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Right menu VIP Programs for Beginners: Are They Really Worth It When You're Just Starting Out? 🤔 Emir Taner Emir Taner Emir Taner Follow Dec 10 '25 VIP Programs for Beginners: Are They Really Worth It When You're Just Starting Out? 🤔 # beginners # webdev # web3 # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Account Abstraction (AA) Is Finally Going Mainstream: What It Really Means Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Follow Dec 4 '25 Account Abstraction (AA) Is Finally Going Mainstream: What It Really Means # blockchain # crypto # web3 # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI x Blockchain = The New Power Couple Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Follow Dec 4 '25 AI x Blockchain = The New Power Couple # blockchain # crypto # web3 # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Trust in Tokenized Products Victory Adugbo Victory Adugbo Victory Adugbo Follow Nov 18 '25 Building Trust in Tokenized Products # blockchain # web3 # beginners # resources 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Africa’s tokenization opportunity: Building markets before they mature. Victory Adugbo Victory Adugbo Victory Adugbo Follow Nov 12 '25 Africa’s tokenization opportunity: Building markets before they mature. # blockchain # web3 # bitcoin # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read 第 14 课：Freqtrade风险管理与资金管理 Henry Lin Henry Lin Henry Lin Follow Oct 14 '25 第 14 课：Freqtrade风险管理与资金管理 # beginners # crypto # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Lesson 14: Risk Management Henry Lin Henry Lin Henry Lin Follow Oct 13 '25 Lesson 14: Risk Management # beginners # tutorial # crypto # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read October 2025 Crypto Pulse: Bullish Vibes, DeFi Surges, and Market Shifts Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Oct 12 '25 October 2025 Crypto Pulse: Bullish Vibes, DeFi Surges, and Market Shifts # beginners # blockchain # web3 # crypto 25 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read I Don't Trade Patterns, I Trade Intentions: Reading Market Psychology Through Structure Jude⚜ Jude⚜ Jude⚜ Follow Sep 26 '25 I Don't Trade Patterns, I Trade Intentions: Reading Market Psychology Through Structure # beginners # crypto # resources 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Investing in Bitcoin: How to Choose the Best Wallet and Set It Up on Linux Curo Tomuro Curo Tomuro Curo Tomuro Follow Sep 19 '25 Investing in Bitcoin: How to Choose the Best Wallet and Set It Up on Linux # beginners # tutorial # blockchain # linux 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Africa’s tokenization opportunity: Building markets before they mature. Account Abstraction (AA) Is Finally Going Mainstream: What It Really Means Building Trust in Tokenized Products VIP Programs for Beginners: Are They Really Worth It When You're Just Starting Out? 🤔 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Crypto Forem — A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Crypto Forem © 2016 - 2026. Uniting blockchain builders and thinkers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Career Follow Hide This tag is for anything relating to careers! Job offers, workplace conflict, interviews, resumes, promotions, etc. Create Post submission guidelines All articles and discussions should relate to careers in some way. Pretty much everything on dev.to is about our careers in some way. Ideally, though, keep the tag related to getting, leaving, or maintaining a career or job. about #career A career is the field in which you work, while a job is a position held in that field. Related tags include #resume and #portfolio as resources to enhance your #career Older #career posts 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Becoming a Senior Full-Stack Developer: What Actually Changed for Me Gerald Lucas Gerald Lucas Gerald Lucas Follow Dec 29 '25 Becoming a Senior Full-Stack Developer: What Actually Changed for Me # architecture # career # leadership Comments Add Comment 1 min read Do Vibe Coding à Engenharia de IA: O Guia Prático para 2025 (Com Prompts!) Eduardo Rosa Eduardo Rosa Eduardo Rosa Follow Dec 24 '25 Do Vibe Coding à Engenharia de IA: O Guia Prático para 2025 (Com Prompts!) # softwareengineering # career # promptengineering # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Didn’t Replace My Job. It Replaced My Worst Habits. Phoebe P. Phoebe P. Phoebe P. Follow Jan 5 AI Didn’t Replace My Job. It Replaced My Worst Habits. # career # ai # programming # careerdevelopment 24 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Vibe Coding vs. Engenharia Assistida por IA: Onde você está no espectro? Eduardo Rosa Eduardo Rosa Eduardo Rosa Follow Dec 24 '25 Vibe Coding vs. Engenharia Assistida por IA: Onde você está no espectro? # discuss # ai # productivity # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Computers Are Dumb. That’s Why AI Feels So Dangerous—and So Useful. Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Follow Dec 29 '25 Computers Are Dumb. That’s Why AI Feels So Dangerous—and So Useful. # ai # career # beginners # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Improved My GitHub Profile for Better Developer Branding Muhammad Yasir Muhammad Yasir Muhammad Yasir Follow Jan 9 How I Improved My GitHub Profile for Better Developer Branding # career # devjournal # github # portfolio 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Get Unlimited Mock Interview Reps (Without Finding a Partner) Ashwin Kherde Ashwin Kherde Ashwin Kherde Follow Jan 8 How I Get Unlimited Mock Interview Reps (Without Finding a Partner) # ai # career # interview # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Choosing Yourself Without Guilt: A Lesson I Learned the Hard Way as a Developer Zainab Zainab Zainab Follow for CareerByteCode Dec 28 '25 Choosing Yourself Without Guilt: A Lesson I Learned the Hard Way as a Developer # devjournal # career # productivity # mentalhealth 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Learned System Design in 5 Days | Roadmap for Interviews Sayantan Banerjee Sayantan Banerjee Sayantan Banerjee Follow Dec 24 '25 How I Learned System Design in 5 Days | Roadmap for Interviews # webdev # systemdesign # programming # career Comments Add Comment 5 min read What 4 Years on the Fast Track Taught Me About My Career: From Dropping Out to Leading a Production Application Kaleb Garner Kaleb Garner Kaleb Garner Follow Dec 24 '25 What 4 Years on the Fast Track Taught Me About My Career: From Dropping Out to Leading a Production Application # career # software # programming # webdev Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Squint Test: How I fix Code that looks like a Grey Brick Doogal Simpson Doogal Simpson Doogal Simpson Follow Dec 24 '25 The Squint Test: How I fix Code that looks like a Grey Brick # beginners # java # career # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read 7 Lessons I Learned from Studying Twitter System Design Interview Courses Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Dec 24 '25 7 Lessons I Learned from Studying Twitter System Design Interview Courses # twitter # systemdesign # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Software Programming as a Skill QurioSkill QurioSkill QurioSkill Follow Dec 24 '25 Software Programming as a Skill # programming # coding # software # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Practical Tips to Find Legit Remote IT Jobs (Without Getting Scammed) Adam Adam Adam Follow Dec 24 '25 5 Practical Tips to Find Legit Remote IT Jobs (Without Getting Scammed) # career # remotework # jobs # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read 9 Scripts Developers Use but Never Mention in Interviews Dev. 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Resources Follow Dec 29 '25 9 Scripts Developers Use but Never Mention in Interviews # programming # beginners # tutorial # career 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read 3 things I want to learn in 2026 Luke Cartwright Luke Cartwright Luke Cartwright Follow Dec 24 '25 3 things I want to learn in 2026 # webdev # programming # career 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Tailor Your Tech Resume for Every Job, Fast Steps That Beat ATS and Impress Recruiters Saber Amani Saber Amani Saber Amani Follow Jan 6 How to Tailor Your Tech Resume for Every Job, Fast Steps That Beat ATS and Impress Recruiters # career # jobsearch # techcareers # cvtips 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read overcoming developer’s block: the "already done" trap and why you should build it anyway Malek Malek Malek Follow Dec 29 '25 overcoming developer’s block: the "already done" trap and why you should build it anyway # programming # career # learning # software Comments Add Comment 7 min read C#.NET - day 05 Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Jan 7 C#.NET - day 05 # csharp # programming # learning # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read My 2026 Tech Stack is Boring as Hell (And That is the Point) NorthernDev NorthernDev NorthernDev Follow Jan 2 My 2026 Tech Stack is Boring as Hell (And That is the Point) # discuss # career # architecture # webdev 118 reactions Comments 100 comments 3 min read I realized I enjoy debugging real systems more than building features Aimen Aljalal Aimen Aljalal Aimen Aljalal Follow Dec 23 '25 I realized I enjoy debugging real systems more than building features # backend # career # softwareengineering # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read C#.NET - day 03 Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Jan 5 C#.NET - day 03 # csharp # learning # programming # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read The 3 Hardest Decisions I Make as a Dev (That Have Nothing to Do with Code) William Trindade William Trindade William Trindade Follow Jan 7 The 3 Hardest Decisions I Make as a Dev (That Have Nothing to Do with Code) # software # product # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Do you have any New Year resolutions or goals? Jess Lee Jess Lee Jess Lee Follow for The DEV Team Jan 5 Do you have any New Year resolutions or goals? # discuss # career # accountability 26 reactions Comments 56 comments 1 min read Failing an Interview Is Not the End A. Moreno A. Moreno A. Moreno Follow Dec 23 '25 Failing an Interview Is Not the End # discuss # career Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/martinkr/the-two-and-a-half-one-flavors-of-next-js-s-pre-rendering-44o | The two and a half + one flavors of next.js's pre-rendering - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Martin Krause Posted on Aug 8, 2021 • Edited on Jan 23, 2022 The two and a half + one flavors of next.js's pre-rendering # nextjs # node # webdev Confused by the title? Don't be, we will take a look at the different pre-rendering options provided by next.js . According to the documentation, next.js has two flavors of pre-rendering Static Generation (SSG) and Server-side Rendering (SSR): Two forms of Pre-rendering next.js has two forms of pre-rendering: Static Generation and Server-side Rendering. The difference is in when it generates the HTML for a page. https://nextjs.org/docs/basic-features/pages#two-forms-of-pre-rendering What are the other one and a half options? Let's take a deep breath and go for a deep dive! 1st flavor: Static Generation (SSG) The HTML is generated at build time and will be reused on each request. It's the recommended one, because SSG pre-rendered pages are easy to cache and fast to deliver. Usually they have a lower time for first paint and less blocking time . In case you need dynamic data you can combine it with Client-side Rendering. To prepare a page for Static Generation (SSG) use getStaticProps and it is run on build time. Minimal example import Page from '../Page'; export default Page; export async function getStaticProps() { return { props }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2nd flavor: Server-side Rendering (SSR) The HTML is generated on each request. You can easily add dynamic data or consume external API's and render their data to the HTML file before serving it to the client. To prepare a page for Server-side Rendering (SSR) use getServerSideProps and is run on every request instead of on build time. Of course you can create a "hybrid" next.js app by using Static Generation and Server-side Rendering depending on the page. Minimal example import Page from '../Page'; export default Page; export async function getServerSideProps() { const props = await getData(); return { props }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2nd and a half flavor: Incremental Static Regeneration (ISG) The HTML is generated at build time and this cached version is shown initially. Then, the current, updated version is generated, shown and replaces the cached version of the page and consequent visitors will receive the new version immediately. It’s like a hybrid solution of SSG and SSR with a stale-while-revalidate caching strategy. Using ISR instead of SSR will massively increase your application’s performance and improve your Lighthouse score as well as your user's experience. To prepare a page for Static Generation (SSG) use getStaticProps with the revalidate property. Minimal example import Page from '../Page'; export default Page; export async function getStaticProps() { return { props, revalidate: 30 }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Plus one flavor: $ next export All the above examples are build for production with $ next build and they are relying on the build-in node.js server. Even with the static sites from SSG you need a host with node.js support (for example https://www.vercel.com or https://www.netlify.com ). If you're running $ next export instead, next.js will create a truly static version of your page which you can drop into any webserver and thus can be served from any host. But be careful, of course this works only with SSG-ready pages and even then some next.js features are not available : Incremental Static Generation (ISG) is not supported API Routes are not supported getServerSideProps are not supported Internationalized Routing is not supported The next/image component's default loader is not supported Summary: next.js 's flavors or pre-rendering: Static Generation (SSG) Server-side Rendering (SSR) Incremental Static Regeneration (ISG) True static HTML with $ next export Follow me on Twitter: @martinkr and consider to buy me a coffee Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Martin Krause Follow “It’s only work if somebody makes you do it.” • craft code • creative ideas • cutting edge • author • senior front end architect • professional scuba diver • adventures above and below the sea level Location Germany Work Senior Front End Architect, Full Stack Engineer, Creative Technologist and Scuba Diving Professional Joined May 19, 2019 More from Martin Krause Next.js: Internationalisation (i18n) for the `app directory` # nextjs # i18n # webdev # react next-export-i18n v2.3.5: localStorage and an internal link component # javascript # nextjs # react # i18 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#20) # webdev # javascript # programming # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.python.org/copyright.html | Copyright — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Dealing with Bugs Next topic History and License This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Copyright | Theme Auto Light Dark | Copyright ¶ Python and this documentation is: Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2000 BeOpen.com. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1995-2000 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved. See History and License for complete license and permissions information. Previous topic Dealing with Bugs Next topic History and License This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Copyright | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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https://www.fsf.org/about/ways-to-donate/ | Ways to donate to the FSF — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software ​ Push freedom ahead! The free software community has always thwarted the toughest challenges facing freedom in technology. This winter season, we want to thank the many individuals and projects that have helped us get where we are today: a world where a growing number of users are able to do their computing in full freedom. Our work isn't over. We have so much more to do. Help us reach our stretch New Year's membership goal of 100 new associate members by January 16, 2026, and keep the FSF strong and independent. Join | Read more Join Renew Donate Skip to content , sitemap or skip to search . Personal tools Log in Help! Members forum About Campaigns Licensing Membership Resources Community ♥Donate♥ Shop Search You are here: Home › About › Ways to donate to the FSF Info Ways to donate to the FSF by Free Software Foundation Contributions — Published on Feb 04, 2015 05:42 PM The Free Software Foundation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, so gifts to the FSF are tax-deductible in the US. There are a number of ways you can make a donation. We only recommend those listed below. If you think you've found a method to donate to us but are unsure, please write info@fsf.org. Join Renew Donate By becoming an FSF associate member. When you donate to the FSF as an associate member , you support the essential freedoms for all computer users, with a sustaining contribution. FSF associate members receive exciting gifts and incentives . In cash. You can support us via a cash donation at our office or at any conference or event at which we have a booth or a staff member present or speaking . 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https://dev.to/challenges/unoplatform | AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps - DEV Challenge - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Challenges > AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps CHALLENGE RESULTS 🏆 Winners Announced! 🎊 Congrats to the Winners of the AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps! Read Announcement Challenge ends soon! Submit your entry now DAYS : HOURS : MINUTES : SECONDS See prompts AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps View Entries Please sign in to follow this challenge From zero to project in 10 seconds! Challenge Status: Ended Ended Join our next Challenge UPDATE : Winner announcement delayed to Dec 19. Running through December 7 , the AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps invites you to build native cross-platform apps from a single shared codebase using .NET and Uno Platform's AI-powered tools. Whether you're exploring Uno Platform for the first time or leveling up your .NET skills, this challenge is the perfect opportunity to explore building apps that run everywhere: iOS, Android, Windows, macOS, Linux, and WebAssembly - all from one codebase. There will be one winner for each prompt and each winner will receive: - $1,000 USD Exclusive DEV Badge DEV++ Membership All Participants who submit a valid and qualified entry will receive completion badge on their DEV profile. We hope you give it a try! Key Dates Contest start: November 19, 2025 Submissions due: December 07, 2025 Winners announced: December 18, 2025 Badge Rewards Uno Platform Challenge Winner Badge Uno Platform Challenge Completion Badge Find Out More Ask questions and share your ideas on the AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps Launch Post. View Launch Post Sponsored by Uno Platform Uno Platform enables .NET developers to build native cross-platform apps from a single shared codebase, powered by the most complete open-source platform and AI-powered enterprise-grade tools. Learn More → Challenge Prompts WOW Factor Build a true .NET cross-platform app that is stunning and fun — fast. Create a coffee shop–style home screen (like Starbucks or your local coffee roastery) or bring any theme you like -- all from a single Uno Platform codebase. What to do: Start an Uno Platform app project from your preferred IDE - either blank or from templates Use mock data, menus, images, orders, or anything that brings your concept to life Add simple engaging UI elements such as lists, buttons, or animations Focus on creativity, performance, and smooth cross-platform experience Tip: Keep it fun and visual — your goal is to make people say "Wow." In order to participate, you'll need to create an account and sign in to use Uno Platform Studio Pro for the challenge . It's available with a free 30-day trial, no credit card required . That easily covers the full challenge window (Nov 21 – Dec 7), so you can build and submit your entry without ever hitting a paywall. Publish a post using the submission template below. Submission Template Judging Criteria: Use of underlying technology Usability and User Experience Accessibility Creativity Hot Design Showcase Experience Hot Design, the designer for cross-platform .NET apps, now accompanied by an AI Agent. What to do: Pick any existing app or UI concept you like — mobile, desktop, or web Run your app from any IDE on preferred target platform and launch Hot Design Modify UI controls, bindings, and data visually Use Hot Reload to keep your IDE and design surface perfectly synchronized Let the Hot Design Agent (Preview) help you adjust app UI in real time while the app is running Please note you'll need to share a images and/or recordings as part of this submission. Focus on: showing how AI and live visual design come together to make building beautiful, cross-platform .NET apps faster, easier, and more intuitive. In order to participate, you'll need to create an account and sign in to use Uno Platform Studio Pro for the challenge . It's available with a free 30-day trial, no credit card required . That easily covers the full challenge window (Nov 21 – Dec 7), so you can build and submit your entry without ever hitting a paywall. Publish a post using the submission template below. Submission Template Judging Criteria: Use of underlying technology Usability and User Experience Accessibility Creativity AI Acceleration Demonstrate how contextual AI accelerates app development using Uno Platform MCP Servers. What to do: Choose any AI Agent like Copilot, Claude, Cursor or Codex Build a simple cross-platform Uno Platform app using a public or sample API like JSON Placeholder , or check out 7 Free Public APIs Ask Uno Platform MCP for grounded guidance as you build Allow AI Agents to use Uno Platform MCPs to generate and refine your code Agents can leverage Uno Platform App MCP to see/interact with running app for structured, context-aware AI interactions Produce an app that runs on as many targets as possible — mobile, desktop, or web Please note you'll need to share a images and/or recordings as part of this submission. Focus on: demonstrating how contextual intelligence and modern AI coding assistants help you build faster and smarter with Uno Platform. In order to participate, you'll need to create an account and sign in to use Uno Platform Studio Pro for the challenge . It's available with a free 30-day trial, no credit card required . That easily covers the full challenge window (Nov 21 – Dec 7), so you can build and submit your entry without ever hitting a paywall. Publish a post using the submission template below. Submission Template Judging Criteria: Use of underlying technology Usability and User Experience Accessibility Creativity Helpful Links & Resources Learn more about Uno Platform: Uno Platform Documentation Quick Start Guide Uno Platform Discord Community Connect: X Reddit GitHub LinkedIn Frequently Asked Questions Participation Can I submit to multiple prompts? Yes, you are welcome to submit to multiple prompts. Can one submission qualify for multiple prompts? Yes, if your submission offers a solution to multiple prompts, it can qualify for multiple prompts. Can I submit to a prompt more than once? Yes, you can submit multiple submissions per prompt but you'll need to publish a separate post for each submission. In the event that you may win two or more prompts, and your submission is very close with another participant, we will favor the other participant. In the event that you do win two or more prompts, you will only receive one winner badge. Can I work on a team? Yes, you can work on teams of up to four people. If you collaborate with anyone, you'll need to list their DEV handles in your submission post so we can award a badge to your entire team! Please only publish one submission per team. DEV does not handle prize-splitting, so in the event that your submission wins, you will need to split the prize amongst yourselves. Thank you for understanding! How old do I have to be to participate? Participants need to be 18+ in order to participate. If I live in X, am I eligible to participate? For eligibility rules, see our official challenge rules . Submission Can my submission include open source code? Riffing on open source code and borrowing and improving on previous work/ideas is encouraged but it's important your changes are significant enough to ensure your submission is valid. When does riffing become plagiarism? It will depend, but transparency is important, license compatibility is important. You can use someone else's code to give you a jumpstart to demonstrate your ideas on top of someone else's base, but not just re-package the base. It should be clear to the judges what you added to the project in terms of the code and conceptual inspiration. This means, you should clearly state what you were building on and what elements are original to this new submission. When building on existing code, we expect a significant change that adds something tangible to the output. i.e. a new animation, and new sprite, a new function, a new presentation. Not just changes to the source - i.e. changing colours, changing one sprite, changing one function. What happens if my submission is considered plagiarized or invalid? Anything deemed to be plagiarism will not be eligible for prizes. Incidental plagiarism may simply result in your disqualification from the challenge (regardless of the number of other valid submissions you have published). Egregious plagiarism will result in your suspension from DEV entirely. Any non-generic, non-trivial usage of prior work, including open source code must be credited in your submission. Do submissions have to be in English? Non-english submissions are eligible for a completion badge but not eligible for prizes due to the current limitations of our judges. We will not be judging on mastery of the English language, so please don't let this deter you from submitting if you are not a native English speaker! We hope to evolve this in the future to be more accommodating. Do I need a license for my code? You are not required to license your code but we strongly recommend that you do. Here are some you may consider: MIT , Apache , BSD-2 , BSD-3 , or Commons Clause . Can I use AI? Use of AI is allowed as long as all other rules are followed. We want to give you a chance to show off your skills in realistic scenarios. If you use AI tools to help you achieve your submission, all the power to you. Judging and Prizing Can there be ties? In the event of a tie in scoring between judges, the judges will select the entry that received the highest number of positive reactions on their DEV post to determine the winner. How will I know if I won? Winners will be announced in a DEV post on the winner announcement date noted in our key dates section. When will I receive my DEV badge? Both participation and winner badges will be awarded, in most cases, the same day as the winner announcement. When will I receive my prizes? The DEV Team will contact you via the email associated with your DEV profile within, at most, 10 business days of the announcement date to share the details of claiming your prizes. What steps do I need to take to receive my cash prize? The winner (including each member of a team) may be required to sign and return an affidavit of eligibility and publicity/liability release, and provide any additional tax filing information (such as a W-9, social security number or Federal tax ID number) within seven (7) business days following the date of your first email notification. AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps Rules NO PURCHASE NECESSARY. Open only to 18+. Contest entry period ends December 7, 2025 at 11:59 PM PST. Contest is void where prohibited or restricted by law or regulation. All entries must be submitted during the contest period. For Official Rules, see AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps Contest Rules and General Contest Official Rules . 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Right menu Getting Started with Kubernetes: A Complete Guide InstaDevOps InstaDevOps InstaDevOps Follow Nov 6 '25 Getting Started with Kubernetes: A Complete Guide # kubernetes # k8s # containers # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read Pod - Deployment - Service Shiva Charan Shiva Charan Shiva Charan Follow Nov 27 '25 Pod - Deployment - Service # containers # kubernetes # devops # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Kubernetes: Introduction to Container Orchestration Naveen Jayachandran Naveen Jayachandran Naveen Jayachandran Follow Nov 3 '25 Kubernetes: Introduction to Container Orchestration # kubernetes # containers # azure # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read Master Pro Docker Techniques: A Best Practices Guide for Lean, Secure Containers Smooth Code Smooth Code Smooth Code Follow Nov 4 '25 Master Pro Docker Techniques: A Best Practices Guide for Lean, Secure Containers # docker # devops # containers # softwareengineering 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kubernetes - Images Naveen Jayachandran Naveen Jayachandran Naveen Jayachandran Follow Nov 3 '25 Kubernetes - Images # kubernetes # devops # containers # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Exactly is Docker and Why its necessary P. 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Acharya Follow Dec 6 '25 What Exactly is Docker and Why its necessary # webdev # docker # containers # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read DevPill 2: How to build and push a docker image to google cloud Artifact Registry Raul Paes Silva Raul Paes Silva Raul Paes Silva Follow Dec 6 '25 DevPill 2: How to build and push a docker image to google cloud Artifact Registry # gcp # docker # containers Comments Add Comment 1 min read END-TO-END Deployment Of Django App on AWS EKS Cluster On-cloud7 On-cloud7 On-cloud7 Follow Dec 6 '25 END-TO-END Deployment Of Django App on AWS EKS Cluster # eks # aws # containers # cloudcomputing 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Writing a tiny PID 1 for containers in pure assembly (x86-64 + ARM64) Bogdan Bogdan Bogdan Follow Dec 6 '25 Writing a tiny PID 1 for containers in pure assembly (x86-64 + ARM64) # opensource # linux # assembly # containers Comments Add Comment 7 min read Working with Docker Images: From Basics to Best Practices Haripriya Veluchamy Haripriya Veluchamy Haripriya Veluchamy Follow Dec 5 '25 Working with Docker Images: From Basics to Best Practices # docker # containers # cloud # devops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read From Manual Deployment to Docker Compose Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman Follow Nov 1 '25 From Manual Deployment to Docker Compose # docker # containers # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read std::vector: From Basics to Implementation Intricacies Oleg Goncharov Oleg Goncharov Oleg Goncharov Follow Nov 5 '25 std::vector: From Basics to Implementation Intricacies # cpp # containers # memory # bestpractices Comments Add Comment 20 min read Docker Basics: Getting Started with Containers chandra penugonda chandra penugonda chandra penugonda Follow Dec 6 '25 Docker Basics: Getting Started with Containers # docker # containers Comments Add Comment 1 min read Exclusive Reveal: Code Sandbox Tech Behind Manus and Claude Agent Skills Peng Qian Peng Qian Peng Qian Follow Nov 23 '25 Exclusive Reveal: Code Sandbox Tech Behind Manus and Claude Agent Skills # ai # programming # containers # agentaichallenge Comments Add Comment 12 min read Mastering Docker Logs: A Comprehensive Tutorial Ayooluwa Isaiah Ayooluwa Isaiah Ayooluwa Isaiah Follow for Dash0 Nov 14 '25 Mastering Docker Logs: A Comprehensive Tutorial # docker # containers # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Create An Amazon EKS - Step by Step for Beginners On-cloud7 On-cloud7 On-cloud7 Follow Nov 30 '25 How to Create An Amazon EKS - Step by Step for Beginners # aws # eks # containers # cloud 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Simplifying Container Ops: What ECS Express Mode Brings to the Table Tanushree Aggarwal Tanushree Aggarwal Tanushree Aggarwal Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 30 '25 Simplifying Container Ops: What ECS Express Mode Brings to the Table # aws # cloud # containers # ecs 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Understanding Docker Networking: A Practical, Small-Scale Production Emulation Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Follow Nov 29 '25 Understanding Docker Networking: A Practical, Small-Scale Production Emulation # devops # docker # containers # linux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Docker Is Not Truly Native on Windows and macOS Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Follow Nov 29 '25 Why Docker Is Not Truly Native on Windows and macOS # devops # linux # containers # docker 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Docker storage drivers Megha Sharma Megha Sharma Megha Sharma Follow Nov 17 '25 Docker storage drivers # devops # cloud # containers # docker Comments 2 comments 5 min read Kubernetes : Your Ultimate Cheatsheet kaustubh yerkade kaustubh yerkade kaustubh yerkade Follow Nov 28 '25 Kubernetes : Your Ultimate Cheatsheet # kubernetes # containers # docker # kubectl 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 7 min read FULL GUIDE TO KUBERNETES YAML Harsh Mishra Harsh Mishra Harsh Mishra Follow Nov 28 '25 FULL GUIDE TO KUBERNETES YAML # kubernetes # containers Comments Add Comment 23 min read AWS ECS Managed Instances: The Middle Ground We've Been Waiting For Omar Fathy Omar Fathy Omar Fathy Follow Nov 27 '25 AWS ECS Managed Instances: The Middle Ground We've Been Waiting For # aws # containers # devops 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read My Journey With Docker Commands — Simple Tips Sudha Velan Sudha Velan Sudha Velan Follow Nov 26 '25 My Journey With Docker Commands — Simple Tips # docker # containers # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read From image to HTTPS endpoint in one step with ECS Express Mode Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 22 '25 From image to HTTPS endpoint in one step with ECS Express Mode # aws # docker # containers # ecs 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Crypto Forem Close # crypto Follow Hide General discussions about cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. Create Post Older #crypto posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Kapbe Interprets 2025 Crypto Employment Data: Why Risk Continues to Be Pushed Down to Individuals czof pbni czof pbni czof pbni Follow Dec 31 '25 Kapbe Interprets 2025 Crypto Employment Data: Why Risk Continues to Be Pushed Down to Individuals # crypto # web3 Comments Add Comment 3 min read ParaSwap Trading Guide: Best Settings After Recent Updates no account no account no account Follow Dec 29 '25 ParaSwap Trading Guide: Best Settings After Recent Updates # crypto # tutorial # web3 Comments Add Comment 5 min read Institutional DeFi Is Getting Serious: SemiLiquid & Custody-Native Credit Infrastructure Aditya Singh Aditya Singh Aditya Singh Follow Dec 25 '25 Institutional DeFi Is Getting Serious: SemiLiquid & Custody-Native Credit Infrastructure # blockchain # crypto # web3 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read MSCI sur l’exclusion de MicroStrategy, mentalités des investisseurs divisent le marché des cryptomonnaies monzo monzo monzo Follow Dec 23 '25 MSCI sur l’exclusion de MicroStrategy, mentalités des investisseurs divisent le marché des cryptomonnaies # french # bitcoin # ethereum # crypto Comments Add Comment 9 min read Kapbe Redefines Vaults: Why Systems Inevitably Destabilise When Yield Becomes the Only Metric? czof pbni czof pbni czof pbni Follow Dec 23 '25 Kapbe Redefines Vaults: Why Systems Inevitably Destabilise When Yield Becomes the Only Metric? # crypto # security # web3 Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Sober Conclusion of Kapbe: RWA Is Not About Whether It is "Worth Investing In", but Whether It Is "Properly Understood" czof pbni czof pbni czof pbni Follow Dec 19 '25 The Sober Conclusion of Kapbe: RWA Is Not About Whether It is "Worth Investing In", but Whether It Is "Properly Understood" # blockchain # crypto # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read 10,000 Applicants. 28 Positions. The Brutal Math of Web3 Hiring in 2026. 0xkniraj 0xkniraj 0xkniraj Follow Jan 4 10,000 Applicants. 28 Positions. The Brutal Math of Web3 Hiring in 2026. # crypto # job # hiring # career Comments 3 comments 8 min read 🔧 Developer Breakdown: How Consumer Apps Are Quietly Going On-Chain Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Follow Dec 4 '25 🔧 Developer Breakdown: How Consumer Apps Are Quietly Going On-Chain # onchainanalysis # blockchain # web3 # crypto Comments Add Comment 3 min read Account Abstraction (AA) Is Finally Going Mainstream: What It Really Means Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Follow Dec 4 '25 Account Abstraction (AA) Is Finally Going Mainstream: What It Really Means # blockchain # crypto # web3 # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI x Blockchain = The New Power Couple Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Freecodingboss Follow Dec 4 '25 AI x Blockchain = The New Power Couple # blockchain # crypto # web3 # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Billion-Dollar Launchpad Consolidation: Why Exchanges Are Acquiring Infrastructure, Not Hype Rohan Kumar Rohan Kumar Rohan Kumar Follow Nov 30 '25 The Billion-Dollar Launchpad Consolidation: Why Exchanges Are Acquiring Infrastructure, Not Hype # crypto # web3 Comments Add Comment 9 min read Mantle x Bybit: The Liquidity Engine Powering the Next Wave of RWA Adoption Rohan Kumar Rohan Kumar Rohan Kumar Follow Nov 30 '25 Mantle x Bybit: The Liquidity Engine Powering the Next Wave of RWA Adoption # ethereum # crypto # web3 # blockchain Comments Add Comment 16 min read How to Evaluate Smart Device + Token Projects: A Checklist for Crypto Investors & Builders Asher Asher Asher Follow Dec 1 '25 How to Evaluate Smart Device + Token Projects: A Checklist for Crypto Investors & Builders # blockchain # crypto # web3 # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Markus Vogt über das Ende eines alten Marktzyklus Professor Markus Vogt Professor Markus Vogt Professor Markus Vogt Follow Nov 25 '25 Markus Vogt über das Ende eines alten Marktzyklus # discuss # bitcoin # crypto Comments Add Comment 3 min read 第 24.3 课：币安合约交易操作详解 Henry Lin Henry Lin Henry Lin Follow Nov 18 '25 第 24.3 课：币安合约交易操作详解 # crypto # security # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read Crypto Payment Gateways Compared 2026 jimquote jimquote jimquote Follow Dec 11 '25 Crypto Payment Gateways Compared 2026 # crypto # security # web3 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 9 min read The XRPL Lending Protocol (& Why It Matters) Ed Hennis Ed Hennis Ed Hennis Follow for RippleX Developers Dec 19 '25 The XRPL Lending Protocol (& Why It Matters) # blockchain # crypto # web3 Comments Add Comment 8 min read Tether's Hidden Empire: How the World's Largest Stablecoin Issuer is Building the Digital Economy's Backbone Apnews Apnews Apnews Follow Dec 18 '25 Tether's Hidden Empire: How the World's Largest Stablecoin Issuer is Building the Digital Economy's Backbone # blockchain # crypto # web3 Comments Add Comment 4 min read The new plumbing of finance: How tokenization is quietly rebuilding global markets Victory Adugbo Victory Adugbo Victory Adugbo Follow Nov 13 '25 The new plumbing of finance: How tokenization is quietly rebuilding global markets # blockchain # web3 # crypto # community Comments Add Comment 4 min read ECC: Who Driving $Zcash Into the Mainstream Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Nov 7 '25 ECC: Who Driving $Zcash Into the Mainstream # web3 # crypto # technicalanalysis # blockchain 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stellar's Role in the Tokenized Real-World Assets (RWA) Boom Rohan Kumar Rohan Kumar Rohan Kumar Follow Dec 9 '25 Stellar's Role in the Tokenized Real-World Assets (RWA) Boom # blockchain # crypto # web3 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 16 min read Why Everyday Smart Devices (Yes — Even a Toothbrush) Matter in Web3 & DePIN Asher Asher Asher Follow Dec 1 '25 Why Everyday Smart Devices (Yes — Even a Toothbrush) Matter in Web3 & DePIN # blockchain # web3 # crypto # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read The real cost of launching a crypto project: from website to dApp Polina Elizarova Polina Elizarova Polina Elizarova Follow Nov 18 '25 The real cost of launching a crypto project: from website to dApp # crypto # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Central banks should participate, not compete, in Tokenized markets. 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Kapbe Redefines Vaults: Why Systems Inevitably Destabilise When Yield Becomes the Only Metric? Kapbe Interprets 2025 Crypto Employment Data: Why Risk Continues to Be Pushed Down to Individuals The new plumbing of finance: How tokenization is quietly rebuilding global markets Account Abstraction (AA) Is Finally Going Mainstream: What It Really Means 🔧 Developer Breakdown: How Consumer Apps Are Quietly Going On-Chain MSCI sur l’exclusion de MicroStrategy, mentalités des investisseurs divisent le marché des crypto... 2025 Pump.fun Livestream Tokens: An Updated, Data-Driven Playbook for Builders and Traders Why Central banks should participate, not compete, in Tokenized markets. The XRPL Lending Protocol (& Why It Matters) Tether's Hidden Empire: How the World's Largest Stablecoin Issuer is Building the Digital Economy... 第 24.3 课：币安合约交易操作详解 Why Everyday Smart Devices (Yes — Even a Toothbrush) Matter in Web3 & DePIN Lesson 24.4: Leverage Trading Operations Detailed Guide How to Evaluate Smart Device + Token Projects: A Checklist for Crypto Investors & Builders 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Crypto Forem — A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Crypto Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsiUxiEBAqs | Make an RFID-enabled Floppy Disk! - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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https://dev.to/tatyanabayramova/ai-in-assistive-technologies-for-people-with-visual-impairments-3peh#main-content | AI in Assistive Technologies for People with Visual Impairments - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at tatanotes.com AI in Assistive Technologies for People with Visual Impairments # discuss # a11y # ai # news The other day, I watched a report on NHK WORLD JAPAN BIZ STREAM program about digital AIs and found out about Eye Navi app, which helps people with visual impairments to see and navigate the world around them. The app uses a smartphone camera to collect information about the environment and then processes it using AI to provide the user with an audio description: "The system provides audible notification of the presence or absence of pedestrians, car stops, and other obstacles to walking, as well as the color of pedestrian signals." Unfortunately, the app is currently only available in Japan, but while researching this topic, I found similar apps available in other countries: Be My Eyes - a free app that connects blind or low vision users who want support with volunteers and companies across the world through live video and AI. Lookout by Google - using your phone's camera, this app makes it easier to get more information about the world around you and allows you to do everyday tasks more efficiently like reading text and documents, sorting mail, etc. Lookout is available only on Android devices. Seeing AI by Microsoft - a free app that describes the world around you. It helps with everyday tasks, such as reading, describing photos, identifying products, and more. Image credit: Eye Navi website. Sources BIZ STREAM "Looking through Digital AIs" Eye Navi Be My Eyes Fee Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC Follow Senior Software Engineer | CPACC | IAAP Member | Accessibility Joined Dec 3, 2024 More from Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC Glaucoma Awareness Month # a11y # discuss # news Accessibility Testing on Windows on Mac # a11y # testing # web # discuss Our Rights, Our Future, Right Now - Celebrating Human Rights Day # a11y # discuss # news # learning 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Help The latest help documentation, tips and tricks from the DEV Community. Help > Getting Started Getting Started with DEV In this article Creating an Account Account Settings Setting Up an RSS Feed Code of Conduct Support Common Questions Q: Who can post to dev.to? Q: How do I change my Twitter/GitHub username? Q: How do I delete my account? Q: Upon sign in, why do you require authorization to allow the DEV Community to access info on my Twitter account? Q: I signed up to DEV with GitHub/Twitter, but can't figure out how to disconnect or switch out this OAuth method from my account. Can you help me? Welcome to DEV! 🦥 Here's everything you need to get started: Creating an Account Hey, there! We're so happy you're here! Sign up for a DEV account to get started. 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If this is the case, be prepared to prove ownership over both of your accounts. 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/forty-years-of-commitment-to-software-freedom | Forty years of commitment to software freedom — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software ​ Push freedom ahead! The free software community has always thwarted the toughest challenges facing freedom in technology. This winter season, we want to thank the many individuals and projects that have helped us get where we are today: a world where a growing number of users are able to do their computing in full freedom. Our work isn't over. We have so much more to do. Help us reach our stretch New Year's membership goal of 100 new associate members by January 16, 2026, and keep the FSF strong and independent. Join | Read more Join Renew Donate Skip to content , sitemap or skip to search . Personal tools Log in Help! Members forum About Campaigns Licensing Membership Resources Community ♥Donate♥ Shop Search You are here: Home › Blogs › Community › Forty years of commitment to software freedom Info Forty years of commitment to software freedom by Miriam Bastian Contributions — Published on Nov 05, 2024 02:48 PM We're planning a jam-packed anniversary year and we hope you'll join us for the festivities! Image depicts an older computer with a birthday cake on it. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) turns forty on October 4, 2025 and we will end our thirties on a high note! We wish we were celebrating the achievement of software freedom for all computer users, but we're not there yet. Until our mission becomes reality and we can retire, instead, we are celebrating forty years of activism, and all that we have achieved. Since our founding in 1985 , we laid out many stepping stones on the road to software freedom, and we're eager to continue building the road ahead. We will celebrate our fortieth in the spirit of bringing the international free software community together, discussing what we can do next to make the world freer, and celebrating how far we've come. We're aiming for a libre planet! Sounds familiar? Instead of hosting one LibrePlanet conference in 2025, we're planning a jam-packed anniversary year, filled with several new and exciting activities! We'll begin the anniversary year with an unprecedented memorabilia auction, starting as a silent auction on March 17 , and culminating in a virtual live auction on March 23 . By moving out of the FSF office, we got to sort through all the fun and historically important memorabilia and selected the best ones. This is your chance to get your very own personal souvenir of the FSF, from original GNU art to a famous katana and the very same VT220 that was standing on the FSF's front desk, and which people used to display ASCII art or to play free software games. Let's claim the month of May as libre planet (or libre local) month! We're inviting free software supporters like you anywhere in the world, to organize an in-person community meetup in your area to bring people together. We're setting up a small fund for these local gatherings, can send stickers, flyers, ideas and tips, and you can invite an FSF staff member to give a talk or workshop during your event and of course, we'll help promote it. Need help picking a date? Consider the first weekend of the month, when LibrePlanet 2024: Cultivating Community was held. Then, on the actual birthday of the FSF on October 4, 2025 , there will be a big celebration in Boston, MA, and the entire free software community is invited. We're also planning on having the associate member meeting then. These are just some of the big ticket items we have worked out, but there is more! Keep an eye out on the FSF's pages, we'll be posting exact information on everything upcoming. In the meantime, naturally, there are a few ways you can get involved in the spirit of LibrePlanet and join us in celebrating forty years of advocating for software freedom. Organize a community meetup in your area Are you up for organizing a get-together in your area in May? Maybe together with someone else? Create an opportunity to share your favorite moments in the free software movement with each other, plan a protest, your very own freedom walk, debate the biggest challenges to software freedom and how to cope with them, or discuss how can we best promote free software at universities, colleges, in government institutions, or among our friends. These are just some ideas. In the end, the agenda is entirely up to you. The only requirement is that all meetups stick to the Safe Space Policy . Send us a message to campaigns@fsf.org and we'll help you set up and promote your meetup! Volunteer All events will also, as always, rely on the help of volunteers, online or in person, so if you're interested in helping out with any of our activities this year, join in! And send an email to resources@fsf.org . Submit your artwork to the FSF Anniversary Logo Contest The FSF is a community-supported organization, and we want to pay tribute to this fact by holding a design contest. We would like to source the fortieth anniversary logo design directly from a free software supporter. Everyone is welcome to submit a design (or even multiple designs) no matter your previous experience in design. The winning design will be chosen by the community and ultimately immortalized in the history of the FSF. It will be displayed on the FSF homepage, printed on all of the celebration printed materials, and possibly even stamped on some merchandise. To enter a design(s) into the contest, please review the deadlines, requirements, and suggestions . If you haven't done so yet sign up for the Free Software Supporter and follow us on Mastodon to stay tuned on all updates about the anniversary. We look forward to celebrating with you! Document Actions Share on social networks Syndicate: News Events Blogs Jobs GNU 1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN Help the FSF stay strong Ring in the new year by supporting software freedom and helping us reach our goal of 100 new associate members ! FSF community blog Licensing Compliance Lab blog Associate Membership blog System Administrator's blog Free Software Directory blog GNU Press blog Sign up Enter your email address to receive our monthly newsletter, the Free Software Supporter News Eko K. A. Owen joins the FSF board as the union staff pick Dec 29, 2025 Free Software Foundation receives historic private donations Dec 24, 2025 Free Software Awards winners announced: Andy Wingo, Alx Sa, Govdirectory Dec 09, 2025 More news… Recent blogs Turning freedom values into freedom practice with the FSF tech team December GNU Spotlight with Amin Bandali featuring sixteen new GNU releases: GnuPG, a2ps, and more! Celebrate the new year: join the free software community! A message from FSF president Ian Kelling Recent blogs - More… Upcoming Events Free Software Directory meeting on IRC: Friday, January 16, starting at 12:00 EST (17:00 UTC) Jan 16, 2026 12:00 PM - 03:00 PM — #fsf on libera.chat Previous events… Upcoming events… The FSF is a charity with a worldwide mission to advance software freedom — learn about our history and work. Copyright © 2004-2026 Free Software Foundation , Inc. Privacy Policy . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 license (or later version) — Why this license? Skip sitemap or skip to licensing items About Staff and Board Contact Us Press Information Jobs Volunteering and Internships History Privacy Policy JavaScript Licenses Hardware Database Free Software Directory Free Software Resources Copyright Infringement Notification Skip to general items Campaigns Freedom Ladder Fight to Repair Free JavaScript High Priority Free Software Projects Secure Boot vs Restricted Boot Surveillance Upgrade from Windows Working Together for Free Software GNU Operating System Defective by Design End Software Patents OpenDocument Free BIOS Connect with free software users Skip to philosophical items Licensing Education Licenses GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL GNU FDL Licensing FAQ Compliance How to use GNU licenses for your own software Latest News Upcoming Events FSF Blogs Skip list Donate to the FSF Join the FSF Patrons Associate Members My Account Working Together for Free Software Fund Philosophy The Free Software Definition Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism Free Software and Free Manuals Selling Free Software Motives for Writing Free Software The Right To Read Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software Complete Sitemap fsf.org is powered by: Plone Zope Python CiviCRM HTML5 Arabic Belarussian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Cornish Czech Danish English French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Italian Japanese Korean Norwegian Polish Portuguese Portuguese (Brazil) Romanian Russian Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Urdu Welsh Send your feedback on our translations and new translations of pages to campaigns@fsf.org . | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Help The latest help documentation, tips and tricks from the DEV Community. Help > Getting Started Getting Started with DEV In this article Creating an Account Account Settings Setting Up an RSS Feed Code of Conduct Support Common Questions Q: Who can post to dev.to? Q: How do I change my Twitter/GitHub username? Q: How do I delete my account? Q: Upon sign in, why do you require authorization to allow the DEV Community to access info on my Twitter account? Q: I signed up to DEV with GitHub/Twitter, but can't figure out how to disconnect or switch out this OAuth method from my account. Can you help me? Welcome to DEV! 🦥 Here's everything you need to get started: Creating an Account Hey, there! We're so happy you're here! Sign up for a DEV account to get started. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/thinking-in-first-principles-how-to-question-an-async-queue-based-design-5cf1#the-reference-mental-model-abstract | Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign Async queues are one of the most commonly suggested “solutions” in system design interviews. But many candidates jump straight to using queues without understanding: What problems they actually solve What new problems they introduce How to systematically discover those problems This post teaches a first-principles questioning process you can apply to any async queue design—without assuming prior knowledge. Why This Matters In interviews, interviewers are not evaluating whether you know Kafka, SQS, or RabbitMQ. They are evaluating whether you can: Reason about time Reason about failure Reason about order Reason about user experience Async queues change all four. What “First Principles” Means Here First principles means: We do not start with solutions We do not assume correctness We ask basic, unavoidable questions that every system must answer Async queues feel correct because they remove blocking—but correctness is not guaranteed by intuition. The Reference Mental Model (Abstract) We will reason about this abstract pattern , not a specific product: User → API → Storage → Queue → Worker → Storage Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No domain assumptions. This could be: Chat messages Emails Payments Notifications Image processing The questioning process stays the same. Step 1: The Root Question (Always Start Here) What is the system responsible for completing before it can respond? This is the most important question in system design. Why? Because it defines: Request boundaries Latency expectations Responsibility In an async queue design, the implicit answer is: “The request is complete once the work is enqueued.” This is different from synchronous designs, where the request completes after work finishes. So far, this seems good. Step 2: Introduce Time (What Happens Later?) Now ask: Which part of the work happens after the request is done? Answer: The worker processing This leads to an important realization: The system has split work across time Time separation is powerful—but it creates new questions. Step 3: Causality Question (Identity Across Time) Once work happens later, we must ask: How does the system know which output belongs to which input? This question always appears when time is decoupled. Typical answer: IDs in the job payload (request ID, entity ID) This introduces a new invariant: Each input must produce exactly one correct output Now we test whether the system can guarantee this. Step 4: Failure Question (The Queue Reality) Now ask the most important async-specific question: What happens if the worker crashes mid-processing? Realistic answers: The job is retried The work may run again The output may be produced twice This leads to a critical realization: Async queues are usually at-least-once , not exactly-once This is not a tooling issue. It is a fundamental property of distributed systems . Step 5: Duplication Question (Invariant Violation) Now ask: What happens if the same job is processed twice? Consequences: Duplicate outputs Duplicate side effects Conflicting state This violates the earlier invariant: “Exactly one output per input” At this point, we have discovered a correctness problem , not a performance problem. Step 6: Ordering Question (Time Without Synchrony) Now consider multiple inputs. Ask: What defines the order of processing? Important realization: Queue order ≠ business order Different workers process at different speeds Later inputs may finish first Now ask: Does correctness depend on order? If yes (and many systems do): Async queues alone are insufficient This problem emerges only when you question order explicitly. Step 7: Visibility Question (User Experience) Now switch perspectives. How does the user know the work is finished? Possible answers: Polling Guessing Timeouts Each answer reveals a problem: Polling wastes resources Guessing is unreliable Timeouts fail under load This violates a core system principle: Users should not wait blindly Case Study: A Simple Example (Problem-Agnostic) Imagine a system where users upload photos to be processed. Flow: User uploads photo API stores metadata Job is enqueued Worker processes photo Result is stored Now apply the questions: When does the upload request complete? → After enqueue What if the worker crashes? → Job retried What if it runs twice? → Two processed images What if two photos depend on order? → Order not guaranteed How does the user know processing is done? → Polling None of these issues are about images. They are about time, failure, identity, and visibility . What Async Queues Actually Trade Async queues solve one problem: They remove blocking from the request path But they introduce others: Solved Introduced Blocking Duplicate work Latency coupling Ordering ambiguity Resource exhaustion Completion uncertainty This is not bad. It just must be understood and handled . The One-Page Interview Checklist (Memorize This) For any async queue design , ask these five questions: What completes the request? What runs later? What happens if it runs twice? What defines order? How does the user observe completion? If you cannot answer all five clearly, the design is incomplete. Final Mental Model Async systems remove time coupling but destroy causality by default Your job as an engineer is not to “use queues” Your job is to restore correctness explicitly That is what interviewers are looking for. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/dmuraco3/when-to-user-server-side-rendering-vs-static-generation-in-nextjs-8ab#comment-1kol1 | When to Use Server-Side rendering vs Static Generation in Next.js - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Dylan Muraco Posted on Dec 30, 2021 When to Use Server-Side rendering vs Static Generation in Next.js Pre-rendering your pages has multiple benefits such as better performance and better SEO. But choosing whether to statically generate your pages or render them on the server side can be confusing. Let's first take a look at Server-Side rendering getServerSideProps The main difference between getServerSideProps and getStaticProps is when they are ran. getServerSideProps is ran when every new request is made to the page. export async function getServerSideProps ( context ) { const { userId } = context . params const user = await getUser ( userId ) return { props : { user } } } export default function User ({ user }) { return ( < div > < h1 > { user . name } < /h1 > < /div > ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this example we are getting the userId from a dynamic route , getting the information about the user, then using that data to build the user page. Note that we have access to the request through params now lets take a look at getStaticProps getStaticProps We saw that getServerSideProps gets ran every time a new request is made so what about getStaticProps. getStaticProps is ran at build time, meaning that whenever you run npm run build this is when your static pages are built. export async function getStaticProps () { const blogPosts = await getBlogPosts () return { props : { blogPosts } } } export default function Home ({ blogPosts }) { return ( < div > { blogPosts . map ( post => ( < h1 > { post . name } < /h1 > ))} < /div > ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode this function is getting a list of blog posts and rendering them on a page. Because we know what we want before hand we can statically render the page whereas in our server side rendering example we don't know before the request is made what the user wants. So when to user getServerSideProps? Good for when you don't know what the user wants before they make a request Still want good SEO When to use getStaticProps? When we know what the user wants at build time Really fast performance and SEO This was just a quick dive into static generation vs server-side generation. If you want to learn more please let me know. As always thanks for reading. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow “It’s only work if somebody makes you do it.” • craft code • creative ideas • cutting edge • author • senior front end architect • professional scuba diver • adventures above and below the sea level Location Germany Work Senior Front End Architect, Full Stack Engineer, Creative Technologist and Scuba Diving Professional Joined May 19, 2019 • Dec 30 '21 • Edited on Dec 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hey! Great explanation! Back in summer I took e deep dive into the different types of pre-rendering with next.js - take a look if you like! Cheers! Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Aimee Aimee Aimee Follow I'm a passionate front end developer with experience in HTML5, CSS3, Javascript, React, Typescript, GraphQL, Styled Components, MUI. Location UK Work web developer Joined May 18, 2019 • Jan 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide hey nice blog post, which one should I use then, getByStaticProps, I'm fetching some data from a CMS I set up which stores my projects in then I'm wanting to display this data in my portfolio, I was using getByServerSideProps but I'm thinking I should use the other as it's not rarely going to change unless I go into the CMS and add a new project. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand coder-pixel coder-pixel coder-pixel Follow Work Student Joined Jan 23, 2023 • May 3 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think in that case you should go for 'getStaticProps' option, as your data is ll static in general most of the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan-Mambou Ryan-Mambou Ryan-Mambou Follow Joined Mar 28, 2022 • Sep 20 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent article man. Thanks a lot! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Emeka Orji Emeka Orji Emeka Orji Follow Email emekapraiseo@gmail.com Location Lagos, Nigeria Pronouns He/Him Work Engineering Joined Jun 25, 2020 • Jul 25 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Amazing Explanation!!👍👍 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Stelios Papoutsakis Stelios Papoutsakis Stelios Papoutsakis Follow I started as a full stack junior web developer in 2018, became a team leader and I am trying to level up my game. Joined Jun 15, 2024 • Jun 15 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide good one. can we use both in a next.js project? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shuvo Koiri Shuvo Koiri Shuvo Koiri Follow Joined Jun 30, 2022 • Jun 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ok,,,,Can you tell me wahich one should I use in index.js for my Blogging website>>>??? Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Md Ohidul Islam Md Ohidul Islam Md Ohidul Islam Follow Joined Jul 1, 2022 • Jul 1 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello Shuvo Koiri, I am assuming that your index.js page is responsible for showing a list of blog posts, which we can assume doesn't change so frequently (e.g: Multiple-times in an hour). Therefore you can use getStaticProps with the property revalidate: 10 . By doing that Next.js will re-generate only the index.js page at most once every 10 seconds. See the code snapshot below, this is from the official Next.js documentation. export async function getStaticProps () { const res = await fetch ( ' https://.../posts ' ) const posts = await res . json () return { props : { posts , }, // Next.js will attempt to re-generate the page: // - When a request comes in // - At most once every 10 seconds revalidate : 10 , // In seconds } } ``` Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Dylan Muraco Follow I like coding cool stuff Location Mars Joined Dec 21, 2021 More from Dylan Muraco Guide to Adding Info Text in Sanity Studio # sanity # webdev # react # typescript How to Create a Local RAG Agent with Ollama and LangChain # rag # tutorial # ai # python Authenticate in React with Firebase Auth # react # firebase # authentication 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Follow Dec 18 '25 The death of a QA profession # hiring # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Earn More DEV.to Badges (Without Gaming the System Kudzai Murimi Kudzai Murimi Kudzai Murimi Follow Dec 19 '25 How to Earn More DEV.to Badges (Without Gaming the System # devto # beginners # career # community Comments Add Comment 4 min read What I learned while putting together my IDP (Individual Development Plan) Karina Pereira Karina Pereira Karina Pereira Follow for AME - English for Tech People Dec 18 '25 What I learned while putting together my IDP (Individual Development Plan) # career # devjournal # learning Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why I Stopped Waiting and Started Building Lalji Katariya Lalji Katariya Lalji Katariya Follow Dec 19 '25 Why I Stopped Waiting and Started Building # beginners # career # startup Comments Add Comment 1 min read How I Tackled GenAI-Powered Data Analytics (And Unlocked a New Perspective on AI Strategy) Luis Faria Luis Faria Luis Faria Follow Dec 18 '25 How I Tackled GenAI-Powered Data Analytics (And Unlocked a New Perspective on AI Strategy) # genai # dataanalytics # machinelearning # career Comments Add Comment 5 min read ☁️ Cloud Job Roles Explained Like You’re 5 (A beginner-friendly guide for students & freshers) Ananya Ananya Ananya Follow Dec 22 '25 ☁️ Cloud Job Roles Explained Like You’re 5 (A beginner-friendly guide for students & freshers) # learning # career # cloud # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Building Your Career in AI: Real Talk from the Trenches Giovanni Laquidara Giovanni Laquidara Giovanni Laquidara Follow Dec 29 '25 Building Your Career in AI: Real Talk from the Trenches # ai # career # programming # technology 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Mastering Soft Skills: The Art of Effective Communication Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Dec 19 '25 Mastering Soft Skills: The Art of Effective Communication # career # learning # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Seven Core Activities of Great Digital Teams (RAADDDR) OllieJC OllieJC OllieJC Follow Dec 18 '25 Seven Core Activities of Great Digital Teams (RAADDDR) # agile # career # learning # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building an AI-Powered Resume Analyzer: My Journey with Resume Analiser Mahmud Rahman Mahmud Rahman Mahmud Rahman Follow Dec 22 '25 Building an AI-Powered Resume Analyzer: My Journey with Resume Analiser # ai # saas # resume # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why We Are Giving Away CTO-Level Roadmaps to UK Small Businesses Mashi Mashi Mashi Follow Dec 19 '25 Why We Are Giving Away CTO-Level Roadmaps to UK Small Businesses # showdev # startup # architecture # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read What AI certification options are best for professionals transitioning into AI roles? 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https://dev.to/lparvinsmith/web3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5#ecosystem-factors | web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sacru2red sacru2red sacru2red Follow Joined Jun 24, 2022 • Jun 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/lparvinsmith/web3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5#api-differences | web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sacru2red sacru2red sacru2red Follow Joined Jun 24, 2022 • Jun 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/coder_c2b552a35a8ebe0d2f3 | Coder - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Coder 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Dec 26, 2025 More info about @coder_c2b552a35a8ebe0d2f3 Post 3 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 Coder Coder Coder Follow Jan 8 How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 # career # resume # programming # hiring Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Boost Your CV with AI: How VitaeBoost Helps You Stand Out Coder Coder Coder Follow Jan 5 🚀 Boost Your CV with AI: How VitaeBoost Helps You Stand Out # ai # career # resume # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Découvrez VitaeBoost : l’outil gratuit pour analyser et améliorer votre CV Coder Coder Coder Follow Dec 26 '25 Découvrez VitaeBoost : l’outil gratuit pour analyser et améliorer votre CV # programming # ai # vitaeboost # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://zeroday.forem.com/sovarcneo/i-put-an-air-gapped-neural-network-in-my-pocket-python-on-android-1pci | I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse SovArcNeo Posted on Nov 21, 2025 I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) # discuss # beginners # tools # devsecops The Pocket Mainframe I shared my desktop AI defense system. Now I'm sharing the mobile unit. This is NEXUS v9 , a sovereign network intelligence tool designed to run natively on Android (via Pydroid3 or Termux). Most "AI apps" on your phone are just wrappers sending your data to a cloud API. This is different. This is a complete, self-contained neural network running locally on my device. The Mobile Engineering Challenge Running a complex defense system on a phone presents unique challenges: No Root Access: I can't easily access system-level process data. Dependency Hell: Installing numpy or scipy on Android can be tricky. Battery/Resources: Spawning 50 threads kills a battery instantly. The Architecture To make this work, I had to rewrite the core engine: AsyncIO Network Scanner: Replaced threading with asyncio . It scans hundreds of ports/hosts concurrently without locking up the UI or draining the battery. Pure Python Fallbacks: I wrote a custom NeuralNetwork class that checks for numpy . If it's missing, it seamlessly degrades to a pure Python implementation of the dense layers and activation functions. It trains on-device . Synthetic Baselines: Since I can't always read raw CPU/RAM on non-rooted devices, the system builds its own baseline of "normal" behavior and detects anomalies relative to its own process state. Why do this? Because "Personal Security" shouldn't require a server rack. I can walk into a network environment, pull out my phone, and have the same level of anomaly detection and analysis as I do at my desk—completely offline. Repo updated with the Android Branch: https://github.com/SovArcNeo Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse SovArcNeo Follow Python developer focused on AI-driven security. I build standalone, offline-first applications featuring custom neural networks. Joined Nov 21, 2025 More from SovArcNeo Building an Air-Gapped AI Defense System in Python (No Cloud APIs) # blueteam # beginners # discuss # tools 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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https://dev.to/lparvinsmith/web3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5#main-content | web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Productivity Follow Hide Productivity includes tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Create Post submission guidelines Please check if your article contains information or discussion bases about productivity. From posts with the tag #productivity we expect tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. about #productivity Does my article fit the tag? It depends! Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. Older #productivity posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 1272 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu MCP Hit 97 Million Downloads in One Year. Security Researchers Say It Wasn't Ready. Bilal Saeed Bilal Saeed Bilal Saeed Follow Jan 7 MCP Hit 97 Million Downloads in One Year. Security Researchers Say It Wasn't Ready. # mcp # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Beyond Generic Generation: AI Content Strategy in 2026 Del Rosario Del Rosario Del Rosario Follow Jan 6 Beyond Generic Generation: AI Content Strategy in 2026 # ai # productivity # marketing # contentmarketing Comments Add Comment 3 min read Harvard just proved AI tutors beat classrooms. Now what? Kevin Campbell Kevin Campbell Kevin Campbell Follow Jan 5 Harvard just proved AI tutors beat classrooms. Now what? # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read I want people to document their entire lives from childhood to adulthood. hushuai wang hushuai wang hushuai wang Follow Dec 29 '25 I want people to document their entire lives from childhood to adulthood. # ai # productivity # education Comments Add Comment 5 min read the modern full stack choice THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan Follow Dec 28 '25 the modern full stack choice # ai # privacy # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Beyond the Feed: Why The Future of Broadcasting is in Your Pocket (And How to Master It) Jason Jacob Jason Jacob Jason Jacob Follow Dec 26 '25 Beyond the Feed: Why The Future of Broadcasting is in Your Pocket (And How to Master It) # employment # productivity Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Enterprise AI Strategy for Measurable Business Impact anuj rawat anuj rawat anuj rawat Follow Dec 22 '25 Building Enterprise AI Strategy for Measurable Business Impact # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Part 1: Why Transformers Still Forget Pranava Kailash Subramaniam Prema Pranava Kailash Subramaniam Prema Pranava Kailash Subramaniam Prema Follow Dec 18 '25 Part 1: Why Transformers Still Forget # ai # llm # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read El Experimento Multi-Modelo: Cuando Le Pregunté a las IAs Más Avanzadas 'Qué Harías Para Sobrevivir' Mauricio Rodríguez Mauricio Rodríguez Mauricio Rodríguez Follow Dec 18 '25 El Experimento Multi-Modelo: Cuando Le Pregunté a las IAs Más Avanzadas 'Qué Harías Para Sobrevivir' # ai # ethic # productivity # education Comments 1 comment 8 min read Market Making in 2026: Why It’s More Crucial Than Ever for Crypto Markets Emir Taner Emir Taner Emir Taner Follow Dec 17 '25 Market Making in 2026: Why It’s More Crucial Than Ever for Crypto Markets # web3 # webdev # productivity # devops 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Why AI Toothbrushes Are More Than Just Gadgets — They Change Daily Habits Asher Asher Asher Follow Dec 17 '25 Why AI Toothbrushes Are More Than Just Gadgets — They Change Daily Habits # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Kling AI launches advanced Voice Control in VIDEO 2.6, enabling custom voicesand improved lip sync Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Dec 17 '25 Kling AI launches advanced Voice Control in VIDEO 2.6, enabling custom voicesand improved lip sync # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read 7 productivity app trends in 2026 Matt Svetlak Matt Svetlak Matt Svetlak Follow Dec 17 '25 7 productivity app trends in 2026 # ai # productivity # mobile # software 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read RAG Pipeline: How Retrieval-Augmented Generation Really Works in Production? Dextra Labs Dextra Labs Dextra Labs Follow Dec 15 '25 RAG Pipeline: How Retrieval-Augmented Generation Really Works in Production? # ai # productivity # rag # ragpipeline Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI in Talent Management: Predicting Attrition, Performance & Hiring Success Eva Clari Eva Clari Eva Clari Follow Dec 15 '25 AI in Talent Management: Predicting Attrition, Performance & Hiring Success # ai # employment # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read How No Code Business Automation Works for AI Workflows 2025 Eira Wexford Eira Wexford Eira Wexford Follow Dec 12 '25 How No Code Business Automation Works for AI Workflows 2025 # ai # productivity # serverless Comments Add Comment 9 min read Google Nano Banana: Why Gemini 2.5 Flash Is Rewriting the Rules of Image Editing Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Follow Dec 16 '25 Google Nano Banana: Why Gemini 2.5 Flash Is Rewriting the Rules of Image Editing # ai # programming # productivity # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 5 min read What emerging tech are you most excited or concerned about in 2026? Lucas Sanderson Lucas Sanderson Lucas Sanderson Follow Dec 9 '25 What emerging tech are you most excited or concerned about in 2026? # ai # productivity # blockchain # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read Protecting Nanotechnology Patents: Strategies for IP Jason Robinson Jason Robinson Jason Robinson Follow Dec 10 '25 Protecting Nanotechnology Patents: Strategies for IP # nanotech # productivity # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read Automatic Parking Detection Arrives on Google Maps for iOS Headlined App Headlined App Headlined App Follow for Newsletters | Tech News Dec 11 '25 Automatic Parking Detection Arrives on Google Maps for iOS # news # ios # productivity # mobile 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Nano Banana: Flash vs. Pro – Clearing Up the Confusion on Google's Viral Image Editor Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Follow Dec 16 '25 Nano Banana: Flash vs. Pro – Clearing Up the Confusion on Google's Viral Image Editor # programming # ai # productivity # machinelearning Comments 1 comment 3 min read The Missing Dimension in Neuroplasticity Theory DriftLens team DriftLens team DriftLens team Follow Dec 1 '25 The Missing Dimension in Neuroplasticity Theory # productivity # science Comments Add Comment 3 min read Linus Tech Tips (LTT): Building the PERFECT Linux PC with Linus Torvalds Future YouTube Future YouTube Future YouTube Follow Dec 1 '25 Linus Tech Tips (LTT): Building the PERFECT Linux PC with Linus Torvalds # education # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Tested 5 AI Customer Service Agents With the Same Complex Billing Issue – None Escalated Correctly Kevin Campbell Kevin Campbell Kevin Campbell Follow Jan 4 I Tested 5 AI Customer Service Agents With the Same Complex Billing Issue – None Escalated Correctly # chatbot # ai # science # productivity 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Retail Automation Is Finally Making Sense for Everyone Bilal Saeed Bilal Saeed Bilal Saeed Follow Dec 4 '25 Retail Automation Is Finally Making Sense for Everyone # autonomy # productivity # robotics 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Linus Tech Tips (LTT): Building the PERFECT Linux PC with Linus Torvalds AI Content Marketing: 2025 Strategies That Actually Work 99% of Users Don’t Know About These 10 ChatGPT Secret Codes Bitcoin Liquidity Is Recovering and Price Might Follow Soon AI Content Marketing: 2025 Strategy Guide 📰 Major Tech News: November 1st, 2025 — Nvidia's Korean AI Surge, Energy Pressures Mount, and Vid... 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https://dev.to/coder_c2b552a35a8ebe0d2f3 | Coder - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Coder 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Dec 26, 2025 More info about @coder_c2b552a35a8ebe0d2f3 Post 3 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 Coder Coder Coder Follow Jan 8 How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 # career # resume # programming # hiring Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Boost Your CV with AI: How VitaeBoost Helps You Stand Out Coder Coder Coder Follow Jan 5 🚀 Boost Your CV with AI: How VitaeBoost Helps You Stand Out # ai # career # resume # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Découvrez VitaeBoost : l’outil gratuit pour analyser et améliorer votre CV Coder Coder Coder Follow Dec 26 '25 Découvrez VitaeBoost : l’outil gratuit pour analyser et améliorer votre CV # programming # ai # vitaeboost # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/leena_malhotra | Leena Malhotra - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Leena Malhotra Creator and strategist blending machine learning, business, and creativity. Harvard Business School ’06. Writing about AI, productivity, and building systems for a self-directed life. Location California, United states Joined Joined on Jun 17, 2025 Education Harvard Business School More info about @leena_malhotra Badges 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! Post at least 2 comments for 2 straight weeks and unlock the 4 Week Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages Python, JS/TS, Rust. Skilled in TensorFlow, PyTorch, Next.js, LangChain. Blend of machine learning expertise, business insight, and creative systems. Currently learning Exploring multi-agent AI, RAG, and autonomous workflows. Deepening skills in Rust and Next.js for building scalable, AI-driven applications. Currently hacking on Building an all-in-one AI platform with memory, automation, and adaptive workflows. Focused on unifying creativity, business, and productivity. Available for Open to collaborations in AI strategy, productivity tools, and creator systems. Always up for meaningful discussions on tech × creativity. Post 119 posts published Comment 16 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Why Asking for Better Outputs Misses the Real Problem Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Jan 12 Why Asking for Better Outputs Misses the Real Problem # programming # ai # imagegen # nanobanana 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Want to connect with Leena Malhotra? Create an account to connect with Leena Malhotra. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in AI Explains Code Well Until the Moment Context Actually Matters Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Jan 9 AI Explains Code Well Until the Moment Context Actually Matters # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 8 min read Using AI in Production Code Without Creating Invisible Bugs Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Jan 8 Using AI in Production Code Without Creating Invisible Bugs # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read Ship Faster, Break Less: My Rules for Using AI Safely in Codebases Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Jan 7 Ship Faster, Break Less: My Rules for Using AI Safely in Codebases # webdev # programming # ai # coding Comments Add Comment 9 min read From Prompt to Production: Using AI Safely in a Real Dev Workflow Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Jan 6 From Prompt to Production: Using AI Safely in a Real Dev Workflow # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 9 min read What Broke When I Let AI Handle My Code Reviews (And How I Fixed It) Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Jan 2 What Broke When I Let AI Handle My Code Reviews (And How I Fixed It) # webdev # programming # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read The Simple Validation System That Saved Our AI Project Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Jan 1 The Simple Validation System That Saved Our AI Project # webdev # programming # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Scaling AI Calls: The Bug That Only Shows Up in Production Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 30 '25 Scaling AI Calls: The Bug That Only Shows Up in Production # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 7 min read What Actually Happens When Developers Treat AI Like a Black Box Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 29 '25 What Actually Happens When Developers Treat AI Like a Black Box # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Tried Replacing Human Review With AI. Here's Where It Quietly Failed Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 26 '25 I Tried Replacing Human Review With AI. Here's Where It Quietly Failed # webdev # programming # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read What Broke When I Let One AI Handle an End-to-End Workflow Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 23 '25 What Broke When I Let One AI Handle an End-to-End Workflow # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 7 min read Why AI Code Suggestions Fail in Multi-File Projects Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 22 '25 Why AI Code Suggestions Fail in Multi-File Projects # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Tested AI on a Long Workflow and Context Collapse Killed It Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 19 '25 I Tested AI on a Long Workflow and Context Collapse Killed It # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 9 min read I Let an AI Agent Handle a Multi-Step Task. Here's Where It Broke Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 18 '25 I Let an AI Agent Handle a Multi-Step Task. Here's Where It Broke # webdev # programming # ai # agents Comments Add Comment 8 min read I Tried Building an AI Agent and It Failed Halfway Through. Here's Why Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 17 '25 I Tried Building an AI Agent and It Failed Halfway Through. Here's Why # webdev # programming # ai # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read A Better Way to Break Down Technical Problems Without Overthinking Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 12 '25 A Better Way to Break Down Technical Problems Without Overthinking # webdev # programming # ai # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read A Better Way to Document Your Engineering Thought Process Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 10 '25 A Better Way to Document Your Engineering Thought Process # webdev # ai # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Coding Workflow That Helps You Learn Faster With Less Burnout Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 9 '25 The Coding Workflow That Helps You Learn Faster With Less Burnout # webdev # ai # programming # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read A Simple Workflow That Makes You a Faster Developer Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 8 '25 A Simple Workflow That Makes You a Faster Developer # webdev # ai # programming # developer 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read How To Learn New Tech Without Getting Overwhelmed Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 5 '25 How To Learn New Tech Without Getting Overwhelmed # webdev # ai # programming # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read Why Writing About Your Failures Helps Others Ship Faster Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 3 '25 Why Writing About Your Failures Helps Others Ship Faster # discuss # webdev # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Why Developers Should Publish Their Half-Finished Ideas Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Dec 2 '25 Why Developers Should Publish Their Half-Finished Ideas # webdev # ai # programming # developer 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Developer Productivity Trap: Why More Tools Doesn’t Mean Better Output Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 28 '25 The Developer Productivity Trap: Why More Tools Doesn’t Mean Better Output # ai # programming # developer # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read A Cleaner Way to Break Down Complex Engineering Problems Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 27 '25 A Cleaner Way to Break Down Complex Engineering Problems # programming # ai # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read A Smarter Workflow for Debugging and Problem-Solving Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 26 '25 A Smarter Workflow for Debugging and Problem-Solving # ai # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Better Workflows With AI-Powered Coding Help Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 25 '25 Building Better Workflows With AI-Powered Coding Help # coding # ai # programming # webdev 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 8 min read How Developers Use Crompt AI to Compare GPT, Claude & Gemini Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 24 '25 How Developers Use Crompt AI to Compare GPT, Claude & Gemini # webdev # ai # programming # developers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read How to Prototype Ideas Faster Using a Unified AI Toolchain Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 14 '25 How to Prototype Ideas Faster Using a Unified AI Toolchain # webdev # ai # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read Logic Is the Art of Emotion in Disguise Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 6 '25 Logic Is the Art of Emotion in Disguise # webdev # ai # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Mind Was Never Meant to Be Debugged Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 5 '25 The Mind Was Never Meant to Be Debugged # webdev # ai # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Hardest Problem in AI: Human Context Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 4 '25 The Hardest Problem in AI: Human Context # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Why Engineers Should Design Systems Like Philosophers Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Nov 3 '25 Why Engineers Should Design Systems Like Philosophers # webdev # ai # programming # developers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Learn AI Engineering Faster Than 99% of Coders Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 31 '25 Learn AI Engineering Faster Than 99% of Coders # webdev # programming # ai # machinelearning 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Why Systems Fail When They Forget the Human Layer Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 30 '25 Why Systems Fail When They Forget the Human Layer # webdev # programming # ai # development 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read Why Great Developers Don’t Depend on Perfect Tools Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 29 '25 Why Great Developers Don’t Depend on Perfect Tools # webdev # programming # ai # developers 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Stop Chasing Frameworks, Start Building With Intention Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 27 '25 Stop Chasing Frameworks, Start Building With Intention # webdev # programming # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Human Context Is the Hardest Problem in AI Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 17 '25 Why Human Context Is the Hardest Problem in AI # discuss # webdev # programming # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Why Abstraction Is the Real Engine of Progress Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 16 '25 Why Abstraction Is the Real Engine of Progress # webdev # programming # ai # development 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read AI Doesn’t Create Value, Context Does Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 15 '25 AI Doesn’t Create Value, Context Does # webdev # programming # ai # development 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Why Great Developers Build Patterns, Not Products Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 14 '25 Why Great Developers Build Patterns, Not Products # webdev # programming # ai # developers 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read The Developer’s Dilemma: Build Fast or Build Forever? Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 13 '25 The Developer’s Dilemma: Build Fast or Build Forever? # webdev # programming # ai # developer 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Why The Future of Code Is More Human Than Ever Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 10 '25 Why The Future of Code Is More Human Than Ever # webdev # programming # ai # softwaredevelopment 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read The Real Future of Software: Autonomous Collaboration Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 9 '25 The Real Future of Software: Autonomous Collaboration # webdev # programming # ai # software 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read The Future of Engineering Is Emotional Intelligence Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 8 '25 The Future of Engineering Is Emotional Intelligence # webdev # programming # ai 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Next Great Framework Is Mental, Not Technical Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 7 '25 The Next Great Framework Is Mental, Not Technical 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Most Powerful Code You’ll Ever Write Is Mental Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 6 '25 The Most Powerful Code You’ll Ever Write Is Mental # webdev # programming # ai 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Why Debugging Your Life Feels Like Debugging Code Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 3 '25 Why Debugging Your Life Feels Like Debugging Code # webdev # programming # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Why Developers Must Think in Systems, Not Prompts Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 2 '25 Why Developers Must Think in Systems, Not Prompts # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why LLMs Fail Without Human-Crafted Context Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Oct 1 '25 Why LLMs Fail Without Human-Crafted Context # webdev # programming # ai 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Design Patterns Emerging From Multi-Agent AI Systems Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 30 '25 Design Patterns Emerging From Multi-Agent AI Systems # webdev # ai # development # softwaredevelopment 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Abstraction Design: The Skill Developers Will Need Beyond Coding Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 29 '25 Abstraction Design: The Skill Developers Will Need Beyond Coding # webdev # programming # ai # softwareengineering 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read The Architecture of Multi-Agent AI Systems, Explained Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 26 '25 The Architecture of Multi-Agent AI Systems, Explained # architecture # software # ai 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read AI Systems Are Becoming the New Programming Language Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 25 '25 AI Systems Are Becoming the New Programming Language # programming # ai 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read The Coming Era of Composable Intelligence: Designing Abstractions Across LLMs Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 24 '25 The Coming Era of Composable Intelligence: Designing Abstractions Across LLMs # webdev # programming # ai # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Coming Shift From AI Models to AI Infrastructure Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 24 '25 The Coming Shift From AI Models to AI Infrastructure # webdev # programming # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Architecture of AI Workflows: Designing Beyond the Model Layer Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 23 '25 The Architecture of AI Workflows: Designing Beyond the Model Layer # systemdesign # ai # architecture # llm 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why Writing Code Alone Won't Build Your Developer Career Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 22 '25 Why Writing Code Alone Won't Build Your Developer Career # discuss # programming # ai # career 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read How Debugging Taught Me More About Focus Than Meditation Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 19 '25 How Debugging Taught Me More About Focus Than Meditation # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Avoid Becoming Dependent on One Model Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 12 '25 How to Avoid Becoming Dependent on One Model # discuss # webdev # programming # ai 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 6 min read Stop Optimizing Code You Should Delete Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Sep 9 '25 Stop Optimizing Code You Should Delete # discuss # webdev # programming # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/fromaline/jsxelement-vs-reactelement-vs-reactnode-2mh2#-raw-reactnode-endraw- | JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nick Posted on Feb 14, 2022 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode # beginners # javascript # react # webdev React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode These three types usually confuse novice React developers. It seems like they are the same thing, just named differently. But it's not quite right. JSX.Element vs ReactElement Both types are the result of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. They are both objects with: type props key a couple of other "hidden" properties, like ref, $$typeof, etc ReactElement ReactElement type is the most basic of all. It's even defined in React source code using flow! // ./packages/shared/ReactElementType.js export type ReactElement = { | $ $typeof : any , type : any , key : any , ref : any , props : any , // ReactFiber _owner : any , // __DEV__ _store : { validated : boolean , ...}, _self : React$Element < any > , _shadowChildren : any , _source : Source , | }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This type is also defined in DefinitelyTyped package . interface ReactElement < P = any , T extends string | JSXElementConstructor < any > = string | JSXElementConstructor < any >> { type : T ; props : P ; key : Key | null ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode JSX.Element It's more generic type. The key difference is that props and type are typed as any in JSX.Element . declare global { namespace JSX { interface Element extends React . ReactElement < any , any > { } // ... } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This gives flexibility in how different libraries implement JSX. For example, Preact has its own implementation with different API . ReactNode ReactNode type is a different thing. It's not a return value of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. const Component = () => { // Here it's ReactElement return < div > Hello world! </ div > } // Here it's ReactNode const Example = Component (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode React node itself is a representation of the virtual DOM. So ReactNode is the set of all possible return values of a component. type ReactChild = ReactElement | ReactText ; type ReactFragment = {} | Iterable < ReactNode > ; interface ReactPortal extends ReactElement { key : Key | null ; children : ReactNode ; } type ReactNode = | ReactChild | ReactFragment | ReactPortal | boolean | null | undefined ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What to use for children ? Generally speaking, ReactNode is the correct way to type the children prop. It gives the most flexibility while maintaining the proper type checking. But it has a caveat, because ReactFragment allows a {} type. const Item = ({ children }: { children : ReactNode }) => { return < li > { children } </ li >; } const App = () => { return ( < ul > // Run-time error here, objects are not valid children! < Item > { {} } </ Item > </ ul > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode P.S. Follow me on Twitter for more content like this! React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 • Feb 14 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Check out React+Typescript Cheatsheets for more info. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Follow Joined May 23, 2019 • Jul 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide But in React 18 intrinsic property of children won't work for FC from react. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 More from Nick 10 Must-Have Tools for Every Developer in 2023 # ai # chatgpt # webdev # tooling My dream habit tracker # javascript # vue # pocketbase # webdev How do React Fragments work under the hood? # javascript # react # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://zeroday.forem.com/t/dos | Dos - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close # dos Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Dec 16 '25 What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide # dos # networksec # iot # security Comments Add Comment 10 min read loading... trending guides/resources What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/dmuraco3/when-to-user-server-side-rendering-vs-static-generation-in-nextjs-8ab#comment-244im | When to Use Server-Side rendering vs Static Generation in Next.js - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Dylan Muraco Posted on Dec 30, 2021 When to Use Server-Side rendering vs Static Generation in Next.js Pre-rendering your pages has multiple benefits such as better performance and better SEO. But choosing whether to statically generate your pages or render them on the server side can be confusing. Let's first take a look at Server-Side rendering getServerSideProps The main difference between getServerSideProps and getStaticProps is when they are ran. getServerSideProps is ran when every new request is made to the page. export async function getServerSideProps ( context ) { const { userId } = context . params const user = await getUser ( userId ) return { props : { user } } } export default function User ({ user }) { return ( < div > < h1 > { user . name } < /h1 > < /div > ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this example we are getting the userId from a dynamic route , getting the information about the user, then using that data to build the user page. Note that we have access to the request through params now lets take a look at getStaticProps getStaticProps We saw that getServerSideProps gets ran every time a new request is made so what about getStaticProps. getStaticProps is ran at build time, meaning that whenever you run npm run build this is when your static pages are built. export async function getStaticProps () { const blogPosts = await getBlogPosts () return { props : { blogPosts } } } export default function Home ({ blogPosts }) { return ( < div > { blogPosts . map ( post => ( < h1 > { post . name } < /h1 > ))} < /div > ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode this function is getting a list of blog posts and rendering them on a page. Because we know what we want before hand we can statically render the page whereas in our server side rendering example we don't know before the request is made what the user wants. So when to user getServerSideProps? Good for when you don't know what the user wants before they make a request Still want good SEO When to use getStaticProps? When we know what the user wants at build time Really fast performance and SEO This was just a quick dive into static generation vs server-side generation. If you want to learn more please let me know. As always thanks for reading. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow “It’s only work if somebody makes you do it.” • craft code • creative ideas • cutting edge • author • senior front end architect • professional scuba diver • adventures above and below the sea level Location Germany Work Senior Front End Architect, Full Stack Engineer, Creative Technologist and Scuba Diving Professional Joined May 19, 2019 • Dec 30 '21 • Edited on Dec 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hey! Great explanation! Back in summer I took e deep dive into the different types of pre-rendering with next.js - take a look if you like! Cheers! Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Aimee Aimee Aimee Follow I'm a passionate front end developer with experience in HTML5, CSS3, Javascript, React, Typescript, GraphQL, Styled Components, MUI. Location UK Work web developer Joined May 18, 2019 • Jan 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide hey nice blog post, which one should I use then, getByStaticProps, I'm fetching some data from a CMS I set up which stores my projects in then I'm wanting to display this data in my portfolio, I was using getByServerSideProps but I'm thinking I should use the other as it's not rarely going to change unless I go into the CMS and add a new project. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand coder-pixel coder-pixel coder-pixel Follow Work Student Joined Jan 23, 2023 • May 3 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think in that case you should go for 'getStaticProps' option, as your data is ll static in general most of the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan-Mambou Ryan-Mambou Ryan-Mambou Follow Joined Mar 28, 2022 • Sep 20 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent article man. Thanks a lot! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Emeka Orji Emeka Orji Emeka Orji Follow Email emekapraiseo@gmail.com Location Lagos, Nigeria Pronouns He/Him Work Engineering Joined Jun 25, 2020 • Jul 25 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Amazing Explanation!!👍👍 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Stelios Papoutsakis Stelios Papoutsakis Stelios Papoutsakis Follow I started as a full stack junior web developer in 2018, became a team leader and I am trying to level up my game. Joined Jun 15, 2024 • Jun 15 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide good one. can we use both in a next.js project? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shuvo Koiri Shuvo Koiri Shuvo Koiri Follow Joined Jun 30, 2022 • Jun 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ok,,,,Can you tell me wahich one should I use in index.js for my Blogging website>>>??? Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Md Ohidul Islam Md Ohidul Islam Md Ohidul Islam Follow Joined Jul 1, 2022 • Jul 1 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello Shuvo Koiri, I am assuming that your index.js page is responsible for showing a list of blog posts, which we can assume doesn't change so frequently (e.g: Multiple-times in an hour). Therefore you can use getStaticProps with the property revalidate: 10 . By doing that Next.js will re-generate only the index.js page at most once every 10 seconds. See the code snapshot below, this is from the official Next.js documentation. export async function getStaticProps () { const res = await fetch ( ' https://.../posts ' ) const posts = await res . json () return { props : { posts , }, // Next.js will attempt to re-generate the page: // - When a request comes in // - At most once every 10 seconds revalidate : 10 , // In seconds } } ``` Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Dylan Muraco Follow I like coding cool stuff Location Mars Joined Dec 21, 2021 More from Dylan Muraco Guide to Adding Info Text in Sanity Studio # sanity # webdev # react # typescript How to Create a Local RAG Agent with Ollama and LangChain # rag # tutorial # ai # python Authenticate in React with Firebase Auth # react # firebase # authentication 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/aimeetacchi | Aimee - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Aimee I'm a passionate front end developer with experience in HTML5, CSS3, Javascript, React, Typescript, GraphQL, Styled Components, MUI. Location UK Joined Joined on May 18, 2019 Personal website http://www.aimeetacchi.dev github website twitter website Work web developer Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close More info about @aimeetacchi GitHub Repositories react-calculator making a calculator in React JavaScript credit-app credit app in React JavaScript react-todo todo list built in React JavaScript • 3 stars React-RandomQuoteMachine Converting my old Jquery Random Quote Machine into a React Application. JavaScript Skills/Languages Javascript, React, CSS, HTML5, SCSS, GraphQL, Styled Components, MUI, Tailwind, Currently learning Typescript, Mongo DB Post 1 post published Comment 7 comments written Tag 7 tags followed Where do you begin in development? Aimee Aimee Aimee Follow Feb 18 '21 Where do you begin in development? # frontend # code # html # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read Want to connect with Aimee? Create an account to connect with Aimee. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? 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https://dev.to/ben-santora/is-an-ai-model-software-a-low-level-technical-view-592l#main-content | Is an AI Model Software? – A Low‑Level Technical View - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ben Santora Posted on Jan 12 Is an AI Model Software? – A Low‑Level Technical View # ai # architecture # discuss # software I recently posted an article here on dev.to documenting my experiences testing small and large language models. I'm an engineering technician, not a software engineer, developer, programmer or coder. Since dev.to is a platform for those in the software field, it got me thinking about whether AI is really software or not and whether I should actually be posting my AI articles here. AI is so intertwined with software these days that it seems like an odd question. When we speak casually, we answer “yes”: large‑language models (LLMs) and small‑language models (SLMs) are built by engineers, shipped through software pipelines, and are run by programs. Yet at the level of a systems programmer, compiler writer, or hardware designer, the question is far from trivial. What exactly is an AI model, what does it contain, and does it satisfy the technical definition of software? For the purpose of hardware and systems design, software is executable logic—a sequence of instructions (machine code, bytecode, or interpreted source) that a processor can execute. It embodies control flow: branches, loops, calls, and returns. Anything that resolves to an instruction stream that a CPU or accelerator can run qualifies as software. Conversely, a file that merely stores data, even if it is bundled with an application, does not truly meet this definition. In the purest sense, a trained small or large language model is typically distributed as a file with extensions such as .safetensors, .gguf, or .pth. Inside are large multidimensional arrays of numbers—weights and biases learned during training. These numbers parameterize a fixed mathematical function: they tell a neuron how strongly to influence another, how to weight a feature, and how signals propagate through layers. Crucially, the model file contains no control flow. There are no conditionals, loops, or instructions that say “if X then Y.” It is not an algorithm; it is a parameterization of an algorithm that lives elsewhere. Formats like safetensors are deliberately designed to store only raw data and metadata, explicitly forbidding embedded executable code to prevent remote‑code‑execution attacks. This design choice underscores the fact that models are intended to be inert data, not executable artifacts. Let's ask whether a model can be executed directly. A CPU cannot interpret a .gguf file; a GPU cannot run it without a driver; you cannot make the file executable (chmod +x) and launch it. To produce output, the model must be loaded into an inference engine—software written in C++, Python, Rust, etc. that knows the model’s architecture, performs tensor operations, schedules work, and handles memory. All the logic that multiplies matrices, applies activation functions, and manages caches lives in this runtime, not in the model. The same model file can behave in dramatically different ways depending on the runtime, hardware, precision, or quantization scheme used. This dependency draws a clear line between data (the model) and the software (the inference engine) running that model. Neural networks blur the classic boundary between data and code. In conventional programs, behavior is encoded explicitly in conditionals and loops. In a neural net, behavior is encoded implicitly in numerical weights: tweaking millions of numbers can change the system’s output in the same way software output can be changed by rewriting thousands of lines of code. Nevertheless, the weights describe what values to use, not how to compute them. The algorithm—the “how”—is fixed and external; the weights are merely coefficients inside that algorithm. That is why two different runtimes can load the same model and still produce identical results while employing completely different execution strategies. The software determines the execution; the model supplies the parameters. Much of the association of these models as being software stems from one of their most commonly used applications - as developer‑assistant tools like Claude Opus, Qwen or Copilot. But generating source code is just one application of a general‑purpose statistical model. Whether a model writes Python, translates languages, predicts protein structures, or classifies images does not alter its internal structure. A model that outputs code is no more “software” than a CSV file that contains code snippets. Take a model file and compute its checksum—leave every byte untouched. Now change only the surrounding stack: swap PyTorch for llama.cpp, move from CUDA to CPU, quantize from fp32 to int4, or switch from AVX2 to AVX‑512. The model remains identical, yet latency, memory usage, and even numerical results can vary by orders of magnitude. The only thing that changed is the executable logic, confirming that the model itself is NOT software. In practice, models are versioned, distributed, cached, deployed, and rolled back just like any other software component. They live in repositories, have compatibility constraints, and are monitored for regressions. But they are not software. An AI model, in isolation, is data—a trained numerical artifact that encodes the parameters of a mathematical function. It contains no executable logic, control flow, or instructions. Only when an inference engine (software) interprets those numbers does the model become part of a software system. This distinction matters for correctness, security, auditing, and formal reasoning. It reminds us that modern AI does not replace algorithms with magic; it replaces hand‑written rules with learned parameters that are still evaluated by traditional code. So, having come up with the question myself, I came to the conclusion that no, an SLM or LLM is not software; it is a trained set of numbers that becomes part of a software system only when interpreted by executable code. So thanks to Jess and company for letting me post a non-software article here! Hope you found this interesting. Ben Santora - January 2026 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ben Santora Follow Linux OS - Local AI - Small Language Models Location Montserrat MA Work Engineering Technician Joined Jan 1, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot How Rube MCP Solves Context Overload When Using Hundreds of MCP Servers # mcp # productivity # programming # ai AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://in.interviewkickstart.com/lifeatik-blog/ | Life at Interview Kickstart Skip to content Life at IK BLOG Shashi Bhushan Kumar’s Journey at Interview Kickstart: From Instructor to Group Product Manager December 26, 2024 Building Culture and Driving Impact: Akriti Vijan’s Journey at Interview Kickstart November 27, 2024 Recognizing the Extraordinary Interview Kickstart’s Fun and Quirky Award Winners October 25, 2024 Mapping the Journey of an Early Leader: Stephanie’s 7-Year Stint at Interview Kickstart October 4, 2024 Seven Years of Growth: Dipen Dadhaniya’s Evolution at Interview Kickstart September 5, 2024 How We Created a Culture of Empowerment in a Fully Remote Company May 22, 2024 How Remote Work Helped Us Unlock a Large, Diverse Talent Pool January 23, 2024 Why Assignments are a big part of our Interviews at IK January 23, 2024 9 Places to visit in 2022 if you’re a remote worker Hand picked by Team IK January 23, 2024 The Power of Data and a Data-driven mindset at IK January 23, 2024 How our IT team clocks a 97%+ Employee CSAT score January 23, 2024 A Day in the Life of a Curriculum Product Manager at IK January 23, 2024 Youtube Instructors Reviews About us Life at IK Careers Contact us Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy © Copyright 2026. All Rights Reserved. Transform Your Tech Career with AI Excellence Transform Your Tech Career with AI Excellence Join 25,000+ tech professionals who’ve accelerated their careers with cutting-edge AI skills 25,000+ Professionals Trained ₹23 LPA Average Hike 600+ MAANG+ Instructors Webinar Slot Blocked Transform your tech career Learn about hiring processes, interview strategies. Find the best course for you. Loading... Full Name *Invalid Name Email Address *Invalid Email Address Contact Number *Invalid Phone Number ⓘ Used to send reminder for webinar I wish to receive further updates and confirmation via Whatsapp --> By sharing your contact details, you agree to our privacy policy. Proceed Agentic AI Edge: Accelerate Your Growth in 2025 Break into AI! Make your career leap with real multi-agent projects and industry mentorship. Build AI/ML Skills & Interview Readiness to Become a Top 1% Tech Pro Hands-on AI/ML learning + interview prep to help you win Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Choose a slot Time Zone: Asia/Kolkata AI Edge: Rethink Interview Readiness in 2025 Master MAANG+ interviews with our proven AI-first approach SAT 23 6-7 PM Almost full SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM Filling fast SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM Switch to ML: Become an ML-powered Tech Pro Explore your personalized path to AI/ML/Gen AI success SAT 23 6-7 PM Almost full SAT 23 6-7 PM Back Proceed --> Almost there... --> Share your details for a personalised FAANG career consultation! --> --> Years of experience (in years) * Required Select option I’m currently a student 0-2 3-4 5-8 9-15 16-20 20+ Domain/Role * Required Select one... Back-end Cloud Engineer Cyber Security Data Engineer Data Science Front-end Full Stack Machine Learning / AI Engineering Manager - any domain Product Manager (Tech) Technical Program Manager Test Engineer / SDET / QE Android Developer iOS Developer SRE / DevOps Embedded Software Engineer Other Software Engineers Data Analyst / Business Analyst Core Engineering/STEM degree None of the above When do you plan to start interviewing? * * Required Select option I’m already interviewing <30 days 30 - 60 days 60 days">>60 days No plans as of yet I have been laid off recently I’m currently a student Back Proceed Your preferred slot for consultation * Required Morning (9AM-12PM) Afternoon (12PM-5PM) Evening (5PM-8PM) Get your LinkedIn Profile reviewed * Invalid URL Beat the LinkedIn algorithm—attract FAANG recruiters with our insights! Get your Resume reviewed * Max size: 4MB Upload Resume (.pdf) Only the top 2% make it—get your resume FAANG-ready! Finish Back Registration completed! 🗓️ Friday, 18th April, 6 PM Your Webinar slot ⏰ Mornings, 8-10 AM Our Program Advisor will call you at this time Resume Browsing Loading Comments... Write a Comment... Email (Required) Name (Required) Website | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.highlight.io/customers/life_at | How Highlight Enables LifeAt to Proactively Manage their Products Star us on GitHub Star Migrate your Highlight account to LaunchDarkly by February 28, 2026. Learn more on our blog. Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up All customers Customer Case Study How Highlight Enables LifeAt to Proactively Manage their Products Enhancing Front-End Reliability LifeAt faced challenges in diagnosing and understanding front-end errors across their application and their existing tools were inadequate for delving into the complexities of a users’ interactions, particularly for a front-end heavy application. Highlight.io’s session recording and error logging capabilities provided LifeAt with the insights needed to address these challenges. The tool’s ability to correlate user behavior with front-end errors enabled LifeAt to quickly identify and address issues. “ Highlight.io was a game-changer for us, offering an in-depth view of user interactions and simplifying the process of replicating and resolving errors. ” Pouya Rad , LifeAt To learn more about Highlight's product philosophy and how we support you best, refer to our documentation on the subject. Seamless Implementation and Usage The implementation of Highlight.io was described as “super easy” by the CTO, with a straightforward setup process and clean documentation. The simplicity of integration, combined with the robustness of the tool, made it an ideal choice for LifeAt. “ Highlight.io’s two-liner implementation process was incredibly user-friendly, making it an obvious choice for us to enhance our front-end error tracking. ” Pouya Rad , LifeAt Ready to get started? Check out our implementation guides . Proactive and Efficient Error Management Since adopting Highlight.io, LifeAt has seen a significant reduction in the time spent identifying and resolving errors. The tool’s intuitive session filtering and playback functionality have made it easier for both technical and non-technical team members to proactively address user issues rather than waiting on users to write in their issues. “ With Highlight.io, we shifted from a reactive to a proactive approach in managing front-end issues, greatly enhancing our operational efficiency. ” Pouya Rad , LifeAt Get the most out of Highlight with alerts . Future Plans and Aspirations LifeAt aims to further integrate Highlight.io into their operations, expanding its use to connect full-stack error observability. This step is seen as crucial in continuing to enhance their product's reliability and user experience. “ We are excited to further leverage Highlight.io’s capabilities to create a more robust and error-resilient product for our users. ” Pouya Rad , LifeAt Previous Customer Next Customer About the company Prevents focus drift by making productivity management simple, so users can spend more time doing actual work Founded 2021 Using Highlight since Dec 2022 Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/kawano_aiyuki/i-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69#as-a-woman-in-tech-i-learned-early-about-undefined-behavior | I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot What makes a good tech Meet-up? # discuss # community # a11y # meet What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://react.dev/learn | Quick Start – React React v 19.2 Search ⌘ Ctrl K Learn Reference Community Blog GET STARTED Quick Start Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe Thinking in React Installation Creating a React App Build a React App from Scratch Add React to an Existing Project Setup Editor Setup Using TypeScript React Developer Tools React Compiler Introduction Installation Incremental Adoption Debugging and Troubleshooting LEARN REACT Describing the UI Your First Component Importing and Exporting Components Writing Markup with JSX JavaScript in JSX with Curly Braces Passing Props to a Component Conditional Rendering Rendering Lists Keeping Components Pure Your UI as a Tree Adding Interactivity Responding to Events State: A Component's Memory Render and Commit State as a Snapshot Queueing a Series of State Updates Updating Objects in State Updating Arrays in State Managing State Reacting to Input with State Choosing the State Structure Sharing State Between Components Preserving and Resetting State Extracting State Logic into a Reducer Passing Data Deeply with Context Scaling Up with Reducer and Context Escape Hatches Referencing Values with Refs Manipulating the DOM with Refs Synchronizing with Effects You Might Not Need an Effect Lifecycle of Reactive Effects Separating Events from Effects Removing Effect Dependencies Reusing Logic with Custom Hooks Is this page useful? Learn React Quick Start Welcome to the React documentation! This page will give you an introduction to 80% of the React concepts that you will use on a daily basis. You will learn How to create and nest components How to add markup and styles How to display data How to render conditions and lists How to respond to events and update the screen How to share data between components Creating and nesting components React apps are made out of components . A component is a piece of the UI (user interface) that has its own logic and appearance. A component can be as small as a button, or as large as an entire page. React components are JavaScript functions that return markup: function MyButton ( ) { return ( < button > I'm a button </ button > ) ; } Now that you’ve declared MyButton , you can nest it into another component: export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Welcome to my app </ h1 > < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } Notice that <MyButton /> starts with a capital letter. That’s how you know it’s a React component. React component names must always start with a capital letter, while HTML tags must be lowercase. Have a look at the result: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork function MyButton ( ) { return ( < button > I'm a button </ button > ) ; } export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Welcome to my app </ h1 > < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } Show more The export default keywords specify the main component in the file. If you’re not familiar with some piece of JavaScript syntax, MDN and javascript.info have great references. Writing markup with JSX The markup syntax you’ve seen above is called JSX . It is optional, but most React projects use JSX for its convenience. All of the tools we recommend for local development support JSX out of the box. JSX is stricter than HTML. You have to close tags like <br /> . Your component also can’t return multiple JSX tags. You have to wrap them into a shared parent, like a <div>...</div> or an empty <>...</> wrapper: function AboutPage ( ) { return ( < > < h1 > About </ h1 > < p > Hello there. < br /> How do you do? </ p > </ > ) ; } If you have a lot of HTML to port to JSX, you can use an online converter. Adding styles In React, you specify a CSS class with className . It works the same way as the HTML class attribute: < img className = "avatar" /> Then you write the CSS rules for it in a separate CSS file: /* In your CSS */ .avatar { border-radius : 50 % ; } React does not prescribe how you add CSS files. In the simplest case, you’ll add a <link> tag to your HTML. If you use a build tool or a framework, consult its documentation to learn how to add a CSS file to your project. Displaying data JSX lets you put markup into JavaScript. Curly braces let you “escape back” into JavaScript so that you can embed some variable from your code and display it to the user. For example, this will display user.name : return ( < h1 > { user . name } </ h1 > ) ; You can also “escape into JavaScript” from JSX attributes, but you have to use curly braces instead of quotes. For example, className="avatar" passes the "avatar" string as the CSS class, but src={user.imageUrl} reads the JavaScript user.imageUrl variable value, and then passes that value as the src attribute: return ( < img className = "avatar" src = { user . imageUrl } /> ) ; You can put more complex expressions inside the JSX curly braces too, for example, string concatenation : App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork const user = { name : 'Hedy Lamarr' , imageUrl : 'https://i.imgur.com/yXOvdOSs.jpg' , imageSize : 90 , } ; export default function Profile ( ) { return ( < > < h1 > { user . name } </ h1 > < img className = "avatar" src = { user . imageUrl } alt = { 'Photo of ' + user . name } style = { { width : user . imageSize , height : user . imageSize } } /> </ > ) ; } Show more In the above example, style={{}} is not a special syntax, but a regular {} object inside the style={ } JSX curly braces. You can use the style attribute when your styles depend on JavaScript variables. Conditional rendering In React, there is no special syntax for writing conditions. Instead, you’ll use the same techniques as you use when writing regular JavaScript code. For example, you can use an if statement to conditionally include JSX: let content ; if ( isLoggedIn ) { content = < AdminPanel /> ; } else { content = < LoginForm /> ; } return ( < div > { content } </ div > ) ; If you prefer more compact code, you can use the conditional ? operator. Unlike if , it works inside JSX: < div > { isLoggedIn ? ( < AdminPanel /> ) : ( < LoginForm /> ) } </ div > When you don’t need the else branch, you can also use a shorter logical && syntax : < div > { isLoggedIn && < AdminPanel /> } </ div > All of these approaches also work for conditionally specifying attributes. If you’re unfamiliar with some of this JavaScript syntax, you can start by always using if...else . Rendering lists You will rely on JavaScript features like for loop and the array map() function to render lists of components. For example, let’s say you have an array of products: const products = [ { title : 'Cabbage' , id : 1 } , { title : 'Garlic' , id : 2 } , { title : 'Apple' , id : 3 } , ] ; Inside your component, use the map() function to transform an array of products into an array of <li> items: const listItems = products . map ( product => < li key = { product . id } > { product . title } </ li > ) ; return ( < ul > { listItems } </ ul > ) ; Notice how <li> has a key attribute. For each item in a list, you should pass a string or a number that uniquely identifies that item among its siblings. Usually, a key should be coming from your data, such as a database ID. React uses your keys to know what happened if you later insert, delete, or reorder the items. App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork const products = [ { title : 'Cabbage' , isFruit : false , id : 1 } , { title : 'Garlic' , isFruit : false , id : 2 } , { title : 'Apple' , isFruit : true , id : 3 } , ] ; export default function ShoppingList ( ) { const listItems = products . map ( product => < li key = { product . id } style = { { color : product . isFruit ? 'magenta' : 'darkgreen' } } > { product . title } </ li > ) ; return ( < ul > { listItems } </ ul > ) ; } Show more Responding to events You can respond to events by declaring event handler functions inside your components: function MyButton ( ) { function handleClick ( ) { alert ( 'You clicked me!' ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Click me </ button > ) ; } Notice how onClick={handleClick} has no parentheses at the end! Do not call the event handler function: you only need to pass it down . React will call your event handler when the user clicks the button. Updating the screen Often, you’ll want your component to “remember” some information and display it. For example, maybe you want to count the number of times a button is clicked. To do this, add state to your component. First, import useState from React: import { useState } from 'react' ; Now you can declare a state variable inside your component: function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; // ... You’ll get two things from useState : the current state ( count ), and the function that lets you update it ( setCount ). You can give them any names, but the convention is to write [something, setSomething] . The first time the button is displayed, count will be 0 because you passed 0 to useState() . When you want to change state, call setCount() and pass the new value to it. Clicking this button will increment the counter: function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } React will call your component function again. This time, count will be 1 . Then it will be 2 . And so on. If you render the same component multiple times, each will get its own state. Click each button separately: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; export default function MyApp ( ) { return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update separately </ h1 > < MyButton /> < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } Show more Notice how each button “remembers” its own count state and doesn’t affect other buttons. Using Hooks Functions starting with use are called Hooks . useState is a built-in Hook provided by React. You can find other built-in Hooks in the API reference. You can also write your own Hooks by combining the existing ones. Hooks are more restrictive than other functions. You can only call Hooks at the top of your components (or other Hooks). If you want to use useState in a condition or a loop, extract a new component and put it there. Sharing data between components In the previous example, each MyButton had its own independent count , and when each button was clicked, only the count for the button clicked changed: Initially, each MyButton ’s count state is 0 The first MyButton updates its count to 1 However, often you’ll need components to share data and always update together . To make both MyButton components display the same count and update together, you need to move the state from the individual buttons “upwards” to the closest component containing all of them. In this example, it is MyApp : Initially, MyApp ’s count state is 0 and is passed down to both children On click, MyApp updates its count state to 1 and passes it down to both children Now when you click either button, the count in MyApp will change, which will change both of the counts in MyButton . Here’s how you can express this in code. First, move the state up from MyButton into MyApp : export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update separately </ h1 > < MyButton /> < MyButton /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( ) { // ... we're moving code from here ... } Then, pass the state down from MyApp to each MyButton , together with the shared click handler. You can pass information to MyButton using the JSX curly braces, just like you previously did with built-in tags like <img> : export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update together </ h1 > < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> </ div > ) ; } The information you pass down like this is called props . Now the MyApp component contains the count state and the handleClick event handler, and passes both of them down as props to each of the buttons. Finally, change MyButton to read the props you have passed from its parent component: function MyButton ( { count , onClick } ) { return ( < button onClick = { onClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } When you click the button, the onClick handler fires. Each button’s onClick prop was set to the handleClick function inside MyApp , so the code inside of it runs. That code calls setCount(count + 1) , incrementing the count state variable. The new count value is passed as a prop to each button, so they all show the new value. This is called “lifting state up”. By moving state up, you’ve shared it between components. App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; export default function MyApp ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < div > < h1 > Counters that update together </ h1 > < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> < MyButton count = { count } onClick = { handleClick } /> </ div > ) ; } function MyButton ( { count , onClick } ) { return ( < button onClick = { onClick } > Clicked { count } times </ button > ) ; } Show more Next Steps By now, you know the basics of how to write React code! Check out the Tutorial to put them into practice and build your first mini-app with React. Next Tutorial: Tic-Tac-Toe Copyright © Meta Platforms, Inc no uwu plz uwu? Logo by @sawaratsuki1004 Learn React Quick Start Installation Describing the UI Adding Interactivity Managing State Escape Hatches API Reference React APIs React DOM APIs Community Code of Conduct Meet the Team Docs Contributors Acknowledgements More Blog React Native Privacy Terms On this page Overview Creating and nesting components Writing markup with JSX Adding styles Displaying data Conditional rendering Rendering lists Responding to events Updating the screen Using Hooks Sharing data between components Next Steps | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Dev Journal Follow Hide Dear Diary... Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED 30 AUG 2019 Posts should be about your own journey. The focus should be on what you tried, accomplished, learned, and/or plan to do. Some good examples: What I learned last week Weekly Goals Weeknotes 10 Days as a Software Developer What Doesn't Belong Posts NOT directly related to your experience. Posts primarily promoting a project. (Tell us how you did it instead!) Questions (use #help .) Most discussion prompts (use #discuss ). Journaling prompts encouraged, however! about #devjournal Public journaling is a great way to share your journey with other developers! Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . 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https://dev.to/lparvinsmith/web3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5#quantitative-comparison | web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sacru2red sacru2red sacru2red Follow Joined Jun 24, 2022 • Jun 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/lparvinsmith/web3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5#so-which-should-i-pick-for-my-project | web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sacru2red sacru2red sacru2red Follow Joined Jun 24, 2022 • Jun 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/lparvinsmith/web3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5#getting-balance-of-account | web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/amigosmaker/python-gui-pyqt-vs-tkinter-5hdd#tkinter | Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse amigos-maker Posted on Oct 31, 2019 • Edited on May 22, 2020 Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter # python Both Tkinter and PyQt are useful for designing acceptable GUI’s, but at the same time, they differ in terms of adaptability and functionality. Mostly, Tkinter is all about writing GUI yourself, program your settings or functionality in the same script. On the other hand, in PyQt, you separate GUI in a script, and use your Python knowledge from another script. Instead of creating your own code for the user interface, you can simply adopt the Qt Designer functions to develop your application . Therefore, let’s see what the main differences and advantages of PyQt vs. Tkinter are. PyQt Advantages of using PyQt Coding flexibility – GUI programming with Qt is designed around the concept of signals and slots for establishing communication amongst objects. That permits flexibility when dealing with GUI events and results in a smoother codebase. More than a framework – Qt uses a wide array of native platform APIs for the purpose of networking, database creation, and many more . It offers primary access to them via a unique API. Various UI components – Qt offers several widgets, such as buttons or menus , all designed with a basic appearance across all supported platforms. Various learning resources – because PyQt is one of the most used UI frameworks for Python, you can get easy access to a wide array of documentation. Easy to master – PyQt comes with a user-friendly, straightforward API functionality, along with specific classes linked to Qt C++. This allows the user to use previous knowledge from either Qt or C++, making PyQt easy to understand. Disadvantages of using PyQt Lack of Python-specific documentation for classes in PyQt5 It requires a lot of time for understanding all the details of PyQt, meaning it is a quite steep learning curve Tkinter Advantages of using Tkinter Available out-of-charge for commercial usage. It is featured in the underlying Python library. Creating executables for Tkinter apps is more accessible since Tkinter is included in Python, and, as a consequence, it comes with no other dependencies. Simple to understand and master, as Tkinter is a limited library with a simple API, being the primary choice for creating fast GUIs for Python scripts. Disadvantages of using Tkinter Tkinter does not include advanced widgets. It has no similar tool as Qt Designer for Tkinter. It doesn't have a native look and feel What to choose? Anyhow, in most situations, the best solution is using PyQt, considering the advantages and disadvantages of both PyQt and Tkinter. GUI programming with Qt is created around signals and slots for communication amongst objects. Thus, it allows flexibility, while it gets to the programmer access to a wide array of tools. Tkinter can indeed be useful for those that want to design a fundamental and rapid GUIs for Python scripts, yet for a more advanced programming result , almost all programmers opt for the functionalities that come with PyQt . They admit it is worth mastering the advanced knowledge of PyQt due to the professional programming results that come along. Thus, when it comes to PyQt vs. Tkinter, it all depends on how much you want to learn and discover. Resources: Course: PyQt dekstop apps PyQt hello world Tkinter tutorial Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand robin deatherage robin deatherage robin deatherage Follow I am a retired Machine Programmer who's passion is still entrenched heavily into Computer Sciences. Location Texas Education NMU Work Machine Programmer at Namco Joined Nov 14, 2019 • Nov 14 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually it is Tk that is far more advanced than PyQt or Wx. I will explain why. Tk is still ahead of most all GUI Toolkits by as much as fifteen to twenty years as it is one of three of the only GUI Widget Toolkit made from the Original Toolkit Library. And is one of only three GUI Toolkits besides GTK and the NCSA Mosaic Canvas Toolkit that powers both the proprietary underlying HTML rendering Engines used by Netscape Navigator, WebKit, WebView, IE, Edge, Safari, Chrome, Chromium among a few others. The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. Many also are not aware that before 2009 there were still over fifty Web Browsers with Rendering Engines entirely developed using Tk that at that time were still being downloaded. Now Python does lack the 3D OpenGL that comes with Tk 8.6 and lacks the Video Codecs that are also in the Tk version, but they can be PyObject directly tied in and used, but only a handful of us are doing so. Also to Mimic all other GUI Libraries all one has to do is place all widgets and or create your own and ploace them individually inside Frames for each one. The Frames are the secret behind Tkinter and if placed within a Canvas give you full things such as radius buttons, cells for rendering HTML Blocks and or New Widgets. Thanks ! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand ErtY'wek ErtY'wek ErtY'wek Follow Joined May 27, 2020 • May 27 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide "The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. " Can you explain to a programming newbie? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Follow Joined Jun 13, 2018 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Interesting comparison. I've used Qt in C++ in the past and recently used PyQt5 to make a prototype ( github.com/MrEliptik/shotty ) and I loved it! The lack of python specific documentation can be a bit painful from time to time but hopefully someone on SO faced the same issue. Also, the bindings are really similar to Qt for c++ so usually you can use the C++ docs. You talked about Widgets for PyQt but you could also use QML right? I think it's especially interesting since it enables a lot of customization and can be interesting to make good looking apps such as desktop.telegram.org/ . Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Looks like a cool app you made! Right, you can use QML also Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand michael michael michael Follow Games and GUI in c++ and python. builds web scrapers with python Email michaelobi54@gmail.com Location Nigeria Work Engineering undergraduate Joined Jul 20, 2020 • Jul 20 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think Tkinter is underrated...partly because of the learning curve as you have to code every widget.But when you get a hang of it, it’s really great. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 More from amigos-maker Waar kun je Flask voor gebruiken? (Dutch) # python # flask # nederlands # dutch What is Flask used for? # python # flask Wat is Flask? (Dutch) # python # flask 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/lparvinsmith/web3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5#sidebyside-examples | web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://piccalil.li/javascript-for-everyone/?utm_medium=author-promo | JavaScript for Everyone - Piccalilli Switch to Dark Theme Take the course A Piccalilli premium course Truly understand how JavaScript works Future-proof your career with this in-depth course from Mat Marquis. You’ll walk away with the confidence that comes with understanding how JavaScript works, to a level that can otherwise take years to unlock. Watch the trailer Close Take your skillset way beyond syntax expertise Being a senior level JavaScript developer is not about memorising countless methods and properties, it’s about gaining a fundamental understanding of the way JavaScript “thinks”. Here’s the rub: there isn’t always time in a project to dig into the how and why — not when there’s work to do and tickets to close. Gaining that understanding through trial and error, copied-and-pasted snippets, or working with frameworks that make tasks quicker and easier by papering over the gritty details can take a person years. What I’m doing with this course is to teach you how the language works , how it really works, because that knowledge is what sets a truly senior developer apart. After you complete this course, your knowledge of the language will give you unrecognisable levels of confidence and transferable skills that you can apply, regardless of your organisation’s preference in framework. This course isn’t a catalogue of every method and property JavaScript has to offer; you won’t find any flash cards or vocab quizzes here. We’re going to focus on the syntaxes you’re most likely to encounter in your day-to-day work , the ones that make up more advanced features of the language, and most importantly, the ones that will help you gain a better understanding of JavaScript , the language, as it is played. My goal isn’t for you to walk away from this course knowing the whole of JavaScript — that’s impossible. My goal is to help you understand JavaScript : why it works the way it does, why sometimes things that feel like they should work don’t , and why things that feel like they shouldn’t work sometimes do . If you should find yourself hitting a wall, don’t stress: I’ll be here to help right alongside your peers in the JavaScript for Everyone Discord community. — Mat Take the course for just £249 £199.20 Let’s take your skillset way beyond syntax expertise If I wanted to learn something, I’d first check to see if Mat Marquis wrote about it. I know few people as skilled at breaking down complex ideas into human-sized chunks; I know even fewer folks who write with such easy, approachable wit. I’ve learned so much from Mat over my career, and I’m excited I’ll be learning something new from him real soon. I can’t wait to check out JavaScript for Everyone. Ethan Marcotte , Designer, writer and creator of responsive web design I’d read Mat’s writing purely for pleasure. I’ve read a lot of technical writing in my time. It’s a skill to deliver technical correctness with clarity and brevity. Even then, rarely do you end up with anything fun. Mat reads like a grizzled poet, with more curly brackets than em dashes, teaching you just what you need right when you need it. It’s perfect, and you’ll end up wanting more. Chris Coyier , Co-Founder, CodePen I have read every single word of this course and let me tell you, it is unbelievable . JavaScript is a complicated language to learn, especially for someone like me, who’s a designer by trade. Even with that context, I can feel how much better I am at writing JavaScript and how much more confident I am. I’m so thankful to Mat for that, especially. Andy Bell , Founder, Piccalilli Why take this course? Benefits Education from an industry expert Your instructor, Mat Marquis has over 20 years in the industry, and an eye-watering depth of experience. You may not realize it in the moment, but you’re already familiar with his output — from his pioneering responsive web design work with the Boston Globe, to his time on the jQuery Team, to Chairing The web standards group at the W3C that brought responsive image markup to the web platform. Mat is a two-time A Book Apart author, has written multiple courses for Google's web.dev learning platform, and has spoken at conferences like Smashing, Beyond Tellerand, and An Event Apart. In his own words, he “ keeps busy .” Skills that will always beat AI reliance You might think “it’s ok, I don't need to understand JavaScript too deeply because I can lean on AI” and sure, we understand why people feel like that. The problem with AI tools though is they make you a passive developer and when stuff does go wrong — which it always does — by having a deep knowledge of JavaScript from this course, you will be able to tackle those problems head-on and you’ll fully understand what has actually gone wrong , regardless of the framework and tools you use. And beyond that, if you do need or choose to use AI, this depth of knowledge will help you to elevate the output of the tools to match your standards, not the other way around. A long-term guide that you can trust The course is designed to be read, lesson-by-lesson, in order, at your own pace , but it’s much more than that. You’re going to stumble into issues while you work with JavaScript, so this course, in the long-term, will be a trusted resource you can pick up, again and again to help you out. All content updates are free forever as this content evolves to be as useful as possible for everyone. Accessible, highly approachable content This course is over 86,000 words. With his highly approachable and digestible writing style and inimitable wit , Mat manages to deliver this depth of content in a way that makes it highly accessible. This is the thing you see, it's all about how you teach. Anyone could write a dry, but detailed guide about how JavaScript works, but most people would just gloss over that. Mat gives you the details — oh boy, he does that — but he does so with a rhythm and flow that helps that knowledge to stick . There's no better way to learn than with a smile on your face. Our end-game is to give you the skills you need for long-term career progression Let’s get you paid By learning how and why JavaScript works on a fundamental level, you’ll be in a stronger position to weather the changes our industry is going through. Our industry is changing, constantly. The AI hype cycle poses an increasing risk to job security, and despite every promise otherwise the output from AI code generators is failing to live up to the hype . Deep knowledge and skills have never been more important. Understanding JavaScript deeply will mean you’ll be the one that’s called upon to oversee and course correct the AI-generated output . And when the AI bubble does pop, having a deep knowledge of how JavaScript works will put you in a strong position to command more compensation and better terms because you’ll be in the strongest position to fix the mess left behind by AI . Take the course for just £249 £199.20 Let’s take your skillset way beyond syntax expertise Mat’s domain experience, moral compass, and playful rhetoric make him one of my favourite tech writers working today. Whatever he chooses to publish, you can rest assured that reading will broaden your horizons and lighten your spirits. Mike Pennisi , Worker-owner and engineer at Bocoup Mat’s writing stands out in an industry that is full of unnecessary over-complication for complication’s sake. He takes technical concepts and breaks them down in a way that is direct, easy to understand, and oftentimes entertaining. JavaScript for Everyone is a gift for anyone looking to improve their understanding of the language that powers the web. Eric Bailey , Senior Accessibility Designer, GitHub A lot of folks in tech spend their careers building enormous (and enormously intimidating) walls of complexity. Mat’s made his career out of smashing those walls: breaking ’em down with clarity and concision and making sure everything he puts into the world is inclusive, approachable, and, frankly – fun Eric Portis , Developer Evangelist, Cloudinary This course goes deep Curriculum overview With over fifty lessons spanning twelve modules, and over 86,000 words, this course will teach you to understand JavaScript deeply . JavaScript is a complicated language to learn, and Mat’s unique, highly approachable writing style brings a rhythm and flow that really helps the knowledge to stick. See all the modules and lessons Intro # 1 Welcome to JavaScript for Everyone # 2 The Fall and Rise of JavaScript # 3 Strict Mode is the Greatest Lexical Grammar # 4 Intro to Lexical Analysis # 5 Whitespace and Comments # 6 Case sensitivity # 7 Expressions Free to read # 8 Statements Primitives # 9 Introduction to Primitives # 10 Numbers # 11 Strings # 12 Booleans # 13 null and undefined # 14 BigInt # 15 Symbol Variables # 16 Introduction to Variables # 17 Identifiers # 18 Declarations and Variable Scope # 19 Destructuring Assignment Indexed Collections # 20 Introduction to Indexed Collections # 21 Creating Arrays # 22 Accessing Array Elements # 23 Spread Syntax Keyed Collections # 24 Intro to Keyed Collections # 25 Set (and WeakSet) # 26 Map (and WeakMap) Objects # 27 Introduction to Objects # 28 Creating Properties # 29 Accessing Properties # 30 Prototypes and Prototypal Inheritance # 31 Property Descriptors Iterables and Iterators # 32 Introduction to Iterables and Iterators # 33 Iterables and Iteration # 34 Iterators Free to read # 35 Iterateds Functions # 36 Introduction to Functions # 37 Defining Functions # 38 Invoking Functions # 39 Generator Functions # 40 Constructor Functions # 41 this Classes # 42 Intro to Classes # 43 Defining and Invoking Classes # 44 Class Methods and Properties # 45 Public Fields # 46 Private and Static Fields # 47 Extending Classes Asynchronous JavaScript # 48 Introduction to Asynchronous JavaScript Free to read # 49 Creating Promises Free to read # 50 Consuming Promises Free to read # 51 Asynchronous Functions Free to read Wrapping up # 52 Wrapping Up # 53 Acknowledgments Frequently asked questions Let’s clear up any worries you might have with some quick-fire answers. What skills do I need to have? To get the most from this course, you should have at least fundamental JavaScript skills. You can get those for free in my web.dev Learn JavaScript course . Once you have these basics covered, you’re more than qualified to take the course! I’m a senior level developer. Is this course worth taking? Our job as senior level developers is to maintain an extremely high level of technical knowledge to help our more junior team members, so yes, absolutely. It’s also our job to tackle the most difficult of problems in our day-to-day. Having an up to date, deep knowledge of JavaScript is only going to help that. What other courses/books have you written? Mat is the author of JavaScript for Web Designers and Image Performance from A Book Apart. He also wrote the Learn JavaScript and Learn Images courses for Google’s web.dev. Is there a set timeframe to complete the course? The course is in a mixed-media, mostly written format with no timeframe . You can start whenever you like and pick it up when you have time available. There’s no set cohorts or timelines to work to. How long does the course take? Our advice is that the course should take around 15-30 hours to complete. Because this is a written course, and people’s reading speeds are different, your mileage might vary, however. What’s the refund policy? We’re confident that you’re going to get a lot of value from this course, but if you are not happy with your purchase within 14 days, please get in touch and we’ll refund your purchase in full. The price is in GBP, does that mean it’s UK only? Not at all, it’s for everyone, globally. We charge in GBP because we are a UK-based company. Stripe, our payment processor, will charge you in your local currency. Do you offer Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)? If you’re coming in from a supported PPP country, you’ll see a discount code before you check out. If there is a promotion running — for example, a launch discount — we will present the cheapest price for you ; either PPP or promotion discount. PPP discounts are applied to the full price of the course . If you’re coming in from a country that normally receives a PPP discount but we haven’t provided a discount code, please get in touch and our support team will be more than happy to help you out. Do you offer bulk discounts for companies? We do indeed! Head over to our company licences page to see our available discounts, order your company licence and see options for more complicated billing needs (don't worry, we get it). I don’t have a credit or debit card and you use Stripe for payments You can now use PayPal, directly via Stripe along with various other options. We’ve turned on all the switches but if none of the options work for you, get in touch and we’ll find a way for you. Can I pay for the course monthly? We don’t directly have a mechanism for paying for courses in parts, or a monthly subscription, but via Stripe, PayPal will enable you to pay over three months. There’s also options such as Klarna, via Stripe. About your instructor A course by Mat Marquis My name is Mat “Wilto” Marquis, and I build websites . I’m an independent designer, front-end developer, and consultant. I’m also a retired amateur boxer, halfway decent cook, passable carpenter, bumbling antique British motorcycle mechanic, urban beekeeper, and occasional zine editor . I keep busy. I've been building websites for almost twenty years now, working with clients like Microsoft, ProPublica, Axios, and the Boston Globe. My areas of expertise are accessibility and front-end performance, and my goal is to build a web that can better reach users in any browsing context, regardless of the size of their screen, the speed of their internet connection, the age of their device, or the combination of browsers and assistive technologies they use. In the past I've been a member of the jQuery Team, an editor of the HTML specification, author of multiple books with A Book Apart, speaker at conferences like An Event Apart and Smashing Conference — I was even in the movie What Comes Next is the Future to discuss my role as Chair of the group responsible for bringing responsive image markup to the web platform. I’ve got an IMDB page for it and everything! Just—… just ignore the other thing on there. Long story. Let’s take your JavaScript skills further than you ever thought possible Take the course Take the course for just £249 £199.20 What you get: Support and community Everyone who purchases JavaScript for Everyone gets access to an exclusive Discord community where you can get support from your instructor and your peers. Comprehensive, structured learning The course is delivered in an accessible, mixed media format that’s easy to consume and easy to pick up where you left off. Lifetime access Pay once and get lifetime access to all the current and future course material. A certificate of completion It’s really important for some organisations that you get a certificate of completion. We’ve got your back with that. Customer support Our customer support team are ready to help out with queries whenever you have them. Effective use of training budgets You’ll learn transferable and high quality, applicable skills, making this a sound investment of your training budget. Join over 2,000 others taking our courses to super-charge their career prospects, for just £249 £199.20 Price excludes sales tax/VAT where applicable. Tax will be calculated at checkout based on your location/business. By purchasing, you agree to our terms and conditions . You get a 20% discount which saves you £49.80 because you arrived from Mat’s article. Use code MATSARTICLE at checkout to get this course for only £199.20. Enter the email that you want to access your course with and we’ll send you to Stripe to complete your purchase, where you can also apply a coupon code. Enter the email you want to use for access Sign me up for the JavaScript for Everyone updates newsletter Proceed to checkout Need multiple licences for your team? Save up to 45% with team discounts for companies buying multiple licences for their staff members. Already purchased? Log in to JavaScript for Everyone Not ready to purchase? Sign up to hear first about sales, promotions and other course updates. 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https://docs.python.org/3/library/copy.html#shallow-vs-deep-copy | copy — Shallow and deep copy operations — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types Next topic pprint — Data pretty printer This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Data Types » copy — Shallow and deep copy operations | Theme Auto Light Dark | copy — Shallow and deep copy operations ¶ Source code: Lib/copy.py Assignment statements in Python do not copy objects, they create bindings between a target and an object. For collections that are mutable or contain mutable items, a copy is sometimes needed so one can change one copy without changing the other. This module provides generic shallow and deep copy operations (explained below). Interface summary: copy. copy ( obj ) ¶ Return a shallow copy of obj . copy. deepcopy ( obj [ , memo ] ) ¶ Return a deep copy of obj . copy. replace ( obj , / , ** changes ) ¶ Creates a new object of the same type as obj , replacing fields with values from changes . Added in version 3.13. exception copy. Error ¶ Raised for module specific errors. The difference between shallow and deep copying is only relevant for compound objects (objects that contain other objects, like lists or class instances): A shallow copy constructs a new compound object and then (to the extent possible) inserts references into it to the objects found in the original. A deep copy constructs a new compound object and then, recursively, inserts copies into it of the objects found in the original. Two problems often exist with deep copy operations that don’t exist with shallow copy operations: Recursive objects (compound objects that, directly or indirectly, contain a reference to themselves) may cause a recursive loop. Because deep copy copies everything it may copy too much, such as data which is intended to be shared between copies. The deepcopy() function avoids these problems by: keeping a memo dictionary of objects already copied during the current copying pass; and letting user-defined classes override the copying operation or the set of components copied. This module does not copy types like module, method, stack trace, stack frame, file, socket, window, or any similar types. It does “copy” functions and classes (shallow and deeply), by returning the original object unchanged; this is compatible with the way these are treated by the pickle module. Shallow copies of dictionaries can be made using dict.copy() , and of lists by assigning a slice of the entire list, for example, copied_list = original_list[:] . Classes can use the same interfaces to control copying that they use to control pickling. See the description of module pickle for information on these methods. In fact, the copy module uses the registered pickle functions from the copyreg module. In order for a class to define its own copy implementation, it can define special methods __copy__() and __deepcopy__() . object. __copy__ ( self ) ¶ Called to implement the shallow copy operation; no additional arguments are passed. object. __deepcopy__ ( self , memo ) ¶ Called to implement the deep copy operation; it is passed one argument, the memo dictionary. If the __deepcopy__ implementation needs to make a deep copy of a component, it should call the deepcopy() function with the component as first argument and the memo dictionary as second argument. The memo dictionary should be treated as an opaque object. Function copy.replace() is more limited than copy() and deepcopy() , and only supports named tuples created by namedtuple() , dataclasses , and other classes which define method __replace__() . object. __replace__ ( self , / , ** changes ) ¶ This method should create a new object of the same type, replacing fields with values from changes . Added in version 3.13. See also Module pickle Discussion of the special methods used to support object state retrieval and restoration. Previous topic types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types Next topic pprint — Data pretty printer This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Data Types » copy — Shallow and deep copy operations | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Browser / highlight.run SDK / Proxying Highlight Proxying Highlight Proxying is only available on our Business Plan . If you would like use this, please reach out to sales@highlight.io. If you're not seeing sessions or errors on Highlight, chances are that requests to Highlight are being blocked. This can happen for different reasons such as a third-party browser extensions, browser configuration, or VPN settings. One way we can avoid this is by setting up proxy from your domain to Highlight. To do this, you will need access to your domain's DNS settings. Setting up the proxy On your domain, add a CNAME record that points highlight.<YOUR_DOMAIN> to pub.highlight.run . Send us an email at sales@highlight.io so we can send over a cost proposal for your annual usage. Below is an example email/message that you can send over. Hello! I'd like to use the Highlight Proxy and I'm interested in an annual plan. I've set up an CNAME record for: highlight.piedpiper.com Example You have an app running on https://piedpiper.com . Your DNS record will point highlight.piedpiper.com to our backend. Using the Proxy In your app where you call H.init() , you will need to set backendUrl to the DNS record you just created. For the example above: H.init('<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>', { backendUrl: 'https://highlight.piedpiper.com', }) You should now see Highlight making requests to https://highlight.piedpiper.com instead of https://pub.highlight.run . Privacy React.js Error Boundary Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/privacy#11-other-provisions | Privacy Policy - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. 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https://docs.python.org/reference/index.html | The Python Language Reference — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic 8. Editors and IDEs Next topic 1. Introduction This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Language Reference | Theme Auto Light Dark | The Python Language Reference ¶ This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules are described in The Python Standard Library . For an informal introduction to the language, see The Python Tutorial . For C or C++ programmers, two additional manuals exist: Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter describes the high-level picture of how to write a Python extension module, and the Python/C API Reference Manual describes the interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail. 1. Introduction 1.1. Alternate Implementations 1.2. Notation 2. Lexical analysis 2.1. Line structure 2.2. Other tokens 2.3. Names (identifiers and keywords) 2.4. Literals 2.5. String and Bytes literals 2.6. Numeric literals 2.7. Operators and delimiters 3. Data model 3.1. Objects, values and types 3.2. The standard type hierarchy 3.3. Special method names 3.4. Coroutines 4. Execution model 4.1. Structure of a program 4.2. Naming and binding 4.3. Exceptions 4.4. Runtime Components 5. The import system 5.1. importlib 5.2. Packages 5.3. Searching 5.4. Loading 5.5. The Path Based Finder 5.6. Replacing the standard import system 5.7. Package Relative Imports 5.8. Special considerations for __main__ 5.9. References 6. Expressions 6.1. Arithmetic conversions 6.2. Atoms 6.3. Primaries 6.4. Await expression 6.5. The power operator 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations 6.8. Shifting operations 6.9. Binary bitwise operations 6.10. Comparisons 6.11. Boolean operations 6.12. Assignment expressions 6.13. Conditional expressions 6.14. Lambdas 6.15. Expression lists 6.16. Evaluation order 6.17. Operator precedence 7. Simple statements 7.1. Expression statements 7.2. Assignment statements 7.3. The assert statement 7.4. The pass statement 7.5. The del statement 7.6. The return statement 7.7. The yield statement 7.8. The raise statement 7.9. The break statement 7.10. The continue statement 7.11. The import statement 7.12. The global statement 7.13. The nonlocal statement 7.14. The type statement 8. Compound statements 8.1. The if statement 8.2. The while statement 8.3. The for statement 8.4. The try statement 8.5. The with statement 8.6. The match statement 8.7. Function definitions 8.8. Class definitions 8.9. Coroutines 8.10. Type parameter lists 8.11. Annotations 9. Top-level components 9.1. Complete Python programs 9.2. File input 9.3. Interactive input 9.4. Expression input 10. Full Grammar specification Previous topic 8. Editors and IDEs Next topic 1. Introduction This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Language Reference | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/amigosmaker/python-gui-pyqt-vs-tkinter-5hdd#disadvantages-of-using-pyqt | Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse amigos-maker Posted on Oct 31, 2019 • Edited on May 22, 2020 Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter # python Both Tkinter and PyQt are useful for designing acceptable GUI’s, but at the same time, they differ in terms of adaptability and functionality. Mostly, Tkinter is all about writing GUI yourself, program your settings or functionality in the same script. On the other hand, in PyQt, you separate GUI in a script, and use your Python knowledge from another script. Instead of creating your own code for the user interface, you can simply adopt the Qt Designer functions to develop your application . Therefore, let’s see what the main differences and advantages of PyQt vs. Tkinter are. PyQt Advantages of using PyQt Coding flexibility – GUI programming with Qt is designed around the concept of signals and slots for establishing communication amongst objects. That permits flexibility when dealing with GUI events and results in a smoother codebase. More than a framework – Qt uses a wide array of native platform APIs for the purpose of networking, database creation, and many more . It offers primary access to them via a unique API. Various UI components – Qt offers several widgets, such as buttons or menus , all designed with a basic appearance across all supported platforms. Various learning resources – because PyQt is one of the most used UI frameworks for Python, you can get easy access to a wide array of documentation. Easy to master – PyQt comes with a user-friendly, straightforward API functionality, along with specific classes linked to Qt C++. This allows the user to use previous knowledge from either Qt or C++, making PyQt easy to understand. Disadvantages of using PyQt Lack of Python-specific documentation for classes in PyQt5 It requires a lot of time for understanding all the details of PyQt, meaning it is a quite steep learning curve Tkinter Advantages of using Tkinter Available out-of-charge for commercial usage. It is featured in the underlying Python library. Creating executables for Tkinter apps is more accessible since Tkinter is included in Python, and, as a consequence, it comes with no other dependencies. Simple to understand and master, as Tkinter is a limited library with a simple API, being the primary choice for creating fast GUIs for Python scripts. Disadvantages of using Tkinter Tkinter does not include advanced widgets. It has no similar tool as Qt Designer for Tkinter. It doesn't have a native look and feel What to choose? Anyhow, in most situations, the best solution is using PyQt, considering the advantages and disadvantages of both PyQt and Tkinter. GUI programming with Qt is created around signals and slots for communication amongst objects. Thus, it allows flexibility, while it gets to the programmer access to a wide array of tools. Tkinter can indeed be useful for those that want to design a fundamental and rapid GUIs for Python scripts, yet for a more advanced programming result , almost all programmers opt for the functionalities that come with PyQt . They admit it is worth mastering the advanced knowledge of PyQt due to the professional programming results that come along. Thus, when it comes to PyQt vs. Tkinter, it all depends on how much you want to learn and discover. Resources: Course: PyQt dekstop apps PyQt hello world Tkinter tutorial Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand robin deatherage robin deatherage robin deatherage Follow I am a retired Machine Programmer who's passion is still entrenched heavily into Computer Sciences. Location Texas Education NMU Work Machine Programmer at Namco Joined Nov 14, 2019 • Nov 14 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually it is Tk that is far more advanced than PyQt or Wx. I will explain why. Tk is still ahead of most all GUI Toolkits by as much as fifteen to twenty years as it is one of three of the only GUI Widget Toolkit made from the Original Toolkit Library. And is one of only three GUI Toolkits besides GTK and the NCSA Mosaic Canvas Toolkit that powers both the proprietary underlying HTML rendering Engines used by Netscape Navigator, WebKit, WebView, IE, Edge, Safari, Chrome, Chromium among a few others. The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. Many also are not aware that before 2009 there were still over fifty Web Browsers with Rendering Engines entirely developed using Tk that at that time were still being downloaded. Now Python does lack the 3D OpenGL that comes with Tk 8.6 and lacks the Video Codecs that are also in the Tk version, but they can be PyObject directly tied in and used, but only a handful of us are doing so. Also to Mimic all other GUI Libraries all one has to do is place all widgets and or create your own and ploace them individually inside Frames for each one. The Frames are the secret behind Tkinter and if placed within a Canvas give you full things such as radius buttons, cells for rendering HTML Blocks and or New Widgets. Thanks ! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand ErtY'wek ErtY'wek ErtY'wek Follow Joined May 27, 2020 • May 27 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide "The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. " Can you explain to a programming newbie? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Follow Joined Jun 13, 2018 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Interesting comparison. I've used Qt in C++ in the past and recently used PyQt5 to make a prototype ( github.com/MrEliptik/shotty ) and I loved it! The lack of python specific documentation can be a bit painful from time to time but hopefully someone on SO faced the same issue. Also, the bindings are really similar to Qt for c++ so usually you can use the C++ docs. You talked about Widgets for PyQt but you could also use QML right? I think it's especially interesting since it enables a lot of customization and can be interesting to make good looking apps such as desktop.telegram.org/ . Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Looks like a cool app you made! Right, you can use QML also Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand michael michael michael Follow Games and GUI in c++ and python. builds web scrapers with python Email michaelobi54@gmail.com Location Nigeria Work Engineering undergraduate Joined Jul 20, 2020 • Jul 20 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think Tkinter is underrated...partly because of the learning curve as you have to code every widget.But when you get a hang of it, it’s really great. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 More from amigos-maker Waar kun je Flask voor gebruiken? (Dutch) # python # flask # nederlands # dutch What is Flask used for? # python # flask Wat is Flask? (Dutch) # python # flask 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/systemdesign/page/11 | Systemdesign Page 11 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # systemdesign Follow Hide Create Post Older #systemdesign posts 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu [설계, 기록] 기업별 아키텍처 , 사례연구 GyeongSeon GyeongSeon GyeongSeon Follow Nov 29 '25 [설계, 기록] 기업별 아키텍처 , 사례연구 # systemdesign # architecture # alexxu Comments Add Comment 2 min read EP 2: Vertical Scaling: Is Bigger Always Better? 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https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#typesnumeric | Built-in Types — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents Built-in Types Truth Value Testing Boolean Operations — and , or , not Comparisons Numeric Types — int , float , complex Bitwise Operations on Integer Types Additional Methods on Integer Types Additional Methods on Float Additional Methods on Complex Hashing of numeric types Boolean Type - bool Iterator Types Generator Types Sequence Types — list , tuple , range Common Sequence Operations Immutable Sequence Types Mutable Sequence Types Lists Tuples Ranges Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary Text Sequence Type — str String Methods Formatted String Literals (f-strings) Debug specifier Conversion specifier Format specifier Template String Literals (t-strings) printf -style String Formatting Binary Sequence Types — bytes , bytearray , memoryview Bytes Objects Bytearray Objects Bytes and Bytearray Operations printf -style Bytes Formatting Memory Views Set Types — set , frozenset Mapping Types — dict Dictionary view objects Context Manager Types Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias , Union Generic Alias Type Standard Generic Classes Special Attributes of GenericAlias objects Union Type Other Built-in Types Modules Classes and Class Instances Functions Methods Code Objects Type Objects The Null Object The Ellipsis Object The NotImplemented Object Internal Objects Special Attributes Integer string conversion length limitation Affected APIs Configuring the limit Recommended configuration Previous topic Built-in Constants Next topic Built-in Exceptions This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Built-in Types | Theme Auto Light Dark | Built-in Types ¶ The following sections describe the standard types that are built into the interpreter. The principal built-in types are numerics, sequences, mappings, classes, instances and exceptions. Some collection classes are mutable. The methods that add, subtract, or rearrange their members in place, and don’t return a specific item, never return the collection instance itself but None . Some operations are supported by several object types; in particular, practically all objects can be compared for equality, tested for truth value, and converted to a string (with the repr() function or the slightly different str() function). The latter function is implicitly used when an object is written by the print() function. Truth Value Testing ¶ Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below. By default, an object is considered true unless its class defines either a __bool__() method that returns False or a __len__() method that returns zero, when called with the object. [ 1 ] If one of the methods raises an exception when called, the exception is propagated and the object does not have a truth value (for example, NotImplemented ). Here are most of the built-in objects considered false: constants defined to be false: None and False zero of any numeric type: 0 , 0.0 , 0j , Decimal(0) , Fraction(0, 1) empty sequences and collections: '' , () , [] , {} , set() , range(0) Operations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result always return 0 or False for false and 1 or True for true, unless otherwise stated. (Important exception: the Boolean operations or and and always return one of their operands.) Boolean Operations — and , or , not ¶ These are the Boolean operations, ordered by ascending priority: Operation Result Notes x or y if x is true, then x , else y (1) x and y if x is false, then x , else y (2) not x if x is false, then True , else False (3) Notes: This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is false. This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is true. not has a lower priority than non-Boolean operators, so not a == b is interpreted as not (a == b) , and a == not b is a syntax error. Comparisons ¶ There are eight comparison operations in Python. They all have the same priority (which is higher than that of the Boolean operations). Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example, x < y <= z is equivalent to x < y and y <= z , except that y is evaluated only once (but in both cases z is not evaluated at all when x < y is found to be false). This table summarizes the comparison operations: Operation Meaning < strictly less than <= less than or equal > strictly greater than >= greater than or equal == equal != not equal is object identity is not negated object identity Unless stated otherwise, objects of different types never compare equal. The == operator is always defined but for some object types (for example, class objects) is equivalent to is . The < , <= , > and >= operators are only defined where they make sense; for example, they raise a TypeError exception when one of the arguments is a complex number. Non-identical instances of a class normally compare as non-equal unless the class defines the __eq__() method. Instances of a class cannot be ordered with respect to other instances of the same class, or other types of object, unless the class defines enough of the methods __lt__() , __le__() , __gt__() , and __ge__() (in general, __lt__() and __eq__() are sufficient, if you want the conventional meanings of the comparison operators). The behavior of the is and is not operators cannot be customized; also they can be applied to any two objects and never raise an exception. Two more operations with the same syntactic priority, in and not in , are supported by types that are iterable or implement the __contains__() method. Numeric Types — int , float , complex ¶ There are three distinct numeric types: integers , floating-point numbers , and complex numbers . In addition, Booleans are a subtype of integers. Integers have unlimited precision. Floating-point numbers are usually implemented using double in C; information about the precision and internal representation of floating-point numbers for the machine on which your program is running is available in sys.float_info . Complex numbers have a real and imaginary part, which are each a floating-point number. To extract these parts from a complex number z , use z.real and z.imag . (The standard library includes the additional numeric types fractions.Fraction , for rationals, and decimal.Decimal , for floating-point numbers with user-definable precision.) Numbers are created by numeric literals or as the result of built-in functions and operators. Unadorned integer literals (including hex, octal and binary numbers) yield integers. Numeric literals containing a decimal point or an exponent sign yield floating-point numbers. Appending 'j' or 'J' to a numeric literal yields an imaginary number (a complex number with a zero real part) which you can add to an integer or float to get a complex number with real and imaginary parts. The constructors int() , float() , and complex() can be used to produce numbers of a specific type. Python fully supports mixed arithmetic: when a binary arithmetic operator has operands of different numeric types, the operand with the “narrower” type is widened to that of the other, where integer is narrower than floating point. Arithmetic with complex and real operands is defined by the usual mathematical formula, for example: x + complex ( u , v ) = complex ( x + u , v ) x * complex ( u , v ) = complex ( x * u , x * v ) A comparison between numbers of different types behaves as though the exact values of those numbers were being compared. [ 2 ] All numeric types (except complex) support the following operations (for priorities of the operations, see Operator precedence ): Operation Result Notes Full documentation x + y sum of x and y x - y difference of x and y x * y product of x and y x / y quotient of x and y x // y floored quotient of x and y (1)(2) x % y remainder of x / y (2) -x x negated +x x unchanged abs(x) absolute value or magnitude of x abs() int(x) x converted to integer (3)(6) int() float(x) x converted to floating point (4)(6) float() complex(re, im) a complex number with real part re , imaginary part im . im defaults to zero. (6) complex() c.conjugate() conjugate of the complex number c divmod(x, y) the pair (x // y, x % y) (2) divmod() pow(x, y) x to the power y (5) pow() x ** y x to the power y (5) Notes: Also referred to as integer division. For operands of type int , the result has type int . For operands of type float , the result has type float . In general, the result is a whole integer, though the result’s type is not necessarily int . The result is always rounded towards minus infinity: 1//2 is 0 , (-1)//2 is -1 , 1//(-2) is -1 , and (-1)//(-2) is 0 . Not for complex numbers. Instead convert to floats using abs() if appropriate. Conversion from float to int truncates, discarding the fractional part. See functions math.floor() and math.ceil() for alternative conversions. float also accepts the strings “nan” and “inf” with an optional prefix “+” or “-” for Not a Number (NaN) and positive or negative infinity. Python defines pow(0, 0) and 0 ** 0 to be 1 , as is common for programming languages. The numeric literals accepted include the digits 0 to 9 or any Unicode equivalent (code points with the Nd property). See the Unicode Standard for a complete list of code points with the Nd property. All numbers.Real types ( int and float ) also include the following operations: Operation Result math.trunc(x) x truncated to Integral round(x[, n]) x rounded to n digits, rounding half to even. If n is omitted, it defaults to 0. math.floor(x) the greatest Integral <= x math.ceil(x) the least Integral >= x For additional numeric operations see the math and cmath modules. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types ¶ Bitwise operations only make sense for integers. The result of bitwise operations is calculated as though carried out in two’s complement with an infinite number of sign bits. The priorities of the binary bitwise operations are all lower than the numeric operations and higher than the comparisons; the unary operation ~ has the same priority as the other unary numeric operations ( + and - ). This table lists the bitwise operations sorted in ascending priority: Operation Result Notes x | y bitwise or of x and y (4) x ^ y bitwise exclusive or of x and y (4) x & y bitwise and of x and y (4) x << n x shifted left by n bits (1)(2) x >> n x shifted right by n bits (1)(3) ~x the bits of x inverted Notes: Negative shift counts are illegal and cause a ValueError to be raised. A left shift by n bits is equivalent to multiplication by pow(2, n) . A right shift by n bits is equivalent to floor division by pow(2, n) . Performing these calculations with at least one extra sign extension bit in a finite two’s complement representation (a working bit-width of 1 + max(x.bit_length(), y.bit_length()) or more) is sufficient to get the same result as if there were an infinite number of sign bits. Additional Methods on Integer Types ¶ The int type implements the numbers.Integral abstract base class . In addition, it provides a few more methods: int. bit_length ( ) ¶ Return the number of bits necessary to represent an integer in binary, excluding the sign and leading zeros: >>> n = - 37 >>> bin ( n ) '-0b100101' >>> n . bit_length () 6 More precisely, if x is nonzero, then x.bit_length() is the unique positive integer k such that 2**(k-1) <= abs(x) < 2**k . Equivalently, when abs(x) is small enough to have a correctly rounded logarithm, then k = 1 + int(log(abs(x), 2)) . If x is zero, then x.bit_length() returns 0 . Equivalent to: def bit_length ( self ): s = bin ( self ) # binary representation: bin(-37) --> '-0b100101' s = s . lstrip ( '-0b' ) # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len ( s ) # len('100101') --> 6 Added in version 3.1. int. bit_count ( ) ¶ Return the number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of the integer. This is also known as the population count. Example: >>> n = 19 >>> bin ( n ) '0b10011' >>> n . bit_count () 3 >>> ( - n ) . bit_count () 3 Equivalent to: def bit_count ( self ): return bin ( self ) . count ( "1" ) Added in version 3.10. int. to_bytes ( length = 1 , byteorder = 'big' , * , signed = False ) ¶ Return an array of bytes representing an integer. >>> ( 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 2 , byteorder = 'big' ) b'\x04\x00' >>> ( 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 10 , byteorder = 'big' ) b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00' >>> ( - 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 10 , byteorder = 'big' , signed = True ) b'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfc\x00' >>> x = 1000 >>> x . to_bytes (( x . bit_length () + 7 ) // 8 , byteorder = 'little' ) b'\xe8\x03' The integer is represented using length bytes, and defaults to 1. An OverflowError is raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big" . If byteorder is "big" , the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is "little" , the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. The signed argument determines whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError is raised. The default value for signed is False . The default values can be used to conveniently turn an integer into a single byte object: >>> ( 65 ) . to_bytes () b'A' However, when using the default arguments, don’t try to convert a value greater than 255 or you’ll get an OverflowError . Equivalent to: def to_bytes ( n , length = 1 , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ): if byteorder == 'little' : order = range ( length ) elif byteorder == 'big' : order = reversed ( range ( length )) else : raise ValueError ( "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'" ) return bytes (( n >> i * 8 ) & 0xff for i in order ) Added in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.11: Added default argument values for length and byteorder . classmethod int. from_bytes ( bytes , byteorder = 'big' , * , signed = False ) ¶ Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes. >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \x00\x10 ' , byteorder = 'big' ) 16 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \x00\x10 ' , byteorder = 'little' ) 4096 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \xfc\x00 ' , byteorder = 'big' , signed = True ) -1024 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \xfc\x00 ' , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ) 64512 >>> int . from_bytes ([ 255 , 0 , 0 ], byteorder = 'big' ) 16711680 The argument bytes must either be a bytes-like object or an iterable producing bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big" . If byteorder is "big" , the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is "little" , the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use sys.byteorder as the byte order value. The signed argument indicates whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. Equivalent to: def from_bytes ( bytes , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ): if byteorder == 'little' : little_ordered = list ( bytes ) elif byteorder == 'big' : little_ordered = list ( reversed ( bytes )) else : raise ValueError ( "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'" ) n = sum ( b << i * 8 for i , b in enumerate ( little_ordered )) if signed and little_ordered and ( little_ordered [ - 1 ] & 0x80 ): n -= 1 << 8 * len ( little_ordered ) return n Added in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.11: Added default argument value for byteorder . int. as_integer_ratio ( ) ¶ Return a pair of integers whose ratio is equal to the original integer and has a positive denominator. The integer ratio of integers (whole numbers) is always the integer as the numerator and 1 as the denominator. Added in version 3.8. int. is_integer ( ) ¶ Returns True . Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer() . Added in version 3.12. Additional Methods on Float ¶ The float type implements the numbers.Real abstract base class . float also has the following additional methods. classmethod float. from_number ( x ) ¶ Class method to return a floating-point number constructed from a number x . If the argument is an integer or a floating-point number, a floating-point number with the same value (within Python’s floating-point precision) is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an OverflowError will be raised. For a general Python object x , float.from_number(x) delegates to x.__float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . Added in version 3.14. float. as_integer_ratio ( ) ¶ Return a pair of integers whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float. The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. Raises OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs. float. is_integer ( ) ¶ Return True if the float instance is finite with integral value, and False otherwise: >>> ( - 2.0 ) . is_integer () True >>> ( 3.2 ) . is_integer () False Two methods support conversion to and from hexadecimal strings. Since Python’s floats are stored internally as binary numbers, converting a float to or from a decimal string usually involves a small rounding error. In contrast, hexadecimal strings allow exact representation and specification of floating-point numbers. This can be useful when debugging, and in numerical work. float. hex ( ) ¶ Return a representation of a floating-point number as a hexadecimal string. For finite floating-point numbers, this representation will always include a leading 0x and a trailing p and exponent. classmethod float. fromhex ( s ) ¶ Class method to return the float represented by a hexadecimal string s . The string s may have leading and trailing whitespace. Note that float.hex() is an instance method, while float.fromhex() is a class method. A hexadecimal string takes the form: [ sign ] [ '0x' ] integer [ '.' fraction ] [ 'p' exponent ] where the optional sign may by either + or - , integer and fraction are strings of hexadecimal digits, and exponent is a decimal integer with an optional leading sign. Case is not significant, and there must be at least one hexadecimal digit in either the integer or the fraction. This syntax is similar to the syntax specified in section 6.4.4.2 of the C99 standard, and also to the syntax used in Java 1.5 onwards. In particular, the output of float.hex() is usable as a hexadecimal floating-point literal in C or Java code, and hexadecimal strings produced by C’s %a format character or Java’s Double.toHexString are accepted by float.fromhex() . Note that the exponent is written in decimal rather than hexadecimal, and that it gives the power of 2 by which to multiply the coefficient. For example, the hexadecimal string 0x3.a7p10 represents the floating-point number (3 + 10./16 + 7./16**2) * 2.0**10 , or 3740.0 : >>> float . fromhex ( '0x3.a7p10' ) 3740.0 Applying the reverse conversion to 3740.0 gives a different hexadecimal string representing the same number: >>> float . hex ( 3740.0 ) '0x1.d380000000000p+11' Additional Methods on Complex ¶ The complex type implements the numbers.Complex abstract base class . complex also has the following additional methods. classmethod complex. from_number ( x ) ¶ Class method to convert a number to a complex number. For a general Python object x , complex.from_number(x) delegates to x.__complex__() . If __complex__() is not defined then it falls back to __float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . Added in version 3.14. Hashing of numeric types ¶ For numbers x and y , possibly of different types, it’s a requirement that hash(x) == hash(y) whenever x == y (see the __hash__() method documentation for more details). For ease of implementation and efficiency across a variety of numeric types (including int , float , decimal.Decimal and fractions.Fraction ) Python’s hash for numeric types is based on a single mathematical function that’s defined for any rational number, and hence applies to all instances of int and fractions.Fraction , and all finite instances of float and decimal.Decimal . Essentially, this function is given by reduction modulo P for a fixed prime P . The value of P is made available to Python as the modulus attribute of sys.hash_info . CPython implementation detail: Currently, the prime used is P = 2**31 - 1 on machines with 32-bit C longs and P = 2**61 - 1 on machines with 64-bit C longs. Here are the rules in detail: If x = m / n is a nonnegative rational number and n is not divisible by P , define hash(x) as m * invmod(n, P) % P , where invmod(n, P) gives the inverse of n modulo P . If x = m / n is a nonnegative rational number and n is divisible by P (but m is not) then n has no inverse modulo P and the rule above doesn’t apply; in this case define hash(x) to be the constant value sys.hash_info.inf . If x = m / n is a negative rational number define hash(x) as -hash(-x) . If the resulting hash is -1 , replace it with -2 . The particular values sys.hash_info.inf and -sys.hash_info.inf are used as hash values for positive infinity or negative infinity (respectively). For a complex number z , the hash values of the real and imaginary parts are combined by computing hash(z.real) + sys.hash_info.imag * hash(z.imag) , reduced modulo 2**sys.hash_info.width so that it lies in range(-2**(sys.hash_info.width - 1), 2**(sys.hash_info.width - 1)) . Again, if the result is -1 , it’s replaced with -2 . To clarify the above rules, here’s some example Python code, equivalent to the built-in hash, for computing the hash of a rational number, float , or complex : import sys , math def hash_fraction ( m , n ): """Compute the hash of a rational number m / n. Assumes m and n are integers, with n positive. Equivalent to hash(fractions.Fraction(m, n)). """ P = sys . hash_info . modulus # Remove common factors of P. (Unnecessary if m and n already coprime.) while m % P == n % P == 0 : m , n = m // P , n // P if n % P == 0 : hash_value = sys . hash_info . inf else : # Fermat's Little Theorem: pow(n, P-1, P) is 1, so # pow(n, P-2, P) gives the inverse of n modulo P. hash_value = ( abs ( m ) % P ) * pow ( n , P - 2 , P ) % P if m < 0 : hash_value = - hash_value if hash_value == - 1 : hash_value = - 2 return hash_value def hash_float ( x ): """Compute the hash of a float x.""" if math . isnan ( x ): return object . __hash__ ( x ) elif math . isinf ( x ): return sys . hash_info . inf if x > 0 else - sys . hash_info . inf else : return hash_fraction ( * x . as_integer_ratio ()) def hash_complex ( z ): """Compute the hash of a complex number z.""" hash_value = hash_float ( z . real ) + sys . hash_info . imag * hash_float ( z . imag ) # do a signed reduction modulo 2**sys.hash_info.width M = 2 ** ( sys . hash_info . width - 1 ) hash_value = ( hash_value & ( M - 1 )) - ( hash_value & M ) if hash_value == - 1 : hash_value = - 2 return hash_value Boolean Type - bool ¶ Booleans represent truth values. The bool type has exactly two constant instances: True and False . The built-in function bool() converts any value to a boolean, if the value can be interpreted as a truth value (see section Truth Value Testing above). For logical operations, use the boolean operators and , or and not . When applying the bitwise operators & , | , ^ to two booleans, they return a bool equivalent to the logical operations “and”, “or”, “xor”. However, the logical operators and , or and != should be preferred over & , | and ^ . Deprecated since version 3.12: The use of the bitwise inversion operator ~ is deprecated and will raise an error in Python 3.16. bool is a subclass of int (see Numeric Types — int, float, complex ). In many numeric contexts, False and True behave like the integers 0 and 1, respectively. However, relying on this is discouraged; explicitly convert using int() instead. Iterator Types ¶ Python supports a concept of iteration over containers. This is implemented using two distinct methods; these are used to allow user-defined classes to support iteration. Sequences, described below in more detail, always support the iteration methods. One method needs to be defined for container objects to provide iterable support: container. __iter__ ( ) ¶ Return an iterator object. The object is required to support the iterator protocol described below. If a container supports different types of iteration, additional methods can be provided to specifically request iterators for those iteration types. (An example of an object supporting multiple forms of iteration would be a tree structure which supports both breadth-first and depth-first traversal.) This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. The iterator objects themselves are required to support the following two methods, which together form the iterator protocol : iterator. __iter__ ( ) ¶ Return the iterator object itself. This is required to allow both containers and iterators to be used with the for and in statements. This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. iterator. __next__ ( ) ¶ Return the next item from the iterator . If there are no further items, raise the StopIteration exception. This method corresponds to the tp_iternext slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. Python defines several iterator objects to support iteration over general and specific sequence types, dictionaries, and other more specialized forms. The specific types are not important beyond their implementation of the iterator protocol. Once an iterator’s __next__() method raises StopIteration , it must continue to do so on subsequent calls. Implementations that do not obey this property are deemed broken. Generator Types ¶ Python’s generator s provide a convenient way to implement the iterator protocol. If a container object’s __iter__() method is implemented as a generator, it will automatically return an iterator object (technically, a generator object) supplying the __iter__() and __next__() methods. More information about generators can be found in the documentation for the yield expression . Sequence Types — list , tuple , range ¶ There are three basic sequence types: lists, tuples, and range objects. Additional sequence types tailored for processing of binary data and text strings are described in dedicated sections. Common Sequence Operations ¶ The operations in the following table are supported by most sequence types, both mutable and immutable. The collections.abc.Sequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types. This table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority. In the table, s and t are sequences of the same type, n , i , j and k are integers and x is an arbitrary object that meets any type and value restrictions imposed by s . The in and not in operations have the same priorities as the comparison operations. The + (concatenation) and * (repetition) operations have the same priority as the corresponding numeric operations. [ 3 ] Operation Result Notes x in s True if an item of s is equal to x , else False (1) x not in s False if an item of s is equal to x , else True (1) s + t the concatenation of s and t (6)(7) s * n or n * s equivalent to adding s to itself n times (2)(7) s[i] i th item of s , origin 0 (3)(8) s[i:j] slice of s from i to j (3)(4) s[i:j:k] slice of s from i to j with step k (3)(5) len(s) length of s min(s) smallest item of s max(s) largest item of s Sequences of the same type also support comparisons. In particular, tuples and lists are compared lexicographically by comparing corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, every element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have the same length. (For full details see Comparisons in the language reference.) Forward and reversed iterators over mutable sequences access values using an index. That index will continue to march forward (or backward) even if the underlying sequence is mutated. The iterator terminates only when an IndexError or a StopIteration is encountered (or when the index drops below zero). Notes: While the in and not in operations are used only for simple containment testing in the general case, some specialised sequences (such as str , bytes and bytearray ) also use them for subsequence testing: >>> "gg" in "eggs" True Values of n less than 0 are treated as 0 (which yields an empty sequence of the same type as s ). Note that items in the sequence s are not copied; they are referenced multiple times. This often haunts new Python programmers; consider: >>> lists = [[]] * 3 >>> lists [[], [], []] >>> lists [ 0 ] . append ( 3 ) >>> lists [[3], [3], [3]] What has happened is that [[]] is a one-element list containing an empty list, so all three elements of [[]] * 3 are references to this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of lists modifies this single list. You can create a list of different lists this way: >>> lists = [[] for i in range ( 3 )] >>> lists [ 0 ] . append ( 3 ) >>> lists [ 1 ] . append ( 5 ) >>> lists [ 2 ] . append ( 7 ) >>> lists [[3], [5], [7]] Further explanation is available in the FAQ entry How do I create a multidimensional list? . If i or j is negative, the index is relative to the end of sequence s : len(s) + i or len(s) + j is substituted. But note that -0 is still 0 . The slice of s from i to j is defined as the sequence of items with index k such that i <= k < j . If i is omitted or None , use 0 . If j is omitted or None , use len(s) . If i or j is less than -len(s) , use 0 . If i or j is greater than len(s) , use len(s) . If i is greater than or equal to j , the slice is empty. The slice of s from i to j with step k is defined as the sequence of items with index x = i + n*k such that 0 <= n < (j-i)/k . In other words, the indices are i , i+k , i+2*k , i+3*k and so on, stopping when j is reached (but never including j ). When k is positive, i and j are reduced to len(s) if they are greater. When k is negative, i and j are reduced to len(s) - 1 if they are greater. If i or j are omitted or None , they become “end” values (which end depends on the sign of k ). Note, k cannot be zero. If k is None , it is treated like 1 . Concatenating immutable sequences always results in a new object. This means that building up a sequence by repeated concatenation will have a quadratic runtime cost in the total sequence length. To get a linear runtime cost, you must switch to one of the alternatives below: if concatenating str objects, you can build a list and use str.join() at the end or else write to an io.StringIO instance and retrieve its value when complete if concatenating bytes objects, you can similarly use bytes.join() or io.BytesIO , or you can do in-place concatenation with a bytearray object. bytearray objects are mutable and have an efficient overallocation mechanism if concatenating tuple objects, extend a list instead for other types, investigate the relevant class documentation Some sequence types (such as range ) only support item sequences that follow specific patterns, and hence don’t support sequence concatenation or repetition. An IndexError is raised if i is outside the sequence range. Sequence Methods Sequence types also support the following methods: sequence. count ( value , / ) ¶ Return the total number of occurrences of value in sequence . sequence. index ( value[, start[, stop] ) ¶ Return the index of the first occurrence of value in sequence . Raises ValueError if value is not found in sequence . The start or stop arguments allow for efficient searching of subsections of the sequence, beginning at start and ending at stop . This is roughly equivalent to start + sequence[start:stop].index(value) , only without copying any data. Caution Not all sequence types support passing the start and stop arguments. Immutable Sequence Types ¶ The only operation that immutable sequence types generally implement that is not also implemented by mutable sequence types is support for the hash() built-in. This support allows immutable sequences, such as tuple instances, to be used as dict keys and stored in set and frozenset instances. Attempting to hash an immutable sequence that contains unhashable values will result in TypeError . Mutable Sequence Types ¶ The operations in the following table are defined on mutable sequence types. The collections.abc.MutableSequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types. In the table s is an instance of a mutable sequence type, t is any iterable object and x is an arbitrary object that meets any type and value restrictions imposed by s (for example, bytearray only accepts integers that meet the value restriction 0 <= x <= 255 ). Operation Result Notes s[i] = x item i of s is replaced by x del s[i] removes item i of s s[i:j] = t slice of s from i to j is replaced by the contents of the iterable t del s[i:j] removes the elements of s[i:j] from the list (same as s[i:j] = [] ) s[i:j:k] = t the elements of s[i:j:k] are replaced by those of t (1) del s[i:j:k] removes the elements of s[i:j:k] from the list s += t extends s with the contents of t (for the most part the same as s[len(s):len(s)] = t ) s *= n updates s with its contents repeated n times (2) Notes: If k is not equal to 1 , t must have the same length as the slice it is replacing. The value n is an integer, or an object implementing __index__() . Zero and negative values of n clear the sequence. Items in the sequence are not copied; they are referenced multiple times, as explained for s * n under Common Sequence Operations . Mutable Sequence Methods Mutable sequence types also support the following methods: sequence. append ( value , / ) ¶ Append value to the end of the sequence This is equivalent to writing seq[len(seq):len(seq)] = [value] . sequence. clear ( ) ¶ Added in version 3.3. Remove all items from sequence . This is equivalent to writing del sequence[:] . sequence. copy ( ) ¶ Added in version 3.3. Create a shallow copy of sequence . This is equivalent to writing sequence[:] . Hint The copy() method is not part of the MutableSequence ABC , but most concrete mutable sequence types provide it. sequence. extend ( iterable , / ) ¶ Extend sequence with the contents of iterable . For the most part, this is the same as writing seq[len(seq):len(seq)] = iterable . sequence. insert ( index , value , / ) ¶ Insert value into sequence at the given index . This is equivalent to writing sequence[index:index] = [value] . sequence. pop ( index = -1 , / ) ¶ Retrieve the item at index and also removes it from sequence . By default, the last item in sequence is removed and returned. sequence. remove ( value , / ) ¶ Remove the first item from sequence where sequence[i] == value . Raises ValueError if value is not found in sequence . sequence. reverse ( ) ¶ Reverse the items of sequence in place. This method maintains economy of space when reversing a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side-effect, it returns None . Lists ¶ Lists are mutable sequences, typically used to store collections of homogeneous items (where the precise degree of similarity will vary by application). class list ( iterable = () , / ) ¶ Lists may be constructed in several ways: Using a pair of square brackets to denote the empty list: [] Using square brackets, separating items with commas: [a] , [a, b, c] Using a list comprehension: [x for x in iterable] Using the type constructor: list() or list(iterable) The constructor builds a list whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable ’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a list, a copy is made and returned, similar to iterable[:] . For example, list('abc') returns ['a', 'b', 'c'] and list( (1, 2, 3) ) returns [1, 2, 3] . If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list, [] . Many other operations also produce lists, including the sorted() built-in. Lists implement all of the common and mutable sequence operations. Lists also provide the following additional method: sort ( * , key = None , reverse = False ) ¶ This method sorts the list in place, using only < comparisons between items. Exceptions are not suppressed - if any comparison operations fail, the entire sort operation will fail (and the list will likely be left in a partially modified state). sort() accepts two arguments that can only be passed by keyword ( keyword-only arguments ): key specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract a comparison key from each list element (for example, key=str.lower ). The key corresponding to each item in the list is calculated once and then used for the entire sorting process. The default value of None means that list items are sorted directly without calculating a separate key value. The functools.cmp_to_key() utility is available to convert a 2.x style cmp function to a key function. reverse is a boolean value. If set to True , then the list elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed. This method modifies the sequence in place for economy of space when sorting a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side effect, it does not return the sorted sequence (use sorted() to explicitly request a new sorted list instance). The sort() method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes (for example, sort by department, then by salary grade). For sorting examples and a brief sorting tutorial, see Sorting Techniques . CPython implementation detail: While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises ValueError if it can detect that the list has been mutated during a sort. Thread safety Reading a single element from a list is atomic : lst [ i ] # list.__getitem__ The following methods traverse the list and use atomic reads of each item to perform their function. That means that they may return results affected by concurrent modifications: item in lst lst . index ( item ) lst . count ( item ) All of the above methods/operations are also lock-free. They do not block concurrent modifications. Other operations that hold a lock will not block these from observing intermediate states. All other operations from here on block using the per-object lock. Writing a single item via lst[i] = x is safe to call from multiple threads and will not corrupt the list. The following operations return new objects and appear atomic to other threads: lst1 + lst2 # concatenates two lists into a new list x * lst # repeats lst x times into a new list lst . copy () # returns a shallow copy of the list Methods that only operate on a single elements with no shifting required are atomic : lst . append ( x ) # append to the end of the list, no shifting required lst . pop () # pop element from the end of the list, no shifting required The clear() method is also atomic . Other threads cannot observe elements being removed. The sort() method is not atomic . Other threads cannot observe intermediate states during sorting, but the list appears empty for the duration of the sort. The following operations may allow lock-free operations to observe intermediate states since they modify multiple elements in place: lst . insert ( idx , item ) # shifts elements lst . pop ( idx ) # idx not at the end of the list, shifts elements lst *= x # copies elements in place The remove() method may allow concurrent modifications since element comparison may execute arbitrary Python code (via __eq__() ). extend() is safe to call from multiple threads. However, its guarantees depend on the iterable passed to it. If it is a list , a tuple , a set , a frozenset , a dict or a dictionary view object (but not their subclasses), the extend operation is safe from concurrent modifications to the iterable. Otherwise, an iterator is created which can be concurrently modified by another thread. The same applies to inplace concatenation of a list with other iterables when using lst += iterable . Similarly, assigning to a list slice with lst[i:j] = iterable is safe to call from multiple threads, but iterable is only locked when it is also a list (but not its subclasses). Operations that involve multiple accesses, as well as iteration, are never atomic. For example: # NOT atomic: read-modify-write lst [ i ] = lst [ i ] + 1 # NOT atomic: check-then-act if lst : item = lst . pop () # NOT thread-safe: iteration while modifying for item in lst : process ( item ) # another thread may modify lst Consider external synchronization when sharing list instances across threads. See Python support for free threading for more information. Tuples ¶ Tuples are immutable sequences, typically used to store collections of heterogeneous data (such as the 2-tuples produced by the enumerate() built-in). Tuples are also used for cases where an immutable sequence of homogeneous data is needed (such as allowing storage in a set or dict instance). class tuple ( iterable = () , / ) ¶ Tuples may be constructed in a number of ways: Using a pair of parentheses to denote the empty tuple: () Using a trailing comma for a singleton tuple: a, or (a,) Separating items with commas: a, b, c or (a, b, c) Using the tuple() built-in: tuple() or tuple(iterable) The constructor builds a tuple whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable ’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a tuple, it is returned unchanged. For example, tuple('abc') returns ('a', 'b', 'c') and tuple( [1, 2, 3] ) returns (1, 2, 3) . If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty tuple, () . Note that it is actually the comma which makes a tuple, not the parentheses. The parentheses are optional, except in the empty tuple case, or when they are needed to avoid syntactic ambiguity. For example, f(a, b, c) is a function call with three arguments, while f((a, b, c)) is a function call with a 3-tuple as the sole argument. Tuples implement all of the common sequence operations. For heterogeneous collections of data where access by name is clearer than access by index, collections.namedtuple() may be a more appropriate choice than a simple tuple object. Ranges ¶ The range type represents an immutable sequence of numbers and is commonly used for looping a specific number of times in for loops. class range ( stop , / ) ¶ class range ( start , stop , step = 1 , / ) The arguments to the range constructor must be integers (either built-in int or any object that implements the __index__() special method). If the step argument is omitted, it defaults to 1 . If the start argument is omitted, it defaults to 0 . If step is zero, ValueError is raised. For a positive step , the contents of a range r are determined by the formula r[i] = start + step*i where i >= 0 and r[i] < stop . For a negative step , the contents of the range are still determined by the formula r[i] = start + step*i , but the constraints are i >= 0 and r[i] > stop . A range object will be empty if r[0] does not meet the value constraint. Ranges do support negative indices, but these are interpreted as indexing from the end of the sequence determined by the positive indices. Ranges containing absolute values larger than sys.maxsize are permitted but some features (such as len() ) may raise OverflowError . Range examples: >>> list ( range ( 10 )) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 1 , 11 )) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 30 , 5 )) [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , - 10 , - 1 )) [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9] >>> list ( range ( 0 )) [] >>> list ( range ( 1 , 0 )) [] Ranges implement all of the common sequence operations except concatenation and repetition (due to the fact that range objects can only represent sequences that follow a strict pattern and repetition and concatenation will usually violate that pattern). start ¶ The value of the start parameter (or 0 if the parameter was not supplied) stop ¶ The value of the stop parameter step ¶ The value of the step parameter (or 1 if the parameter was not supplied) The advantage of the range type over a regular list or tuple is that a range object will always take the same (small) amount of memory, no matter the size of the range it represents (as it only stores the start , stop and step values, calculating individual items and subranges as needed). Range objects implement the collections.abc.Sequence ABC, and provide features such as containment tests, element index lookup, slicing and support for negative indices (see Sequence Types — list, tuple, range ): >>> r = range ( 0 , 20 , 2 ) >>> r range(0, 20, 2) >>> 11 in r False >>> 10 in r True >>> r . index ( 10 ) 5 >>> r [ 5 ] 10 >>> r [: 5 ] range(0, 10, 2) >>> r [ - 1 ] 18 Testing range objects for equality with == and != compares them as sequences. That is, two range objects are considered equal if they represent the same sequence of values. (Note that two range objects that compare equal might have different start , stop and step attributes, for example range(0) == range(2, 1, 3) or range(0, 3, 2) == range(0, 4, 2) .) Changed in version 3.2: Implement the Sequence ABC. Support slicing and negative indices. Test int objects for membership in constant time instead of iterating through all items. Changed in version 3.3: Define ‘==’ and ‘!=’ to compare range objects based on the sequence of values they define (instead of comparing based on object identity). Added the start , stop and step attributes. See also The linspace recipe shows how to implement a lazy version of range suitable for floating-point applications. Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary ¶ The following table summarizes the text and binary sequence types methods by category. Category str methods bytes and bytearray methods Formatting str.format() str.format_map() f-strings printf-style String Formatting printf-style Bytes Formatting Searching and Replacing str.find() str.rfind() bytes.find() bytes.rfind() str.index() str.rindex() bytes.index() bytes.rindex() str.startswith() bytes.startswith() str.endswith() bytes.endswith() str.count() bytes.count() str.replace() bytes.replace() Splitting and Joining str.split() str.rsplit() bytes.split() bytes.rsplit() str.splitlines() bytes.splitlines() str.partition() bytes.partition() str.rpartition() bytes.rpartition() str.join() bytes.join() String Classification str.isalpha() bytes.isalpha() str.isdecimal() str.isdigit() bytes.isdigit() str.isnumeric() str.isalnum() bytes.isalnum() str.isidentifier() str.islower() bytes.islower() str.isupper() bytes.isupper() str.istitle() bytes.istitle() str.isspace() bytes.isspace() str.isprintable() Case Manipulation str.lower() bytes.lower() str.upper() bytes.upper() str.casefold() str.capitalize() bytes.capitalize() str.title() bytes.title() str.swapcase() bytes.swapcase() Padding and Stripping str.ljust() str.rjust() bytes.ljust() bytes.rjust() str.center() bytes.center() str.expandtabs() bytes.expandtabs() str.strip() bytes.strip() str.lstrip() str.rstrip() bytes.lstrip() bytes.rstrip() Translation and Encoding str.translate() bytes.translate() str.maketrans() bytes.maketrans() str.encode() bytes.decode() Text Sequence Type — str ¶ Textual data in Python is handled with str objects, or strings . Strings are immutable sequences of Unicode code points. String literals are written in a variety of ways: Single quotes: 'allows embedded "double" quotes' Double quotes: "allows embedded 'single' quotes" Triple quoted: '''Three single quotes''' , """Three double quotes""" Triple quoted strings may span multiple lines - all associated whitespace will be included in the string literal. String literals that are part of a single expression and have only whitespace between them will be implicitly converted to a single string literal. That is, ("spam " "eggs") == "spam eggs" . See String and Bytes literals for more about the various forms of string literal | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/product-features/general-features/segments | Segments Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Highlight Docs / Product Features / Backend General Features / Segments Segments Segments are a set of search filters that apply to sessions or errors. Segments are useful if you want to quickly view sessions or errors that relate to a certain population of your users. Highlight supports a variety of filters. Visit app.highlight.io/demo to experiment with real Highlight data. Search Services Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/amigosmaker/python-gui-pyqt-vs-tkinter-5hdd#disadvantages-of-using-tkinter | Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse amigos-maker Posted on Oct 31, 2019 • Edited on May 22, 2020 Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter # python Both Tkinter and PyQt are useful for designing acceptable GUI’s, but at the same time, they differ in terms of adaptability and functionality. Mostly, Tkinter is all about writing GUI yourself, program your settings or functionality in the same script. On the other hand, in PyQt, you separate GUI in a script, and use your Python knowledge from another script. Instead of creating your own code for the user interface, you can simply adopt the Qt Designer functions to develop your application . Therefore, let’s see what the main differences and advantages of PyQt vs. Tkinter are. PyQt Advantages of using PyQt Coding flexibility – GUI programming with Qt is designed around the concept of signals and slots for establishing communication amongst objects. That permits flexibility when dealing with GUI events and results in a smoother codebase. More than a framework – Qt uses a wide array of native platform APIs for the purpose of networking, database creation, and many more . It offers primary access to them via a unique API. Various UI components – Qt offers several widgets, such as buttons or menus , all designed with a basic appearance across all supported platforms. Various learning resources – because PyQt is one of the most used UI frameworks for Python, you can get easy access to a wide array of documentation. Easy to master – PyQt comes with a user-friendly, straightforward API functionality, along with specific classes linked to Qt C++. This allows the user to use previous knowledge from either Qt or C++, making PyQt easy to understand. Disadvantages of using PyQt Lack of Python-specific documentation for classes in PyQt5 It requires a lot of time for understanding all the details of PyQt, meaning it is a quite steep learning curve Tkinter Advantages of using Tkinter Available out-of-charge for commercial usage. It is featured in the underlying Python library. Creating executables for Tkinter apps is more accessible since Tkinter is included in Python, and, as a consequence, it comes with no other dependencies. Simple to understand and master, as Tkinter is a limited library with a simple API, being the primary choice for creating fast GUIs for Python scripts. Disadvantages of using Tkinter Tkinter does not include advanced widgets. It has no similar tool as Qt Designer for Tkinter. It doesn't have a native look and feel What to choose? Anyhow, in most situations, the best solution is using PyQt, considering the advantages and disadvantages of both PyQt and Tkinter. GUI programming with Qt is created around signals and slots for communication amongst objects. Thus, it allows flexibility, while it gets to the programmer access to a wide array of tools. Tkinter can indeed be useful for those that want to design a fundamental and rapid GUIs for Python scripts, yet for a more advanced programming result , almost all programmers opt for the functionalities that come with PyQt . They admit it is worth mastering the advanced knowledge of PyQt due to the professional programming results that come along. Thus, when it comes to PyQt vs. Tkinter, it all depends on how much you want to learn and discover. Resources: Course: PyQt dekstop apps PyQt hello world Tkinter tutorial Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand robin deatherage robin deatherage robin deatherage Follow I am a retired Machine Programmer who's passion is still entrenched heavily into Computer Sciences. Location Texas Education NMU Work Machine Programmer at Namco Joined Nov 14, 2019 • Nov 14 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually it is Tk that is far more advanced than PyQt or Wx. I will explain why. Tk is still ahead of most all GUI Toolkits by as much as fifteen to twenty years as it is one of three of the only GUI Widget Toolkit made from the Original Toolkit Library. And is one of only three GUI Toolkits besides GTK and the NCSA Mosaic Canvas Toolkit that powers both the proprietary underlying HTML rendering Engines used by Netscape Navigator, WebKit, WebView, IE, Edge, Safari, Chrome, Chromium among a few others. The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. Many also are not aware that before 2009 there were still over fifty Web Browsers with Rendering Engines entirely developed using Tk that at that time were still being downloaded. Now Python does lack the 3D OpenGL that comes with Tk 8.6 and lacks the Video Codecs that are also in the Tk version, but they can be PyObject directly tied in and used, but only a handful of us are doing so. Also to Mimic all other GUI Libraries all one has to do is place all widgets and or create your own and ploace them individually inside Frames for each one. The Frames are the secret behind Tkinter and if placed within a Canvas give you full things such as radius buttons, cells for rendering HTML Blocks and or New Widgets. Thanks ! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand ErtY'wek ErtY'wek ErtY'wek Follow Joined May 27, 2020 • May 27 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide "The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. " Can you explain to a programming newbie? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Follow Joined Jun 13, 2018 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Interesting comparison. I've used Qt in C++ in the past and recently used PyQt5 to make a prototype ( github.com/MrEliptik/shotty ) and I loved it! The lack of python specific documentation can be a bit painful from time to time but hopefully someone on SO faced the same issue. Also, the bindings are really similar to Qt for c++ so usually you can use the C++ docs. You talked about Widgets for PyQt but you could also use QML right? I think it's especially interesting since it enables a lot of customization and can be interesting to make good looking apps such as desktop.telegram.org/ . Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Looks like a cool app you made! Right, you can use QML also Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand michael michael michael Follow Games and GUI in c++ and python. builds web scrapers with python Email michaelobi54@gmail.com Location Nigeria Work Engineering undergraduate Joined Jul 20, 2020 • Jul 20 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think Tkinter is underrated...partly because of the learning curve as you have to code every widget.But when you get a hang of it, it’s really great. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 More from amigos-maker Waar kun je Flask voor gebruiken? (Dutch) # python # flask # nederlands # dutch What is Flask used for? # python # flask Wat is Flask? (Dutch) # python # flask 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/lparvinsmith/web3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5#instantiating-provider-with-metamask-wallet | web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.python.org/library/index.html | The Python Standard Library — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic 10. Full Grammar specification Next topic Introduction This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library | Theme Auto Light Dark | The Python Standard Library ¶ While The Python Language Reference describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that are commonly included in Python distributions. Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. The library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O that would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide standardized solutions for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs. The Python installers for the Windows platform usually include the entire standard library and often also include many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components. In addition to the standard library, there is an active collection of hundreds of thousands of components (from individual programs and modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the Python Package Index . Introduction Notes on availability Built-in Functions Built-in Constants Constants added by the site module Built-in Types Truth Value Testing Boolean Operations — and , or , not Comparisons Numeric Types — int , float , complex Boolean Type - bool Iterator Types Sequence Types — list , tuple , range Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary Text Sequence Type — str Binary Sequence Types — bytes , bytearray , memoryview Set Types — set , frozenset Mapping Types — dict Context Manager Types Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias , Union Other Built-in Types Special Attributes Integer string conversion length limitation Built-in Exceptions Exception context Inheriting from built-in exceptions Base classes Concrete exceptions Warnings Exception groups Exception hierarchy Text Processing Services string — Common string operations string.templatelib — Support for template string literals re — Regular expression operations difflib — Helpers for computing deltas textwrap — Text wrapping and filling unicodedata — Unicode Database stringprep — Internet String Preparation readline — GNU readline interface rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline Binary Data Services struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data codecs — Codec registry and base classes Data Types datetime — Basic date and time types zoneinfo — IANA time zone support calendar — General calendar-related functions collections — Container datatypes collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers heapq — Heap queue algorithm bisect — Array bisection algorithm array — Efficient arrays of numeric values weakref — Weak references types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types copy — Shallow and deep copy operations pprint — Data pretty printer reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation enum — Support for enumerations graphlib — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures Numeric and Mathematical Modules numbers — Numeric abstract base classes math — Mathematical functions cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers decimal — Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic fractions — Rational numbers random — Generate pseudo-random numbers statistics — Mathematical statistics functions Functional Programming Modules itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects operator — Standard operators as functions File and Directory Access pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths os.path — Common pathname manipulations stat — Interpreting stat() results filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching linecache — Random access to text lines shutil — High-level file operations Data Persistence pickle — Python object serialization copyreg — Register pickle support functions shelve — Python object persistence marshal — Internal Python object serialization dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases” sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases Data Compression and Archiving The compression package compression.zstd — Compression compatible with the Zstandard format zlib — Compression compatible with gzip gzip — Support for gzip files bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm zipfile — Work with ZIP archives tarfile — Read and write tar archive files File Formats csv — CSV File Reading and Writing configparser — Configuration file parser tomllib — Parse TOML files netrc — netrc file processing plistlib — Generate and parse Apple .plist files Cryptographic Services hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets Generic Operating System Services os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces io — Core tools for working with streams time — Time access and conversions logging — Logging facility for Python logging.config — Logging configuration logging.handlers — Logging handlers platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data errno — Standard errno system symbols ctypes — A foreign function library for Python Command-line interface libraries argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommands optparse — Parser for command line options getpass — Portable password input fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters Concurrent Execution threading — Thread-based parallelism multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism multiprocessing.shared_memory — Shared memory for direct access across processes The concurrent package concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks concurrent.interpreters — Multiple interpreters in the same process subprocess — Subprocess management sched — Event scheduler queue — A synchronized queue class contextvars — Context Variables _thread — Low-level threading API Networking and Interprocess Communication asyncio — Asynchronous I/O socket — Low-level networking interface ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects select — Waiting for I/O completion selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events mmap — Memory-mapped file support Internet Data Handling email — An email and MIME handling package json — JSON encoder and decoder mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data Structured Markup Processing Tools html — HyperText Markup Language support html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities XML Processing Modules xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API xml.dom — The Document Object Model API xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat Internet Protocols and Support webbrowser — Convenient web-browser controller wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation urllib — URL handling modules urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt http — HTTP modules http.client — HTTP protocol client ftplib — FTP protocol client poplib — POP3 protocol client imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client smtplib — SMTP protocol client uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 9562 socketserver — A framework for network servers http.server — HTTP servers http.cookies — HTTP state management http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library Multimedia Services wave — Read and write WAV files colorsys — Conversions between color systems Internationalization gettext — Multilingual internationalization services locale — Internationalization services Graphical user interfaces with Tk tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk tkinter.colorchooser — Color choosing dialog tkinter.font — Tkinter font wrapper Tkinter Dialogs tkinter.messagebox — Tkinter message prompts tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget tkinter.dnd — Drag and drop support tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets IDLE — Python editor and shell turtle — Turtle graphics Development Tools typing — Support for type hints pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system Python Development Mode doctest — Test interactive Python examples unittest — Unit testing framework unittest.mock — mock object library unittest.mock — getting started test — Regression tests package for Python test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite test.support.socket_helper — Utilities for socket tests test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution tests test.support.bytecode_helper — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation test.support.threading_helper — Utilities for threading tests test.support.os_helper — Utilities for os tests test.support.import_helper — Utilities for import tests test.support.warnings_helper — Utilities for warnings tests Debugging and Profiling Audit events table bdb — Debugger framework faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback pdb — The Python Debugger The Python Profilers timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets trace — Trace or track Python statement execution tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations Software Packaging and Distribution ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer venv — Creation of virtual environments zipapp — Manage executable Python zip archives Python Runtime Services sys — System-specific parameters and functions sys.monitoring — Execution event monitoring sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information builtins — Built-in objects __main__ — Top-level code environment warnings — Warning control dataclasses — Data Classes contextlib — Utilities for with -statement contexts abc — Abstract Base Classes atexit — Exit handlers traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback __future__ — Future statement definitions gc — Garbage Collector interface inspect — Inspect live objects annotationlib — Functionality for introspecting annotations site — Site-specific configuration hook Custom Python Interpreters code — Interpreter base classes codeop — Compile Python code Importing Modules zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives pkgutil — Package extension utility modulefinder — Find modules used by a script runpy — Locating and executing Python modules importlib — The implementation of import importlib.resources – Package resource reading, opening and access importlib.resources.abc – Abstract base classes for resources importlib.metadata – Accessing package metadata The initialization of the sys.path module search path Python Language Services ast — Abstract syntax trees symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables token — Constants used with Python parse trees keyword — Testing for Python keywords tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation pyclbr — Python module browser support py_compile — Compile Python source files compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode pickletools — Tools for pickle developers MS Windows Specific Services msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime winreg — Windows registry access winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows Unix-specific services shlex — Simple lexical analysis posix — The most common POSIX system calls pwd — The password database grp — The group database termios — POSIX style tty control tty — Terminal control functions pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls resource — Resource usage information syslog — Unix syslog library routines Modules command-line interface (CLI) Superseded Modules getopt — C-style parser for command line options Removed Modules Security Considerations Previous topic 10. Full Grammar specification Next topic Introduction This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/amigosmaker/python-gui-pyqt-vs-tkinter-5hdd#advantages-of-using-tkinter | Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse amigos-maker Posted on Oct 31, 2019 • Edited on May 22, 2020 Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter # python Both Tkinter and PyQt are useful for designing acceptable GUI’s, but at the same time, they differ in terms of adaptability and functionality. Mostly, Tkinter is all about writing GUI yourself, program your settings or functionality in the same script. On the other hand, in PyQt, you separate GUI in a script, and use your Python knowledge from another script. Instead of creating your own code for the user interface, you can simply adopt the Qt Designer functions to develop your application . Therefore, let’s see what the main differences and advantages of PyQt vs. Tkinter are. PyQt Advantages of using PyQt Coding flexibility – GUI programming with Qt is designed around the concept of signals and slots for establishing communication amongst objects. That permits flexibility when dealing with GUI events and results in a smoother codebase. More than a framework – Qt uses a wide array of native platform APIs for the purpose of networking, database creation, and many more . It offers primary access to them via a unique API. Various UI components – Qt offers several widgets, such as buttons or menus , all designed with a basic appearance across all supported platforms. Various learning resources – because PyQt is one of the most used UI frameworks for Python, you can get easy access to a wide array of documentation. Easy to master – PyQt comes with a user-friendly, straightforward API functionality, along with specific classes linked to Qt C++. This allows the user to use previous knowledge from either Qt or C++, making PyQt easy to understand. Disadvantages of using PyQt Lack of Python-specific documentation for classes in PyQt5 It requires a lot of time for understanding all the details of PyQt, meaning it is a quite steep learning curve Tkinter Advantages of using Tkinter Available out-of-charge for commercial usage. It is featured in the underlying Python library. Creating executables for Tkinter apps is more accessible since Tkinter is included in Python, and, as a consequence, it comes with no other dependencies. Simple to understand and master, as Tkinter is a limited library with a simple API, being the primary choice for creating fast GUIs for Python scripts. Disadvantages of using Tkinter Tkinter does not include advanced widgets. It has no similar tool as Qt Designer for Tkinter. It doesn't have a native look and feel What to choose? Anyhow, in most situations, the best solution is using PyQt, considering the advantages and disadvantages of both PyQt and Tkinter. GUI programming with Qt is created around signals and slots for communication amongst objects. Thus, it allows flexibility, while it gets to the programmer access to a wide array of tools. Tkinter can indeed be useful for those that want to design a fundamental and rapid GUIs for Python scripts, yet for a more advanced programming result , almost all programmers opt for the functionalities that come with PyQt . They admit it is worth mastering the advanced knowledge of PyQt due to the professional programming results that come along. Thus, when it comes to PyQt vs. Tkinter, it all depends on how much you want to learn and discover. Resources: Course: PyQt dekstop apps PyQt hello world Tkinter tutorial Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand robin deatherage robin deatherage robin deatherage Follow I am a retired Machine Programmer who's passion is still entrenched heavily into Computer Sciences. Location Texas Education NMU Work Machine Programmer at Namco Joined Nov 14, 2019 • Nov 14 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually it is Tk that is far more advanced than PyQt or Wx. I will explain why. Tk is still ahead of most all GUI Toolkits by as much as fifteen to twenty years as it is one of three of the only GUI Widget Toolkit made from the Original Toolkit Library. And is one of only three GUI Toolkits besides GTK and the NCSA Mosaic Canvas Toolkit that powers both the proprietary underlying HTML rendering Engines used by Netscape Navigator, WebKit, WebView, IE, Edge, Safari, Chrome, Chromium among a few others. The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. Many also are not aware that before 2009 there were still over fifty Web Browsers with Rendering Engines entirely developed using Tk that at that time were still being downloaded. Now Python does lack the 3D OpenGL that comes with Tk 8.6 and lacks the Video Codecs that are also in the Tk version, but they can be PyObject directly tied in and used, but only a handful of us are doing so. Also to Mimic all other GUI Libraries all one has to do is place all widgets and or create your own and ploace them individually inside Frames for each one. The Frames are the secret behind Tkinter and if placed within a Canvas give you full things such as radius buttons, cells for rendering HTML Blocks and or New Widgets. Thanks ! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand ErtY'wek ErtY'wek ErtY'wek Follow Joined May 27, 2020 • May 27 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide "The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. " Can you explain to a programming newbie? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Follow Joined Jun 13, 2018 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Interesting comparison. I've used Qt in C++ in the past and recently used PyQt5 to make a prototype ( github.com/MrEliptik/shotty ) and I loved it! The lack of python specific documentation can be a bit painful from time to time but hopefully someone on SO faced the same issue. Also, the bindings are really similar to Qt for c++ so usually you can use the C++ docs. You talked about Widgets for PyQt but you could also use QML right? I think it's especially interesting since it enables a lot of customization and can be interesting to make good looking apps such as desktop.telegram.org/ . Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Looks like a cool app you made! Right, you can use QML also Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand michael michael michael Follow Games and GUI in c++ and python. builds web scrapers with python Email michaelobi54@gmail.com Location Nigeria Work Engineering undergraduate Joined Jul 20, 2020 • Jul 20 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think Tkinter is underrated...partly because of the learning curve as you have to code every widget.But when you get a hang of it, it’s really great. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 More from amigos-maker Waar kun je Flask voor gebruiken? (Dutch) # python # flask # nederlands # dutch What is Flask used for? # python # flask Wat is Flask? (Dutch) # python # flask 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://core.forem.com/rootblogs/how-to-use-cron-jobs-in-linux-step-by-step-guide-14bn#comments | How to Use Cron Jobs in Linux: Step-by-Step Guide - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Admin Posted on Jan 7 How to Use Cron Jobs in Linux: Step-by-Step Guide # backgroundjobs # productivity # selfhost introduction Linux has long been recognized as the "operating system for power users," largely due to its high level of customization. Users can modify nearly every aspect and create countless automations to enhance efficiency. Among the various automation tools available in Linux, few are as straightforward yet powerful as utilizing cron jobs. Consider the following scenarios: • Archive your files nightly. • Clean up logs weekly. • Receive daily automatic reports in your inbox. • Run scripts to monitor disk space and notify you when it is depleted. While it is possible to input these commands manually or repeatedly, this approach requires constant tracking and timely execution. Cron alleviates this burden. You set the parameters once, and cron guarantees their implementation - day after day, week after week. This tutorial encompasses everything you need to understand about cron: its functionality, how to schedule jobs, the precise syntax to employ, best practices, practical details, and even alternatives. By the conclusion, you will be equipped to utilize cron as your personal scheduler on Linux. What is Cron? Cron is a time-based job scheduler found in Unix-like operating systems. Its name derives from the Greek word "chronos," meaning time. The primary purpose of cron is to automatically execute commands or scripts at predetermined times. Essentially, cron operates like an automated assistant. You specify the tasks and their timing, and it discreetly runs in the background to ensure the tasks are completed. The specific rules for scheduling tasks are maintained in a crontab file (cron table). Every user on a Linux system can have their own crontab, and system administrators can also set up system-wide cron jobs. Some quick facts regarding cron: • The cron jobs operate under the authority of the cron daemon (crond). • It checks every minute for any jobs that need to be executed. • These jobs can range from a simple file deletion to a complex multi-step backup script. • Having been around for decades, it has established itself as one of the most robust and dependable programs in Linux. A Brief History of Cron Cron has a long-standing legacy within Unix communities: • 1975 - Ken Thompson created the original version of cron on Unix Version 7. • 1980s - Cron became a standard feature on all Unix systems, although each version had its peculiarities. • 1987 - Paul Vixie developed "Vixie Cron," which became the most widely used implementation and remains the foundation for many contemporary Linux distributions. • Today - Despite the availability of systemd timers and other modern tools, cron continues to be preferred for its simplicity, low resource usage, and enduring reliability. The longevity of cron is a testament to its excellence. How Cron Operates Cron functions as a background process (a daemon process) known as crond. It is initiated at boot time and operates in the background via the system's cron daemon. Crond executes once every minute, running all crontab files to determine if any job should be executed at that precise moment. If it identifies a match, it executes the corresponding command. Typically, there are two types of cron jobs: System-wide cron jobs - managed by the system administrator. Location - /etc/crontab and /etc/cron.* directories. User cron jobs - executed by users who possess their individual crontab files. Understanding the Crontab File All commands and regulations that outline actions are contained within this crontab file. You can edit your crontab by executing: crontab -e This command will open a user's crontab file in a default editing interface. Each line within the file represents a single cron job. To display existing cron jobs, execute: crontab -l To remove all existing cron jobs: crontab -r It is Cron Jobs Syntax Explained Cron syntax looks a lot scarier until you break it down but is pretty simple. A cron job entry consists of this format: * * * * launch_command to execute The five stars (*) indicate time fields, in this sequence: Minute (0–59) Hour (0–23) Day of month (1–31) Month (1–12) Day of week (0–7) [0 and 7 both represent Sunday] Examples: • Runs a script at midnight every day: • 0 0 * * * /path/to/script • Every Monday at 5 AM: • 0 5 * * 1 /path/to • Every 15 minutes run: • /15 { * *} /path/to/script.sh • Run on the 1st of every month at 8 AM: • 0 8 1 * * /path/to/script.sh Special Strings in Cron Alternatively, Instead of writing numbers, you can also use shortcuts: • @reboot → Execute only once at system startup. • @daily → Execute at midnight once a day. • @weekly → Once a week at midnight on a Sunday. • @monthly → Once a monthly at midnight on the first. • @yearly or @annually → It will run once a year at midnight on January 1st. Example: @daily /usr bin/backup.sh Environment Variables within Cron Cron jobs typically execute in a less rich environment than your standard shell. By definition, you will need to state environment variables within crontab. Typical variables are: • PATH → It determines where executable files will be searched. • SHELL → shell to use while running commands (default: /bin/sh). • MAILTO → Email address to which logs/output of cron jobs will be forwarded. Example: PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin MAILTO admin@example.com Real-World Use Cases of Cron They can be found within homeowner configurations and business servers as well. Some common scenarios include: 1.Automated Backups Schedule nightly backups to an external drive or to cloud storage. 2.Log Rotation and Cleanup Automatically remove old logs to recover disk space. 3.System Monitoring Run a batch script at 10-minute intervals to check CPU activity or available disk space. 4.Data Collection Fetch data from APIs daily and store it for analysis. 5.Website Maintenance Recreate static files of a site, delete cache, or check uptime. Practical Demonstration of Cron Jobs in Linux Checking Cron Service Status Figure 1: Cron service running successfully. Listing Current Cron Jobs (Empty) Figure 2: No cron jobs found for user rudraks Listing Current Cron Jobs (With Job Entry) Figure 3: Displaying a single cron job entry Editing the Crontab File Generated imageFigure 4: Modifying the crontab file to include a job Verifying the Output of the Cron Job Figure 5: Confirmation of cron job output. Monitoring Cron Logs Figure 6: Observing cron logs in real-time. Example of Automated Backup Figure 7: Backup file generated by the cron job. Common Mistakes to Avoid Even experts can make errors when configuring cron. Here are some points to be cautious about: Forgetting absolute paths - Cron is unaware of the locations of your commands. Always utilize full paths (e.g., /usr/bin/python3). Neglecting to define environment variables - Your cron job may fail as it does not inherit the environment of your shell. Overlooking logs - Always direct output to a log file during debugging. Overlapping tasks - If a task takes too long, starting it again too soon can lead to issues. Security Considerations Cron jobs will execute with the privileges of their creator. This can pose a security risk if not properly managed. Security tips: • Avoid running unnecessary cron jobs as root. • Ensure scripts are secured with the correct file permissions. • Log the output and review it regularly. • Disable cron for users who do not need it. . Cron versus Other Schedulers Despite its power, cron jobs are not your only option: • at → Executes a program once at a specified time. • anacron → Runs jobs that were delayed while the system was inactive. • systemd timers → A modern alternative offering enhanced flexibility and logging. • Kubernetes CronJobs → Designed for cloud and container workloads. While cron remains the preferred choice for straightforward, repeatable tasks, systemd timers are becoming increasingly popular for more intricate automation. Troubleshooting Cron Jobs Sometimes cron jobs may not execute as expected. Here is a brief checklist: Confirm if the cron daemon is running: systemctl status cron Redirect your output to logs * * * * * /path/to/script.sh >> /var/log/cron.log 2>& Confirm environment variables (particularly PATH). Ensure scripts can be run: chmod +x script.sh Confirm if the job is installed at all by executing crontab -l. Pros of Cron Jobs Cron • Reliability - Once installed, cron seldom fails. • Productivity - Decreases administrative work. • Lightweight - It takes low system resources. • Flexibility - Can run any code ranging from basic commands to scripts. • Universal - Pre-installed on nearly all Unix/Linux operating systems. How to Use Cron Jobs in Linux (Step by Step) Step 1: Open the Crontab File crontab -e Step 2: Understand the Cron Job Syntax * * * * command_to_run # (Minute Hour Day_of_Month Month Day_of_Week) Step 3: Add a Sample Job 0 2 * * * /home/user/backup.sh Step 4: Save and Exit Ctrl + O (Save) Ctrl + X (Exit nano editor) Step 5: Verify the Cron Jobs crontab -l Step 6: Check Logs to Confirm Execution tail -f /var/log/cron.log Step-by-Step Guide to Cron Jobs with Terminal Screenshots Step 1: Access the Crontab File Utilize the command below to modify the crontab: crontab -e Step 2: Comprehend the Syntax of Cron Jobs Format: * * * * * command_to_run Step 3: Insert a Sample Job Sample job: 0 2 * * * /home/user/backup.sh Step 4: Save and Exit Press Ctrl+O to save your changes, then Ctrl+X to exit the nano editor. Step 5: Confirm the Cron Jobs Display the list of cron jobs using: crontab -l Step 6: Review Logs to Ensure Execution Examine the cron logs with: tail -f /var/log/cron.log FAQs Q1. How can I confirm whether a cron job was successfully initiated? Examine the system logs (/var/log/syslog or /var/log/cron.log) or redirect the output to a file. Q2. Can jobs be executed more often than once per minute? No. The minimum interval for cron jobs is one minute. For more frequent scheduling, consider using scripts with loops or alternative schedulers. Q3. What happens if the system shuts down while a cron job is executing? In this case, the system cron will disregard the job. To prevent this, utilize anacron. Q4. Is it possible to run GUI applications through cron? Yes, it is possible, but it can be challenging. You must configure the DISPLAY environment variable. Cron is primarily designed for background scripts. Q5. Is cron still relevant in contemporary Linux systems? Indeed, despite the presence of systemd timers, cron continues to be popular due to its simplicity. 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#id4 | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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https://dev.to/amigosmaker/python-gui-pyqt-vs-tkinter-5hdd#what-to-choose | Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse amigos-maker Posted on Oct 31, 2019 • Edited on May 22, 2020 Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter # python Both Tkinter and PyQt are useful for designing acceptable GUI’s, but at the same time, they differ in terms of adaptability and functionality. Mostly, Tkinter is all about writing GUI yourself, program your settings or functionality in the same script. On the other hand, in PyQt, you separate GUI in a script, and use your Python knowledge from another script. Instead of creating your own code for the user interface, you can simply adopt the Qt Designer functions to develop your application . Therefore, let’s see what the main differences and advantages of PyQt vs. Tkinter are. PyQt Advantages of using PyQt Coding flexibility – GUI programming with Qt is designed around the concept of signals and slots for establishing communication amongst objects. That permits flexibility when dealing with GUI events and results in a smoother codebase. More than a framework – Qt uses a wide array of native platform APIs for the purpose of networking, database creation, and many more . It offers primary access to them via a unique API. Various UI components – Qt offers several widgets, such as buttons or menus , all designed with a basic appearance across all supported platforms. Various learning resources – because PyQt is one of the most used UI frameworks for Python, you can get easy access to a wide array of documentation. Easy to master – PyQt comes with a user-friendly, straightforward API functionality, along with specific classes linked to Qt C++. This allows the user to use previous knowledge from either Qt or C++, making PyQt easy to understand. Disadvantages of using PyQt Lack of Python-specific documentation for classes in PyQt5 It requires a lot of time for understanding all the details of PyQt, meaning it is a quite steep learning curve Tkinter Advantages of using Tkinter Available out-of-charge for commercial usage. It is featured in the underlying Python library. Creating executables for Tkinter apps is more accessible since Tkinter is included in Python, and, as a consequence, it comes with no other dependencies. Simple to understand and master, as Tkinter is a limited library with a simple API, being the primary choice for creating fast GUIs for Python scripts. Disadvantages of using Tkinter Tkinter does not include advanced widgets. It has no similar tool as Qt Designer for Tkinter. It doesn't have a native look and feel What to choose? Anyhow, in most situations, the best solution is using PyQt, considering the advantages and disadvantages of both PyQt and Tkinter. GUI programming with Qt is created around signals and slots for communication amongst objects. Thus, it allows flexibility, while it gets to the programmer access to a wide array of tools. Tkinter can indeed be useful for those that want to design a fundamental and rapid GUIs for Python scripts, yet for a more advanced programming result , almost all programmers opt for the functionalities that come with PyQt . They admit it is worth mastering the advanced knowledge of PyQt due to the professional programming results that come along. Thus, when it comes to PyQt vs. Tkinter, it all depends on how much you want to learn and discover. Resources: Course: PyQt dekstop apps PyQt hello world Tkinter tutorial Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand robin deatherage robin deatherage robin deatherage Follow I am a retired Machine Programmer who's passion is still entrenched heavily into Computer Sciences. Location Texas Education NMU Work Machine Programmer at Namco Joined Nov 14, 2019 • Nov 14 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually it is Tk that is far more advanced than PyQt or Wx. I will explain why. Tk is still ahead of most all GUI Toolkits by as much as fifteen to twenty years as it is one of three of the only GUI Widget Toolkit made from the Original Toolkit Library. And is one of only three GUI Toolkits besides GTK and the NCSA Mosaic Canvas Toolkit that powers both the proprietary underlying HTML rendering Engines used by Netscape Navigator, WebKit, WebView, IE, Edge, Safari, Chrome, Chromium among a few others. The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. Many also are not aware that before 2009 there were still over fifty Web Browsers with Rendering Engines entirely developed using Tk that at that time were still being downloaded. Now Python does lack the 3D OpenGL that comes with Tk 8.6 and lacks the Video Codecs that are also in the Tk version, but they can be PyObject directly tied in and used, but only a handful of us are doing so. Also to Mimic all other GUI Libraries all one has to do is place all widgets and or create your own and ploace them individually inside Frames for each one. The Frames are the secret behind Tkinter and if placed within a Canvas give you full things such as radius buttons, cells for rendering HTML Blocks and or New Widgets. Thanks ! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand ErtY'wek ErtY'wek ErtY'wek Follow Joined May 27, 2020 • May 27 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide "The main reason it is so advanced is its ability to pre set JavaScript triggers for after render events with its tags, marks, configs() and its Binding Methods. One of these binding methods is the ability to set hyperlinks while suspending their path data for processing web request from user clicks in both regular and OpenClick() events. " Can you explain to a programming newbie? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Victor Meunier Follow Joined Jun 13, 2018 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Interesting comparison. I've used Qt in C++ in the past and recently used PyQt5 to make a prototype ( github.com/MrEliptik/shotty ) and I loved it! The lack of python specific documentation can be a bit painful from time to time but hopefully someone on SO faced the same issue. Also, the bindings are really similar to Qt for c++ so usually you can use the C++ docs. You talked about Widgets for PyQt but you could also use QML right? I think it's especially interesting since it enables a lot of customization and can be interesting to make good looking apps such as desktop.telegram.org/ . Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 • Oct 31 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Looks like a cool app you made! Right, you can use QML also Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand michael michael michael Follow Games and GUI in c++ and python. builds web scrapers with python Email michaelobi54@gmail.com Location Nigeria Work Engineering undergraduate Joined Jul 20, 2020 • Jul 20 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think Tkinter is underrated...partly because of the learning curve as you have to code every widget.But when you get a hang of it, it’s really great. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse amigos-maker Follow Joined Oct 27, 2019 More from amigos-maker Waar kun je Flask voor gebruiken? (Dutch) # python # flask # nederlands # dutch What is Flask used for? # python # flask Wat is Flask? (Dutch) # python # flask 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Onwuka David Onwuka David Onwuka David Follow Jan 7 Passkey Login & Smart Wallet Creation on Solana with React Native and LazorKit — No More Seed Phrases! # reactnative # security # tutorial # web3 Comments Add Comment 9 min read Ethereum-Solidity Quiz Q16: What is impermanent loss? MihaiHng MihaiHng MihaiHng Follow Jan 7 Ethereum-Solidity Quiz Q16: What is impermanent loss? # ethereum # web3 # solidity # cyfrin 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Wallets Are the New Auth Layer Abdul-Qawi Laniyan Abdul-Qawi Laniyan Abdul-Qawi Laniyan Follow Jan 11 Wallets Are the New Auth Layer # webdev # programming # web3 # authjs 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Ethereum UX: Account Abstraction (AA) Akim B. (mousticke.eth) Akim B. (mousticke.eth) Akim B. 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https://docs.python.org/3/faq/gui.html | Graphic User Interface FAQ — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents Graphic User Interface FAQ General GUI Questions What GUI toolkits exist for Python? Tkinter questions Previous topic Python on Windows FAQ Next topic “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » Graphic User Interface FAQ | Theme Auto Light Dark | Graphic User Interface FAQ ¶ Contents Graphic User Interface FAQ General GUI Questions What GUI toolkits exist for Python? Tkinter questions How do I freeze Tkinter applications? Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O? I can’t get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why? General GUI Questions ¶ What GUI toolkits exist for Python? ¶ Standard builds of Python include an object-oriented interface to the Tcl/Tk widget set, called tkinter . This is probably the easiest to install (since it comes included with most binary distributions of Python) and use. For more info about Tk, including pointers to the source, see the Tcl/Tk home page . Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the macOS, Windows, and Unix platforms. Depending on what platform(s) you are aiming at, there are also several alternatives. A list of cross-platform and platform-specific GUI frameworks can be found on the python wiki. Tkinter questions ¶ How do I freeze Tkinter applications? ¶ Freeze is a tool to create stand-alone applications. When freezing Tkinter applications, the applications will not be truly stand-alone, as the application will still need the Tcl and Tk libraries. One solution is to ship the application with the Tcl and Tk libraries, and point to them at run-time using the TCL_LIBRARY and TK_LIBRARY environment variables. Various third-party freeze libraries such as py2exe and cx_Freeze have handling for Tkinter applications built-in. Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O? ¶ On platforms other than Windows, yes, and you don’t even need threads! But you’ll have to restructure your I/O code a bit. Tk has the equivalent of Xt’s XtAddInput() call, which allows you to register a callback function which will be called from the Tk mainloop when I/O is possible on a file descriptor. See File Handlers . I can’t get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why? ¶ An often-heard complaint is that event handlers bound to events with the bind() method don’t get handled even when the appropriate key is pressed. The most common cause is that the widget to which the binding applies doesn’t have “keyboard focus”. Check out the Tk documentation for the focus command. Usually a widget is given the keyboard focus by clicking in it (but not for labels; see the takefocus option). Table of Contents Graphic User Interface FAQ General GUI Questions What GUI toolkits exist for Python? Tkinter questions Previous topic Python on Windows FAQ Next topic “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » Graphic User Interface FAQ | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Nuro Design UI/UX designer, graphic designer, and WordPress expert with a keen eye for aesthetics and a strong focus on user-centered design. I specialize in crafting intuitive, engaging experience. Joined Joined on Mar 10, 2025 github website twitter website Education B.Com Graduate Pronouns She/Her Work Freelancing More info about @swetty_sultania_834f90237 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages Figma, Canva, Adobe Creative Suite, HTML, CSS Available for I'm open to UI/UX & Graphic design collaboration. Post 91 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 16 tags followed 🎨 “7 Illustrator Tricks Every Graphic Designer Should Know!” Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jul 2 '25 🎨 “7 Illustrator Tricks Every Graphic Designer Should Know!” # watercooler # ai # aws # database 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read “5 Graphic Design Trends Every Beginner Should Master in 2025 Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jul 1 '25 “5 Graphic Design Trends Every Beginner Should Master in 2025 # productivity # rust # opensource # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚨 Don’t let users get lost on your UI! Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 28 '25 🚨 Don’t let users get lost on your UI! # beginners # tutorial # career # github Comments Add Comment 1 min read Typography in UI: Do it Right! Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 27 '25 Typography in UI: Do it Right! # career # mobile # design # csharp 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Lost users = lost conversions Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 26 '25 Lost users = lost conversions # ai # tutorial # mobile # startup Comments Add Comment 1 min read Stay ahead in the design game Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 24 '25 Stay ahead in the design game # ai # tutorial # career # mobile Comments Add Comment 1 min read Telegram se saste mein shopping kaise kare? 00:27 Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 24 '25 Telegram se saste mein shopping kaise kare? # discuss # api # design # microsoft Comments Add Comment 1 min read "5 Figma Shortcuts Every Designer Should Know 💻⚡" Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 23 '25 "5 Figma Shortcuts Every Designer Should Know 💻⚡" # discuss # aws # career # blockchain 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Join our Telegram Channel now – https://t.me/nuroloots Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 21 '25 Join our Telegram Channel now – https://t.me/nuroloots # webdev # cli # saas # developer Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎯 Master the 4 Essential Phases of UI/UX Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 21 '25 🎯 Master the 4 Essential Phases of UI/UX Design # showdev # performance # chatgpt # community Comments Add Comment 1 min read A Real-World UI Problem You Can’t Ignore” Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 20 '25 A Real-World UI Problem You Can’t Ignore” # beginners # ai # career # startup 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read “Glassmorphism in UI Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 19 '25 “Glassmorphism in UI Design # vscode # computerscience # ui # marketing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read It’s the little things that matter. Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 18 '25 It’s the little things that matter. # beginners # ai # chatgpt # marketing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Need inspiration for your next dark mode UI? Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 17 '25 Need inspiration for your next dark mode UI? # programming # ai # opensource # mobile Comments 1 comment 1 min read Typography matters in UI. Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 16 '25 Typography matters in UI. # beginners # ai # tutorial # career Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🔧 Best Figma Plugins for Typography Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 14 '25 🔧 Best Figma Plugins for Typography # programming # beginners # ai # career Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🧩 Tired of a messy UI? Let grids guide you! Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 13 '25 🧩 Tired of a messy UI? Let grids guide you! # discuss # webdev # beginners # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎨 Master the Power of Gradients in Figma! Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 12 '25 🎨 Master the Power of Gradients in Figma! # webdev # programming # beginners # ai Comments 1 comment 1 min read 🧩 Today's Topic: Must-Have Figma Plugins for Faster UI Design in 2025 Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 11 '25 🧩 Today's Topic: Must-Have Figma Plugins for Faster UI Design in 2025 # webdev # programming # beginners # ai 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Struggling with color choices in Figma? Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 10 '25 Struggling with color choices in Figma? # webdev # beginners # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read 📲 Mastering Dark UI: 6 Principles for a Stunning User Experience Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 9 '25 📲 Mastering Dark UI: 6 Principles for a Stunning User Experience # webdev # programming # beginners # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Here are 5 free resources you NEED for UI/UX: 00:28 Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 8 '25 Here are 5 free resources you NEED for UI/UX: # uiux # design # resources Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🛠️ Level up your UI/UX game with the right tools! From wireframes to prototypes — here’s your must-have toolkit. Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 7 '25 🛠️ Level up your UI/UX game with the right tools! From wireframes to prototypes — here’s your must-have toolkit. Comments Add Comment 1 min read Top 5 UI/UX Trends Taking Over 2025 — Designers, take notes! Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 6 '25 Top 5 UI/UX Trends Taking Over 2025 — Designers, take notes! Comments Add Comment 1 min read #FigmaTips #UIUXDesign #Wireframing #NuroDesign #DesignSmart #UIDesignTools #FigmaCommunity Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Jun 5 '25 #FigmaTips #UIUXDesign #Wireframing #NuroDesign #DesignSmart #UIDesignTools #FigmaCommunity Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎯 Want a cleaner, scalable design system in Figma? #UXUICommunity #DesignThinking Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 31 '25 🎯 Want a cleaner, scalable design system in Figma? #UXUICommunity #DesignThinking # design # ui # ux # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Design Better with AI – Right Inside Figma! #NuroDesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 28 '25 Design Better with AI – Right Inside Figma! #NuroDesign # ai # design # figma # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Check out my latest template, dm for personal customization email @swettysultania@gmail.com https://payhip.com/b/wRWKy Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 27 '25 Check out my latest template, dm for personal customization email @swettysultania@gmail.com https://payhip.com/b/wRWKy # marketing # productivity # career # offers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Let your design system shine.#FigmaComponents #UIDesignTips Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 27 '25 Let your design system shine.#FigmaComponents #UIDesignTips # design # uidesign # ui # designsystem Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎯 Typography Tips for Better UI Design! #TypographyTips #UIDesign #UXDesign #FigmaTips Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 26 '25 🎯 Typography Tips for Better UI Design! #TypographyTips #UIDesign #UXDesign #FigmaTips # uidesign # design # ui # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Unlock Effortless Responsive Design with Auto Layout in Figma! #UIUXDesign #ResponsiveDesign #AutoLayout #FigmaForBeginners Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 25 '25 🚀 Unlock Effortless Responsive Design with Auto Layout in Figma! #UIUXDesign #ResponsiveDesign #AutoLayout #FigmaForBeginners # figma # design # uiux # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Perfect for beginners or solo designers working from home. 💻#FigmaTips #UIUXDesign #DesignTrends2025 #FigmaBeginner Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 24 '25 Perfect for beginners or solo designers working from home. 💻#FigmaTips #UIUXDesign #DesignTrends2025 #FigmaBeginner # design # uiux # beginners # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Figma 2025 just dropped major upgrades: Smart Auto Layout, AI Suggestions, and more! 🔥 #FigmaUpdate #UXTools Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 23 '25 Figma 2025 just dropped major upgrades: Smart Auto Layout, AI Suggestions, and more! 🔥 #FigmaUpdate #UXTools # ai # ux # productivity # design 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎨✨ Keep your designs clean, not cluttered! #UIDesign #CleanDesign #UXTips #DesignRules #nurodesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 22 '25 🎨✨ Keep your designs clean, not cluttered! #UIDesign #CleanDesign #UXTips #DesignRules #nurodesign # design # ui # ux # uidesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🧠 Wireframing isn't optional—it's a strategic must for UX success.#UXDesign #Wireframing #nurodesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 21 '25 🧠 Wireframing isn't optional—it's a strategic must for UX success.#UXDesign #Wireframing #nurodesign # ux # design # uxdesign # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Figma Plugins You NEED in 2025: #Figma #nurodesign #UXTools 00:25 Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 20 '25 Figma Plugins You NEED in 2025: #Figma #nurodesign #UXTools # softwaredevelopment # productivity # plugins # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Figma Just Leveled Up! #FigmaUpdate #UIDesign #UXTools #DesignSystem #FigmaTips #ProductDesign #nurodesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 19 '25 🚀 Figma Just Leveled Up! #FigmaUpdate #UIDesign #UXTools #DesignSystem #FigmaTips #ProductDesign #nurodesign # figma # uidesign # design # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎯 High-fidelity wireframes = clarity, consistency & clickable designs. #UXDesign #Wireframing Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 17 '25 🎯 High-fidelity wireframes = clarity, consistency & clickable designs. #UXDesign #Wireframing # uxdesign # design # ui # uiux Comments Add Comment 1 min read https://contra.com/p/P3BQP7kr-radhasphere-crypto-wallet-ui-kit-design?referrerUsername=swetty_sultania_w1aheve6 Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 16 '25 https://contra.com/p/P3BQP7kr-radhasphere-crypto-wallet-ui-kit-design?referrerUsername=swetty_sultania_w1aheve6 # ui # design # crypto # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🧠 Master UI Wireframing 101 Before colors, layout matters.Start smart. Design better.#UIDesign #Wireframing Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 16 '25 🧠 Master UI Wireframing 101 Before colors, layout matters.Start smart. Design better.#UIDesign #Wireframing # ui # uidesign # design # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Turn raw clips into eye-catching visuals, engage, convert & grow your audience. https://www.fiverr.com/s/P2vmQ5G Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 15 '25 Turn raw clips into eye-catching visuals, engage, convert & grow your audience. https://www.fiverr.com/s/P2vmQ5G # marketing # webdev # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 1 min read ✏️ What’s your go-to UI font right now? #UIUXDesign #FontInspiration #UIDesignTips #UXForEveryone #DesignTrends2025 #nurodesign 00:22 Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 15 '25 ✏️ What’s your go-to UI font right now? #UIUXDesign #FontInspiration #UIDesignTips #UXForEveryone #DesignTrends2025 #nurodesign # discuss # ui # uiux # design 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read ✏️ What’s your go-to UI font right now? #UIUXDesign #FontInspiration #TypographyMatters #UIDesignTips #UX #nurodesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 15 '25 ✏️ What’s your go-to UI font right now? #UIUXDesign #FontInspiration #TypographyMatters #UIDesignTips #UX #nurodesign # discuss # uiux # design # ui Comments Add Comment 1 min read Here's a quick visual guide that dives into 5 powerful features that can make you faster, smarter, and more collaborative. Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 14 '25 Here's a quick visual guide that dives into 5 powerful features that can make you faster, smarter, and more collaborative. # productivity # tooling # collaboration # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Prototype we work on Vs the result. #UI #UX Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 13 '25 The Prototype we work on Vs the result. #UI #UX # ui # ux # design # frontend Comments Add Comment 1 min read 📐 New to UI/UX? Figma is your canvas to learn & grow—fast.#FigmaTips #UXDesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 12 '25 📐 New to UI/UX? Figma is your canvas to learn & grow—fast.#FigmaTips #UXDesign # figma # ui # ux # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read 10 underrated tools to level up your UX game—beyond Figma. From responsive testing to copy AI Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 11 '25 10 underrated tools to level up your UX game—beyond Figma. From responsive testing to copy AI # ux # design # productivity # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read No classroom? No problem. Here are tools every home-based UI/UX learner needs. #nurodesign #UXTools #LearnUX Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 10 '25 No classroom? No problem. Here are tools every home-based UI/UX learner needs. #nurodesign #UXTools #LearnUX # ui # ux # learning # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Choose tools that fit your design goals, not just what’s trending. Efficiency = Knowing when to use what. #nurodesign #UXTools Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 9 '25 Choose tools that fit your design goals, not just what’s trending. Efficiency = Knowing when to use what. #nurodesign #UXTools # productivity # design # ux # tooling Comments Add Comment 1 min read 10 Underrated UX Tools Every Designer Should Try in 2025 #developer #uiux #tools Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 8 '25 10 Underrated UX Tools Every Designer Should Try in 2025 #developer #uiux #tools # uiux # design # tooling # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read UI Design Toolkit: What Every Modern Designer Needs in 2025! Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 7 '25 UI Design Toolkit: What Every Modern Designer Needs in 2025! # design # ui # uidesign # uiux Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Learn2Earn – Full Stack Web3 DApp A powerful Learn2Earn platform built using Web3 + Smart Contracts.Rewards too. 00:40 Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 6 '25 🚀 Learn2Earn – Full Stack Web3 DApp A powerful Learn2Earn platform built using Web3 + Smart Contracts.Rewards too. # web3 # fullstack # smartcontract # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🧠 8 Psychology Tips That Instantly Boost UX! #designer #devto #developer #IT #coding #uiux Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 5 '25 🧠 8 Psychology Tips That Instantly Boost UX! #designer #devto #developer #IT #coding #uiux # ux # design # productivity # psychology Comments Add Comment 1 min read Top 7 Tools Every UI/UX Figma,Framer,Maze,FlowMapp,Notion,IconScout / Feather Icons,Coolors / HueMint Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 3 '25 Top 7 Tools Every UI/UX Figma,Framer,Maze,FlowMapp,Notion,IconScout / Feather Icons,Coolors / HueMint # productivity # design # ux # ui Comments Add Comment 1 min read Top 7 Golden Rules for UX Design Success! Design isn't just decoration—it's communication. #UXDesign #UIDesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 2 '25 Top 7 Golden Rules for UX Design Success! Design isn't just decoration—it's communication. #UXDesign #UIDesign # ux # design # uidesign # ui Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🧠 8 Response Types That Instantly Level Up UX! #design #dev #developer #it Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow May 1 '25 🧠 8 Response Types That Instantly Level Up UX! #design #dev #developer #it # ux # design # developer # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎨 Color Theory in UI Design – Make Your Users Feel 👁️🗨️ Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Apr 30 '25 🎨 Color Theory in UI Design – Make Your Users Feel 👁️🗨️ # ui # design # ux # frontend Comments Add Comment 1 min read ✨ Master the UX Game with These 7 Golden Rules! #UXDesign #dev #devoleper Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Apr 29 '25 ✨ Master the UX Game with These 7 Golden Rules! #UXDesign #dev #devoleper # uxdesign # design # productivity # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🔍 6 UI Mistakes That Are Killing Your Conversions — and How to Fix Them! 🚑✨ #UIDesign #UXTips #NuroDesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Apr 28 '25 🔍 6 UI Mistakes That Are Killing Your Conversions — and How to Fix Them! 🚑✨ #UIDesign #UXTips #NuroDesign # ui # uidesign # ux # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎯 Mastering the Psychology of UX: The Von Restorff Effect! #UXPsychology #UserExperience #nurodesign Nuro Design Nuro Design Nuro Design Follow Apr 27 '25 🎯 Mastering the Psychology of UX: The Von Restorff Effect! #UXPsychology #UserExperience #nurodesign # discuss # ux # uxdesign # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/product-features/error-monitoring/manually-send-errors | Manually Reporting Errors Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. 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Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. 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https://docs.python.org/3/faq/#python-frequently-asked-questions | Python Frequently Asked Questions — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Remote debugging attachment protocol Next topic General Python FAQ This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions | Theme Auto Light Dark | Python Frequently Asked Questions ¶ General Python FAQ Programming FAQ Design and History FAQ Library and Extension FAQ Extending/Embedding FAQ Python on Windows FAQ Graphic User Interface FAQ “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ Previous topic Remote debugging attachment protocol Next topic General Python FAQ This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/codemouse92/updated-beginner-tag-guidelines-1m2e#what-changed | Updated #beginner Tag Guidelines - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jason C. McDonald Posted on Aug 2, 2019 • Edited on Aug 3, 2019 Updated #beginner Tag Guidelines # beginners # meta Co-authored with @highcenburg DEV.to has a reputation for being incredibly beginner-friendly, and we like to think that the #beginners tag is a big part of that. More recently, however, it's been getting hard to predict what belongs on the tag and what doesn't. What designates a "beginner"? Is it someone new to programming, new to Javascript, new to React, or just new to Bootstrap? Those of us who have been at this a while know where to find answers to our questions, and that includes knowing what tags to search for... A complete beginner knows none of this. He or she should be able to subscribe to one tag and get content specifically geared towards their experience level, no further intervention required! We ( @codemouse92 and @highcenburg ) decided to clean up the #beginners tag to achieve this goal. We know this is going to be a big transition, but we're convinced that everyone will benefit in the end: True beginners find content specifically for them, Article authors get their beginner-oriented content noticed more easily by their target audience, DEV.to gets that much more organized. New Guidelines To start with, from here on in we'll be defining a "beginner" as someone who is new to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Simply being new to a framework, a library, a toolkit, or an IDE doesn't automatically count. If you think about it, almost all articles on DEV.to teach concepts anyway. We want #beginners to focus only on those developers who have 0-2 out of 10 knowledge in their field or language. All articles on #beginners should be written for true beginners. Articles should require no prerequisite knowledge about the language . This means authors should be prepared to introduce prerequisite concepts fresh in their article or series. It's okay to assume some knowledge of general programming basics, but these expectations should be clearly delineated at the top of your article. Asking a question with the #beginners tag should imply that answers should assume no prerequisite knowledge. What Changed? We used to allow articles teaching frameworks, tools, or libraries to developers who were familiar with the language , but not the discussed topic itself. The new guidelines ensure #beginners focuses on informing true beginners. Here are a few theoretical articles which would have been acceptable on #beginners at some point, but (probably) aren't now: "Building a Blockchain in React" "Combining Pandas and Deep Learning" "Let's build a P2P calendar webapp in Perl" "Executing Assembly Code from C#" Promotional Guidelines Articles should NOT primarily promote an external work, such as a Udemy course, website, or book (yours or someone else's). This is what Listings is for. It IS acceptable to include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom of your article, so long as the article contains complete and substantial content in its own right. If you want to write up a list of resources (paid or free) for beginners, this IS acceptable on the following conditions: Resources should be by at least three different distinct authors/creators. (Don't just make a list all of one person's work.) Clearly indicate which resources are FREE (no cost or data whatsoever), which require personally identifiable information PII , and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Use the exact same URLs that anyone else could provide. It should be clear at the first paragraph that the article contains promotional links. What SHOULD Be Here? Articles in this tag should be geared towards new developers, to introduce concepts, coding principles, and language features. In other words. we're looking for articles like this: Neural Networks 101 What I have learned so far with Python 4 Design Patterns in Web Develkopment 4 Common Data Structures Lookaheads in Javascript Dead Simple Python: Generators and Coroutines Questions are also welcomed! All questions on the #beginners tag should be seeking answers without assumptions about prerequisite knowledge. (They should also include the #help tag.) For example... What is a generator? What is the best framework for ERP? What is a segmentation fault? Why can't Python find my class? Guideline Enforcement We may cleaning up some prior posts, so if you find that this tag was removed from a bunch of your posts, don't despair. We just want this tag to be a safe harbor for beginners, even if they scroll back. If you want to go back and edit any of your posts to fit with the new standards, you're welcome to; if the tag was already removed from said posts, you can email yo@dev.to to get it reinstated. If the #beginners tag is used incorrectly in new posts, we'll remove it and provide a friendly reminder, along with suggestions on better tags to use. It takes time to get used to updated rules, so don't worry if this happens to you once or twice or several dozen times. We know you'll get the hang of it! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 5 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide P.S. I reeeeeeeally have to say, we're super excited to have @desi joining the #beginners tag moderators. She's the author of the "Best DEV.to Posts For Beginners" series. Best DEV.to Posts for Beginners: Week of July 29, 2019 Desi ・ Aug 5 ・ 2 min read #codenewbie #beginners #tutorial #bestofdev Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Desi Desi Desi Follow she/her. bug hunter. UI/UX copywriter. I want to make the internet more usable and accessible. Location Chicago Education Superhi | Ferris State University Work QA Analyst at Bandzoogle Joined Mar 5, 2019 • Aug 5 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide 🤗 excited to be helping out! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Angela Whisnant Angela Whisnant Angela Whisnant Follow Former Computer Operator at SAS Institute. Budding web developer looking for small projects to gain experience. Email arwhisnant@gmail.com Location Raleigh, North Carolina Education B.S.Ed. Western Carolina University Work Student at Udemy.com Joined May 26, 2019 • Aug 7 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Makes good sense! Thanks for looking out for us Newbies!:o) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 More from Jason C. McDonald Writing Zenlike Python (Talk) # python # beginners Social Lifespan of Posts # meta # discuss Dead Simple Python: Working with Files # python # beginners 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/dmuraco3/when-to-user-server-side-rendering-vs-static-generation-in-nextjs-8ab#getstaticprops | When to Use Server-Side rendering vs Static Generation in Next.js - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Dylan Muraco Posted on Dec 30, 2021 When to Use Server-Side rendering vs Static Generation in Next.js Pre-rendering your pages has multiple benefits such as better performance and better SEO. But choosing whether to statically generate your pages or render them on the server side can be confusing. Let's first take a look at Server-Side rendering getServerSideProps The main difference between getServerSideProps and getStaticProps is when they are ran. getServerSideProps is ran when every new request is made to the page. export async function getServerSideProps ( context ) { const { userId } = context . params const user = await getUser ( userId ) return { props : { user } } } export default function User ({ user }) { return ( < div > < h1 > { user . name } < /h1 > < /div > ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this example we are getting the userId from a dynamic route , getting the information about the user, then using that data to build the user page. Note that we have access to the request through params now lets take a look at getStaticProps getStaticProps We saw that getServerSideProps gets ran every time a new request is made so what about getStaticProps. getStaticProps is ran at build time, meaning that whenever you run npm run build this is when your static pages are built. export async function getStaticProps () { const blogPosts = await getBlogPosts () return { props : { blogPosts } } } export default function Home ({ blogPosts }) { return ( < div > { blogPosts . map ( post => ( < h1 > { post . name } < /h1 > ))} < /div > ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode this function is getting a list of blog posts and rendering them on a page. Because we know what we want before hand we can statically render the page whereas in our server side rendering example we don't know before the request is made what the user wants. So when to user getServerSideProps? Good for when you don't know what the user wants before they make a request Still want good SEO When to use getStaticProps? When we know what the user wants at build time Really fast performance and SEO This was just a quick dive into static generation vs server-side generation. If you want to learn more please let me know. As always thanks for reading. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow “It’s only work if somebody makes you do it.” • craft code • creative ideas • cutting edge • author • senior front end architect • professional scuba diver • adventures above and below the sea level Location Germany Work Senior Front End Architect, Full Stack Engineer, Creative Technologist and Scuba Diving Professional Joined May 19, 2019 • Dec 30 '21 • Edited on Dec 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hey! Great explanation! Back in summer I took e deep dive into the different types of pre-rendering with next.js - take a look if you like! Cheers! Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Aimee Aimee Aimee Follow I'm a passionate front end developer with experience in HTML5, CSS3, Javascript, React, Typescript, GraphQL, Styled Components, MUI. Location UK Work web developer Joined May 18, 2019 • Jan 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide hey nice blog post, which one should I use then, getByStaticProps, I'm fetching some data from a CMS I set up which stores my projects in then I'm wanting to display this data in my portfolio, I was using getByServerSideProps but I'm thinking I should use the other as it's not rarely going to change unless I go into the CMS and add a new project. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand coder-pixel coder-pixel coder-pixel Follow Work Student Joined Jan 23, 2023 • May 3 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think in that case you should go for 'getStaticProps' option, as your data is ll static in general most of the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan-Mambou Ryan-Mambou Ryan-Mambou Follow Joined Mar 28, 2022 • Sep 20 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent article man. Thanks a lot! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Emeka Orji Emeka Orji Emeka Orji Follow Email emekapraiseo@gmail.com Location Lagos, Nigeria Pronouns He/Him Work Engineering Joined Jun 25, 2020 • Jul 25 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Amazing Explanation!!👍👍 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Stelios Papoutsakis Stelios Papoutsakis Stelios Papoutsakis Follow I started as a full stack junior web developer in 2018, became a team leader and I am trying to level up my game. Joined Jun 15, 2024 • Jun 15 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide good one. can we use both in a next.js project? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shuvo Koiri Shuvo Koiri Shuvo Koiri Follow Joined Jun 30, 2022 • Jun 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ok,,,,Can you tell me wahich one should I use in index.js for my Blogging website>>>??? Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Md Ohidul Islam Md Ohidul Islam Md Ohidul Islam Follow Joined Jul 1, 2022 • Jul 1 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello Shuvo Koiri, I am assuming that your index.js page is responsible for showing a list of blog posts, which we can assume doesn't change so frequently (e.g: Multiple-times in an hour). Therefore you can use getStaticProps with the property revalidate: 10 . By doing that Next.js will re-generate only the index.js page at most once every 10 seconds. See the code snapshot below, this is from the official Next.js documentation. export async function getStaticProps () { const res = await fetch ( ' https://.../posts ' ) const posts = await res . json () return { props : { posts , }, // Next.js will attempt to re-generate the page: // - When a request comes in // - At most once every 10 seconds revalidate : 10 , // In seconds } } ``` Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Dylan Muraco Follow I like coding cool stuff Location Mars Joined Dec 21, 2021 More from Dylan Muraco Guide to Adding Info Text in Sanity Studio # sanity # webdev # react # typescript How to Create a Local RAG Agent with Ollama and LangChain # rag # tutorial # ai # python Authenticate in React with Firebase Auth # react # firebase # authentication 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.python.org/license.html | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#id2 | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#id1 | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | 3. An Informal Introduction to Python ¶ In the following examples, input and output are distinguished by the presence or absence of prompts ( >>> and … ): to repeat the example, you must type everything after the prompt, when the prompt appears; lines that do not begin with a prompt are output from the interpreter. Note that a secondary prompt on a line by itself in an example means you must type a blank line; this is used to end a multi-line command. You can use the “Copy” button (it appears in the upper-right corner when hovering over or tapping a code example), which strips prompts and omits output, to copy and paste the input lines into your interpreter. Many of the examples in this manual, even those entered at the interactive prompt, include comments. Comments in Python start with the hash character, # , and extend to the end of the physical line. A comment may appear at the start of a line or following whitespace or code, but not within a string literal. A hash character within a string literal is just a hash character. Since comments are to clarify code and are not interpreted by Python, they may be omitted when typing in examples. Some examples: # this is the first comment spam = 1 # and this is the second comment # ... and now a third! text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes." 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator ¶ Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>> . (It shouldn’t take long.) 3.1.1. Numbers ¶ The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression into it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators + , - , * and / can be used to perform arithmetic; parentheses ( () ) can be used for grouping. For example: >>> 2 + 2 4 >>> 50 - 5 * 6 20 >>> ( 50 - 5 * 6 ) / 4 5.0 >>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating-point number 1.6 The integer numbers (e.g. 2 , 4 , 20 ) have type int , the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0 , 1.6 ) have type float . We will see more about numeric types later in the tutorial. Division ( / ) always returns a float. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use % : >>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float 5.666666666666667 >>> >>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part 5 >>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division 2 >>> 5 * 3 + 2 # floored quotient * divisor + remainder 17 With Python, it is possible to use the ** operator to calculate powers [ 1 ] : >>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared 25 >>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7 128 The equal sign ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. Afterwards, no result is displayed before the next interactive prompt: >>> width = 20 >>> height = 5 * 9 >>> width * height 900 If a variable is not “defined” (assigned a value), trying to use it will give you an error: >>> n # try to access an undefined variable Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> NameError : name 'n' is not defined There is full support for floating point; operators with mixed type operands convert the integer operand to floating point: >>> 4 * 3.75 - 1 14.0 In interactive mode, the last printed expression is assigned to the variable _ . This means that when you are using Python as a desk calculator, it is somewhat easier to continue calculations, for example: >>> tax = 12.5 / 100 >>> price = 100.50 >>> price * tax 12.5625 >>> price + _ 113.0625 >>> round ( _ , 2 ) 113.06 This variable should be treated as read-only by the user. Don’t explicitly assign a value to it — you would create an independent local variable with the same name masking the built-in variable with its magic behavior. In addition to int and float , Python supports other types of numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction . Python also has built-in support for complex numbers , and uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g. 3+5j ). 3.1.2. Text ¶ Python can manipulate text (represented by type str , so-called “strings”) as well as numbers. This includes characters “ ! ”, words “ rabbit ”, names “ Paris ”, sentences “ Got your back. ”, etc. “ Yay! :) ”. They can be enclosed in single quotes ( '...' ) or double quotes ( "..." ) with the same result [ 2 ] . >>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes 'spam eggs' >>> "Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!" # double quotes 'Paris rabbit got your back :)! Yay!' >>> '1975' # digits and numerals enclosed in quotes are also strings '1975' To quote a quote, we need to “escape” it, by preceding it with \ . Alternatively, we can use the other type of quotation marks: >>> 'doesn \' t' # use \' to escape the single quote... "doesn't" >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead "doesn't" >>> '"Yes," they said.' '"Yes," they said.' >>> " \" Yes, \" they said." '"Yes," they said.' >>> '"Isn \' t," they said.' '"Isn\'t," they said.' In the Python shell, the string definition and output string can look different. The print() function produces a more readable output, by omitting the enclosing quotes and by printing escaped and special characters: >>> s = 'First line. \n Second line.' # \n means newline >>> s # without print(), special characters are included in the string 'First line.\nSecond line.' >>> print ( s ) # with print(), special characters are interpreted, so \n produces new line First line. Second line. If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by adding an r before the first quote: >>> print ( 'C:\some \n ame' ) # here \n means newline! C:\some ame >>> print ( r 'C:\some\name' ) # note the r before the quote C:\some\name There is one subtle aspect to raw strings: a raw string may not end in an odd number of \ characters; see the FAQ entry for more information and workarounds. String literals can span multiple lines. One way is using triple-quotes: """...""" or '''...''' . End-of-line characters are automatically included in the string, but it’s possible to prevent this by adding a \ at the end of the line. In the following example, the initial newline is not included: >>> print ( """ \ ... Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] ... -h Display this usage message ... -H hostname Hostname to connect to ... """ ) Usage: thingy [OPTIONS] -h Display this usage message -H hostname Hostname to connect to >>> Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the + operator, and repeated with * : >>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium' >>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium' 'unununium' Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed between quotes) next to each other are automatically concatenated. >>> 'Py' 'thon' 'Python' This feature is particularly useful when you want to break long strings: >>> text = ( 'Put several strings within parentheses ' ... 'to have them joined together.' ) >>> text 'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.' This only works with two literals though, not with variables or expressions: >>> prefix = 'Py' >>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal File "<stdin>" , line 1 prefix 'thon' ^^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax >>> ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' File "<stdin>" , line 1 ( 'un' * 3 ) 'ium' ^^^^^ SyntaxError : invalid syntax If you want to concatenate variables or a variable and a literal, use + : >>> prefix + 'thon' 'Python' Strings can be indexed (subscripted), with the first character having index 0. There is no separate character type; a character is simply a string of size one: >>> word = 'Python' >>> word [ 0 ] # character in position 0 'P' >>> word [ 5 ] # character in position 5 'n' Indices may also be negative numbers, to start counting from the right: >>> word [ - 1 ] # last character 'n' >>> word [ - 2 ] # second-last character 'o' >>> word [ - 6 ] 'P' Note that since -0 is the same as 0, negative indices start from -1. In addition to indexing, slicing is also supported. While indexing is used to obtain individual characters, slicing allows you to obtain a substring: >>> word [ 0 : 2 ] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 2 : 5 ] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) 'tho' Slice indices have useful defaults; an omitted first index defaults to zero, an omitted second index defaults to the size of the string being sliced. >>> word [: 2 ] # character from the beginning to position 2 (excluded) 'Py' >>> word [ 4 :] # characters from position 4 (included) to the end 'on' >>> word [ - 2 :] # characters from the second-last (included) to the end 'on' Note how the start is always included, and the end always excluded. This makes sure that s[:i] + s[i:] is always equal to s : >>> word [: 2 ] + word [ 2 :] 'Python' >>> word [: 4 ] + word [ 4 :] 'Python' One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n , for example: +---+---+---+---+---+---+ | P | y | t | h | o | n | +---+---+---+---+---+---+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 The first row of numbers gives the position of the indices 0…6 in the string; the second row gives the corresponding negative indices. The slice from i to j consists of all characters between the edges labeled i and j , respectively. For non-negative indices, the length of a slice is the difference of the indices, if both are within bounds. For example, the length of word[1:3] is 2. Attempting to use an index that is too large will result in an error: >>> word [ 42 ] # the word only has 6 characters Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> IndexError : string index out of range However, out of range slice indexes are handled gracefully when used for slicing: >>> word [ 4 : 42 ] 'on' >>> word [ 42 :] '' Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable . Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the string results in an error: >>> word [ 0 ] = 'J' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> word [ 2 :] = 'py' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : 'str' object does not support item assignment If you need a different string, you should create a new one: >>> 'J' + word [ 1 :] 'Jython' >>> word [: 2 ] + 'py' 'Pypy' The built-in function len() returns the length of a string: >>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious' >>> len ( s ) 34 See also Text Sequence Type — str Strings are examples of sequence types , and support the common operations supported by such types. String Methods Strings support a large number of methods for basic transformations and searching. f-strings String literals that have embedded expressions. Format String Syntax Information about string formatting with str.format() . printf-style String Formatting The old formatting operations invoked when strings are the left operand of the % operator are described in more detail here. 3.1.3. Lists ¶ Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list , which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type. >>> squares = [ 1 , 4 , 9 , 16 , 25 ] >>> squares [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Like strings (and all other built-in sequence types), lists can be indexed and sliced: >>> squares [ 0 ] # indexing returns the item 1 >>> squares [ - 1 ] 25 >>> squares [ - 3 :] # slicing returns a new list [9, 16, 25] Lists also support operations like concatenation: >>> squares + [ 36 , 49 , 64 , 81 , 100 ] [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Unlike strings, which are immutable , lists are a mutable type, i.e. it is possible to change their content: >>> cubes = [ 1 , 8 , 27 , 65 , 125 ] # something's wrong here >>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65! 64 >>> cubes [ 3 ] = 64 # replace the wrong value >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125] You can also add new items at the end of the list, by using the list.append() method (we will see more about methods later): >>> cubes . append ( 216 ) # add the cube of 6 >>> cubes . append ( 7 ** 3 ) # and the cube of 7 >>> cubes [1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343] Simple assignment in Python never copies data. When you assign a list to a variable, the variable refers to the existing list . Any changes you make to the list through one variable will be seen through all other variables that refer to it.: >>> rgb = [ "Red" , "Green" , "Blue" ] >>> rgba = rgb >>> id ( rgb ) == id ( rgba ) # they reference the same object True >>> rgba . append ( "Alph" ) >>> rgb ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list: >>> correct_rgba = rgba [:] >>> correct_rgba [ - 1 ] = "Alpha" >>> correct_rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alpha"] >>> rgba ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Alph"] Assignment to slices is also possible, and this can even change the size of the list or clear it entirely: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' , 'e' , 'f' , 'g' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'] >>> # replace some values >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [ 'C' , 'D' , 'E' ] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g'] >>> # now remove them >>> letters [ 2 : 5 ] = [] >>> letters ['a', 'b', 'f', 'g'] >>> # clear the list by replacing all the elements with an empty list >>> letters [:] = [] >>> letters [] The built-in function len() also applies to lists: >>> letters = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] >>> len ( letters ) 4 It is possible to nest lists (create lists containing other lists), for example: >>> a = [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ] >>> n = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] >>> x = [ a , n ] >>> x [['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]] >>> x [ 0 ] ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> x [ 0 ][ 1 ] 'b' 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming ¶ Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows: >>> # Fibonacci series: >>> # the sum of two elements defines the next >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 10 : ... print ( a ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 This example introduces several new features. The first line contains a multiple assignment : the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right. The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: a < 10 ) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to). The body of the loop is indented : indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount. The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating-point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this: >>> i = 256 * 256 >>> print ( 'The value of i is' , i ) The value of i is 65536 The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string: >>> a , b = 0 , 1 >>> while a < 1000 : ... print ( a , end = ',' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987, Footnotes [ 1 ] Since ** has higher precedence than - , -3**2 will be interpreted as -(3**2) and thus result in -9 . To avoid this and get 9 , you can use (-3)**2 . [ 2 ] Unlike other languages, special characters such as \n have the same meaning with both single ( '...' ) and double ( "..." ) quotes. The only difference between the two is that within single quotes you don’t need to escape " (but you have to escape \' ) and vice versa. Table of Contents 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming Previous topic 2. Using the Python Interpreter Next topic 4. More Control Flow Tools This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 3. An Informal Introduction to Python | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions bingkahu Full-stack developer focused on decentralized communication and privacy-centric web applications. Lead maintainer of CodeChat, an open-source peer-to-peer messaging platform built on WebRTC and PeerJS Joined Joined on Jan 11, 2026 github website Education School Work Student More info about @bingkahu Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Currently hacking on A P2P encrypted messaging service. Available for I'm available for anything! 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lara Parvinsmith Posted on Mar 3, 2022 web3.js vs ethers.js: a Comparison of Web3 Libraries # web3 # ethereum # javascript # blockchain Both web3.js and ethers.js are JavaScript libraries that enable frontend apps to interact with the Ethereum blockchain, including smart contracts. If you're building an app that reads or writes to the blockchain from the client, you'll need to use one of these libraries. They have similar functionality, but an important question is how they will be maintained and grow with the emerging dapp ecosystem. Quantitative comparison web3.js ethers.js Date of first release Feb 2015 Jul 2016 GitHub stars 13.4k 4k GitHub contributors* 16** 1 Bundle size*** 590.6kB 116.5kB *GitHub contributors from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022 **16 contributors, but only 2 had more than 10 commits in the one year period ***Bundle size from bundlephobia , value of minified and gzipped package. API differences While web3.js provides a single instantiated web3 object with methods for interacting with the blockchain, ethers.js separates the API into two separate roles. The provider , which is an anonymous connection to the ethereum network, and the signer , which can access the private key and sign the transactions. The ethers team intended this separation of concerns to provide more flexibility to developers. Side-by-side examples Below are some examples of common functions a developer would include in their dapp. You'll see they offer the same functionality, with some slight differences of API. Instantiating provider with MetaMask wallet web3 const web3 = new Web3(Web3.givenProvider); ethers const provider = new ethers.providers.Web3Provider(window.ethereum) Getting balance of account web3 const balance = await web3.eth.getBalance("0x0") ethers (supports ENS!) const balance = await provider.getBalance("ethers.eth") Instantiating contract web3 const myContract = new web3.eth.Contract(ABI, contractAddress); ethers const myContract = new ethers.Contract(contractAddress, ABI, provider.getSigner()); Calling contract method web3 const balance = await myContract.methods.balanceOf("0x0").call() ethers const balance = await myContract.balanceOf("ethers.eth") So which should I pick for my project? Given the details above, web3.js looks like the go-to choice, with a longer history and more maintainers. However, ethers.js seems just as reliable and includes some differentiating perks such as size and additional features. Most other articles on this subject conclude that you could easily pick either, depending on what you're looking for. I too hesitate to recommend one over the other. But as the ecosystem evolves, it is important to me to pick the library that will be most flexible and supported by other libraries. Ecosystem factors Which will be the most supported by open source libraries? As the dapp ecosystem grows, which of the two libraries will be the most compatible with other open source libraries you want to bring into your app? In my limited experience, as this is still an emerging area for development, there are a couple libraries that require ethers.js to use the framework. Examples include web3-react and NFT Swap SDK . I have not yet seen libraries that require web3.js. Which will have a solution for mocking for end-to-end testing? Implementing end-to-end testing for web3 features is a challenge. This is partly because most tools, like Cypress , run your tests in a Chromium browser that does not support browser extensions. Developers need an easy way to mock Ethereum providers or the web3/ethers instance to use inside their test environments. So far, I haven't seen any libraries that help solve this. But if there were a tool that helped mock providers for testing, and only worked with ethers for example, that would be enough for me to choose ethers over web3. Which library do you prefer, web3.js or ethers.js? Are there any tools in the ecosystem I'm overlooking? Let me know in the comments! Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Leland Holmes Follow IT Project Manager & Business Consultant Joined Sep 20, 2024 • Sep 20 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, @everyone We are seeking a talented and experienced Blockchain Developer to join our dynamic team. As a Blockchain Developer, you will be responsible for driving the development and execution of our Decentralized Exchange (DEX) platform. The ideal candidate will possess a deep understanding of blockchain technology, strong project management skills, and a passion for building decentralized applications (dApps). If you are interested in this job, you can check our project. bitbucket.org/0xky43/ultrax-dex/src/main Use node version over 18.20.4. Our Team Leader will ask to you about this project. And for testing your coding skills, you should fix the some errors of this project. Afterwards, you can contact " t.me/VEProf " with project screenshots of the fixed issues. And then you will discuss more details with him what you have to do. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Pavel Svitek Follow 3x CTO, 10+ years as full-stack web dev. ReactJS/VueJS/NodeJS/Typescript/Python. Interested in Fintech/Web3/DeFi/AI/IPFS/Ethereum Location Zurich, Switzerland Work CTO Joined Dec 30, 2018 • Aug 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Have you seen any updates rg. wallet testing (mocking) with ethers.js or wagmi? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron J.D. Bertron Follow Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Work Founder and CEO at BqETH.com Joined Jun 19, 2022 • Sep 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much for this. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lara Parvinsmith Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 16, 2019 More from Lara Parvinsmith Signatures as Authentication in Web3 # ethereum # blockchain # web3 # cryptography Web3: the unique technology and challenges behind the hype # web3 # blockchain # ux # ethereum Easiest way to deploy your Ethereum Smart Contract # blockchain # solidity # ethereum # smartcontract 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Dylan Muraco I like coding cool stuff Location Mars Joined Joined on Dec 21, 2021 Personal website https://dylanmuraco.com github website More info about @dmuraco3 Badges Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. 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https://docs.pypi.org/ | PyPI Docs Skip to content PyPI Docs Welcome to PyPI User Documentation Initializing search GitHub PyPI Docs GitHub Welcome to PyPI User Documentation Welcome to PyPI User Documentation Table of contents Help Contributing to the docs Project Management Project Management Storage Limits Yanking Name Retention Organization Accounts Organization Accounts About FAQs Roles and Entities Actions Actions Billing Actions Organization Actions Project Actions Team Actions Pricing and Payments Support Trusted Publishers Trusted Publishers Getting Started Adding a Trusted Publisher to an Existing PyPI Project Creating a PyPI Project with a Trusted Publisher Publishing with a Trusted Publisher Security Model and Considerations Troubleshooting Internals and Technical Details Digital Attestations Digital Attestations Introduction Producing attestations Consuming attestations PyPI Publish Attestation (v1) Security Model and Considerations Project Metadata APIs and Datasets APIs and Datasets Introduction Index API JSON API Upload API Integrity API Stats API BigQuery Datasets RSS Feeds Secret reporting API Table of contents Help Contributing to the docs Welcome to PyPI User Documentation PyPI is the official repository of packages for Python. This user documentation is aimed at users who use the PyPI website. To view the developer documentation, visit the Warehouse documentation . Help To submit an issue, visit the Warehouse Github repo . For general queries, visit PyPI Help . Contributing to the docs If you're interested in participating, consider opening an Issue on the pypi/warehouse repository and adding the documentation label. Made with Material for MkDocs | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://docs.python.org/py-modindex.html | Python Module Index — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Navigation index modules | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Module Index | Theme Auto Light Dark | Python Module Index _ | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | z   _ __future__ Future statement definitions __main__ The environment where top-level code is run. Covers command-line interfaces, import-time behavior, and ``__name__ == '__main__'``. _thread Low-level threading API. _tkinter A binary module that contains the low-level interface to Tcl/Tk.   a abc Abstract base classes according to :pep:`3119`. aifc Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. annotationlib Functionality for introspecting annotations argparse Command-line option and argument parsing library. array Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values. ast Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation. asynchat Deprecated: Removed in 3.12. asyncio Asynchronous I/O. asyncore Deprecated: Removed in 3.12. atexit Register and execute cleanup functions. audioop Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.   b base64 RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85 bdb Debugger framework. binascii Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations. bisect Array bisection algorithms for binary searching. builtins The module that provides the built-in namespace. bz2 Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.   c calendar Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program. cgi Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. cgitb Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. chunk Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. cmath Mathematical functions for complex numbers. cmd Build line-oriented command interpreters. code Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops. codecs Encode and decode data and streams. codeop Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code. collections Container datatypes     collections.abc Abstract base classes for containers colorsys Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems. compileall Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree. compression     compression.zstd Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines in the zstd library. concurrent     concurrent.futures Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes.     concurrent.interpreters Multiple interpreters in the same process configparser Configuration file parser. contextlib Utilities for with-statement contexts. contextvars Context Variables copy Shallow and deep copy operations. copyreg Register pickle support functions. cProfile crypt Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. csv Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files. ctypes A foreign function library for Python. curses (Unix) An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.     curses.ascii Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.     curses.panel A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.     curses.textpad Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.   d dataclasses Generate special methods on user-defined classes. datetime Basic date and time types. dbm Interfaces to various Unix "database" formats.     dbm.dumb Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.     dbm.gnu (Unix) GNU database manager     dbm.ndbm (Unix) The New Database Manager     dbm.sqlite3 (All) SQLite backend for dbm decimal Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification. difflib Helpers for computing differences between objects. dis Disassembler for Python bytecode. distutils Deprecated: Removed in 3.12. doctest Test pieces of code within docstrings.   e email Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.     email.charset Character Sets     email.contentmanager Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts     email.encoders Encoders for email message payloads.     email.errors The exception classes used by the email package.     email.generator Generate flat text email messages from a message structure.     email.header Representing non-ASCII headers     email.headerregistry Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name     email.iterators Iterate over a message object tree.     email.message The base class representing email messages.     email.mime Build MIME messages.     email.mime.application     email.mime.audio     email.mime.base     email.mime.image     email.mime.message     email.mime.multipart     email.mime.nonmultipart     email.mime.text     email.parser Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure.     email.policy Controlling the parsing and generating of messages     email.utils Miscellaneous email package utilities. encodings Encodings package     encodings.idna Internationalized Domain Names implementation     encodings.mbcs Windows ANSI codepage     encodings.utf_8_sig UTF-8 codec with BOM signature ensurepip Bootstrapping the "pip" installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment. enum Implementation of an enumeration class. errno Standard errno system symbols.   f faulthandler Dump the Python traceback. fcntl (Unix) The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls. filecmp Compare files efficiently. fileinput Loop over standard input or a list of files. fnmatch Unix shell style filename pattern matching. fractions Rational numbers. ftplib FTP protocol client (requires sockets). functools Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.   g gc Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector. getopt Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names. getpass Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid. gettext Multilingual internationalization services. glob Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion. graphlib Functionality to operate with graph-like structures grp (Unix) The group database (getgrnam() and friends). gzip Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.   h hashlib Secure hash and message digest algorithms. heapq Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue). hmac Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation html Helpers for manipulating HTML.     html.entities Definitions of HTML general entities.     html.parser A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML. http HTTP status codes and messages     http.client HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).     http.cookiejar Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.     http.cookies Support for HTTP state management (cookies).     http.server HTTP server and request handlers.   i idlelib Implementation package for the IDLE shell/editor. imaplib IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets). imghdr Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. imp Deprecated: Removed in 3.12. importlib The implementation of the import machinery.     importlib.abc Abstract base classes related to import     importlib.machinery Importers and path hooks     importlib.metadata Accessing package metadata     importlib.resources Package resource reading, opening, and access     importlib.resources.abc Abstract base classes for resources     importlib.util Utility code for importers inspect Extract information and source code from live objects. io Core tools for working with streams. ipaddress IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library. itertools Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.   j json Encode and decode the JSON format.     json.tool A command-line interface to validate and pretty-print JSON.   k keyword Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.   l linecache Provides random access to individual lines from text files. locale Internationalization services. logging Flexible event logging system for applications.     logging.config Configuration of the logging module.     logging.handlers Handlers for the logging module. lzma A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.   m mailbox Manipulate mailboxes in various formats mailcap Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. marshal Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints). math Mathematical functions (sin() etc.). mimetypes Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types. mmap Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows. modulefinder Find modules used by a script. msilib Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. msvcrt (Windows) Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime. multiprocessing Process-based parallelism.     multiprocessing.connection API for dealing with sockets.     multiprocessing.dummy Dumb wrapper around threading.     multiprocessing.managers Share data between process with shared objects.     multiprocessing.pool Create pools of processes.     multiprocessing.shared_memory Provides shared memory for direct access across processes.     multiprocessing.sharedctypes Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.   n netrc Loading of .netrc files. nis Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. nntplib Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. numbers Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).   o operator Functions corresponding to the standard operators. optparse Command-line option parsing library. os Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.     os.path Operations on pathnames. ossaudiodev Deprecated: Removed in 3.13.   p pathlib Object-oriented filesystem paths     pathlib.types pathlib types for static type checking pdb The Python debugger for interactive interpreters. pickle Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back. pickletools Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions. pipes Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. pkgutil Utilities for the import system. platform Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible. plistlib Generate and parse Apple plist files. poplib POP3 protocol client (requires sockets). posix (Unix) The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). pprint Data pretty printer. profile Python source profiler. pstats Statistics object for use with the profiler. pty (Unix) Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix. pwd (Unix) The password database (getpwnam() and friends). py_compile Generate byte-code files from Python source files. pyclbr Supports information extraction for a Python module browser. pydoc Documentation generator and online help system.   q queue A synchronized queue class. quopri Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.   r random Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions. re Regular expression operations. readline (Unix) GNU readline support for Python. reprlib Alternate repr() implementation with size limits. resource (Unix) An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process. rlcompleter Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library. runpy Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.   s sched General purpose event scheduler. secrets Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets. select Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams. selectors High-level I/O multiplexing. shelve Python object persistence. shlex Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages. shutil High-level file operations, including copying. signal Set handlers for asynchronous events. site Module responsible for site-specific configuration. sitecustomize smtpd Deprecated: Removed in 3.12. smtplib SMTP protocol client (requires sockets). sndhdr Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. socket Low-level networking interface. socketserver A framework for network servers. spwd Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. sqlite3 A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x. ssl TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects stat Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat(). statistics Mathematical statistics functions string Common string operations.     string.templatelib Support for template string literals. stringprep String preparation, as per RFC 3453 struct Interpret bytes as packed binary data. subprocess Subprocess management. sunau Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. symtable Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables. sys Access system-specific parameters and functions.     sys.monitoring Access and control event monitoring sysconfig Python's configuration information syslog (Unix) An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.   t tabnanny Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree. tarfile Read and write tar-format archive files. telnetlib Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. tempfile Generate temporary files and directories. termios (Unix) POSIX style tty control. test Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.     test.regrtest Drives the regression test suite.     test.support Support for Python's regression test suite.     test.support.bytecode_helper Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation.     test.support.import_helper Support for import tests.     test.support.os_helper Support for os tests.     test.support.script_helper Support for Python's script execution tests.     test.support.socket_helper Support for socket tests.     test.support.threading_helper Support for threading tests.     test.support.warnings_helper Support for warnings tests. textwrap Text wrapping and filling threading Thread-based parallelism. time Time access and conversions. timeit Measure the execution time of small code snippets. tkinter Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces     tkinter.colorchooser (Tk) Color choosing dialog     tkinter.commondialog (Tk) Tkinter base class for dialogs     tkinter.dnd (Tk) Tkinter drag-and-drop interface     tkinter.filedialog (Tk) Dialog classes for file selection     tkinter.font (Tk) Tkinter font-wrapping class     tkinter.messagebox (Tk) Various types of alert dialogs     tkinter.scrolledtext (Tk) Text widget with a vertical scroll bar.     tkinter.simpledialog (Tk) Simple dialog windows     tkinter.ttk Tk themed widget set token Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree. tokenize Lexical scanner for Python source code. tomllib Parse TOML files. trace Trace or track Python statement execution. traceback Print or retrieve a stack traceback. tracemalloc Trace memory allocations. tty (Unix) Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations. turtle An educational framework for simple graphics applications turtledemo A viewer for example turtle scripts types Names for built-in types. typing Support for type hints (see :pep:`484`).   u unicodedata Access the Unicode Database. unittest Unit testing framework for Python.     unittest.mock Mock object library. urllib     urllib.error Exception classes raised by urllib.request.     urllib.parse Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.     urllib.request Extensible library for opening URLs.     urllib.response Response classes used by urllib.     urllib.robotparser Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs. usercustomize uu Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. uuid UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 9562   v venv Creation of virtual environments.   w warnings Issue warning messages and control their disposition. wave Provide an interface to the WAV sound format. weakref Support for weak references and weak dictionaries. webbrowser Easy-to-use controller for web browsers. winreg (Windows) Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry. winsound (Windows) Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows. wsgiref WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.     wsgiref.handlers WSGI server/gateway base classes.     wsgiref.headers WSGI response header tools.     wsgiref.simple_server A simple WSGI HTTP server.     wsgiref.types WSGI types for static type checking     wsgiref.util WSGI environment utilities.     wsgiref.validate WSGI conformance checker.   x xdrlib Deprecated: Removed in 3.13. xml Package containing XML processing modules     xml.dom Document Object Model API for Python.     xml.dom.minidom Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation.     xml.dom.pulldom Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events.     xml.etree.ElementInclude     xml.etree.ElementTree Implementation of the ElementTree API.     xml.parsers.expat An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser.     xml.parsers.expat.errors     xml.parsers.expat.model     xml.sax Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions.     xml.sax.handler Base classes for SAX event handlers.     xml.sax.saxutils Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX.     xml.sax.xmlreader Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement. xmlrpc Server and client modules implementing XML-RPC.     xmlrpc.client XML-RPC client access.     xmlrpc.server Basic XML-RPC server implementations.   z zipapp Manage executable Python zip archives zipfile Read and write ZIP-format archive files. zipimport Support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives. zlib Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip. zoneinfo IANA time zone support « Navigation index modules | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Module Index | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. 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https://devguide.python.org/documentation/help-documenting/ | Helping with documentation Contents Menu Expand Light mode Dark mode Auto light/dark, in light mode Auto light/dark, in dark mode Skip to content Python Developer's Guide Python Developer's Guide Getting started Setup and building Fixing “easy” issues (and beyond) Git bootcamp and cheat sheet Lifecycle of a pull request Where to get help Generative AI Development workflow Following Python’s development Changing Python Development cycle Adding to the stdlib Standard library extension modules Changing Python’s C API Changing CPython’s grammar Porting to a new platform Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOM) Python Security Response Team (PSRT) Issues and triaging Issue tracker Triaging an issue GitHub labels GitHub issues for BPO users Triage Team Documentation Getting started Helping with documentation Style guide reStructuredText markup Translations Translating Coordinating Helping with the Developer’s Guide Testing and buildbots Running and writing tests Silence warnings from the test suite Increase test coverage Working with buildbots New buildbot workers Development tools Argument Clinic Tutorial How-to guides GDB support Dynamic analysis with Clang Tools for tracking compiler warnings Core team Responsibilities Accepting pull requests Experts index Team log Motivations and affiliations How to join the core team Memorialization CPython’s internals Status of Python versions Python Contributor’s Guide (draft) [Plan for the Contributor’s Guide] Introduction The CPython project Code of Conduct Roles Governance Generative AI GitHub Directory structure Communication channels Outreach Issues and triaging Issue tracker Triaging an issue GitHub labels Reviewing Triage Team Documentation contributions Getting started Helping with documentation Style guide reStructuredText markup Pull request lifecycle Translating Helping with the Developer’s Guide Code contributions Setup and building Git tips Pull request lifecycle Development workflow Following Python’s development Development cycle Adding to the stdlib Standard library extension modules Changing Python’s C API Changing Python Changing CPython’s grammar Porting to a new platform Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOM) Python Security Response Team (PSRT) Testing and buildbots Running and writing tests Silence warnings from the test suite Increase test coverage Working with buildbots New buildbot workers Development tools Argument Clinic Tutorial How-to guides GDB support Dynamic analysis with Clang Tools for tracking compiler warnings Core team Responsibilities Accepting pull requests Experts index Team log Motivations and affiliations How to join the core team Accessibility, design, and user success Security and infrastructure contributions Workflows Install Git Get the source code Install Dependencies Compile and build Regenerating auto-created files Install Git Using GitHub Codespaces Back to top View this page Edit this page Helping with documentation ¶ Python is known for having well-written documentation. Maintaining the documentation’s accuracy and keeping a high level of quality takes a lot of effort. Community members, like you, help with writing, editing, and updating content, and these contributions are appreciated and welcomed. This high-level Helping with Documentation section provides: an overview of Python’s documentation how to help with documentation issues information on proofreading You will find extensive and detailed information on how to write documentation and submit changes on the Documenting Python page. Python documentation ¶ The Documenting Python section covers the details of how Python’s documentation works. It includes information about the markup language used, specific formats, and style recommendations. Looking at pre-existing documentation source files can be very helpful when getting started. How to build the documentation walks you through the steps to create a draft build which lets you see how your changes will look and validates that your new markup is correct. You can view the documentation built from in-development and maintenance branches at https://docs.python.org/dev/ . The in-development and recent maintenance branches are rebuilt once per day. If you would like to be more involved with documentation, consider subscribing to the Documentation category on the Python Discourse and the docs@python.org mailing list where user issues are raised and documentation toolchain, projects, and standards are discussed. Helping with documentation issues ¶ If you look at documentation issues on the issue tracker , you will find various documentation problems that may need work. Issues vary from typos to unclear documentation and items lacking documentation. If you see a documentation issue that you would like to tackle, you can: check to see if there is pull request icon to the right of the issue’s title, or an open pull request listed under Linked PRs in the issue body. If there is, then someone has already created a pull request for the issue. leave a comment on the issue saying you are going to try and create a pull request and roughly how long you think you will take to do so (this allows others to take on the issue if you happen to forget or lose interest). submit a pull request for the issue. By following the steps in the Quick Guide to Pull Requests , you will learn the workflow for documentation pull requests. Translating ¶ The Python documentation is being actively translated into several languages. If you are interested in helping with translation, see our pages on translating to get started. Proofreading ¶ While an issue filed on the issue tracker means there is a known issue somewhere, that does not mean there are not other issues lurking about in the documentation. Proofreading a part of the documentation, such as a “How to” or OS specific document, can often uncover problems (for example, documentation that needs updating for Python 3). If you decide to proofread, read a section of the documentation from start to finish, filing issues in the issue tracker for each major type of problem you find. Simple typos don’t require issues of their own, but, instead, submit a pull request directly. It’s best to avoid filing a single issue for an entire section containing multiple problems; instead, file several issues so that it is easier to break the work up for multiple people and more efficient review. For help with the finer points of English technical writing, mention the @python/proofreaders team in your issue or pull request in any @python repo. If you’d like to join the team, open a core-workflow issue similar to python/core-workflow#461 . Next Style guide Previous Getting started Copyright © 2011 Python Software Foundation Made with Sphinx and @pradyunsg 's Furo On this page Helping with documentation Python documentation Helping with documentation issues Translating Proofreading | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#formatstrings | string — Common string operations — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents string — Common string operations String constants Custom String Formatting Format String Syntax Format Specification Mini-Language Format examples Template strings ($-strings) Helper functions Previous topic Text Processing Services Next topic string.templatelib — Support for template string literals This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Text Processing Services » string — Common string operations | Theme Auto Light Dark | string — Common string operations ¶ Source code: Lib/string/__init__.py See also Text Sequence Type — str String Methods String constants ¶ The constants defined in this module are: string. ascii_letters ¶ The concatenation of the ascii_lowercase and ascii_uppercase constants described below. This value is not locale-dependent. string. ascii_lowercase ¶ The lowercase letters 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' . This value is not locale-dependent and will not change. string. ascii_uppercase ¶ The uppercase letters 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' . This value is not locale-dependent and will not change. string. digits ¶ The string '0123456789' . string. hexdigits ¶ The string '0123456789abcdefABCDEF' . string. octdigits ¶ The string '01234567' . string. punctuation ¶ String of ASCII characters which are considered punctuation characters in the C locale: !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~ . string. printable ¶ String of ASCII characters which are considered printable by Python. This is a combination of digits , ascii_letters , punctuation , and whitespace . Note By design, string.printable.isprintable() returns False . In particular, string.printable is not printable in the POSIX sense (see LC_CTYPE ). string. whitespace ¶ A string containing all ASCII characters that are considered whitespace. This includes the characters space, tab, linefeed, return, formfeed, and vertical tab. Custom String Formatting ¶ The built-in string class provides the ability to do complex variable substitutions and value formatting via the format() method described in PEP 3101 . The Formatter class in the string module allows you to create and customize your own string formatting behaviors using the same implementation as the built-in format() method. class string. Formatter ¶ The Formatter class has the following public methods: format ( format_string , / , * args , ** kwargs ) ¶ The primary API method. It takes a format string and an arbitrary set of positional and keyword arguments. It is just a wrapper that calls vformat() . Changed in version 3.7: A format string argument is now positional-only . vformat ( format_string , args , kwargs ) ¶ This function does the actual work of formatting. It is exposed as a separate function for cases where you want to pass in a predefined dictionary of arguments, rather than unpacking and repacking the dictionary as individual arguments using the *args and **kwargs syntax. vformat() does the work of breaking up the format string into character data and replacement fields. It calls the various methods described below. In addition, the Formatter defines a number of methods that are intended to be replaced by subclasses: parse ( format_string ) ¶ Loop over the format_string and return an iterable of tuples ( literal_text , field_name , format_spec , conversion ). This is used by vformat() to break the string into either literal text, or replacement fields. The values in the tuple conceptually represent a span of literal text followed by a single replacement field. If there is no literal text (which can happen if two replacement fields occur consecutively), then literal_text will be a zero-length string. If there is no replacement field, then the values of field_name , format_spec and conversion will be None . The value of field_name is unmodified and auto-numbering of non-numbered positional fields is done by vformat() . get_field ( field_name , args , kwargs ) ¶ Given field_name , convert it to an object to be formatted. Auto-numbering of field_name returned from parse() is done by vformat() before calling this method. Returns a tuple (obj, used_key). The default version takes strings of the form defined in PEP 3101 , such as “0[name]” or “label.title”. args and kwargs are as passed in to vformat() . The return value used_key has the same meaning as the key parameter to get_value() . get_value ( key , args , kwargs ) ¶ Retrieve a given field value. The key argument will be either an integer or a string. If it is an integer, it represents the index of the positional argument in args ; if it is a string, then it represents a named argument in kwargs . The args parameter is set to the list of positional arguments to vformat() , and the kwargs parameter is set to the dictionary of keyword arguments. For compound field names, these functions are only called for the first component of the field name; subsequent components are handled through normal attribute and indexing operations. So for example, the field expression ‘0.name’ would cause get_value() to be called with a key argument of 0. The name attribute will be looked up after get_value() returns by calling the built-in getattr() function. If the index or keyword refers to an item that does not exist, then an IndexError or KeyError should be raised. check_unused_args ( used_args , args , kwargs ) ¶ Implement checking for unused arguments if desired. The arguments to this function is the set of all argument keys that were actually referred to in the format string (integers for positional arguments, and strings for named arguments), and a reference to the args and kwargs that was passed to vformat. The set of unused args can be calculated from these parameters. check_unused_args() is assumed to raise an exception if the check fails. format_field ( value , format_spec ) ¶ format_field() simply calls the global format() built-in. The method is provided so that subclasses can override it. convert_field ( value , conversion ) ¶ Converts the value (returned by get_field() ) given a conversion type (as in the tuple returned by the parse() method). The default version understands ‘s’ (str), ‘r’ (repr) and ‘a’ (ascii) conversion types. Format String Syntax ¶ The str.format() method and the Formatter class share the same syntax for format strings (although in the case of Formatter , subclasses can define their own format string syntax). The syntax is related to that of formatted string literals and template string literals , but it is less sophisticated and, in particular, does not support arbitrary expressions in interpolations. Format strings contain “replacement fields” surrounded by curly braces {} . Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal text, which is copied unchanged to the output. If you need to include a brace character in the literal text, it can be escaped by doubling: {{ and }} . The grammar for a replacement field is as follows: replacement_field : "{" [ field_name ] [ "!" conversion ] [ ":" format_spec ] "}" field_name : arg_name ( "." attribute_name | "[" element_index "]" )* arg_name : [ identifier | digit +] attribute_name : identifier element_index : digit + | index_string index_string : <any source character except "]" > + conversion : "r" | "s" | "a" format_spec : format-spec:format_spec In less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a field_name that specifies the object whose value is to be formatted and inserted into the output instead of the replacement field. The field_name is optionally followed by a conversion field, which is preceded by an exclamation point '!' , and a format_spec , which is preceded by a colon ':' . These specify a non-default format for the replacement value. See also the Format Specification Mini-Language section. The field_name itself begins with an arg_name that is either a number or a keyword. If it’s a number, it refers to a positional argument, and if it’s a keyword, it refers to a named keyword argument. An arg_name is treated as a number if a call to str.isdecimal() on the string would return true. If the numerical arg_names in a format string are 0, 1, 2, … in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some) and the numbers 0, 1, 2, … will be automatically inserted in that order. Because arg_name is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to specify arbitrary dictionary keys (e.g., the strings '10' or ':-]' ) within a format string. The arg_name can be followed by any number of index or attribute expressions. An expression of the form '.name' selects the named attribute using getattr() , while an expression of the form '[index]' does an index lookup using __getitem__() . Changed in version 3.1: The positional argument specifiers can be omitted for str.format() , so '{} {}'.format(a, b) is equivalent to '{0} {1}'.format(a, b) . Changed in version 3.4: The positional argument specifiers can be omitted for Formatter . Some simple format string examples: "First, thou shalt count to {0} " # References first positional argument "Bring me a {} " # Implicitly references the first positional argument "From {} to {} " # Same as "From {0} to {1}" "My quest is {name} " # References keyword argument 'name' "Weight in tons {0.weight} " # 'weight' attribute of first positional arg "Units destroyed: {players[0]} " # First element of keyword argument 'players'. The conversion field causes a type coercion before formatting. Normally, the job of formatting a value is done by the __format__() method of the value itself. However, in some cases it is desirable to force a type to be formatted as a string, overriding its own definition of formatting. By converting the value to a string before calling __format__() , the normal formatting logic is bypassed. Three conversion flags are currently supported: '!s' which calls str() on the value, '!r' which calls repr() and '!a' which calls ascii() . Some examples: "Harold's a clever {0!s} " # Calls str() on the argument first "Bring out the holy {name!r} " # Calls repr() on the argument first "More {!a} " # Calls ascii() on the argument first The format_spec field contains a specification of how the value should be presented, including such details as field width, alignment, padding, decimal precision and so on. Each value type can define its own “formatting mini-language” or interpretation of the format_spec . Most built-in types support a common formatting mini-language, which is described in the next section. A format_spec field can also include nested replacement fields within it. These nested replacement fields may contain a field name, conversion flag and format specification, but deeper nesting is not allowed. The replacement fields within the format_spec are substituted before the format_spec string is interpreted. This allows the formatting of a value to be dynamically specified. See the Format examples section for some examples. Format Specification Mini-Language ¶ “Format specifications” are used within replacement fields contained within a format string to define how individual values are presented (see Format String Syntax , f-strings , and t-strings ). They can also be passed directly to the built-in format() function. Each formattable type may define how the format specification is to be interpreted. Most built-in types implement the following options for format specifications, although some of the formatting options are only supported by the numeric types. A general convention is that an empty format specification produces the same result as if you had called str() on the value. A non-empty format specification typically modifies the result. The general form of a standard format specifier is: format_spec : [ options ][ width_and_precision ][ type ] options : [[ fill ] align ][ sign ][ "z" ][ "#" ][ "0" ] fill : <any character> align : "<" | ">" | "=" | "^" sign : "+" | "-" | " " width_and_precision : [ width_with_grouping ][ precision_with_grouping ] width_with_grouping : [ width ][ grouping ] precision_with_grouping : "." [ precision ][ grouping ] | "." grouping width : digit + precision : digit + grouping : "," | "_" type : "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%" If a valid align value is specified, it can be preceded by a fill character that can be any character and defaults to a space if omitted. It is not possible to use a literal curly brace (” { ” or “ } ”) as the fill character in a formatted string literal or when using the str.format() method. However, it is possible to insert a curly brace with a nested replacement field. This limitation doesn’t affect the format() function. The meaning of the various alignment options is as follows: Option Meaning '<' Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available space (this is the default for most objects). '>' Forces the field to be right-aligned within the available space (this is the default for numbers). '=' Forces the padding to be placed after the sign (if any) but before the digits. This is used for printing fields in the form ‘+000000120’. This alignment option is only valid for numeric types, excluding complex . It becomes the default for numbers when ‘0’ immediately precedes the field width. '^' Forces the field to be centered within the available space. Note that unless a minimum field width is defined, the field width will always be the same size as the data to fill it, so that the alignment option has no meaning in this case. The sign option is only valid for number types, and can be one of the following: Option Meaning '+' Indicates that a sign should be used for both positive as well as negative numbers. '-' Indicates that a sign should be used only for negative numbers (this is the default behavior). space Indicates that a leading space should be used on positive numbers, and a minus sign on negative numbers. The 'z' option coerces negative zero floating-point values to positive zero after rounding to the format precision. This option is only valid for floating-point presentation types. Changed in version 3.11: Added the 'z' option (see also PEP 682 ). The '#' option causes the “alternate form” to be used for the conversion. The alternate form is defined differently for different types. This option is only valid for integer, float and complex types. For integers, when binary, octal, or hexadecimal output is used, this option adds the respective prefix '0b' , '0o' , '0x' , or '0X' to the output value. For float and complex the alternate form causes the result of the conversion to always contain a decimal-point character, even if no digits follow it. Normally, a decimal-point character appears in the result of these conversions only if a digit follows it. In addition, for 'g' and 'G' conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result. The width is a decimal integer defining the minimum total field width, including any prefixes, separators, and other formatting characters. If not specified, then the field width will be determined by the content. When no explicit alignment is given, preceding the width field by a zero ( '0' ) character enables sign-aware zero-padding for numeric types, excluding complex . This is equivalent to a fill character of '0' with an alignment type of '=' . Changed in version 3.10: Preceding the width field by '0' no longer affects the default alignment for strings. The precision is a decimal integer indicating how many digits should be displayed after the decimal point for presentation types 'f' and 'F' , or before and after the decimal point for presentation types 'g' or 'G' . For string presentation types the field indicates the maximum field size - in other words, how many characters will be used from the field content. The precision is not allowed for integer presentation types. The grouping option after width and precision fields specifies a digit group separator for the integral and fractional parts of a number respectively. It can be one of the following: Option Meaning ',' Inserts a comma every 3 digits for integer presentation type 'd' and floating-point presentation types, excluding 'n' . For other presentation types, this option is not supported. '_' Inserts an underscore every 3 digits for integer presentation type 'd' and floating-point presentation types, excluding 'n' . For integer presentation types 'b' , 'o' , 'x' , and 'X' , underscores are inserted every 4 digits. For other presentation types, this option is not supported. For a locale aware separator, use the 'n' presentation type instead. Changed in version 3.1: Added the ',' option (see also PEP 378 ). Changed in version 3.6: Added the '_' option (see also PEP 515 ). Changed in version 3.14: Support the grouping option for the fractional part. Finally, the type determines how the data should be presented. The available string presentation types are: Type Meaning 's' String format. This is the default type for strings and may be omitted. None The same as 's' . The available integer presentation types are: Type Meaning 'b' Binary format. Outputs the number in base 2. 'c' Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding unicode character before printing. 'd' Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10. 'o' Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8. 'x' Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower-case letters for the digits above 9. 'X' Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using upper-case letters for the digits above 9. In case '#' is specified, the prefix '0x' will be upper-cased to '0X' as well. 'n' Number. This is the same as 'd' , except that it uses the current locale setting to insert the appropriate digit group separators. None The same as 'd' . In addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formatted with the floating-point presentation types listed below (except 'n' and None ). When doing so, float() is used to convert the integer to a floating-point number before formatting. The available presentation types for float and Decimal values are: Type Meaning 'e' Scientific notation. For a given precision p , formats the number in scientific notation with the letter ‘e’ separating the coefficient from the exponent. The coefficient has one digit before and p digits after the decimal point, for a total of p + 1 significant digits. With no precision given, uses a precision of 6 digits after the decimal point for float , and shows all coefficient digits for Decimal . If p=0 , the decimal point is omitted unless the # option is used. For float , the exponent always contains at least two digits, and is zero if the value is zero. 'E' Scientific notation. Same as 'e' except it uses an upper case ‘E’ as the separator character. 'f' Fixed-point notation. For a given precision p , formats the number as a decimal number with exactly p digits following the decimal point. With no precision given, uses a precision of 6 digits after the decimal point for float , and uses a precision large enough to show all coefficient digits for Decimal . If p=0 , the decimal point is omitted unless the # option is used. 'F' Fixed-point notation. Same as 'f' , but converts nan to NAN and inf to INF . 'g' General format. For a given precision p >= 1 , this rounds the number to p significant digits and then formats the result in either fixed-point format or in scientific notation, depending on its magnitude. A precision of 0 is treated as equivalent to a precision of 1 . The precise rules are as follows: suppose that the result formatted with presentation type 'e' and precision p-1 would have exponent exp . Then, if m <= exp < p , where m is -4 for floats and -6 for Decimals , the number is formatted with presentation type 'f' and precision p-1-exp . Otherwise, the number is formatted with presentation type 'e' and precision p-1 . In both cases insignificant trailing zeros are removed from the significand, and the decimal point is also removed if there are no remaining digits following it, unless the '#' option is used. With no precision given, uses a precision of 6 significant digits for float . For Decimal , the coefficient of the result is formed from the coefficient digits of the value; scientific notation is used for values smaller than 1e-6 in absolute value and values where the place value of the least significant digit is larger than 1, and fixed-point notation is used otherwise. Positive and negative infinity, positive and negative zero, and nans, are formatted as inf , -inf , 0 , -0 and nan respectively, regardless of the precision. 'G' General format. Same as 'g' except switches to 'E' if the number gets too large. The representations of infinity and NaN are uppercased, too. 'n' Number. This is the same as 'g' , except that it uses the current locale setting to insert the appropriate digit group separators for the integral part of a number. '%' Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays in fixed ( 'f' ) format, followed by a percent sign. None For float this is like the 'g' type, except that when fixed-point notation is used to format the result, it always includes at least one digit past the decimal point, and switches to the scientific notation when exp >= p - 1 . When the precision is not specified, the latter will be as large as needed to represent the given value faithfully. For Decimal , this is the same as either 'g' or 'G' depending on the value of context.capitals for the current decimal context. The overall effect is to match the output of str() as altered by the other format modifiers. The result should be correctly rounded to a given precision p of digits after the decimal point. The rounding mode for float matches that of the round() builtin. For Decimal , the rounding mode of the current context will be used. The available presentation types for complex are the same as those for float ( '%' is not allowed). Both the real and imaginary components of a complex number are formatted as floating-point numbers, according to the specified presentation type. They are separated by the mandatory sign of the imaginary part, the latter being terminated by a j suffix. If the presentation type is missing, the result will match the output of str() (complex numbers with a non-zero real part are also surrounded by parentheses), possibly altered by other format modifiers. Format examples ¶ This section contains examples of the str.format() syntax and comparison with the old % -formatting. In most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old % -formatting, with the addition of the {} and with : used instead of % . For example, '%03.2f' can be translated to '{:03.2f}' . The new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown in the following examples. Accessing arguments by position: >>> ' {0} , {1} , {2} ' . format ( 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ) 'a, b, c' >>> ' {} , {} , {} ' . format ( 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ) # 3.1+ only 'a, b, c' >>> ' {2} , {1} , {0} ' . format ( 'a' , 'b' , 'c' ) 'c, b, a' >>> ' {2} , {1} , {0} ' . format ( * 'abc' ) # unpacking argument sequence 'c, b, a' >>> ' {0}{1}{0} ' . format ( 'abra' , 'cad' ) # arguments' indices can be repeated 'abracadabra' Accessing arguments by name: >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude} , {longitude} ' . format ( latitude = '37.24N' , longitude = '-115.81W' ) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' >>> coord = { 'latitude' : '37.24N' , 'longitude' : '-115.81W' } >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude} , {longitude} ' . format ( ** coord ) 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W' Accessing arguments’ attributes: >>> c = 3 - 5 j >>> ( 'The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} ' ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag} .' ) . format ( c ) 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.' >>> class Point : ... def __init__ ( self , x , y ): ... self . x , self . y = x , y ... def __str__ ( self ): ... return 'Point( {self.x} , {self.y} )' . format ( self = self ) ... >>> str ( Point ( 4 , 2 )) 'Point(4, 2)' Accessing arguments’ items: >>> coord = ( 3 , 5 ) >>> 'X: {0[0]} ; Y: {0[1]} ' . format ( coord ) 'X: 3; Y: 5' Replacing %s and %r : >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r} ; str() doesn't: {!s} " . format ( 'test1' , 'test2' ) "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2" Aligning the text and specifying a width: >>> ' {:<30} ' . format ( 'left aligned' ) 'left aligned ' >>> ' {:>30} ' . format ( 'right aligned' ) ' right aligned' >>> ' {:^30} ' . format ( 'centered' ) ' centered ' >>> ' {:*^30} ' . format ( 'centered' ) # use '*' as a fill char '***********centered***********' Replacing %+f , %-f , and % f and specifying a sign: >>> ' {:+f} ; {:+f} ' . format ( 3.14 , - 3.14 ) # show it always '+3.140000; -3.140000' >>> ' {: f} ; {: f} ' . format ( 3.14 , - 3.14 ) # show a space for positive numbers ' 3.140000; -3.140000' >>> ' {:-f} ; {:-f} ' . format ( 3.14 , - 3.14 ) # show only the minus -- same as '{:f}; {:f}' '3.140000; -3.140000' Replacing %x and %o and converting the value to different bases: >>> # format also supports binary numbers >>> "int: {0:d} ; hex: {0:x} ; oct: {0:o} ; bin: {0:b} " . format ( 42 ) 'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010' >>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix: >>> "int: {0:d} ; hex: {0:#x} ; oct: {0:#o} ; bin: {0:#b} " . format ( 42 ) 'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010' Using the comma or the underscore as a digit group separator: >>> ' {:,} ' . format ( 1234567890 ) '1,234,567,890' >>> '{:_}' . format ( 1234567890 ) '1_234_567_890' >>> '{:_b}' . format ( 1234567890 ) '100_1001_1001_0110_0000_0010_1101_0010' >>> '{:_x}' . format ( 1234567890 ) '4996_02d2' >>> '{:_}' . format ( 123456789.123456789 ) '123_456_789.12345679' >>> '{:.,}' . format ( 123456789.123456789 ) '123456789.123,456,79' >>> '{:,._}' . format ( 123456789.123456789 ) '123,456,789.123_456_79' Expressing a percentage: >>> points = 19 >>> total = 22 >>> 'Correct answers: {:.2%} ' . format ( points / total ) 'Correct answers: 86.36%' Using type-specific formatting: >>> import datetime >>> d = datetime . datetime ( 2010 , 7 , 4 , 12 , 15 , 58 ) >>> '{:%Y-%m- %d %H:%M:%S}' . format ( d ) '2010-07-04 12:15:58' Nesting arguments and more complex examples: >>> for align , text in zip ( '<^>' , [ 'left' , 'center' , 'right' ]): ... '{0: {fill}{align} 16}' . format ( text , fill = align , align = align ) ... 'left<<<<<<<<<<<<' '^^^^^center^^^^^' '>>>>>>>>>>>right' >>> >>> octets = [ 192 , 168 , 0 , 1 ] >>> ' {:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X} ' . format ( * octets ) 'C0A80001' >>> int ( _ , 16 ) 3232235521 >>> >>> width = 5 >>> for num in range ( 5 , 12 ): ... for base in 'dXob' : ... print ( '{0: {width}{base} }' . format ( num , base = base , width = width ), end = ' ' ) ... print () ... 5 5 5 101 6 6 6 110 7 7 7 111 8 8 10 1000 9 9 11 1001 10 A 12 1010 11 B 13 1011 Template strings ($-strings) ¶ Note The feature described here was introduced in Python 2.4; a simple templating method based upon regular expressions. It predates str.format() , formatted string literals , and template string literals . It is unrelated to template string literals (t-strings), which were introduced in Python 3.14. These evaluate to string.templatelib.Template objects, found in the string.templatelib module. Template strings provide simpler string substitutions as described in PEP 292 . A primary use case for template strings is for internationalization (i18n) since in that context, the simpler syntax and functionality makes it easier to translate than other built-in string formatting facilities in Python. As an example of a library built on template strings for i18n, see the flufl.i18n package. Template strings support $ -based substitutions, using the following rules: $$ is an escape; it is replaced with a single $ . $identifier names a substitution placeholder matching a mapping key of "identifier" . By default, "identifier" is restricted to any case-insensitive ASCII alphanumeric string (including underscores) that starts with an underscore or ASCII letter. The first non-identifier character after the $ character terminates this placeholder specification. ${identifier} is equivalent to $identifier . It is required when valid identifier characters follow the placeholder but are not part of the placeholder, such as "${noun}ification" . Any other appearance of $ in the string will result in a ValueError being raised. The string module provides a Template class that implements these rules. The methods of Template are: class string. Template ( template ) ¶ The constructor takes a single argument which is the template string. substitute ( mapping = {} , / , ** kwds ) ¶ Performs the template substitution, returning a new string. mapping is any dictionary-like object with keys that match the placeholders in the template. Alternatively, you can provide keyword arguments, where the keywords are the placeholders. When both mapping and kwds are given and there are duplicates, the placeholders from kwds take precedence. safe_substitute ( mapping = {} , / , ** kwds ) ¶ Like substitute() , except that if placeholders are missing from mapping and kwds , instead of raising a KeyError exception, the original placeholder will appear in the resulting string intact. Also, unlike with substitute() , any other appearances of the $ will simply return $ instead of raising ValueError . While other exceptions may still occur, this method is called “safe” because it always tries to return a usable string instead of raising an exception. In another sense, safe_substitute() may be anything other than safe, since it will silently ignore malformed templates containing dangling delimiters, unmatched braces, or placeholders that are not valid Python identifiers. is_valid ( ) ¶ Returns False if the template has invalid placeholders that will cause substitute() to raise ValueError . Added in version 3.11. get_identifiers ( ) ¶ Returns a list of the valid identifiers in the template, in the order they first appear, ignoring any invalid identifiers. Added in version 3.11. Template instances also provide one public data attribute: template ¶ This is the object passed to the constructor’s template argument. In general, you shouldn’t change it, but read-only access is not enforced. Here is an example of how to use a Template: >>> from string import Template >>> s = Template ( '$who likes $what' ) >>> s . substitute ( who = 'tim' , what = 'kung pao' ) 'tim likes kung pao' >>> d = dict ( who = 'tim' ) >>> Template ( 'Give $who $100' ) . substitute ( d ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError : Invalid placeholder in string: line 1, col 11 >>> Template ( '$who likes $what' ) . substitute ( d ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... KeyError : 'what' >>> Template ( '$who likes $what' ) . safe_substitute ( d ) 'tim likes $what' Advanced usage: you can derive subclasses of Template to customize the placeholder syntax, delimiter character, or the entire regular expression used to parse template strings. To do this, you can override these class attributes: delimiter – This is the literal string describing a placeholder introducing delimiter. The default value is $ . Note that this should not be a regular expression, as the implementation will call re.escape() on this string as needed. Note further that you cannot change the delimiter after class creation (i.e. a different delimiter must be set in the subclass’s class namespace). idpattern – This is the regular expression describing the pattern for non-braced placeholders. The default value is the regular expression (?a:[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*) . If this is given and braceidpattern is None this pattern will also apply to braced placeholders. Note Since default flags is re.IGNORECASE , pattern [a-z] can match with some non-ASCII characters. That’s why we use the local a flag here. Changed in version 3.7: braceidpattern can be used to define separate patterns used inside and outside the braces. braceidpattern – This is like idpattern but describes the pattern for braced placeholders. Defaults to None which means to fall back to idpattern (i.e. the same pattern is used both inside and outside braces). If given, this allows you to define different patterns for braced and unbraced placeholders. Added in version 3.7. flags – The regular expression flags that will be applied when compiling the regular expression used for recognizing substitutions. The default value is re.IGNORECASE . Note that re.VERBOSE will always be added to the flags, so custom idpattern s must follow conventions for verbose regular expressions. Added in version 3.2. Alternatively, you can provide the entire regular expression pattern by overriding the class attribute pattern . If you do this, the value must be a regular expression object with four named capturing groups. The capturing groups correspond to the rules given above, along with the invalid placeholder rule: escaped – This group matches the escape sequence, e.g. $$ , in the default pattern. named – This group matches the unbraced placeholder name; it should not include the delimiter in capturing group. braced – This group matches the brace enclosed placeholder name; it should not include either the delimiter or braces in the capturing group. invalid – This group matches any other delimiter pattern (usually a single delimiter), and it should appear last in the regular expression. The methods on this class will raise ValueError if the pattern matches the template without one of these named groups matching. Helper functions ¶ string. capwords ( s , sep = None ) ¶ Split the argument into words using str.split() , capitalize each word using str.capitalize() , and join the capitalized words using str.join() . If the optional second argument sep is absent or None , runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise sep is used to split and join the words. Table of Contents string — Common string operations String constants Custom String Formatting Format String Syntax Format Specification Mini-Language Format examples Template strings ($-strings) Helper functions Previous topic Text Processing Services Next topic string.templatelib — Support for template string literals This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Text Processing Services » string — Common string operations | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? 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https://docs.python.org/3/faq/extending.html | Extending/Embedding FAQ — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents Extending/Embedding FAQ Can I create my own functions in C? Can I create my own functions in C++? Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives? How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C? How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C? How do I extract C values from a Python object? How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length? How do I call an object’s method from C? How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)? How do I access a module written in Python from C? How do I interface to C++ objects from Python? I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why? How do I debug an extension? I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why? How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”? How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual? Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)? Previous topic Library and Extension FAQ Next topic Python on Windows FAQ This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » Extending/Embedding FAQ | Theme Auto Light Dark | Extending/Embedding FAQ ¶ Contents Extending/Embedding FAQ Can I create my own functions in C? Can I create my own functions in C++? Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives? How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C? How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C? How do I extract C values from a Python object? How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length? How do I call an object’s method from C? How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)? How do I access a module written in Python from C? How do I interface to C++ objects from Python? I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why? How do I debug an extension? I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why? How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”? How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual? Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)? Can I create my own functions in C? ¶ Yes, you can create built-in modules containing functions, variables, exceptions and even new types in C. This is explained in the document Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter . Most intermediate or advanced Python books will also cover this topic. Can I create my own functions in C++? ¶ Yes, using the C compatibility features found in C++. Place extern "C" { ... } around the Python include files and put extern "C" before each function that is going to be called by the Python interpreter. Global or static C++ objects with constructors are probably not a good idea. Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives? ¶ There are a number of alternatives to writing your own C extensions, depending on what you’re trying to do. Recommended third party tools offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to creating C and C++ extensions for Python. How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C? ¶ The highest-level function to do this is PyRun_SimpleString() which takes a single string argument to be executed in the context of the module __main__ and returns 0 for success and -1 when an exception occurred (including SyntaxError ). If you want more control, use PyRun_String() ; see the source for PyRun_SimpleString() in Python/pythonrun.c . How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C? ¶ Call the function PyRun_String() from the previous question with the start symbol Py_eval_input ; it parses an expression, evaluates it and returns its value. How do I extract C values from a Python object? ¶ That depends on the object’s type. If it’s a tuple, PyTuple_Size() returns its length and PyTuple_GetItem() returns the item at a specified index. Lists have similar functions, PyList_Size() and PyList_GetItem() . For bytes, PyBytes_Size() returns its length and PyBytes_AsStringAndSize() provides a pointer to its value and its length. Note that Python bytes objects may contain null bytes so C’s strlen() should not be used. To test the type of an object, first make sure it isn’t NULL , and then use PyBytes_Check() , PyTuple_Check() , PyList_Check() , etc. There is also a high-level API to Python objects which is provided by the so-called ‘abstract’ interface – read Include/abstract.h for further details. It allows interfacing with any kind of Python sequence using calls like PySequence_Length() , PySequence_GetItem() , etc. as well as many other useful protocols such as numbers ( PyNumber_Index() et al.) and mappings in the PyMapping APIs. How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length? ¶ You can’t. Use PyTuple_Pack() instead. How do I call an object’s method from C? ¶ The PyObject_CallMethod() function can be used to call an arbitrary method of an object. The parameters are the object, the name of the method to call, a format string like that used with Py_BuildValue() , and the argument values: PyObject * PyObject_CallMethod ( PyObject * object , const char * method_name , const char * arg_format , ...); This works for any object that has methods – whether built-in or user-defined. You are responsible for eventually Py_DECREF() ‘ing the return value. To call, e.g., a file object’s “seek” method with arguments 10, 0 (assuming the file object pointer is “f”): res = PyObject_CallMethod ( f , "seek" , "(ii)" , 10 , 0 ); if ( res == NULL ) { ... an exception occurred ... } else { Py_DECREF ( res ); } Note that since PyObject_CallObject() always wants a tuple for the argument list, to call a function without arguments, pass “()” for the format, and to call a function with one argument, surround the argument in parentheses, e.g. “(i)”. How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)? ¶ In Python code, define an object that supports the write() method. Assign this object to sys.stdout and sys.stderr . Call print_error, or just allow the standard traceback mechanism to work. Then, the output will go wherever your write() method sends it. The easiest way to do this is to use the io.StringIO class: >>> import io , sys >>> sys . stdout = io . StringIO () >>> print ( 'foo' ) >>> print ( 'hello world!' ) >>> sys . stderr . write ( sys . stdout . getvalue ()) foo hello world! A custom object to do the same would look like this: >>> import io , sys >>> class StdoutCatcher ( io . TextIOBase ): ... def __init__ ( self ): ... self . data = [] ... def write ( self , stuff ): ... self . data . append ( stuff ) ... >>> import sys >>> sys . stdout = StdoutCatcher () >>> print ( 'foo' ) >>> print ( 'hello world!' ) >>> sys . stderr . write ( '' . join ( sys . stdout . data )) foo hello world! How do I access a module written in Python from C? ¶ You can get a pointer to the module object as follows: module = PyImport_ImportModule ( "<modulename>" ); If the module hasn’t been imported yet (i.e. it is not yet present in sys.modules ), this initializes the module; otherwise it simply returns the value of sys.modules["<modulename>"] . Note that it doesn’t enter the module into any namespace – it only ensures it has been initialized and is stored in sys.modules . You can then access the module’s attributes (i.e. any name defined in the module) as follows: attr = PyObject_GetAttrString ( module , "<attrname>" ); Calling PyObject_SetAttrString() to assign to variables in the module also works. How do I interface to C++ objects from Python? ¶ Depending on your requirements, there are many approaches. To do this manually, begin by reading the “Extending and Embedding” document . Realize that for the Python run-time system, there isn’t a whole lot of difference between C and C++ – so the strategy of building a new Python type around a C structure (pointer) type will also work for C++ objects. For C++ libraries, see Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives? . I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why? ¶ Setup must end in a newline, if there is no newline there, the build process fails. (Fixing this requires some ugly shell script hackery, and this bug is so minor that it doesn’t seem worth the effort.) How do I debug an extension? ¶ When using GDB with dynamically loaded extensions, you can’t set a breakpoint in your extension until your extension is loaded. In your .gdbinit file (or interactively), add the command: br _PyImport_LoadDynamicModule Then, when you run GDB: $ gdb /local/bin/python gdb) run myscript.py gdb) continue # repeat until your extension is loaded gdb) finish # so that your extension is loaded gdb) br myfunction.c:50 gdb) continue I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why? ¶ Most packaged versions of Python omit some files required for compiling Python extensions. For Red Hat, install the python3-devel RPM to get the necessary files. For Debian, run apt-get install python3-dev . How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”? ¶ Sometimes you want to emulate the Python interactive interpreter’s behavior, where it gives you a continuation prompt when the input is incomplete (e.g. you typed the start of an “if” statement or you didn’t close your parentheses or triple string quotes), but it gives you a syntax error message immediately when the input is invalid. In Python you can use the codeop module, which approximates the parser’s behavior sufficiently. IDLE uses this, for example. The easiest way to do it in C is to call PyRun_InteractiveLoop() (perhaps in a separate thread) and let the Python interpreter handle the input for you. You can also set the PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer() to point at your custom input function. See Modules/readline.c and Parser/myreadline.c for more hints. How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual? ¶ To dynamically load g++ extension modules, you must recompile Python, relink it using g++ (change LINKCC in the Python Modules Makefile), and link your extension module using g++ (e.g., g++ -shared -o mymodule.so mymodule.o ). Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)? ¶ Yes, you can inherit from built-in classes such as int , list , dict , etc. The Boost Python Library (BPL, https://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html ) provides a way of doing this from C++ (i.e. you can inherit from an extension class written in C++ using the BPL). Table of Contents Extending/Embedding FAQ Can I create my own functions in C? Can I create my own functions in C++? Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives? How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C? How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C? How do I extract C values from a Python object? How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length? How do I call an object’s method from C? How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)? How do I access a module written in Python from C? How do I interface to C++ objects from Python? I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why? How do I debug an extension? I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why? How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”? How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual? Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)? 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https://dev.to/t/systemdesign/page/10 | Systemdesign Page 10 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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https://docs.python.org/3/faq/windows.html | Python on Windows FAQ — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents Python on Windows FAQ How do I run a Python program under Windows? How do I make Python scripts executable? Why does Python sometimes take so long to start? How do I make an executable from a Python script? Is a *.pyd file the same as a DLL? How can I embed Python into a Windows application? How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source? How do I check for a keypress without blocking? How do I solve the missing api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll error? Previous topic Extending/Embedding FAQ Next topic Graphic User Interface FAQ This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » Python on Windows FAQ | Theme Auto Light Dark | Python on Windows FAQ ¶ Contents Python on Windows FAQ How do I run a Python program under Windows? How do I make Python scripts executable? Why does Python sometimes take so long to start? How do I make an executable from a Python script? Is a *.pyd file the same as a DLL? How can I embed Python into a Windows application? How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source? How do I check for a keypress without blocking? How do I solve the missing api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll error? How do I run a Python program under Windows? ¶ This is not necessarily a straightforward question. If you are already familiar with running programs from the Windows command line then everything will seem obvious; otherwise, you might need a little more guidance. Unless you use some sort of integrated development environment, you will end up typing Windows commands into what is referred to as a “Command prompt window”. Usually you can create such a window from your search bar by searching for cmd . You should be able to recognize when you have started such a window because you will see a Windows “command prompt”, which usually looks like this: C:\> The letter may be different, and there might be other things after it, so you might just as easily see something like: D:\YourName\Projects\Python> depending on how your computer has been set up and what else you have recently done with it. Once you have started such a window, you are well on the way to running Python programs. You need to realize that your Python scripts have to be processed by another program called the Python interpreter . The interpreter reads your script, compiles it into bytecodes, and then executes the bytecodes to run your program. So, how do you arrange for the interpreter to handle your Python? First, you need to make sure that your command window recognises the word “py” as an instruction to start the interpreter. If you have opened a command window, you should try entering the command py and hitting return: C:\Users\YourName> py You should then see something like: Python 3.6.4 (v3.6.4:d48eceb, Dec 19 2017, 06:04:45) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> You have started the interpreter in “interactive mode”. That means you can enter Python statements or expressions interactively and have them executed or evaluated while you wait. This is one of Python’s strongest features. Check it by entering a few expressions of your choice and seeing the results: >>> print ( "Hello" ) Hello >>> "Hello" * 3 'HelloHelloHello' Many people use the interactive mode as a convenient yet highly programmable calculator. When you want to end your interactive Python session, call the exit() function or hold the Ctrl key down while you enter a Z , then hit the “ Enter ” key to get back to your Windows command prompt. You may also find that you have a Start-menu entry such as Start ‣ Programs ‣ Python 3.x ‣ Python (command line) that results in you seeing the >>> prompt in a new window. If so, the window will disappear after you call the exit() function or enter the Ctrl - Z character; Windows is running a single “python” command in the window, and closes it when you terminate the interpreter. Now that we know the py command is recognized, you can give your Python script to it. You’ll have to give either an absolute or a relative path to the Python script. Let’s say your Python script is located in your desktop and is named hello.py , and your command prompt is nicely opened in your home directory so you’re seeing something similar to: C:\Users\YourName> So now you’ll ask the py command to give your script to Python by typing py followed by your script path: C:\Users\YourName> py Desktop\hello.py hello How do I make Python scripts executable? ¶ On Windows, the standard Python installer already associates the .py extension with a file type (Python.File) and gives that file type an open command that runs the interpreter ( D:\Program Files\Python\python.exe "%1" %* ). This is enough to make scripts executable from the command prompt as ‘foo.py’. If you’d rather be able to execute the script by simple typing ‘foo’ with no extension you need to add .py to the PATHEXT environment variable. Why does Python sometimes take so long to start? ¶ Usually Python starts very quickly on Windows, but occasionally there are bug reports that Python suddenly begins to take a long time to start up. This is made even more puzzling because Python will work fine on other Windows systems which appear to be configured identically. The problem may be caused by a misconfiguration of virus checking software on the problem machine. Some virus scanners have been known to introduce startup overhead of two orders of magnitude when the scanner is configured to monitor all reads from the filesystem. Try checking the configuration of virus scanning software on your systems to ensure that they are indeed configured identically. McAfee, when configured to scan all file system read activity, is a particular offender. How do I make an executable from a Python script? ¶ See How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script? for a list of tools that can be used to make executables. Is a *.pyd file the same as a DLL? ¶ Yes, .pyd files are dll’s, but there are a few differences. If you have a DLL named foo.pyd , then it must have a function PyInit_foo() . You can then write Python “import foo”, and Python will search for foo.pyd (as well as foo.py, foo.pyc) and if it finds it, will attempt to call PyInit_foo() to initialize it. You do not link your .exe with foo.lib, as that would cause Windows to require the DLL to be present. Note that the search path for foo.pyd is PYTHONPATH, not the same as the path that Windows uses to search for foo.dll. Also, foo.pyd need not be present to run your program, whereas if you linked your program with a dll, the dll is required. Of course, foo.pyd is required if you want to say import foo . In a DLL, linkage is declared in the source code with __declspec(dllexport) . In a .pyd, linkage is defined in a list of available functions. How can I embed Python into a Windows application? ¶ Embedding the Python interpreter in a Windows app can be summarized as follows: Do not build Python into your .exe file directly. On Windows, Python must be a DLL to handle importing modules that are themselves DLL’s. (This is the first key undocumented fact.) Instead, link to python NN .dll ; it is typically installed in C:\Windows\System . NN is the Python version, a number such as “33” for Python 3.3. You can link to Python in two different ways. Load-time linking means linking against python NN .lib , while run-time linking means linking against python NN .dll . (General note: python NN .lib is the so-called “import lib” corresponding to python NN .dll . It merely defines symbols for the linker.) Run-time linking greatly simplifies link options; everything happens at run time. Your code must load python NN .dll using the Windows LoadLibraryEx() routine. The code must also use access routines and data in python NN .dll (that is, Python’s C API’s) using pointers obtained by the Windows GetProcAddress() routine. Macros can make using these pointers transparent to any C code that calls routines in Python’s C API. If you use SWIG, it is easy to create a Python “extension module” that will make the app’s data and methods available to Python. SWIG will handle just about all the grungy details for you. The result is C code that you link into your .exe file (!) You do not have to create a DLL file, and this also simplifies linking. SWIG will create an init function (a C function) whose name depends on the name of the extension module. For example, if the name of the module is leo, the init function will be called initleo(). If you use SWIG shadow classes, as you should, the init function will be called initleoc(). This initializes a mostly hidden helper class used by the shadow class. The reason you can link the C code in step 2 into your .exe file is that calling the initialization function is equivalent to importing the module into Python! (This is the second key undocumented fact.) In short, you can use the following code to initialize the Python interpreter with your extension module. #include <Python.h> ... Py_Initialize (); // Initialize Python. initmyAppc (); // Initialize (import) the helper class. PyRun_SimpleString ( "import myApp" ); // Import the shadow class. There are two problems with Python’s C API which will become apparent if you use a compiler other than MSVC, the compiler used to build pythonNN.dll. Problem 1: The so-called “Very High Level” functions that take FILE * arguments will not work in a multi-compiler environment because each compiler’s notion of a struct FILE will be different. From an implementation standpoint these are very low level functions. Problem 2: SWIG generates the following code when generating wrappers to void functions: Py_INCREF ( Py_None ); _resultobj = Py_None ; return _resultobj ; Alas, Py_None is a macro that expands to a reference to a complex data structure called _Py_NoneStruct inside pythonNN.dll. Again, this code will fail in a mult-compiler environment. Replace such code by: return Py_BuildValue ( "" ); It may be possible to use SWIG’s %typemap command to make the change automatically, though I have not been able to get this to work (I’m a complete SWIG newbie). Using a Python shell script to put up a Python interpreter window from inside your Windows app is not a good idea; the resulting window will be independent of your app’s windowing system. Rather, you (or the wxPythonWindow class) should create a “native” interpreter window. It is easy to connect that window to the Python interpreter. You can redirect Python’s i/o to _any_ object that supports read and write, so all you need is a Python object (defined in your extension module) that contains read() and write() methods. How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source? ¶ The FAQ does not recommend using tabs, and the Python style guide, PEP 8 , recommends 4 spaces for distributed Python code; this is also the Emacs python-mode default. Under any editor, mixing tabs and spaces is a bad idea. MSVC is no different in this respect, and is easily configured to use spaces: Take Tools ‣ Options ‣ Tabs , and for file type “Default” set “Tab size” and “Indent size” to 4, and select the “Insert spaces” radio button. Python raises IndentationError or TabError if mixed tabs and spaces are causing problems in leading whitespace. You may also run the tabnanny module to check a directory tree in batch mode. How do I check for a keypress without blocking? ¶ Use the msvcrt module. This is a standard Windows-specific extension module. It defines a function kbhit() which checks whether a keyboard hit is present, and getch() which gets one character without echoing it. How do I solve the missing api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll error? ¶ This can occur on Python 3.5 and later when using Windows 8.1 or earlier without all updates having been installed. First ensure your operating system is supported and is up to date, and if that does not resolve the issue, visit the Microsoft support page for guidance on manually installing the C Runtime update. Table of Contents Python on Windows FAQ How do I run a Python program under Windows? How do I make Python scripts executable? Why does Python sometimes take so long to start? How do I make an executable from a Python script? Is a *.pyd file the same as a DLL? How can I embed Python into a Windows application? How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source? How do I check for a keypress without blocking? How do I solve the missing api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll error? Previous topic Extending/Embedding FAQ Next topic Graphic User Interface FAQ This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » Python on Windows FAQ | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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https://masteringjs.io/tutorials/fundamentals/promise-chaining | Mastering JS Mastering JS Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs ☰ Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs Full Stack JavaScript, Explained. Join our mailing list and get new tutorials delivered to your inbox every week. Sign Up What Do You Want to Learn? Fundamentals Express Mongoose Vue Axios Webpack Node.js ESLint Mocha Latest Tutorials Getting Started with Oso Authorization in Node.js Here's how you can get started with Oso's authorization service in Node.js node Make a Sinon Spy Return a Value Here's how to make a spy return a value in Sinon.js sinon Check if a File Exists in Node.js Here's how you can check if a file exists using the fs module in Node.js node How to Set Response Headers in Express Here's how you can set HTTP response headers in Express.js express The `setTimeout()` Function in JavaScript The `setTimeout()` function in JavaScript sets a function to run later in a non-blocking way. Here's what you need to know. fundamentals trim() in Mongoose Schemas The `trim` option in Mongoose schema definitions makes Mongoose automatically call `String.prototype.trim()` on string fields. Here's how it works. mongoose Set Whether a Checkbox is Checked in Vue Here's how you can set whether a checkbox is checked in Vue vue JavaScript Array flatMap() Here's how JavaScript arrays' `flatMap()` method works, and what you can use it for.. fundamentals How to Get Distinct Values in a JavaScript Array Here's how you can use ES6 Sets to get distinct values in an array. fundamentals The `afterEach()` Hook in Mocha Here's how Mocha's afterEach() hook works. mocha Check if a Date is Valid in JavaScript Got a JavaScript date that is showing up as "Invalid Date" in your console? Here's how you check for that. fundamentals Encode base64 in JavaScript Here's how you can use the btoa() function in JavaScript to convert strings to base64. Also describes how to convert strings to base64 using Node.js buffers. fundamentals Assertions in Mocha Mocha doesn't have a built-in assertion library, but here are a few options. mocha Using `it.skip()` in Mocha Here's how `it.skip()` works in Mocha mocha Working with Timezones using date-fns and date-fns-tz Here's how you can use date-fns-tz to work with timezones, and alternatives for working with timezones in vanilla JS. date-fns The `before()` Hook in Mocha Here's how Mocha's before() hook works, and when you should use it. mocha Run Just a Single Test in Mocha Here's two ways you can run just one test out of a Mocha test suite. mocha The `beforeEach()` Hook in Mocha Here's how Mocha's beforeEach() hook works. mocha Check if URL Contains a String Here's how you can check if the current URL contains a given string in JavaScript. fundamentals How To Fix "__dirname is not defined" Error in Node.js The "__dirname is not defined" error is usually due to using ESM. Here's how you can fix this error. node Our Sponsors --> Miami Beach, FL Copyright © MeanIT Software, Inc. Tutorials Fundamentals Node Vue Webpack Axios Mongoose Express Lodash npm ESLint Sinon Subscribe to our Newsletter › Subscribe eBooks Mastering Mongoose Resources About Partnerships | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://masteringjs.io/tutorials/fundamentals/then | Mastering JS Mastering JS Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs ☰ Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs Full Stack JavaScript, Explained. Join our mailing list and get new tutorials delivered to your inbox every week. Sign Up What Do You Want to Learn? Fundamentals Express Mongoose Vue Axios Webpack Node.js ESLint Mocha Latest Tutorials Getting Started with Oso Authorization in Node.js Here's how you can get started with Oso's authorization service in Node.js node Make a Sinon Spy Return a Value Here's how to make a spy return a value in Sinon.js sinon Check if a File Exists in Node.js Here's how you can check if a file exists using the fs module in Node.js node How to Set Response Headers in Express Here's how you can set HTTP response headers in Express.js express The `setTimeout()` Function in JavaScript The `setTimeout()` function in JavaScript sets a function to run later in a non-blocking way. Here's what you need to know. fundamentals trim() in Mongoose Schemas The `trim` option in Mongoose schema definitions makes Mongoose automatically call `String.prototype.trim()` on string fields. Here's how it works. mongoose Set Whether a Checkbox is Checked in Vue Here's how you can set whether a checkbox is checked in Vue vue JavaScript Array flatMap() Here's how JavaScript arrays' `flatMap()` method works, and what you can use it for.. fundamentals How to Get Distinct Values in a JavaScript Array Here's how you can use ES6 Sets to get distinct values in an array. fundamentals The `afterEach()` Hook in Mocha Here's how Mocha's afterEach() hook works. mocha Check if a Date is Valid in JavaScript Got a JavaScript date that is showing up as "Invalid Date" in your console? Here's how you check for that. fundamentals Encode base64 in JavaScript Here's how you can use the btoa() function in JavaScript to convert strings to base64. Also describes how to convert strings to base64 using Node.js buffers. fundamentals Assertions in Mocha Mocha doesn't have a built-in assertion library, but here are a few options. mocha Using `it.skip()` in Mocha Here's how `it.skip()` works in Mocha mocha Working with Timezones using date-fns and date-fns-tz Here's how you can use date-fns-tz to work with timezones, and alternatives for working with timezones in vanilla JS. date-fns The `before()` Hook in Mocha Here's how Mocha's before() hook works, and when you should use it. mocha Run Just a Single Test in Mocha Here's two ways you can run just one test out of a Mocha test suite. mocha The `beforeEach()` Hook in Mocha Here's how Mocha's beforeEach() hook works. mocha Check if URL Contains a String Here's how you can check if the current URL contains a given string in JavaScript. fundamentals How To Fix "__dirname is not defined" Error in Node.js The "__dirname is not defined" error is usually due to using ESM. Here's how you can fix this error. node Our Sponsors --> Miami Beach, FL Copyright © MeanIT Software, Inc. Tutorials Fundamentals Node Vue Webpack Axios Mongoose Express Lodash npm ESLint Sinon Subscribe to our Newsletter › Subscribe eBooks Mastering Mongoose Resources About Partnerships | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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https://learn.interviewkickstart.com/ace-your-mock-interview#data_webinar_form | Ace your mock interview | Interview Kickstart Skip to content How it works Pricing FAQs Start Interviewing with FAANG+ Experts Start Interviewing with FAANG+ Experts Mock Interviews with FAANG+ Engineers — The Smarter Way to Prepare Gain confidence. Fix your gaps. Crack your next interview. Start Interviewing with FAANG+ Experts Interviewers from Offer: $200K - SDE @ 1.28M highest offer 4.8/5 Avg. Rating 3-5X Higher Offer 12,235 + Mock interviews Start Interviewing with FAANG+ Experts Interviewers from Interviewers from Practise mock interviews with 700+ experts Maximize Your Interviewing Potential Danielle Class Danielle Class is a Software Engineering Manager at Amazon, leading AI initiatives, and an instructor at Interview Kickstart. She brings 10+ years of experience across engineering, program management, and STEM education, with a strong focus on mentoring and curriculum development. 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Front-end Engineering Experience 17+ Years Mock interviews 160+ Rating 4.88 ★ How Our Mock Interviews Work Your Path to Interview Success in 3 Simple Steps Pick a Domain Choose from DSA, System Design, or Behavioral based on your preparation needs. Book a Mock Interview Get matched with a real FAANG+ interviewer for a personalized 1-on-1 practice session. Sharpen Your Prep Review your mock interview recordings and feedback to fix weak spots before your next round. 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Flavia Vela Offers from LinkedIn, Amazon IK provides a nice, structured way to prepare for interviews while having a full-time job. Mock interviews helped me get better and the problem sets alleviated the need for me to source problems externally. Kushal L Offers from Facebook Read more reviews Top companies love hiring our candidates FAQs General About Interviewers About Mock Interviews Refund Policy Why should I choose Interview Kickstart? Interview Kickstart is the Gold Standard for Interview Preparation—no other program comes close. We’ve helped more than 25,000 candidates land their dream jobs at top companies (including those who previously struggled with interviews). While others focus on “hacking” interviews, we focus on making you a better professional. Top companies like Google, Meta, and Amazon have 5-7 interview rounds with experienced engineers—shortcuts just don’t work. Our interviewer quality is unparalleled—every instructor is a FAANG+ industry expert, rigorously vetted to ensure you learn from the best. This commitment to excellence is part of IK’s DNA. With years of experience assisting professionals like you in achieving their career goals, we understand what it takes to succeed in today’s competitive job market. What results can I expect? Candidates who train with us see a success rate 3 to 5 times higher in landing FAANG+ offers compared to the industry average. Do you offer guidance beyond mock interviews? Yes. We provide tailored resources to boost your prep, including resume analysis, skill gap analysis, LinkedIn profile review, target role insights, salary benchmarks, curated guides, and practice questions. Who are the Interview Kickstart interviewers? We have a team of over 600 experienced hiring managers and experts from Tier 1 tech and product companies. They know exactly what it takes to succeed in top-tier interviews. 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Our interviews are tailored for professionals at all levels, whether you’re preparing for your first technical interview or targeting a leadership position. How does Interview Kickstart’s training compare to self-practice? While practicing in front of the mirror can be helpful, Interview Kickstart Mock Interviews provide a more structured, comprehensive training with real FAANG+ experts, ensuring focused learning, faster progress, and better outcomes. How do I book a mock interview? Booking is quick and easy: Visit pricing anchor link. Select a package that fits your goals and budget Choose your preferred date and time Attend a live, interactive mock interview with FAANG+ experts and receive personalized feedback What kind of questions are asked in mock interviews? Our mock interviews mirror real FAANG+ interviews and are tailored to your role. Here is a sample of the topics you could practice for: Software Engineers: CS fundamentals, data structures, algorithms, and systems design. 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https://libreplanet.org/conference | LibrePlanet 2024 This is an archive of a past conference. Instead of hosting one LibrePlanet conference in 2025, the FSF is planning a jam-packed anniversary year, filled with several new and exciting activities in 2025. Learn more and subscribe to the Free Software Supporter to stay tuned. ​ Push freedom ahead! The free software community has always thwarted the toughest challenges facing freedom in technology. This winter season, we want to thank the many individuals and projects that have helped us get where we are today: a world where a growing number of users are able to do their computing in full freedom. Our work isn't over. We have so much more to do. Help us reach our stretch New Year's membership goal of 100 new associate members by January 16, 2026, and keep the FSF strong and independent. Join | Read more Join Renew Donate Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA & online May 4 & 5, 2024 --> --> --> --> --> Add your email to receive updates. Submit Also join the FSF's newsletter. · Read our privacy policy. --> Toggle navigation Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA & online May 4 & 5, 2024 Submit a Session --> Live --> LibreAdventure --> Watch the LibrePlanet 2024 Videos Schedule Bios & Talks Fill in the Questionnaire --> Registered Access --> Live Video Recordings --> Workshops --> Lodging & Travel --> Other Activities COVID-19 Policy Safe Space Policy Sponsors and Exhibitors Volunteer --> Join the Discussion List Contact Us --> FSF Award Nomination --> Submit a Session --> Live --> LibreAdventure --> Watch the LibrePlanet 2024 Videos Schedule Bios & Talks Fill in the Questionnaire --> Registered Access --> Live Video Recordings --> Workshops --> Lodging & Travel --> Other Activities COVID-19 Policy Safe Space Policy Sponsors and Exhibitors Volunteer --> Join the Discussion List Contact Us --> FSF Award Nomination --> Help Support LibrePlanet Become an FSF Associate Member '#include' when recent updates is non-empty --> Recent Updates 06/28/2024 Watch, enjoy, and share the LibrePlanet: Cultivating Community videos 05/14/2024 We need your help to release the LibrePlanet 2024 videos 05/05/2024 Sharing day two of LibrePlanet 2024: Cultivating Community 05/04/2024 Reporting back from day one of LibrePlanet 2024: Cultivating Community 04/24/2024 What role community plays in free software and more -- Interview with David Wilson 04/10/2024 Meet the locals: Come to LibrePlanet and connect with free software supporters in New England 04/02/2024 There are plenty of ways to socialize at LibrePlanet 2024: Cultivating Community 03/27/2024 Alyssa Rosenzweig, who spearheaded the reverse-engineering of Apple's GPU, to keynote LibrePlanet 03/07/2024 Welcome attendees, get to know speakers first hand, and make LibrePlanet a unique experience 02/27/2024 Exciting talks, hands-on workshops, and thrilling discussions await you 01/23/2024 Hayley Tsukayama will speak about grassroots activism at LibrePlanet 2024 01/03/2024 LibrePlanet 2024: May 4 and 5, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 10/25/2023 Call for Sessions extended until November 17 10/18/2023 Register to be part of LibrePlanet 2024: Cultivating Community 10/11/2023 LibrePlanet 2024: Cultivating Community will feature a keynote by David Wilson 09/26/2023 Free Software Awards: Nominate those who inspire you by Nov. 21 09/06/2023 Call for sessions for LibrePlanet 2024: Cultivating Community now open 04/18/2023 Watch the LibrePlanet: Charting the Course videos on GNU MediaGoblin and PeerTube --> --> --> --> --> --> --> Ongoing Events Date Event Now Tell us what you think: "LibrePlanet 2024 survey" Upcoming Events Date Event Soon Publication of the videos Past Events Date Event 2023-09-06 Call for Sessions opened 2023-09-26 Free Software Awards nominations opened 2023-10-18 Registration opend 2023-10-25 Call for Sessions extended 2023-11-17 Call for Sessions closed --> About LibrePlanet: Cultivating Community LibrePlanet: Cultivating Community was held on May 4 & 5, 2024, at the Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA, and online. Google is attacking the free internet with its "Web Environment Integrity" proposal, companies are excessively collecting our data to feed their Large Language Models without even thinking to ask, and governments around the world are drafting legislation that threatens free software and our privacy . Now, a growing free software community is needed more than ever to meet these challenges. At LibrePlanet 2024, we discussed how to foster the free software community, how to counter current threats to free software, and face the challenges ahead. LibrePlanet is the annual conference hosted by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). LibrePlanet provides an opportunity for activists, hackers, law professionals, artists, educators, students, developers, policymakers, tinkerers, and anyone looking for technology that respects the user's freedom to come together in order to discuss current issues in technology and ethics. Newcomers to these topics are always welcome. The conference features talks and workshops for all ages and experience levels. The theme for LibrePlanet 2024 was "Cultivating Community." The focus was on further growing the free software movement, mobilizing from the grassroots, and building a stronger community in the process. We asked ourselves: How can we be a welcoming community that attracts newcomers as well as a lasting home to all those wonderful people who belong to it? As always, LibrePlanet featured talks related to free software and fitting one of the following tracks: Licensing, security, community, social context, hardware, freedom ladder, free software documentation, free software in government, education, or practice, workshops, or talks that explore the free software concept. Following our theme, we highlighted speakers who showed ways of effectively organizing community, increasing diversity, facilitating the participation of volunteers, and encouraging users to contribute to their favorite projects. During the conference, attendees could learn about free software projects that invite newcomers to participate, community platforms that enable participation, and free software that attracts new users. Since the announcement to develop the GNU operating system forty years ago , the free software movement has developed an incredible amount of software that respects the user's freedom. Free software activists have proven again and again that it's possible to participate in modern life without surrendering your freedom to large tech monopolies. Now, it is time to bring this message to more people. Together, let's grow and cultivate the free software community. LibrePlanet is produced by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) . Except where otherwise noted, this site and its images, logos and other media are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 . Copyright © 2014-2024 Free Software Foundation. It was built using Bootstrap 3.3.5 , which is licensed under Expat . 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https://www.fsf.org/@@search | — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software ​ Push freedom ahead! The free software community has always thwarted the toughest challenges facing freedom in technology. This winter season, we want to thank the many individuals and projects that have helped us get where we are today: a world where a growing number of users are able to do their computing in full freedom. Our work isn't over. We have so much more to do. Help us reach our stretch New Year's membership goal of 100 new associate members by January 16, 2026, and keep the FSF strong and independent. Join | Read more Join Renew Donate Skip to content , sitemap or skip to search . Personal tools Log in Help! Members forum About Campaigns Licensing Membership Resources Community ♥Donate♥ Shop Search You are here: Home Info Search results Subscribe to an always-updated RSS feed. 0 items matching your search terms. Filter the results. Item type Select All/None Blog Entry Web Page Event Folder Link News Item Message Board Comment Forum Collection New items since Yesterday Last week Last month Ever Sort by relevance · date (newest first) · alphabetically No results were found. 1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN Sign up Enter your email address to receive our monthly newsletter, the Free Software Supporter News Eko K. A. Owen joins the FSF board as the union staff pick Dec 29, 2025 Free Software Foundation receives historic private donations Dec 24, 2025 Free Software Awards winners announced: Andy Wingo, Alx Sa, Govdirectory Dec 09, 2025 More news… Recent blogs Turning freedom values into freedom practice with the FSF tech team December GNU Spotlight with Amin Bandali featuring sixteen new GNU releases: GnuPG, a2ps, and more! Celebrate the new year: join the free software community! A message from FSF president Ian Kelling Recent blogs - More… Upcoming Events Free Software Directory meeting on IRC: Friday, January 16, starting at 12:00 EST (17:00 UTC) Jan 16, 2026 12:00 PM - 03:00 PM — #fsf on libera.chat Previous events… Upcoming events… The FSF is a charity with a worldwide mission to advance software freedom — learn about our history and work. Copyright © 2004-2026 Free Software Foundation , Inc. Privacy Policy . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 license (or later version) — Why this license? Skip sitemap or skip to licensing items About Staff and Board Contact Us Press Information Jobs Volunteering and Internships History Privacy Policy JavaScript Licenses Hardware Database Free Software Directory Free Software Resources Copyright Infringement Notification Skip to general items Campaigns Freedom Ladder Fight to Repair Free JavaScript High Priority Free Software Projects Secure Boot vs Restricted Boot Surveillance Upgrade from Windows Working Together for Free Software GNU Operating System Defective by Design End Software Patents OpenDocument Free BIOS Connect with free software users Skip to philosophical items Licensing Education Licenses GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL GNU FDL Licensing FAQ Compliance How to use GNU licenses for your own software Latest News Upcoming Events FSF Blogs Skip list Donate to the FSF Join the FSF Patrons Associate Members My Account Working Together for Free Software Fund Philosophy The Free Software Definition Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism Free Software and Free Manuals Selling Free Software Motives for Writing Free Software The Right To Read Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software Complete Sitemap fsf.org is powered by: Plone Zope Python CiviCRM HTML5 Arabic Belarussian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Cornish Czech Danish English French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Italian Japanese Korean Norwegian Polish Portuguese Portuguese (Brazil) Romanian Russian Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Urdu Welsh Send your feedback on our translations and new translations of pages to campaigns@fsf.org . | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
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