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AnAI takeoveris an imagined scenario in whichartificial intelligence(AI) emerges as the dominant form ofintelligenceon Earth andcomputer programsorrobotseffectively take control of the planet away from thehuman species, which relies onhuman intelligence. Possible scenarios includereplacement of the entire human workfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_takeover |
Univariateis a term commonly used in statistics to describe a type of data which consists of observations on only a single characteristic or attribute. A simple example of univariate data would be the salaries of workers in industry.[1]Like all the other data, univariate data can be visualized using graphs, images or o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univariate_analysis |
Incryptography, aring signatureis a type ofdigital signaturethat can be performed by any member of a set of users that each havekeys. Therefore, a message signed with a ring signature is endorsed by someone in a particular set of people. One of the security properties of a ring signature is that it should be computat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_signature |
Incryptography,key sizeorkey lengthrefers to the number ofbitsin akeyused by acryptographicalgorithm (such as acipher).
Key length defines the upper-bound on an algorithm'ssecurity(i.e. a logarithmic measure of the fastest known attack against an algorithm), because the security of all algorithms can be violated bybru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_key_length |
Inmachine learning,normalizationis a statistical technique with various applications. There are two main forms of normalization, namelydata normalizationandactivation normalization. Data normalization (orfeature scaling) includes methods that rescale input data so that thefeatureshave the same range, mean, variance, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(machine_learning) |
Distributional semantics[1]is a research area that develops and studies theories and methods for quantifying and categorizing semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data. The basic idea of distributional semantics can be summed up in the so-c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributional_semantics |
Malvertising(aportmanteauof "malicious software (malware) advertising") is the use ofonline advertisingto spreadmalware.[1]It typically involves injecting malicious or malware-laden advertisements into legitimateonline advertising networksandwebpages.[2]Because advertising content can be inserted into high-profile and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvertising |
Inprobability theory, theDoob–Dynkin lemma, named afterJoseph L. DoobandEugene Dynkin(also known as thefactorization lemma), characterizes the situation when onerandom variableis a function of another by theinclusionof theσ{\displaystyle \sigma }-algebrasgenerated by the random variables. The usual statement of the lem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorization_lemma |
Aparallel importis a non-counterfeitproductimported from another country without the permission of theintellectual propertyowner. Parallel imports are often referred to as agrey productand are implicated in issues ofinternational trade, andintellectual property.[1]
Parallel importing is based on concept ofexhaustion o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_import |
Incalculus,logarithmic differentiationordifferentiation by taking logarithmsis a method used todifferentiatefunctionsby employing thelogarithmic derivativeof a functionf,[1](lnf)′=f′f⟹f′=f⋅(lnf)′.{\displaystyle (\ln f)'={\frac {f'}{f}}\quad \implies \quad f'=f\cdot (\ln f)'.}
The technique is often performed in case... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_differentiation |
Information sensitivityis the control ofaccess to informationorknowledgethat might result in loss of an advantage or level of security if disclosed to others.[1]Loss, misuse, modification, orunauthorized accessto sensitive information can adversely affect theprivacyor welfare of an individual,trade secretsof a business... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_sensitivity |
Text normalizationis the process of transformingtextinto a singlecanonical formthat it might not have had before. Normalizing text before storing or processing it allows forseparation of concerns, since input is guaranteed to be consistent before operations are performed on it. Text normalization requires being aware o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_normalization |
Wi-Fi calling, also calledVoWiFi,[1]refers tomobile phonevoice calls and data that are made overIPnetworks usingWi-Fi, instead of thecell towersprovided bycellular networks.[2]Using this feature, compatible handsets are able to route regular cellular calls through a wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) network withbroadband Internet, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_access_network |
The study ofinterdependent networksis a subfield ofnetwork sciencedealing with phenomena caused by the interactions betweencomplex networks. Though there may be a wide variety of interactions between networks,dependencyfocuses on the scenario in which the nodes in one network require support from nodes in another netw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdependent_networks |
Instatisticsand, in particular, in the fitting oflinearorlogistic regressionmodels, theelastic netis aregularizedregression method thatlinearly combinestheL1andL2penalties of thelassoandridgemethods.
Nevertheless, elastic net regularization is typically more accurate than both methods with regard to reconstruction.[1]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_net_regularization |
Insignal processingand related disciplines,aliasingis a phenomenon that a reconstructed signal from samples of the original signal contains low frequency components that are not present in the original one. This is caused when, in the original signal, there are components at frequency exceeding a certain frequency call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing |
Justification(also calledepistemic justification) is a property ofbeliefsthat fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe.[1][2]Epistemologistsoften identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion.[3]They study the reasons why someone holds a belief.[4]Epistemolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification |
Anapostolic nunciatureis a top-leveldiplomatic missionof theHoly Seethat is equivalent to anembassy. However, it neither issues visas nor hasconsulates.
The head of the apostolic nunciature is called anuncio, an ecclesiastical diplomatic title. A papal nuncio (officially known as an apostolic nuncio) is a permanent di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature |
In the area ofsystem identification, adynamical systemisstructurally identifiableif it is possible to infer its unknown parameters by measuring its output over time. This problem arises in many branch of applied mathematics, sincedynamical systems(such as the ones described byordinary differential equations) are common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_identifiability |
Electronic serial numbers(ESNs) were created by the U.S.Federal Communications Commission(FCC) to uniquely identifymobile devices, from the days ofAMPSin the United States starting in the early 1980s. The administrative role was taken over by theTelecommunications Industry Associationin 1997 and is still maintained by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Serial_Number |
Inmathematics, aclassification theoremanswers theclassificationproblem: "What are the objects of a given type, up to someequivalence?". It gives a non-redundantenumeration: each object is equivalent to exactly one class.
A few issues related to classification are the following.
There exist manyclassification theorems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_theorem |
PDF417is a stacked linearbarcodeformat used in a variety of applications such as transport, identification cards, and inventory management. "PDF" stands forPortable Data File, while "417" signifies that each pattern in the code consists of 4 bars and spaces in a pattern that is 17 units (modules) long.
The PDF417 symb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF417 |
Proof of personhood (PoP)is a means of resisting malicious attacks on peer to peer networks, particularly, attacks that utilize multiple fake identities, otherwise known as aSybil attack. Decentralized online platforms are particularly vulnerable to such attacks by their very nature, as notionally democratic and respon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_personhood |
Inlinguistics, especially withingenerative grammar,phi features(denoted with the Greek letterφ'phi') are themorphologicalexpression of asemanticprocess in which a word ormorphemevaries with the form of another word or phrase in the same sentence.[1]This variation can includeperson,number,gender, andcase, as encoded in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_features |
In mostUnixandUnix-like operating systems, theps(process status) program displays the currently-runningprocesses. The related Unix utilitytopprovides a real-time view of the running processes.
KolibriOSincludes an implementation of thepscommand.[1]Thepscommand has also been ported to theIBM ioperating system.[2]InWin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps_(Unix) |
Incomputingandsystems design, aloosely coupledsystem is one
Components in a loosely coupled system can be replaced with alternative implementations that provide the same services. Components in a loosely coupled system are less constrained to the same platform,language,operating system, or build environment.
If syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_coupling |
Thephase-space formulationis a formulation ofquantum mechanicsthat places thepositionandmomentumvariables on equal footing inphase space. The two key features of the phase-space formulation are that the quantum state is described by aquasiprobability distribution(instead of awave function,state vector, ordensity matrix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_space_formulation |
Inmathematics, more specifically incategory theory, auniversal propertyis a property that characterizesup toanisomorphismthe result of some constructions. Thus, universal properties can be used for defining some objects independently from the method chosen for constructing them. For example, the definitions of theinte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_property |
In mathematics,infinitecompositionsofanalytic functions(ICAF)offer alternative formulations ofanalytic continued fractions,series,productsand other infinite expansions, and the theory evolving from such compositions may shed light on theconvergence/divergenceof these expansions. Some functions can actually be expanded ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_compositions_of_analytic_functions |
Inmathematics, atensoris analgebraic objectthat describes amultilinearrelationship between sets of algebraic objects related to avector space. Tensors may map between different objects such asvectors,scalars, and even other tensors. There are many types of tensors, includingscalarsandvectors(which are the simplest tens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor |
Inmathematical logic, thearithmetical hierarchy,arithmetic hierarchyorKleene–Mostowski hierarchy(after mathematiciansStephen Cole KleeneandAndrzej Mostowski) classifies certainsetsbased on the complexity offormulasthatdefinethem. Any set that receives a classification is calledarithmetical. The arithmetical hierarchy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetical_hierarchy |
Natural language processing(NLP) is a subfield ofcomputer scienceand especiallyartificial intelligence. It is primarily concerned with providing computers with the ability to process data encoded innatural languageand is thus closely related toinformation retrieval,knowledge representationandcomputational linguistics, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language_processing |
Bletchley Parkis anEnglish country houseand estate inBletchley,Milton Keynes(Buckinghamshire), that became the principal centre ofAlliedcode-breaking during the Second World War. DuringWorld War II, the estate housed theGovernment Code and Cypher School(GC&CS), which regularly penetrated the secret communications of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park |
Incomputer science, aradix tree(alsoradix trieorcompact prefix treeorcompressed trie) is adata structurethat represents aspace-optimizedtrie(prefix tree) in which each node that is the only child is merged with its parent. The result is that the number of children of every internal node is at most theradixrof the radix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_tree |
Metacomputingis allcomputingand computing-oriented activity which involves computingknowledge(science and technology) utilized for theresearch, development and application of different types of computing. It may also deal with numerous types of computing applications, such as: industry, business, management and human... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomputing |
Inpsychoacoustics, apure toneis a sound with asinusoidalwaveform; that is, asinewaveof constantfrequency,phase-shift, andamplitude.[1]By extension, insignal processinga single-frequency tone or pure tone is a purely sinusoidalsignal(e.g., a voltage).
A pure tone has the property – unique among real-valued wave shapes –... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_tone |
Indatabases, andtransaction processing(transaction management),snapshot isolationis a guarantee that all reads made in atransactionwill see a consistent snapshot of the database (in practice it reads the last committed values that existed at the time it started), and the transaction itself will successfully commit only... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapshot_isolation |
Instatistics, thejackknife(jackknife cross-validation) is across-validationtechnique and, therefore, a form ofresampling.
It is especially useful forbiasandvarianceestimation. The jackknife pre-dates other common resampling methods such as thebootstrap. Given a sample of sizen{\displaystyle n}, a jackknifeestimatorcan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackknife_(statistics) |
The following is alist of PowerPC processors.
32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC processors have been a favorite of embedded computer designers. To keep costs low on high-volume competitive products, the CPU core is usually bundled into a system-on-chip (SOC) integrated circuit. SOCs contain the processor core, cache and the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_PowerPC_processors |
TheISO/IEC 11179metadata registry(MDR) standard is an internationalISO/IECstandard for representingmetadatafor an organization in a metadata registry. It documents the standardization and registration of metadata to make data understandable and shareable.[1]
The ISO/IEC 11179 model is a result of two principles of sem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179 |
L2 Syntactical Complexity Analyzer(L2SCA) developed byXiaofei Luat thePennsylvania State University, is acomputationaltool which producessyntactic complexityindices of written English language texts.[1]Along withCoh-Metrix, the L2SCA is one of the most extensively used computational tool to compute indices ofsecond lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L2_Syntactic_Complexity_Analyzer |
TheKruskal count[1][2](also known asKruskal's principle,[3][4][5][6][7]Dynkin–Kruskal count,[8]Dynkin's counting trick,[9]Dynkin's card trick,[10][11][12][13]coupling card trick[14][15][16]orshift coupling[10][11][12][13]) is aprobabilisticconcept originally demonstrated by the Russian mathematicianEvgenii Borisovich D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruskal_count |
A wide variety of different wireless data technologies exist, some in direct competition with one another, others designed for specific applications.Wirelesstechnologies can be evaluated by a variety of different metrics of which some are described in this entry.
Standards can be grouped as follows in increasing range... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_standards |
MoIPorMOIPcan mean: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoIP_(disambiguation) |
Incomputer science, analgorithmis said to beasymptotically optimalif, roughly speaking, for large inputs it performsat worsta constant factor (independent of the input size) worse than the best possible algorithm. It is a term commonly encountered in computer science research as a result of widespread use ofbig-O notat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotically_optimal_algorithm |
Regulation of algorithms, oralgorithmic regulation, is the creation of laws, rules and public sector policies for promotion andregulationofalgorithms, particularly inartificial intelligenceandmachine learning.[1][2][3]For the subset of AI algorithms, the termregulation of artificial intelligenceis used. The regulatory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_algorithms |
Morphophonology(alsomorphophonemicsormorphonology) is the branch oflinguisticsthat studies the interaction betweenmorphologicalandphonologicalorphoneticprocesses. Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place inmorphemes(minimal meaningful units) when they combine to form words.
The origins of morphophonology t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonology |
Distributed networkingis adistributed computingnetwork system where components of the program and data depend on multiple sources.
Distributed networking, used indistributed computing, is the network system over whichcomputer programming,software, and its data are spread out across more than one computer, but communic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_networking |
Atelegraph codeis one of thecharacter encodingsused to transmitinformationbytelegraphy.Morse codeis the best-known such code.Telegraphyusually refers to theelectrical telegraph, but telegraph systems using theoptical telegraphwere in use before that. A code consists of a number ofcode points, each corresponding to a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_code |
NMOSornMOSlogic (from N-type metal–oxide–semiconductor) usesn-type(-)MOSFETs(metal–oxide–semiconductorfield-effect transistors) to implementlogic gatesand otherdigital circuits.[1][2]
NMOS transistors operate by creating aninversion layerin ap-typetransistor body. This inversion layer, called the n-channel, can conduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMOS_logic |
Anindependent test organizationis an organization, person, or company that tests products, materials, software, etc. according to agreed requirements. The test organization can be affiliated with the government or universities or can be anindependent testing laboratory. They are independent because they are not affil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_test_organization |
Acolor spaceis a specific organization ofcolors. In combination with color profiling supported by various physical devices, it supports reproducible representations of color – whether such representation entails ananalogor adigitalrepresentation. A color space may be arbitrary, i.e. with physically realized colors assi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space |
TheFinnish Defence Forcesswitched over to theNATO phonetic alphabetin 2005, but the Finnish one is used for Å, Ä, Ö and digits.[1]International operations use only the NATO alphabet.
On the Finnish rail network the Finnish Armed Forces spelling alphabet was used until May 31, 2020 and starting on July 1 the railways s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Armed_Forces_radio_alphabet |
Inmathematics, thedistributive propertyofbinary operationsis a generalization of thedistributive law, which asserts that the equalityx⋅(y+z)=x⋅y+x⋅z{\displaystyle x\cdot (y+z)=x\cdot y+x\cdot z}is always true inelementary algebra.
For example, inelementary arithmetic, one has2⋅(1+3)=(2⋅1)+(2⋅3).{\displaystyle 2\cdot (1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributivity |
Theampere-turn(symbolA⋅t) is theMKS(metre–kilogram–second) unit ofmagnetomotive force(MMF), represented by adirect currentof oneampereflowing in a single-turn loop.[1]Turnsrefers to thewinding numberof an electrical conductor composing anelectromagnetic coil.
For example, a current of2 Aflowing through a coil of 10 tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere-turn |
Inmathematics, aresiduated Boolean algebrais aresiduated latticewhose lattice structure is that of aBoolean algebra. Examples include Boolean algebras with the monoid taken to be conjunction, the set of all formal languages over a given alphabet Σ under concatenation, the set of all binary relations on a given setXunde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residuated_Boolean_algebra |
Inmachine learning,kernel machinesare a class of algorithms forpattern analysis, whose best known member is thesupport-vector machine(SVM). These methods involve using linear classifiers to solve nonlinear problems.[1]The general task ofpattern analysisis to find and study general types of relations (for examplecluster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_trick |
Incryptography, akey distribution center(KDC) is part of acryptosystemintended to reduce the risks inherent in exchangingkeys. KDCs often operate in systems within which some users may have permission to use certain services at some times and not at others.
For instance, an administrator may have established a policy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_distribution_center |
TrustRankis analgorithmthat conductslink analysisto separate usefulwebpagesfromspamand helps search engine rank pages inSERPs(Search Engine Results Pages). It is semi-automated process which means that it needs some human assistance in order to function properly. Search engines have many different algorithms and rankin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrustRank |
Graph neural networks(GNN) are specializedartificial neural networksthat are designed for tasks whose inputs aregraphs.[1][2][3][4][5]
One prominent example is molecular drug design.[6][7][8]Each input sample is a graph representation of a molecule, where atoms form the nodes and chemical bonds between atoms form the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_neural_network |
Asanity checkorsanity testis a basic test to quickly evaluate whether a claim or the result of a calculation can possibly be true. It is a simple check to see if the produced material is rational (that the material's creator was thinking rationally, applyingsanity). The point of a sanity test is to rule out certain cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanity_testing |
TheNew York Central Rail Roadintroduced a container system in 1922.[1]
Details include:
This United States rail–related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYC_container |
Anambigramis acalligraphiccomposition ofglyphs(letters, numbers, symbols or other shapes) that can yield different meanings depending on the orientation of observation.[2][3]Most ambigrams are visualpalindromesthat rely on some kind ofsymmetry, and they can often be interpreted asvisual puns.[4]The term was coined byDo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambigram |
TPT(time partition testing) is a systematictestmethodologyfor theautomatedsoftware testandverificationofembedded control systems,cyber-physical systems, anddataflow programs. TPT is specialised on testing andvalidationof embedded systems whose inputs and outputs can be represented assignalsand is a dedicated method for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Partition_Testing |
Artificial intelligence(AI) refers to the capability ofcomputational systemsto perform tasks typically associated withhuman intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is afield of researchincomputer sciencethat develops and studies methods andsoftwarethat enable mach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence |
GhostNet(simplified Chinese:幽灵网;traditional Chinese:幽靈網;pinyin:YōuLíngWǎng) is the name given by researchers at theInformation Warfare Monitorto a large-scalecyber spying[1][2]operation discovered in March 2009. The operation is likely associated with anadvanced persistent threat, or a network actor that spies undetect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GhostNet |
This is alist of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions, including hospital orders (the patient-directed part of which is referred to assig codes). This list does not include abbreviations for pharmaceuticals or drug name suffixes such as CD, CR, ER, XT (SeeTime release technology § List of abbreviationsfor those)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used_in_medical_prescriptions |
Apassword policyis a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strongpasswordsand use them properly. A password policy is often part of an organization's official regulations and may be taught as part ofsecurity awarenesstraining. Either the password policy is merely advisory, or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_policy |
Incomputational complexity theory, a problem isNP-completewhen:
The name "NP-complete" is short for "nondeterministic polynomial-time complete". In this name, "nondeterministic" refers tonondeterministic Turing machines, a way of mathematically formalizing the idea of a brute-force search algorithm.Polynomial timerefe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-complete |
This is a list of well-knowndata structures. For a wider list of terms, seelist of terms relating to algorithms and data structures. For a comparison ofrunning timesfor a subset of this list seecomparison of data structures.
Some properties of abstract data types:
"Ordered" means that the elements of the data type ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_structures |
Feature creepis the excessive ongoing expansion or addition of newfeaturesin a product,[1]especially incomputer software,video games(where it should not be confused withpower creep) andconsumer and business electronics. These extra features go beyond the basic function of the product and can result insoftware bloatand ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_creep |
Inlinguistics, afalse friendis a word in a different language that looks or sounds similar to a word in a given language, but differs significantly in meaning. Examples of false friends includeEnglishembarrassedandSpanishembarazado('pregnant'); EnglishparentsversusPortugueseparentesandItalianparenti(the latter two both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_friend |
This is alist ofalgorithmgeneral topics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithm_general_topics |
Windows Anytime Upgrade(Add Features to Windows) was a service byMicrosoftintroduced inWindows Vistathat facilitated upgrades across successiveeditions of Windows Vista.[1]Prices for upgrades purchased through Windows Anytime Upgrade were lower than prices for upgrades purchased at retail.[2][3]Windows Anytime Upgrade ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade |
Incomputing, the termremote desktoprefers to asoftware- oroperating systemfeature that allows apersonal computer'sdesktop environmentto be run remotely from one system (usually a PC, but the concept applies equally to aserveror asmartphone), while being displayed on a separateclient device. Remote desktop applications ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_desktop_software |
Arandom permutationis asequencewhere any order of its items is equally likely atrandom, that is, it is apermutation-valuedrandom variableof a set of objects. The use of random permutations is common ingames of chanceand inrandomized algorithmsincoding theory,cryptography, andsimulation. A good example of a random permu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_permutation |
In themathematicalfield ofcategory theory, thecategory of sets, denoted bySet, is thecategorywhoseobjectsaresets. The arrows ormorphismsbetween setsAandBare thefunctionsfromAtoB, and the composition of morphisms is thecomposition of functions.
Many other categories (such as thecategory of groups, withgroup homomorphi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_sets |
Rule 184is a one-dimensional binarycellular automatonrule, notable for solving themajority problemas well as for its ability to simultaneously describe several, seemingly quite different,particle systems:
The apparent contradiction between these descriptions is resolved by different ways of associating features of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_184 |
Proactive cyber defensemeans acting in anticipation to oppose an attack through cyber and cognitive domains.[1]Proactive cyber defense can be understood as options between offensive and defensive measures. It includes interdicting, disrupting or deterring an attack or a threat's preparation to attack, either pre-emptiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proactive_Cyber_Defence |
Instatisticsandbusiness, along tailof somedistributionsof numbers is the portion of the distribution having many occurrences far from the "head" or central part of the distribution. The distribution could involve popularities, random numbers of occurrences of events with variousprobabilities, etc.[1]The term is often u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_tail |
Spectral musicuses theacousticproperties of sound – orsound spectra– as a basis forcomposition.[1]
Defined in technical language, spectral music is an acoustic musical practice wherecompositionaldecisions are often informed bysonographicrepresentations andmathematicalanalysis of sound spectra, or by mathematically gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_music |
Sidorenko's conjectureis a majorconjecturein the field ofextremal graph theory, posed byAlexander Sidorenkoin 1986. Roughly speaking, the conjecture states that for anybipartite graphH{\displaystyle H}andgraphG{\displaystyle G}onn{\displaystyle n}vertices with average degreepn{\displaystyle pn}, there are at leastp|E(H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidorenko%27s_conjecture |
In algebra, anelliptic algebrais a certainregular algebraof aGelfand–Kirillov dimensionthree (quantum polynomial ringin three variables) that corresponds to a cubic divisor in the projective spaceP2. If the cubic divisor happens to be anelliptic curve, then the algebra is called aSklyanin algebra. The notion is studied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_algebra |
Flat Neighborhood Network (FNN)is atopologyfordistributed computingand other computer networks. Eachnodeconnects to two or moreswitcheswhich, ideally, entirely cover the node collection, so that each node can connect to any other node in two "hops" (jump up to one switch and down to the other node). This contrasts to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_neighborhood_network |
Incomputing, theprocess identifier(a.k.a.process IDorPID) is a number used by mostoperating systemkernels—such as those ofUnix,macOSandWindows—to uniquely identify an activeprocess. This number may be used as a parameter in various function calls, allowing processes to be manipulated, such as adjusting the process's pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier |
Inmathematics,quantalesare certainpartially orderedalgebraic structuresthat generalizelocales(point free topologies) as well as various multiplicativelatticesofidealsfromring theoryandfunctional analysis(C*-algebras,von Neumann algebras).[1]Quantales are sometimes referred to ascompleteresiduated semigroups.
Aquantale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantale |
Instatistics,maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) is a method ofestimatingtheparametersof an assumedprobability distribution, given some observed data. This is achieved bymaximizingalikelihood functionso that, under the assumedstatistical model, theobserved datais most probable. Thepointin theparameter spacethat maximize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimation |
In amultitaskingcomputersystem,processesmay occupy a variety ofstates. These distinct states may not be recognized as such by theoperating systemkernel. However, they are a useful abstraction for the understanding of processes.
The following typical process states are possible on computer systems of all kinds. In mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_state |
OpenACC(foropen accelerators) is a programming standard forparallel computingdeveloped byCray, CAPS,NvidiaandPGI. The standard is designed to simplify parallel programming ofheterogeneousCPU/GPUsystems.[1]
As inOpenMP, the programmer can annotateC,C++andFortransource codeto identify the areas that should be accelerate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenACC |
Indiscrete geometry, anopaque setis a system of curves or other set in theplanethat blocks alllines of sightacross apolygon, circle, or other shape. Opaque sets have also been calledbarriers,beam detectors,opaque covers, or (in cases where they have the form of aforestofline segmentsor other curves)opaque forests. Opaq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaque_forest_problem |
Document retrievalis defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set offree-textrecords. These records could be any type of mainlyunstructured text, such asnewspaper articles, real estate records or paragraphs in a manual. User queries can range from multi-sentence full descriptions of an information ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_retrieval |
TheResource Description Framework(RDF) is a method to describe and exchangegraphdata. It was originally designed as a data model formetadataby theWorld Wide Web Consortium(W3C). It provides a variety of syntax notations and formats, of which the most widely used is Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language).
RDF is adirected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework |
Inlinguisticmorphology, atransfixis a discontinuousaffixwhich is inserted into aword root, as inroot-and-patternsystems of morphology, like those of manySemitic languages.
A discontinuous affix is an affix whose phonetic components are not sequential within a word, and instead, are spread out between or around thephon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfix |
Atelecommandortelecontrolis acommandsent to control a remote system or systems not directly connected (e.g. via wires) to the place from which the telecommand is sent. The word is derived fromtele= remote (Greek), andcommand= to entrust/order (Latin). Systems that need remote measurement and reporting of information of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommand |
TheXOP(eXtended Operations[1])instruction set, announced byAMDon May 1, 2009, is an extension to the 128-bitSSEcore instructions in thex86andAMD64instruction set for theBulldozerprocessor core, which was released on October 12, 2011.[2]However AMD removed support for XOP fromZen (microarchitecture)onward.[3]
The XOP i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOP_instruction_set |
Inmathematics, theorbit method(also known as theKirillov theory,the method of coadjoint orbitsand by a few similar names) establishes a correspondence between irreducibleunitary representationsof aLie groupand itscoadjoint orbits: orbits of theaction of the groupon the dual space of itsLie algebra. The theory was intro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirillov_orbit_theory |
Aframe injectionattack is an attack onInternet Explorer 5,Internet Explorer 6andInternet Explorer 7to load arbitrary code in the browser.[1]This attack is caused byInternet Explorernot checking the destination of the resulting frame,[2]therefore allowing arbitrary code such asJavaScriptorVBScript. This also happens whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_injection |
AData Matrixis atwo-dimensional codeconsisting of black and white "cells" or dots arranged in either asquareorrectangularpattern, also known as amatrix. The information to be encoded can be text or numeric data. Usual data size is from a few bytes up to 1556bytes. The length of the encoded data depends on the number of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Matrix |
PAN truncationis an anti-fraud measure available on some credit-card-processingpoint of sale(POS) terminals as part of amerchant accountservice.
"PAN" is an acronym forprimary account number, i.e., the "card number" on either adebitor acredit card.PAN truncationsimply replaces the card number printed on a customer rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAN_truncation |
Inlinguistics, aword stemis awordpart responsible for a word'slexicalmeaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on themorphologyof the language in question. For instance, inAthabaskan linguistics, a verb stem is arootthat cannot appear on its own and that carries thetoneof the word.
Typically... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_stem |
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