilesare anear field communication(NFC) application, developed bySamsung, for use with mobilesmartphonedevices.[1]
Each TecTile is a low-cost[2]self-adhesive sticker with an embeddedNFC Tag.[3]They are programmed before use, which can be done simply by the user, using a downloadableAndroid app.[3]
When an NFC-capa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TecTile |
Majoritarianismis apolitical philosophyorideologywith an agenda asserting that amajority, whether based on areligion,language,social class, or othercategoryof the population, is entitled to a certain degree of primacy in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. This traditional view has com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoritarianism |
Aweb serveriscomputersoftwareand underlyinghardwarethat accepts requests viaHTTP(thenetwork protocolcreated to distributeweb content) or its secure variantHTTPS. A user agent, commonly aweb browserorweb crawler, initiates communication by making a request for aweb pageor otherresourceusing HTTP, and theserverresponds w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server#Causes_of_overload |
Asearch engineis asoftware systemthat provideshyperlinkstoweb pagesand other relevant information onthe Webin response to a user'squery. The userinputsa query within aweb browseror amobile app, and thesearch resultsare often a list of hyperlinks, accompanied by textual summaries and images. Users also have the option o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine |
Szymański's Mutual Exclusion Algorithmis amutual exclusion algorithmdevised by computer scientist Dr.Bolesław Szymański, which has many favorable properties including linear wait,[1][2]and which extension[3]solved the open problem posted byLeslie Lamport[4]whether there is an algorithm with a constant number of communi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyma%C5%84ski%27s_algorithm |
Natural Computingis ascientific journalcoveringnatural computingresearch. It has been published quarterly bySpringer Verlag(Springer Netherlands) in print (ISSN1567-7818) and online (ISSN1572-9796) since 2002.[1]
"Natural Computing refers to computational processes observed in nature, and human-designed computing insp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Computing_(journal) |
Information field theory(IFT) is aBayesianstatistical field theoryrelating tosignal reconstruction,cosmography, and other related areas.[1][2]IFT summarizes the information available on aphysical fieldusingBayesian probabilities. It uses computational techniques developed forquantum field theoryandstatistical field the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_field_theory |
Gray-box testing(International English spelling:grey-box testing) is a combination ofwhite-box testingandblack-box testing. The aim of this testing is to search for the defects, if any, due to improper structure or improper usage of applications.[1][2]
A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_box_testing |
Instatistics, theintraclass correlation, or theintraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),[1]is adescriptive statisticthat can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups. It describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other. While it is viewed as a type ofcor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass_correlation |
Thought vectoris a term popularized byGeoffrey Hinton, the prominentdeep-learningresearcher, which uses vectors based onnatural language[1]to improve its search results.[2]
Thiscomputer sciencearticle is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_vector |
Temporal information retrieval(T-IR) is an emerging area of research related to the field ofinformation retrieval(IR) and a considerable number of sub-areas, positioning itself, as an important dimension in the context of the user information needs.
According toinformation theoryscience (Metzger, 2007),[1]timeliness o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_information_retrieval |
Thefactored language model(FLM) is an extension of a conventionallanguage modelintroduced by Jeff Bilmes and Katrin Kirchoff in 2003. In an FLM, each word is viewed as a vector ofkfactors:wi={fi1,...,fik}.{\displaystyle w_{i}=\{f_{i}^{1},...,f_{i}^{k}\}.}An FLM provides the probabilistic modelP(f|f1,...,fN){\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factored_language_model |
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