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Abitstream(orbit stream), also known asbinary sequence, is asequenceofbits.
Abytestreamis a sequence ofbytes. Typically, each byte is an8-bit quantity, and so the termoctet streamis sometimes used interchangeably. An octet may be encoded as a sequence of 8 bits in multiple different ways (seebit numbering) so there is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream |
Deliberative process privilegeis thecommon-lawprinciple that the internal processes of the executive branch of a government are immune from normal disclosure or discovery in civil litigations,Freedom of Information Actrequests, etc.
The theory behind the protection is that by guaranteeing confidentiality, the governme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_process_privilege |
ThePhillips Codeis abrevity code(shorthand) compiled and expanded in 1879 byWalter P. Phillips(then of theAssociated Press) for the rapid transmission oftelegraphmessages, including press reports.
It was compiled in 1879 byWalter P. Phillips, who explained that he was in large part putting down the collective experien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Code |
Foreground-backgroundis ascheduling algorithmthat is used to control an execution of multiple processes on a single processor. It is based on two waiting lists, the first one is calledforegroundbecause this is the one in which all processes initially enter, and the second one is calledbackgroundbecause all processes, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreground-background |
Private transport(as opposed to public transport) is the personal or individual use oftransportationwhich are not available for use by the general public, where in theory the user can decide freely on the time and route of transit ('choice rider' vs. 'captive rider'[1]), using vehicles such as: private car, company car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_transport |
Inmathematics, ametric spaceis asettogether with a notion ofdistancebetween itselements, usually calledpoints. The distance is measured by afunctioncalled ametricordistance function.[1]Metric spaces are a general setting for studying many of the concepts ofmathematical analysisandgeometry.
The most familiar example o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_of_norms_and_metrics |
Inmathematics,loop-erased random walkis a model for arandomsimple pathwith important applications incombinatorics,physicsandquantum field theory. It is intimately connected to theuniform spanning tree, a model for a randomtree. See alsorandom walkfor more general treatment of this topic.
AssumeGis somegraphandγ{\displ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop-erased_random_walk |
Meiko Scientific Ltd.was a Britishsupercomputercompany based inBristol, founded by members of the design team working on theInmostransputermicroprocessor.
In 1985, when Inmos management suggested the release of the transputer be delayed, Miles Chesney, David Alden, Eric Barton, Roy Bottomley, James Cownie, and Gerry T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiko_Computing_Surface |
Inmathematical logic, the theory ofinfinite setswas first developed byGeorg Cantor. Although this work has become a thoroughly standard fixture of classicalset theory, it has been criticized in several areas by mathematicians and philosophers.
Cantor's theoremimplies that there are sets havingcardinalitygreater than t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy_over_Cantor%27s_theory |
The current state ofquantum computing[1]is referred to as thenoisy intermediate-scale quantum(NISQ)era,[2][3]characterized by quantum processors containing up to 1,000qubitswhich are not advanced enough yet forfault-toleranceor large enough to achievequantum advantage.[4][5]These processors, which are sensitive to thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_era |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, machine learning:
Machine learning(ML) is a subfield ofartificial intelligencewithincomputer sciencethat evolved from the study ofpattern recognitionandcomputational learning theory.[1]In 1959,Arthur Samueldefined machine learning as a "field of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_machine_learning_algorithms |
Doublespeakis language that deliberatelyobscures, disguises, distorts, or reverses themeaningof words. Doublespeak may take the form ofeuphemisms(e.g., "downsizing" forlayoffsand "servicing the target" forbombing),[1]in which case it is primarily meant to make the truth sound more palatable. It may also refer to intent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublespeak |
Intopological data analysis,persistent homologyis a method for computing topological features of a space at different spatial resolutions. More persistent features are detected over a wide range of spatial scales and are deemed more likely to represent true features of the underlying space rather than artifacts of sam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_homology |
Empiricalmethods
Prescriptiveand policy
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide toeconomics. Economics is abranch of sciencethat analyzes theproduction,distribution, andconsumptionofgoodsandservices. It aims to explain howeconomieswork and howagents(people) respond toincentives.
Economics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economics_topics |
Panel(data)analysisis a statistical method, widely used insocial science,epidemiology, andeconometricsto analyze two-dimensional (typically cross sectional and longitudinal)panel data.[1]The data are usually collected over time and over the same individuals and then aregressionis run over these two dimensions.Multidime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_analysis |
TheComputer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986(CFAA) is aUnited Statescybersecuritybill that was enacted in 1986 as an amendment to existingcomputer fraudlaw (18 U.S.C.§ 1030), which had been included in theComprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984.[1]Prior to computer-specific criminal laws, computer crimes were prosecuted asm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act |
Biologically InspiredCognitive Architectures(BICA) was aDARPAproject administered by theInformation Processing Technology Office(IPTO). BICA began in 2005 and is designed to create the next generation ofcognitive architecturemodels of human artificial intelligence. Its first phase (Design) ran from September 2005 to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologically_inspired_cognitive_architectures |
Anagrams(also published under names includingAnagram,SnatchandWord Making and Taking) is atile-basedword gamethat involvesrearrangingletter tiles to form words.
The game pieces are a set of tiles with letters on one side. Tiles are shuffled face-down then turned over one by one, players forming words by combining them... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagrams_(game) |
8.0.2macOS30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)8.0.2Linux30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)8.0.2Android30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)
TheBerkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing[2](BOINC, pronounced/bɔɪŋk/– rhymes with "oink"[3]) is anopen-sourcemiddlewaresystem forvolunteer computing(a type ofd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Open_Infrastructure_for_Network_Computing |
Attentionis amachine learningmethod that determines the importance of each component in a sequence relative to the other components in that sequence. Innatural language processing, importance is represented by"soft"weights assigned to each word in a sentence. More generally, attention encodes vectors calledtokenembeddi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_mechanism |
Shipping portalsare websites which allowshippers, consignees and forwarders access to multiple carriers through a single site. Portals provide bookings, track and trace, and documentation, and allow users to communicate with their carriers. In many respects, ashippingportal is to the maritime industry what aglobal dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_portal |
Inmathematical analysisand related areas ofmathematics, asetis calledboundedif all of its points are within a certain distance of each other. Conversely, a set which is not bounded is calledunbounded. The word "bounded" makes no sense in a general topological space without a correspondingmetric.
Boundaryis a distinct ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_set |
Fuzzy logicis a form ofmany-valued logicin which thetruth valueof variables may be anyreal numberbetween 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false.[1]By contrast, inBoolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic |
Semantic propertiesormeaning propertiesare those aspects of a linguistic unit, such as amorpheme,word, orsentence, that contribute to the meaning of that unit. Basic semantic properties include beingmeaningfulormeaningless– for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_property |
Identification, friend or foe(IFF) is acombat identificationsystem designed forcommand and control. It uses atransponderthat listens for aninterrogationsignal and then sends aresponsethat identifies the broadcaster. IFF systems usually useradarfrequencies, but other electromagnetic frequencies, radio or infrared, may b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Identification_Feature |
arXiv(pronounced as "archive"—the X represents theGreek letter chi⟨χ⟩)[1]is anopen-access repositoryof electronicpreprintsandpostprints(known ase-prints) approved for posting after moderation, but notpeer reviewed. It consists ofscientific papersin the fields ofmathematics,physics,astronomy,electrical engineering,compu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) |
Incomputing, ashared resource, ornetwork share, is acomputer resourcemade available from onehostto other hosts on acomputer network.[1][2]It is a device or piece of information on a computer that can be remotely accessed from another computer transparently as if it were a resource in the local machine. Network sharing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_resource |
Inmathematics,incidence geometryis the study ofincidence structures. A geometric structure such as theEuclidean planeis a complicated object that involves concepts such as length, angles, continuity, betweenness, andincidence. Anincidence structureis what is obtained when all other concepts are removed and all that rem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidence_geometry |
Inmathematics, apolynomial sequenceis asequenceofpolynomialsindexed by the nonnegativeintegers0, 1, 2, 3, ..., in which eachindexis equal to thedegreeof the corresponding polynomial. Polynomial sequences are a topic of interest inenumerative combinatoricsandalgebraic combinatorics, as well asapplied mathematics.
Some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_sequence |
Core–periphery structureis anetwork theorymodel.
There are two main intuitions behind the definition of core–periphery network structures; one assumes that a network can only have one core, whereas the other allows for the possibility of multiple cores. These two intuitive conceptions serve as the basis for two modes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-periphery_structure |
Inmathematics, thespectral radiusof asquare matrixis the maximum of the absolute values of itseigenvalues.[1]More generally, the spectral radius of abounded linear operatoris thesupremumof the absolute values of the elements of itsspectrum. The spectral radius is often denoted byρ(·).
Letλ1, ...,λnbe the eigenvalues o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_radius |
TheMobile Broadband Allianceis aconsortiumof companies that have aligned to promote hardware with built-inHSPAbroadband.
The companies include the mobile operatorsVodafone,Orange, Telefónica Europe,T-Mobile,3Group,Telecom ItaliaandTeliaSonera, and the hardware manufacturersDell,Asus,Toshiba,Lenovo,Qualcomm,Ericsson,Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Broadband_Alliance |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer engineering:
Computer engineering–disciplinethat integrates several fields ofelectrical engineeringandcomputer sciencerequired to developcomputer hardwareand software.[1]Computer engineers usually have training inelectronic engineering(or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering |
Inbusiness,engineering, andmanufacturing,quality– orhigh quality– has a pragmatic interpretation as the non-inferiority orsuperiorityof something (goodsorservices); it is also defined as being suitable for the intended purpose (fitness for purpose) while satisfying customer expectations. Quality is a perceptual, condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_(business) |
Adigital object memory(DOMe) is adigitalstoragespace intended to keep permanently all related information about a concrete physical object instance that is collected during the lifespan of this object[1]and thus forms a basic building block for theInternet of Things(IoT)[2]by connecting digital information with physica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_memory |
Benford's law, also known as theNewcomb–Benford law, thelaw of anomalous numbers, or thefirst-digit law, is an observation that in many real-life sets of numericaldata, theleading digitis likely to be small.[1]In sets that obey the law, the number 1 appears as the leading significant digit about 30% of the time, while ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford%27s_law |
Severalshipping linesare involved inintermodal freight transportas part ofinternational trade.
This is a list of the 30 largestcontainer shippingcompanies as of March 2025, according toAlphaliner, ranked in order of thetwenty-foot equivalent unit(TEU) capacity of their fleet.[1]In January 2022,MSCovertookMaerskfor the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_container_shipping_companies_by_ship_fleets_and_containers |
Inlinguistics,word order(also known aslinear order) is the order of thesyntacticconstituentsof alanguage.Word order typologystudies it from a cross-linguistic perspective, and examines how languages employ different orders. Correlations between orders found in different syntactic sub-domains are also of interest. The p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_order |
Incryptography,Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding(OAEP) is apadding schemeoften used together withRSA encryption. OAEP was introduced byBellareandRogaway,[1]and subsequently standardized inPKCS#1 v2and RFC 2437.
The OAEP algorithm is a form ofFeistel networkwhich uses a pair ofrandom oraclesG and H to process the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_Asymmetric_Encryption_Padding |
Algorithmic inferencegathers new developments in thestatistical inferencemethods made feasible by the powerful computing devices widely available to any data analyst. Cornerstones in this field arecomputational learning theory,granular computing,bioinformatics, and, long ago, structural probability (Fraser 1966).
The m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_inference |
Inabstract algebra, askew latticeis analgebraic structurethat is anon-commutativegeneralization of alattice. While the termskew latticecan be used to refer to any non-commutative generalization of a lattice, since 1989 it has been used primarily as follows.
Askew latticeis asetSequipped with twoassociative,idempotentb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_lattice |
TheTonelli–Shanksalgorithm(referred to by Shanks as the RESSOL algorithm) is used inmodular arithmeticto solve forrin a congruence of the formr2≡n(modp), wherepis aprime: that is, to find a square root ofnmodulop.
Tonelli–Shanks cannot be used for composite moduli: finding square roots modulo composite numbers is a co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanks%E2%80%93Tonelli_algorithm |
Incryptography, thewhite-boxmodel refers to an extreme attack scenario, in which an adversary has full unrestricted access to a cryptographic implementation, most commonly of ablock ciphersuch as theAdvanced Encryption Standard(AES). A variety of security goals may be posed (see the section below), the most fundamental... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-box_cryptography |
Identification, friend or foe(IFF) is acombat identificationsystem designed forcommand and control. It uses atransponderthat listens for aninterrogationsignal and then sends aresponsethat identifies the broadcaster. IFF systems usually useradarfrequencies, but other electromagnetic frequencies, radio or infrared, may b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe |
Incombinatoricsandorder theory, amultitreemay describe either of two equivalent structures: adirected acyclic graph(DAG) in which there is at most one directed path between any twovertices, or equivalently in which thesubgraphreachable from any vertex induces anundirected tree, or apartially ordered set(poset) that doe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitree |
Ininformation scienceandontology, aclassification schemeis an arrangement of classes or groups of classes. The activity of developing the schemes bears similarity totaxonomy, but with perhaps a more theoretical bent, as a single classification scheme can be applied over a widesemantic spectrumwhile taxonomies tend to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_scheme_(information_science) |
The tables below compare features of notablenote-takingsoftware. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_note-taking_software |
Ininformation security, computer science, and other fields, theprinciple of least privilege(PoLP), also known as theprinciple of minimal privilege(PoMP) or theprinciple of least authority(PoLA), requires that in a particularabstraction layerof a computing environment, every module (such as a process, a user, or a progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege |
Incryptography,forward secrecy(FS), also known asperfect forward secrecy(PFS), is a feature of specifickey-agreement protocolsthat gives assurances thatsession keyswill not be compromised even if long-term secrets used in the session key exchange are compromised, limiting damage.[1][2][3]ForTLS, the long-term secret is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy |
TheBanach–Tarski paradoxis atheoreminset-theoreticgeometry, which states the following: Given a solidballinthree-dimensional space,there existsa decomposition of the ball into a finite number ofdisjointsubsets, which can then be put back together in a different way to yield two identical copies of the original ball. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%E2%80%93Tarski_paradox |
Aprotective hairstyleis a term predominantly used to describe hairstyles suitable forAfro-textured hairwhose purpose is to reduce the risk of hairs breaking off short. These hairstyles are designed to minimize manipulation and exposure of the hair to environmental elements. Factors such as extreme temperatures, humidit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_hairstyle |
TheSeven Bridges of Königsbergis a historically notable problem in mathematics. Itsnegative resolutionbyLeonhard Euler, in 1736,[1]laid the foundations ofgraph theoryand prefigured the idea oftopology.[2]
The city ofKönigsberginPrussia(nowKaliningrad,Russia) was set on both sides of thePregel River, and included two l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Bridges_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg |
Inmathematics, especially inabstract algebra, aquasigroupis analgebraic structurethat resembles agroupin the sense that "division" is always possible. Quasigroups differ from groups mainly in that theassociativeandidentity elementproperties are optional. In fact, a nonempty associative quasigroup is a group.[1][2]
A q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(algebra) |
Anincompressible stringis astringwithKolmogorov complexityequal to its length, so that it has no shorter encodings.[1]Thepigeonhole principlecan be used to be prove that for anylossless compressionalgorithm, there must exist many incompressible strings.
Suppose we have the string12349999123499991234, and we are using ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incompressible_string |
Inalgebraic topology, aquasifibrationis a generalisation offibre bundlesandfibrationsintroduced byAlbrecht DoldandRené Thom. Roughly speaking, it is a continuous mapp:E→Bhaving the same behaviour as a fibration regarding the (relative)homotopy groupsofE,Bandp−1(x). Equivalently, one can define a quasifibration to be a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasifibration |
Macaronic languageis any expression using a mixture oflanguages,[1]particularlybilingual punsor situations in which the languages are otherwise used in the same context (rather than simply discrete segments of a text being in different languages).Hybrid wordsare effectively "internally macaronic". In spoken language,co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_language |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, thegamma distributionis a versatile two-parameterfamily of continuousprobability distributions.[1]Theexponential distribution,Erlang distribution, andchi-squared distributionare special cases of the gamma distribution.[2]There are two equivalent parameterizations in common use:
In ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_distribution |
Revealed preference theory, pioneered by economistPaul Anthony Samuelsonin 1938,[1][2]is a method of analyzing choices made by individuals, mostly used for comparing the influence of policies[further explanation needed]onconsumer behavior. Revealed preference models assume that thepreferencesof consumers can berevealed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revealed_preference |
Gois ahigh-levelgeneral purpose programming languagethat isstatically typedandcompiled. It is known for the simplicity of its syntax and the efficiency of development that it enables by the inclusion of a large standard library supplying many needs for common projects.[12]It was designed atGoogle[13]in 2007 byRobert Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language) |
Incomputer science,computational intelligence(CI) refers toconcepts,paradigms,algorithmsandimplementationsofsystemsthat are designed to show "intelligent" behavior in complex and changing environments.[1]These systems are aimed at mastering complex tasks in a wide variety of technical or commercial areas and offer solu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_intelligence |
Incryptography,learning with errors(LWE) is a mathematical problem that is widely used to create secureencryption algorithms.[1]It is based on the idea of representing secret information as a set of equations with errors. In other words, LWE is a way to hide the value of a secret by introducing noise to it.[2]In more t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_with_errors |
Inmathematics, adiscrete series representationis an irreducibleunitary representationof alocally compact topological groupGthat is a subrepresentation of the leftregular representationofGon L²(G). In thePlancherel measure, such representations have positive measure. The name comes from the fact that they are exactly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_series_representation |
Alarge language model(LLM) is a type ofmachine learningmodeldesigned fornatural language processingtasks such as languagegeneration. LLMs arelanguage modelswith many parameters, and are trained withself-supervised learningon a vast amount of text.
The largest and most capable LLMs aregenerative pretrained transformers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model |
Inlinguistics,bindingis the phenomenon in whichanaphoricelements such aspronounsare grammatically associated with theirantecedents.[citation needed]For instance in the English sentence "Mary saw herself", theanaphor"herself" is bound by its antecedent "Mary". Binding can be licensed or blocked in certain contexts or sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_(linguistics) |
Inalgebra, asimplicial commutative ringis acommutative monoidin thecategoryofsimplicial abelian groups, or, equivalently, asimplicial objectin thecategory of commutative rings. IfAis a simplicial commutative ring, then it can be shown thatπ0A{\displaystyle \pi _{0}A}is aringandπiA{\displaystyle \pi _{i}A}aremodulesover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_commutative_ring |
Mass comparisonis a method developed byJoseph Greenbergto determine the level ofgenetic relatednessbetween languages. It is now usually calledmultilateral comparison. Mass comparison has been referred to as a "methodological deception" and is rejected by most linguists, and its continued use is primarily restricted tof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_comparison |
Incomputer science, theprocess calculi(orprocess algebras) are a diverse family of related approaches for formally modellingconcurrent systems. Process calculi provide a tool for the high-level description of interactions, communications, and synchronizations between a collection of independent agents or processes. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_calculus |
Fermat's factorization method, named afterPierre de Fermat, is based on the representation of anoddintegeras thedifference of two squares:
That difference isalgebraicallyfactorable as(a+b)(a−b){\displaystyle (a+b)(a-b)}; if neither factor equals one, it is a proper factorization ofN.
Each odd number has such a repres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_factorization_method |
Incomputer science, therange searchingproblem consists of processing a setSof objects, in order to determine which objects fromSintersect with a query object, called therange. For example, ifSis a set of points corresponding to the coordinates of several cities, find the subset of cities within a given range oflatitude... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_search |
Information seekingis the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Information seeking is related to, but different from,information retrieval(IR).
Traditionally, IR tools have been designed for IR professionals to enable them to effectively and efficiently retr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_seeking |
Afinite-state machine(FSM) orfinite-state automaton(FSA, plural:automata),finite automaton, or simply astate machine, is a mathematicalmodel of computation. It is anabstract machinethat can be in exactly one of a finite number ofstatesat any given time. The FSM can change from one state to another in response to somein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite-state_machine |
Hyperdimensional computing(HDC) is an approach to computation, particularlyArtificial General Intelligence. HDC is motivated by the observation that thecerebellum cortexoperates on high-dimensional data representations.[1]In HDC, information is thereby represented as a hyperdimensional (long)vectorcalled a hypervector.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperdimensional_computing |
The theory ofassociation schemesarose instatistics, in the theory ofexperimental designfor theanalysis of variance.[1][2][3]Inmathematics, association schemes belong to bothalgebraandcombinatorics. Inalgebraic combinatorics, association schemes provide a unified approach to many topics, for examplecombinatorial designs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_scheme |
ASIM cardorSIM(subscriber identity module) is anintegrated circuit(IC) intended to securely store aninternational mobile subscriber identity(IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers onmobile telephonedevices (such asmobile phones,tablets, andlaptops). SIMs are also able ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module |
Protein structure predictionis the inference of the three-dimensional structure of aproteinfrom itsamino acidsequence—that is, the prediction of itssecondaryandtertiary structurefromprimary structure. Structure prediction is different from the inverse problem ofprotein design.
Protein structure prediction is one of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure_prediction |
Regulation of artificial intelligenceis the development of public sectorpoliciesand laws for promoting and regulatingartificial intelligence(AI). It is part of the broaderregulation of algorithms.[1][2]The regulatory and policy landscape for AI is an emerging issue in jurisdictions worldwide, including for internationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence |
In mathematics, annth-orderArgand system(named afterFrenchmathematicianJean-Robert Argand) is acoordinate systemconstructed around thenthroots of unity. From theorigin,naxes extend such that the angle between each axis and the axes immediately before and after it is 360/ndegrees. For example, thenumber lineis the 2nd-o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argand_system |
Jargon, ortechnical language, is the specializedterminologyassociated with a particular field or area of activity.[1]Jargon is normally employed in a particularcommunicative contextand may not be well understood outside that context. The context is usually a particular occupation (that is, a certain trade, profession,v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon |
Aregional lockout(orregion coding) is a class ofdigital rights managementpreventing the use of a certain product or service, such asmultimediaor a hardware device, outside a certain region or territory. A regional lockout may be enforced through physical means, through technological means such as detecting the user'sIP... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_lockout |
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction, also known asmanifold learning, is any of various related techniques that aim to project high-dimensional data, potentially existing across non-linear manifolds which cannot be adequately captured by linear decomposition methods, onto lower-dimensionallatent manifolds, with the goal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_dimensionality_reduction |
Inmathematics, atotal orderorlinear orderis apartial orderin which any two elements are comparable. That is, a total order is abinary relation≤{\displaystyle \leq }on somesetX{\displaystyle X}, which satisfies the following for alla,b{\displaystyle a,b}andc{\displaystyle c}inX{\displaystyle X}:
Requirements 1. to 3. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_order |
TheIBM 1130Computing System, introduced in 1965,[3]wasIBM's least expensivecomputerat that time. Abinary16-bit machine, it was marketed to price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets, like education and engineering, succeeding thedecimalIBM 1620in that market segment. Typical installations included a 1 megab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1130#Code_modification |
Incoding theory,block codesare a large and important family oferror-correcting codesthat encode data in blocks.
There is a vast number of examples for block codes, many of which have a wide range of practical applications. The abstract definition of block codes is conceptually useful because it allows coding theorists,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_block_code |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Discourseis a generalization of the notion of aconversationto any form ofcommunication.[1]Discourse is a major topic in social theory, with work spanning fields such associology,anthropol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse |
Asearch engineis asoftware systemthat provideshyperlinkstoweb pagesand other relevant information onthe Webin response to a user'squery. The userinputsa query within aweb browseror amobile app, and thesearch resultsare often a list of hyperlinks, accompanied by textual summaries and images. Users also have the option o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engines |
Linguistic anthropologyis theinterdisciplinarystudy of how language influences social life. It is a branch ofanthropologythat originated from the endeavor to documentendangered languagesand has grown over the past century to encompass most aspects oflanguage structureand use.[1]
Linguistic anthropology explores how la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology |
Infolklore,fairy-locks(orelflocks) are the result offairiestangling andknottingthe hairs of sleeping children and the manes of beasts as the fairies play in and out of their hair at night.[1]
The concept is first attested in English inShakespeare'sRomeo and JulietinMercutio's speech of the many exploits ofQueen Mab, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elflock |
Inalgebra, thepartial fraction decompositionorpartial fraction expansionof arational fraction(that is, afractionsuch that the numerator and the denominator are bothpolynomials) is an operation that consists of expressing the fraction as a sum of a polynomial (possibly zero) and one or several fractions with a simpler d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_fraction_decomposition |
Inquantum physics, aquantum stateis a mathematical entity that embodies the knowledge of a quantum system.Quantum mechanicsspecifies the construction, evolution, andmeasurementof a quantum state. The result is a prediction for the system represented by the state. Knowledge of the quantum state, and the rules for the sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_states |
Inmathematics, areal numberis anumberthat can be used tomeasureacontinuousone-dimensionalquantitysuch as adurationortemperature. Here,continuousmeans that pairs of values can have arbitrarily small differences.[a]Every real number can be almost uniquely represented by an infinitedecimal expansion.[b][1]
The real numbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers |
Inphysicsandengineering, theenvelopeof anoscillatingsignalis asmooth curveoutlining its extremes.[1]The envelope thus generalizes the concept of a constantamplitudeinto aninstantaneous amplitude. The figure illustrates a modulatedsine wavevarying between anupper envelopeand alower envelope. The envelope function may be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_(waves) |
VoxForgeis afreespeech corpusandacoustic modelrepository foropen sourcespeech recognitionengines.
VoxForge was set up to collect transcribed speech to create a freeGPLspeech corpus in order to be uses with open source speech recognition engines. The speech audio files will be 'compiled' into acoustic models for use wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoxForge |
Invisible ink, also known assecurity inkorsympathetic ink, is a substance used for writing, which is invisible either on application or soon thereafter, and can later be made visible by some means, such asheatorultravioletlight. Invisible ink is one form ofsteganography.
One of the earliest writers to mention an invis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_ink |
Extrapolation domain analysis (EDA)is amethodologyfor identifying geographical areas that seem suitable for adoption of innovativeecosystem managementpractices on the basis of sites exhibiting similarity in conditions such as climatic,land useandsocioeconomicindicators. Whilst it has been applied to water research proj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation_domain_analysis |
Incomputational geometry, apower diagram, also called aLaguerre–Voronoi diagram,Dirichlet cell complex,radical Voronoi tesselationor asectional Dirichlet tesselation, is a partition of theEuclidean planeintopolygonalcells defined from a set of circles. The cell for a given circleCconsists of all the points for which th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_diagram |
Inmathematical logic, auniversal quantificationis a type ofquantifier, alogical constantwhich isinterpretedas "given any", "for all", "for every", or "given anarbitraryelement". It expresses that apredicatecan besatisfiedby everymemberof adomain of discourse. In other words, it is thepredicationof apropertyorrelationto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantification |
Modified condition/decision coverage(MC/DC) is acode coveragecriterion used insoftware testing.
MC/DC requires all of the below during testing:[1]
Independence of a condition is shown by proving that only one condition changes at a time.
MC/DC is used in avionics software development guidanceDO-178BandDO-178Cto ensu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_condition/decision_coverage |
Trusted timestampingis the process ofsecurelykeeping track of the creation and modification time of a document. Security here means that no one—not even the owner of the document—should be able to change it once it has been recorded provided that the timestamper's integrity is never compromised.
The administrative asp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_timestamping |
Aparagraph(fromAncient Greekπαράγραφος (parágraphos)'to write beside') is a self-contained unit of discourse inwritingdealing with a particular point oridea. Though not required by the orthographic conventions of any language with awriting system, paragraphs are a conventional means of organizing extended segments ofpr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_section_numbering |
Adecision treeis adecision supportrecursive partitioning structure that uses atree-likemodelof decisions and their possible consequences, includingchanceevent outcomes, resource costs, andutility. It is one way to display analgorithmthat only contains conditional control statements.
Decision trees are commonly used in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree#Pruning |
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