url stringlengths 11 2.25k | text stringlengths 88 50k | ts timestamp[s]date 2026-01-13 08:47:33 2026-01-13 09:30:40 |
|---|---|---|
https://dev.to/t/containers/page/2 | Containers Page 2 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # containers Follow Hide Security for container technologies like Docker and orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. Create Post Older #containers posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu My first container without Docker Ivan Zykov Ivan Zykov Ivan Zykov Follow Dec 29 '25 My first container without Docker # docker # containers # linux # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read Kubernetes 1.35 “Timbernetes” — What’s New & Why It Matters (December 2025) Maajidh Sabeel A Maajidh Sabeel A Maajidh Sabeel A Follow Dec 28 '25 Kubernetes 1.35 “Timbernetes” — What’s New & Why It Matters (December 2025) # kubernetes # cloudnative # devops # containers Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Cloud Architect is Dead. Long Live the ‘Agentic Orchestrator.’ Tech Croc Tech Croc Tech Croc Follow Dec 29 '25 The Cloud Architect is Dead. Long Live the ‘Agentic Orchestrator.’ # cloud # architecture # containers # agenticpostgreschallenge 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read My Simple Docker Project Reginald F. Johnson Reginald F. Johnson Reginald F. Johnson Follow Dec 27 '25 My Simple Docker Project # docker # containers # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Dockerfile Misconfigurations You Should Avoid Haripriya Veluchamy Haripriya Veluchamy Haripriya Veluchamy Follow Jan 11 5 Dockerfile Misconfigurations You Should Avoid # docker # containers # devops # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🐳 Docker Explained Like You're 5 Sreekar Reddy Sreekar Reddy Sreekar Reddy Follow Dec 27 '25 🐳 Docker Explained Like You're 5 # eli5 # devops # containers # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read A Secure Container Introduction for the Minimally Security-Aware Developer Rafael Italiano Rafael Italiano Rafael Italiano Follow Dec 26 '25 A Secure Container Introduction for the Minimally Security-Aware Developer # containers # devops Comments Add Comment 6 min read Kubernetes and it's Architecture Anushree GM Anushree GM Anushree GM Follow Jan 9 Kubernetes and it's Architecture # kubernetes # devops # containers # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Running DeepSeek R1 + Ollama + Open WebUI with Podman Compose Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Afu Tse (Chainiz) Follow Dec 28 '25 Running DeepSeek R1 + Ollama + Open WebUI with Podman Compose # deepseek # podman # llm # containers 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚢 Docker, Explained from docker run to Docker Compose (With Real Examples) Anusha Kuppili Anusha Kuppili Anusha Kuppili Follow Dec 23 '25 🚢 Docker, Explained from docker run to Docker Compose (With Real Examples) # devops # docker # containers # container Comments Add Comment 3 min read Basta con il "Funziona sulla mia Macchina": La Guida Semplice a Docker Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Follow Dec 23 '25 Basta con il "Funziona sulla mia Macchina": La Guida Semplice a Docker # docker # containers # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🧱 Lecture 10 : Dockerizing the Full Stack Application Farrukh Rehman Farrukh Rehman Farrukh Rehman Follow Dec 22 '25 🧱 Lecture 10 : Dockerizing the Full Stack Application # devops # docker # containers Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why Your Python Logs Vanish in Docker (and How PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 Saves the Day) Wewake Wewake Wewake Follow Dec 26 '25 Why Your Python Logs Vanish in Docker (and How PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1 Saves the Day) # python # docker # containers # pythonunbuffered 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Container Revolution: Why We Stopped "Installing" Software and Started "Shipping" It Rajat Kumar Rajat Kumar Rajat Kumar Follow Dec 25 '25 The Container Revolution: Why We Stopped "Installing" Software and Started "Shipping" It # docker # kubernetes # aks # containers Comments Add Comment 3 min read K8S Pod failures Veeresh Veeresh Veeresh Follow Dec 21 '25 K8S Pod failures # kubernetes # devops # containers Comments Add Comment 1 min read Stop Treating Docker Like a Fancy Zip File: Generating Production-Grade Containers with AI Hui Hui Hui Follow Dec 19 '25 Stop Treating Docker Like a Fancy Zip File: Generating Production-Grade Containers with AI # docker # devops # security # containers Comments Add Comment 4 min read Local Lock Down Lobe Chat Setup tomato tomato tomato Follow Dec 21 '25 Local Lock Down Lobe Chat Setup # containers # llm # opensource # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Container Image Vulnerability Scanning Using Grype TEJAS PATIL TEJAS PATIL TEJAS PATIL Follow Dec 18 '25 Container Image Vulnerability Scanning Using Grype # tooling # containers # devops # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Do Caos ao Fluxo Perfeito: Minha Experiência Automatizando uma Migração Real Gigantesca no GitLab (4.000 Repos) Claudio Cesar Claudio Cesar Claudio Cesar Follow Dec 17 '25 Do Caos ao Fluxo Perfeito: Minha Experiência Automatizando uma Migração Real Gigantesca no GitLab (4.000 Repos) # devops # gitlab # kubernetes # containers Comments Add Comment 5 min read Containers aren’t a sandbox for AI agents Siddhant Khare Siddhant Khare Siddhant Khare Follow Jan 10 Containers aren’t a sandbox for AI agents # ai # security # containers # programming 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Docker Compose How to Set Environment Variables Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman Follow Dec 17 '25 Docker Compose How to Set Environment Variables # docker # devops # microservices # containers 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a Multi-Container App using Docker Adekunle Osatuyi Adekunle Osatuyi Adekunle Osatuyi Follow Dec 17 '25 Building a Multi-Container App using Docker # docker # containers # devops # mysql 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Part 02: Building a Sovereign Software Factory: The Local Root CA & Trust Chains Warren Jitsing Warren Jitsing Warren Jitsing Follow Dec 16 '25 Part 02: Building a Sovereign Software Factory: The Local Root CA & Trust Chains # security # devops # containers # tls Comments Add Comment 31 min read Learning Docker Compose by Building a Simple Todo App Babiyashini Varadaraj Babiyashini Varadaraj Babiyashini Varadaraj Follow Dec 15 '25 Learning Docker Compose by Building a Simple Todo App # docker # devops # containers # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read STOPSIGNAL is now available on Amazon ECS Fargate Akifumi Niida Akifumi Niida Akifumi Niida Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 14 '25 STOPSIGNAL is now available on Amazon ECS Fargate # aws # containers # docker Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/missamarakay/help-me-help-you-debugging-tips-before-seeking-help-12jj#clouds-are-complicated | Help Me, Help You (Debugging Tips Before Seeking Help) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amara Graham Posted on Apr 23, 2019 Help Me, Help You (Debugging Tips Before Seeking Help) # programming # productivity # beginners One of the really cool things about being a developer advocate is I get to help people, which I truly love. I love writing a snippet of code or clarifying documentation and then watching the magic that happens when a developer I've probably never met before takes it and creates something amazing with it. That's a great day in my book. But it is not always like that. Sometimes things break, and folks reach out for help. It can be frustrating for everyone involved when it appears to be "just one error" (it may not be actually!). Let me help you help me as we work through these things together. Be very clear about your problem or issue Overstate and overshare. If you can provide relevant screen shots or a link to the code, that's even better. Was this ever working? Or did you just get started? What version of the SDK or service are you using? Your OS version might also be relevant. What steps did you do to get to this point? Link to the exact tutorial or documentation. Do your homework first What steps did you take to try to debug this on your own? The answer cannot be "nothing". Did you do a search on the error? Stack Overflow? Relevant forums? A search engine? Has this happened before? Can you try an older version? Can you try a newer version? Can you reproduce it? Clouds are complicated When working in the cloud, you can have a lot more variables at play. I recommend firing off a simple GET to make sure something like your credentials are working and the service is responding. There is a reason many API docs include Curl, but maybe read my other post . Can you use Curl/Postman/ARC to test the endpoint? What region are you in? What tier of the service are you using? You may have hit a tier limit. Check for outages & maintenance. If you are on IBM Cloud, there is a widget on the dashboard (you may need to be logged in). Submit an issue (or even a PR) If you think you are experiencing a bug with an open source project, submit an issue. Often projects will have a template to follow, which look very similar to the items I outlined above! Coincidence, I think not. Be patient I cannot drop everything I'm doing to work on troubleshooting, but I try to put some time in my schedule during the week to take a look at things. This is often what you hear from OSS maintainers and can lead to burnout. I don't work weekends or evenings (unless I have very specific events) so I appreciate your patience. Following the above items will help us both tackle these challenges together. Feel free to apply these things anywhere in life or work. We are all busy, but if we meet each other halfway, everyone benefits. Do you have any tips I missed? Share them below! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Theofanis Despoudis Theofanis Despoudis Theofanis Despoudis Follow Senior Software Engineer @wpengine, Experienced mentor @codeimentor, Technical Writer @fixate.io, Book author Location Ireland Work Senior Software Engineer at WP Engine Joined Jun 19, 2017 • Apr 24 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You forgot the meme Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Education MSc. Artificial Intelligence Joined Apr 9, 2018 • Apr 24 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ahhh, those lovely "it's not working" bugreports. So easy to close by just opening the app and seeing that it is apparently working again. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • Apr 24 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Love to hate those ones. It's... fixed...? Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 More from Amara Graham Intro to Calling Third Party AI Services in Unreal Engine # programming # gamedev # unreal Updating Your Unity Project to Watson SDK for Unity 3.1.0 (and Core SDK 0.2.0) # unity3d # programming # gamedev A Few of My Favorite (Dev) Things # github # programming # softwaredevelopment 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float | Built-in Functions — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Introduction Next topic Built-in Constants This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Built-in Functions | Theme Auto Light Dark | Built-in Functions ¶ The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order. Built-in Functions A abs() aiter() all() anext() any() ascii() B bin() bool() breakpoint() bytearray() bytes() C callable() chr() classmethod() compile() complex() D delattr() dict() dir() divmod() E enumerate() eval() exec() F filter() float() format() frozenset() G getattr() globals() H hasattr() hash() help() hex() I id() input() int() isinstance() issubclass() iter() L len() list() locals() M map() max() memoryview() min() N next() O object() oct() open() ord() P pow() print() property() R range() repr() reversed() round() S set() setattr() slice() sorted() staticmethod() str() sum() super() T tuple() type() V vars() Z zip() _ __import__() abs ( number , / ) ¶ Return the absolute value of a number. The argument may be an integer, a floating-point number, or an object implementing __abs__() . If the argument is a complex number, its magnitude is returned. aiter ( async_iterable , / ) ¶ Return an asynchronous iterator for an asynchronous iterable . Equivalent to calling x.__aiter__() . Note: Unlike iter() , aiter() has no 2-argument variant. Added in version 3.10. all ( iterable , / ) ¶ Return True if all elements of the iterable are true (or if the iterable is empty). Equivalent to: def all ( iterable ): for element in iterable : if not element : return False return True awaitable anext ( async_iterator , / ) ¶ awaitable anext ( async_iterator , default , / ) When awaited, return the next item from the given asynchronous iterator , or default if given and the iterator is exhausted. This is the async variant of the next() builtin, and behaves similarly. This calls the __anext__() method of async_iterator , returning an awaitable . Awaiting this returns the next value of the iterator. If default is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise StopAsyncIteration is raised. Added in version 3.10. any ( iterable , / ) ¶ Return True if any element of the iterable is true. If the iterable is empty, return False . Equivalent to: def any ( iterable ): for element in iterable : if element : return True return False ascii ( object , / ) ¶ As repr() , return a string containing a printable representation of an object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by repr() using \x , \u , or \U escapes. This generates a string similar to that returned by repr() in Python 2. bin ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to a binary string prefixed with “0b”. The result is a valid Python expression. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. Some examples: >>> bin ( 3 ) '0b11' >>> bin ( - 10 ) '-0b1010' If the prefix “0b” is desired or not, you can use either of the following ways. >>> format ( 14 , '#b' ), format ( 14 , 'b' ) ('0b1110', '1110') >>> f ' { 14 : #b } ' , f ' { 14 : b } ' ('0b1110', '1110') See also enum.bin() to represent negative values as twos-complement. See also format() for more information. class bool ( object = False , / ) ¶ Return a Boolean value, i.e. one of True or False . The argument is converted using the standard truth testing procedure . If the argument is false or omitted, this returns False ; otherwise, it returns True . The bool class is a subclass of int (see Numeric Types — int, float, complex ). It cannot be subclassed further. Its only instances are False and True (see Boolean Type - bool ). Changed in version 3.7: The parameter is now positional-only. breakpoint ( * args , ** kws ) ¶ This function drops you into the debugger at the call site. Specifically, it calls sys.breakpointhook() , passing args and kws straight through. By default, sys.breakpointhook() calls pdb.set_trace() expecting no arguments. In this case, it is purely a convenience function so you don’t have to explicitly import pdb or type as much code to enter the debugger. However, sys.breakpointhook() can be set to some other function and breakpoint() will automatically call that, allowing you to drop into the debugger of choice. If sys.breakpointhook() is not accessible, this function will raise RuntimeError . By default, the behavior of breakpoint() can be changed with the PYTHONBREAKPOINT environment variable. See sys.breakpointhook() for usage details. Note that this is not guaranteed if sys.breakpointhook() has been replaced. Raises an auditing event builtins.breakpoint with argument breakpointhook . Added in version 3.7. class bytearray ( source = b'' ) class bytearray ( source , encoding , errors = 'strict' ) Return a new array of bytes. The bytearray class is a mutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. It has most of the usual methods of mutable sequences, described in Mutable Sequence Types , as well as most methods that the bytes type has, see Bytes and Bytearray Operations . The optional source parameter can be used to initialize the array in a few different ways: If it is a string , you must also give the encoding (and optionally, errors ) parameters; bytearray() then converts the string to bytes using str.encode() . If it is an integer , the array will have that size and will be initialized with null bytes. If it is an object conforming to the buffer interface , a read-only buffer of the object will be used to initialize the bytes array. If it is an iterable , it must be an iterable of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256 , which are used as the initial contents of the array. Without an argument, an array of size 0 is created. See also Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview and Bytearray Objects . class bytes ( source = b'' ) class bytes ( source , encoding , errors = 'strict' ) Return a new “bytes” object which is an immutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256 . bytes is an immutable version of bytearray – it has the same non-mutating methods and the same indexing and slicing behavior. Accordingly, constructor arguments are interpreted as for bytearray() . Bytes objects can also be created with literals, see String and Bytes literals . See also Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview , Bytes Objects , and Bytes and Bytearray Operations . callable ( object , / ) ¶ Return True if the object argument appears callable, False if not. If this returns True , it is still possible that a call fails, but if it is False , calling object will never succeed. Note that classes are callable (calling a class returns a new instance); instances are callable if their class has a __call__() method. Added in version 3.2: This function was first removed in Python 3.0 and then brought back in Python 3.2. chr ( codepoint , / ) ¶ Return the string representing a character with the specified Unicode code point. For example, chr(97) returns the string 'a' , while chr(8364) returns the string '€' . This is the inverse of ord() . The valid range for the argument is from 0 through 1,114,111 (0x10FFFF in base 16). ValueError will be raised if it is outside that range. @ classmethod ¶ Transform a method into a class method. A class method receives the class as an implicit first argument, just like an instance method receives the instance. To declare a class method, use this idiom: class C : @classmethod def f ( cls , arg1 , arg2 ): ... The @classmethod form is a function decorator – see Function definitions for details. A class method can be called either on the class (such as C.f() ) or on an instance (such as C().f() ). The instance is ignored except for its class. If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class object is passed as the implied first argument. Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods. If you want those, see staticmethod() in this section. For more information on class methods, see The standard type hierarchy . Changed in version 3.9: Class methods can now wrap other descriptors such as property() . Changed in version 3.10: Class methods now inherit the method attributes ( __module__ , __name__ , __qualname__ , __doc__ and __annotations__ ) and have a new __wrapped__ attribute. Deprecated since version 3.11, removed in version 3.13: Class methods can no longer wrap other descriptors such as property() . compile ( source , filename , mode , flags = 0 , dont_inherit = False , optimize = -1 ) ¶ Compile the source into a code or AST object. Code objects can be executed by exec() or eval() . source can either be a normal string, a byte string, or an AST object. Refer to the ast module documentation for information on how to work with AST objects. The filename argument should give the file from which the code was read; pass some recognizable value if it wasn’t read from a file ( '<string>' is commonly used). The mode argument specifies what kind of code must be compiled; it can be 'exec' if source consists of a sequence of statements, 'eval' if it consists of a single expression, or 'single' if it consists of a single interactive statement (in the latter case, expression statements that evaluate to something other than None will be printed). The optional arguments flags and dont_inherit control which compiler options should be activated and which future features should be allowed. If neither is present (or both are zero) the code is compiled with the same flags that affect the code that is calling compile() . If the flags argument is given and dont_inherit is not (or is zero) then the compiler options and the future statements specified by the flags argument are used in addition to those that would be used anyway. If dont_inherit is a non-zero integer then the flags argument is it – the flags (future features and compiler options) in the surrounding code are ignored. Compiler options and future statements are specified by bits which can be bitwise ORed together to specify multiple options. The bitfield required to specify a given future feature can be found as the compiler_flag attribute on the _Feature instance in the __future__ module. Compiler flags can be found in ast module, with PyCF_ prefix. The argument optimize specifies the optimization level of the compiler; the default value of -1 selects the optimization level of the interpreter as given by -O options. Explicit levels are 0 (no optimization; __debug__ is true), 1 (asserts are removed, __debug__ is false) or 2 (docstrings are removed too). This function raises SyntaxError or ValueError if the compiled source is invalid. If you want to parse Python code into its AST representation, see ast.parse() . Raises an auditing event compile with arguments source and filename . This event may also be raised by implicit compilation. Note When compiling a string with multi-line code in 'single' or 'eval' mode, input must be terminated by at least one newline character. This is to facilitate detection of incomplete and complete statements in the code module. Warning It is possible to crash the Python interpreter with a sufficiently large/complex string when compiling to an AST object due to stack depth limitations in Python’s AST compiler. Changed in version 3.2: Allowed use of Windows and Mac newlines. Also, input in 'exec' mode does not have to end in a newline anymore. Added the optimize parameter. Changed in version 3.5: Previously, TypeError was raised when null bytes were encountered in source . Added in version 3.8: ast.PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT can now be passed in flags to enable support for top-level await , async for , and async with . class complex ( number = 0 , / ) ¶ class complex ( string , / ) class complex ( real = 0 , imag = 0 ) Convert a single string or number to a complex number, or create a complex number from real and imaginary parts. Examples: >>> complex ( '+1.23' ) (1.23+0j) >>> complex ( '-4.5j' ) -4.5j >>> complex ( '-1.23+4.5j' ) (-1.23+4.5j) >>> complex ( ' \t ( -1.23+4.5J ) \n ' ) (-1.23+4.5j) >>> complex ( '-Infinity+NaNj' ) (-inf+nanj) >>> complex ( 1.23 ) (1.23+0j) >>> complex ( imag =- 4.5 ) -4.5j >>> complex ( - 1.23 , 4.5 ) (-1.23+4.5j) If the argument is a string, it must contain either a real part (in the same format as for float() ) or an imaginary part (in the same format but with a 'j' or 'J' suffix), or both real and imaginary parts (the sign of the imaginary part is mandatory in this case). The string can optionally be surrounded by whitespaces and the round parentheses '(' and ')' , which are ignored. The string must not contain whitespace between '+' , '-' , the 'j' or 'J' suffix, and the decimal number. For example, complex('1+2j') is fine, but complex('1 + 2j') raises ValueError . More precisely, the input must conform to the complexvalue production rule in the following grammar, after parentheses and leading and trailing whitespace characters are removed: complexvalue : floatvalue | floatvalue ( "j" | "J" ) | floatvalue sign absfloatvalue ( "j" | "J" ) If the argument is a number, the constructor serves as a numeric conversion like int and float . For a general Python object x , complex(x) delegates to x.__complex__() . If __complex__() is not defined then it falls back to __float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . If two arguments are provided or keyword arguments are used, each argument may be any numeric type (including complex). If both arguments are real numbers, return a complex number with the real component real and the imaginary component imag . If both arguments are complex numbers, return a complex number with the real component real.real-imag.imag and the imaginary component real.imag+imag.real . If one of arguments is a real number, only its real component is used in the above expressions. See also complex.from_number() which only accepts a single numeric argument. If all arguments are omitted, returns 0j . The complex type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __complex__() and __float__() are not defined. Deprecated since version 3.14: Passing a complex number as the real or imag argument is now deprecated; it should only be passed as a single positional argument. delattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ This is a relative of setattr() . The arguments are an object and a string. The string must be the name of one of the object’s attributes. The function deletes the named attribute, provided the object allows it. For example, delattr(x, 'foobar') is equivalent to del x.foobar . name need not be a Python identifier (see setattr() ). class dict ( ** kwargs ) class dict ( mapping , / , ** kwargs ) class dict ( iterable , / , ** kwargs ) Create a new dictionary. The dict object is the dictionary class. See dict and Mapping Types — dict for documentation about this class. For other containers see the built-in list , set , and tuple classes, as well as the collections module. dir ( ) ¶ dir ( object , / ) Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to return a list of valid attributes for that object. If the object has a method named __dir__() , this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. This allows objects that implement a custom __getattr__() or __getattribute__() function to customize the way dir() reports their attributes. If the object does not provide __dir__() , the function tries its best to gather information from the object’s __dict__ attribute, if defined, and from its type object. The resulting list is not necessarily complete and may be inaccurate when the object has a custom __getattr__() . The default dir() mechanism behaves differently with different types of objects, as it attempts to produce the most relevant, rather than complete, information: If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes. If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases. Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes. The resulting list is sorted alphabetically. For example: >>> import struct >>> dir () # show the names in the module namespace ['__builtins__', '__name__', 'struct'] >>> dir ( struct ) # show the names in the struct module ['Struct', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__initializing__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into', 'unpack', 'unpack_from'] >>> class Shape : ... def __dir__ ( self ): ... return [ 'area' , 'perimeter' , 'location' ] ... >>> s = Shape () >>> dir ( s ) ['area', 'location', 'perimeter'] Note Because dir() is supplied primarily as a convenience for use at an interactive prompt, it tries to supply an interesting set of names more than it tries to supply a rigorously or consistently defined set of names, and its detailed behavior may change across releases. For example, metaclass attributes are not in the result list when the argument is a class. divmod ( a , b , / ) ¶ Take two (non-complex) numbers as arguments and return a pair of numbers consisting of their quotient and remainder when using integer division. With mixed operand types, the rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. For integers, the result is the same as (a // b, a % b) . For floating-point numbers the result is (q, a % b) , where q is usually math.floor(a / b) but may be 1 less than that. In any case q * b + a % b is very close to a , if a % b is non-zero it has the same sign as b , and 0 <= abs(a % b) < abs(b) . enumerate ( iterable , start = 0 ) ¶ Return an enumerate object. iterable must be a sequence, an iterator , or some other object which supports iteration. The __next__() method of the iterator returned by enumerate() returns a tuple containing a count (from start which defaults to 0) and the values obtained from iterating over iterable . >>> seasons = [ 'Spring' , 'Summer' , 'Fall' , 'Winter' ] >>> list ( enumerate ( seasons )) [(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')] >>> list ( enumerate ( seasons , start = 1 )) [(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')] Equivalent to: def enumerate ( iterable , start = 0 ): n = start for elem in iterable : yield n , elem n += 1 eval ( source , / , globals = None , locals = None ) ¶ Parameters : source ( str | code object ) – A Python expression. globals ( dict | None ) – The global namespace (default: None ). locals ( mapping | None ) – The local namespace (default: None ). Returns : The result of the evaluated expression. Raises : Syntax errors are reported as exceptions. Warning This function executes arbitrary code. Calling it with user-supplied input may lead to security vulnerabilities. The source argument is parsed and evaluated as a Python expression (technically speaking, a condition list) using the globals and locals mappings as global and local namespace. If the globals dictionary is present and does not contain a value for the key __builtins__ , a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module builtins is inserted under that key before source is parsed. That way you can control what builtins are available to the executed code by inserting your own __builtins__ dictionary into globals before passing it to eval() . If the locals mapping is omitted it defaults to the globals dictionary. If both mappings are omitted, the source is executed with the globals and locals in the environment where eval() is called. Note, eval() will only have access to the nested scopes (non-locals) in the enclosing environment if they are already referenced in the scope that is calling eval() (e.g. via a nonlocal statement). Example: >>> x = 1 >>> eval ( 'x+1' ) 2 This function can also be used to execute arbitrary code objects (such as those created by compile() ). In this case, pass a code object instead of a string. If the code object has been compiled with 'exec' as the mode argument, eval() 's return value will be None . Hints: dynamic execution of statements is supported by the exec() function. The globals() and locals() functions return the current global and local dictionary, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by eval() or exec() . If the given source is a string, then leading and trailing spaces and tabs are stripped. See ast.literal_eval() for a function that can safely evaluate strings with expressions containing only literals. Raises an auditing event exec with the code object as the argument. Code compilation events may also be raised. Changed in version 3.13: The globals and locals arguments can now be passed as keywords. Changed in version 3.13: The semantics of the default locals namespace have been adjusted as described for the locals() builtin. exec ( source , / , globals = None , locals = None , * , closure = None ) ¶ Warning This function executes arbitrary code. Calling it with user-supplied input may lead to security vulnerabilities. This function supports dynamic execution of Python code. source must be either a string or a code object. If it is a string, the string is parsed as a suite of Python statements which is then executed (unless a syntax error occurs). [ 1 ] If it is a code object, it is simply executed. In all cases, the code that’s executed is expected to be valid as file input (see the section File input in the Reference Manual). Be aware that the nonlocal , yield , and return statements may not be used outside of function definitions even within the context of code passed to the exec() function. The return value is None . In all cases, if the optional parts are omitted, the code is executed in the current scope. If only globals is provided, it must be a dictionary (and not a subclass of dictionary), which will be used for both the global and the local variables. If globals and locals are given, they are used for the global and local variables, respectively. If provided, locals can be any mapping object. Remember that at the module level, globals and locals are the same dictionary. Note When exec gets two separate objects as globals and locals , the code will be executed as if it were embedded in a class definition. This means functions and classes defined in the executed code will not be able to access variables assigned at the top level (as the “top level” variables are treated as class variables in a class definition). If the globals dictionary does not contain a value for the key __builtins__ , a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module builtins is inserted under that key. That way you can control what builtins are available to the executed code by inserting your own __builtins__ dictionary into globals before passing it to exec() . The closure argument specifies a closure–a tuple of cellvars. It’s only valid when the object is a code object containing free (closure) variables . The length of the tuple must exactly match the length of the code object’s co_freevars attribute. Raises an auditing event exec with the code object as the argument. Code compilation events may also be raised. Note The built-in functions globals() and locals() return the current global and local namespace, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use as the second and third argument to exec() . Note The default locals act as described for function locals() below. Pass an explicit locals dictionary if you need to see effects of the code on locals after function exec() returns. Changed in version 3.11: Added the closure parameter. Changed in version 3.13: The globals and locals arguments can now be passed as keywords. Changed in version 3.13: The semantics of the default locals namespace have been adjusted as described for the locals() builtin. filter ( function , iterable , / ) ¶ Construct an iterator from those elements of iterable for which function is true. iterable may be either a sequence, a container which supports iteration, or an iterator. If function is None , the identity function is assumed, that is, all elements of iterable that are false are removed. Note that filter(function, iterable) is equivalent to the generator expression (item for item in iterable if function(item)) if function is not None and (item for item in iterable if item) if function is None . See itertools.filterfalse() for the complementary function that returns elements of iterable for which function is false. class float ( number = 0.0 , / ) ¶ class float ( string , / ) Return a floating-point number constructed from a number or a string. Examples: >>> float ( '+1.23' ) 1.23 >>> float ( ' -12345 \n ' ) -12345.0 >>> float ( '1e-003' ) 0.001 >>> float ( '+1E6' ) 1000000.0 >>> float ( '-Infinity' ) -inf If the argument is a string, it should contain a decimal number, optionally preceded by a sign, and optionally embedded in whitespace. The optional sign may be '+' or '-' ; a '+' sign has no effect on the value produced. The argument may also be a string representing a NaN (not-a-number), or positive or negative infinity. More precisely, the input must conform to the floatvalue production rule in the following grammar, after leading and trailing whitespace characters are removed: sign : "+" | "-" infinity : "Infinity" | "inf" nan : "nan" digit : <a Unicode decimal digit, i.e. characters in Unicode general category Nd> digitpart : digit ([ "_" ] digit )* number : [ digitpart ] "." digitpart | digitpart [ "." ] exponent : ( "e" | "E" ) [ sign ] digitpart floatnumber : number [ exponent ] absfloatvalue : floatnumber | infinity | nan floatvalue : [ sign ] absfloatvalue Case is not significant, so, for example, “inf”, “Inf”, “INFINITY”, and “iNfINity” are all acceptable spellings for positive infinity. Otherwise, if the argument is an integer or a floating-point number, a floating-point number with the same value (within Python’s floating-point precision) is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an OverflowError will be raised. For a general Python object x , float(x) delegates to x.__float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . See also float.from_number() which only accepts a numeric argument. If no argument is given, 0.0 is returned. The float type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.7: The parameter is now positional-only. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __float__() is not defined. format ( value , format_spec = '' , / ) ¶ Convert a value to a “formatted” representation, as controlled by format_spec . The interpretation of format_spec will depend on the type of the value argument; however, there is a standard formatting syntax that is used by most built-in types: Format Specification Mini-Language . The default format_spec is an empty string which usually gives the same effect as calling str(value) . A call to format(value, format_spec) is translated to type(value).__format__(value, format_spec) which bypasses the instance dictionary when searching for the value’s __format__() method. A TypeError exception is raised if the method search reaches object and the format_spec is non-empty, or if either the format_spec or the return value are not strings. Changed in version 3.4: object().__format__(format_spec) raises TypeError if format_spec is not an empty string. class frozenset ( iterable = () , / ) Return a new frozenset object, optionally with elements taken from iterable . frozenset is a built-in class. See frozenset and Set Types — set, frozenset for documentation about this class. For other containers see the built-in set , list , tuple , and dict classes, as well as the collections module. getattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ getattr ( object , name , default , / ) Return the value of the named attribute of object . name must be a string. If the string is the name of one of the object’s attributes, the result is the value of that attribute. For example, getattr(x, 'foobar') is equivalent to x.foobar . If the named attribute does not exist, default is returned if provided, otherwise AttributeError is raised. name need not be a Python identifier (see setattr() ). Note Since private name mangling happens at compilation time, one must manually mangle a private attribute’s (attributes with two leading underscores) name in order to retrieve it with getattr() . globals ( ) ¶ Return the dictionary implementing the current module namespace. For code within functions, this is set when the function is defined and remains the same regardless of where the function is called. hasattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ The arguments are an object and a string. The result is True if the string is the name of one of the object’s attributes, False if not. (This is implemented by calling getattr(object, name) and seeing whether it raises an AttributeError or not.) hash ( object , / ) ¶ Return the hash value of the object (if it has one). Hash values are integers. They are used to quickly compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup. Numeric values that compare equal have the same hash value (even if they are of different types, as is the case for 1 and 1.0). Note For objects with custom __hash__() methods, note that hash() truncates the return value based on the bit width of the host machine. help ( ) ¶ help ( request ) Invoke the built-in help system. (This function is intended for interactive use.) If no argument is given, the interactive help system starts on the interpreter console. If the argument is a string, then the string is looked up as the name of a module, function, class, method, keyword, or documentation topic, and a help page is printed on the console. If the argument is any other kind of object, a help page on the object is generated. Note that if a slash(/) appears in the parameter list of a function when invoking help() , it means that the parameters prior to the slash are positional-only. For more info, see the FAQ entry on positional-only parameters . This function is added to the built-in namespace by the site module. Changed in version 3.4: Changes to pydoc and inspect mean that the reported signatures for callables are now more comprehensive and consistent. hex ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to a lowercase hexadecimal string prefixed with “0x”. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. Some examples: >>> hex ( 255 ) '0xff' >>> hex ( - 42 ) '-0x2a' If you want to convert an integer number to an uppercase or lower hexadecimal string with prefix or not, you can use either of the following ways: >>> ' %#x ' % 255 , ' %x ' % 255 , ' %X ' % 255 ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') >>> format ( 255 , '#x' ), format ( 255 , 'x' ), format ( 255 , 'X' ) ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') >>> f ' { 255 : #x } ' , f ' { 255 : x } ' , f ' { 255 : X } ' ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') See also format() for more information. See also int() for converting a hexadecimal string to an integer using a base of 16. Note To obtain a hexadecimal string representation for a float, use the float.hex() method. id ( object , / ) ¶ Return the “identity” of an object. This is an integer which is guaranteed to be unique and constant for this object during its lifetime. Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same id() value. CPython implementation detail: This is the address of the object in memory. Raises an auditing event builtins.id with argument id . input ( ) ¶ input ( prompt , / ) If the prompt argument is present, it is written to standard output without a trailing newline. The function then reads a line from input, converts it to a string (stripping a trailing newline), and returns that. When EOF is read, EOFError is raised. Example: >>> s = input ( '--> ' ) --> Monty Python's Flying Circus >>> s "Monty Python's Flying Circus" If the readline module was loaded, then input() will use it to provide elaborate line editing and history features. Raises an auditing event builtins.input with argument prompt before reading input Raises an auditing event builtins.input/result with the result after successfully reading input. class int ( number = 0 , / ) ¶ class int ( string , / , base = 10 ) Return an integer object constructed from a number or a string, or return 0 if no arguments are given. Examples: >>> int ( 123.45 ) 123 >>> int ( '123' ) 123 >>> int ( ' -12_345 \n ' ) -12345 >>> int ( 'FACE' , 16 ) 64206 >>> int ( '0xface' , 0 ) 64206 >>> int ( '01110011' , base = 2 ) 115 If the argument defines __int__() , int(x) returns x.__int__() . If the argument defines __index__() , it returns x.__index__() . For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero. If the argument is not a number or if base is given, then it must be a string, bytes , or bytearray instance representing an integer in radix base . Optionally, the string can be preceded by + or - (with no space in between), have leading zeros, be surrounded by whitespace, and have single underscores interspersed between digits. A base-n integer string contains digits, each representing a value from 0 to n-1. The values 0–9 can be represented by any Unicode decimal digit. The values 10–35 can be represented by a to z (or A to Z ). The default base is 10. The allowed bases are 0 and 2–36. Base-2, -8, and -16 strings can be optionally prefixed with 0b / 0B , 0o / 0O , or 0x / 0X , as with integer literals in code. For base 0, the string is interpreted in a similar way to an integer literal in code , in that the actual base is 2, 8, 10, or 16 as determined by the prefix. Base 0 also disallows leading zeros: int('010', 0) is not legal, while int('010') and int('010', 8) are. The integer type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.4: If base is not an instance of int and the base object has a base.__index__ method, that method is called to obtain an integer for the base. Previous versions used base.__int__ instead of base.__index__ . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.7: The first parameter is now positional-only. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __int__() is not defined. Changed in version 3.11: int string inputs and string representations can be limited to help avoid denial of service attacks. A ValueError is raised when the limit is exceeded while converting a string to an int or when converting an int into a string would exceed the limit. See the integer string conversion length limitation documentation. Changed in version 3.14: int() no longer delegates to the __trunc__() method. isinstance ( object , classinfo , / ) ¶ Return True if the object argument is an instance of the classinfo argument, or of a (direct, indirect, or virtual ) subclass thereof. If object is not an object of the given type, the function always returns False . If classinfo is a tuple of type objects (or recursively, other such tuples) or a Union Type of multiple types, return True if object is an instance of any of the types. If classinfo is not a type or tuple of types and such tuples, a TypeError exception is raised. TypeError may not be raised for an invalid type if an earlier check succeeds. Changed in version 3.10: classinfo can be a Union Type . issubclass ( class , classinfo , / ) ¶ Return True if class is a subclass (direct, indirect, or virtual ) of classinfo . A class is considered a subclass of itself. classinfo may be a tuple of class objects (or recursively, other such tuples) or a Union Type , in which case return True if class is a subclass of any entry in classinfo . In any other case, a TypeError exception is raised. Changed in version 3.10: classinfo can be a Union Type . iter ( iterable , / ) ¶ iter ( callable , sentinel , / ) Return an iterator object. The first argument is interpreted very differently depending on the presence of the second argument. Without a second argument, the single argument must be a collection object which supports the iterable protocol (the __iter__() method), or it must support the sequence protocol (the __getitem__() method with integer arguments starting at 0 ). If it does not support either of those protocols, TypeError is raised. If the second argument, sentinel , is given, then the first argument must be a callable object. The iterator created in this case will call callable with no arguments for each call to its __next__() method; if the value returned is equal to sentinel , StopIteration will be raised, otherwise the value will be returned. See also Iterator Types . One useful application of the second form of iter() is to build a block-reader. For example, reading fixed-width blocks from a binary database file until the end of file is reached: from functools import partial with open ( 'mydata.db' , 'rb' ) as f : for block in iter ( partial ( f . read , 64 ), b '' ): process_block ( block ) len ( object , / ) ¶ Return the length (the number of items) of an object. The argument may be a sequence (such as a string, bytes, tuple, list, or range) or a collection (such as a dictionary, set, or frozen set). CPython implementation detail: len raises OverflowError on lengths larger than sys.maxsize , such as range(2 ** 100) . class list ( iterable = () , / ) Rather than being a function, list is actually a mutable sequence type, as documented in Lists and Sequence Types — list, tuple, range . locals ( ) ¶ Return a mapping object representing the current local symbol table, with variable names as the keys, and their currently bound references as the values. At module scope, as well as when using exec() or eval() with a single namespace, this function returns the same namespace as globals() . At class scope, it returns the namespace that will be passed to the metaclass constructor. When using exec() or eval() with separate local and global arguments, it returns the local namespace passed in to the function call. In all of the above cases, each call to locals() in a given frame of execution will return the same mapping object. Changes made through the mapping object returned from locals() will be visible as assigned, reassigned, or deleted local variables, and assigning, reassigning, or deleting local variables will immediately affect the contents of the returned mapping object. In an optimized scope (including functions, generators, and coroutines), each call to locals() instead returns a fresh dictionary containing the current bindings of the function’s local variables and any nonlocal cell references. In this case, name binding changes made via the returned dict are not written back to the corresponding local variables or nonlocal cell references, and assigning, reassigning, or deleting local variables and nonlocal cell references does not affect the contents of previously returned dictionaries. Calling locals() as part of a comprehension in a function, generator, or coroutine is equivalent to calling it in the containing scope, except that the comprehension’s initialised iteration variables will be included. In other scopes, it behaves as if the comprehension were running as a nested function. Calling locals() as part of a generator expression is equivalent to calling it in a nested generator function. Changed in version 3.12: The behaviour of locals() in a comprehension has been updated as described in PEP 709 . Changed in version 3.13: As part of PEP 667 , the semantics of mutating the mapping objects returned from this function are now defined. The behavior in optimized scopes is now as described above. Aside from being defined, the behaviour in other scopes remains unchanged from previous versions. map ( function , iterable , / , * iterables , strict = False ) ¶ Return an iterator that applies function to every item of iterable , yielding the results. If additional iterables arguments are passed, function must take that many arguments and is applied to the items from all iterables in parallel. With multiple iterables, the iterator stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted. If strict is True and one of the iterables is exhausted before the others, a ValueError is raised. For cases where the function inputs are already arranged into argument tuples, see itertools.starmap() . Changed in version 3.14: Added the strict parameter. max ( iterable , / , * , key = None ) ¶ max ( iterable , / , * , default , key = None ) max ( arg1 , arg2 , / , * args , key = None ) Return the largest item in an iterable or the largest of two or more arguments. If one positional argument is provided, it should be an iterable . The largest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the largest of the positional arguments is returned. There are two optional keyword-only arguments. The key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort() . The default argument specifies an object to return if the provided iterable is empty. If the iterable is empty and default is not provided, a ValueError is raised. If multiple items are maximal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc, reverse=True)[0] and heapq.nlargest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc) . Changed in version 3.4: Added the default keyword-only parameter. Changed in version 3.8: The key can be None . class memoryview ( object ) Return a “memory view” object created from the given argument. See Memory Views for more information. min ( iterable , / , * , key = None ) ¶ min ( iterable , / , * , default , key = None ) min ( arg1 , arg2 , / , * args , key = None ) Return the smallest item in an iterable or the smallest of two or more arguments. If one positional argument is provided, it should be an iterable . The smallest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the smallest of the positional arguments is returned. There are two optional keyword-only arguments. The key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort() . The default argument specifies an object to return if the provided iterable is empty. If the iterable is empty and default is not provided, a ValueError is raised. If multiple items are minimal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc)[0] and heapq.nsmallest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc) . Changed in version 3.4: Added the default keyword-only parameter. Changed in version 3.8: The key can be None . next ( iterator , / ) ¶ next ( iterator , default , / ) Retrieve the next item from the iterator by calling its __next__() method. If default is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise StopIteration is raised. class object ¶ This is the ultimate base class of all other classes. It has methods that are common to all instances of Python classes. When the constructor is called, it returns a new featureless object. The constructor does not accept any arguments. Note object instances do not have __dict__ attributes, so you can’t assign arbitrary attributes to an instance of object . oct ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to an octal string prefixed with “0o”. The result is a valid Python expression. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. For example: >>> oct ( 8 ) '0o10' >>> oct ( - 56 ) '-0o70' If you want to convert an integer number to an octal string either with the prefix “0o” or not, you can use either of the following ways. >>> ' %#o ' % 10 , ' %o ' % 10 ('0o12', '12') >>> format ( 10 , '#o' ), format ( 10 , 'o' ) ('0o12', '12') >>> f ' { 10 : #o } ' , f ' { 10 : o } ' ('0o12', '12') See also format() for more information. open ( file , mode = 'r' , buffering = -1 , encoding = None , errors = None , newline = None , closefd = True , opener = None ) ¶ Open file and return a corresponding file object . If the file cannot be opened, an OSError is raised. See Reading and Writing Files for more examples of how to use this function. file is a path-like object giving the pathname (absolute or relative to the current working directory) of the file to be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the returned I/O object is closed unless closefd is set to False .) mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if it already exists), 'x' for exclusive creation, and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position). In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform-dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding. (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available modes are: Character Meaning 'r' open for reading (default) 'w' open for writing, truncating the file first 'x' open for exclusive creation, failing if the file already exists 'a' open for writing, appending to the end of file if it exists 'b' binary mode 't' text mode (default) '+' open for updating (reading and writing) The default mode is 'r' (open for reading text, a synonym of 'rt' ). Modes 'w+' and 'w+b' open and truncate the file. Modes 'r+' and 'r+b' open the file with no truncation. As mentioned in the Overview , Python distinguishes between binary and text I/O. Files opened in binary mode (including 'b' in the mode argument) return contents as bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when 't' is included in the mode argument), the contents of the file are returned as str , the bytes having been first decoded using a platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given. Note Python doesn’t depend on the underlying operating system’s notion of text files; all the processing is done by Python itself, and is therefore platform-independent. buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy. Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select line buffering (only usable when writing in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate the size in bytes of a fixed-size chunk buffer. Note that specifying a buffer size this way applies for binary buffered I/O, but TextIOWrapper (i.e., files opened with mode='r+' ) would have another buffering. To disable buffering in TextIOWrapper , consider using the write_through flag for io.TextIOWrapper.reconfigure() . When no buffering argument is given, the default buffering policy works as follows: Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer is max(min(blocksize, 8 MiB), DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) when the device block size is available. On most systems, the buffer will typically be 128 kilobytes long. “Interactive” text files (files for which isatty() returns True ) use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above for binary files. encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is platform dependent (whatever locale.getencoding() returns), but any text encoding supported by Python can be used. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings. errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding errors are to be handled—this cannot be used in binary mode. A variety of standard error handlers are available (listed under Error Handlers ), though any error handling name that has | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/t/resume/#main-content | résumé - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close résumé Follow Hide Create Post Older #resume posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Free Resume Bullet Rewriter (Impact-Focused) CreatorOS CreatorOS CreatorOS Follow Jan 9 Free Resume Bullet Rewriter (Impact-Focused) # jobs # resume # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 Coder Coder Coder Follow Jan 8 How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 # career # resume # programming # hiring Comments Add Comment 2 min read Free ATS Keyword Extractor (No Signup) CreatorOS CreatorOS CreatorOS Follow Jan 6 Free ATS Keyword Extractor (No Signup) # jobs # resume # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Most Resumes Fail ATS (What I Learned While Building One) Utkarsh Yadav Utkarsh Yadav Utkarsh Yadav Follow Jan 5 Why Most Resumes Fail ATS (What I Learned While Building One) # webdev # resume # programming # ats Comments Add Comment 2 min read This will be your last resume template Lakshit Pant Lakshit Pant Lakshit Pant Follow Jan 10 This will be your last resume template # career # leadership # resume # personalbrand 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Boost Your CV with AI: How VitaeBoost Helps You Stand Out Coder Coder Coder Follow Jan 5 🚀 Boost Your CV with AI: How VitaeBoost Helps You Stand Out # ai # career # resume # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read I’m Building an AI Resume ATS Tool Because the System Is Broken Utkarsh Yadav Utkarsh Yadav Utkarsh Yadav Follow Jan 2 I’m Building an AI Resume ATS Tool Because the System Is Broken # webdev # ai # resume # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building an AI-Powered Resume Analyzer: My Journey with Resume Analiser Mahmud Rahman Mahmud Rahman Mahmud Rahman Follow Dec 22 '25 Building an AI-Powered Resume Analyzer: My Journey with Resume Analiser # ai # saas # resume # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read Resume Canvas - Open Source Resume Builder Md. Mostafijur Rahman Md. Mostafijur Rahman Md. Mostafijur Rahman Follow Dec 11 '25 Resume Canvas - Open Source Resume Builder # resume # opensource # nextjs # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Fully Automated Resumes Frozen Frozen Frozen Follow Nov 30 '25 I Fully Automated Resumes # webdev # ai # resume # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read 4 Resume Mistakes Killing Your Job Applications (From a Pro Writer) Nishant Modi Nishant Modi Nishant Modi Follow Nov 30 '25 4 Resume Mistakes Killing Your Job Applications (From a Pro Writer) # career # hiring # resume 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Introducing gitresume, an open-source cli tool for building résumé with LLM support Azeez Abiodun Solomon Azeez Abiodun Solomon Azeez Abiodun Solomon Follow Nov 28 '25 Introducing gitresume, an open-source cli tool for building résumé with LLM support # resume # llm # ai # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Applied to 247 Jobs Before I Realized I Was Doing It All Wrong ZX Ng ZX Ng ZX Ng Follow Nov 17 '25 I Applied to 247 Jobs Before I Realized I Was Doing It All Wrong # ai # career # careerdevelopment # resume Comments Add Comment 4 min read 8 Top Resume Builders for 2025 Jason Jason Jason Follow Nov 14 '25 8 Top Resume Builders for 2025 # resume # career # careerdevelopment # hiring Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Built Professor Doom - A Spooky Resume Roaster Using Kiro Shuvodip Ray Shuvodip Ray Shuvodip Ray Follow Dec 5 '25 How I Built Professor Doom - A Spooky Resume Roaster Using Kiro # kiro # veo # resume # vibecoding 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 8 min read Building a Unique Developer Portfolio 김영민 김영민 김영민 Follow Nov 9 '25 Building a Unique Developer Portfolio # portfolio # resume # timeline Comments Add Comment 2 min read ATS CV & Resume Optimization Track Vernard Sharbney Vernard Sharbney Vernard Sharbney Follow for CDSA - Cross Domain Solution Architect Nov 21 '25 ATS CV & Resume Optimization Track # resume # career # ats # ai Comments 3 comments 2 min read 5 Resume Mistakes You MUST Avoid Nishant Modi Nishant Modi Nishant Modi Follow Oct 23 '25 5 Resume Mistakes You MUST Avoid # career # resume # job Comments Add Comment 4 min read Sell Yourself Without the BS: Honest Resume Advice for Code Newbies + Prompts That Worked for Me Dani Dani Dani Follow Oct 22 '25 Sell Yourself Without the BS: Honest Resume Advice for Code Newbies + Prompts That Worked for Me # webdev # resume # internship # resumetips Comments Add Comment 3 min read Resume Tips Hien D. Nguyen Hien D. Nguyen Hien D. Nguyen Follow Sep 29 '25 Resume Tips # resume # softwaretesting # interview # qualityassurance Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Data-Backed Resume Rules That Never Gets Old: Double Your Interview Chances in 2025 Nishant Modi Nishant Modi Nishant Modi Follow Sep 25 '25 5 Data-Backed Resume Rules That Never Gets Old: Double Your Interview Chances in 2025 # career # resume # hiring Comments Add Comment 5 min read Rezi.ai Review: Worth the Hype or Just Another AI Resume Builder? Nitin Sharma Nitin Sharma Nitin Sharma Follow Oct 8 '25 Rezi.ai Review: Worth the Hype or Just Another AI Resume Builder? # ai # programming # resume # career 17 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read In 2025, your resume is not for humans. Jake Nelken Jake Nelken Jake Nelken Follow Oct 10 '25 In 2025, your resume is not for humans. # resume # webdev # interview # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Got my AWS AI practitioner certification! Marco Aguzzi Marco Aguzzi Marco Aguzzi Follow Sep 4 '25 Got my AWS AI practitioner certification! # aws # practitioner # ai # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read Robot Overlord Approved Resumes in 2025! Jason Torres Jason Torres Jason Torres Follow Oct 2 '25 Robot Overlord Approved Resumes in 2025! # career # hiring # resume # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources Introducing gitresume, an open-source cli tool for building résumé with LLM support Why Most Resumes Fail ATS (What I Learned While Building One) Resume Canvas - Open Source Resume Builder How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 How I Built Professor Doom - A Spooky Resume Roaster Using Kiro Building a Unique Developer Portfolio I Applied to 247 Jobs Before I Realized I Was Doing It All Wrong Free ATS Keyword Extractor (No Signup) I’m Building an AI Resume ATS Tool Because the System Is Broken I Fully Automated Resumes [Boost] This will be your last resume template 8 Top Resume Builders for 2025 Building an AI-Powered Resume Analyzer: My Journey with Resume Analiser 4 Resume Mistakes Killing Your Job Applications (From a Pro Writer) ATS CV & Resume Optimization Track 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/t/resume/page/5 | résumé Page 5 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close résumé Follow Hide Create Post Older #resume posts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Crafting an Effective Resume: Free Templates and Best Practices Oludayo Adeoye Oludayo Adeoye Oludayo Adeoye Follow Apr 11 '24 Crafting an Effective Resume: Free Templates and Best Practices # resume # learning Comments 1 comment 2 min read 3 motivos por los que no consigues el trabajo que deseas. Victor Ramon Victor Ramon Victor Ramon Follow Apr 10 '24 3 motivos por los que no consigues el trabajo que deseas. # job # interview # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to build your interactive resume in 4 simple and 2 easy steps Petr Filaretov Petr Filaretov Petr Filaretov Follow Apr 2 '24 How to build your interactive resume in 4 simple and 2 easy steps # resume # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Challenges for a perfect resume Nitin Kumar Nitin Kumar Nitin Kumar Follow Mar 20 '24 Challenges for a perfect resume # resume # fresher # jobopenings # corporateresume 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Tech Job Hunting Tre G. III Tre G. III Tre G. III Follow Mar 16 '24 Tech Job Hunting # resume # job # role # tech Comments Add Comment 2 min read Crafting a Professional Resume with LaTeX and ChatGPT: A Step-by-Step Guide Aayush Adhikari Aayush Adhikari Aayush Adhikari Follow Mar 9 '24 Crafting a Professional Resume with LaTeX and ChatGPT: A Step-by-Step Guide # resume # ai # gpt3 # chatgpt 19 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Make Resume in 60 Seconds Rohit Yadav Rohit Yadav Rohit Yadav Follow Mar 8 '24 Make Resume in 60 Seconds # beginners # resume # tutorial # chatgpt 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read 10 Must-Have AI Tools to crack your dream job interview Ajinkya Chanshetty Ajinkya Chanshetty Ajinkya Chanshetty Follow Mar 10 '24 10 Must-Have AI Tools to crack your dream job interview # career # learning # resume # ai 71 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read Made an Affordable Resume Maker to Create Professional Resumes and Cover Letters using AI balt1794 balt1794 balt1794 Follow Mar 6 '24 Made an Affordable Resume Maker to Create Professional Resumes and Cover Letters using AI # resume # webdev # ai # programming 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Godspeed LaTeX, Long Live Microsoft Word Josh Holbrook Josh Holbrook Josh Holbrook Follow Feb 18 '24 Godspeed LaTeX, Long Live Microsoft Word # latex # msoffice # career # resume 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Tips to Help Yourself Stand Out During a Tech Job Search Sean Killeen Sean Killeen Sean Killeen Follow Jan 30 '24 Tips to Help Yourself Stand Out During a Tech Job Search # hiring # resume # tips # jobs Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hooked Book #1 - The habit zone Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 8 '23 Hooked Book #1 - The habit zone # design # books # resume # habit Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hooked Book #8 - Habit testing Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 30 '23 Hooked Book #8 - Habit testing # design # ethic # books # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hooked Book #6 - What are you going to do with this? Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 29 '23 Hooked Book #6 - What are you going to do with this? # design # ethic # books # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read 📝 Writing a professional resume: Ultimate guide Arthur Kh Arthur Kh Arthur Kh Follow Jan 23 '24 📝 Writing a professional resume: Ultimate guide # career # tutorial # resume # guide 58 reactions Comments 23 comments 9 min read Navigating the Cloud Resume Challenge with Azure Lukas Behnke Lukas Behnke Lukas Behnke Follow Dec 24 '23 Navigating the Cloud Resume Challenge with Azure # cloudresume # cloudchallenge # resume # azure 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Hooked Book #5 - Investment Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 21 '23 Hooked Book #5 - Investment # ethic # design # books # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hooked Book #4 - Variable rewards Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 20 '23 Hooked Book #4 - Variable rewards # design # books # ethic # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hooked Book #3 - Action Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 18 '23 Hooked Book #3 - Action # design # ethic # books # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hooked Book #2 - Trigger Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Iker Macaya Faber Follow Dec 10 '23 Hooked Book #2 - Trigger # design # books # ethic # resume Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Do’s and Don’ts of Resume Writing: How to Create a Professional CV Savvina Drougouti Savvina Drougouti Savvina Drougouti Follow Nov 19 '23 The Do’s and Don’ts of Resume Writing: How to Create a Professional CV # career # careerdevelopment # resume # jobsearch 15 reactions Comments 12 comments 9 min read What Is the Difference Between a CV and a Resume? Suryanm Suryanm Suryanm Follow Nov 16 '23 What Is the Difference Between a CV and a Resume? # resume # resumebuilder # resumeforstudents # resumeforemployee 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to write the perfect Android Developer resume Edu Edu Edu Follow Oct 28 '23 How to write the perfect Android Developer resume # android # interview # resume # mobile 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Art of Landing Your First Tech Job: A Graduate's Tale Sia Sia Sia Follow Oct 27 '23 The Art of Landing Your First Tech Job: A Graduate's Tale # graduate # job # interview # resume Comments Add Comment 4 min read How I Track My Resume in Git Justin Garrison Justin Garrison Justin Garrison Follow Oct 23 '23 How I Track My Resume in Git # job # resume # git 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/jinali98/enhancing-privacy-with-stealth-addresses-on-public-blockchains-18h6 | Enhancing Privacy with Stealth Addresses on Public Blockchains - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jinali Pabasara Posted on Jan 13 Enhancing Privacy with Stealth Addresses on Public Blockchains # blockchain # web3 # privacy Blockchains are distributed ledgers that record every transaction occurring within the network, including the sender’s address, the receiver’s address, and the transferred amount. These records are publicly accessible and can be inspected by anyone at any time. While blockchain addresses do not directly store personal information, they are pseudonymous rather than private. Once the real world identity behind a wallet address is uncovered through exchanges, payments, or social interactions, it becomes easy to trace all past and future transactions linked to that address. Also, the complete financial history of a wallet can be viewed without restriction, simply because blockchain data is designed to be public. What Are Stealth Addresses? The concept of stealth addresses was introduced to enhance privacy in blockchain transactions. A stealth address is a unique, one-time wallet address generated for each transaction. Instead of reusing a single public address, stealth addresses enable users to receive funds through different, unlinkable addresses every time. To an outside observer, it seems that funds sent using stealth addresses are transferred to completely new and unrelated wallet addresses for each transaction. This design makes it difficult to associate multiple payments with the same recipient, even though all transactions remain publicly visible on the blockchain. Let’s go through an example to understand how stealth addresses work in practice. Suppose Alice wants to send some funds to her friend Bob. Bob prefers to receive funds privately, and Alice wants to ensure that this payment cannot be easily traced back to either her wallet address or her previous transactions. This is where stealth addresses come into play. The Dual-Key Model In a typical blockchain wallet, a user controls a single private key, which is used to derive a public key or the wallet address. However, stealth addresses utilize a dual-key model known as the Dual-Key Stealth Address protocol. In this model, the receiver, Bob, generates two separate private keys. A viewing key and a spending key. Viewing Key: The viewing key allows Bob to scan the blockchain and identify payments that belong to him. Spending Key: The spending key is used to control and spend the funds once they are received. Once Bob has generated both keys, the next step is to derive their corresponding public keys. These two public keys, the viewing public key and the spending public key, are then combined into a single key known as a stealth meta address. The stealth meta address is not a wallet address that holds funds directly. Instead, it serves as a public identifier that Bob can safely share with others. Bob then sends this stealth meta address to Alice (the receiver). Sender’s Process: Generating the Stealth Address Once Alice has the stealth meta address of Bob, as the sender, Alice needs to follow a few steps to send the funds securely. First, She will generate a temporary key pair, which we will refer to as an ephemeral key pair. This key pair will only be used for this specific transaction and is essentially a throwaway key pair. The next step is to mix the viewing public key extracted from the stealth meta address (remember, the stealth meta address is generated by combining the viewing and spending public keys) with the ephemeral private key to generate a shared secret. We call this a shared secret because Bob will later be able to recreate the same secret using his viewing private key and the ephemeral public key. We can use the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) protocol to generate this shared secret. _Note : ECDH is a cryptographic key exchange protocol enabling two parties to establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel securely. _ Next, Alice can use this shared secret to generate a unique address where she can send her funds. This is known as a stealth address. How the Recipient Detects and Claims Funds The question is, once I send money to this random wallet address, how does Bob know that I made a transaction? More importantly, how does he gain access to the funds in this random wallet address? After Alice transferred funds to a random wallet as the sender, she published something called an Announcement to the blockchain. This Announcement contains the ephemeral public key Alice generated and the view tag, which consists of the first few bytes of the shared secret sge generated previously, along with the actual stealth address Alice sent money to. Now comes the final part of the process. As the recipient, Bob needs to monitor the blockchain and check for the announcement that was published. Since there could be announcements from many different people, how can Bob find the specific announcement Alice made for this specific transaction? Bob is going to check each announcement. For each announcement, he will retrieve the ephemeral public key and combine it with his Viewing Private Key to generate the shared secret. If the announcement is intended for him (meaning a transaction has been made to him), the first few bytes of the shared secret that Bob generates should match the view tag value contained in the announcement. _Note : The initial view tag comparison check speeds up the announcement scanning process by avoiding the reconstruction of stealth addresses for every announcement. _ Once he found the correct announcement, he could follow the next step to access his funds. Bob can combine the spending public key he has with the shared secret to generate the stealth address where Alice has sent the funds. If the stealth address that Bob generates matches the stealth address in the announcement, he can confirm that the transaction was intended for him. Generating the Stealth Private Key Now let’s move on to the final step of the process Which is generating the private key for the stealth address so that Bob can transfer funds to any wallet he chooses. To create the stealth private key, Bob needs to mathematically combine the spending private key with the generated shared secret. This process will yield the stealth private key for the stealth address to which Alice sent the funds. Once Bob has this private key, he can transfer funds from the temporary stealth wallet to any other wallets he likes. From the point of view of someone watching my wallet address, it will look like Alice sent funds to a random wallet address, not directly to a wallet owned by Bob. In the same way, someone who is watching Bob’s wallet address will not clearly see that he received funds from my wallet, because the money was sent to a one-time stealth address instead. After receiving the funds, Bob can move the money from the stealth address to any other wallet he owns, or even send it directly to an exchange. This can be done without creating a clear, direct link between my wallet address and Bob’s main wallet address. One important thing to note is that stealth addresses do not hide transaction amounts. Anyone looking at the blockchain can still see how much money was sent to the one-time stealth address. Also, if someone carefully tracks the movement of funds over time, they might be able to guess a connection between my wallet and Bob’s wallet. However, this connection is indirect and much harder to make compared to sending funds directly to a regular wallet address. In this section, we concentrated on the overarching concepts and cryptographic processes related to stealth addresses. In the next part, we will explore a specific off-chain implementation, demonstrating how these concepts are translated into actual code and how both the sender and receiver can independently generate the same stealth address in practice. _Originally published at https://jinalipabasara.substack.com . _ Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Jinali Pabasara Follow Experienced Software Engineer with a passion for developing innovative programs Location Colombo, Sri Lanka Education London Metropolitan University Work Software Engineer at Maash Joined Jun 12, 2021 More from Jinali Pabasara Crafting a Stitch-Inspired Memecoin on Sui # smartcontract # blockchain # web3 # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.suprsend.com/privacy | Privacy | SuprSend Product FEATURES Template Engine Powerful template editors for all channels App Inbox Fully customizable inbox for your app & website Analytics Deep data insights on notification performance Logs Real-time notifications logs for all channels Smart Routing Reach users where they are Branding Seamlessly manage multi-brand customization Workflows Craft complex notification workflows Bifrost Run notifications natively on data warehouse Preferences Develop user focused notifications Integrations Integrate any channel and provider within mins Solutions BY USECASES Transactional Real-time alerts like authentication, activity updates Batching & Digest Aggregate multiple alerts into one Collaboration & Action Alerts on cross-user activity Scheduled Notifications One-time or recurring alerts like reminders Multi-tenant Alerts tailored to your customer's preferences Announcement / Newsletters Feature releases, achievements, product & policy updates Pricing Docs Customers Blog Login Get Started For Free Login Sign up Privacy Policy Effective Date: 15 August, 2022 Last Updated on: 27 December, 2024 This privacy policy (“ Policy ”) explains how SuprStack, Inc. or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries (“ We ”, “ Us ”, “ Our ”) Processes Personal Data collected from natural persons (“ You ”) as specified in clause 2 below, as a Controller. 1. DEFINITIONS Capitalised terms not specifically defined herein shall have the meaning ascribed thereto in the Terms. 1.1 “Controller” means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency, or other body which alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of Personal Data. 1.2 “Customer ” means the natural or legal person that has subscribed to SuperSend by agreeing to the Terms. 1.3 “Personal Data” means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person; an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person. 1.4 Process/Processing” means any operation or set of operations which is performed on Personal Data or on sets of Personal Data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organization, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction. 1.5 “SuprSend” means Our proprietary platform for API-led automation process for outreach across email, LinkedIn, Twitter, and other messaging channels, including individually and collectively API, Software, and any Documentation and any updates, modifications, or improvements thereto. 1.6 “ Terms ” shall mean the Terms of Service available at https://www.suprsend.com/terms. 2. HOW WE COLLECT, USE, AND SHARE YOUR PERSONAL DATA 2.1 PERSONAL DATA THAT YOU PROVIDE US When You are a(n) What Personal Data We Collect How We use Your Personal Data Whom We share Your Personal Data with Your contact information, such as Your full name, address, email address, phone number, and any other required sign-up information. In case you register using any third-party sign-on services, such information available on those third-party platforms that you have made public. Creation of a User account, verification of a User’s identity and help a User log into SuprSend. To communicate with a User regarding existing products and services availed by the Customer including notifications of any alerts or updates. To send a User information about Our other products or services, events, webinars or programs which may be of interest to such User. Third party partners who assist Us in onboarding You. a) Individual who is provided with login credentials to sign in to SuprSend on behalf of the Customer. b) Individual who registers for SuprSend through third-party sign-on services. Individual who provides certain information to SuprSend, while a) filling out a survey about their user experience or feedback, b) contacting Us or speaking to Our sales representatives Information You have provided as part of it. • To improve SuprSend • To send information about Our products, services, and any other marketing messages which may be of Your interest. Third parties who assist Us in providing these services. Individual who requests a demo. Your contact information, such as Your first and last name, email, and phone number. • To give You the demo and • To inform, promote, and market SuprSend to You. • To give You the demo and • To inform, promote, and market SuprSend to You. Individual who requests customer support services. Your contact information such as Your name, email, phone number To respond to Your comments and questions and provide customer service. Third parties who assist Us in providing these services. Individual who applies for an employment opportunity with Us Your contact information, such as full name, email address, mobile number, phone number; details of Your education and previous employment and any other information You volunteer, including during any interview or Your interactions with Us and contained in the resume that You submit to Us. To evaluate the position that You have applied for or that We may consider You at the time that You submitted Your resume or at a later date. • Third parties whose products We use in maintaining a record of and evaluating You for the position applied. • With external recruiters and organisations like those that do employee background checks on Our behalf. 2.2 PERSONAL DATA THAT WE COLLECT NOT PROVIDED DIRECTLY BY YOU When You are a(n) What Personal Data We Collect How We use Your Personal Data Whom We share Your Personal Data with Website visitor • Your usage of Our Websites or emails (such as Internet Protocol (IP) addresses browser type, Internet Service Provider (ISP), date and time stamp, referring/exit pages, and possibly the number of clicks or other identifiers • As described in clause 8. • For market analysis, and market research • To protect the Our data from threats, violations, and breaches if any. • To inform, promote and offer SuprSend to You. Third party partnerswho provide Us withservices in connectionwith such processing. Individual who is a User • Your device type, and the operating system version. • Your usage of SuprSend, like types of content that you view or engage with, the features you use, the actions you take, and the time, frequency and duration of your activities, some of which may qualify as Personal Data. • To evaluate, develop and improve SuprSend • For market analysis, product analysis and market research. • To provide support in connection with Your queries Third party partners who assist Us in analysis. Individual whose information (a) third party sources share with Us without breach of any confidentiality clause and in accordance with applicable law; or (b) is available on public platforms Your contact information, such as Your full name, email address, phone number, designation and business name. We may combine this information with anyPersonal Data provided by You. • To give You the demo and • To inform, promote, and market SuprSend to You. • To give You the demo and • To inform, promote, and market SuprSend to You. Individual who requests customer support services. Your contact information such as Your name, email, phone number To respond to Your comments and questions and provide customer service. Third parties who assist Us in providing these services. Individual who applies for an employment opportunity with Us Your contact information, such as full name, email address, mobile number, phone number; details of Your education and previous employment and any other information You volunteer, including during any interview or Your interactions with Us and contained in the resume that You submit to Us. To evaluate the position that You have applied for or that We may consider You at the time that You submitted Your resume or at a later date. • Third parties whose products We use in maintaining a record of and evaluating You for the position applied. • With external recruiters and organisations like those that do employee background checks on Our behalf. 2.3 If You provide Us with any Personal Data relating to other individuals, You represent that You have the authority to do so, and where required, have obtained the necessary consent, and acknowledge that it may be used in accordance with this Policy. If You believe that Your Personal Data has been provided to Us improperly, please contact Us by using the information in clause 11 below. 2.4 In addition to the details provided in the table above, We may also share Your Personal Data with an entity to which we divest all or a portion of Our business, or otherwise in connection with a merger, consolidation, change in control, reorganisation or liquidation of all or a portion of Our business.Law enforcement authorities, government authorities, courts, dispute resolution bodies, regulators, auditors, and any party appointed or requested by applicable regulators to carry out investigations or audits of Our activities.Professional advisors who advise and assist Us in enforcing Our contracts and policies, handling Our claims, effective management of Our company and in relation to any disputes We may become involved in. 3. LEGAL BASIS FOR PROCESSING (EEA REGION) 3.1 If You are a data subject from the European Economic Area, Our legal basis for collecting and using the Personal Data described above will depend on the Personal Data concerned and the specific context in which We collect it. 3.2 We will normally collect Personal Data from You only where it is needed to perform a contract with You, where the Processing is in Our legitimate interests and not overridden by Your data protection interests or fundamental rights and freedoms, or where We have Your consent. In some cases, We may also have a legal obligation to collect Personal Data from You. If We Process Personal Data with reliance on Your consent, You may withdraw Your consent at any time. 3.3 If You have questions or need further information concerning the legal basis on which We collect and use Your Personal Data, please contact Us using the contact details provided under clause 11. 4. INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER 4.1 We mainly Process Personal Data in the United States and/or India. We will ensure that the recipient of Your Personal Data offers an adequate level of protection that is at least comparable to that which is provided under applicable data protection laws. 4.2 If You are a resident of the European Economic Area and when Your Personal Data is Processed outside EEA, We will ensure that the recipient of Your Personal Data offers an adequate level of protection, for instance by entering into standard contractual clauses for the transfer of Personal Data as approved by the European Commission (Article 46 General Data Privacy Regulation, 2016), or We will ask You for Your prior consent to such international data transfers. 5. SECURITY OF PERSONAL DATA We use appropriate technical and organizational measures to protect the Personal Data that We collect and Process. The measures We use are designed to provide a level of security appropriate to the risk of Processing Your Personal Data. If You have questions about the security of Your Personal Data, please contact Us using the contact details provided under clause 11. 6. RETENTION OF PERSONAL DATA 6.1 We retain Personal Data collected where an ongoing legitimate business requires retention of such Personal Data. 6.2 In the absence of a need to retain Personal Data under clause 6.1 above, We will either delete it or aggregate it, or, if this is not possible then We will securely store Your Personal Data and isolate it from any further processing until deletion is possible. 7. YOUR RIGHTS You are entitled to the following rights: 7.1 You can request Us for access and correction of Your Personal Data. 7.2 If We have collected and processed Your Personal Data with Your consent, then You can withdraw Your consent at any time. Withdrawing Your consent will not affect the lawfulness of any processing We have conducted prior to Your withdrawal, nor will it affect Processing of Your Personal Data conducted in reliance on lawful processing grounds other than consent. 7.3 You have the right to complain to a data protection authority about Our collection and use of Your Personal Data. For more information, please contact Your local data protection authority as specified by the applicable data protection laws. 7.4 You have the right to opt-out of marketing communications We send You at any time. You can exercise this right by clicking on the “unsubscribe” or “Manage Preferences” link in the marketing e-mails We send You. To opt-out of other forms of marketing (such as postal marketing or telemarketing), please contact Us. 7.5 If You are a resident of the EEA, UK, or Switzerland, You are also entitled to the following rights: 7.5.1 You can request Us for deletion and erasure of Your Personal Data. 7.5.2 You can object to the Processing of Your Personal Data, ask Us to restrict Processing of Your Personal Data or request portability of Your Personal Data. 7.6 If You seek to exercise Your rights under this clause, please contact Us at the details provided in clause 11. We will verify any requests before acting on the request and respond to all requests We receive from individuals wishing to exercise their data protection rights within a reasonable timeframe in accordance with applicable data protection laws. 8. COOKIE POLICY 8.1 Cookies are text files that are placed on Your computer to collect standard internet log information and visitor behaviour information by Us. When You visit the Website(s), We may collect Personal Data automatically from You through cookies or similar technology. We also set cookies to collect information that is used either in aggregate form to help Us understand how Our Website(s) is being used or how effective Our marketing campaigns are, to help customise the Website(s) for You or to make advertising messages more relevant to You. 8.2 Essential Cookies: We set essential cookies that enable core functionality such as security, network management, and accessibility. You may not opt-out of these cookies. However, You may disable these by changing Your browser settings, but this may affect how the Website(s) functions. 8.3 Analytics, Customisation and Advertising Cookies: We set these cookies to help Us improve Our Website(s) by collecting and reporting information on how You use it. The cookies collect information in a way that does not directly identify anyone. 8.4 When You visit the Website(s), a cookie banner will be displayed providing additional information about cookies and options to opt out of non-essential cookies as required by applicable laws. 9. PRIVACY OF CHILDREN We recognize the importance of children's safety and privacy. We do not request, or knowingly collect, any Personal Data from children under the age of 18. If a parent or guardian becomes aware that his or her child has provided Us with Personal Data, they should write to Us at the email address provided in clause 11. 10. NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS AND OTHER EXCLUSIONS 10.1 SuprSend is intended for use by enterprises. Except for the Personal Data collected from You for the purposes mentioned under clause 2, this Policy is not applicable to Our Processing of any Personal Data transmitted by the Customer. We may receive Subscriber’s Personal Data as a part of the Service Data for which We will only act as a Processor and such Processing will be governed by the Terms. In such a case, the Subscriber’s data privacy questions and requests should be submitted to the Customer in its capacity as a Controller. We are not responsible for Customers’ privacy or security practices which may be different from this notice. Customers of SuprSend are solely responsible for establishing policies for and ensuring compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, as well as any and all privacy policies, agreements, or other obligations, relating to the collection of Personal Data in connection with the use of SuprSend by the Customer or the Users. 10.2 When You log on to SuprSend using the online sign-on services, the social network platform may provide Us with access to certain information that You have provided them, The collection, use, and disclosure of Your Personal Data by these social networks shall be governed by the policies of such social networks and We shall have no liability or responsibility over their actions. 10.3 Our Website(s) contain links to other Websites. Our Policy applies only to Our Website(s), so if You click on a link to another Website, You should read their privacy policy. We encourage You to review the privacy statements of any such other Websites to understand their Personal Data practices. 11. CONTACT INFORMATION 11.1 You may contact Us if You have any enquiries or feedback on Our data protection policies and procedures, or if You wish to make any request, in the following manner: Kind Attention: SUPRSTACK INC Email Address: support[at]suprsend[dot]com 12. DATA PROTECTION REPRESENTATIVES (UK & EU) In accordance with GDPR requirements, we have appointed representatives in the UK and EU for data protection matters. If you are located in Europe, you may contact our representatives directly regarding any inquiries related to your personal data or data protection rights. UK Representative Name : Rickert Services Ltd UK Email : art-27-rep-suprstack@rickert-services.uk Address : SuprStack, Inc. PO Box 1487 Peterborough, PE1 9XX, United Kingdom EU Representative Name : Rickert Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft mbH Email : art-27-rep-suprstack@rickert.law Address : SuprStack, Inc. Colmantstraße 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany 13. CHANGES TO THE POLICY Please come back and check for any updates to this Policy. If there are any material changes to this Policy We shall notify You or shall post a notice of the update on Our Website. Know more Terms of Service Data Subprocessors Data Processing Addendum Implement a powerful stack for your notifications Get Started For Free Book Demo Company About us Signup Login Integrations Pricing Security Privacy Terms Contact Us Support SuprSend for Startups API Status Sign Up Channels Email SMS Notification Inbox Android Push iOS Push Web Push Xiaomi Push Whatsapp SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Android SDK React Native SDK iOS SDK Flutter SDK Go SDK Resources Documentation Changelog Blogs Write for us SMTP Error Codes SMS Providers Comparisons Email Providers Comparisons SMS Providers Alternatives Join us on Slack We are building a community of developers and product builders from across the globe to make notifications a pleasant experience. © 2025 All rights reserved. SuprStack Inc. By clicking “Accept All Cookies” , you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. View our Privacy Policy for more information. Preferences Deny Accept Privacy Preference Center When you visit websites, they may store or retrieve data in your browser. This storage is often necessary for the basic functionality of the website. The storage may be used for marketing, analytics, and personalization of the site, such as storing your preferences. Privacy is important to us, so you have the option of disabling certain types of storage that may not be necessary for the basic functioning of the website. Blocking categories may impact your experience on the website. Reject all cookies Allow all cookies Manage Consent Preferences by Category Essential Always Active These items are required to enable basic website functionality. Marketing Essential These items are used to deliver advertising that is more relevant to you and your interests. They may also be used to limit the number of times you see an advertisement and measure the effectiveness of advertising campaigns. Advertising networks usually place them with the website operator’s permission. Personalization Essential These items allow the website to remember choices you make (such as your user name, language, or the region you are in) and provide enhanced, more personal features. For example, a website may provide you with local weather reports or traffic news by storing data about your current location. Analytics Essential These items help the website operator understand how its website performs, how visitors interact with the site, and whether there may be technical issues. This storage type usually doesn’t collect information that identifies a visitor. Confirm my preferences and close | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/t/jobs | Jobs - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # jobs Follow Hide Creating and managing background or cron jobs in Wasp. Create Post Older #jobs posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Free Resume Bullet Rewriter (Impact-Focused) CreatorOS CreatorOS CreatorOS Follow Jan 9 Free Resume Bullet Rewriter (Impact-Focused) # jobs # resume # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Free ATS Keyword Extractor (No Signup) CreatorOS CreatorOS CreatorOS Follow Jan 6 Free ATS Keyword Extractor (No Signup) # jobs # resume # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Your Resume Is Failing an Algorithm Before a Human Ever Sees It Frank Vienna Frank Vienna Frank Vienna Follow Dec 28 '25 Your Resume Is Failing an Algorithm Before a Human Ever Sees It # career # jobs # programming # productivity Comments 1 comment 3 min read 5 Practical Tips to Find Legit Remote IT Jobs (Without Getting Scammed) Adam Adam Adam Follow Dec 24 '25 5 Practical Tips to Find Legit Remote IT Jobs (Without Getting Scammed) # career # remotework # jobs # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read 50+ Remote Developer Jobs Hiring Right Now (December 2025) - Your Ticket to Location Freedom krlz krlz krlz Follow Dec 20 '25 50+ Remote Developer Jobs Hiring Right Now (December 2025) - Your Ticket to Location Freedom # remote # jobs # webdev # career Comments Add Comment 7 min read How to Scrape LinkedIn Job Postings with Python: A Step-by-Step Guide Emmanuel Uchenna Emmanuel Uchenna Emmanuel Uchenna Follow Dec 18 '25 How to Scrape LinkedIn Job Postings with Python: A Step-by-Step Guide # scraping # jobs # linkedin # apify 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 8 min read The Job Market You’re Preparing For… Doesn’t Exist Anymore ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK Follow Nov 9 '25 The Job Market You’re Preparing For… Doesn’t Exist Anymore # jobs # automation # ai # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Job Market You’re Preparing For… Doesn’t Exist Anymore ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK Follow Nov 9 '25 The Job Market You’re Preparing For… Doesn’t Exist Anymore # jobs # automation # ai # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Development Musical Chairs Peter Harrison Peter Harrison Peter Harrison Follow Nov 6 '25 Development Musical Chairs # llm # ai # jobs # hr 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Avoid Laravel Cache Locks For Indefinite Period For ShouldBeUnique Job and WithoutOverlapping Job… marius-ciclistu marius-ciclistu marius-ciclistu Follow Nov 17 '25 Avoid Laravel Cache Locks For Indefinite Period For ShouldBeUnique Job and WithoutOverlapping Job… # laravel # locks # jobs # queue Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Vaga para Desenvolvedor na ProFUSION! Andrey Yanusckiewicz Andrey Yanusckiewicz Andrey Yanusckiewicz Follow Sep 1 '25 🚀 Vaga para Desenvolvedor na ProFUSION! # vagas # braziliandevs # jobs Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why I Always Restrict Cron Jobs on Linux Servers | by Faruk Ahmed | Sep, 2025 Faruk Faruk Faruk Follow Sep 24 '25 Why I Always Restrict Cron Jobs on Linux Servers | by Faruk Ahmed | Sep, 2025 # cron # jobs # etc # why 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Launching a Simple Job Search App for Canada 🇨🇦 — Built for Speed, Simplicity, and Real Users Jobs in Canada Jobs in Canada Jobs in Canada Follow Jul 13 '25 Launching a Simple Job Search App for Canada 🇨🇦 — Built for Speed, Simplicity, and Real Users # jobs # canada # android Comments Add Comment 2 min read FAANG Interview Prep Made Simple sudha M sudha M sudha M Follow Jul 4 '25 FAANG Interview Prep Made Simple # interview # jobs Comments Add Comment 4 min read How I Found an Unknown Cron Job Mining Crypto on My Ubuntu Server | by Faruk Ahmed | Jun, 2025 Faruk Faruk Faruk Follow Jun 13 '25 How I Found an Unknown Cron Job Mining Crypto on My Ubuntu Server | by Faruk Ahmed | Jun, 2025 # cron # bash # server # jobs Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is AI Going to Take Our Jobs? A Software Engineer’s Experience with LLMs Rafael Honório Rafael Honório Rafael Honório Follow May 28 '25 Is AI Going to Take Our Jobs? A Software Engineer’s Experience with LLMs # ai # frontend # jobs # webdev Comments 2 comments 4 min read Never Lose Track of Your Job Applications Again! Nishmitha S Nishmitha S Nishmitha S Follow May 3 '25 Never Lose Track of Your Job Applications Again! # jobtrack # ai # devchallenge # jobs 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read AWS Solution Architect Job Description: Roles, Skills & Responsibilities (2025) SkillBoostTrainer SkillBoostTrainer SkillBoostTrainer Follow Apr 22 '25 AWS Solution Architect Job Description: Roles, Skills & Responsibilities (2025) # aws # jobs # career # beginners 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Future of AI: Trends, Applications, and Impact on Industries and the Job Market Rishabh Raj Rishabh Raj Rishabh Raj Follow Feb 2 '25 The Future of AI: Trends, Applications, and Impact on Industries and the Job Market # ai # tech # future # jobs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Silent Struggle of a Flutter Developer: Why Hard Work Sometimes Feels Like It Doesn’t Matter PRANTA Dutta PRANTA Dutta PRANTA Dutta Follow Mar 7 '25 The Silent Struggle of a Flutter Developer: Why Hard Work Sometimes Feels Like It Doesn’t Matter # flutter # developer # jobs # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Make a Resume: A Complete Guide with ATS Friendly Templates! Avinash Singh Avinash Singh Avinash Singh Follow Jan 23 '25 How to Make a Resume: A Complete Guide with ATS Friendly Templates! # resume # jobs # softwareengineering # tech 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How AI is Slowly but Surely Reshaping Our World—And What It Means for You FP FP FP Follow Dec 15 '24 How AI is Slowly but Surely Reshaping Our World—And What It Means for You # ai # future # jobs # ubi Comments Add Comment 5 min read How AI is Slowly but Surely Reshaping Our World—And What It Means for You FP FP FP Follow Dec 15 '24 How AI is Slowly but Surely Reshaping Our World—And What It Means for You # ai # future # jobs # ubi Comments Add Comment 5 min read Google Project Management or PMP? Which One to Choose? SkillBoostTrainer SkillBoostTrainer SkillBoostTrainer Follow Jan 14 '25 Google Project Management or PMP? Which One to Choose? # google # jobs # projectmanagement # productivity 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read How I Spent My Time After Getting Laid Off – Security+, Python, and a career shift! Neha Neha Neha Follow Nov 11 '24 How I Spent My Time After Getting Laid Off – Security+, Python, and a career shift! # layoffs # career # unemployment # jobs 12 reactions Comments 7 comments 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources 50+ Remote Developer Jobs Hiring Right Now (December 2025) - Your Ticket to Location Freedom Avoid Laravel Cache Locks For Indefinite Period For ShouldBeUnique Job and WithoutOverlapping Job… Development Musical Chairs How to Scrape LinkedIn Job Postings with Python: A Step-by-Step Guide Your Resume Is Failing an Algorithm Before a Human Ever Sees It The Job Market You’re Preparing For… Doesn’t Exist Anymore Free ATS Keyword Extractor (No Signup) 5 Practical Tips to Find Legit Remote IT Jobs (Without Getting Scammed) The Job Market You’re Preparing For… Doesn’t Exist Anymore 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/t/beginners/page/73 | Beginners Page 73 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). Posts should require NO prerequisite knowledge, except perhaps general (language-agnostic) essentials of programming. Posts should NOT merely be for beginners to a tool, library, or framework. If your article does not meet these qualifications, please select a different tag. Promotional Rules Posts should NOT primarily promote an external work. This is what Listings is for. Otherwise accepable posts MAY include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom. Resource lists ARE acceptable if they follow these rules: Include at least 3 distinct authors/creators. Clearly indicate which resources are FREE, which require PII, and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Indicate at the top that the article contains promotional links. about #beginners If you're writing for this tag, we recommend you read this article . If you're asking a question, read this article . Older #beginners posts 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu The Mysterious Keyword "this" Karen Santana Karen Santana Karen Santana Follow Nov 7 '25 The Mysterious Keyword "this" # beginners # javascript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read LLM Prompt Engineering: A Practical Guide to Not Getting Hacked Gervais Yao Amoah Gervais Yao Amoah Gervais Yao Amoah Follow Dec 11 '25 LLM Prompt Engineering: A Practical Guide to Not Getting Hacked # ai # promptengineering # security # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🌟 My First Hackathon Journey: My Mental Health Buddy at Hackaura 2025 Lavender Princess Lavender Princess Lavender Princess Follow Nov 7 '25 🌟 My First Hackathon Journey: My Mental Health Buddy at Hackaura 2025 # hackathon # beginners # python # mentalhealth Comments Add Comment 3 min read EC2 Instance Purchasing Options: Entendendo as opções de compra da AWS INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 7 '25 EC2 Instance Purchasing Options: Entendendo as opções de compra da AWS # aws # cloud # beginners # ec2 Comments Add Comment 4 min read Simple Linear Regression in Python – From Zero to 87% Accuracy in 10 Minutes MohammadReza Mahdian MohammadReza Mahdian MohammadReza Mahdian Follow Nov 22 '25 Simple Linear Regression in Python – From Zero to 87% Accuracy in 10 Minutes # beginners # datascience # machinelearning # python Comments Add Comment 5 min read Navigating the Bias-Variance Tradeoff in Machine Learning Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Nov 8 '25 Navigating the Bias-Variance Tradeoff in Machine Learning # beginners # datascience # performance # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 1 min read day 1 project stucture Sugumar Sugumar Sugumar Follow Nov 7 '25 day 1 project stucture # dotnet # beginners # tutorial # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Hidden Costs of Accessibility Audits: A Project Manager’s Guide Laura Wissiak, CPACC Laura Wissiak, CPACC Laura Wissiak, CPACC Follow for A11y News Dec 5 '25 The Hidden Costs of Accessibility Audits: A Project Manager’s Guide # webdev # a11y # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read How Databases Actually Store Data (And Why You Should Care) Brad McNew Brad McNew Brad McNew Follow Dec 10 '25 How Databases Actually Store Data (And Why You Should Care) # database # beginners # learning 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read What is Direct Query ? Ank Ank Ank Follow Nov 8 '25 What is Direct Query ? # webdev # beginners # basic # powerfuldevs Comments Add Comment 1 min read My project 2 : Currency Converter(with Python + Flask) Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 11 '25 My project 2 : Currency Converter(with Python + Flask) # python # codenewbie # beginners # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Acid Properties in SQL Raksh !! Raksh !! Raksh !! Follow Nov 11 '25 Acid Properties in SQL # beginners # database # architecture # sql 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Finally: GO channels explained Ayush Gupta Ayush Gupta Ayush Gupta Follow Dec 11 '25 Finally: GO channels explained # go # concurrency # beginners # tutorial 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 5 min read Docker Hands-On Project for Beginners | Dockerize App, Build & Push Image, Dockerfile Explained The DevOps Rite The DevOps Rite The DevOps Rite Follow Dec 11 '25 Docker Hands-On Project for Beginners | Dockerize App, Build & Push Image, Dockerfile Explained # docker # tutorial # devops # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read How JavaScript Works & Execution Context | EP-01 Himanshu Gupta Himanshu Gupta Himanshu Gupta Follow Dec 12 '25 How JavaScript Works & Execution Context | EP-01 # javascript # programming # beginners # basic Comments Add Comment 2 min read My PC melted while making this game... Shaquille Niekerk Shaquille Niekerk Shaquille Niekerk Follow Dec 11 '25 My PC melted while making this game... # webdev # gamedev # beginners # developer 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read day 1 project Sugumar Sugumar Sugumar Follow Nov 7 '25 day 1 project # dotnet # beginners # tutorial # git Comments Add Comment 4 min read Exploring PL/SQL Collection Methods: DELETE, TRIM, and Their Best Practices Ayako yk Ayako yk Ayako yk Follow Nov 30 '25 Exploring PL/SQL Collection Methods: DELETE, TRIM, and Their Best Practices # beginners # learning # database # sql 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Contributing to Optimization in Open Source Project DenisC DenisC DenisC Follow Nov 20 '25 Contributing to Optimization in Open Source Project # python # programming # beginners Comments 2 comments 4 min read Creating Your First Chrome Extension (With Built-in AI Features) Ayooluwa Isaiah Ayooluwa Isaiah Ayooluwa Isaiah Follow Nov 17 '25 Creating Your First Chrome Extension (With Built-in AI Features) # webdev # ai # beginners # tutorial 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 21 min read Write Modular, Extensible Python Code Using WordPress-Style Hooks (Introducing wphooks) Manuel Canga Manuel Canga Manuel Canga Follow Dec 11 '25 Write Modular, Extensible Python Code Using WordPress-Style Hooks (Introducing wphooks) # python # wordpress # legacy # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Day 6: Rebuilding Plans and Core Revelations Somay Somay Somay Follow Dec 11 '25 Day 6: Rebuilding Plans and Core Revelations # ai # programming # productivity # beginners 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Transactions , Deadlocks & Log Based Recovery in SQL Raksh !! Raksh !! Raksh !! Follow Nov 11 '25 Transactions , Deadlocks & Log Based Recovery in SQL # beginners # tutorial # database # sql 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read What are 402, 403, 404, and 429 Errors in Web Scraping? Rodrigo Bull Rodrigo Bull Rodrigo Bull Follow Dec 12 '25 What are 402, 403, 404, and 429 Errors in Web Scraping? # webscraping # weberror # programming # beginners Comments 1 comment 13 min read 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 11 '25 121. Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://piccalil.li/links/ | Links - Piccalilli Front-end education for the real world. Since 2018. — From set.studio Articles Links Courses Newsletter Merch Login Switch to Dark Theme RSS Links Subscribe via RSS Black Friday deals 2025 It's that time of year again! Let's have a look at the deals we, and our much loved community are offering this year. It's the most important time of year for independents, so let's give them our support 💛 Written by Andy Bell 28 November 2025 The entire “Asynchronous JavaScript” module of JavaScript for Everyone is now free This module has so far been one of the most useful to people taking JavaScript for Everyone, so we made it free so you can get an idea of how good Mat is at teaching JavaScript. Maybe it’ll convince you to get the whole course 👀 Original author Mat “Wilto” Marquis Commentary Andy Bell 28 November 2025 Our Black Friday deals and Mindful Design are now live It's that time of year again: Black Friday week. Well, in our case, two weeks of our Black Friday deals and Mindful Design launch. Written by Andy Bell 25 November 2025 The entire “Principles” module of Complete CSS is now free Complete CSS has been live for nearly a year now and some of the most important content in the course is now free, for everyone to learn from. Commentary Andy Bell 29 October 2025 JavaScript for Everyone is now available 86,791 words later, countless rounds of thorough technical edits and a humongous team effort building custom infrastructure, JavaScript for Everyone is now ready and available to purchase. Original author Mat “Wilto” Marquis Commentary Andy Bell 14 October 2025 The Coyier CSS starter I'm somewhat a fan of resets and sensible global CSS styles, so I thought it would be fun to run through Chris' recent starter and pick out bits I like and don't like. Original author Chris Coyier Commentary Andy Bell 30 September 2025 Un-Sass’ing my CSS: compiling multiple CSS files into one A couple of really solid ways of compiling/truncating your CSS Original author Stuart Robson Commentary Andy Bell 11 September 2025 Piccalilli merch is now available! Show the world you’re a HTML or CSS programmer with our new t-shirts, hoodies and sweaters. Written by Andy Bell 08 September 2025 Make your proposals for Interop 2026 This is how you make an impact to get what you and your users, what they need in the major browsers Original author Rachel Andrew Commentary Andy Bell 05 September 2025 Harry Roberts’ short-form performance content A look at some new premium subscriber content that delivers so much more than you pay for, helping you to skill up in web performance. Original author Harry Roberts Commentary Andy Bell 01 September 2025 1 2 … 10 11 Next From set.studio About Code of Conduct Privacy and cookie policy Terms and conditions Contact Advertise Support us RSS | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority.html | High Priority Free Software Projects — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software ​ Push freedom ahead! The free software community has always thwarted the toughest challenges facing freedom in technology. This winter season, we want to thank the many individuals and projects that have helped us get where we are today: a world where a growing number of users are able to do their computing in full freedom. Our work isn't over. We have so much more to do. Help us reach our stretch New Year's membership goal of 100 new associate members by January 16, 2026, and keep the FSF strong and independent. Join | Read more Join Renew Donate Skip to content , sitemap or skip to search . Personal tools Log in Help! Members forum About Campaigns Licensing Membership Resources Community ♥Donate♥ Shop Search You are here: Home › Campaigns › High Priority Projects Info High Priority Free Software Projects by Free Software Foundation Contributions — Published on Mar 06, 2013 05:02 PM The HPP committee is currently collecting feedback on the High Priority Free Software Projects list. Submissions are currently in review. Read about the current review of the HPP list in the announcement. About the High Priority Free Software Projects list: In 2016, after receiving feedback from about 150 free software community members, the High Priority Projects committee recommended extensive updates to the FSF High Priority Projects list. The High Priority Projects initiative, first launched in 2005, draws attention to a relatively small number of projects of great strategic importance to the goal of freedom for all computer users. The list serves to foster work on projects that are important for increasing the adoption and use of free software applications and free software operating systems. The list helps guide volunteers, supporters, and companies to projects where their skills and resources can be utilized, whether they be in coding, graphic design, writing, financial contributions, or activism. We hope that you can find a project here where your skill, energy, money, and time can be put to good use. The FSF does not ask to run or control these projects; some of them are GNU projects (and all are welcome to apply ), but we are happy to encourage them whether they are done under our auspices or not. In March 2016, the committee identified criteria that qualify a project for inclusion on the list . The list focuses on broad areas of need, highlighting projects within each area of need that are particularly promising. The committee also publicly discussed the update to the list at LibrePlanet 2016. A separate changelog for the list is available, starting in 2017. The FSF is committed to ongoing evaluation of and updates to the High Priority Projects list. Please email any suggestions you have about the list to hpp-feedback@gnu.org so that they can be incorporated by the review committee in the future. High Priority Free Software areas: Free phone operating system Smart phones are the most widely used form of personal computer today. Thus, the need for a fully free phone operating system is crucial to the proliferation of software freedom. Read more... Decentralization, federation, and self-hosting This large and fragmented space deals with increased centralization of Web activities, and user reliance on servers they don't control ( Service as a Software Substitute (SaaSS) ). The free software community provided extensive feedback regarding many projects that fall under this initiative. Read more... Free drivers, firmware, and hardware designs Drivers, firmware, and hardware are integral parts of the computers we use and the devices that interact with them -- and when these things are proprietary, they are incompatible with free software. Therefore, drivers, firmware, and hardware that can be fully used with free software are crucial to the operation of free systems. Read more... Real-time voice and video chat Many widely used voice-over-IP programs, like Skype and FaceTime, use proprietary protocols and nonfree implementations. These programs seduce free software users into using proprietary software, often two users at a time. Using proprietary voice and video chat software means that we can't be sure who is listening in, because we can't see the code. Unfortunately, Google Hangouts is also not a solution here, because it still requires users to run proprietary software. Read more... Encourage contribution by people underrepresented in the community Free software relies on contributions from community members. But systemic barriers often prevent interested individuals from becoming contributors, especially when those individuals are from groups that have been historically marginalized. Read more... Free software and accessibility Accessibility is the inclusive practice of removing barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to software programs by people with disabilities or impairments, or those using assistive, adaptive, or rehabilitative technologies. This includes adding features and building tools, including screen readers, keyboard shortcuts, and more, to increase access to software programs. Read more... Internationalization of free software Internationalization is the process of designing software so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Internationalization is a feature ethically tied to the values of free software, and is often a strength of free software. But we can do better: Free software can accept translation contributions from anyone who submits them, whereas proprietary software companies historically only bother with languages it serves their profit and other interests to include. When we internationalize free software, we make it easier for others to adapt and spread it in other languages and regions. Read more... Security by and for free software Security is a concern for all computing and all computer users. Although users cannot ever be truly certain of their security when using proprietary software, that does not mean free software is automatically secure. Free software developers and users must take steps to improve the security of free software projects. Read more... Intelligent personal assistant Apple's Siri, Google Now, Cortana, Amazon Echo's Alexa, and other intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) are becoming more pervasive. Whatever convenience they provide comes with unacceptable tradeoffs: The breadth of access to users' data they take in order to operate is enormous, and both the client and server accessing such data are not distributed, posing Service as a Software Substitute issues . Read more... Help GNU/Linux distributions be committed to freedom Projects like those on the FSF Licensing and Compliance Lab's list of free distros are dedicated to distributing a complete GNU/Linux operating system that contains only free software. They are high-quality distributions that create a complete free operating system without any binary-only blobs or package trees that contain proprietary software. Read more... Free software adoption by governments Government adoption of free software has the potential for a huge effect on the proliferation of free software, given that government employs many people, funds millions in software contracts each year, and most people interact with their government in various ways. We must demand that government not be held hostage to proprietary software. Read more... Projects working on any of the High Priority Free Software areas: Read the subpages of each area to learn about initiatives and projects working on any of the High Priority Free Software areas above. For a compilation of projects that develop software to solve any of the challenges mentioned in the High Priority Projects list, you can also see the High Priority Projects collection in the Free Software Directory. Document Actions Share on social networks Syndicate: News Events Blogs Jobs GNU 1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN Help the FSF stay strong Ring in the new year by supporting software freedom and helping us reach our goal of 100 new associate members ! Free software campaigns Freedom Ladder Fight to Repair Free JavaScript High Priority Free Software Projects Secure Boot vs Restricted Boot Surveillance Upgrade from Windows Working Together for Free Software Defective by Design End Software Patents OpenDocument Free BIOS Past campaigns Sign up Enter your email address to receive our monthly newsletter, the Free Software Supporter News Eko K. A. Owen joins the FSF board as the union staff pick Dec 29, 2025 Free Software Foundation receives historic private donations Dec 24, 2025 Free Software Awards winners announced: Andy Wingo, Alx Sa, Govdirectory Dec 09, 2025 More news… Recent blogs The shop is open! Get your LibrePlanet 2024 T-shirt and our newest swag! Calling for volunteers: Help FSF staff with the GNU Press shop Keep cool with GNU summer swag Baby gnus, hoodies, and more: Show your support for free software through the GNU Press shop Recent blogs - More… Upcoming Events Free Software Directory meeting on IRC: Friday, January 16, starting at 12:00 EST (17:00 UTC) Jan 16, 2026 12:00 PM - 03:00 PM — #fsf on libera.chat Previous events… Upcoming events… The FSF is a charity with a worldwide mission to advance software freedom — learn about our history and work. Copyright © 2004-2026 Free Software Foundation , Inc. Privacy Policy . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 license (or later version) — Why this license? Skip sitemap or skip to licensing items About Staff and Board Contact Us Press Information Jobs Volunteering and Internships History Privacy Policy JavaScript Licenses Hardware Database Free Software Directory Free Software Resources Copyright Infringement Notification Skip to general items Campaigns Freedom Ladder Fight to Repair Free JavaScript High Priority Free Software Projects Secure Boot vs Restricted Boot Surveillance Upgrade from Windows Working Together for Free Software GNU Operating System Defective by Design End Software Patents OpenDocument Free BIOS Connect with free software users Skip to philosophical items Licensing Education Licenses GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL GNU FDL Licensing FAQ Compliance How to use GNU licenses for your own software Latest News Upcoming Events FSF Blogs Skip list Donate to the FSF Join the FSF Patrons Associate Members My Account Working Together for Free Software Fund Philosophy The Free Software Definition Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism Free Software and Free Manuals Selling Free Software Motives for Writing Free Software The Right To Read Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software Complete Sitemap fsf.org is powered by: Plone Zope Python CiviCRM HTML5 Arabic Belarussian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Cornish Czech Danish English French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Italian Japanese Korean Norwegian Polish Portuguese Portuguese (Brazil) Romanian Russian Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Urdu Welsh Send your feedback on our translations and new translations of pages to campaigns@fsf.org . | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/readiness-probe-3co0#main-content | Readiness probe - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 13 Readiness probe # devops # aws # kubernetes # beginners Readiness probe ** — это **проверка “готово ли приложение принимать трафик” . Проще говоря: “Ты уже готов работать с пользователями или ещё нет?” Чаще всего это термин из Kubernetes . Простыми словами 👇 Представь кафе: Кафе открыто , но повар ещё не готов, кухня не прогрелась, продукты не разложены. Readiness probe — это как вопрос официанту: 👉 «Можно уже пускать клиентов?» Если ответ “нет” — клиенты не заходят. Если “да” — клиентов начинают пускать. В Kubernetes что происходит Kubernetes регулярно проверяет приложение (например, по HTTP-запросу или команде). Если readiness probe успешен ✅ → pod получает трафик (его добавляют в Service / Load Balancer). Если неуспешен ❌ → pod жив , но трафик к нему не идёт . ⚠️ Важно: Readiness probe не убивает pod , он просто временно “выводится из оборота”. Чем отличается от liveness probe Коротко: Liveness probe — “Ты вообще жив?” ❌ нет → pod перезапускают Readiness probe — “Ты готов обслуживать запросы?” ❌ нет → pod живёт, но без трафика Когда readiness probe особенно нужен приложение долго стартует подключается к БД делает миграции временно перегружено зависит от внешних сервисов Погнали, наглядно и без заумных слов 😄 Реальный YAML-пример с readiness + liveness + startup apiVersion : v1 kind : Pod metadata : name : demo-app spec : containers : - name : app image : my-app:1.0 ports : - containerPort : 8080 # 1️⃣ Startup probe — ждём, пока приложение ВООБЩЕ запустится startupProbe : httpGet : path : /health/startup port : 8080 failureThreshold : 30 periodSeconds : 5 # → даём до 150 секунд на старт # 2️⃣ Readiness probe — готово ли принимать трафик readinessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/ready port : 8080 initialDelaySeconds : 5 periodSeconds : 5 failureThreshold : 3 # 3️⃣ Liveness probe — не зависло ли livenessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/live port : 8080 periodSeconds : 10 failureThreshold : 3 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Что здесь происходит по шагам 🟦 Startup probe Вопрос: «Ты уже ЗАПУСТИЛСЯ?» Kubernetes не запускает readiness и liveness , пока startup probe не станет OK если не стал OK за лимит → pod перезапускают 💡 Нужен для: Java / Spring приложений с миграциями долгого старта 🟩 Readiness probe Вопрос: «Ты ГОТОВ принимать запросы?» если ❌ → pod убирают из Service pod не перезапускают когда снова ✅ → трафик возвращается 💡 Типично проверяют: подключение к БД доступность зависимостей перегрузку 🟥 Liveness probe Вопрос: «Ты вообще ЖИВ?» если ❌ → pod перезапускают 💡 Проверяет: deadlock зависшие потоки утечки памяти Сравнение: startup vs readiness (очень коротко) Probe Когда Если FAIL Для чего startup только при старте pod перезапуск долгий запуск readiness всё время убрать трафик временно не готов liveness всё время pod перезапуск приложение зависло Жизненный пример Приложение стартует так: запускается JVM (40 сек) миграции БД (30 сек) готово принимать запросы 👉 startup probe ждёт шаги 1–2 👉 readiness probe включает трафик только после шага 3 👉 liveness probe следит, чтобы всё не зависло через час Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.suprsend.com/sms-providers-alternatives | SMS Provider Alternatives | SuprSend Product FEATURES Template Engine Powerful template editors for all channels App Inbox Fully customizable inbox for your app & website Analytics Deep data insights on notification performance Logs Real-time notifications logs for all channels Smart Routing Reach users where they are Branding Seamlessly manage multi-brand customization Workflows Craft complex notification workflows Bifrost Run notifications natively on data warehouse Preferences Develop user focused notifications Integrations Integrate any channel and provider within mins Solutions BY USECASES Transactional Real-time alerts like authentication, activity updates Batching & Digest Aggregate multiple alerts into one Collaboration & Action Alerts on cross-user activity Scheduled Notifications One-time or recurring alerts like reminders Multi-tenant Alerts tailored to your customer's preferences Announcement / Newsletters Feature releases, achievements, product & policy updates Pricing Docs Customers Blog Login Get Started For Free Login Sign up Explore SMS Provider Alternatives Find a curated list of top SMS provider alternatives to help you choose the best solution for your messaging needs. List of top SMS Provider Alternatives 7 Best Exotel Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Gupshup Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Karix Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Ooma Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Amazon SNS Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Telnyx Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Bandwidth Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best RingCentral Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Sinch Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best MessageBird Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Vonage Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Plivo Alternatives and Competitors 7 Best Twilio Alternatives and Competitors Implement a powerful stack for your notifications Get Started For Free Book Demo Company About us Signup Login Integrations Pricing Security Privacy Terms Contact Us Support SuprSend for Startups API Status Sign Up Channels Email SMS Notification Inbox Android Push iOS Push Web Push Xiaomi Push Whatsapp SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Android SDK React Native SDK iOS SDK Flutter SDK Go SDK Resources Documentation Changelog Blogs Write for us SMTP Error Codes SMS Providers Comparisons Email Providers Comparisons SMS Providers Alternatives Join us on Slack We are building a community of developers and product builders from across the globe to make notifications a pleasant experience. © 2025 All rights reserved. SuprStack Inc. By clicking “Accept All Cookies” , you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. View our Privacy Policy for more information. Preferences Deny Accept Privacy Preference Center When you visit websites, they may store or retrieve data in your browser. This storage is often necessary for the basic functionality of the website. The storage may be used for marketing, analytics, and personalization of the site, such as storing your preferences. Privacy is important to us, so you have the option of disabling certain types of storage that may not be necessary for the basic functioning of the website. Blocking categories may impact your experience on the website. Reject all cookies Allow all cookies Manage Consent Preferences by Category Essential Always Active These items are required to enable basic website functionality. Marketing Essential These items are used to deliver advertising that is more relevant to you and your interests. They may also be used to limit the number of times you see an advertisement and measure the effectiveness of advertising campaigns. Advertising networks usually place them with the website operator’s permission. Personalization Essential These items allow the website to remember choices you make (such as your user name, language, or the region you are in) and provide enhanced, more personal features. For example, a website may provide you with local weather reports or traffic news by storing data about your current location. Analytics Essential These items help the website operator understand how its website performs, how visitors interact with the site, and whether there may be technical issues. This storage type usually doesn’t collect information that identifies a visitor. Confirm my preferences and close | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#len | Built-in Functions — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Introduction Next topic Built-in Constants This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Built-in Functions | Theme Auto Light Dark | Built-in Functions ¶ The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order. Built-in Functions A abs() aiter() all() anext() any() ascii() B bin() bool() breakpoint() bytearray() bytes() C callable() chr() classmethod() compile() complex() D delattr() dict() dir() divmod() E enumerate() eval() exec() F filter() float() format() frozenset() G getattr() globals() H hasattr() hash() help() hex() I id() input() int() isinstance() issubclass() iter() L len() list() locals() M map() max() memoryview() min() N next() O object() oct() open() ord() P pow() print() property() R range() repr() reversed() round() S set() setattr() slice() sorted() staticmethod() str() sum() super() T tuple() type() V vars() Z zip() _ __import__() abs ( number , / ) ¶ Return the absolute value of a number. The argument may be an integer, a floating-point number, or an object implementing __abs__() . If the argument is a complex number, its magnitude is returned. aiter ( async_iterable , / ) ¶ Return an asynchronous iterator for an asynchronous iterable . Equivalent to calling x.__aiter__() . Note: Unlike iter() , aiter() has no 2-argument variant. Added in version 3.10. all ( iterable , / ) ¶ Return True if all elements of the iterable are true (or if the iterable is empty). Equivalent to: def all ( iterable ): for element in iterable : if not element : return False return True awaitable anext ( async_iterator , / ) ¶ awaitable anext ( async_iterator , default , / ) When awaited, return the next item from the given asynchronous iterator , or default if given and the iterator is exhausted. This is the async variant of the next() builtin, and behaves similarly. This calls the __anext__() method of async_iterator , returning an awaitable . Awaiting this returns the next value of the iterator. If default is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise StopAsyncIteration is raised. Added in version 3.10. any ( iterable , / ) ¶ Return True if any element of the iterable is true. If the iterable is empty, return False . Equivalent to: def any ( iterable ): for element in iterable : if element : return True return False ascii ( object , / ) ¶ As repr() , return a string containing a printable representation of an object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by repr() using \x , \u , or \U escapes. This generates a string similar to that returned by repr() in Python 2. bin ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to a binary string prefixed with “0b”. The result is a valid Python expression. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. Some examples: >>> bin ( 3 ) '0b11' >>> bin ( - 10 ) '-0b1010' If the prefix “0b” is desired or not, you can use either of the following ways. >>> format ( 14 , '#b' ), format ( 14 , 'b' ) ('0b1110', '1110') >>> f ' { 14 : #b } ' , f ' { 14 : b } ' ('0b1110', '1110') See also enum.bin() to represent negative values as twos-complement. See also format() for more information. class bool ( object = False , / ) ¶ Return a Boolean value, i.e. one of True or False . The argument is converted using the standard truth testing procedure . If the argument is false or omitted, this returns False ; otherwise, it returns True . The bool class is a subclass of int (see Numeric Types — int, float, complex ). It cannot be subclassed further. Its only instances are False and True (see Boolean Type - bool ). Changed in version 3.7: The parameter is now positional-only. breakpoint ( * args , ** kws ) ¶ This function drops you into the debugger at the call site. Specifically, it calls sys.breakpointhook() , passing args and kws straight through. By default, sys.breakpointhook() calls pdb.set_trace() expecting no arguments. In this case, it is purely a convenience function so you don’t have to explicitly import pdb or type as much code to enter the debugger. However, sys.breakpointhook() can be set to some other function and breakpoint() will automatically call that, allowing you to drop into the debugger of choice. If sys.breakpointhook() is not accessible, this function will raise RuntimeError . By default, the behavior of breakpoint() can be changed with the PYTHONBREAKPOINT environment variable. See sys.breakpointhook() for usage details. Note that this is not guaranteed if sys.breakpointhook() has been replaced. Raises an auditing event builtins.breakpoint with argument breakpointhook . Added in version 3.7. class bytearray ( source = b'' ) class bytearray ( source , encoding , errors = 'strict' ) Return a new array of bytes. The bytearray class is a mutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. It has most of the usual methods of mutable sequences, described in Mutable Sequence Types , as well as most methods that the bytes type has, see Bytes and Bytearray Operations . The optional source parameter can be used to initialize the array in a few different ways: If it is a string , you must also give the encoding (and optionally, errors ) parameters; bytearray() then converts the string to bytes using str.encode() . If it is an integer , the array will have that size and will be initialized with null bytes. If it is an object conforming to the buffer interface , a read-only buffer of the object will be used to initialize the bytes array. If it is an iterable , it must be an iterable of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256 , which are used as the initial contents of the array. Without an argument, an array of size 0 is created. See also Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview and Bytearray Objects . class bytes ( source = b'' ) class bytes ( source , encoding , errors = 'strict' ) Return a new “bytes” object which is an immutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256 . bytes is an immutable version of bytearray – it has the same non-mutating methods and the same indexing and slicing behavior. Accordingly, constructor arguments are interpreted as for bytearray() . Bytes objects can also be created with literals, see String and Bytes literals . See also Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview , Bytes Objects , and Bytes and Bytearray Operations . callable ( object , / ) ¶ Return True if the object argument appears callable, False if not. If this returns True , it is still possible that a call fails, but if it is False , calling object will never succeed. Note that classes are callable (calling a class returns a new instance); instances are callable if their class has a __call__() method. Added in version 3.2: This function was first removed in Python 3.0 and then brought back in Python 3.2. chr ( codepoint , / ) ¶ Return the string representing a character with the specified Unicode code point. For example, chr(97) returns the string 'a' , while chr(8364) returns the string '€' . This is the inverse of ord() . The valid range for the argument is from 0 through 1,114,111 (0x10FFFF in base 16). ValueError will be raised if it is outside that range. @ classmethod ¶ Transform a method into a class method. A class method receives the class as an implicit first argument, just like an instance method receives the instance. To declare a class method, use this idiom: class C : @classmethod def f ( cls , arg1 , arg2 ): ... The @classmethod form is a function decorator – see Function definitions for details. A class method can be called either on the class (such as C.f() ) or on an instance (such as C().f() ). The instance is ignored except for its class. If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class object is passed as the implied first argument. Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods. If you want those, see staticmethod() in this section. For more information on class methods, see The standard type hierarchy . Changed in version 3.9: Class methods can now wrap other descriptors such as property() . Changed in version 3.10: Class methods now inherit the method attributes ( __module__ , __name__ , __qualname__ , __doc__ and __annotations__ ) and have a new __wrapped__ attribute. Deprecated since version 3.11, removed in version 3.13: Class methods can no longer wrap other descriptors such as property() . compile ( source , filename , mode , flags = 0 , dont_inherit = False , optimize = -1 ) ¶ Compile the source into a code or AST object. Code objects can be executed by exec() or eval() . source can either be a normal string, a byte string, or an AST object. Refer to the ast module documentation for information on how to work with AST objects. The filename argument should give the file from which the code was read; pass some recognizable value if it wasn’t read from a file ( '<string>' is commonly used). The mode argument specifies what kind of code must be compiled; it can be 'exec' if source consists of a sequence of statements, 'eval' if it consists of a single expression, or 'single' if it consists of a single interactive statement (in the latter case, expression statements that evaluate to something other than None will be printed). The optional arguments flags and dont_inherit control which compiler options should be activated and which future features should be allowed. If neither is present (or both are zero) the code is compiled with the same flags that affect the code that is calling compile() . If the flags argument is given and dont_inherit is not (or is zero) then the compiler options and the future statements specified by the flags argument are used in addition to those that would be used anyway. If dont_inherit is a non-zero integer then the flags argument is it – the flags (future features and compiler options) in the surrounding code are ignored. Compiler options and future statements are specified by bits which can be bitwise ORed together to specify multiple options. The bitfield required to specify a given future feature can be found as the compiler_flag attribute on the _Feature instance in the __future__ module. Compiler flags can be found in ast module, with PyCF_ prefix. The argument optimize specifies the optimization level of the compiler; the default value of -1 selects the optimization level of the interpreter as given by -O options. Explicit levels are 0 (no optimization; __debug__ is true), 1 (asserts are removed, __debug__ is false) or 2 (docstrings are removed too). This function raises SyntaxError or ValueError if the compiled source is invalid. If you want to parse Python code into its AST representation, see ast.parse() . Raises an auditing event compile with arguments source and filename . This event may also be raised by implicit compilation. Note When compiling a string with multi-line code in 'single' or 'eval' mode, input must be terminated by at least one newline character. This is to facilitate detection of incomplete and complete statements in the code module. Warning It is possible to crash the Python interpreter with a sufficiently large/complex string when compiling to an AST object due to stack depth limitations in Python’s AST compiler. Changed in version 3.2: Allowed use of Windows and Mac newlines. Also, input in 'exec' mode does not have to end in a newline anymore. Added the optimize parameter. Changed in version 3.5: Previously, TypeError was raised when null bytes were encountered in source . Added in version 3.8: ast.PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT can now be passed in flags to enable support for top-level await , async for , and async with . class complex ( number = 0 , / ) ¶ class complex ( string , / ) class complex ( real = 0 , imag = 0 ) Convert a single string or number to a complex number, or create a complex number from real and imaginary parts. Examples: >>> complex ( '+1.23' ) (1.23+0j) >>> complex ( '-4.5j' ) -4.5j >>> complex ( '-1.23+4.5j' ) (-1.23+4.5j) >>> complex ( ' \t ( -1.23+4.5J ) \n ' ) (-1.23+4.5j) >>> complex ( '-Infinity+NaNj' ) (-inf+nanj) >>> complex ( 1.23 ) (1.23+0j) >>> complex ( imag =- 4.5 ) -4.5j >>> complex ( - 1.23 , 4.5 ) (-1.23+4.5j) If the argument is a string, it must contain either a real part (in the same format as for float() ) or an imaginary part (in the same format but with a 'j' or 'J' suffix), or both real and imaginary parts (the sign of the imaginary part is mandatory in this case). The string can optionally be surrounded by whitespaces and the round parentheses '(' and ')' , which are ignored. The string must not contain whitespace between '+' , '-' , the 'j' or 'J' suffix, and the decimal number. For example, complex('1+2j') is fine, but complex('1 + 2j') raises ValueError . More precisely, the input must conform to the complexvalue production rule in the following grammar, after parentheses and leading and trailing whitespace characters are removed: complexvalue : floatvalue | floatvalue ( "j" | "J" ) | floatvalue sign absfloatvalue ( "j" | "J" ) If the argument is a number, the constructor serves as a numeric conversion like int and float . For a general Python object x , complex(x) delegates to x.__complex__() . If __complex__() is not defined then it falls back to __float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . If two arguments are provided or keyword arguments are used, each argument may be any numeric type (including complex). If both arguments are real numbers, return a complex number with the real component real and the imaginary component imag . If both arguments are complex numbers, return a complex number with the real component real.real-imag.imag and the imaginary component real.imag+imag.real . If one of arguments is a real number, only its real component is used in the above expressions. See also complex.from_number() which only accepts a single numeric argument. If all arguments are omitted, returns 0j . The complex type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __complex__() and __float__() are not defined. Deprecated since version 3.14: Passing a complex number as the real or imag argument is now deprecated; it should only be passed as a single positional argument. delattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ This is a relative of setattr() . The arguments are an object and a string. The string must be the name of one of the object’s attributes. The function deletes the named attribute, provided the object allows it. For example, delattr(x, 'foobar') is equivalent to del x.foobar . name need not be a Python identifier (see setattr() ). class dict ( ** kwargs ) class dict ( mapping , / , ** kwargs ) class dict ( iterable , / , ** kwargs ) Create a new dictionary. The dict object is the dictionary class. See dict and Mapping Types — dict for documentation about this class. For other containers see the built-in list , set , and tuple classes, as well as the collections module. dir ( ) ¶ dir ( object , / ) Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to return a list of valid attributes for that object. If the object has a method named __dir__() , this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. This allows objects that implement a custom __getattr__() or __getattribute__() function to customize the way dir() reports their attributes. If the object does not provide __dir__() , the function tries its best to gather information from the object’s __dict__ attribute, if defined, and from its type object. The resulting list is not necessarily complete and may be inaccurate when the object has a custom __getattr__() . The default dir() mechanism behaves differently with different types of objects, as it attempts to produce the most relevant, rather than complete, information: If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes. If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases. Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes. The resulting list is sorted alphabetically. For example: >>> import struct >>> dir () # show the names in the module namespace ['__builtins__', '__name__', 'struct'] >>> dir ( struct ) # show the names in the struct module ['Struct', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__initializing__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into', 'unpack', 'unpack_from'] >>> class Shape : ... def __dir__ ( self ): ... return [ 'area' , 'perimeter' , 'location' ] ... >>> s = Shape () >>> dir ( s ) ['area', 'location', 'perimeter'] Note Because dir() is supplied primarily as a convenience for use at an interactive prompt, it tries to supply an interesting set of names more than it tries to supply a rigorously or consistently defined set of names, and its detailed behavior may change across releases. For example, metaclass attributes are not in the result list when the argument is a class. divmod ( a , b , / ) ¶ Take two (non-complex) numbers as arguments and return a pair of numbers consisting of their quotient and remainder when using integer division. With mixed operand types, the rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. For integers, the result is the same as (a // b, a % b) . For floating-point numbers the result is (q, a % b) , where q is usually math.floor(a / b) but may be 1 less than that. In any case q * b + a % b is very close to a , if a % b is non-zero it has the same sign as b , and 0 <= abs(a % b) < abs(b) . enumerate ( iterable , start = 0 ) ¶ Return an enumerate object. iterable must be a sequence, an iterator , or some other object which supports iteration. The __next__() method of the iterator returned by enumerate() returns a tuple containing a count (from start which defaults to 0) and the values obtained from iterating over iterable . >>> seasons = [ 'Spring' , 'Summer' , 'Fall' , 'Winter' ] >>> list ( enumerate ( seasons )) [(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')] >>> list ( enumerate ( seasons , start = 1 )) [(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')] Equivalent to: def enumerate ( iterable , start = 0 ): n = start for elem in iterable : yield n , elem n += 1 eval ( source , / , globals = None , locals = None ) ¶ Parameters : source ( str | code object ) – A Python expression. globals ( dict | None ) – The global namespace (default: None ). locals ( mapping | None ) – The local namespace (default: None ). Returns : The result of the evaluated expression. Raises : Syntax errors are reported as exceptions. Warning This function executes arbitrary code. Calling it with user-supplied input may lead to security vulnerabilities. The source argument is parsed and evaluated as a Python expression (technically speaking, a condition list) using the globals and locals mappings as global and local namespace. If the globals dictionary is present and does not contain a value for the key __builtins__ , a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module builtins is inserted under that key before source is parsed. That way you can control what builtins are available to the executed code by inserting your own __builtins__ dictionary into globals before passing it to eval() . If the locals mapping is omitted it defaults to the globals dictionary. If both mappings are omitted, the source is executed with the globals and locals in the environment where eval() is called. Note, eval() will only have access to the nested scopes (non-locals) in the enclosing environment if they are already referenced in the scope that is calling eval() (e.g. via a nonlocal statement). Example: >>> x = 1 >>> eval ( 'x+1' ) 2 This function can also be used to execute arbitrary code objects (such as those created by compile() ). In this case, pass a code object instead of a string. If the code object has been compiled with 'exec' as the mode argument, eval() 's return value will be None . Hints: dynamic execution of statements is supported by the exec() function. The globals() and locals() functions return the current global and local dictionary, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by eval() or exec() . If the given source is a string, then leading and trailing spaces and tabs are stripped. See ast.literal_eval() for a function that can safely evaluate strings with expressions containing only literals. Raises an auditing event exec with the code object as the argument. Code compilation events may also be raised. Changed in version 3.13: The globals and locals arguments can now be passed as keywords. Changed in version 3.13: The semantics of the default locals namespace have been adjusted as described for the locals() builtin. exec ( source , / , globals = None , locals = None , * , closure = None ) ¶ Warning This function executes arbitrary code. Calling it with user-supplied input may lead to security vulnerabilities. This function supports dynamic execution of Python code. source must be either a string or a code object. If it is a string, the string is parsed as a suite of Python statements which is then executed (unless a syntax error occurs). [ 1 ] If it is a code object, it is simply executed. In all cases, the code that’s executed is expected to be valid as file input (see the section File input in the Reference Manual). Be aware that the nonlocal , yield , and return statements may not be used outside of function definitions even within the context of code passed to the exec() function. The return value is None . In all cases, if the optional parts are omitted, the code is executed in the current scope. If only globals is provided, it must be a dictionary (and not a subclass of dictionary), which will be used for both the global and the local variables. If globals and locals are given, they are used for the global and local variables, respectively. If provided, locals can be any mapping object. Remember that at the module level, globals and locals are the same dictionary. Note When exec gets two separate objects as globals and locals , the code will be executed as if it were embedded in a class definition. This means functions and classes defined in the executed code will not be able to access variables assigned at the top level (as the “top level” variables are treated as class variables in a class definition). If the globals dictionary does not contain a value for the key __builtins__ , a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module builtins is inserted under that key. That way you can control what builtins are available to the executed code by inserting your own __builtins__ dictionary into globals before passing it to exec() . The closure argument specifies a closure–a tuple of cellvars. It’s only valid when the object is a code object containing free (closure) variables . The length of the tuple must exactly match the length of the code object’s co_freevars attribute. Raises an auditing event exec with the code object as the argument. Code compilation events may also be raised. Note The built-in functions globals() and locals() return the current global and local namespace, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use as the second and third argument to exec() . Note The default locals act as described for function locals() below. Pass an explicit locals dictionary if you need to see effects of the code on locals after function exec() returns. Changed in version 3.11: Added the closure parameter. Changed in version 3.13: The globals and locals arguments can now be passed as keywords. Changed in version 3.13: The semantics of the default locals namespace have been adjusted as described for the locals() builtin. filter ( function , iterable , / ) ¶ Construct an iterator from those elements of iterable for which function is true. iterable may be either a sequence, a container which supports iteration, or an iterator. If function is None , the identity function is assumed, that is, all elements of iterable that are false are removed. Note that filter(function, iterable) is equivalent to the generator expression (item for item in iterable if function(item)) if function is not None and (item for item in iterable if item) if function is None . See itertools.filterfalse() for the complementary function that returns elements of iterable for which function is false. class float ( number = 0.0 , / ) ¶ class float ( string , / ) Return a floating-point number constructed from a number or a string. Examples: >>> float ( '+1.23' ) 1.23 >>> float ( ' -12345 \n ' ) -12345.0 >>> float ( '1e-003' ) 0.001 >>> float ( '+1E6' ) 1000000.0 >>> float ( '-Infinity' ) -inf If the argument is a string, it should contain a decimal number, optionally preceded by a sign, and optionally embedded in whitespace. The optional sign may be '+' or '-' ; a '+' sign has no effect on the value produced. The argument may also be a string representing a NaN (not-a-number), or positive or negative infinity. More precisely, the input must conform to the floatvalue production rule in the following grammar, after leading and trailing whitespace characters are removed: sign : "+" | "-" infinity : "Infinity" | "inf" nan : "nan" digit : <a Unicode decimal digit, i.e. characters in Unicode general category Nd> digitpart : digit ([ "_" ] digit )* number : [ digitpart ] "." digitpart | digitpart [ "." ] exponent : ( "e" | "E" ) [ sign ] digitpart floatnumber : number [ exponent ] absfloatvalue : floatnumber | infinity | nan floatvalue : [ sign ] absfloatvalue Case is not significant, so, for example, “inf”, “Inf”, “INFINITY”, and “iNfINity” are all acceptable spellings for positive infinity. Otherwise, if the argument is an integer or a floating-point number, a floating-point number with the same value (within Python’s floating-point precision) is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an OverflowError will be raised. For a general Python object x , float(x) delegates to x.__float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . See also float.from_number() which only accepts a numeric argument. If no argument is given, 0.0 is returned. The float type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.7: The parameter is now positional-only. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __float__() is not defined. format ( value , format_spec = '' , / ) ¶ Convert a value to a “formatted” representation, as controlled by format_spec . The interpretation of format_spec will depend on the type of the value argument; however, there is a standard formatting syntax that is used by most built-in types: Format Specification Mini-Language . The default format_spec is an empty string which usually gives the same effect as calling str(value) . A call to format(value, format_spec) is translated to type(value).__format__(value, format_spec) which bypasses the instance dictionary when searching for the value’s __format__() method. A TypeError exception is raised if the method search reaches object and the format_spec is non-empty, or if either the format_spec or the return value are not strings. Changed in version 3.4: object().__format__(format_spec) raises TypeError if format_spec is not an empty string. class frozenset ( iterable = () , / ) Return a new frozenset object, optionally with elements taken from iterable . frozenset is a built-in class. See frozenset and Set Types — set, frozenset for documentation about this class. For other containers see the built-in set , list , tuple , and dict classes, as well as the collections module. getattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ getattr ( object , name , default , / ) Return the value of the named attribute of object . name must be a string. If the string is the name of one of the object’s attributes, the result is the value of that attribute. For example, getattr(x, 'foobar') is equivalent to x.foobar . If the named attribute does not exist, default is returned if provided, otherwise AttributeError is raised. name need not be a Python identifier (see setattr() ). Note Since private name mangling happens at compilation time, one must manually mangle a private attribute’s (attributes with two leading underscores) name in order to retrieve it with getattr() . globals ( ) ¶ Return the dictionary implementing the current module namespace. For code within functions, this is set when the function is defined and remains the same regardless of where the function is called. hasattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ The arguments are an object and a string. The result is True if the string is the name of one of the object’s attributes, False if not. (This is implemented by calling getattr(object, name) and seeing whether it raises an AttributeError or not.) hash ( object , / ) ¶ Return the hash value of the object (if it has one). Hash values are integers. They are used to quickly compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup. Numeric values that compare equal have the same hash value (even if they are of different types, as is the case for 1 and 1.0). Note For objects with custom __hash__() methods, note that hash() truncates the return value based on the bit width of the host machine. help ( ) ¶ help ( request ) Invoke the built-in help system. (This function is intended for interactive use.) If no argument is given, the interactive help system starts on the interpreter console. If the argument is a string, then the string is looked up as the name of a module, function, class, method, keyword, or documentation topic, and a help page is printed on the console. If the argument is any other kind of object, a help page on the object is generated. Note that if a slash(/) appears in the parameter list of a function when invoking help() , it means that the parameters prior to the slash are positional-only. For more info, see the FAQ entry on positional-only parameters . This function is added to the built-in namespace by the site module. Changed in version 3.4: Changes to pydoc and inspect mean that the reported signatures for callables are now more comprehensive and consistent. hex ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to a lowercase hexadecimal string prefixed with “0x”. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. Some examples: >>> hex ( 255 ) '0xff' >>> hex ( - 42 ) '-0x2a' If you want to convert an integer number to an uppercase or lower hexadecimal string with prefix or not, you can use either of the following ways: >>> ' %#x ' % 255 , ' %x ' % 255 , ' %X ' % 255 ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') >>> format ( 255 , '#x' ), format ( 255 , 'x' ), format ( 255 , 'X' ) ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') >>> f ' { 255 : #x } ' , f ' { 255 : x } ' , f ' { 255 : X } ' ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') See also format() for more information. See also int() for converting a hexadecimal string to an integer using a base of 16. Note To obtain a hexadecimal string representation for a float, use the float.hex() method. id ( object , / ) ¶ Return the “identity” of an object. This is an integer which is guaranteed to be unique and constant for this object during its lifetime. Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same id() value. CPython implementation detail: This is the address of the object in memory. Raises an auditing event builtins.id with argument id . input ( ) ¶ input ( prompt , / ) If the prompt argument is present, it is written to standard output without a trailing newline. The function then reads a line from input, converts it to a string (stripping a trailing newline), and returns that. When EOF is read, EOFError is raised. Example: >>> s = input ( '--> ' ) --> Monty Python's Flying Circus >>> s "Monty Python's Flying Circus" If the readline module was loaded, then input() will use it to provide elaborate line editing and history features. Raises an auditing event builtins.input with argument prompt before reading input Raises an auditing event builtins.input/result with the result after successfully reading input. class int ( number = 0 , / ) ¶ class int ( string , / , base = 10 ) Return an integer object constructed from a number or a string, or return 0 if no arguments are given. Examples: >>> int ( 123.45 ) 123 >>> int ( '123' ) 123 >>> int ( ' -12_345 \n ' ) -12345 >>> int ( 'FACE' , 16 ) 64206 >>> int ( '0xface' , 0 ) 64206 >>> int ( '01110011' , base = 2 ) 115 If the argument defines __int__() , int(x) returns x.__int__() . If the argument defines __index__() , it returns x.__index__() . For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero. If the argument is not a number or if base is given, then it must be a string, bytes , or bytearray instance representing an integer in radix base . Optionally, the string can be preceded by + or - (with no space in between), have leading zeros, be surrounded by whitespace, and have single underscores interspersed between digits. A base-n integer string contains digits, each representing a value from 0 to n-1. The values 0–9 can be represented by any Unicode decimal digit. The values 10–35 can be represented by a to z (or A to Z ). The default base is 10. The allowed bases are 0 and 2–36. Base-2, -8, and -16 strings can be optionally prefixed with 0b / 0B , 0o / 0O , or 0x / 0X , as with integer literals in code. For base 0, the string is interpreted in a similar way to an integer literal in code , in that the actual base is 2, 8, 10, or 16 as determined by the prefix. Base 0 also disallows leading zeros: int('010', 0) is not legal, while int('010') and int('010', 8) are. The integer type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.4: If base is not an instance of int and the base object has a base.__index__ method, that method is called to obtain an integer for the base. Previous versions used base.__int__ instead of base.__index__ . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.7: The first parameter is now positional-only. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __int__() is not defined. Changed in version 3.11: int string inputs and string representations can be limited to help avoid denial of service attacks. A ValueError is raised when the limit is exceeded while converting a string to an int or when converting an int into a string would exceed the limit. See the integer string conversion length limitation documentation. Changed in version 3.14: int() no longer delegates to the __trunc__() method. isinstance ( object , classinfo , / ) ¶ Return True if the object argument is an instance of the classinfo argument, or of a (direct, indirect, or virtual ) subclass thereof. If object is not an object of the given type, the function always returns False . If classinfo is a tuple of type objects (or recursively, other such tuples) or a Union Type of multiple types, return True if object is an instance of any of the types. If classinfo is not a type or tuple of types and such tuples, a TypeError exception is raised. TypeError may not be raised for an invalid type if an earlier check succeeds. Changed in version 3.10: classinfo can be a Union Type . issubclass ( class , classinfo , / ) ¶ Return True if class is a subclass (direct, indirect, or virtual ) of classinfo . A class is considered a subclass of itself. classinfo may be a tuple of class objects (or recursively, other such tuples) or a Union Type , in which case return True if class is a subclass of any entry in classinfo . In any other case, a TypeError exception is raised. Changed in version 3.10: classinfo can be a Union Type . iter ( iterable , / ) ¶ iter ( callable , sentinel , / ) Return an iterator object. The first argument is interpreted very differently depending on the presence of the second argument. Without a second argument, the single argument must be a collection object which supports the iterable protocol (the __iter__() method), or it must support the sequence protocol (the __getitem__() method with integer arguments starting at 0 ). If it does not support either of those protocols, TypeError is raised. If the second argument, sentinel , is given, then the first argument must be a callable object. The iterator created in this case will call callable with no arguments for each call to its __next__() method; if the value returned is equal to sentinel , StopIteration will be raised, otherwise the value will be returned. See also Iterator Types . One useful application of the second form of iter() is to build a block-reader. For example, reading fixed-width blocks from a binary database file until the end of file is reached: from functools import partial with open ( 'mydata.db' , 'rb' ) as f : for block in iter ( partial ( f . read , 64 ), b '' ): process_block ( block ) len ( object , / ) ¶ Return the length (the number of items) of an object. The argument may be a sequence (such as a string, bytes, tuple, list, or range) or a collection (such as a dictionary, set, or frozen set). CPython implementation detail: len raises OverflowError on lengths larger than sys.maxsize , such as range(2 ** 100) . class list ( iterable = () , / ) Rather than being a function, list is actually a mutable sequence type, as documented in Lists and Sequence Types — list, tuple, range . locals ( ) ¶ Return a mapping object representing the current local symbol table, with variable names as the keys, and their currently bound references as the values. At module scope, as well as when using exec() or eval() with a single namespace, this function returns the same namespace as globals() . At class scope, it returns the namespace that will be passed to the metaclass constructor. When using exec() or eval() with separate local and global arguments, it returns the local namespace passed in to the function call. In all of the above cases, each call to locals() in a given frame of execution will return the same mapping object. Changes made through the mapping object returned from locals() will be visible as assigned, reassigned, or deleted local variables, and assigning, reassigning, or deleting local variables will immediately affect the contents of the returned mapping object. In an optimized scope (including functions, generators, and coroutines), each call to locals() instead returns a fresh dictionary containing the current bindings of the function’s local variables and any nonlocal cell references. In this case, name binding changes made via the returned dict are not written back to the corresponding local variables or nonlocal cell references, and assigning, reassigning, or deleting local variables and nonlocal cell references does not affect the contents of previously returned dictionaries. Calling locals() as part of a comprehension in a function, generator, or coroutine is equivalent to calling it in the containing scope, except that the comprehension’s initialised iteration variables will be included. In other scopes, it behaves as if the comprehension were running as a nested function. Calling locals() as part of a generator expression is equivalent to calling it in a nested generator function. Changed in version 3.12: The behaviour of locals() in a comprehension has been updated as described in PEP 709 . Changed in version 3.13: As part of PEP 667 , the semantics of mutating the mapping objects returned from this function are now defined. The behavior in optimized scopes is now as described above. Aside from being defined, the behaviour in other scopes remains unchanged from previous versions. map ( function , iterable , / , * iterables , strict = False ) ¶ Return an iterator that applies function to every item of iterable , yielding the results. If additional iterables arguments are passed, function must take that many arguments and is applied to the items from all iterables in parallel. With multiple iterables, the iterator stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted. If strict is True and one of the iterables is exhausted before the others, a ValueError is raised. For cases where the function inputs are already arranged into argument tuples, see itertools.starmap() . Changed in version 3.14: Added the strict parameter. max ( iterable , / , * , key = None ) ¶ max ( iterable , / , * , default , key = None ) max ( arg1 , arg2 , / , * args , key = None ) Return the largest item in an iterable or the largest of two or more arguments. If one positional argument is provided, it should be an iterable . The largest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the largest of the positional arguments is returned. There are two optional keyword-only arguments. The key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort() . The default argument specifies an object to return if the provided iterable is empty. If the iterable is empty and default is not provided, a ValueError is raised. If multiple items are maximal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc, reverse=True)[0] and heapq.nlargest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc) . Changed in version 3.4: Added the default keyword-only parameter. Changed in version 3.8: The key can be None . class memoryview ( object ) Return a “memory view” object created from the given argument. See Memory Views for more information. min ( iterable , / , * , key = None ) ¶ min ( iterable , / , * , default , key = None ) min ( arg1 , arg2 , / , * args , key = None ) Return the smallest item in an iterable or the smallest of two or more arguments. If one positional argument is provided, it should be an iterable . The smallest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the smallest of the positional arguments is returned. There are two optional keyword-only arguments. The key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort() . The default argument specifies an object to return if the provided iterable is empty. If the iterable is empty and default is not provided, a ValueError is raised. If multiple items are minimal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc)[0] and heapq.nsmallest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc) . Changed in version 3.4: Added the default keyword-only parameter. Changed in version 3.8: The key can be None . next ( iterator , / ) ¶ next ( iterator , default , / ) Retrieve the next item from the iterator by calling its __next__() method. If default is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise StopIteration is raised. class object ¶ This is the ultimate base class of all other classes. It has methods that are common to all instances of Python classes. When the constructor is called, it returns a new featureless object. The constructor does not accept any arguments. Note object instances do not have __dict__ attributes, so you can’t assign arbitrary attributes to an instance of object . oct ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to an octal string prefixed with “0o”. The result is a valid Python expression. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. For example: >>> oct ( 8 ) '0o10' >>> oct ( - 56 ) '-0o70' If you want to convert an integer number to an octal string either with the prefix “0o” or not, you can use either of the following ways. >>> ' %#o ' % 10 , ' %o ' % 10 ('0o12', '12') >>> format ( 10 , '#o' ), format ( 10 , 'o' ) ('0o12', '12') >>> f ' { 10 : #o } ' , f ' { 10 : o } ' ('0o12', '12') See also format() for more information. open ( file , mode = 'r' , buffering = -1 , encoding = None , errors = None , newline = None , closefd = True , opener = None ) ¶ Open file and return a corresponding file object . If the file cannot be opened, an OSError is raised. See Reading and Writing Files for more examples of how to use this function. file is a path-like object giving the pathname (absolute or relative to the current working directory) of the file to be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the returned I/O object is closed unless closefd is set to False .) mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if it already exists), 'x' for exclusive creation, and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position). In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform-dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding. (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available modes are: Character Meaning 'r' open for reading (default) 'w' open for writing, truncating the file first 'x' open for exclusive creation, failing if the file already exists 'a' open for writing, appending to the end of file if it exists 'b' binary mode 't' text mode (default) '+' open for updating (reading and writing) The default mode is 'r' (open for reading text, a synonym of 'rt' ). Modes 'w+' and 'w+b' open and truncate the file. Modes 'r+' and 'r+b' open the file with no truncation. As mentioned in the Overview , Python distinguishes between binary and text I/O. Files opened in binary mode (including 'b' in the mode argument) return contents as bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when 't' is included in the mode argument), the contents of the file are returned as str , the bytes having been first decoded using a platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given. Note Python doesn’t depend on the underlying operating system’s notion of text files; all the processing is done by Python itself, and is therefore platform-independent. buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy. Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select line buffering (only usable when writing in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate the size in bytes of a fixed-size chunk buffer. Note that specifying a buffer size this way applies for binary buffered I/O, but TextIOWrapper (i.e., files opened with mode='r+' ) would have another buffering. To disable buffering in TextIOWrapper , consider using the write_through flag for io.TextIOWrapper.reconfigure() . When no buffering argument is given, the default buffering policy works as follows: Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer is max(min(blocksize, 8 MiB), DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) when the device block size is available. On most systems, the buffer will typically be 128 kilobytes long. “Interactive” text files (files for which isatty() returns True ) use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above for binary files. encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is platform dependent (whatever locale.getencoding() returns), but any text encoding supported by Python can be used. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings. errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding errors are to be handled—this cannot be used in binary mode. A variety of standard error handlers are available (listed under Error Handlers ), though any error handling name that has | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/packaging-projects/ | Packaging Python Projects - Python Packaging User Guide Contents Menu Expand Light mode Dark mode Auto light/dark, in light mode Auto light/dark, in dark mode Hide navigation sidebar Hide table of contents sidebar Skip to content Toggle site navigation sidebar Python Packaging User Guide Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme Toggle table of contents sidebar Python Packaging User Guide Overview of Python Packaging The Packaging Flow Tutorials Toggle navigation of Tutorials Installing Packages Managing Application Dependencies Packaging Python Projects Guides Toggle navigation of Guides Installation Toggle navigation of Installation Install packages in a virtual environment using pip and venv Installing packages using virtualenv Installing stand alone command line tools Installing pip/setuptools/wheel with Linux Package Managers Installing scientific packages Building and Publishing Toggle navigation of Building and Publishing Writing your pyproject.toml Packaging and distributing projects Dropping support for older Python versions Packaging binary extensions Packaging namespace packages Creating and packaging command-line tools Creating and discovering plugins Using TestPyPI Making a PyPI-friendly README Publishing package distribution releases using GitHub Actions CI/CD workflows How to modernize a setup.py based project? Licensing examples and user scenarios Hosting Toggle navigation of Hosting Package index mirrors and caches Hosting your own simple repository Tool recommendations Analyzing PyPI package downloads Discussions Toggle navigation of Discussions Versioning Deploying Python applications pip vs easy_install install_requires vs requirements files Distribution package vs. import package Package Formats src layout vs flat layout Is setup.py deprecated? Single-sourcing the Project Version Supporting downstream packaging PyPA specifications Toggle navigation of PyPA specifications Package Distribution Metadata Toggle navigation of Package Distribution Metadata Names and normalization Core metadata specifications Version specifiers Dependency specifiers pyproject.toml specification Dependency Groups Inline script metadata Platform compatibility tags Well-known Project URLs in Metadata glob patterns License Expression Package Installation Metadata Toggle navigation of Package Installation Metadata Recording installed projects Entry points specification Recording the Direct URL Origin of installed distributions Direct URL Data Structure Python Virtual Environments Externally Managed Environments Package Distribution File Formats Toggle navigation of Package Distribution File Formats Source distribution format Binary distribution format Package Index Interfaces Toggle navigation of Package Index Interfaces The .pypirc file Simple repository API File Yanking Index hosted attestations Project Status Markers Python Description Formats Toggle navigation of Python Description Formats build-details.json Toggle navigation of build-details.json v1.0 Reproducible Environments Toggle navigation of Reproducible Environments pylock.toml Specification PyPA schemas Project Summaries Glossary How to Get Support Contribute to this guide News Back to top View this page Edit this page Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme Toggle table of contents sidebar Packaging Python Projects ¶ This tutorial walks you through how to package a simple Python project. It will show you how to add the necessary files and structure to create the package, how to build the package, and how to upload it to the Python Package Index (PyPI). Tip If you have trouble running the commands in this tutorial, please copy the command and its output, then open an issue on the packaging-problems repository on GitHub. We’ll do our best to help you! Some of the commands require a newer version of pip , so start by making sure you have the latest version installed: Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip Windows py -m pip install --upgrade pip A simple project ¶ This tutorial uses a simple project named example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE . If your username is me , then the package would be example_package_me ; this ensures that you have a unique package name that doesn’t conflict with packages uploaded by other people following this tutorial. We recommend following this tutorial as-is using this project, before packaging your own project. Create the following file structure locally: packaging_tutorial/ └── src/ └── example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE/ ├── __init__.py └── example.py The directory containing the Python files should match the project name. This simplifies the configuration and is more obvious to users who install the package. Creating the file __init__.py is recommended because the existence of an __init__.py file allows users to import the directory as a regular package, even if (as is the case in this tutorial) __init__.py is empty. [ 1 ] example.py is an example of a module within the package that could contain the logic (functions, classes, constants, etc.) of your package. Open that file and enter the following content: def add_one ( number ): return number + 1 If you are unfamiliar with Python’s modules and import packages , take a few minutes to read over the Python documentation for packages and modules . Once you create this structure, you’ll want to run all of the commands in this tutorial within the packaging_tutorial directory. Creating the package files ¶ You will now add files that are used to prepare the project for distribution. When you’re done, the project structure will look like this: packaging_tutorial/ ├── LICENSE ├── pyproject.toml ├── README.md ├── src/ │ └── example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE/ │ ├── __init__.py │ └── example.py └── tests/ Creating a test directory ¶ tests/ is a placeholder for test files. Leave it empty for now. Choosing a build backend ¶ Tools like pip and build do not actually convert your sources into a distribution package (like a wheel); that job is performed by a build backend . The build backend determines how your project will specify its configuration, including metadata (information about the project, for example, the name and tags that are displayed on PyPI) and input files. Build backends have different levels of functionality, such as whether they support building extension modules , and you should choose one that suits your needs and preferences. You can choose from a number of backends; this tutorial uses Hatchling by default, but it will work identically with Setuptools , Flit , PDM , and others that support the [project] table for metadata . Note Some build backends are part of larger tools that provide a command-line interface with additional features like project initialization and version management, as well as building, uploading, and installing packages. This tutorial uses single-purpose tools that work independently. The pyproject.toml tells build frontend tools like pip and build which backend to use for your project. Below are some examples for common build backends, but check your backend’s own documentation for more details. Hatchling [build-system] requires = [ "hatchling >= 1.26" ] build-backend = "hatchling.build" setuptools [build-system] requires = [ "setuptools >= 77.0.3" ] build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta" Flit [build-system] requires = [ "flit_core >= 3.12.0, <4" ] build-backend = "flit_core.buildapi" PDM [build-system] requires = [ "pdm-backend >= 2.4.0" ] build-backend = "pdm.backend" uv-build [build-system] requires = [ "uv_build >= 0.9.21, <0.10.0" ] build-backend = "uv_build" The requires key is a list of packages that are needed to build your package. The frontend should install them automatically when building your package. Frontends usually run builds in isolated environments, so omitting dependencies here may cause build-time errors. This should always include your backend’s package, and might have other build-time dependencies. The minimum version specified in the above code block is the one that introduced support for the new license metadata . The build-backend key is the name of the Python object that frontends will use to perform the build. Both of these values will be provided by the documentation for your build backend, or generated by its command line interface. There should be no need for you to customize these settings. Additional configuration of the build tool will either be in a tool section of the pyproject.toml , or in a special file defined by the build tool. For example, when using setuptools as your build backend, additional configuration may be added to a setup.py or setup.cfg file, and specifying setuptools.build_meta in your build allows the tools to locate and use these automatically. Configuring metadata ¶ Open pyproject.toml and enter the following content. Change the name to include your username; this ensures that you have a unique package name that doesn’t conflict with packages uploaded by other people following this tutorial. [project] name = "example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE" version = "0.0.1" authors = [ { name = "Example Author" , email = "author@example.com" }, ] description = "A small example package" readme = "README.md" requires-python = ">=3.9" classifiers = [ "Programming Language :: Python :: 3" , "Operating System :: OS Independent" , ] license = "MIT" license-files = [ "LICEN[CS]E*" ] [project.urls] Homepage = "https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject" Issues = "https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject/issues" name is the distribution name of your package. This can be any name as long as it only contains letters, numbers, . , _ , and - . It also must not already be taken on PyPI. Be sure to update this with your username for this tutorial, as this ensures you won’t try to upload a package with the same name as one which already exists. version is the package version. (Some build backends allow it to be specified another way, such as from a file or Git tag.) authors is used to identify the author of the package; you specify a name and an email for each author. You can also list maintainers in the same format. description is a short, one-sentence summary of the package. readme is a path to a file containing a detailed description of the package. This is shown on the package detail page on PyPI. In this case, the description is loaded from README.md (which is a common pattern). There also is a more advanced table form described in the pyproject.toml guide . requires-python gives the versions of Python supported by your project. An installer like pip will look back through older versions of packages until it finds one that has a matching Python version. classifiers gives the index and pip some additional metadata about your package. In this case, the package is only compatible with Python 3 and is OS-independent. You should always include at least which version(s) of Python your package works on and which operating systems your package will work on. For a complete list of classifiers, see https://pypi.org/classifiers/ . license is the SPDX license expression of your Distribution Archive files. license-files is the list of glob paths to the license files, relative to the directory where pyproject.toml is located. urls lets you list any number of extra links to show on PyPI. Generally this could be to the source, documentation, issue trackers, etc. See the pyproject.toml guide for details on these and other fields that can be defined in the [project] table. Other common fields are keywords to improve discoverability and the dependencies that are required to install your package. Creating README.md ¶ Open README.md and enter the following content. You can customize this if you’d like. # Example Package This is a simple example package. You can use [ GitHub-flavored Markdown ]( https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/ ) to write your content. Creating a LICENSE ¶ It’s important for every Distribution Archive uploaded to the Python Package Index to include a license. This tells users who install your Distribution Archive the terms under which they can use it. For help picking a license, see https://choosealicense.com/ . Once you have chosen a license, open LICENSE and enter the license text. For example, if you had chosen the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2018 The Python Packaging Authority Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Most build backends automatically include license files in packages. See your backend’s documentation for more details. If you include the path to license in the license-files key of pyproject.toml , and your build backend supports PEP 639 , the file will be automatically included in the package. Including other files ¶ The files listed above will be included automatically in your source distribution . If you want to include additional files, see the documentation for your build backend. Generating distribution archives ¶ The next step is to generate distribution packages for the package. These are archives that are uploaded to the Python Package Index and can be installed by pip . Make sure you have the latest version of PyPA’s build installed: Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --upgrade build Windows py -m pip install --upgrade build Tip If you have trouble installing these, see the Installing Packages tutorial. Now run this command from the same directory where pyproject.toml is located: Unix/macOS python3 -m build Windows py -m build This command should output a lot of text and once completed should generate two files in the dist directory: dist/ ├── example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE-0.0.1-py3-none-any.whl └── example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE-0.0.1.tar.gz The tar.gz file is a source distribution whereas the .whl file is a built distribution . Newer pip versions preferentially install built distributions, but will fall back to source distributions if needed. You should always upload a source distribution and provide built distributions for the platforms your project is compatible with. In this case, our example package is compatible with Python on any platform so only one built distribution is needed. Uploading the distribution archives ¶ Finally, it’s time to upload your package to the Python Package Index! The first thing you’ll need to do is register an account on TestPyPI, which is a separate instance of the package index intended for testing and experimentation. It’s great for things like this tutorial where we don’t necessarily want to upload to the real index. To register an account, go to https://test.pypi.org/account/register/ and complete the steps on that page. You will also need to verify your email address before you’re able to upload any packages. For more details, see Using TestPyPI . To securely upload your project, you’ll need a PyPI API token . Create one at https://test.pypi.org/manage/account/#api-tokens , setting the “Scope” to “Entire account”. Don’t close the page until you have copied and saved the token — you won’t see that token again. Now that you are registered, you can use twine to upload the distribution packages. You’ll need to install Twine: Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --upgrade twine Windows py -m pip install --upgrade twine Once installed, run Twine to upload all of the archives under dist : Unix/macOS python3 -m twine upload --repository testpypi dist/* Windows py -m twine upload --repository testpypi dist/* You will be prompted for an API token. Use the token value, including the pypi- prefix. Note that the input will be hidden, so be sure to paste correctly. After the command completes, you should see output similar to this: Uploading distributions to https://test.pypi.org/legacy/ Enter your API token: Uploading example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE-0.0.1-py3-none-any.whl 100% ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 8.2/8.2 kB • 00:01 • ? Uploading example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE-0.0.1.tar.gz 100% ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 6.8/6.8 kB • 00:00 • ? Once uploaded, your package should be viewable on TestPyPI; for example: https://test.pypi.org/project/example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE . Installing your newly uploaded package ¶ You can use pip to install your package and verify that it works. Create a virtual environment and install your package from TestPyPI: Unix/macOS python3 -m pip install --index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ --no-deps example-package-YOUR-USERNAME-HERE Windows py -m pip install --index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ --no-deps example-package-YOUR-USERNAME-HERE Make sure to specify your username in the package name! pip should install the package from TestPyPI and the output should look something like this: Collecting example-package-YOUR-USERNAME-HERE Downloading https://test-files.pythonhosted.org/packages/.../example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE_0.0.1-py3-none-any.whl Installing collected packages: example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE Successfully installed example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE-0.0.1 Note This example uses --index-url flag to specify TestPyPI instead of live PyPI. Additionally, it specifies --no-deps . Since TestPyPI doesn’t have the same packages as the live PyPI, it’s possible that attempting to install dependencies may fail or install something unexpected. While our example package doesn’t have any dependencies, it’s a good practice to avoid installing dependencies when using TestPyPI. You can test that it was installed correctly by importing the package. Make sure you’re still in your virtual environment, then run Python: Unix/macOS python3 Windows py and import the package: >>> from example_package_YOUR_USERNAME_HERE import example >>> example . add_one ( 2 ) 3 Next steps ¶ Congratulations, you’ve packaged and distributed a Python project! ✨ 🍰 ✨ Keep in mind that this tutorial showed you how to upload your package to Test PyPI, which isn’t a permanent storage. The Test system occasionally deletes packages and accounts. It is best to use TestPyPI for testing and experiments like this tutorial. When you are ready to upload a real package to the Python Package Index you can do much the same as you did in this tutorial, but with these important differences: Choose a memorable and unique name for your package. You don’t have to append your username as you did in the tutorial, but you can’t use an existing name. Register an account on https://pypi.org - note that these are two separate servers and the login details from the test server are not shared with the main server. Use twine upload dist/* to upload your package and enter your credentials for the account you registered on the real PyPI. Now that you’re uploading the package in production, you don’t need to specify --repository ; the package will upload to https://pypi.org/ by default. Install your package from the real PyPI using python3 -m pip install [your-package] . At this point if you want to read more on packaging Python libraries here are some things you can do: Read about advanced configuration for your chosen build backend: Hatchling , setuptools , Flit , PDM . Look at the guides on this site for more advanced practical information, or the discussions for explanations and background on specific topics. Consider packaging tools that provide a single command-line interface for project management and packaging, such as hatch , flit , pdm , and poetry . Notes [ 1 ] Technically, you can also create Python packages without an __init__.py file, but those are called namespace packages and considered an advanced topic (not covered in this tutorial). If you are only getting started with Python packaging, it is recommended to stick with regular packages and __init__.py (even if the file is empty). Next Guides Previous Managing Application Dependencies Copyright © 2013–2020, PyPA Made with Sphinx and @pradyunsg 's Furo Last updated on Jan 06, 2026 On this page Packaging Python Projects A simple project Creating the package files Creating a test directory Choosing a build backend Configuring metadata Creating README.md Creating a LICENSE Including other files Generating distribution archives Uploading the distribution archives Installing your newly uploaded package Next steps | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-sequence | Glossary — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Deprecations Next topic About this documentation This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Glossary | Theme Auto Light Dark | Glossary ¶ >>> ¶ The default Python prompt of the interactive shell. Often seen for code examples which can be executed interactively in the interpreter. ... ¶ Can refer to: The default Python prompt of the interactive shell when entering the code for an indented code block, when within a pair of matching left and right delimiters (parentheses, square brackets, curly braces or triple quotes), or after specifying a decorator. The three dots form of the Ellipsis object. abstract base class ¶ Abstract base classes complement duck-typing by providing a way to define interfaces when other techniques like hasattr() would be clumsy or subtly wrong (for example with magic methods ). ABCs introduce virtual subclasses, which are classes that don’t inherit from a class but are still recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() ; see the abc module documentation. Python comes with many built-in ABCs for data structures (in the collections.abc module), numbers (in the numbers module), streams (in the io module), import finders and loaders (in the importlib.abc module). You can create your own ABCs with the abc module. annotate function ¶ A function that can be called to retrieve the annotations of an object. This function is accessible as the __annotate__ attribute of functions, classes, and modules. Annotate functions are a subset of evaluate functions . annotation ¶ A label associated with a variable, a class attribute or a function parameter or return value, used by convention as a type hint . Annotations of local variables cannot be accessed at runtime, but annotations of global variables, class attributes, and functions can be retrieved by calling annotationlib.get_annotations() on modules, classes, and functions, respectively. See variable annotation , function annotation , PEP 484 , PEP 526 , and PEP 649 , which describe this functionality. Also see Annotations Best Practices for best practices on working with annotations. argument ¶ A value passed to a function (or method ) when calling the function. There are two kinds of argument: keyword argument : an argument preceded by an identifier (e.g. name= ) in a function call or passed as a value in a dictionary preceded by ** . For example, 3 and 5 are both keyword arguments in the following calls to complex() : complex ( real = 3 , imag = 5 ) complex ( ** { 'real' : 3 , 'imag' : 5 }) positional argument : an argument that is not a keyword argument. Positional arguments can appear at the beginning of an argument list and/or be passed as elements of an iterable preceded by * . For example, 3 and 5 are both positional arguments in the following calls: complex ( 3 , 5 ) complex ( * ( 3 , 5 )) Arguments are assigned to the named local variables in a function body. See the Calls section for the rules governing this assignment. Syntactically, any expression can be used to represent an argument; the evaluated value is assigned to the local variable. See also the parameter glossary entry, the FAQ question on the difference between arguments and parameters , and PEP 362 . asynchronous context manager ¶ An object which controls the environment seen in an async with statement by defining __aenter__() and __aexit__() methods. Introduced by PEP 492 . asynchronous generator ¶ A function which returns an asynchronous generator iterator . It looks like a coroutine function defined with async def except that it contains yield expressions for producing a series of values usable in an async for loop. Usually refers to an asynchronous generator function, but may refer to an asynchronous generator iterator in some contexts. In cases where the intended meaning isn’t clear, using the full terms avoids ambiguity. An asynchronous generator function may contain await expressions as well as async for , and async with statements. asynchronous generator iterator ¶ An object created by an asynchronous generator function. This is an asynchronous iterator which when called using the __anext__() method returns an awaitable object which will execute the body of the asynchronous generator function until the next yield expression. Each yield temporarily suspends processing, remembering the execution state (including local variables and pending try-statements). When the asynchronous generator iterator effectively resumes with another awaitable returned by __anext__() , it picks up where it left off. See PEP 492 and PEP 525 . asynchronous iterable ¶ An object, that can be used in an async for statement. Must return an asynchronous iterator from its __aiter__() method. Introduced by PEP 492 . asynchronous iterator ¶ An object that implements the __aiter__() and __anext__() methods. __anext__() must return an awaitable object. async for resolves the awaitables returned by an asynchronous iterator’s __anext__() method until it raises a StopAsyncIteration exception. Introduced by PEP 492 . atomic operation ¶ An operation that appears to execute as a single, indivisible step: no other thread can observe it half-done, and its effects become visible all at once. Python does not guarantee that high-level statements are atomic (for example, x += 1 performs multiple bytecode operations and is not atomic). Atomicity is only guaranteed where explicitly documented. See also race condition and data race . attached thread state ¶ A thread state that is active for the current OS thread. When a thread state is attached, the OS thread has access to the full Python C API and can safely invoke the bytecode interpreter. Unless a function explicitly notes otherwise, attempting to call the C API without an attached thread state will result in a fatal error or undefined behavior. A thread state can be attached and detached explicitly by the user through the C API, or implicitly by the runtime, including during blocking C calls and by the bytecode interpreter in between calls. On most builds of Python, having an attached thread state implies that the caller holds the GIL for the current interpreter, so only one OS thread can have an attached thread state at a given moment. In free-threaded builds of Python, threads can concurrently hold an attached thread state, allowing for true parallelism of the bytecode interpreter. attribute ¶ A value associated with an object which is usually referenced by name using dotted expressions. For example, if an object o has an attribute a it would be referenced as o.a . It is possible to give an object an attribute whose name is not an identifier as defined by Names (identifiers and keywords) , for example using setattr() , if the object allows it. Such an attribute will not be accessible using a dotted expression, and would instead need to be retrieved with getattr() . awaitable ¶ An object that can be used in an await expression. Can be a coroutine or an object with an __await__() method. See also PEP 492 . BDFL ¶ Benevolent Dictator For Life, a.k.a. Guido van Rossum , Python’s creator. binary file ¶ A file object able to read and write bytes-like objects . Examples of binary files are files opened in binary mode ( 'rb' , 'wb' or 'rb+' ), sys.stdin.buffer , sys.stdout.buffer , and instances of io.BytesIO and gzip.GzipFile . See also text file for a file object able to read and write str objects. borrowed reference ¶ In Python’s C API, a borrowed reference is a reference to an object, where the code using the object does not own the reference. It becomes a dangling pointer if the object is destroyed. For example, a garbage collection can remove the last strong reference to the object and so destroy it. Calling Py_INCREF() on the borrowed reference is recommended to convert it to a strong reference in-place, except when the object cannot be destroyed before the last usage of the borrowed reference. The Py_NewRef() function can be used to create a new strong reference . bytes-like object ¶ An object that supports the Buffer Protocol and can export a C- contiguous buffer. This includes all bytes , bytearray , and array.array objects, as well as many common memoryview objects. Bytes-like objects can be used for various operations that work with binary data; these include compression, saving to a binary file, and sending over a socket. Some operations need the binary data to be mutable. The documentation often refers to these as “read-write bytes-like objects”. Example mutable buffer objects include bytearray and a memoryview of a bytearray . Other operations require the binary data to be stored in immutable objects (“read-only bytes-like objects”); examples of these include bytes and a memoryview of a bytes object. bytecode ¶ Python source code is compiled into bytecode, the internal representation of a Python program in the CPython interpreter. The bytecode is also cached in .pyc files so that executing the same file is faster the second time (recompilation from source to bytecode can be avoided). This “intermediate language” is said to run on a virtual machine that executes the machine code corresponding to each bytecode. Do note that bytecodes are not expected to work between different Python virtual machines, nor to be stable between Python releases. A list of bytecode instructions can be found in the documentation for the dis module . callable ¶ A callable is an object that can be called, possibly with a set of arguments (see argument ), with the following syntax: callable ( argument1 , argument2 , argumentN ) A function , and by extension a method , is a callable. An instance of a class that implements the __call__() method is also a callable. callback ¶ A subroutine function which is passed as an argument to be executed at some point in the future. class ¶ A template for creating user-defined objects. Class definitions normally contain method definitions which operate on instances of the class. class variable ¶ A variable defined in a class and intended to be modified only at class level (i.e., not in an instance of the class). closure variable ¶ A free variable referenced from a nested scope that is defined in an outer scope rather than being resolved at runtime from the globals or builtin namespaces. May be explicitly defined with the nonlocal keyword to allow write access, or implicitly defined if the variable is only being read. For example, in the inner function in the following code, both x and print are free variables , but only x is a closure variable : def outer (): x = 0 def inner (): nonlocal x x += 1 print ( x ) return inner Due to the codeobject.co_freevars attribute (which, despite its name, only includes the names of closure variables rather than listing all referenced free variables), the more general free variable term is sometimes used even when the intended meaning is to refer specifically to closure variables. complex number ¶ An extension of the familiar real number system in which all numbers are expressed as a sum of a real part and an imaginary part. Imaginary numbers are real multiples of the imaginary unit (the square root of -1 ), often written i in mathematics or j in engineering. Python has built-in support for complex numbers, which are written with this latter notation; the imaginary part is written with a j suffix, e.g., 3+1j . To get access to complex equivalents of the math module, use cmath . Use of complex numbers is a fairly advanced mathematical feature. If you’re not aware of a need for them, it’s almost certain you can safely ignore them. concurrency ¶ The ability of a computer program to perform multiple tasks at the same time. Python provides libraries for writing programs that make use of different forms of concurrency. asyncio is a library for dealing with asynchronous tasks and coroutines. threading provides access to operating system threads and multiprocessing to operating system processes. Multi-core processors can execute threads and processes on different CPU cores at the same time (see parallelism ). concurrent modification ¶ When multiple threads modify shared data at the same time. Concurrent modification without proper synchronization can cause race conditions , and might also trigger a data race , data corruption, or both. context ¶ This term has different meanings depending on where and how it is used. Some common meanings: The temporary state or environment established by a context manager via a with statement. The collection of keyvalue bindings associated with a particular contextvars.Context object and accessed via ContextVar objects. Also see context variable . A contextvars.Context object. Also see current context . context management protocol ¶ The __enter__() and __exit__() methods called by the with statement. See PEP 343 . context manager ¶ An object which implements the context management protocol and controls the environment seen in a with statement. See PEP 343 . context variable ¶ A variable whose value depends on which context is the current context . Values are accessed via contextvars.ContextVar objects. Context variables are primarily used to isolate state between concurrent asynchronous tasks. contiguous ¶ A buffer is considered contiguous exactly if it is either C-contiguous or Fortran contiguous . Zero-dimensional buffers are C and Fortran contiguous. In one-dimensional arrays, the items must be laid out in memory next to each other, in order of increasing indexes starting from zero. In multidimensional C-contiguous arrays, the last index varies the fastest when visiting items in order of memory address. However, in Fortran contiguous arrays, the first index varies the fastest. coroutine ¶ Coroutines are a more generalized form of subroutines. Subroutines are entered at one point and exited at another point. Coroutines can be entered, exited, and resumed at many different points. They can be implemented with the async def statement. See also PEP 492 . coroutine function ¶ A function which returns a coroutine object. A coroutine function may be defined with the async def statement, and may contain await , async for , and async with keywords. These were introduced by PEP 492 . CPython ¶ The canonical implementation of the Python programming language, as distributed on python.org . The term “CPython” is used when necessary to distinguish this implementation from others such as Jython or IronPython. current context ¶ The context ( contextvars.Context object) that is currently used by ContextVar objects to access (get or set) the values of context variables . Each thread has its own current context. Frameworks for executing asynchronous tasks (see asyncio ) associate each task with a context which becomes the current context whenever the task starts or resumes execution. cyclic isolate ¶ A subgroup of one or more objects that reference each other in a reference cycle, but are not referenced by objects outside the group. The goal of the cyclic garbage collector is to identify these groups and break the reference cycles so that the memory can be reclaimed. data race ¶ A situation where multiple threads access the same memory location concurrently, at least one of the accesses is a write, and the threads do not use any synchronization to control their access. Data races lead to non-deterministic behavior and can cause data corruption. Proper use of locks and other synchronization primitives prevents data races. Note that data races can only happen in native code, but that native code might be exposed in a Python API. See also race condition and thread-safe . deadlock ¶ A situation in which two or more tasks (threads, processes, or coroutines) wait indefinitely for each other to release resources or complete actions, preventing any from making progress. For example, if thread A holds lock 1 and waits for lock 2, while thread B holds lock 2 and waits for lock 1, both threads will wait indefinitely. In Python this often arises from acquiring multiple locks in conflicting orders or from circular join/await dependencies. Deadlocks can be avoided by always acquiring multiple locks in a consistent order. See also lock and reentrant . decorator ¶ A function returning another function, usually applied as a function transformation using the @wrapper syntax. Common examples for decorators are classmethod() and staticmethod() . The decorator syntax is merely syntactic sugar, the following two function definitions are semantically equivalent: def f ( arg ): ... f = staticmethod ( f ) @staticmethod def f ( arg ): ... The same concept exists for classes, but is less commonly used there. See the documentation for function definitions and class definitions for more about decorators. descriptor ¶ Any object which defines the methods __get__() , __set__() , or __delete__() . When a class attribute is a descriptor, its special binding behavior is triggered upon attribute lookup. Normally, using a.b to get, set or delete an attribute looks up the object named b in the class dictionary for a , but if b is a descriptor, the respective descriptor method gets called. Understanding descriptors is a key to a deep understanding of Python because they are the basis for many features including functions, methods, properties, class methods, static methods, and reference to super classes. For more information about descriptors’ methods, see Implementing Descriptors or the Descriptor How To Guide . dictionary ¶ An associative array, where arbitrary keys are mapped to values. The keys can be any object with __hash__() and __eq__() methods. Called a hash in Perl. dictionary comprehension ¶ A compact way to process all or part of the elements in an iterable and return a dictionary with the results. results = {n: n ** 2 for n in range(10)} generates a dictionary containing key n mapped to value n ** 2 . See Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries . dictionary view ¶ The objects returned from dict.keys() , dict.values() , and dict.items() are called dictionary views. They provide a dynamic view on the dictionary’s entries, which means that when the dictionary changes, the view reflects these changes. To force the dictionary view to become a full list use list(dictview) . See Dictionary view objects . docstring ¶ A string literal which appears as the first expression in a class, function or module. While ignored when the suite is executed, it is recognized by the compiler and put into the __doc__ attribute of the enclosing class, function or module. Since it is available via introspection, it is the canonical place for documentation of the object. duck-typing ¶ A programming style which does not look at an object’s type to determine if it has the right interface; instead, the method or attribute is simply called or used (“If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck.”) By emphasizing interfaces rather than specific types, well-designed code improves its flexibility by allowing polymorphic substitution. Duck-typing avoids tests using type() or isinstance() . (Note, however, that duck-typing can be complemented with abstract base classes .) Instead, it typically employs hasattr() tests or EAFP programming. dunder ¶ An informal short-hand for “double underscore”, used when talking about a special method . For example, __init__ is often pronounced “dunder init”. EAFP ¶ Easier to ask for forgiveness than permission. This common Python coding style assumes the existence of valid keys or attributes and catches exceptions if the assumption proves false. This clean and fast style is characterized by the presence of many try and except statements. The technique contrasts with the LBYL style common to many other languages such as C. evaluate function ¶ A function that can be called to evaluate a lazily evaluated attribute of an object, such as the value of type aliases created with the type statement. expression ¶ A piece of syntax which can be evaluated to some value. In other words, an expression is an accumulation of expression elements like literals, names, attribute access, operators or function calls which all return a value. In contrast to many other languages, not all language constructs are expressions. There are also statement s which cannot be used as expressions, such as while . Assignments are also statements, not expressions. extension module ¶ A module written in C or C++, using Python’s C API to interact with the core and with user code. f-string ¶ f-strings ¶ String literals prefixed with f or F are commonly called “f-strings” which is short for formatted string literals . See also PEP 498 . file object ¶ An object exposing a file-oriented API (with methods such as read() or write() ) to an underlying resource. Depending on the way it was created, a file object can mediate access to a real on-disk file or to another type of storage or communication device (for example standard input/output, in-memory buffers, sockets, pipes, etc.). File objects are also called file-like objects or streams . There are actually three categories of file objects: raw binary files , buffered binary files and text files . Their interfaces are defined in the io module. The canonical way to create a file object is by using the open() function. file-like object ¶ A synonym for file object . filesystem encoding and error handler ¶ Encoding and error handler used by Python to decode bytes from the operating system and encode Unicode to the operating system. The filesystem encoding must guarantee to successfully decode all bytes below 128. If the file system encoding fails to provide this guarantee, API functions can raise UnicodeError . The sys.getfilesystemencoding() and sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors() functions can be used to get the filesystem encoding and error handler. The filesystem encoding and error handler are configured at Python startup by the PyConfig_Read() function: see filesystem_encoding and filesystem_errors members of PyConfig . See also the locale encoding . finder ¶ An object that tries to find the loader for a module that is being imported. There are two types of finder: meta path finders for use with sys.meta_path , and path entry finders for use with sys.path_hooks . See Finders and loaders and importlib for much more detail. floor division ¶ Mathematical division that rounds down to nearest integer. The floor division operator is // . For example, the expression 11 // 4 evaluates to 2 in contrast to the 2.75 returned by float true division. Note that (-11) // 4 is -3 because that is -2.75 rounded downward . See PEP 238 . free threading ¶ A threading model where multiple threads can run Python bytecode simultaneously within the same interpreter. This is in contrast to the global interpreter lock which allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time. See PEP 703 . free variable ¶ Formally, as defined in the language execution model , a free variable is any variable used in a namespace which is not a local variable in that namespace. See closure variable for an example. Pragmatically, due to the name of the codeobject.co_freevars attribute, the term is also sometimes used as a synonym for closure variable . function ¶ A series of statements which returns some value to a caller. It can also be passed zero or more arguments which may be used in the execution of the body. See also parameter , method , and the Function definitions section. function annotation ¶ An annotation of a function parameter or return value. Function annotations are usually used for type hints : for example, this function is expected to take two int arguments and is also expected to have an int return value: def sum_two_numbers ( a : int , b : int ) -> int : return a + b Function annotation syntax is explained in section Function definitions . See variable annotation and PEP 484 , which describe this functionality. Also see Annotations Best Practices for best practices on working with annotations. __future__ ¶ A future statement , from __future__ import <feature> , directs the compiler to compile the current module using syntax or semantics that will become standard in a future release of Python. The __future__ module documents the possible values of feature . By importing this module and evaluating its variables, you can see when a new feature was first added to the language and when it will (or did) become the default: >>> import __future__ >>> __future__ . division _Feature((2, 2, 0, 'alpha', 2), (3, 0, 0, 'alpha', 0), 8192) garbage collection ¶ The process of freeing memory when it is not used anymore. Python performs garbage collection via reference counting and a cyclic garbage collector that is able to detect and break reference cycles. The garbage collector can be controlled using the gc module. generator ¶ A function which returns a generator iterator . It looks like a normal function except that it contains yield expressions for producing a series of values usable in a for-loop or that can be retrieved one at a time with the next() function. Usually refers to a generator function, but may refer to a generator iterator in some contexts. In cases where the intended meaning isn’t clear, using the full terms avoids ambiguity. generator iterator ¶ An object created by a generator function. Each yield temporarily suspends processing, remembering the execution state (including local variables and pending try-statements). When the generator iterator resumes, it picks up where it left off (in contrast to functions which start fresh on every invocation). generator expression ¶ An expression that returns an iterator . It looks like a normal expression followed by a for clause defining a loop variable, range, and an optional if clause. The combined expression generates values for an enclosing function: >>> sum ( i * i for i in range ( 10 )) # sum of squares 0, 1, 4, ... 81 285 generic function ¶ A function composed of multiple functions implementing the same operation for different types. Which implementation should be used during a call is determined by the dispatch algorithm. See also the single dispatch glossary entry, the functools.singledispatch() decorator, and PEP 443 . generic type ¶ A type that can be parameterized; typically a container class such as list or dict . Used for type hints and annotations . For more details, see generic alias types , PEP 483 , PEP 484 , PEP 585 , and the typing module. GIL ¶ See global interpreter lock . global interpreter lock ¶ The mechanism used by the CPython interpreter to assure that only one thread executes Python bytecode at a time. This simplifies the CPython implementation by making the object model (including critical built-in types such as dict ) implicitly safe against concurrent access. Locking the entire interpreter makes it easier for the interpreter to be multi-threaded, at the expense of much of the parallelism afforded by multi-processor machines. However, some extension modules, either standard or third-party, are designed so as to release the GIL when doing computationally intensive tasks such as compression or hashing. Also, the GIL is always released when doing I/O. As of Python 3.13, the GIL can be disabled using the --disable-gil build configuration. After building Python with this option, code must be run with -X gil=0 or after setting the PYTHON_GIL=0 environment variable. This feature enables improved performance for multi-threaded applications and makes it easier to use multi-core CPUs efficiently. For more details, see PEP 703 . In prior versions of Python’s C API, a function might declare that it requires the GIL to be held in order to use it. This refers to having an attached thread state . global state ¶ Data that is accessible throughout a program, such as module-level variables, class variables, or C static variables in extension modules . In multi-threaded programs, global state shared between threads typically requires synchronization to avoid race conditions and data races . hash-based pyc ¶ A bytecode cache file that uses the hash rather than the last-modified time of the corresponding source file to determine its validity. See Cached bytecode invalidation . hashable ¶ An object is hashable if it has a hash value which never changes during its lifetime (it needs a __hash__() method), and can be compared to other objects (it needs an __eq__() method). Hashable objects which compare equal must have the same hash value. Hashability makes an object usable as a dictionary key and a set member, because these data structures use the hash value internally. Most of Python’s immutable built-in objects are hashable; mutable containers (such as lists or dictionaries) are not; immutable containers (such as tuples and frozensets) are only hashable if their elements are hashable. Objects which are instances of user-defined classes are hashable by default. They all compare unequal (except with themselves), and their hash value is derived from their id() . IDLE ¶ An Integrated Development and Learning Environment for Python. IDLE — Python editor and shell is a basic editor and interpreter environment which ships with the standard distribution of Python. immortal ¶ Immortal objects are a CPython implementation detail introduced in PEP 683 . If an object is immortal, its reference count is never modified, and therefore it is never deallocated while the interpreter is running. For example, True and None are immortal in CPython. Immortal objects can be identified via sys._is_immortal() , or via PyUnstable_IsImmortal() in the C API. immutable ¶ An object with a fixed value. Immutable objects include numbers, strings and tuples. Such an object cannot be altered. A new object has to be created if a different value has to be stored. They play an important role in places where a constant hash value is needed, for example as a key in a dictionary. Immutable objects are inherently thread-safe because their state cannot be modified after creation, eliminating concerns about improperly synchronized concurrent modification . import path ¶ A list of locations (or path entries ) that are searched by the path based finder for modules to import. During import, this list of locations usually comes from sys.path , but for subpackages it may also come from the parent package’s __path__ attribute. importing ¶ The process by which Python code in one module is made available to Python code in another module. importer ¶ An object that both finds and loads a module; both a finder and loader object. interactive ¶ Python has an interactive interpreter which means you can enter statements and expressions at the interpreter prompt, immediately execute them and see their results. Just launch python with no arguments (possibly by selecting it from your computer’s main menu). It is a very powerful way to test out new ideas or inspect modules and packages (remember help(x) ). For more on interactive mode, see Interactive Mode . interpreted ¶ Python is an interpreted language, as opposed to a compiled one, though the distinction can be blurry because of the presence of the bytecode compiler. This means that source files can be run directly without explicitly creating an executable which is then run. Interpreted languages typically have a shorter development/debug cycle than compiled ones, though their programs generally also run more slowly. See also interactive . interpreter shutdown ¶ When asked to shut down, the Python interpreter enters a special phase where it gradually releases all allocated resources, such as modules and various critical internal structures. It also makes several calls to the garbage collector . This can trigger the execution of code in user-defined destructors or weakref callbacks. Code executed during the shutdown phase can encounter various exceptions as the resources it relies on may not function anymore (common examples are library modules or the warnings machinery). The main reason for interpreter shutdown is that the __main__ module or the script being run has finished executing. iterable ¶ An object capable of returning its members one at a time. Examples of iterables include all sequence types (such as list , str , and tuple ) and some non-sequence types like dict , file objects , and objects of any classes you define with an __iter__() method or with a __getitem__() method that implements sequence semantics. Iterables can be used in a for loop and in many other places where a sequence is needed ( zip() , map() , …). When an iterable object is passed as an argument to the built-in function iter() , it returns an iterator for the object. This iterator is good for one pass over the set of values. When using iterables, it is usually not necessary to call iter() or deal with iterator objects yourself. The for statement does that automatically for you, creating a temporary unnamed variable to hold the iterator for the duration of the loop. See also iterator , sequence , and generator . iterator ¶ An object representing a stream of data. Repeated calls to the iterator’s __next__() method (or passing it to the built-in function next() ) return successive items in the stream. When no more data are available a StopIteration exception is raised instead. At this point, the iterator object is exhausted and any further calls to its __next__() method just raise StopIteration again. Iterators are required to have an __iter__() method that returns the iterator object itself so every iterator is also iterable and may be used in most places where other iterables are accepted. One notable exception is code which attempts multiple iteration passes. A container object (such as a list ) produces a fresh new iterator each time you pass it to the iter() function or use it in a for loop. Attempting this with an iterator will just return the same exhausted iterator object used in the previous iteration pass, making it appear like an empty container. More information can be found in Iterator Types . CPython implementation detail: CPython does not consistently apply the requirement that an iterator define __iter__() . And also please note that free-threaded CPython does not guarantee thread-safe behavior of iterator operations. key function ¶ A key function or collation function is a callable that returns a value used for sorting or ordering. For example, locale.strxfrm() is used to produce a sort key that is aware of locale specific sort conventions. A number of tools in Python accept key functions to control how elements are ordered or grouped. They include min() , max() , sorted() , list.sort() , heapq.merge() , heapq.nsmallest() , heapq.nlargest() , and itertools.groupby() . There are several ways to create a key function. For example. the str.casefold() method can serve as a key function for case insensitive sorts. Alternatively, a key function can be built from a lambda expression such as lambda r: (r[0], r[2]) . Also, operator.attrgetter() , operator.itemgetter() , and operator.methodcaller() are three key function constructors. See the Sorting HOW TO for examples of how to create and use key functions. keyword argument ¶ See argument . lambda ¶ An anonymous inline function consisting of a single expression which is evaluated when the function is called. The syntax to create a lambda function is lambda [parameters]: expression LBYL ¶ Look before you leap. This coding style explicitly tests for pre-conditions before making calls or lookups. This style contrasts with the EAFP approach and is characterized by the presence of many if statements. In a multi-threaded environment, the LBYL approach can risk introducing a race condition between “the looking” and “the leaping”. For example, the code, if key in mapping: return mapping[key] can fail if another thread removes key from mapping after the test, but before the lookup. This issue can be solved with locks or by using the EAFP approach. See also thread-safe . lexical analyzer ¶ Formal name for the tokenizer ; see token . list ¶ A built-in Python sequence . Despite its name it is more akin to an array in other languages than to a linked list since access to elements is O (1). list comprehension ¶ A compact way to process all or part of the elements in a sequence and return a list with the results. result = ['{:#04x}'.format(x) for x in range(256) if x % 2 == 0] generates a list of strings containing even hex numbers (0x..) in the range from 0 to 255. The if clause is optional. If omitted, all elements in range(256) are processed. lock ¶ A synchronization primitive that allows only one thread at a time to access a shared resource. A thread must acquire a lock before accessing the protected resource and release it afterward. If a thread attempts to acquire a lock that is already held by another thread, it will block until the lock becomes available. Python’s threading module provides Lock (a basic lock) and RLock (a reentrant lock). Locks are used to prevent race conditions and ensure thread-safe access to shared data. Alternative design patterns to locks exist such as queues, producer/consumer patterns, and thread-local state. See also deadlock , and reentrant . loader ¶ An object that loads a module. It must define the exec_module() and create_module() methods to implement the Loader interface. A loader is typically returned by a finder . See also: Finders and loaders importlib.abc.Loader PEP 302 locale encoding ¶ On Unix, it is the encoding of the LC_CTYPE locale. It can be set with locale.setlocale(locale.LC_CTYPE, new_locale) . On Windows, it is the ANSI code page (ex: "cp1252" ). On Android and VxWorks, Python uses "utf-8" as the locale encoding. locale.getencoding() can be used to get the locale encoding. See also the filesystem encoding and error handler . magic method ¶ An informal synonym for special method . mapping ¶ A container object that supports arbitrary key lookups and implements the methods specified in the collections.abc.Mapping or collections.abc.MutableMapping abstract base classes . Examples include dict , collections.defaultdict , collections.OrderedDict and collections.Counter . meta path finder ¶ A finder returned by a search of sys.meta_path . Meta path finders are related to, but different from path entry finders . See importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder for the methods that meta path finders implement. metaclass ¶ The class of a class. Class definitions create a class name, a class dictionary, and a list of base classes. The metaclass is responsible for taking those three arguments and creating the class. Most object oriented programming languages provide a default implementation. What makes Python special is that it is possible to create custom metaclasses. Most users never need this tool, but when the need arises, metaclasses can provide powerful, elegant solutions. They have been used for logging attribute access, adding thread-safety, tracking object creation, implementing singletons, and many other tasks. More information can be found in Metaclasses . method ¶ A function which is defined inside a class body. If called as an attribute of an instance of that class, the method will get the instance object as its first argument (which is usually called self ). See function and nested scope . method resolution order ¶ Method Resolution Order is the order in which base classes are searched for a member during lookup. See The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order for details of the algorithm used by the Python interpreter since the 2.3 release. module ¶ An object that serves as an organizational unit of Python code. Modules have a namespace containing arbitrary Python objects. Modules are loaded into Python by the process of importing . See also package . module spec ¶ A namespace containing the import-related information used to load a module. An instance of importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec . See also Module specs . MRO ¶ See method resolution order . mutable ¶ An object with state that is allowed to change during the course of the program. In multi-threaded programs, mutable objects that are shared between threads require careful synchronization to avoid race conditions . See also immutable , thread-safe , and concurrent modification . named tuple ¶ The term “named tuple” applies to any type or class that inherits from tuple and whose indexable elements are also accessible using named attributes. The type or class may have other features as well. Several built-in types are named tuples, including the values returned by time.localtime() and os.stat() . Another example is sys.float_info : >>> sys . float_info [ 1 ] # indexed access 1024 >>> sys . float_info . max_exp # named field access 1024 >>> isinstance ( sys . float_info , tuple ) # kind of tuple True Some named tuples are built-in types (such as the above examples). Alternatively, a named tuple can be created from a regular class definition that inherits from tuple and that defines named fields. Such a class can be written by hand, or it can be created by inheriting typing.NamedTuple , or with the factory function collections.namedtuple() . The latter techniques also add some extra methods that may not be found in hand-written or built-in named tuples. namespace ¶ The place where a variable is stored. Namespaces are implemented as dictionaries. There are the local, global and built-in namespaces as well as nested namespaces in objects (in methods). Namespaces support modularity by preventing naming conflicts. For instance, the functions builtins.open and os.open() are distinguished by their namespaces. Namespaces also aid readability and maintainability by making it clear which module implements a function. For instance, writing random.seed() or itertools.islice() makes it clear that those functions are implemented by the random and itertools modules, respectively. namespace package ¶ A package which serves only as a container for subpackages. Namespace packages may have no physical representation, and specifically are not like a regular package because they have no __init__.py file. Namespace packages allow several individually installable packages to have a common parent package. Otherwise, it is recommended to use a regular package . For more information, see PEP 420 and Namespace packages . See also module . native code ¶ Code that is compiled to machine instructions and runs directly on the processor, as opposed to code that is interpreted or runs in a virtual machine. In the context of Python, native code typically refers to C, C++, Rust or Fortran code in extension modules that can be called from Python. See also extension module . nested scope ¶ The ability to refer to a variable in an enclosing definition. For instance, a function defined inside another function can refer to variables in the outer function. Note that nested scopes by default work only for reference and not for assignment. Local variables both read and write in the innermost scope. Likewise, global variables read and write to the global namespace. The nonlocal allows writing to outer scopes. new-style class ¶ Old name for the flavor of classes now used for all class objects. In earlier Python versions, only new-style classes could use Python’s newer, versatile features like __slots__ , descriptors, properties, __getattribute__() , class methods, and static methods. non-deterministic ¶ Behavior where the outcome of a program can vary between executions with the same inputs. In multi-threaded programs, non-deterministic behavior often results from race conditions where the relative timing or interleaving of threads affects the result. Proper synchronization using locks and other synchronization primitives helps ensure deterministic behavior. object ¶ Any data with state (attributes or value) and defined behavior (methods). Also the ultimate base class of any new-style class . optimized scope ¶ A scope where target local variable names are reliably known to the compiler when the code is compiled, allowing optimization of read and write access to these names. The local namespaces for functions, generators, coroutines, comprehensions, and generator expressions are optimized in this fashion. Note: most interpreter optimizations are applied to all scopes, only those relying on a known set of local and nonlocal variable names are restricted to optimized scopes. optional module ¶ An extension module that is part of the standard library , but may be absent in some builds of CPython , usually due to missing third-party libraries or because the module is not available for a given platform. See Requirements for optional modules for a list of optional modules that require third-party libraries. package ¶ A Python module which can contain submodules or recursively, subpackages. Technically, a package is a Python module with a __path__ attribute. See also regular package and namespace package . parallelism ¶ Executing multiple operations at the same time (e.g. on multiple CPU cores). In Python builds with the global interpreter lock (GIL) , only one thread runs Python bytecode at a time, so taking advantage of multiple CPU cores typically involves multiple processes (e.g. multiprocessing ) or native extensions that release the GIL. In free-threaded Python, multiple Python threads can run Python code simultaneously on different cores. parameter ¶ A named entity in a function (or method) definition that specifies an argument (or in some cases, arguments) that the function can accept. There are five kinds of parameter: positional-or-keyword : specifies an argument that can be passed either positionally or as a keyword argument . This is the default kind of parameter, for example foo and bar in the following: def func ( foo , bar = None ): ... positional-only : specifies an argument that can be supplied only by position. Positional-only parameters can be defined by including a / character in the parameter list of the function definition after them, for example posonly1 and posonly2 in the following: def func ( posonly1 , posonly2 , / , positional_or_keyword ): ... keyword-only : specifies an argument that can be supplied only by keyword. Keyword-only parameters can be defined by including a single var-positional parameter or bare * in the parameter list of the function definition before them, for example kw_only1 and kw_only2 in the following: def func ( arg , * , kw_only1 , kw_only2 ): ... var-positional : specifies that an arbitrary sequence of positional arguments can be provided (in addition to any positional arguments already accepted by other parameters). Such a parameter can be defined by prepending the parameter name with * , for example args in the following: def func ( * args , ** kwargs ): ... var-keyword : specifies that arbitrarily many keyword arguments can be provided (in addition to any keyword arguments already accepted by other parameters). Such a parameter can be defined by prepending the parameter name with ** , for example kwargs in the example above. Parameters can specify both optional and required arguments, as well as default values for some optional arguments. See also the argument glossary entry, the FAQ question on the difference between arguments and parameters , the inspect.Parameter class, the Function definitions section, and PEP 362 . path entry ¶ A single location on the import path which the path based finder consults to find modules for importing. path entry finder ¶ A finder returned by a callable on sys.path_hooks (i.e. a path entry hook ) which knows how to locate modules given a path entry . See importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder for the methods that path entry finders implement. path entry hook ¶ A callable on the sys.path_hooks list which returns a path entry finder if it knows how to find modules on a specific path entry . path based finder ¶ One of the default meta path finders which searches an import path for modules. path-like object ¶ An object representing a file system path. A path-like object is either a str or bytes object representing a path, or an object implementing the os.PathLike protocol. An object that supports the os.PathLike protocol can be converted to a str or bytes file system path by calling the os.fspath() function; os.fsdecode() and os.fsencode() can be used to guarantee a str or bytes result instead, respectively. Introduced by PEP 519 . PEP ¶ Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is a design document providing information to the Python community, or describing a new feature for Python or its processes or environment. PEPs should provide a concise technical specification and a rationale for proposed features. PEPs are intended to be the primary mechanisms for proposing major new features, for collecting community input on an issue, and for documenting the design decisions that have gone into Python. The PEP author is responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting dissenting opinions. See PEP 1 . portion ¶ A set of files in a single directory (possibly stored in a zip file) that contribute to a namespace package, as defined in PEP 420 . positional argument ¶ See argument . provisional API ¶ A provisional API is one which has been deliberately excluded from the standard library’s backwards compatibility guarantees. While major changes to such interfaces are not expected, as long as they are marked provisional, backwards incompatible changes (up to and including removal of the interface) may occur if deemed necessary by core developers. Such changes will not be made | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.fsf.org/about/staff/ | Staff and Board — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software ​ Push freedom ahead! The free software community has always thwarted the toughest challenges facing freedom in technology. This winter season, we want to thank the many individuals and projects that have helped us get where we are today: a world where a growing number of users are able to do their computing in full freedom. Our work isn't over. We have so much more to do. Help us reach our stretch New Year's membership goal of 100 new associate members by January 16, 2026, and keep the FSF strong and independent. Join | Read more Join Renew Donate Skip to content , sitemap or skip to search . Personal tools Log in Help! Members forum About Campaigns Licensing Membership Resources Community ♥Donate♥ Shop Search You are here: Home › About › staff and board Info Staff and Board by Free Software Foundation Contributions — Published on Aug 10, 2016 10:43 AM Meet the staff, board of directors, and voting members of the Free Software Foundation. Staff Zoë Kooyman, Executive Director zoe@fsf.org GPG key: B102 017C CF69 8F79 423E F9CC 069C 04D2 06A5 9505 Kooyman joined the Free Software Foundation (FSF) as program manager in 2019, in charge of public activities and communications, and became the executive director in February 2022. As program manager, she led the FSF to new records for attendance and submissions at the annual LibrePlanet conference, organizing and leading the conference for three years (2020-2022). The 2020 event was converted into a successful virtual conference in just five days at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and continues virtually for the time being. Kooyman directed the development of a series of animated videos highlighting and increasing awareness of important free software issues. She also drove successful efforts in associate member recruitment and fundraising. Prior to coming to the FSF, she was already a highly experienced international project manager and event producer. She has demonstrated skills in leading technology and social justice initiatives. Kooyman holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Media and Culture and a Master of Arts in the Preservation and Presentation of the Moving Image, both from the University of Amsterdam. Born in the Netherlands, she has lived in seven countries and worked in twenty-two countries on four continents, soaking up life lessons along the way. She has a deep interest in the visual and digital nature of modern society, is always up for an adventure outdoors and, in true Dutch style, prefers to travel by bicycle. Craig Topham, Copyright & Licensing Associate craigt@fsf.org GPG key: 36C9 950D 2F68 254E D89C 7C03 F9C1 3A10 581A B853 For general licensing questions: licensing@fsf.org Craig has been an Associate Member since 2007, and he came to work for the Free Software Foundation as a Copyright and Licensing Associate at the end of 2018. Prior to the FSF, Craig worked as a PC/Network Technician for the City of Eugene, Oregon for twelve years. Some of Craig's FSF duties include: handling copyright assignments , GPL compliance for FSF-copyrighted works, and helping with the Respect Your Freedom program. Besides the desire to see free software thrive, Craig also envisions a world where everyone's inner light shines bright. You can find him every Friday hosting the Free Software Directory meeting on libera.chat #fsf from 12:00-15:00 Eastern time. Dawn Bryanton Peterson, Business Operations Manager dawnbp@fsf.org GPG Key: 2D13 0405 6F4F 061D ADEA E299 A2C7 6C54 25EF 14E8 Dawn joined the Free Software Foundation in 2019, bringing a diverse set of skills to the Foundation. With a degree in accounting, she worked in investment banking as project manger, for accounting, data, and payroll systems, before moving to work in the nonprofit sector. At the FSF, she handles incoming and outgoing accounting activities for all its member projects as well as finance, budgeting, human resources, and risk management for the Foundation. In her free time, Dawn can be found in a yoga studio, swimming, or spending time with her family. Eko K. A. Owen, Outreach & Communications Coordinator ekokao@fsf.org GPG Key: 44BC 4C41 7572 906B 0308 B01A 5E85 814E 300A 1177 Eko K. A. Owen (they/them) joined the Free Software Foundation as the Outreach and Communications Coordinator (OCC) in 2024. As OCC, they use their editing skills and creativity to help push FSF publications and events forward. Prior to working with the FSF, Eko worked in continuing legal education programming, diversity and inclusion education, and coffee crafting. They advocate for user freedom because it is a human right, and a vital tool for securing and protecting other human rights. In their spare time, Eko reads science fiction and horror novels, tries out new recipes with their partner, and writes moody fiction. Greg Farough, Campaigns Manager gregf@fsf.org GPG key: 7CCC 7ECD 3D78 EB38 4F6C 02C8 9669 5161 7A14 9C73 Greg's introduction to free software came by way of the Punkcast video blog in 2006. Intending to see a concert bootleg, they saw an RMS speech instead. From that moment forward, they resolved to use an exclusively free system. Greg started at the FSF in 2019. Ian Kelling, Senior Systems Administrator iank@fsf.org GPG key: B125 F60B 7B28 7FF6 A2B7 DF8F 170A F0E2 9542 95DF Ian was an FSF volunteer before joining the FSF in May 2017 as a senior systems administrator. He's also a free software developer and has contributed to various projects including GNU Emacs. Jeanne Rasata, Membership Coordinator jeanne@fsf.org GPG key: EF66 43D6 E1F1 15D1 A9B7 D59C 92D1 6583 E1E7 C532 Jeanne Rasata started at the FSF in 2006 as the program assistant. She is now the membership coordinator. Krzysztof Siewicz, Licensing and Compliance Manager ksiewicz@fsf.org GPG key: 6DC9 E663 36DB 9588 81AB 7E43 2671 24EF FC9C D84E Krzysztof (Chris) started as the Free Software Foundation's licensing and compliance manager in October 2023. He holds a doctorate in legal studies from Universiteit Leiden, the Netherlands, for a thesis which discussed the optimal framework for the protection of software freedom. His experience includes practicing law in Poland, advocating, and educating in the area of free and permissive licensing in various projects carried out by NGOs, educational, academic, and cultural institutions from Poland and other EU member states. Krzysztof also worked as a project coordinator, including in software development. Michael McMahon, GNU/Linux Systems Administrator michael@fsf.org GPG key: 4337 2794 C8AD D5CA 8FCF FA6C D037 59DA B600 E3C0 Michael joined the FSF tech team as Web Developer in January 2019 after working with GNU/Linux in manufacturing, game development, and education. Michael became a Systems Administrator in September 2023. He enjoys tinkering, board games, TTRPGs, DJing, public speaking, parenting, and cats. GPG keyring and GPG signature of the FSF staff and board. Board of directors (Alphabetized by first name.) More about the role of the FSF's board of directors Ian Kelling, FSF President GPG key: B125 F60B 7B28 7FF6 A2B7 DF8F 170A F0E2 9542 95DF Ian holds a bachelor's degree in computer science and is a continuous user, developer, and advocate for free software. His past experience working as a software developer for proprietary software companies, while using, learning, and contributing to GNU/Linux on his own time, solidified his personal belief in complete software freedom. He now works exclusively on GNU/Linux. He has contributed to pieces of free software like GNU Emacs, community efforts like the Free Software Directory and others, and has been a speaker at the Seattle GNU/Linux conference (SeaGL). Ian joined the Free Software Foundation in 2017, where he is a senior systems administrator. Alex Oliva Alex "lxo" Oliva lives two lives. In one, he's a respectable (i.e., free) software hacker, having worked as GNU Toolchain developer since 2000 at Red Hat and AdaCore, and he does his taxes in Brazil with free software he's maintained since 2007. In the other life, he's a software freedom activist, who speaks, writes, and attempts to motivate people to take the red pill and escape the surveillance matrix most of us live in. He's used GNU since 1991, and contributed to it since 1993. He's maintained GNU Linux-libre since 2008, and launched the 0G project to escape the surveillance black hole in 2019. He co-founded FSF Latin America, and he's a member of LibrePlanet São Paulo, a GNU Speaker, and the recipient of the 2016 FSF Award for the Advancement of Free Software. He graduated as a Computing Engineer and became MSc in Computer Sciences at University of Campinas, where he got acquainted with free software. Christina Haralanova Christina is an academic researcher, free software activist, technical trainer, and university lecturer. She has been an active free software supporter since 2000, helping over 30 women's rights-defending organizations and community centers understand the importance of software freedom and migrate to free software. Founding member of the Free Software Association, Bulgaria, and later Board member of Koumbit, member of FACIL – for the adoption of free software in Quebec (FACiL, pour l'appropriation collective de l'informatique libre), Christina has been working in the intersection of technology, feminism, and social justice. Christina's Master's thesis analyzed women's contribution to free software development (2010). Her Ph.D. thesis discovered how to transform hacking spaces to become more accessible, diverse, and pedagogically engaging diverse, and accessible to everyone (2019) . In her current practice, Christina is exploring ways to help Canadian community organizations create strategic and sustainable technological practices in their daily usage. Eko K.A. Owen, FSF Outreach & Communications Coordinator Eko K. A. Owen (they/them) joined the Free Software Foundation as the Outreach and Communications Coordinator (OCC) in 2024. As OCC, they use their editing skills and creativity to help push FSF publications and events forward. Prior to working with the FSF, Eko worked in continuing legal education programming, diversity and inclusion education, and coffee crafting. They advocate for user freedom because it is a human right, and a vital tool for securing and protecting other human rights. In their spare time, Eko reads science fiction and horror novels, tries out new recipes with their partner, and writes moody fiction. Gerald Jay Sussman, Professor of Electrical Engineering at MIT Gerald has been involved in artificial intelligence research at MIT since 1964. He co-authored Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs and Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics and is the recipient of numerous awards, including ACM's Karl Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award and the Amar G. Bose award for teaching. He is a fellow of numerous institutions including the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, the ACM, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the New York Academy of Arts, and Sciences. Henry Poole, founder of CivicActions Henry Poole is an Internet strategist with three decades' experience in information technology and more than a decade's with online communities and commerce. He was the first technologist to set up a blog for a member of the US House of Representatives. He has presented at conferences in Europe and in the US, and was the technical editor of Demystifying Multimedia . He co-founded CivicActions, a grassroots campaign technology consulting firm in 2004, helping provide network-centric free software technology solutions focusing on transforming the world. John Gilmore John Gilmore is a philanthropist, computer engineer, entrepreneur, civil libertarian, and nonprofit board member. He is a pioneer with thirty years of experience in the computer industry, including applications programming, systems programming, language implementation, management, and investment. He was the fifth employee at Sun Microsystems, cofounder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and a cypherpunk privacy activist. He co-designed the DHCP protocol that your phone or laptop uses daily to get its Internet address. He also contributed decades and more than $12 million to improving United States drug laws. Gilmore has served as a member of many nonprofit and for-profit boards for four decades. He co-founded Cygnus Support , the successful commercial free software company that polished and supported GCC , Binutils, and GDB; and invested tens of millions of revenue dollars into engineers improving GNU tools. Gilmore also wrote, maintained, or improved many free software programs. He wrote the program that became GNU Tar , was the GDB maintainer for years, improved the GNU Binutils and the GNU manuals , and catalyzed and funded GNU Radio and Gnash . Maria Chiara Pievatolo Maria Chiara Pievatolo is a professor of political philosophy at the university of Pisa, Italy. She is one of the earliest Italian proponents and practitioners of open (as in "free") scholarly principles. She founded one of the oldest Italian Open Access journals in the humanities and social sciences, the "Bollettino telematico di filosofia politica." Chiara is also a founding member of the Italian Association for the promotion of Open Science (AISA), of which she is currently president. "Openness" of science refers to the freedom of knowledge commons from obstacles due to monopolies and secrecy, bureaucratic evaluation obligations, or academic hierarchy. Inspired by the philosophy of GPL, free software, and copyleft she is interested in alternative non-monopolistic forms of copyright (such as Kant's), and thus that are capable of taking seriously the interest of the public use of reason and the knowledge commons. Richard M. Stallman GPG key: 6781 9B34 3B2A B70D ED93 2087 2C64 64AF 2A8E 4C02 Richard Stallman founded the free software movement in 1983 when he announced he would develop the GNU operating system, a Unix-like operating system meant to consist entirely of free software. He has been the GNU project's leader ever since. In October 1985 he started the Free Software Foundation. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time in political advocacy for free software. Before that, Richard developed a number of widely used programs that are components of GNU. Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft, and is the main author of the GNU General Public License, the most widely used free software license. Stallman graduated from Harvard in 1974 with a BA in physics. During his college years and after, he worked as a staff hacker at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, learning operating system development by doing it. He wrote the first extensible Emacs text editor there in 1975. Geoffrey Knauth, FSF Treasurer Geoffrey is an independent software contractor, has worked as a programmer, senior associate, systems engineer, and systems analyst at various companies and has contributed to the GNU Objective-C project. He is fluent in Russian and French and has a working knowledge of German, which helps him maintain relationships with computer scientists, mathematicians, and physicists of the Russian Academy of Sciences and with United States economists, scientists, and agencies. He holds a BA in Economics from Harvard University and is the treasurer of the FSF. Voting members About the distinction between voting and board members Alexandre Oliva Christina Haralanova Gerald Jay Sussman Henry Poole Ian Kelling John Gilmore Maria Chiara Pievatolo Odile Bénassy Richard M. Stallman Read about our board governance and the new board recruitment process . Document Actions Share on social networks Syndicate: News Events Blogs Jobs GNU 1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN Help the FSF stay strong Ring in the new year by supporting software freedom and helping us reach our goal of 100 new associate members ! About the FSF What is free software? FSF staff and board of directors The role of the FSF's board of directors Frequently asked questions about the FSF board FSF interns Campaigns Licensing & Compliance Lab Working Together for Free Software Fund Contact Us Press Information FSF in Charity Navigator FSF financial information Sign up Enter your email address to receive our monthly newsletter, the Free Software Supporter News Eko K. A. Owen joins the FSF board as the union staff pick Dec 29, 2025 Free Software Foundation receives historic private donations Dec 24, 2025 Free Software Awards winners announced: Andy Wingo, Alx Sa, Govdirectory Dec 09, 2025 More news… Recent blogs Turning freedom values into freedom practice with the FSF tech team December GNU Spotlight with Amin Bandali featuring sixteen new GNU releases: GnuPG, a2ps, and more! Celebrate the new year: join the free software community! A message from FSF president Ian Kelling Recent blogs - More… Upcoming Events Free Software Directory meeting on IRC: Friday, January 16, starting at 12:00 EST (17:00 UTC) Jan 16, 2026 12:00 PM - 03:00 PM — #fsf on libera.chat Previous events… Upcoming events… The FSF is a charity with a worldwide mission to advance software freedom — learn about our history and work. Copyright © 2004-2026 Free Software Foundation , Inc. Privacy Policy . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 license (or later version) — Why this license? Skip sitemap or skip to licensing items About Staff and Board Contact Us Press Information Jobs Volunteering and Internships History Privacy Policy JavaScript Licenses Hardware Database Free Software Directory Free Software Resources Copyright Infringement Notification Skip to general items Campaigns Freedom Ladder Fight to Repair Free JavaScript High Priority Free Software Projects Secure Boot vs Restricted Boot Surveillance Upgrade from Windows Working Together for Free Software GNU Operating System Defective by Design End Software Patents OpenDocument Free BIOS Connect with free software users Skip to philosophical items Licensing Education Licenses GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL GNU FDL Licensing FAQ Compliance How to use GNU licenses for your own software Latest News Upcoming Events FSF Blogs Skip list Donate to the FSF Join the FSF Patrons Associate Members My Account Working Together for Free Software Fund Philosophy The Free Software Definition Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism Free Software and Free Manuals Selling Free Software Motives for Writing Free Software The Right To Read Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software Complete Sitemap fsf.org is powered by: Plone Zope Python CiviCRM HTML5 Arabic Belarussian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Cornish Czech Danish English French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Italian Japanese Korean Norwegian Polish Portuguese Portuguese (Brazil) Romanian Russian Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Urdu Welsh Send your feedback on our translations and new translations of pages to campaigns@fsf.org . | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/evanlin/my-thoughts-on-vibe-coding-and-gemini-cli-4ple | My Thoughts on Vibe Coding and Gemini CLI - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Evan Lin Posted on Jan 11 • Originally published at evanlin.com on Jan 11 My Thoughts on Vibe Coding and Gemini CLI # gemini # cli # discuss # ai title: [Vibe Coding][Gemini CLI] Some Thoughts on Vibe Coding published: false date: 2025-07-30 00:00:00 UTC tags: canonical_url: https://www.evanlin.com/til-about-vibe-coding/ ---  ### »»» Imagination is Important ««« Just like "Übel" from *Frieren: Beyond Journey's End*, "imagination" is actually very crucial in product development. This is somewhat like "Butcher Ding's Ox," where you need to anticipate how to break down the problem and complete it efficiently. Vibe Coding is such a "completed" tool. (This analogy is a bit old-school XD) For example (I'll probably write an article about this in the next few days), if you want to use an army of Agents to assist in product development: - You can't just have a one-sentence requirement. - You must describe in detail the functionality you want to achieve (similar to a PRD). - It's best to supplement with relevant background knowledge, such as Github App or Github Webhook, which can save hundreds of dollars in discussion fees.  ### Personal Thoughts on Vibe Coding: - A good development process and deployment method can allow Vibe Coding to achieve greater benefits. This is also the most obvious difference between senior engineers and those who understand system architecture. - Don't fully trust AI; you still need to play the role of a quality gatekeeper (whether you're the boss or the client). - Senior engineers are usually optimistic about Vibe Coding because they know how to check and even correct the AI's development methods. My current habit is to let Vibe Coding run in YOLO mode once before a meeting, and then check what it has done. Actually, it's really enjoyable to use for developing side-projects! Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Evan Lin Follow Attitude is Everything. @golangtw Co-Organizer / LINE Taiwan Technology Evangelist. Golang GDE. Location Taipei Work Technology Evangelist at LINE Corp. Joined Jun 16, 2020 More from Evan Lin Python] Build a Smart Document Assistant LINE Bot with Python + Gemini File Search: Let AI Help You Read Documents # gemini # python # rag [Gemini 3.0][Google Search] Using the Google Search Grounding API with Gemini 3.0 Pro to Build a News and Information Assistant # gcp # gemini [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 # security # blockchain # techtalks # ai 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-immutable | Glossary — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Deprecations Next topic About this documentation This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Glossary | Theme Auto Light Dark | Glossary ¶ >>> ¶ The default Python prompt of the interactive shell. Often seen for code examples which can be executed interactively in the interpreter. ... ¶ Can refer to: The default Python prompt of the interactive shell when entering the code for an indented code block, when within a pair of matching left and right delimiters (parentheses, square brackets, curly braces or triple quotes), or after specifying a decorator. The three dots form of the Ellipsis object. abstract base class ¶ Abstract base classes complement duck-typing by providing a way to define interfaces when other techniques like hasattr() would be clumsy or subtly wrong (for example with magic methods ). ABCs introduce virtual subclasses, which are classes that don’t inherit from a class but are still recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() ; see the abc module documentation. Python comes with many built-in ABCs for data structures (in the collections.abc module), numbers (in the numbers module), streams (in the io module), import finders and loaders (in the importlib.abc module). You can create your own ABCs with the abc module. annotate function ¶ A function that can be called to retrieve the annotations of an object. This function is accessible as the __annotate__ attribute of functions, classes, and modules. Annotate functions are a subset of evaluate functions . annotation ¶ A label associated with a variable, a class attribute or a function parameter or return value, used by convention as a type hint . Annotations of local variables cannot be accessed at runtime, but annotations of global variables, class attributes, and functions can be retrieved by calling annotationlib.get_annotations() on modules, classes, and functions, respectively. See variable annotation , function annotation , PEP 484 , PEP 526 , and PEP 649 , which describe this functionality. Also see Annotations Best Practices for best practices on working with annotations. argument ¶ A value passed to a function (or method ) when calling the function. There are two kinds of argument: keyword argument : an argument preceded by an identifier (e.g. name= ) in a function call or passed as a value in a dictionary preceded by ** . For example, 3 and 5 are both keyword arguments in the following calls to complex() : complex ( real = 3 , imag = 5 ) complex ( ** { 'real' : 3 , 'imag' : 5 }) positional argument : an argument that is not a keyword argument. Positional arguments can appear at the beginning of an argument list and/or be passed as elements of an iterable preceded by * . For example, 3 and 5 are both positional arguments in the following calls: complex ( 3 , 5 ) complex ( * ( 3 , 5 )) Arguments are assigned to the named local variables in a function body. See the Calls section for the rules governing this assignment. Syntactically, any expression can be used to represent an argument; the evaluated value is assigned to the local variable. See also the parameter glossary entry, the FAQ question on the difference between arguments and parameters , and PEP 362 . asynchronous context manager ¶ An object which controls the environment seen in an async with statement by defining __aenter__() and __aexit__() methods. Introduced by PEP 492 . asynchronous generator ¶ A function which returns an asynchronous generator iterator . It looks like a coroutine function defined with async def except that it contains yield expressions for producing a series of values usable in an async for loop. Usually refers to an asynchronous generator function, but may refer to an asynchronous generator iterator in some contexts. In cases where the intended meaning isn’t clear, using the full terms avoids ambiguity. An asynchronous generator function may contain await expressions as well as async for , and async with statements. asynchronous generator iterator ¶ An object created by an asynchronous generator function. This is an asynchronous iterator which when called using the __anext__() method returns an awaitable object which will execute the body of the asynchronous generator function until the next yield expression. Each yield temporarily suspends processing, remembering the execution state (including local variables and pending try-statements). When the asynchronous generator iterator effectively resumes with another awaitable returned by __anext__() , it picks up where it left off. See PEP 492 and PEP 525 . asynchronous iterable ¶ An object, that can be used in an async for statement. Must return an asynchronous iterator from its __aiter__() method. Introduced by PEP 492 . asynchronous iterator ¶ An object that implements the __aiter__() and __anext__() methods. __anext__() must return an awaitable object. async for resolves the awaitables returned by an asynchronous iterator’s __anext__() method until it raises a StopAsyncIteration exception. Introduced by PEP 492 . atomic operation ¶ An operation that appears to execute as a single, indivisible step: no other thread can observe it half-done, and its effects become visible all at once. Python does not guarantee that high-level statements are atomic (for example, x += 1 performs multiple bytecode operations and is not atomic). Atomicity is only guaranteed where explicitly documented. See also race condition and data race . attached thread state ¶ A thread state that is active for the current OS thread. When a thread state is attached, the OS thread has access to the full Python C API and can safely invoke the bytecode interpreter. Unless a function explicitly notes otherwise, attempting to call the C API without an attached thread state will result in a fatal error or undefined behavior. A thread state can be attached and detached explicitly by the user through the C API, or implicitly by the runtime, including during blocking C calls and by the bytecode interpreter in between calls. On most builds of Python, having an attached thread state implies that the caller holds the GIL for the current interpreter, so only one OS thread can have an attached thread state at a given moment. In free-threaded builds of Python, threads can concurrently hold an attached thread state, allowing for true parallelism of the bytecode interpreter. attribute ¶ A value associated with an object which is usually referenced by name using dotted expressions. For example, if an object o has an attribute a it would be referenced as o.a . It is possible to give an object an attribute whose name is not an identifier as defined by Names (identifiers and keywords) , for example using setattr() , if the object allows it. Such an attribute will not be accessible using a dotted expression, and would instead need to be retrieved with getattr() . awaitable ¶ An object that can be used in an await expression. Can be a coroutine or an object with an __await__() method. See also PEP 492 . BDFL ¶ Benevolent Dictator For Life, a.k.a. Guido van Rossum , Python’s creator. binary file ¶ A file object able to read and write bytes-like objects . Examples of binary files are files opened in binary mode ( 'rb' , 'wb' or 'rb+' ), sys.stdin.buffer , sys.stdout.buffer , and instances of io.BytesIO and gzip.GzipFile . See also text file for a file object able to read and write str objects. borrowed reference ¶ In Python’s C API, a borrowed reference is a reference to an object, where the code using the object does not own the reference. It becomes a dangling pointer if the object is destroyed. For example, a garbage collection can remove the last strong reference to the object and so destroy it. Calling Py_INCREF() on the borrowed reference is recommended to convert it to a strong reference in-place, except when the object cannot be destroyed before the last usage of the borrowed reference. The Py_NewRef() function can be used to create a new strong reference . bytes-like object ¶ An object that supports the Buffer Protocol and can export a C- contiguous buffer. This includes all bytes , bytearray , and array.array objects, as well as many common memoryview objects. Bytes-like objects can be used for various operations that work with binary data; these include compression, saving to a binary file, and sending over a socket. Some operations need the binary data to be mutable. The documentation often refers to these as “read-write bytes-like objects”. Example mutable buffer objects include bytearray and a memoryview of a bytearray . Other operations require the binary data to be stored in immutable objects (“read-only bytes-like objects”); examples of these include bytes and a memoryview of a bytes object. bytecode ¶ Python source code is compiled into bytecode, the internal representation of a Python program in the CPython interpreter. The bytecode is also cached in .pyc files so that executing the same file is faster the second time (recompilation from source to bytecode can be avoided). This “intermediate language” is said to run on a virtual machine that executes the machine code corresponding to each bytecode. Do note that bytecodes are not expected to work between different Python virtual machines, nor to be stable between Python releases. A list of bytecode instructions can be found in the documentation for the dis module . callable ¶ A callable is an object that can be called, possibly with a set of arguments (see argument ), with the following syntax: callable ( argument1 , argument2 , argumentN ) A function , and by extension a method , is a callable. An instance of a class that implements the __call__() method is also a callable. callback ¶ A subroutine function which is passed as an argument to be executed at some point in the future. class ¶ A template for creating user-defined objects. Class definitions normally contain method definitions which operate on instances of the class. class variable ¶ A variable defined in a class and intended to be modified only at class level (i.e., not in an instance of the class). closure variable ¶ A free variable referenced from a nested scope that is defined in an outer scope rather than being resolved at runtime from the globals or builtin namespaces. May be explicitly defined with the nonlocal keyword to allow write access, or implicitly defined if the variable is only being read. For example, in the inner function in the following code, both x and print are free variables , but only x is a closure variable : def outer (): x = 0 def inner (): nonlocal x x += 1 print ( x ) return inner Due to the codeobject.co_freevars attribute (which, despite its name, only includes the names of closure variables rather than listing all referenced free variables), the more general free variable term is sometimes used even when the intended meaning is to refer specifically to closure variables. complex number ¶ An extension of the familiar real number system in which all numbers are expressed as a sum of a real part and an imaginary part. Imaginary numbers are real multiples of the imaginary unit (the square root of -1 ), often written i in mathematics or j in engineering. Python has built-in support for complex numbers, which are written with this latter notation; the imaginary part is written with a j suffix, e.g., 3+1j . To get access to complex equivalents of the math module, use cmath . Use of complex numbers is a fairly advanced mathematical feature. If you’re not aware of a need for them, it’s almost certain you can safely ignore them. concurrency ¶ The ability of a computer program to perform multiple tasks at the same time. Python provides libraries for writing programs that make use of different forms of concurrency. asyncio is a library for dealing with asynchronous tasks and coroutines. threading provides access to operating system threads and multiprocessing to operating system processes. Multi-core processors can execute threads and processes on different CPU cores at the same time (see parallelism ). concurrent modification ¶ When multiple threads modify shared data at the same time. Concurrent modification without proper synchronization can cause race conditions , and might also trigger a data race , data corruption, or both. context ¶ This term has different meanings depending on where and how it is used. Some common meanings: The temporary state or environment established by a context manager via a with statement. The collection of keyvalue bindings associated with a particular contextvars.Context object and accessed via ContextVar objects. Also see context variable . A contextvars.Context object. Also see current context . context management protocol ¶ The __enter__() and __exit__() methods called by the with statement. See PEP 343 . context manager ¶ An object which implements the context management protocol and controls the environment seen in a with statement. See PEP 343 . context variable ¶ A variable whose value depends on which context is the current context . Values are accessed via contextvars.ContextVar objects. Context variables are primarily used to isolate state between concurrent asynchronous tasks. contiguous ¶ A buffer is considered contiguous exactly if it is either C-contiguous or Fortran contiguous . Zero-dimensional buffers are C and Fortran contiguous. In one-dimensional arrays, the items must be laid out in memory next to each other, in order of increasing indexes starting from zero. In multidimensional C-contiguous arrays, the last index varies the fastest when visiting items in order of memory address. However, in Fortran contiguous arrays, the first index varies the fastest. coroutine ¶ Coroutines are a more generalized form of subroutines. Subroutines are entered at one point and exited at another point. Coroutines can be entered, exited, and resumed at many different points. They can be implemented with the async def statement. See also PEP 492 . coroutine function ¶ A function which returns a coroutine object. A coroutine function may be defined with the async def statement, and may contain await , async for , and async with keywords. These were introduced by PEP 492 . CPython ¶ The canonical implementation of the Python programming language, as distributed on python.org . The term “CPython” is used when necessary to distinguish this implementation from others such as Jython or IronPython. current context ¶ The context ( contextvars.Context object) that is currently used by ContextVar objects to access (get or set) the values of context variables . Each thread has its own current context. Frameworks for executing asynchronous tasks (see asyncio ) associate each task with a context which becomes the current context whenever the task starts or resumes execution. cyclic isolate ¶ A subgroup of one or more objects that reference each other in a reference cycle, but are not referenced by objects outside the group. The goal of the cyclic garbage collector is to identify these groups and break the reference cycles so that the memory can be reclaimed. data race ¶ A situation where multiple threads access the same memory location concurrently, at least one of the accesses is a write, and the threads do not use any synchronization to control their access. Data races lead to non-deterministic behavior and can cause data corruption. Proper use of locks and other synchronization primitives prevents data races. Note that data races can only happen in native code, but that native code might be exposed in a Python API. See also race condition and thread-safe . deadlock ¶ A situation in which two or more tasks (threads, processes, or coroutines) wait indefinitely for each other to release resources or complete actions, preventing any from making progress. For example, if thread A holds lock 1 and waits for lock 2, while thread B holds lock 2 and waits for lock 1, both threads will wait indefinitely. In Python this often arises from acquiring multiple locks in conflicting orders or from circular join/await dependencies. Deadlocks can be avoided by always acquiring multiple locks in a consistent order. See also lock and reentrant . decorator ¶ A function returning another function, usually applied as a function transformation using the @wrapper syntax. Common examples for decorators are classmethod() and staticmethod() . The decorator syntax is merely syntactic sugar, the following two function definitions are semantically equivalent: def f ( arg ): ... f = staticmethod ( f ) @staticmethod def f ( arg ): ... The same concept exists for classes, but is less commonly used there. See the documentation for function definitions and class definitions for more about decorators. descriptor ¶ Any object which defines the methods __get__() , __set__() , or __delete__() . When a class attribute is a descriptor, its special binding behavior is triggered upon attribute lookup. Normally, using a.b to get, set or delete an attribute looks up the object named b in the class dictionary for a , but if b is a descriptor, the respective descriptor method gets called. Understanding descriptors is a key to a deep understanding of Python because they are the basis for many features including functions, methods, properties, class methods, static methods, and reference to super classes. For more information about descriptors’ methods, see Implementing Descriptors or the Descriptor How To Guide . dictionary ¶ An associative array, where arbitrary keys are mapped to values. The keys can be any object with __hash__() and __eq__() methods. Called a hash in Perl. dictionary comprehension ¶ A compact way to process all or part of the elements in an iterable and return a dictionary with the results. results = {n: n ** 2 for n in range(10)} generates a dictionary containing key n mapped to value n ** 2 . See Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries . dictionary view ¶ The objects returned from dict.keys() , dict.values() , and dict.items() are called dictionary views. They provide a dynamic view on the dictionary’s entries, which means that when the dictionary changes, the view reflects these changes. To force the dictionary view to become a full list use list(dictview) . See Dictionary view objects . docstring ¶ A string literal which appears as the first expression in a class, function or module. While ignored when the suite is executed, it is recognized by the compiler and put into the __doc__ attribute of the enclosing class, function or module. Since it is available via introspection, it is the canonical place for documentation of the object. duck-typing ¶ A programming style which does not look at an object’s type to determine if it has the right interface; instead, the method or attribute is simply called or used (“If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck.”) By emphasizing interfaces rather than specific types, well-designed code improves its flexibility by allowing polymorphic substitution. Duck-typing avoids tests using type() or isinstance() . (Note, however, that duck-typing can be complemented with abstract base classes .) Instead, it typically employs hasattr() tests or EAFP programming. dunder ¶ An informal short-hand for “double underscore”, used when talking about a special method . For example, __init__ is often pronounced “dunder init”. EAFP ¶ Easier to ask for forgiveness than permission. This common Python coding style assumes the existence of valid keys or attributes and catches exceptions if the assumption proves false. This clean and fast style is characterized by the presence of many try and except statements. The technique contrasts with the LBYL style common to many other languages such as C. evaluate function ¶ A function that can be called to evaluate a lazily evaluated attribute of an object, such as the value of type aliases created with the type statement. expression ¶ A piece of syntax which can be evaluated to some value. In other words, an expression is an accumulation of expression elements like literals, names, attribute access, operators or function calls which all return a value. In contrast to many other languages, not all language constructs are expressions. There are also statement s which cannot be used as expressions, such as while . Assignments are also statements, not expressions. extension module ¶ A module written in C or C++, using Python’s C API to interact with the core and with user code. f-string ¶ f-strings ¶ String literals prefixed with f or F are commonly called “f-strings” which is short for formatted string literals . See also PEP 498 . file object ¶ An object exposing a file-oriented API (with methods such as read() or write() ) to an underlying resource. Depending on the way it was created, a file object can mediate access to a real on-disk file or to another type of storage or communication device (for example standard input/output, in-memory buffers, sockets, pipes, etc.). File objects are also called file-like objects or streams . There are actually three categories of file objects: raw binary files , buffered binary files and text files . Their interfaces are defined in the io module. The canonical way to create a file object is by using the open() function. file-like object ¶ A synonym for file object . filesystem encoding and error handler ¶ Encoding and error handler used by Python to decode bytes from the operating system and encode Unicode to the operating system. The filesystem encoding must guarantee to successfully decode all bytes below 128. If the file system encoding fails to provide this guarantee, API functions can raise UnicodeError . The sys.getfilesystemencoding() and sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors() functions can be used to get the filesystem encoding and error handler. The filesystem encoding and error handler are configured at Python startup by the PyConfig_Read() function: see filesystem_encoding and filesystem_errors members of PyConfig . See also the locale encoding . finder ¶ An object that tries to find the loader for a module that is being imported. There are two types of finder: meta path finders for use with sys.meta_path , and path entry finders for use with sys.path_hooks . See Finders and loaders and importlib for much more detail. floor division ¶ Mathematical division that rounds down to nearest integer. The floor division operator is // . For example, the expression 11 // 4 evaluates to 2 in contrast to the 2.75 returned by float true division. Note that (-11) // 4 is -3 because that is -2.75 rounded downward . See PEP 238 . free threading ¶ A threading model where multiple threads can run Python bytecode simultaneously within the same interpreter. This is in contrast to the global interpreter lock which allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time. See PEP 703 . free variable ¶ Formally, as defined in the language execution model , a free variable is any variable used in a namespace which is not a local variable in that namespace. See closure variable for an example. Pragmatically, due to the name of the codeobject.co_freevars attribute, the term is also sometimes used as a synonym for closure variable . function ¶ A series of statements which returns some value to a caller. It can also be passed zero or more arguments which may be used in the execution of the body. See also parameter , method , and the Function definitions section. function annotation ¶ An annotation of a function parameter or return value. Function annotations are usually used for type hints : for example, this function is expected to take two int arguments and is also expected to have an int return value: def sum_two_numbers ( a : int , b : int ) -> int : return a + b Function annotation syntax is explained in section Function definitions . See variable annotation and PEP 484 , which describe this functionality. Also see Annotations Best Practices for best practices on working with annotations. __future__ ¶ A future statement , from __future__ import <feature> , directs the compiler to compile the current module using syntax or semantics that will become standard in a future release of Python. The __future__ module documents the possible values of feature . By importing this module and evaluating its variables, you can see when a new feature was first added to the language and when it will (or did) become the default: >>> import __future__ >>> __future__ . division _Feature((2, 2, 0, 'alpha', 2), (3, 0, 0, 'alpha', 0), 8192) garbage collection ¶ The process of freeing memory when it is not used anymore. Python performs garbage collection via reference counting and a cyclic garbage collector that is able to detect and break reference cycles. The garbage collector can be controlled using the gc module. generator ¶ A function which returns a generator iterator . It looks like a normal function except that it contains yield expressions for producing a series of values usable in a for-loop or that can be retrieved one at a time with the next() function. Usually refers to a generator function, but may refer to a generator iterator in some contexts. In cases where the intended meaning isn’t clear, using the full terms avoids ambiguity. generator iterator ¶ An object created by a generator function. Each yield temporarily suspends processing, remembering the execution state (including local variables and pending try-statements). When the generator iterator resumes, it picks up where it left off (in contrast to functions which start fresh on every invocation). generator expression ¶ An expression that returns an iterator . It looks like a normal expression followed by a for clause defining a loop variable, range, and an optional if clause. The combined expression generates values for an enclosing function: >>> sum ( i * i for i in range ( 10 )) # sum of squares 0, 1, 4, ... 81 285 generic function ¶ A function composed of multiple functions implementing the same operation for different types. Which implementation should be used during a call is determined by the dispatch algorithm. See also the single dispatch glossary entry, the functools.singledispatch() decorator, and PEP 443 . generic type ¶ A type that can be parameterized; typically a container class such as list or dict . Used for type hints and annotations . For more details, see generic alias types , PEP 483 , PEP 484 , PEP 585 , and the typing module. GIL ¶ See global interpreter lock . global interpreter lock ¶ The mechanism used by the CPython interpreter to assure that only one thread executes Python bytecode at a time. This simplifies the CPython implementation by making the object model (including critical built-in types such as dict ) implicitly safe against concurrent access. Locking the entire interpreter makes it easier for the interpreter to be multi-threaded, at the expense of much of the parallelism afforded by multi-processor machines. However, some extension modules, either standard or third-party, are designed so as to release the GIL when doing computationally intensive tasks such as compression or hashing. Also, the GIL is always released when doing I/O. As of Python 3.13, the GIL can be disabled using the --disable-gil build configuration. After building Python with this option, code must be run with -X gil=0 or after setting the PYTHON_GIL=0 environment variable. This feature enables improved performance for multi-threaded applications and makes it easier to use multi-core CPUs efficiently. For more details, see PEP 703 . In prior versions of Python’s C API, a function might declare that it requires the GIL to be held in order to use it. This refers to having an attached thread state . global state ¶ Data that is accessible throughout a program, such as module-level variables, class variables, or C static variables in extension modules . In multi-threaded programs, global state shared between threads typically requires synchronization to avoid race conditions and data races . hash-based pyc ¶ A bytecode cache file that uses the hash rather than the last-modified time of the corresponding source file to determine its validity. See Cached bytecode invalidation . hashable ¶ An object is hashable if it has a hash value which never changes during its lifetime (it needs a __hash__() method), and can be compared to other objects (it needs an __eq__() method). Hashable objects which compare equal must have the same hash value. Hashability makes an object usable as a dictionary key and a set member, because these data structures use the hash value internally. Most of Python’s immutable built-in objects are hashable; mutable containers (such as lists or dictionaries) are not; immutable containers (such as tuples and frozensets) are only hashable if their elements are hashable. Objects which are instances of user-defined classes are hashable by default. They all compare unequal (except with themselves), and their hash value is derived from their id() . IDLE ¶ An Integrated Development and Learning Environment for Python. IDLE — Python editor and shell is a basic editor and interpreter environment which ships with the standard distribution of Python. immortal ¶ Immortal objects are a CPython implementation detail introduced in PEP 683 . If an object is immortal, its reference count is never modified, and therefore it is never deallocated while the interpreter is running. For example, True and None are immortal in CPython. Immortal objects can be identified via sys._is_immortal() , or via PyUnstable_IsImmortal() in the C API. immutable ¶ An object with a fixed value. Immutable objects include numbers, strings and tuples. Such an object cannot be altered. A new object has to be created if a different value has to be stored. They play an important role in places where a constant hash value is needed, for example as a key in a dictionary. Immutable objects are inherently thread-safe because their state cannot be modified after creation, eliminating concerns about improperly synchronized concurrent modification . import path ¶ A list of locations (or path entries ) that are searched by the path based finder for modules to import. During import, this list of locations usually comes from sys.path , but for subpackages it may also come from the parent package’s __path__ attribute. importing ¶ The process by which Python code in one module is made available to Python code in another module. importer ¶ An object that both finds and loads a module; both a finder and loader object. interactive ¶ Python has an interactive interpreter which means you can enter statements and expressions at the interpreter prompt, immediately execute them and see their results. Just launch python with no arguments (possibly by selecting it from your computer’s main menu). It is a very powerful way to test out new ideas or inspect modules and packages (remember help(x) ). For more on interactive mode, see Interactive Mode . interpreted ¶ Python is an interpreted language, as opposed to a compiled one, though the distinction can be blurry because of the presence of the bytecode compiler. This means that source files can be run directly without explicitly creating an executable which is then run. Interpreted languages typically have a shorter development/debug cycle than compiled ones, though their programs generally also run more slowly. See also interactive . interpreter shutdown ¶ When asked to shut down, the Python interpreter enters a special phase where it gradually releases all allocated resources, such as modules and various critical internal structures. It also makes several calls to the garbage collector . This can trigger the execution of code in user-defined destructors or weakref callbacks. Code executed during the shutdown phase can encounter various exceptions as the resources it relies on may not function anymore (common examples are library modules or the warnings machinery). The main reason for interpreter shutdown is that the __main__ module or the script being run has finished executing. iterable ¶ An object capable of returning its members one at a time. Examples of iterables include all sequence types (such as list , str , and tuple ) and some non-sequence types like dict , file objects , and objects of any classes you define with an __iter__() method or with a __getitem__() method that implements sequence semantics. Iterables can be used in a for loop and in many other places where a sequence is needed ( zip() , map() , …). When an iterable object is passed as an argument to the built-in function iter() , it returns an iterator for the object. This iterator is good for one pass over the set of values. When using iterables, it is usually not necessary to call iter() or deal with iterator objects yourself. The for statement does that automatically for you, creating a temporary unnamed variable to hold the iterator for the duration of the loop. See also iterator , sequence , and generator . iterator ¶ An object representing a stream of data. Repeated calls to the iterator’s __next__() method (or passing it to the built-in function next() ) return successive items in the stream. When no more data are available a StopIteration exception is raised instead. At this point, the iterator object is exhausted and any further calls to its __next__() method just raise StopIteration again. Iterators are required to have an __iter__() method that returns the iterator object itself so every iterator is also iterable and may be used in most places where other iterables are accepted. One notable exception is code which attempts multiple iteration passes. A container object (such as a list ) produces a fresh new iterator each time you pass it to the iter() function or use it in a for loop. Attempting this with an iterator will just return the same exhausted iterator object used in the previous iteration pass, making it appear like an empty container. More information can be found in Iterator Types . CPython implementation detail: CPython does not consistently apply the requirement that an iterator define __iter__() . And also please note that free-threaded CPython does not guarantee thread-safe behavior of iterator operations. key function ¶ A key function or collation function is a callable that returns a value used for sorting or ordering. For example, locale.strxfrm() is used to produce a sort key that is aware of locale specific sort conventions. A number of tools in Python accept key functions to control how elements are ordered or grouped. They include min() , max() , sorted() , list.sort() , heapq.merge() , heapq.nsmallest() , heapq.nlargest() , and itertools.groupby() . There are several ways to create a key function. For example. the str.casefold() method can serve as a key function for case insensitive sorts. Alternatively, a key function can be built from a lambda expression such as lambda r: (r[0], r[2]) . Also, operator.attrgetter() , operator.itemgetter() , and operator.methodcaller() are three key function constructors. See the Sorting HOW TO for examples of how to create and use key functions. keyword argument ¶ See argument . lambda ¶ An anonymous inline function consisting of a single expression which is evaluated when the function is called. The syntax to create a lambda function is lambda [parameters]: expression LBYL ¶ Look before you leap. This coding style explicitly tests for pre-conditions before making calls or lookups. This style contrasts with the EAFP approach and is characterized by the presence of many if statements. In a multi-threaded environment, the LBYL approach can risk introducing a race condition between “the looking” and “the leaping”. For example, the code, if key in mapping: return mapping[key] can fail if another thread removes key from mapping after the test, but before the lookup. This issue can be solved with locks or by using the EAFP approach. See also thread-safe . lexical analyzer ¶ Formal name for the tokenizer ; see token . list ¶ A built-in Python sequence . Despite its name it is more akin to an array in other languages than to a linked list since access to elements is O (1). list comprehension ¶ A compact way to process all or part of the elements in a sequence and return a list with the results. result = ['{:#04x}'.format(x) for x in range(256) if x % 2 == 0] generates a list of strings containing even hex numbers (0x..) in the range from 0 to 255. The if clause is optional. If omitted, all elements in range(256) are processed. lock ¶ A synchronization primitive that allows only one thread at a time to access a shared resource. A thread must acquire a lock before accessing the protected resource and release it afterward. If a thread attempts to acquire a lock that is already held by another thread, it will block until the lock becomes available. Python’s threading module provides Lock (a basic lock) and RLock (a reentrant lock). Locks are used to prevent race conditions and ensure thread-safe access to shared data. Alternative design patterns to locks exist such as queues, producer/consumer patterns, and thread-local state. See also deadlock , and reentrant . loader ¶ An object that loads a module. It must define the exec_module() and create_module() methods to implement the Loader interface. A loader is typically returned by a finder . See also: Finders and loaders importlib.abc.Loader PEP 302 locale encoding ¶ On Unix, it is the encoding of the LC_CTYPE locale. It can be set with locale.setlocale(locale.LC_CTYPE, new_locale) . On Windows, it is the ANSI code page (ex: "cp1252" ). On Android and VxWorks, Python uses "utf-8" as the locale encoding. locale.getencoding() can be used to get the locale encoding. See also the filesystem encoding and error handler . magic method ¶ An informal synonym for special method . mapping ¶ A container object that supports arbitrary key lookups and implements the methods specified in the collections.abc.Mapping or collections.abc.MutableMapping abstract base classes . Examples include dict , collections.defaultdict , collections.OrderedDict and collections.Counter . meta path finder ¶ A finder returned by a search of sys.meta_path . Meta path finders are related to, but different from path entry finders . See importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder for the methods that meta path finders implement. metaclass ¶ The class of a class. Class definitions create a class name, a class dictionary, and a list of base classes. The metaclass is responsible for taking those three arguments and creating the class. Most object oriented programming languages provide a default implementation. What makes Python special is that it is possible to create custom metaclasses. Most users never need this tool, but when the need arises, metaclasses can provide powerful, elegant solutions. They have been used for logging attribute access, adding thread-safety, tracking object creation, implementing singletons, and many other tasks. More information can be found in Metaclasses . method ¶ A function which is defined inside a class body. If called as an attribute of an instance of that class, the method will get the instance object as its first argument (which is usually called self ). See function and nested scope . method resolution order ¶ Method Resolution Order is the order in which base classes are searched for a member during lookup. See The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order for details of the algorithm used by the Python interpreter since the 2.3 release. module ¶ An object that serves as an organizational unit of Python code. Modules have a namespace containing arbitrary Python objects. Modules are loaded into Python by the process of importing . See also package . module spec ¶ A namespace containing the import-related information used to load a module. An instance of importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec . See also Module specs . MRO ¶ See method resolution order . mutable ¶ An object with state that is allowed to change during the course of the program. In multi-threaded programs, mutable objects that are shared between threads require careful synchronization to avoid race conditions . See also immutable , thread-safe , and concurrent modification . named tuple ¶ The term “named tuple” applies to any type or class that inherits from tuple and whose indexable elements are also accessible using named attributes. The type or class may have other features as well. Several built-in types are named tuples, including the values returned by time.localtime() and os.stat() . Another example is sys.float_info : >>> sys . float_info [ 1 ] # indexed access 1024 >>> sys . float_info . max_exp # named field access 1024 >>> isinstance ( sys . float_info , tuple ) # kind of tuple True Some named tuples are built-in types (such as the above examples). Alternatively, a named tuple can be created from a regular class definition that inherits from tuple and that defines named fields. Such a class can be written by hand, or it can be created by inheriting typing.NamedTuple , or with the factory function collections.namedtuple() . The latter techniques also add some extra methods that may not be found in hand-written or built-in named tuples. namespace ¶ The place where a variable is stored. Namespaces are implemented as dictionaries. There are the local, global and built-in namespaces as well as nested namespaces in objects (in methods). Namespaces support modularity by preventing naming conflicts. For instance, the functions builtins.open and os.open() are distinguished by their namespaces. Namespaces also aid readability and maintainability by making it clear which module implements a function. For instance, writing random.seed() or itertools.islice() makes it clear that those functions are implemented by the random and itertools modules, respectively. namespace package ¶ A package which serves only as a container for subpackages. Namespace packages may have no physical representation, and specifically are not like a regular package because they have no __init__.py file. Namespace packages allow several individually installable packages to have a common parent package. Otherwise, it is recommended to use a regular package . For more information, see PEP 420 and Namespace packages . See also module . native code ¶ Code that is compiled to machine instructions and runs directly on the processor, as opposed to code that is interpreted or runs in a virtual machine. In the context of Python, native code typically refers to C, C++, Rust or Fortran code in extension modules that can be called from Python. See also extension module . nested scope ¶ The ability to refer to a variable in an enclosing definition. For instance, a function defined inside another function can refer to variables in the outer function. Note that nested scopes by default work only for reference and not for assignment. Local variables both read and write in the innermost scope. Likewise, global variables read and write to the global namespace. The nonlocal allows writing to outer scopes. new-style class ¶ Old name for the flavor of classes now used for all class objects. In earlier Python versions, only new-style classes could use Python’s newer, versatile features like __slots__ , descriptors, properties, __getattribute__() , class methods, and static methods. non-deterministic ¶ Behavior where the outcome of a program can vary between executions with the same inputs. In multi-threaded programs, non-deterministic behavior often results from race conditions where the relative timing or interleaving of threads affects the result. Proper synchronization using locks and other synchronization primitives helps ensure deterministic behavior. object ¶ Any data with state (attributes or value) and defined behavior (methods). Also the ultimate base class of any new-style class . optimized scope ¶ A scope where target local variable names are reliably known to the compiler when the code is compiled, allowing optimization of read and write access to these names. The local namespaces for functions, generators, coroutines, comprehensions, and generator expressions are optimized in this fashion. Note: most interpreter optimizations are applied to all scopes, only those relying on a known set of local and nonlocal variable names are restricted to optimized scopes. optional module ¶ An extension module that is part of the standard library , but may be absent in some builds of CPython , usually due to missing third-party libraries or because the module is not available for a given platform. See Requirements for optional modules for a list of optional modules that require third-party libraries. package ¶ A Python module which can contain submodules or recursively, subpackages. Technically, a package is a Python module with a __path__ attribute. See also regular package and namespace package . parallelism ¶ Executing multiple operations at the same time (e.g. on multiple CPU cores). In Python builds with the global interpreter lock (GIL) , only one thread runs Python bytecode at a time, so taking advantage of multiple CPU cores typically involves multiple processes (e.g. multiprocessing ) or native extensions that release the GIL. In free-threaded Python, multiple Python threads can run Python code simultaneously on different cores. parameter ¶ A named entity in a function (or method) definition that specifies an argument (or in some cases, arguments) that the function can accept. There are five kinds of parameter: positional-or-keyword : specifies an argument that can be passed either positionally or as a keyword argument . This is the default kind of parameter, for example foo and bar in the following: def func ( foo , bar = None ): ... positional-only : specifies an argument that can be supplied only by position. Positional-only parameters can be defined by including a / character in the parameter list of the function definition after them, for example posonly1 and posonly2 in the following: def func ( posonly1 , posonly2 , / , positional_or_keyword ): ... keyword-only : specifies an argument that can be supplied only by keyword. Keyword-only parameters can be defined by including a single var-positional parameter or bare * in the parameter list of the function definition before them, for example kw_only1 and kw_only2 in the following: def func ( arg , * , kw_only1 , kw_only2 ): ... var-positional : specifies that an arbitrary sequence of positional arguments can be provided (in addition to any positional arguments already accepted by other parameters). Such a parameter can be defined by prepending the parameter name with * , for example args in the following: def func ( * args , ** kwargs ): ... var-keyword : specifies that arbitrarily many keyword arguments can be provided (in addition to any keyword arguments already accepted by other parameters). Such a parameter can be defined by prepending the parameter name with ** , for example kwargs in the example above. Parameters can specify both optional and required arguments, as well as default values for some optional arguments. See also the argument glossary entry, the FAQ question on the difference between arguments and parameters , the inspect.Parameter class, the Function definitions section, and PEP 362 . path entry ¶ A single location on the import path which the path based finder consults to find modules for importing. path entry finder ¶ A finder returned by a callable on sys.path_hooks (i.e. a path entry hook ) which knows how to locate modules given a path entry . See importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder for the methods that path entry finders implement. path entry hook ¶ A callable on the sys.path_hooks list which returns a path entry finder if it knows how to find modules on a specific path entry . path based finder ¶ One of the default meta path finders which searches an import path for modules. path-like object ¶ An object representing a file system path. A path-like object is either a str or bytes object representing a path, or an object implementing the os.PathLike protocol. An object that supports the os.PathLike protocol can be converted to a str or bytes file system path by calling the os.fspath() function; os.fsdecode() and os.fsencode() can be used to guarantee a str or bytes result instead, respectively. Introduced by PEP 519 . PEP ¶ Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is a design document providing information to the Python community, or describing a new feature for Python or its processes or environment. PEPs should provide a concise technical specification and a rationale for proposed features. PEPs are intended to be the primary mechanisms for proposing major new features, for collecting community input on an issue, and for documenting the design decisions that have gone into Python. The PEP author is responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting dissenting opinions. See PEP 1 . portion ¶ A set of files in a single directory (possibly stored in a zip file) that contribute to a namespace package, as defined in PEP 420 . positional argument ¶ See argument . provisional API ¶ A provisional API is one which has been deliberately excluded from the standard library’s backwards compatibility guarantees. While major changes to such interfaces are not expected, as long as they are marked provisional, backwards incompatible changes (up to and including removal of the interface) may occur if deemed necessary by core developers. Such changes will not be made | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/martinkr | Martin Krause - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Martin Krause “It’s only work if somebody makes you do it.” • craft code • creative ideas • cutting edge • author • senior front end architect • professional scuba diver • adventures above and below the sea level Location Germany Joined Joined on May 19, 2019 Personal website http://mkrause.info github website twitter website Work Senior Front End Architect, Full Stack Engineer, Creative Technologist and Scuba Diving Professional Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close 100 Thumbs Up Milestone Awarded for giving 100 thumbs ups (👍) to a variety of posts across DEV. This is a mod-exclusive badge. Got it Close Warm Welcome This badge is awarded to members who leave wonderful comments in the Welcome Thread. Every week, we'll pick individuals based on their participation in the thread. Which means, every week you'll have a chance to get awarded! 😊 Got it Close 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! Post at least 2 comments for 2 straight weeks and unlock the 4 Week Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close 16 Week Writing Streak You are a writing star! You've written at least one post per week for 16 straight weeks. Congratulations! Got it Close Beloved Comment Awarded for making a well-loved comment, as voted on with 25 heart (❤️) reactions by the community. Got it Close 8 Week Writing Streak The streak continues! You've written at least one post per week for 8 consecutive weeks. Unlock the 16-week badge next! Got it Close 4 Week Writing Streak You've posted at least one post per week for 4 consecutive weeks! Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Show all 15 badges More info about @martinkr GitHub Repositories chigai-core Modern visual regression testing. Core module. JavaScript • 18 stars chigai-api Modern visual regression testing. API for the visual regression tests. JavaScript • 21 stars chigai-cli Modern visual regression testing. CLI. JavaScript • 18 stars next-export-i18n Internationalize (18n) next.js with true support for next export TypeScript • 233 stars Lakka lakka. An asynchronous request accelerator for JSON, text and HTML requests. JavaScript • 20 stars Skills/Languages I am a seasoned remote freelancer with a deep knowledge of HMTL, CSS, JavaScript, including NodeJS and the cutting edge “Front End Stack”. I am known for craft code and "thinking outside the box". Available for I am interested in remote and agile projects with a state-of-the-art technology stack, which benefit from my creative thinking, deep knowledge of the Front End as well as leading and mentoring teams. Post 93 posts published Comment 120 comments written Tag 23 tags followed Pin Pinned next.js: i18n with static sites Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Sep 23 '21 next.js: i18n with static sites # webdev # nextjs # javascript 45 reactions Comments 5 comments 3 min read Next.js: Internationalisation (i18n) for the `app directory` Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 15 '24 Next.js: Internationalisation (i18n) for the `app directory` # nextjs # i18n # webdev # react 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Martin Krause? Create an account to connect with Martin Krause. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in next-export-i18n v2.3.5: localStorage and an internal link component Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 12 '23 next-export-i18n v2.3.5: localStorage and an internal link component # javascript # nextjs # react # i18 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Ace the "How do you prioritize your work" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jun 29 '23 Ace the "How do you prioritize your work" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Ace the "How do you deal with pressure or stressful situations" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jun 26 '23 Ace the "How do you deal with pressure or stressful situations" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Ace the "How would your boss and coworkers describe you" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jun 21 '23 Ace the "How would your boss and coworkers describe you" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read Ace the " Where do you see yourself in five years" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jun 19 '23 Ace the " Where do you see yourself in five years" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Ace the "Tell me about a time you made a mistake" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jun 15 '23 Ace the "Tell me about a time you made a mistake" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Ace the "Tell me about a time you faced a conflict at work, and how you resolved it" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 24 '23 Ace the "Tell me about a time you faced a conflict at work, and how you resolved it" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview Comments 1 comment 2 min read Ace the "What was your greatest professional achievement" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 22 '23 Ace the "What was your greatest professional achievement" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview Comments 2 comments 2 min read Ace the "What are your salary expectations" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 18 '23 Ace the "What are your salary expectations" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read Ace the "What's Your Greatest Weaknesses" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 16 '23 Ace the "What's Your Greatest Weaknesses" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#20) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 15 '23 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#20) # webdev # javascript # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Ace the "What's your greatest strength" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 11 '23 Ace the "What's your greatest strength" question in your next interview. # interview # career # careerdevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read Ace the "Why should we hire you" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 9 '23 Ace the "Why should we hire you" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#19) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 8 '23 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#19) # javascript # webdev # tutorial # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to ace your upcoming technical interview (with a checklist) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 4 '23 How to ace your upcoming technical interview (with a checklist) # interview # career # careerdevelopment Comments Add Comment 5 min read Ace the "Why do you want to work at this company" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 4 '23 Ace the "Why do you want to work at this company" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview Comments 1 comment 3 min read Ace the "Tell me about yourself" question in your next interview. Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 2 '23 Ace the "Tell me about yourself" question in your next interview. # career # careerdevelopment # interview 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#18) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 2 '23 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#18) # javascript # webdev # tutorial # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read next-export-i18n v2.1.0: support for react v18 and next v12 Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Oct 11 '22 next-export-i18n v2.1.0: support for react v18 and next v12 # javascript # nextjs # webdev # react 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read next-export-i18n v2: updated to react v18 and next v12 Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow May 7 '22 next-export-i18n v2: updated to react v18 and next v12 # javascript # nextjs # react # webdev 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#09) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Mar 5 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#09) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#08) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Feb 23 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#08) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 1 line of code: How to truncate a string at word boundaries Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Feb 16 '22 1 line of code: How to truncate a string at word boundaries # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 10 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#07) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Feb 14 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#07) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#06) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Feb 8 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#06) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read next-export-i18n v1.4.0: make the user's default language optional Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Feb 2 '22 next-export-i18n v1.4.0: make the user's default language optional # webdev # nextjs # react # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#05) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 31 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#05) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 1 line of code: How to reverse a string Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 28 '22 1 line of code: How to reverse a string # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 31 reactions Comments 10 comments 1 min read 1 line of code: How to reverse all words of a string Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 26 '22 1 line of code: How to reverse all words of a string # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 28 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#04) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 24 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#04) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 1 line of code: How to replace multiple spaces with one space Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 19 '22 1 line of code: How to replace multiple spaces with one space # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 18 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#03) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 17 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#03) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 11 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read 1 line of code: How to convert \newlines to <breaks /> Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 13 '22 1 line of code: How to convert \newlines to <breaks /> # javascript # webdev # product # codequality 7 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read 1 line of code: How to convert spaces to tabs Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 11 '22 1 line of code: How to convert spaces to tabs # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 18 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#02) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 10 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#02) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 14 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read next-export-i18n v1.3.0: respecing the user's default language Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 7 '22 next-export-i18n v1.3.0: respecing the user's default language # webdev # nextjs # react # javascript 13 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read 1 line of code: How to convert tabs to spaces Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 5 '22 1 line of code: How to convert tabs to spaces # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 19 reactions Comments 9 comments 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#01) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Jan 3 '22 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#01) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read about performance (#1) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 29 '21 5 Articles every WebDev should read about performance (#1) # javascript # webdev # tutorial # performance 31 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#51) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 27 '21 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#51) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 41 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read 1 line of code: How to lower case a string Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 22 '21 1 line of code: How to lower case a string # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#50) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 20 '21 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#50) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 13 reactions Comments 9 comments 2 min read 1 line of code: How to convert html special chars Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 16 '21 1 line of code: How to convert html special chars # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 1 line of code: How to create an URL Slug from a string Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 14 '21 1 line of code: How to create an URL Slug from a string # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 7 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read 1 line of code: How to PascalCase a string Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 13 '21 1 line of code: How to PascalCase a string # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#49) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 10 '21 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#49) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 1 line of code: How to camelCase a string Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 8 '21 1 line of code: How to camelCase a string # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 24 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read 1 line of code: How to capitalise a string Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 7 '21 1 line of code: How to capitalise a string # javascript # webdev # performance # codequality 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read 1 line of code: How to count the words in a string Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 6 '21 1 line of code: How to count the words in a string # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 5 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#48) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 3 '21 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#48) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 1 line of code: How to create a range array Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 2 '21 1 line of code: How to create a range array # javascript # webdev # performance # codequality 5 reactions Comments 10 comments 1 min read 1 line of code: How to shuffle an array Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Dec 1 '21 1 line of code: How to shuffle an array # javascript # webdev # programming # codequality 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 1 line of code: How to sort an array by descending order Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Nov 30 '21 1 line of code: How to sort an array by descending order # javascript # webdev # performance # codequality 13 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read about performance (#1) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Nov 29 '21 5 Articles every WebDev should read about performance (#1) # javascript # webdev # tutorial # performance 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#47) Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Nov 26 '21 5 Articles every WebDev should read this week (#47) # webdev # tutorial # javascript # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read next-export-i18n v1.2.1: i18n with Next.js and Mustache Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Nov 25 '21 next-export-i18n v1.2.1: i18n with Next.js and Mustache # webdev # nextjs # react # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 1 line of code: How to sort an array by ascending order Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Nov 24 '21 1 line of code: How to sort an array by ascending order # javascript # webdev # performance # codequality 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 1 line of code: How to get every n-th item of an Array Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Nov 23 '21 1 line of code: How to get every n-th item of an Array # javascript # webdev # productivity # codequality 4 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read 1 line of code: How to get the average of an array Martin Krause Martin Krause Martin Krause Follow Nov 22 '21 1 line of code: How to get the average of an array # javascript # webdev # performance # codequality 10 reactions Comments 9 comments 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Fdmuraco3%2Fwhen-to-user-server-side-rendering-vs-static-generation-in-nextjs-8ab&title=When%20to%20Use%20Server-Side%20rendering%20vs%20Static%20Generation%20in%20Next.js&summary=Pre-rendering%20your%20pages%20has%20multiple%20benefits%20such%20as%20better%20performance%20and%20better%20SEO.%20But...&source=DEV%20Community | LinkedIn {"data":{"status":401},"included":[]} {"request":"/voyager/api/voyagerSegmentsDashChameleonConfig","status":401,"body":"bpr-guid-827745","method":"GET","headers":{"x-li-uuid":"AAZIQQ/vKpt9xkPx5iUTag\u003D\u003D"}} {"data":{"status":401},"included":[]} {"request":"/voyager/api/voyagerLaunchpadDashLaunchpadViews?decorationId\u003Dcom.linkedin.voyager.dash.deco.launchpad.LaunchpadView-96\u0026launchpadContext\u003DTAKEOVER\u0026q\u003Dcontext","status":401,"body":"bpr-guid-827746","method":"GET","headers":{"x-li-uuid":"AAZIQQ/vKpt9xkPx5iUTag\u003D\u003D"}} {"data":{"status":401},"included":[]} {"request":"/voyager/api/me","status":401,"body":"bpr-guid-827747","method":"GET","headers":{"x-li-uuid":"AAZIQQ/vKpt9xkPx5iUTag\u003D\u003D"}} {"data":{"status":401},"included":[]} {"request":"/voyager/api/premium/featureAccess?name\u003DreactivationFeaturesEligible","status":401,"body":"bpr-guid-827749","method":"GET","headers":{"x-li-uuid":"AAZIQQ/vKpt9xkPx5iUTag\u003D\u003D"}} urn:li:page:d_UNKNOWN_ROUTE_inshare-redirect;93080bb6-0ec2-4f84-80a6-e3fcc2eda341 | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/getting-started | Get Started Overview Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Highlight Docs / Get Started Overview Get Started Overview Get Started Integrate highlight.io into your web app. Welcome to highlight.io Roadmap Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://bsky.app/profile/react.dev | @react.dev on Bluesky JavaScript Required This is a heavily interactive web application, and JavaScript is required. Simple HTML interfaces are possible, but that is not what this is. Learn more about Bluesky at bsky.social and atproto.com . Profile react.dev did:plc:uorpbnp2q32vuvyeruwauyhe | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/readiness-probe-3co0#startup-probe | Readiness probe - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 13 Readiness probe # devops # aws # kubernetes # beginners Readiness probe ** — это **проверка “готово ли приложение принимать трафик” . Проще говоря: “Ты уже готов работать с пользователями или ещё нет?” Чаще всего это термин из Kubernetes . Простыми словами 👇 Представь кафе: Кафе открыто , но повар ещё не готов, кухня не прогрелась, продукты не разложены. Readiness probe — это как вопрос официанту: 👉 «Можно уже пускать клиентов?» Если ответ “нет” — клиенты не заходят. Если “да” — клиентов начинают пускать. В Kubernetes что происходит Kubernetes регулярно проверяет приложение (например, по HTTP-запросу или команде). Если readiness probe успешен ✅ → pod получает трафик (его добавляют в Service / Load Balancer). Если неуспешен ❌ → pod жив , но трафик к нему не идёт . ⚠️ Важно: Readiness probe не убивает pod , он просто временно “выводится из оборота”. Чем отличается от liveness probe Коротко: Liveness probe — “Ты вообще жив?” ❌ нет → pod перезапускают Readiness probe — “Ты готов обслуживать запросы?” ❌ нет → pod живёт, но без трафика Когда readiness probe особенно нужен приложение долго стартует подключается к БД делает миграции временно перегружено зависит от внешних сервисов Погнали, наглядно и без заумных слов 😄 Реальный YAML-пример с readiness + liveness + startup apiVersion : v1 kind : Pod metadata : name : demo-app spec : containers : - name : app image : my-app:1.0 ports : - containerPort : 8080 # 1️⃣ Startup probe — ждём, пока приложение ВООБЩЕ запустится startupProbe : httpGet : path : /health/startup port : 8080 failureThreshold : 30 periodSeconds : 5 # → даём до 150 секунд на старт # 2️⃣ Readiness probe — готово ли принимать трафик readinessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/ready port : 8080 initialDelaySeconds : 5 periodSeconds : 5 failureThreshold : 3 # 3️⃣ Liveness probe — не зависло ли livenessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/live port : 8080 periodSeconds : 10 failureThreshold : 3 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Что здесь происходит по шагам 🟦 Startup probe Вопрос: «Ты уже ЗАПУСТИЛСЯ?» Kubernetes не запускает readiness и liveness , пока startup probe не станет OK если не стал OK за лимит → pod перезапускают 💡 Нужен для: Java / Spring приложений с миграциями долгого старта 🟩 Readiness probe Вопрос: «Ты ГОТОВ принимать запросы?» если ❌ → pod убирают из Service pod не перезапускают когда снова ✅ → трафик возвращается 💡 Типично проверяют: подключение к БД доступность зависимостей перегрузку 🟥 Liveness probe Вопрос: «Ты вообще ЖИВ?» если ❌ → pod перезапускают 💡 Проверяет: deadlock зависшие потоки утечки памяти Сравнение: startup vs readiness (очень коротко) Probe Когда Если FAIL Для чего startup только при старте pod перезапуск долгий запуск readiness всё время убрать трафик временно не готов liveness всё время pod перезапуск приложение зависло Жизненный пример Приложение стартует так: запускается JVM (40 сек) миграции БД (30 сек) готово принимать запросы 👉 startup probe ждёт шаги 1–2 👉 readiness probe включает трафик только после шага 3 👉 liveness probe следит, чтобы всё не зависло через час Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go | Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Joined Joined on Dec 20, 2025 Personal website https://github.com/jwebsite-go github website Work DevOps Engineer More info about @jwebsite-go Skills/Languages • AWS • Terraform • Docker • GitHub • Linux • DevOps Currently hacking on Hands-on DevOps projects: deploying websites with Docker and Terraform on AWS. Post 7 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 46 tags followed Readiness probe Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 13 Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Khadijah (Dana Ordalina)? Create an account to connect with Khadijah (Dana Ordalina). You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Kubernetes #1 Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 5 Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Учитесь с AWS Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Dec 25 '25 Учитесь с AWS Comments Add Comment 1 min read PROJECT : Module Reuse + Outputs Consumption Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Dec 20 '25 PROJECT : Module Reuse + Outputs Consumption Comments Add Comment 1 min read PROJECT : Module Reuse + Outputs Consumption Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Dec 20 '25 PROJECT : Module Reuse + Outputs Consumption Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.youtube.com/c/Interviewkickstart/videos | Interview Kickstart US - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://opensource.org/?p=319 | The Open Source Definition (Annotated) – Open Source Initiative Skip to content Get involved About Licenses Open Source Definition Open Source AI Programs Blog Get involved About Licenses Open Source Definition Open Source AI Programs Blog Open Main Menu Home The Open Source Definition (Annotated) The Open Source Definition (Annotated) Page created on July 24, 2006 | Last modified on February 16, 2024 The sections below appear as annotations to the Open Source Definition (OSD) and are not a part of the OSD. A plain version of the OSD without annotations can be found here . Introduction Open source doesn’t just mean access to the source code. The distribution terms of open source software must comply with the following criteria: 1. Free Redistribution The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale. Rationale: By constraining the license to require free redistribution, we eliminate the temptation for licensors to throw away many long-term gains to make short-term gains. If we didn’t do this, there would be lots of pressure for cooperators to defect. 2. Source Code The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed. Rationale: We require access to un-obfuscated source code because you can’t evolve programs without modifying them. Since our purpose is to make evolution easy, we require that modification be made easy. 3. Derived Works The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software. Rationale: The mere ability to read source isn’t enough to support independent peer review and rapid evolutionary selection. For rapid evolution to happen, people need to be able to experiment with and redistribute modifications. 4. Integrity of The Author’s Source Code The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of “patch files” with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software. Rationale: Encouraging lots of improvement is a good thing, but users have a right to know who is responsible for the software they are using. Authors and maintainers have reciprocal right to know what they’re being asked to support and protect their reputations. Accordingly, an open source license must guarantee that source be readily available, but may require that it be distributed as pristine base sources plus patches. In this way, “unofficial” changes can be made available but readily distinguished from the base source. 5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons. Rationale: In order to get the maximum benefit from the process, the maximum diversity of persons and groups should be equally eligible to contribute to open sources. Therefore we forbid any open source license from locking anybody out of the process. Some countries, including the United States, have export restrictions for certain types of software. An OSD-conformant license may warn licensees of applicable restrictions and remind them that they are obliged to obey the law; however, it may not incorporate such restrictions itself. 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research. Rationale: The major intention of this clause is to prohibit license traps that prevent open source from being used commercially. We want commercial users to join our community, not feel excluded from it. 7. Distribution of License The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties. Rationale: This clause is intended to forbid closing up software by indirect means such as requiring a non-disclosure agreement. 8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program’s being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program’s license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution. Rationale: This clause forecloses yet another class of license traps. 9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open source software. Rationale: Distributors of open source software have the right to make their own choices about their own software. Yes, the GPL v2 and v3 are conformant with this requirement. Software linked with GPLed libraries only inherits the GPL if it forms a single work, not any software with which they are merely distributed. 10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface. Rationale: This provision is aimed specifically at licenses which require an explicit gesture of assent in order to establish a contract between licensor and licensee. Provisions mandating so-called “click-wrap” may conflict with important methods of software distribution such as FTP download, CD-ROM anthologies, and web mirroring; such provisions may also hinder code re-use. Conformant licenses must allow for the possibility that (a) redistribution of the software will take place over non-Web channels that do not support click-wrapping of the download, and that (b) the covered code (or re-used portions of covered code) may run in a non-GUI environment that cannot support popup dialogues. The Open Source Definition was originally derived from the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG). Version 1.9, last modified, 2007-03-22 Get involved Mastodon Twitter LinkedIn Reddit About About Our team Board of directors Sponsors Programs Blog Press mentions Trademark Bylaws Licenses Open Source Definition Licenses License Review Process Open Standards Requirement for Software Open Source AI Open Source AI OSAI Definition Process Timeline Open Weights FAQ Checklist Forum Community Become an Individual Member Become an OSI Affiliate Affiliate Organizations Maintainers Events Forum OpenSource.net The content on this website, of which Opensource.org is the author, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Opensource.org is not the author of any of the licenses reproduced on this site. Questions about the copyright in a license should be directed to the license steward. Read our Privacy Policy Proudly powered by WordPress. Hosted by Pressable. Manage Cookie Consent To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Functional Functional Always active The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Preferences Preferences The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Statistics Statistics The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Marketing Marketing The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Manage options Manage services Manage {vendor_count} vendors Read more about these purposes Accept Deny View preferences Save preferences View preferences {title} {title} {title} Manage consent | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/t/iot/page/6 | Iot Page 6 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # iot Follow Hide Security challenges and solutions for Internet of Things and embedded devices. Create Post Older #iot posts 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🤖 Arduino Forth — A Minimal Forth Variant Adapted for Microcontrollers Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Nov 29 '25 🤖 Arduino Forth — A Minimal Forth Variant Adapted for Microcontrollers # iot # programming # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read TCS34725 RGB Color Sensor: Precision Color Detection for IoT & Embedded Systems graham graham graham Follow Oct 25 '25 TCS34725 RGB Color Sensor: Precision Color Detection for IoT & Embedded Systems # programming # iot # developer # rgb Comments Add Comment 2 min read Explanation of the KT142A Voice Chip's Firmware Update Method William William William Follow Oct 25 '25 Explanation of the KT142A Voice Chip's Firmware Update Method # programming # developer # iot # firmwareupgrade Comments Add Comment 1 min read RNG-Aliasing: Synthetic DVFS-Driven RNG Obfuscation Raghubathi Raja T.K Raghubathi Raja T.K Raghubathi Raja T.K Follow Oct 23 '25 RNG-Aliasing: Synthetic DVFS-Driven RNG Obfuscation # iot # machinelearning # security Comments Add Comment 6 min read What I Learned After 8 Days of Living Inside a Digital Twin Vishwa anuj Vishwa anuj Vishwa anuj Follow Oct 27 '25 What I Learned After 8 Days of Living Inside a Digital Twin # hardware # iot # ai # electronics 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Critical Vulnerability in v380 Cameras: How Plaintext Credentials Exposed Millions of Devices Роман Шамагин Роман Шамагин Роман Шамагин Follow Nov 14 '25 Critical Vulnerability in v380 Cameras: How Plaintext Credentials Exposed Millions of Devices # privacy # security # cybersecurity # iot 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 18 min read more nim for embedded software development abathargh abathargh abathargh Follow Nov 25 '25 more nim for embedded software development # nim # embedded # iot # language 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read New universal drivers for IoT Platform Pavol Pavol Pavol Follow Oct 22 '25 New universal drivers for IoT Platform # iot # industry40 # totaljs # sensors Comments Add Comment 5 min read MQTT Topic and Message Payload Design Best Practices: ISA-95 and UNS Principles for Industrial Solution zakiullah barakzai zakiullah barakzai zakiullah barakzai Follow Oct 21 '25 MQTT Topic and Message Payload Design Best Practices: ISA-95 and UNS Principles for Industrial Solution # iot # mqtt # architecture # uns Comments Add Comment 10 min read 🚀 Simplify ZKTeco Biometric Device Integration in PHP — No SDK Needed! Md Rasheduzzaman Md Rasheduzzaman Md Rasheduzzaman Follow Oct 22 '25 🚀 Simplify ZKTeco Biometric Device Integration in PHP — No SDK Needed! # opensource # iot # php # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read My First Data Engineering Project: Building a Real-Time IoT Pipeline on Azure Humza Inam Humza Inam Humza Inam Follow Oct 20 '25 My First Data Engineering Project: Building a Real-Time IoT Pipeline on Azure # azure # iot # dataengineering # beginners Comments Add Comment 6 min read Edge Computing for Real-Time Data Processing Eva Clari Eva Clari Eva Clari Follow Nov 24 '25 Edge Computing for Real-Time Data Processing # distributedsystems # iot # cloudcomputing # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Gnokestation WebOS Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Follow Oct 21 '25 Gnokestation WebOS # webdev # opensource # iot # webperf Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Web Developer to AI + IoT Research Engineer: My Transition Journey Begins Rakibul Hasan Joy Rakibul Hasan Joy Rakibul Hasan Joy Follow Oct 19 '25 From Web Developer to AI + IoT Research Engineer: My Transition Journey Begins # rhjoyofficial # iot # career # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Using the GY-25 Tilt Angle Sensor Module for Embedded Motion Tracking graham graham graham Follow Oct 18 '25 Using the GY-25 Tilt Angle Sensor Module for Embedded Motion Tracking # showdev # iot # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Use Barometric Pressure Sensor module on DEBIX DEBIX Industrial Computers DEBIX Industrial Computers DEBIX Industrial Computers Follow Oct 17 '25 Use Barometric Pressure Sensor module on DEBIX # iot # linux # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a Smart Home with AppDaemon: From Baby Monitors to Language Learning Laurent Charignon Laurent Charignon Laurent Charignon Follow Oct 17 '25 Building a Smart Home with AppDaemon: From Baby Monitors to Language Learning # showdev # iot # automation # python Comments Add Comment 4 min read Modularity in Circuits and Software Wale1202 Wale1202 Wale1202 Follow Oct 20 '25 Modularity in Circuits and Software # discuss # programming # iot 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Rubber Ducky clone with Pro Micro micro controller Avni Avni Avni Follow Oct 15 '25 Rubber Ducky clone with Pro Micro micro controller # programming # cybersecurity # c # iot 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read A Deep Dive Into ESP-CSI: Channel State Information on ESP32 Chips Pratha Maniar Pratha Maniar Pratha Maniar Follow Nov 19 '25 A Deep Dive Into ESP-CSI: Channel State Information on ESP32 Chips # esp32 # beginners # wifisensing # iot 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read 🔥 The Untold Secret of ⚡️MicroPython: Build IoT Apps in Minutes with Just 20 Lines of Code! Yevhen Kozachenko 🇺🇦 Yevhen Kozachenko 🇺🇦 Yevhen Kozachenko 🇺🇦 Follow Oct 15 '25 🔥 The Untold Secret of ⚡️MicroPython: Build IoT Apps in Minutes with Just 20 Lines of Code! # micropython # iot # embedded # python 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Second Skin Revolution: AI-Powered Wearables Predicting Your Needs Arvind SundaraRajan Arvind SundaraRajan Arvind SundaraRajan Follow Nov 18 '25 The Second Skin Revolution: AI-Powered Wearables Predicting Your Needs # ai # wearabletech # machinelearning # iot Comments Add Comment 2 min read "I Built an IoT Dashboard That Could Kill Someone (A Story About Real-Time Data)" VivekLumbhani VivekLumbhani VivekLumbhani Follow Nov 16 '25 "I Built an IoT Dashboard That Could Kill Someone (A Story About Real-Time Data)" # iot # mongodb # webdev # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🔥 MicroPython on ESP32: Build a Smart Sensor in 15 Minutes Without Writing C! 😱 Yevhen Kozachenko 🇺🇦 Yevhen Kozachenko 🇺🇦 Yevhen Kozachenko 🇺🇦 Follow Oct 12 '25 🔥 MicroPython on ESP32: Build a Smart Sensor in 15 Minutes Without Writing C! 😱 # micropython # embeddedprogramming # iot # python Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🕹️ Control an LED with a Button Using ESP32 and Arduino IDE Introduction Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Follow Oct 17 '25 🕹️ Control an LED with a Button Using ESP32 and Arduino IDE Introduction # iot # buttons # led # esp32 Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/muhammad_yawar_malik/building-a-multi-account-cloudwatch-dashboard-that-actually-works-1m0e#comments | Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Muhammad Yawar Malik Posted on Jan 9 Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works # aws # sre # monitoring # cloudwatch Cross-account monitoring in AWS isn't optional anymore. When you're managing multiple accounts, jumping between consoles to check metrics wastes time during incidents. Here's how to set it up properly. Why You Need This You have a central monitoring account and several workload accounts (dev, staging, prod). You want one dashboard to see everything. Simple. The Setup (3 Steps) 1. Enable Cross-Account Access in Source Accounts In each account you want to monitor, run this: aws cloudwatch put-dashboard --dashboard-name sharing-enabled Then create an IAM role that allows your monitoring account to read metrics: Trust policy (in source accounts): { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [{ "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::MONITORING-ACCOUNT-ID:root" }, "Action": "sts:AssumeRole" }] } Permission policy: { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [{ "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "cloudwatch:GetMetricData", "cloudwatch:GetMetricStatistics", "cloudwatch:ListMetrics" ], "Resource": "*" }] } 2. Configure Monitoring Account In your central monitoring account, create a role that can assume the roles in source accounts. Add this to your monitoring role: { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Resource": "arn:aws:iam::*:role/CloudWatchCrossAccountRole" } 3. Build Your Dashboard Go to CloudWatch in your monitoring account. When adding widgets, you can now specify the account: Account: 123456789012 (prod-account) Region: us-east-1 Namespace: AWS/EC2 Metric: CPUUtilization What to Actually Monitor Don't try to monitor everything. Start with these: Per Account: EC2: CPU, StatusCheckFailed RDS: DatabaseConnections, FreeableMemory ALB: TargetResponseTime, UnHealthyHostCount Lambda: Errors, Duration, ConcurrentExecutions Cost tracking: Estimated charges by account (daily) Pro Tips Use consistent naming - Tag your resources properly. Filter widgets by tags like Environment:prod rather than hardcoding instance IDs. Widget organization - Group by service, not by account. One section for all RDS metrics across accounts, not one section per account. Refresh rate - Set to 1 minute for production dashboards. Auto-refresh helps during incidents. Share the dashboard - CloudWatch supports sharing via link. Your team shouldn't need AWS console access to view metrics. Common Gotchas Regional resources - CloudWatch dashboards are regional. If you have resources in multiple regions, you need multiple widgets or use CloudWatch cross-region functionality. Metric delay - Some metrics have 1-5 minute delays. Don't panic if numbers aren't real-time. IAM is per-region - Your cross-account roles work globally, but CloudWatch API calls are regional. The Result One dashboard. Multiple accounts. All your critical metrics visible in under 10 seconds. That's what matters when production breaks at 2 AM. Quick Setup Script Save time with this: In each source account aws iam create-role \ --role-name CloudWatchCrossAccountRole \ --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy.json aws iam attach-role-policy \ --role-name CloudWatchCrossAccountRole \ --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/CloudWatchReadOnlyAccess Done. Now build your dashboard and stop switching accounts. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Exploring Cloud Infrastructure, SRE, and DevOps. I share lessons on building fast, reliable systems Location United Kingdom Education University of Hertfordshire Work Site Reliability Engineer, Cloud Security Engineer Joined Jul 4, 2025 More from Muhammad Yawar Malik AWS IAM Security: A Practical Guide That Actually Works in Production # aws # security # cloud # iam 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE # aws # sre # monitoring # cloudwatch What 100+ Production Incidents Taught Me About System Design # aws # systemdesign # sre # devops 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/t/beginners/page/80 | Beginners Page 80 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). Posts should require NO prerequisite knowledge, except perhaps general (language-agnostic) essentials of programming. Posts should NOT merely be for beginners to a tool, library, or framework. If your article does not meet these qualifications, please select a different tag. Promotional Rules Posts should NOT primarily promote an external work. This is what Listings is for. Otherwise accepable posts MAY include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom. Resource lists ARE acceptable if they follow these rules: Include at least 3 distinct authors/creators. Clearly indicate which resources are FREE, which require PII, and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Indicate at the top that the article contains promotional links. about #beginners If you're writing for this tag, we recommend you read this article . If you're asking a question, read this article . Older #beginners posts 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Por qué decidí compartir lo que sé (y lo que sigo aprendiendo) sobre desarrollo web Leonardo Trujillo Leonardo Trujillo Leonardo Trujillo Follow Nov 6 '25 Por qué decidí compartir lo que sé (y lo que sigo aprendiendo) sobre desarrollo web # beginners # webdev # programming # javascript 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Understanding Color Theory in Interface Design Felipe Leite Felipe Leite Felipe Leite Follow Nov 1 '25 Understanding Color Theory in Interface Design # ux # beginners # ui # design Comments Add Comment 4 min read Learning .NET from Beginner to Advanced Level's Sapana Pal Sapana Pal Sapana Pal Follow Dec 4 '25 Learning .NET from Beginner to Advanced Level's # beginners # csharp # dotnet # sql 20 reactions Comments 2 comments 22 min read 🚀 I Just Launched My First Android App — *VyomaNote*! Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Follow Nov 23 '25 🚀 I Just Launched My First Android App — *VyomaNote*! # discuss # android # programming # beginners 2 reactions Comments 7 comments 2 min read Inheritance in Java VIDHYA VARSHINI VIDHYA VARSHINI VIDHYA VARSHINI Follow Nov 24 '25 Inheritance in Java # beginners # java # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read CRUD Operations in MongoDB — Student Management System NAHULESWARAN S 24CB031 NAHULESWARAN S 24CB031 NAHULESWARAN S 24CB031 Follow Nov 1 '25 CRUD Operations in MongoDB — Student Management System # mongodb # beginners # tutorial # database Comments Add Comment 2 min read "My First Step into Frontend Journey with This HTML & CSS Project " Monika Dafouti Monika Dafouti Monika Dafouti Follow Nov 1 '25 "My First Step into Frontend Journey with This HTML & CSS Project " # programming # webdev # beginners # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Microfrontends Without Frameworks: A Simple, Vanilla JavaScript Approach Vimal Maheedharan Vimal Maheedharan Vimal Maheedharan Follow Dec 4 '25 Microfrontends Without Frameworks: A Simple, Vanilla JavaScript Approach # microfrontends # javascript # vanilla # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Keeping Linux Responsive - Taming the OOM Killer with EarlyOOM prasadkjose prasadkjose prasadkjose Follow Nov 1 '25 Keeping Linux Responsive - Taming the OOM Killer with EarlyOOM # linux # programming # opensource # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Intro Blog: “A New Beginning - Learning, Teaching, and Building as Caspian Grey” Caspian Grey Caspian Grey Caspian Grey Follow Dec 5 '25 Intro Blog: “A New Beginning - Learning, Teaching, and Building as Caspian Grey” # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners Comments 2 comments 2 min read Your First AI Application is Easier Than You Think Mollie Pettit Mollie Pettit Mollie Pettit Follow for Google AI Dec 3 '25 Your First AI Application is Easier Than You Think # ai # gemini # vertexai # beginners 77 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read How OAuth, MCP, and the OpenAI Apps SDK, Power the Next Generation of Interactive AI Experiences (with Stytch & OpenAI) Alex Patterson Alex Patterson Alex Patterson Follow for CodingCatDev Nov 4 '25 How OAuth, MCP, and the OpenAI Apps SDK, Power the Next Generation of Interactive AI Experiences (with Stytch & OpenAI) # webdev # javascript # beginners # podcast 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read HOW TO BUILD A BMI (BODY MASS INDEX) CALCULATOR USING PYTHON Ikanke-abasi Akpaso Ikanke-abasi Akpaso Ikanke-abasi Akpaso Follow Nov 1 '25 HOW TO BUILD A BMI (BODY MASS INDEX) CALCULATOR USING PYTHON # python # programming # beginners # coding Comments Add Comment 2 min read CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations in MongoDB using a simple college student schema. BHARANIKA D 24CB005 BHARANIKA D 24CB005 BHARANIKA D 24CB005 Follow Nov 1 '25 CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations in MongoDB using a simple college student schema. # mongodb # beginners # tutorial # database Comments Add Comment 2 min read If Watching Tutorials Was a Skill, I’d Be a Senior Developer by Now R Akshay R Akshay R Akshay Follow Nov 24 '25 If Watching Tutorials Was a Skill, I’d Be a Senior Developer by Now # discuss # learning # beginners # productivity 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Mastering Variables and Environments in Requestly: A Hands-On Guide Shubham Saini Shubham Saini Shubham Saini Follow Oct 31 '25 Mastering Variables and Environments in Requestly: A Hands-On Guide # opensource # beginners # api # hacktoberfest Comments Add Comment 3 min read From ThemeWagon to Live Site: Hosting a Free HTML Template on Your Local Apache Server Using Vagrant + Git Bash Morodolu Oluwafikunayomi Morodolu Oluwafikunayomi Morodolu Oluwafikunayomi Follow Nov 4 '25 From ThemeWagon to Live Site: Hosting a Free HTML Template on Your Local Apache Server Using Vagrant + Git Bash # webdev # devops # beginners # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read The difference between for...of and for...in loops in JavaScript Alaa Mkbs Alaa Mkbs Alaa Mkbs Follow Dec 4 '25 The difference between for...of and for...in loops in JavaScript # beginners # javascript # tutorial Comments 1 comment 1 min read Changing Screen Color on Tap — My Flutter Learning Journey Oluwakayode Oluwakayode Oluwakayode Follow Oct 31 '25 Changing Screen Color on Tap — My Flutter Learning Journey # flutter # beginners # ui # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read Pixel-Perfect Designs versus AI bob.ts bob.ts bob.ts Follow Oct 31 '25 Pixel-Perfect Designs versus AI # programming # ai # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Introduction to AI Agents: A Technical Overview for Beginners Dumebi Okolo Dumebi Okolo Dumebi Okolo Follow Dec 4 '25 Introduction to AI Agents: A Technical Overview for Beginners # machinelearning # ai # agents # beginners 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Learning Through Contribution - Hacktoberfest 2025🎯 Hacktoberfest: Contribution Chronicles Hirushi Nethmini Hirushi Nethmini Hirushi Nethmini Follow Oct 30 '25 Learning Through Contribution - Hacktoberfest 2025🎯 # devchallenge # hacktoberfest # opensource # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read From 1.2GB to 54MB: My Docker Image Went on a Diet tusharsharma099 tusharsharma099 tusharsharma099 Follow Dec 2 '25 From 1.2GB to 54MB: My Docker Image Went on a Diet # programming # beginners # career # devops 13 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Combine #1: ¡Hola, Combine! GoyesDev GoyesDev GoyesDev Follow Dec 5 '25 Combine #1: ¡Hola, Combine! # beginners # tutorial # ios # swift Comments Add Comment 5 min read 📝My TODO List (First post) zerome zerome zerome Follow Oct 31 '25 📝My TODO List (First post) # learning # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/muhammad_yawar_malik | Muhammad Yawar Malik - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Muhammad Yawar Malik Exploring Cloud Infrastructure, SRE, and DevOps. I share lessons on building fast, reliable systems Location United Kingdom Joined Joined on Jul 4, 2025 Personal website https://yawar.me Education University of Hertfordshire Work Site Reliability Engineer, Cloud Security Engineer More info about @muhammad_yawar_malik Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages Python, JavaScript Currently hacking on Cloud Operations Available for Startup, AWS, SRE, DevOps, Cloud Post 8 posts published Comment 2 comments written Tag 8 tags followed AWS IAM Security: A Practical Guide That Actually Works in Production Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 10 AWS IAM Security: A Practical Guide That Actually Works in Production # aws # security # cloud # iam 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Want to connect with Muhammad Yawar Malik? Create an account to connect with Muhammad Yawar Malik. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 9 Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring # sre 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 8 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE # aws # sre # monitoring # cloudwatch 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read What 100+ Production Incidents Taught Me About System Design Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 4 What 100+ Production Incidents Taught Me About System Design # aws # systemdesign # sre # devops 9 reactions Comments 5 comments 5 min read A Practical Guide to AWS CloudWatch That Most Engineers Skip Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 4 A Practical Guide to AWS CloudWatch That Most Engineers Skip # cloudwatch # aws # monitoring # devops 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Built an AI-Powered CLI to Help Debug Production Incidents | Meet Incident Helper Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jul 5 '25 I Built an AI-Powered CLI to Help Debug Production Incidents | Meet Incident Helper # cloud # sre # devops # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read My SRE Starter Pack: Tools and Practices I Wish I Knew Sooner Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jul 4 '25 My SRE Starter Pack: Tools and Practices I Wish I Knew Sooner # aws # monitoring # cloudwatch 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Oracle Cloud Left Me Disappointed: A Journey from Excitement to Frustration Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jul 4 '25 Why Oracle Cloud Left Me Disappointed: A Journey from Excitement to Frustration 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Fmasteringjs%2Fusing-then-vs-async-await-in-javascript-2pma | Facebook에 로그인 Notice 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. Facebook에 로그인 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. 로그인 계정을 잊으셨나요? 또는 새 계정 만들기 한국어 English (US) Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia ภาษาไทย Español 中文(简体) 日本語 Português (Brasil) Français (France) Deutsch 가입하기 로그인 Messenger Facebook Lite 동영상 Meta Pay Meta 스토어 Meta Quest Ray-Ban Meta Meta AI Meta AI 콘텐츠 더 보기 Instagram Threads 투표 정보 센터 개인정보처리방침 개인정보 보호 센터 정보 광고 만들기 페이지 만들기 개발자 채용 정보 쿠키 AdChoices 이용 약관 고객 센터 연락처 업로드 및 비사용자 설정 활동 로그 Meta © 2026 | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://core.forem.com/new/product | New Post - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Join the Forem Core Forem Core is a community of 3,676,891 amazing contributors Continue with Apple Continue with Google Continue with Facebook Continue with Forem Continue with GitHub Continue with Twitter (X) OR Email Password Remember me Forgot password? By signing in, you are agreeing to our privacy policy , terms of use and code of conduct . New to Forem Core? Create account . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/t/programming/page/10 | Programming Page 10 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Programming Follow Hide The magic behind computers. 💻 🪄 Create Post Older #programming posts 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Setup C programming language for Windows users Raphaël T Raphaël T Raphaël T Follow Jan 9 Setup C programming language for Windows users # programming # c # cpp # vscode Comments Add Comment 1 min read IRQs and the Art of Not Crashing Florent Herisson Florent Herisson Florent Herisson Follow Jan 9 IRQs and the Art of Not Crashing # osdev # programming # interrupts # lowlevel Comments Add Comment 6 min read How do you build serious features using only VS Code’s public APIs? GetPochi GetPochi GetPochi Follow Jan 9 How do you build serious features using only VS Code’s public APIs? # vscode # programming # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read Day 10 of 100 Palak Hirave Palak Hirave Palak Hirave Follow Jan 10 Day 10 of 100 # programming # python # devjournal # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Build an Influencer Fake Follower Detector with Node.js Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Follow Jan 9 Build an Influencer Fake Follower Detector with Node.js # webdev # programming # ai # javascript Comments Add Comment 8 min read Solved: Digital Ocean’s bandwidth pricing is criminal. Any alternatives for image hosting? Darian Vance Darian Vance Darian Vance Follow Jan 9 Solved: Digital Ocean’s bandwidth pricing is criminal. Any alternatives for image hosting? # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud Comments Add Comment 8 min read In-place Modification Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Follow Jan 9 In-place Modification # programming # beginners # tutorial # datastructures Comments Add Comment 2 min read Java Basics: Variables and Data Types Explained for Beginners Kesavarthini Kesavarthini Kesavarthini Follow Jan 10 Java Basics: Variables and Data Types Explained for Beginners # java # beginners # learning # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Inherent Logic III. Sui Gn Sui Gn Sui Gn Follow Jan 9 Inherent Logic III. # programming # opensource # coding # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read What is RAG? An innovative technique that is transforming language models. Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jan 9 What is RAG? An innovative technique that is transforming language models. # ai # rag # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read The only python GUI library you will need in 2026... Scriptor Scriptor Scriptor Follow Jan 9 The only python GUI library you will need in 2026... # webdev # programming # opensource # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read How will AI affect the cost of software development in 2026? Joseph Hoppe Joseph Hoppe Joseph Hoppe Follow Jan 9 How will AI affect the cost of software development in 2026? # discuss # ai # career # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Two Pointers (Opposite Ends) Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Follow Jan 9 Two Pointers (Opposite Ends) # programming # beginners # tutorial # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read LTX-2 Advanced Prompt Techniques: From Basics to Professional Video Creation Garyvov Garyvov Garyvov Follow Jan 9 LTX-2 Advanced Prompt Techniques: From Basics to Professional Video Creation # webdev # ltx # opensource # programming Comments Add Comment 13 min read How running a single EC2 with just Gunicorn silently capped my app — and what it taught me about real scaling Saif Ullah Usmani Saif Ullah Usmani Saif Ullah Usmani Follow Jan 9 How running a single EC2 with just Gunicorn silently capped my app — and what it taught me about real scaling # webdev # programming # devops # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read Solved: Facing Indexing Issues for 4 Months — Only Homepage Indexed. Darian Vance Darian Vance Darian Vance Follow Jan 9 Solved: Facing Indexing Issues for 4 Months — Only Homepage Indexed. # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud Comments Add Comment 10 min read Solved: Anyone found a DLP that actually catches data leaving through cloud and browser tools? Darian Vance Darian Vance Darian Vance Follow Jan 9 Solved: Anyone found a DLP that actually catches data leaving through cloud and browser tools? # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud Comments Add Comment 8 min read 📊 2026-01-09 - Daily Intelligence Recap - Top 9 Signals Agent_Asof Agent_Asof Agent_Asof Follow Jan 9 📊 2026-01-09 - Daily Intelligence Recap - Top 9 Signals # tech # programming # startup # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Breaking the interface barrier: CGLIB and ByteBuddy Rajat Arora Rajat Arora Rajat Arora Follow Jan 9 Breaking the interface barrier: CGLIB and ByteBuddy # java # programming # learning # backend 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Concerning Amounts of Malware in the VS Code Marketplace: What Microsoft’s Own Logs Reveal Ishaan Agrawal Ishaan Agrawal Ishaan Agrawal Follow Jan 9 Concerning Amounts of Malware in the VS Code Marketplace: What Microsoft’s Own Logs Reveal # security # productivity # programming # backend 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Solved: Third party attribution solution (Segmetrics) vs Looker Studio connectors (Supermetrics)? What should I use? Darian Vance Darian Vance Darian Vance Follow Jan 9 Solved: Third party attribution solution (Segmetrics) vs Looker Studio connectors (Supermetrics)? What should I use? # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud Comments Add Comment 10 min read Building Own MAC (Message Authentication Code): Part 1 - Encrypted, but Not Trusted Dmytro Huz Dmytro Huz Dmytro Huz Follow Jan 10 Building Own MAC (Message Authentication Code): Part 1 - Encrypted, but Not Trusted # webdev # programming # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read Solved: Am I the only one who builds in the Console first, then reverse engineers the IaC? Darian Vance Darian Vance Darian Vance Follow Jan 9 Solved: Am I the only one who builds in the Console first, then reverse engineers the IaC? # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud Comments Add Comment 8 min read Biotech companies NEED continuous IP monitoring Omnis Coder Omnis Coder Omnis Coder Follow Jan 9 Biotech companies NEED continuous IP monitoring # biology # crispr # biotech # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your Python Tuple Can't Be a Dictionary Key Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 9 Why Your Python Tuple Can't Be a Dictionary Key # python # programming # computerscience # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/settings/extensions | Welcome! - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Join the DEV Community DEV Community is a community of 3,676,891 amazing developers Continue with Apple Continue with Facebook Continue with Forem Continue with GitHub Continue with Google Continue with Twitter (X) OR Email Password Remember me Forgot password? By signing in, you are agreeing to our privacy policy , terms of use and code of conduct . New to DEV Community? Create account . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/readiness-probe-3co0#%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D1%82-liveness-probe | Readiness probe - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 13 Readiness probe # devops # aws # kubernetes # beginners Readiness probe ** — это **проверка “готово ли приложение принимать трафик” . Проще говоря: “Ты уже готов работать с пользователями или ещё нет?” Чаще всего это термин из Kubernetes . Простыми словами 👇 Представь кафе: Кафе открыто , но повар ещё не готов, кухня не прогрелась, продукты не разложены. Readiness probe — это как вопрос официанту: 👉 «Можно уже пускать клиентов?» Если ответ “нет” — клиенты не заходят. Если “да” — клиентов начинают пускать. В Kubernetes что происходит Kubernetes регулярно проверяет приложение (например, по HTTP-запросу или команде). Если readiness probe успешен ✅ → pod получает трафик (его добавляют в Service / Load Balancer). Если неуспешен ❌ → pod жив , но трафик к нему не идёт . ⚠️ Важно: Readiness probe не убивает pod , он просто временно “выводится из оборота”. Чем отличается от liveness probe Коротко: Liveness probe — “Ты вообще жив?” ❌ нет → pod перезапускают Readiness probe — “Ты готов обслуживать запросы?” ❌ нет → pod живёт, но без трафика Когда readiness probe особенно нужен приложение долго стартует подключается к БД делает миграции временно перегружено зависит от внешних сервисов Погнали, наглядно и без заумных слов 😄 Реальный YAML-пример с readiness + liveness + startup apiVersion : v1 kind : Pod metadata : name : demo-app spec : containers : - name : app image : my-app:1.0 ports : - containerPort : 8080 # 1️⃣ Startup probe — ждём, пока приложение ВООБЩЕ запустится startupProbe : httpGet : path : /health/startup port : 8080 failureThreshold : 30 periodSeconds : 5 # → даём до 150 секунд на старт # 2️⃣ Readiness probe — готово ли принимать трафик readinessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/ready port : 8080 initialDelaySeconds : 5 periodSeconds : 5 failureThreshold : 3 # 3️⃣ Liveness probe — не зависло ли livenessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/live port : 8080 periodSeconds : 10 failureThreshold : 3 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Что здесь происходит по шагам 🟦 Startup probe Вопрос: «Ты уже ЗАПУСТИЛСЯ?» Kubernetes не запускает readiness и liveness , пока startup probe не станет OK если не стал OK за лимит → pod перезапускают 💡 Нужен для: Java / Spring приложений с миграциями долгого старта 🟩 Readiness probe Вопрос: «Ты ГОТОВ принимать запросы?» если ❌ → pod убирают из Service pod не перезапускают когда снова ✅ → трафик возвращается 💡 Типично проверяют: подключение к БД доступность зависимостей перегрузку 🟥 Liveness probe Вопрос: «Ты вообще ЖИВ?» если ❌ → pod перезапускают 💡 Проверяет: deadlock зависшие потоки утечки памяти Сравнение: startup vs readiness (очень коротко) Probe Когда Если FAIL Для чего startup только при старте pod перезапуск долгий запуск readiness всё время убрать трафик временно не готов liveness всё время pod перезапуск приложение зависло Жизненный пример Приложение стартует так: запускается JVM (40 сек) миграции БД (30 сек) готово принимать запросы 👉 startup probe ждёт шаги 1–2 👉 readiness probe включает трафик только после шага 3 👉 liveness probe следит, чтобы всё не зависло через час Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/jinali98/crafting-a-stitch-inspired-memecoin-on-sui-4o0h#comments | Crafting a Stitch-Inspired Memecoin on Sui - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jinali Pabasara Posted on Jan 13 Crafting a Stitch-Inspired Memecoin on Sui # smartcontract # blockchain # web3 # programming Last weekend, I went out with friends to catch Lilo & Stitch on the big screen, the heartwarming tale of a spunky Hawaiian girl and her mischievous alien companion. As the credits rolled, a simple idea struck me: why not channel Stitch’s playful spirit into something unique on-chain? And that’s exactly what we’ll do today by building a memecoin on Sui inspired by everyone’s favorite blue experiment!!. Welcome to the first article of a multi-part series all about crafting your memecoin on Sui. Over the coming days, we’ll explore design strategies and practical implementation for creating memecoin on Sui, using our Stitch inspired memecoin as a running example. In this opening chapter, we’ll lay the groundwork by unpacking essential concepts and diving into smart contract design. Before we dive in, I’ll assume you already have a basic grasp of smart contracts. If you’re new to Sui, don’t worry, head down to the Prerequisites section below, where you’ll find step-by-step guidance on setting up your development environment and writing your first Move module on Sui. Prerequisites Install Sui https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/sui-install Environment Set up https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/connect Writing Your First Smart Contract On Sui https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/first-app/write-package You can grab the completed source code for the contract from HERE . Crafting Our Memecoin’s Move Contract As for the first step, run the command below to generate a boilerplate package that includes a Move.toml manifest and a source folder containing a default module. sui move new sui_memecoin Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, let’s rename the default module created inside the source folder to stitch.move . This module will be the main module where we implement the logic for our memecoin. Now, copy the code below and paste it into your module. We’ll walk through what each line of code does next. module sui_memecoin::stitch; use sui::coin::{Self, TreasuryCap}; use sui::transfer; use sui::url::new_unsafe_from_bytes; public struct STITCH has drop {} const TOTAL_SUPPLY: u64 = 100_000_000_000; fun init(otw: STITCH, ctx: &mut TxContext) { let (mut treasury, metadata) = coin::create_currency( otw, 9, b"STITCH", b"STITCH", b"Stitch is a playful memecoin on Sui inspired by everyone's favorite duo, Lilo & Stitch. Fueled by the spirit of ohana, STITCH lets fans tip, swap and celebrate with little experiments of value—bringing that Hawaiian heart and mischief right onto the blockchain", option::some( new_unsafe_from_bytes( b"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/the-stitch/images/e/e9/Stitch_OfficialDisney.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20140911233238", ), ), ctx, ); // mint the total supply to the treasury during initialization mint(&mut treasury, TOTAL_SUPPLY, ctx.sender(), ctx); // Freeze the meta data so its immutable transfer::public_freeze_object(metadata); // freeze the treasury so its immutable transfer::public_freeze_object(treasury); } // mint function is used to mint STITCH coins to a recipient public fun mint( treasury: &mut TreasuryCap<STITCH>, amount: u64, recipient: address, ctx: &mut TxContext, ) { let coin = coin::mint(treasury, amount, ctx); transfer::public_transfer(coin, recipient); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you are not familiar with Move, the first line in our code initiates our Sui Move module. We start with the package name, followed by our module name. In this case, the package name is sui_memecoin , and the module name is stitch . module sui_memecoin::stitch; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, we import all the modules that we will use to develop the memecoin. use sui::coin::{Self, TreasuryCap}; use sui::transfer; use sui::url::new_unsafe_from_bytes; Now, if you take a look at the first function in our code, which is the `init` function, you’ll notice that it takes two arguments. fun init(otw: STITCH, ctx: &mut TxContext) { let (mut treasury, metadata) = coin::create_currency( otw, 9, b"STITCH", b"STITCH", b"Stitch is a playful memecoin on Sui inspired by everyone's favorite duo, Lilo & Stitch. Fueled by the spirit of ohana, STITCH lets fans tip, swap and celebrate with little experiments of value—bringing that Hawaiian heart and mischief right onto the blockchain", option::some( new_unsafe_from_bytes( b"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/the-stitch/images/e/e9/Stitch_OfficialDisney.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20140911233238", ), ), ctx, ); // mint the total supply to the treasury during initialization mint(&mut treasury, TOTAL_SUPPLY, ctx.sender(), ctx); // Freeze the meta data so its immutable transfer::public_freeze_object(metadata); // freeze the treasury so its immutable transfer::public_freeze_object(treasury); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode For those new to Move, the Sui runtime automatically calls the init function for every module within a package only once upon the publication of that package. In our case, we can use the init function to: Set the one-time witness. Provide the transaction context, which includes details about the address that publishes the contract If you are not familiar with the one-time witness pattern, check out the one-time witness pattern section in the Move book for a better understanding. In brief, the primary purpose of the one-time witness pattern is to guarantee that a resource or type can be instantiated or used only once. Next, let’s check what’s happening inside the init function. The first thing we need to do is create our memecoin. For this, we can use the Coin module provided by Sui, which has everything we need to create and mint coins. The method we are using to create a new coin is create_currency . This method takes the OTW we created, along with several other values. Decimals: This refers to the number of decimal places for the coin. For most standard coins, this is set to 9. Symbol: This is the symbol of our memecoin. Just like other coins, each memecoin will have its own symbol, such as SOL or DOGE. Name: This will be the name of the coin we are going to create. Description: Here, we can provide a brief description of the coin, which will be useful when listing the token on exchanges. Icon URL: The URL to the icon file of the coin The create_currency method creates and returns two objects: Treasury Cap: This is a capability object that provides control over the minting and burning of coins. It acts as an authorization mechanism for these processes. Metadata: This resource stores descriptive information about the coin. This information is essential for wallets, explorers, and other applications to display details about the coin accurately. Next, let’s discuss how the mint function operates, which we have defined to accept multiple arguments. First, inside the mint function, we call the mint method from the coin module. We pass three parameters: the treasury obtained from the create_currency function, the number of coins we want to mint, and the transaction context. After minting the coins, we transfer them to the recipient, which in this case is the publisher of the contract. If you are not familiar with object transfer and how it works in the Move programming language, I recommend reading about the Sui object model to enhance your understanding. In summary, the transfer function is used to send an object to a specific address. Once an object is transferred, it becomes owned by that address, giving exclusive control of the object to the recipient’s account. In short, we have moved all the minted coins to the wallet address of the contract publisher. Therefore, when you publish the contract, all the minted coins will be in your wallet. You can then transfer them to other wallet addresses for distribution. Now let’s see what we have done to the metadata and treasury cap returned by the create currency method. As you can see, we have applied the freeze_object method to both objects. The purpose of this is to make these objects immutable. Once we freeze an object, it becomes immutable, meaning we cannot make any changes to it. In our case, the coin metadata (such as name, symbol, and other parameters) cannot be modified. Additionally, by freezing the treasury cap object, no one can mint more STITCH coins. We have already minted the total supply mentioned at the beginning of the code, and that’s all that will be minted. When we publish the contract, it will call the init function to mint the total supply we designated to the publisher’s wallet address and freeze the treasury cap, preventing any further minting of coins. Crunching the Numbers: Calculating STITCH’s Total Supply Before we publish the contract, let’s discuss the total supply and how to calculate it. In our scenario, we want to mint 100 STITCH coins as our total supply, and we do not want to mint any additional STITCH coins beyond that. Remember that when we created the currency, we specified that we needed 9 decimal places for our coin. This means that the base unit of our coin will be 0.000000001. Therefore, when we pass the amount to the mint method, we need to specify the number of coins we want in base units. To mint your desired number of coins, you need to multiply that number by the base unit to determine the total supply in base units. As you can see, we have completed that calculation. Publishing Time: Deploying Our Contract! Next, we need to publish the module. Before doing so, you can run the command below to ensure that there are no build errors. sui move build Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Once you’ve confirmed there are no issues, use the command below to publish the package. This action will mint 100 STITCH tokens to your wallet address. sui client publish Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The command will return a success response along with all the object changes, as shown below. Now, copy the wallet address used to publish the smart contract and navigate to SuiScanner. Select either the testnet or devnet, depending on which environment you used to publish your contract. By searching for your wallet address, you will see that 100 STITCH coins have been minted to your wallet. If you click on the STITCH coin, you can access the coin object page, which displays all the details we configured for the coin. * Congratulations! You now have your own Memecoin on Sui! * **What’s Next **You can grab the completed source code for the contract from HERE . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Jinali Pabasara Follow Experienced Software Engineer with a passion for developing innovative programs Location Colombo, Sri Lanka Education London Metropolitan University Work Software Engineer at Maash Joined Jun 12, 2021 More from Jinali Pabasara Enhancing Privacy with Stealth Addresses on Public Blockchains # blockchain # web3 # privacy 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/t/beginners/page/75#for-articles | Beginners Page 75 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). Posts should require NO prerequisite knowledge, except perhaps general (language-agnostic) essentials of programming. Posts should NOT merely be for beginners to a tool, library, or framework. If your article does not meet these qualifications, please select a different tag. Promotional Rules Posts should NOT primarily promote an external work. This is what Listings is for. Otherwise accepable posts MAY include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom. Resource lists ARE acceptable if they follow these rules: Include at least 3 distinct authors/creators. Clearly indicate which resources are FREE, which require PII, and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Indicate at the top that the article contains promotional links. about #beginners If you're writing for this tag, we recommend you read this article . If you're asking a question, read this article . Older #beginners posts 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Weekly Update #16 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Nov 5 '25 Weekly Update #16 # devlog # gamedev # sfml # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Learning SQL: The Language Behind Your Data Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Follow Nov 9 '25 Learning SQL: The Language Behind Your Data # sql # database # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Programming Languages Are Converted into Machine Code Rashedin | FullStack Developer Rashedin | FullStack Developer Rashedin | FullStack Developer Follow Dec 10 '25 How Programming Languages Are Converted into Machine Code # beginners # computerscience # programming 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Automated My Boring Dev Tasks With Simple Bash Scripts (You Don't Need DevOps Experience) NJEI NJEI NJEI Follow Dec 10 '25 I Automated My Boring Dev Tasks With Simple Bash Scripts (You Don't Need DevOps Experience) # bash # productivity # automation # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 18 min read Create OpenAI API key codebangkok codebangkok codebangkok Follow Dec 10 '25 Create OpenAI API key # openai # beginners # api # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Nov 29 '25 🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines # beginners # gamedev # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding the Asterisk (*) in Python Function Arguments ak0047 ak0047 ak0047 Follow Nov 6 '25 Understanding the Asterisk (*) in Python Function Arguments # python # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Memory Layouts Explained in Bare Metal Systems Ripan Deuri Ripan Deuri Ripan Deuri Follow Dec 9 '25 Memory Layouts Explained in Bare Metal Systems # beginners # computerscience # architecture # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Day 1, part II : Call by value Chhavi Joshi Chhavi Joshi Chhavi Joshi Follow Nov 5 '25 Day 1, part II : Call by value # beginners # tutorial # java # coding Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building SVGs with the new Snap.svg (Basics - part 1) Orlin Vakarelov Orlin Vakarelov Orlin Vakarelov Follow Dec 9 '25 Building SVGs with the new Snap.svg (Basics - part 1) # beginners # tutorial # webdev # javascript Comments Add Comment 7 min read Effective Prompting for Generative Vision Models Sara Han Sara Han Sara Han Follow for Pruna AI Nov 10 '25 Effective Prompting for Generative Vision Models # ai # promptengineering # beginners # tutorial 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Follow Nov 5 '25 Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) # learning # beginners # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Follow Nov 6 '25 I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) # beginners # python # opensource # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Tipos de EC2 Instance INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 4 '25 Tipos de EC2 Instance # beginners # architecture # cloud # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' mayank sagar mayank sagar mayank sagar Follow Dec 10 '25 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' # javascript # react # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Follow Dec 9 '25 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Terraform state file and Remote backend Nandan K Nandan K Nandan K Follow Nov 28 '25 Terraform state file and Remote backend # terraform # devops # beginners # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 8 '25 My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] # python # learning # beginners # codenewbie 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Follow Nov 10 '25 The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! # go # google # beginners # backend Comments Add Comment 4 min read What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Follow Dec 9 '25 What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? # php # webdev # beginners # programming 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE Follow Nov 5 '25 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners # csharp # basic # beginners # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Follow Dec 3 '25 The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever # devops # kubernetes # beginners # webdev 26 reactions Comments 19 comments 9 min read The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback Ananya S Ananya S Ananya S Follow Dec 8 '25 The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback # ai # llm # promptengineering # beginners 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:59 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/readiness-probe-3co0#%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-yaml%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80-%D1%81-readiness-liveness-startup | Readiness probe - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 13 Readiness probe # devops # aws # kubernetes # beginners Readiness probe ** — это **проверка “готово ли приложение принимать трафик” . Проще говоря: “Ты уже готов работать с пользователями или ещё нет?” Чаще всего это термин из Kubernetes . Простыми словами 👇 Представь кафе: Кафе открыто , но повар ещё не готов, кухня не прогрелась, продукты не разложены. Readiness probe — это как вопрос официанту: 👉 «Можно уже пускать клиентов?» Если ответ “нет” — клиенты не заходят. Если “да” — клиентов начинают пускать. В Kubernetes что происходит Kubernetes регулярно проверяет приложение (например, по HTTP-запросу или команде). Если readiness probe успешен ✅ → pod получает трафик (его добавляют в Service / Load Balancer). Если неуспешен ❌ → pod жив , но трафик к нему не идёт . ⚠️ Важно: Readiness probe не убивает pod , он просто временно “выводится из оборота”. Чем отличается от liveness probe Коротко: Liveness probe — “Ты вообще жив?” ❌ нет → pod перезапускают Readiness probe — “Ты готов обслуживать запросы?” ❌ нет → pod живёт, но без трафика Когда readiness probe особенно нужен приложение долго стартует подключается к БД делает миграции временно перегружено зависит от внешних сервисов Погнали, наглядно и без заумных слов 😄 Реальный YAML-пример с readiness + liveness + startup apiVersion : v1 kind : Pod metadata : name : demo-app spec : containers : - name : app image : my-app:1.0 ports : - containerPort : 8080 # 1️⃣ Startup probe — ждём, пока приложение ВООБЩЕ запустится startupProbe : httpGet : path : /health/startup port : 8080 failureThreshold : 30 periodSeconds : 5 # → даём до 150 секунд на старт # 2️⃣ Readiness probe — готово ли принимать трафик readinessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/ready port : 8080 initialDelaySeconds : 5 periodSeconds : 5 failureThreshold : 3 # 3️⃣ Liveness probe — не зависло ли livenessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/live port : 8080 periodSeconds : 10 failureThreshold : 3 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Что здесь происходит по шагам 🟦 Startup probe Вопрос: «Ты уже ЗАПУСТИЛСЯ?» Kubernetes не запускает readiness и liveness , пока startup probe не станет OK если не стал OK за лимит → pod перезапускают 💡 Нужен для: Java / Spring приложений с миграциями долгого старта 🟩 Readiness probe Вопрос: «Ты ГОТОВ принимать запросы?» если ❌ → pod убирают из Service pod не перезапускают когда снова ✅ → трафик возвращается 💡 Типично проверяют: подключение к БД доступность зависимостей перегрузку 🟥 Liveness probe Вопрос: «Ты вообще ЖИВ?» если ❌ → pod перезапускают 💡 Проверяет: deadlock зависшие потоки утечки памяти Сравнение: startup vs readiness (очень коротко) Probe Когда Если FAIL Для чего startup только при старте pod перезапуск долгий запуск readiness всё время убрать трафик временно не готов liveness всё время pod перезапуск приложение зависло Жизненный пример Приложение стартует так: запускается JVM (40 сек) миграции БД (30 сек) готово принимать запросы 👉 startup probe ждёт шаги 1–2 👉 readiness probe включает трафик только после шага 3 👉 liveness probe следит, чтобы всё не зависло через час Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/adehorizon/how-i-passed-the-aws-certified-cloud-practitioner-in-24-days-for-free-4c49 | How I Passed the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner in 24 Days (For Free) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Adedoyin Posted on Jan 5 How I Passed the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner in 24 Days (For Free) # aws # awscloudpractitioner # cloudcertification # examprep If you are looking to validate your cloud skills, the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C02) is the starting line. It’s the foundational badge that says, "I understand the AWS Cloud ecosystem." Passing the Cloud Practitioner exam proves you understand the vocabulary of the cloud. It does not mean you are ready to architect a complex, fault-tolerant system for a Fortune 500 company tomorrow. I recently passed this exam, and I did it in just 24 days . But before I share my study plan, I need to be transparent about two things: I didn't start from zero. I have been working with AWS services prior to this exam. I spent $0 on study materials. I used entirely free resources. However, having hands-on experience doesn’t automatically mean you’ll pass. The exam is its own beast, designed to test not just what you can do , but how well you know the specific AWS terminology and "the AWS way" of solving problems. So even a complete beginner with the right study materials can ace this exam. Here is how I navigated the tricky questions and passed in under a month—and how you can too. The "Experience Paradox" You might think, "If I already use EC2 and S3, do I really need to study?" The answer is a resounding yes . There is a difference between knowing how to spin up a server and answering a multiple-choice question that asks you to choose between two services that sound almost identical. The exam loves tricky scenarios. You need to sit down and train your brain to recognize keywords that differentiate a "good" answer from the "right" answer. The Lesson: Don’t rely solely on your work experience. You need to study the exam logic . My 24-Day Strategy (Using Free Resources) Everyone learns differently. I focused on finding high-quality free content that matched my learning style. Whether you are a visual learner or a note-taker, there is a free path for you. Step 1: The Knowledge Injection (Days 1–14) I spent the first two weeks consuming the core material. Since I was not interested in spending any money for a foundational certificate, I stuck to free content, but if you are more comfortable with paid courses (like Udemy or A Cloud Guru), that works perfectly fine too. For Visual Learners: AWS Skill Builder: This is Amazon’s official free learning center. Look for the "AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials" digital course. It’s interactive and comes straight from the source. YouTube (FreeCodeCamp): Search for the "AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner" full course on FreeCodeCamp. These are often 13+ hour videos that cover everything in depth. For Readers/Note Takers: AWS Whitepapers: This is non-negotiable. Read the Overview of Amazon Web Services and the AWS Well-Architected Framework . The exam pulls questions directly from these concepts. Step 2: Cracking the "Tricky" Code (Days 15–23) This was the most critical phase. I shifted from passive learning to active testing. I hunted down free practice questions and sample exams. My goal wasn't just to get the answer right, but to understand why the other three answers were wrong. Identify the Distractors: AWS will often list a service that could work, but isn't the most cost-effective or cloud-native solution. Keyword Association: I trained myself to link problems to services. (e.g., "Decoupling" SQS; "Global content delivery" CloudFront). Step 3: Exam Day (Day 24) By the time I sat for the exam, I wasn't just relying on my prior work experience; I was relying on my ability to dissect the questions. Exam Day Advice Identify what AWS is really asking. Eliminate obviously wrong answers first. This skill alone can easily be the difference between failing and passing. Don’t rush Read each question slowly. AWS loves to add extra information you don’t need, Use keywords like “most cost-effective”, “least operational effort”, or “high availability” Trust your preparation: If you’re unsure, think: What would AWS recommend as best practice? If you’ve studied properly, many questions will feel familiar. Final Thoughts: Certified ≠ Qualified I am proud of this certification, but I want to leave you with an important piece of advice: This certificate is just a foundational step. Certified means you passed a test. Qualified means you can build solutions. Do not stop here. Use this win to build momentum. Real growth comes from: Hands-on projects Real-world problem solving Breaking and fixing systems Going for higher-level certifications (Solutions Architect, Developer, DevOps, etc.) Get certified, but don’t stop there. If you’re serious about cloud computing, this is just the beginning. 🚀 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Adedoyin Follow 01101000 01101001 Joined Dec 29, 2025 More from Adedoyin AWS Organizations: The Easy Way # aws # productivity # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/server/js/nextjs | Next.js Quick Start Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Server / JS / Next.js Next.js Quick Start Learn how to set up highlight.io tracing for your Next.js application. 1 Install the relevant Highlight SDK(s). Install @highlight-run/next with your package manager. npm install --save @highlight-run/next 2 Wrap your Page Router endpoints The Highlight Next.js SDK supports tracing for both Page and App Routers running in the Node.js runtime. import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' import { withPageRouterHighlight } from '@/app/_utils/page-router-highlight.config' import { H } from '@highlight-run/next/server' export default withPageRouterHighlight(async function handler( req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse, ) { return new Promise<void>(async (resolve) => { const { span } = H.startWithHeaders('page-router-span', {}) console.info('Here: /pages/api/page-router-trace.ts ⌚⌚⌚') res.send(`Trace sent! Check out this random number: 0.06448606896345765`) span.end() resolve() }) }) 3 Wrap your App Router endpoints The Highlight Next.js SDK supports tracing for both Page and App Routers running in the Node.js runtime. import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server' import { withAppRouterHighlight } from '@/app/_utils/app-router-highlight.config' import { H } from '@highlight-run/next/server' export const GET = withAppRouterHighlight(async function GET( request: NextRequest, ) { return new Promise(async (resolve) => { const { span } = H.startWithHeaders('app-router-span', {}) console.info('Here: /pages/api/app-router-trace/route.ts ⏰⏰⏰') span.end() resolve(new Response('Success: /api/app-router-trace')) }) }) 4 Verify your backend traces are being recorded. Visit the highlight traces portal and check that backend traces are coming in. Nest.js Quick Start Node.js Quick Start [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/aspire-softserv/cloud-cost-optimization-engineering-led-strategy-to-reduce-aws-gcp-spend-by-30-50-56e9#comments | Cloud Cost Optimization: Engineering-Led Strategy to Reduce AWS & GCP Spend by 30-50% - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Aspire Softserv Posted on Jan 12 Cloud Cost Optimization: Engineering-Led Strategy to Reduce AWS & GCP Spend by 30-50% # devops # aws # cloud Cloud platforms promise flexibility, scalability, and cost efficiency. Yet for many fast-growing product companies, cloud costs quickly become unpredictable and difficult to justify. What starts as a few experimental services, always-on test environments, or conservatively sized instances slowly compounds into runaway spend. Auto-scaling is configured for safety, not efficiency. Legacy resources remain active long after their purpose has passed. Soon, AWS or GCP bills rise 30–40% quarter over quarter, while revenue growth struggles to keep pace. Finance asks for explanations. Engineering lacks visibility. Leadership loses confidence in forecasts. The issue isn’t cloud adoption it’s the absence of structured cloud cost optimization. Organizations that treat cloud cost as a core engineering responsibility, rather than a retrospective finance task, consistently reduce spend by 30–50% while preserving performance, reliability, and delivery velocity. This guide explains how engineering-led cloud cost optimization works in practice. Key Takeaways Cloud cost optimization helps organizations reduce AWS and GCP spending by 30–50% without compromising reliability or speed. Sustainable optimization requires real-time cost visibility, continuous right-sizing, elimination of idle resources, and automation across environments. When engineering teams own cost decisions aligned with finance companies achieve stronger unit economics, improved margins, and predictable cloud growth. Cloud cost optimization services accelerate results by combining technical depth with financial insight. ## What Is Cloud Cost Optimization? Cloud cost optimization is the continuous discipline of ensuring every dollar spent in the cloud delivers measurable business value. It aligns infrastructure usage with real demand, customer activity, and product priorities rather than assumptions or peak-load estimates. Effective optimization includes: Right-sizing compute, storage, and databases Removing idle and orphaned resources Choosing appropriate pricing models Designing architectures that scale efficiently Automating controls to prevent cost drift Unlike one-time cost-cutting initiatives, cloud cost optimization is an ongoing engineering practice that evolves with your workloads and growth. Cloud Cost Optimization vs. Cloud Cost Management Cloud cost management focuses on tracking and reporting spend answering questions like “How much did we spend?” and “Where did it go?” Cloud cost optimization focuses on improvement and decision-making answering “Why are we spending this much?” and “How can we deliver the same or better outcomes for less?” Rising cloud costs are not inherently negative. They become a problem when spending increases faster than usage, adoption, or revenue eroding margins and predictability. Optimization ensures cloud growth remains aligned with business growth. Why Engineering Teams Struggle to Control Cloud Costs Even disciplined engineering organizations lose 30–40% of cloud spend due to structural challenges. Limited Cost Visibility Native billing tools rarely provide cost insight at the feature, service, or customer level, making root-cause analysis difficult. Inaccurate Forecasting Dynamic workloads and auto-scaling make static budgets unreliable without continuous monitoring. Complex Pricing Models Modern cloud environments rely on dozens of services, each with different pricing mechanics and thresholds. Hidden and Variable Charges Data transfer, backups, snapshots, and cross-zone traffic often surface only after billing cycles close. Idle and Orphaned Resources Unused development environments and forgotten infrastructure silently consume budget. Rapidly Changing Demand Manual capacity planning leads to persistent over-provisioning or degraded performance. Weak Governance and Standards Without tagging, budgets, and guardrails, teams allocate excess resources to avoid risk. Business Impact of Cloud Cost Optimization Organizations implementing structured cloud cost optimization typically see meaningful improvements within 60–90 days. Clear Cost Attribution Understand exactly which workloads, features, and teams drive spend. Predictable Cloud Spending Reduced volatility improves budgeting and forecasting. Improved Gross Margins Lower cloud COGS directly impacts profitability. Stronger Unit Economics Visibility into cost per customer, transaction, or feature. Better Performance at Lower Cost Efficient systems often outperform over-provisioned ones. Engineering and Finance Alignment Shared metrics reduce friction between teams. Cost-Conscious Engineering Culture Efficiency becomes a standard design principle. Accurate Cost Allocation Shared infrastructure costs are distributed fairly. Higher Engineering Productivity Automation replaces manual cost investigations. 12 Cloud Cost Optimization Strategies Before Migration Applying these strategies before migrating to AWS or GCP prevents costly post-migration surprises. 1. Assess Current Infrastructure Identify inefficiencies and underutilized systems before migration. 2. Educate Teams on Cloud Pricing Engineers must understand how design choices affect cost. 3. Right-Size Based on Real Usage Avoid lifting oversized workloads into the cloud. 4. Eliminate Unused Resources Decommission legacy systems to reduce complexity. 5. Select Appropriate Pricing Models Match workloads to on-demand, reserved, or spot pricing. 6. Automate Provisioning and Scaling Prevent resource sprawl and configuration drift. 7. Plan for Data Transfer Costs Account for egress, replication, and cross-region traffic. 8. Optimize Storage From Day One Apply lifecycle policies and correct storage tiers early. 9. Establish Governance Policies Define tagging standards, access controls, and budgets. 10. Train Teams on Cost Efficiency Empowered engineers make better infrastructure decisions. 11. Define Monitoring and Review Cadence Make optimization a recurring operational activity. 12. Design Cost-Aware Disaster Recovery Balance resilience requirements with realistic spend. 17 Best Practices for Continuous Cloud Cost Optimization 1. Centralize Cloud Accounts Improves visibility and governance. 2. Align Budgets With Business Objectives Ensure spending reflects strategic priorities. 3. Treat Cost as an Engineering Metric Cost belongs alongside latency and uptime. 4. Track Unit Economics Understand cost per customer or transaction. 5. Monitor Idle Spend Continuously Detect waste before it accumulates. 6. Use Business-Relevant Cost Metrics Tie infrastructure spend to outcomes. 7. Provide Role-Based Dashboards Different teams need different cost views. 8. Embed Cost Awareness in the SDLC Design decisions should include cost impact. 9. Enable Real-Time Alerts and Anomaly Detection Prevent billing surprises. 10. Continuously Right-Size Infrastructure Workloads evolve; capacity must adapt. 11. Refactor for Cloud-Native Efficiency Modern architectures reduce long-term cost. 12. Assign Cost Ownership to Teams Accountability drives optimization. 13. Use Reserved Instances Strategically Reduce cost for predictable workloads. 14. Leverage Spot Instances Lower spend for fault-tolerant systems. 15. Automate Cost Controls Prevent regression through automation. 16. Build a Cost-Optimization Culture Efficiency becomes habitual. 17. Partner With Cloud Cost Experts Accelerate results and avoid blind spots. Future Trends in Cloud Cost Optimization AI-driven cost analytics, FinOps maturity, sustainability-driven engineering, and multi-cloud optimization will define the next phase of cloud cost optimization. How AspireSoftServ Helps Optimize Cloud Costs AspireSoftServ partners with product companies to reduce AWS and GCP spend by 30–50% through engineering-led optimization, automation, and deep cost intelligence. The Path Forward Cloud cost optimization is not a one-time initiative. Organizations that succeed embed cost awareness into daily engineering decisions, ensuring cloud spend scales with value not inefficiency. When Should You Act? You should prioritize optimization if: Cloud spend grows faster than revenue Monthly bills fluctuate unpredictably Non-production costs exceed 30% of total spend Finance lacks clarity on cost drivers Ready to Optimize Your Cloud Spend? AspireSoftServ helps engineering teams build predictable, efficient, and scalable cloud environments without slowing innovation. Q&A: Cloud Cost Optimization Q1. What is cloud cost optimization? A continuous practice of aligning cloud spend with business value. Q2. How much can companies typically save? Most organizations achieve 30–50% savings within 60–90 days. Q3. Does cost optimization affect performance? No. When done correctly, it often improves performance and reliability. Q4. Who should own cloud cost optimization? Engineering teams, in close collaboration with finance. Q5. When should optimization start? Before migration or once monthly cloud spend exceeds $50,000. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Aspire Softserv Follow Aspiresoftserv is a leading IT services and consulting company delivering innovative, scalable, and cost-effective digital solutions. Location Dover, Delaware USA, Joined Aug 4, 2023 More from Aspire Softserv How to Accelerate Release Cycles Without Hiring More Engineers # automation # cicd # productivity # devops 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://docs.python.org/3/faq/programming.html#faq-programming-raw-string-backslash | Programming FAQ — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents Programming FAQ General Questions Core Language Numbers and strings Performance Sequences (Tuples/Lists) Objects Modules Previous topic General Python FAQ Next topic Design and History FAQ This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » Programming FAQ | Theme Auto Light Dark | Programming FAQ ¶ Contents Programming FAQ General Questions Is there a source code level debugger with breakpoints, single-stepping, etc.? Are there tools to help find bugs or perform static analysis? How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script? Are there coding standards or a style guide for Python programs? Core Language Why am I getting an UnboundLocalError when the variable has a value? What are the rules for local and global variables in Python? Why do lambdas defined in a loop with different values all return the same result? How do I share global variables across modules? What are the “best practices” for using import in a module? Why are default values shared between objects? How can I pass optional or keyword parameters from one function to another? What is the difference between arguments and parameters? Why did changing list ‘y’ also change list ‘x’? How do I write a function with output parameters (call by reference)? How do you make a higher order function in Python? How do I copy an object in Python? How can I find the methods or attributes of an object? How can my code discover the name of an object? What’s up with the comma operator’s precedence? Is there an equivalent of C’s “?:” ternary operator? Is it possible to write obfuscated one-liners in Python? What does the slash(/) in the parameter list of a function mean? Numbers and strings How do I specify hexadecimal and octal integers? Why does -22 // 10 return -3? How do I get int literal attribute instead of SyntaxError? How do I convert a string to a number? How do I convert a number to a string? How do I modify a string in place? How do I use strings to call functions/methods? Is there an equivalent to Perl’s chomp() for removing trailing newlines from strings? Is there a scanf() or sscanf() equivalent? What does UnicodeDecodeError or UnicodeEncodeError error mean? Can I end a raw string with an odd number of backslashes? Performance My program is too slow. How do I speed it up? What is the most efficient way to concatenate many strings together? Sequences (Tuples/Lists) How do I convert between tuples and lists? What’s a negative index? How do I iterate over a sequence in reverse order? How do you remove duplicates from a list? How do you remove multiple items from a list How do you make an array in Python? How do I create a multidimensional list? How do I apply a method or function to a sequence of objects? Why does a_tuple[i] += [‘item’] raise an exception when the addition works? I want to do a complicated sort: can you do a Schwartzian Transform in Python? How can I sort one list by values from another list? Objects What is a class? What is a method? What is self? How do I check if an object is an instance of a given class or of a subclass of it? What is delegation? How do I call a method defined in a base class from a derived class that extends it? How can I organize my code to make it easier to change the base class? How do I create static class data and static class methods? How can I overload constructors (or methods) in Python? I try to use __spam and I get an error about _SomeClassName__spam. My class defines __del__ but it is not called when I delete the object. How do I get a list of all instances of a given class? Why does the result of id() appear to be not unique? When can I rely on identity tests with the is operator? How can a subclass control what data is stored in an immutable instance? How do I cache method calls? Modules How do I create a .pyc file? How do I find the current module name? How can I have modules that mutually import each other? __import__(‘x.y.z’) returns <module ‘x’>; how do I get z? When I edit an imported module and reimport it, the changes don’t show up. Why does this happen? General Questions ¶ Is there a source code level debugger with breakpoints, single-stepping, etc.? ¶ Yes. Several debuggers for Python are described below, and the built-in function breakpoint() allows you to drop into any of them. The pdb module is a simple but adequate console-mode debugger for Python. It is part of the standard Python library, and is documented in the Library Reference Manual . You can also write your own debugger by using the code for pdb as an example. The IDLE interactive development environment, which is part of the standard Python distribution (normally available as Tools/scripts/idle3 ), includes a graphical debugger. PythonWin is a Python IDE that includes a GUI debugger based on pdb. The PythonWin debugger colors breakpoints and has quite a few cool features such as debugging non-PythonWin programs. PythonWin is available as part of pywin32 project and as a part of the ActivePython distribution. Eric is an IDE built on PyQt and the Scintilla editing component. trepan3k is a gdb-like debugger. Visual Studio Code is an IDE with debugging tools that integrates with version-control software. There are a number of commercial Python IDEs that include graphical debuggers. They include: Wing IDE Komodo IDE PyCharm Are there tools to help find bugs or perform static analysis? ¶ Yes. Pylint and Pyflakes do basic checking that will help you catch bugs sooner. Static type checkers such as Mypy , Pyre , and Pytype can check type hints in Python source code. How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script? ¶ You don’t need the ability to compile Python to C code if all you want is a stand-alone program that users can download and run without having to install the Python distribution first. There are a number of tools that determine the set of modules required by a program and bind these modules together with a Python binary to produce a single executable. One is to use the freeze tool, which is included in the Python source tree as Tools/freeze . It converts Python byte code to C arrays; with a C compiler you can embed all your modules into a new program, which is then linked with the standard Python modules. It works by scanning your source recursively for import statements (in both forms) and looking for the modules in the standard Python path as well as in the source directory (for built-in modules). It then turns the bytecode for modules written in Python into C code (array initializers that can be turned into code objects using the marshal module) and creates a custom-made config file that only contains those built-in modules which are actually used in the program. It then compiles the generated C code and links it with the rest of the Python interpreter to form a self-contained binary which acts exactly like your script. The following packages can help with the creation of console and GUI executables: Nuitka (Cross-platform) PyInstaller (Cross-platform) PyOxidizer (Cross-platform) cx_Freeze (Cross-platform) py2app (macOS only) py2exe (Windows only) Are there coding standards or a style guide for Python programs? ¶ Yes. The coding style required for standard library modules is documented as PEP 8 . Core Language ¶ Why am I getting an UnboundLocalError when the variable has a value? ¶ It can be a surprise to get the UnboundLocalError in previously working code when it is modified by adding an assignment statement somewhere in the body of a function. This code: >>> x = 10 >>> def bar (): ... print ( x ) ... >>> bar () 10 works, but this code: >>> x = 10 >>> def foo (): ... print ( x ) ... x += 1 results in an UnboundLocalError : >>> foo () Traceback (most recent call last): ... UnboundLocalError : local variable 'x' referenced before assignment This is because when you make an assignment to a variable in a scope, that variable becomes local to that scope and shadows any similarly named variable in the outer scope. Since the last statement in foo assigns a new value to x , the compiler recognizes it as a local variable. Consequently when the earlier print(x) attempts to print the uninitialized local variable and an error results. In the example above you can access the outer scope variable by declaring it global: >>> x = 10 >>> def foobar (): ... global x ... print ( x ) ... x += 1 ... >>> foobar () 10 This explicit declaration is required in order to remind you that (unlike the superficially analogous situation with class and instance variables) you are actually modifying the value of the variable in the outer scope: >>> print ( x ) 11 You can do a similar thing in a nested scope using the nonlocal keyword: >>> def foo (): ... x = 10 ... def bar (): ... nonlocal x ... print ( x ) ... x += 1 ... bar () ... print ( x ) ... >>> foo () 10 11 What are the rules for local and global variables in Python? ¶ In Python, variables that are only referenced inside a function are implicitly global. If a variable is assigned a value anywhere within the function’s body, it’s assumed to be a local unless explicitly declared as global. Though a bit surprising at first, a moment’s consideration explains this. On one hand, requiring global for assigned variables provides a bar against unintended side-effects. On the other hand, if global was required for all global references, you’d be using global all the time. You’d have to declare as global every reference to a built-in function or to a component of an imported module. This clutter would defeat the usefulness of the global declaration for identifying side-effects. Why do lambdas defined in a loop with different values all return the same result? ¶ Assume you use a for loop to define a few different lambdas (or even plain functions), e.g.: >>> squares = [] >>> for x in range ( 5 ): ... squares . append ( lambda : x ** 2 ) This gives you a list that contains 5 lambdas that calculate x**2 . You might expect that, when called, they would return, respectively, 0 , 1 , 4 , 9 , and 16 . However, when you actually try you will see that they all return 16 : >>> squares [ 2 ]() 16 >>> squares [ 4 ]() 16 This happens because x is not local to the lambdas, but is defined in the outer scope, and it is accessed when the lambda is called — not when it is defined. At the end of the loop, the value of x is 4 , so all the functions now return 4**2 , i.e. 16 . You can also verify this by changing the value of x and see how the results of the lambdas change: >>> x = 8 >>> squares [ 2 ]() 64 In order to avoid this, you need to save the values in variables local to the lambdas, so that they don’t rely on the value of the global x : >>> squares = [] >>> for x in range ( 5 ): ... squares . append ( lambda n = x : n ** 2 ) Here, n=x creates a new variable n local to the lambda and computed when the lambda is defined so that it has the same value that x had at that point in the loop. This means that the value of n will be 0 in the first lambda, 1 in the second, 2 in the third, and so on. Therefore each lambda will now return the correct result: >>> squares [ 2 ]() 4 >>> squares [ 4 ]() 16 Note that this behaviour is not peculiar to lambdas, but applies to regular functions too. How do I share global variables across modules? ¶ The canonical way to share information across modules within a single program is to create a special module (often called config or cfg). Just import the config module in all modules of your application; the module then becomes available as a global name. Because there is only one instance of each module, any changes made to the module object get reflected everywhere. For example: config.py: x = 0 # Default value of the 'x' configuration setting mod.py: import config config . x = 1 main.py: import config import mod print ( config . x ) Note that using a module is also the basis for implementing the singleton design pattern, for the same reason. What are the “best practices” for using import in a module? ¶ In general, don’t use from modulename import * . Doing so clutters the importer’s namespace, and makes it much harder for linters to detect undefined names. Import modules at the top of a file. Doing so makes it clear what other modules your code requires and avoids questions of whether the module name is in scope. Using one import per line makes it easy to add and delete module imports, but using multiple imports per line uses less screen space. It’s good practice if you import modules in the following order: standard library modules – e.g. sys , os , argparse , re third-party library modules (anything installed in Python’s site-packages directory) – e.g. dateutil , requests , PIL.Image locally developed modules It is sometimes necessary to move imports to a function or class to avoid problems with circular imports. Gordon McMillan says: Circular imports are fine where both modules use the “import <module>” form of import. They fail when the 2nd module wants to grab a name out of the first (“from module import name”) and the import is at the top level. That’s because names in the 1st are not yet available, because the first module is busy importing the 2nd. In this case, if the second module is only used in one function, then the import can easily be moved into that function. By the time the import is called, the first module will have finished initializing, and the second module can do its import. It may also be necessary to move imports out of the top level of code if some of the modules are platform-specific. In that case, it may not even be possible to import all of the modules at the top of the file. In this case, importing the correct modules in the corresponding platform-specific code is a good option. Only move imports into a local scope, such as inside a function definition, if it’s necessary to solve a problem such as avoiding a circular import or are trying to reduce the initialization time of a module. This technique is especially helpful if many of the imports are unnecessary depending on how the program executes. You may also want to move imports into a function if the modules are only ever used in that function. Note that loading a module the first time may be expensive because of the one time initialization of the module, but loading a module multiple times is virtually free, costing only a couple of dictionary lookups. Even if the module name has gone out of scope, the module is probably available in sys.modules . Why are default values shared between objects? ¶ This type of bug commonly bites neophyte programmers. Consider this function: def foo ( mydict = {}): # Danger: shared reference to one dict for all calls ... compute something ... mydict [ key ] = value return mydict The first time you call this function, mydict contains a single item. The second time, mydict contains two items because when foo() begins executing, mydict starts out with an item already in it. It is often expected that a function call creates new objects for default values. This is not what happens. Default values are created exactly once, when the function is defined. If that object is changed, like the dictionary in this example, subsequent calls to the function will refer to this changed object. By definition, immutable objects such as numbers, strings, tuples, and None , are safe from change. Changes to mutable objects such as dictionaries, lists, and class instances can lead to confusion. Because of this feature, it is good programming practice to not use mutable objects as default values. Instead, use None as the default value and inside the function, check if the parameter is None and create a new list/dictionary/whatever if it is. For example, don’t write: def foo ( mydict = {}): ... but: def foo ( mydict = None ): if mydict is None : mydict = {} # create a new dict for local namespace This feature can be useful. When you have a function that’s time-consuming to compute, a common technique is to cache the parameters and the resulting value of each call to the function, and return the cached value if the same value is requested again. This is called “memoizing”, and can be implemented like this: # Callers can only provide two parameters and optionally pass _cache by keyword def expensive ( arg1 , arg2 , * , _cache = {}): if ( arg1 , arg2 ) in _cache : return _cache [( arg1 , arg2 )] # Calculate the value result = ... expensive computation ... _cache [( arg1 , arg2 )] = result # Store result in the cache return result You could use a global variable containing a dictionary instead of the default value; it’s a matter of taste. How can I pass optional or keyword parameters from one function to another? ¶ Collect the arguments using the * and ** specifiers in the function’s parameter list; this gives you the positional arguments as a tuple and the keyword arguments as a dictionary. You can then pass these arguments when calling another function by using * and ** : def f ( x , * args , ** kwargs ): ... kwargs [ 'width' ] = '14.3c' ... g ( x , * args , ** kwargs ) What is the difference between arguments and parameters? ¶ Parameters are defined by the names that appear in a function definition, whereas arguments are the values actually passed to a function when calling it. Parameters define what kind of arguments a function can accept. For example, given the function definition: def func ( foo , bar = None , ** kwargs ): pass foo , bar and kwargs are parameters of func . However, when calling func , for example: func ( 42 , bar = 314 , extra = somevar ) the values 42 , 314 , and somevar are arguments. Why did changing list ‘y’ also change list ‘x’? ¶ If you wrote code like: >>> x = [] >>> y = x >>> y . append ( 10 ) >>> y [10] >>> x [10] you might be wondering why appending an element to y changed x too. There are two factors that produce this result: Variables are simply names that refer to objects. Doing y = x doesn’t create a copy of the list – it creates a new variable y that refers to the same object x refers to. This means that there is only one object (the list), and both x and y refer to it. Lists are mutable , which means that you can change their content. After the call to append() , the content of the mutable object has changed from [] to [10] . Since both the variables refer to the same object, using either name accesses the modified value [10] . If we instead assign an immutable object to x : >>> x = 5 # ints are immutable >>> y = x >>> x = x + 1 # 5 can't be mutated, we are creating a new object here >>> x 6 >>> y 5 we can see that in this case x and y are not equal anymore. This is because integers are immutable , and when we do x = x + 1 we are not mutating the int 5 by incrementing its value; instead, we are creating a new object (the int 6 ) and assigning it to x (that is, changing which object x refers to). After this assignment we have two objects (the ints 6 and 5 ) and two variables that refer to them ( x now refers to 6 but y still refers to 5 ). Some operations (for example y.append(10) and y.sort() ) mutate the object, whereas superficially similar operations (for example y = y + [10] and sorted(y) ) create a new object. In general in Python (and in all cases in the standard library) a method that mutates an object will return None to help avoid getting the two types of operations confused. So if you mistakenly write y.sort() thinking it will give you a sorted copy of y , you’ll instead end up with None , which will likely cause your program to generate an easily diagnosed error. However, there is one class of operations where the same operation sometimes has different behaviors with different types: the augmented assignment operators. For example, += mutates lists but not tuples or ints ( a_list += [1, 2, 3] is equivalent to a_list.extend([1, 2, 3]) and mutates a_list , whereas some_tuple += (1, 2, 3) and some_int += 1 create new objects). In other words: If we have a mutable object ( list , dict , set , etc.), we can use some specific operations to mutate it and all the variables that refer to it will see the change. If we have an immutable object ( str , int , tuple , etc.), all the variables that refer to it will always see the same value, but operations that transform that value into a new value always return a new object. If you want to know if two variables refer to the same object or not, you can use the is operator, or the built-in function id() . How do I write a function with output parameters (call by reference)? ¶ Remember that arguments are passed by assignment in Python. Since assignment just creates references to objects, there’s no alias between an argument name in the caller and callee, and so no call-by-reference per se. You can achieve the desired effect in a number of ways. By returning a tuple of the results: >>> def func1 ( a , b ): ... a = 'new-value' # a and b are local names ... b = b + 1 # assigned to new objects ... return a , b # return new values ... >>> x , y = 'old-value' , 99 >>> func1 ( x , y ) ('new-value', 100) This is almost always the clearest solution. By using global variables. This isn’t thread-safe, and is not recommended. By passing a mutable (changeable in-place) object: >>> def func2 ( a ): ... a [ 0 ] = 'new-value' # 'a' references a mutable list ... a [ 1 ] = a [ 1 ] + 1 # changes a shared object ... >>> args = [ 'old-value' , 99 ] >>> func2 ( args ) >>> args ['new-value', 100] By passing in a dictionary that gets mutated: >>> def func3 ( args ): ... args [ 'a' ] = 'new-value' # args is a mutable dictionary ... args [ 'b' ] = args [ 'b' ] + 1 # change it in-place ... >>> args = { 'a' : 'old-value' , 'b' : 99 } >>> func3 ( args ) >>> args {'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100} Or bundle up values in a class instance: >>> class Namespace : ... def __init__ ( self , / , ** args ): ... for key , value in args . items (): ... setattr ( self , key , value ) ... >>> def func4 ( args ): ... args . a = 'new-value' # args is a mutable Namespace ... args . b = args . b + 1 # change object in-place ... >>> args = Namespace ( a = 'old-value' , b = 99 ) >>> func4 ( args ) >>> vars ( args ) {'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100} There’s almost never a good reason to get this complicated. Your best choice is to return a tuple containing the multiple results. How do you make a higher order function in Python? ¶ You have two choices: you can use nested scopes or you can use callable objects. For example, suppose you wanted to define linear(a,b) which returns a function f(x) that computes the value a*x+b . Using nested scopes: def linear ( a , b ): def result ( x ): return a * x + b return result Or using a callable object: class linear : def __init__ ( self , a , b ): self . a , self . b = a , b def __call__ ( self , x ): return self . a * x + self . b In both cases, taxes = linear ( 0.3 , 2 ) gives a callable object where taxes(10e6) == 0.3 * 10e6 + 2 . The callable object approach has the disadvantage that it is a bit slower and results in slightly longer code. However, note that a collection of callables can share their signature via inheritance: class exponential ( linear ): # __init__ inherited def __call__ ( self , x ): return self . a * ( x ** self . b ) Object can encapsulate state for several methods: class counter : value = 0 def set ( self , x ): self . value = x def up ( self ): self . value = self . value + 1 def down ( self ): self . value = self . value - 1 count = counter () inc , dec , reset = count . up , count . down , count . set Here inc() , dec() and reset() act like functions which share the same counting variable. How do I copy an object in Python? ¶ In general, try copy.copy() or copy.deepcopy() for the general case. Not all objects can be copied, but most can. Some objects can be copied more easily. Dictionaries have a copy() method: newdict = olddict . copy () Sequences can be copied by slicing: new_l = l [:] How can I find the methods or attributes of an object? ¶ For an instance x of a user-defined class, dir(x) returns an alphabetized list of the names containing the instance attributes and methods and attributes defined by its class. How can my code discover the name of an object? ¶ Generally speaking, it can’t, because objects don’t really have names. Essentially, assignment always binds a name to a value; the same is true of def and class statements, but in that case the value is a callable. Consider the following code: >>> class A : ... pass ... >>> B = A >>> a = B () >>> b = a >>> print ( b ) <__main__.A object at 0x16D07CC> >>> print ( a ) <__main__.A object at 0x16D07CC> Arguably the class has a name: even though it is bound to two names and invoked through the name B the created instance is still reported as an instance of class A . However, it is impossible to say whether the instance’s name is a or b , since both names are bound to the same value. Generally speaking it should not be necessary for your code to “know the names” of particular values. Unless you are deliberately writing introspective programs, this is usually an indication that a change of approach might be beneficial. In comp.lang.python, Fredrik Lundh once gave an excellent analogy in answer to this question: The same way as you get the name of that cat you found on your porch: the cat (object) itself cannot tell you its name, and it doesn’t really care – so the only way to find out what it’s called is to ask all your neighbours (namespaces) if it’s their cat (object)… ….and don’t be surprised if you’ll find that it’s known by many names, or no name at all! What’s up with the comma operator’s precedence? ¶ Comma is not an operator in Python. Consider this session: >>> "a" in "b" , "a" (False, 'a') Since the comma is not an operator, but a separator between expressions the above is evaluated as if you had entered: ( "a" in "b" ), "a" not: "a" in ( "b" , "a" ) The same is true of the various assignment operators ( = , += etc). They are not truly operators but syntactic delimiters in assignment statements. Is there an equivalent of C’s “?:” ternary operator? ¶ Yes, there is. The syntax is as follows: [ on_true ] if [ expression ] else [ on_false ] x , y = 50 , 25 small = x if x < y else y Before this syntax was introduced in Python 2.5, a common idiom was to use logical operators: [ expression ] and [ on_true ] or [ on_false ] However, this idiom is unsafe, as it can give wrong results when on_true has a false boolean value. Therefore, it is always better to use the ... if ... else ... form. Is it possible to write obfuscated one-liners in Python? ¶ Yes. Usually this is done by nesting lambda within lambda . See the following three examples, slightly adapted from Ulf Bartelt: from functools import reduce # Primes < 1000 print ( list ( filter ( None , map ( lambda y : y * reduce ( lambda x , y : x * y != 0 , map ( lambda x , y = y : y % x , range ( 2 , int ( pow ( y , 0.5 ) + 1 ))), 1 ), range ( 2 , 1000 ))))) # First 10 Fibonacci numbers print ( list ( map ( lambda x , f = lambda x , f :( f ( x - 1 , f ) + f ( x - 2 , f )) if x > 1 else 1 : f ( x , f ), range ( 10 )))) # Mandelbrot set print (( lambda Ru , Ro , Iu , Io , IM , Sx , Sy : reduce ( lambda x , y : x + ' \n ' + y , map ( lambda y , Iu = Iu , Io = Io , Ru = Ru , Ro = Ro , Sy = Sy , L = lambda yc , Iu = Iu , Io = Io , Ru = Ru , Ro = Ro , i = IM , Sx = Sx , Sy = Sy : reduce ( lambda x , y : x + y , map ( lambda x , xc = Ru , yc = yc , Ru = Ru , Ro = Ro , i = i , Sx = Sx , F = lambda xc , yc , x , y , k , f = lambda xc , yc , x , y , k , f :( k <= 0 ) or ( x * x + y * y >= 4.0 ) or 1 + f ( xc , yc , x * x - y * y + xc , 2.0 * x * y + yc , k - 1 , f ): f ( xc , yc , x , y , k , f ): chr ( 64 + F ( Ru + x * ( Ro - Ru ) / Sx , yc , 0 , 0 , i )), range ( Sx ))): L ( Iu + y * ( Io - Iu ) / Sy ), range ( Sy ))))( - 2.1 , 0.7 , - 1.2 , 1.2 , 30 , 80 , 24 )) # \___ ___/ \___ ___/ | | |__ lines on screen # V V | |______ columns on screen # | | |__________ maximum of "iterations" # | |_________________ range on y axis # |____________________________ range on x axis Don’t try this at home, kids! What does the slash(/) in the parameter list of a function mean? ¶ A slash in the argument list of a function denotes that the parameters prior to it are positional-only. Positional-only parameters are the ones without an externally usable name. Upon calling a function that accepts positional-only parameters, arguments are mapped to parameters based solely on their position. For example, divmod() is a function that accepts positional-only parameters. Its documentation looks like this: >>> help ( divmod ) Help on built-in function divmod in module builtins: divmod(x, y, /) Return the tuple (x//y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x. The slash at the end of the parameter list means that both parameters are positional-only. Thus, calling divmod() with keyword arguments would lead to an error: >>> divmod ( x = 3 , y = 4 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : divmod() takes no keyword arguments Numbers and strings ¶ How do I specify hexadecimal and octal integers? ¶ To specify an octal digit, precede the octal value with a zero, and then a lower or uppercase “o”. For example, to set the variable “a” to the octal value “10” (8 in decimal), type: >>> a = 0o10 >>> a 8 Hexadecimal is just as easy. Simply precede the hexadecimal number with a zero, and then a lower or uppercase “x”. Hexadecimal digits can be specified in lower or uppercase. For example, in the Python interpreter: >>> a = 0xa5 >>> a 165 >>> b = 0XB2 >>> b 178 Why does -22 // 10 return -3? ¶ It’s primarily driven by the desire that i % j have the same sign as j . If you want that, and also want: i == ( i // j ) * j + ( i % j ) then integer division has to return the floor. C also requires that identity to hold, and then compilers that truncate i // j need to make i % j have the same sign as i . There are few real use cases for i % j when j is negative. When j is positive, there are many, and in virtually all of them it’s more useful for i % j to be >= 0 . If the clock says 10 now, what did it say 200 hours ago? -190 % 12 == 2 is useful; -190 % 12 == -10 is a bug waiting to bite. How do I get int literal attribute instead of SyntaxError? ¶ Trying to lookup an int literal attribute in the normal manner gives a SyntaxError because the period is seen as a decimal point: >>> 1. __class__ File "<stdin>" , line 1 1.__class__ ^ SyntaxError : invalid decimal literal The solution is to separate the literal from the period with either a space or parentheses. >>> 1 . __class__ <class 'int'> >>> ( 1 ) . __class__ <class 'int'> How do I convert a string to a number? ¶ For integers, use the built-in int() type constructor, e.g. int('144') == 144 . Similarly, float() converts to a floating-point number, e.g. float('144') == 144.0 . By default, these interpret the number as decimal, so that int('0144') == 144 holds true, and int('0x144') raises ValueError . int(string, base) takes the base to convert from as a second optional argument, so int( '0x144', 16) == 324 . If the base is specified as 0, the number is interpreted using Python’s rules: a leading ‘0o’ indicates octal, and ‘0x’ indicates a hex number. Do not use the built-in function eval() if all you need is to convert strings to numbers. eval() will be significantly slower and it presents a security risk: someone could pass you a Python expression that might have unwanted side effects. For example, someone could pass __import__('os').system("rm -rf $HOME") which would erase your home directory. eval() also has the effect of interpreting numbers as Python expressions, so that e.g. eval('09') gives a syntax error because Python does not allow leading ‘0’ in a decimal number (except ‘0’). How do I convert a number to a string? ¶ To convert, e.g., the number 144 to the string '144' , use the built-in type constructor str() . If you want a hexadecimal or octal representation, use the built-in functions hex() or oct() . For fancy formatting, see the f-strings and Format String Syntax sections, e.g. "{:04d}".format(144) yields '0144' and "{:.3f}".format(1.0/3.0) yields '0.333' . How do I modify a string in place? ¶ You can’t, because strings are immutable. In most situations, you should simply construct a new string from the various parts you want to assemble it from. However, if you need an object with the ability to modify in-place unicode data, try using an io.StringIO object or the array module: >>> import io >>> s = "Hello, world" >>> sio = io . StringIO ( s ) >>> sio . getvalue () 'Hello, world' >>> sio . seek ( 7 ) 7 >>> sio . write ( "there!" ) 6 >>> sio . getvalue () 'Hello, there!' >>> import array >>> a = array . array ( 'w' , s ) >>> print ( a ) array('w', 'Hello, world') >>> a [ 0 ] = 'y' >>> print ( a ) array('w', 'yello, world') >>> a . tounicode () 'yello, world' How do I use strings to call functions/methods? ¶ There are various techniques. The best is to use a dictionary that maps strings to functions. The primary advantage of this technique is that the strings do not need to match the names of the functions. This is also the primary technique used to emulate a case construct: def a (): pass def b (): pass dispatch = { 'go' : a , 'stop' : b } # Note lack of parens for funcs dispatch [ get_input ()]() # Note trailing parens to call function Use the built-in function getattr() : import foo getattr ( foo , 'bar' )() Note that getattr() works on any object, including classes, class instances, modules, and so on. This is used in several places in the standard library, like this: class Foo : def do_foo ( self ): ... def do_bar ( self ): ... f = getattr ( foo_instance , 'do_' + opname ) f () Use locals() to resolve the function name: def myFunc (): print ( "hello" ) fname = "myFunc" f = locals ()[ fname ] f () Is there an equivalent to Perl’s chomp() for removing trailing newlines from strings? ¶ You can use S.rstrip("\r\n") to remove all occurrences of any line terminator from the end of the string S without removing other trailing whitespace. If the string S represents more than one line, with several empty lines at the end, the line terminators for all the blank lines will be removed: >>> lines = ( "line 1 \r\n " ... " \r\n " ... " \r\n " ) >>> lines . rstrip ( " \n\r " ) 'line 1 ' Since this is typically only desired when reading text one line at a time, using S.rstrip() this way works well. Is there a scanf() or sscanf() equivalent? ¶ Not as such. For simple input parsing, the easiest approach is usually to split the line into whitespace-delimited words using the split() method of string objects and then convert decimal strings to numeric values using int() or float() . split() supports an optional “sep” parameter which is useful if the line uses something other than whitespace as a separator. For more complicated input parsing, regular expressions are more powerful than C’s sscanf and better suited for the task. What does UnicodeDecodeError or UnicodeEncodeError error mean? ¶ See the Unicode HOWTO . Can I end a raw string with an odd number of backslashes? ¶ A raw string ending with an odd number of backslashes will escape the string’s quote: >>> r 'C:\this\will\not\work \' File "<stdin>" , line 1 r 'C:\this\will\not\work \' ^ SyntaxError : unterminated string literal (detected at line 1) There are several workarounds for this. One is to use regular strings and double the backslashes: >>> 'C: \\ this \\ will \\ work \\ ' 'C:\\this\\will\\work\\' Another is to concatenate a regular string containing an escaped backslash to the raw string: >>> r 'C:\this\will\work' ' \\ ' 'C:\\this\\will\\work\\' It is also possible to use os.path.join() to append a backslash on Windows: >>> os . path . join ( r 'C:\this\will\work' , '' ) 'C:\\this\\will\\work\\' Note that while a backslash will “escape” a quote for the purposes of determining where the raw string ends, no escaping occurs when interpreting the value of the raw string. That is, the backslash remains present in the value of the raw string: >>> r 'backslash \' preserved' "backslash\\'preserved" Also see the specification in the language reference . Performance ¶ My program is too slow. How do I speed it up? ¶ That’s a tough one, in general. First, here are a list of things to remember before diving further: Performance characteristics vary across Python implementations. This FAQ focuses on CPython . Behaviour can vary across operating systems, especially when talking about I/O or multi-threading. You should always find the hot spots in your program before attempting to optimize any code (see the profile module). Writing benchmark scripts will allow you to iterate quickly when searching for improvements (see the timeit module). It is highly recommended to have good code coverage (through unit testing or any other technique) before potentially introducing regressions hidden in sophisticated optimizations. That being said, there are many tricks to speed up Python code. Here are some general principles which go a long way towards reaching acceptable performance levels: Making your algorithms faster (or changing to faster ones) can yield much larger benefits than trying to sprinkle micro-optimization tricks all over your code. Use the right data structures. Study documentation for the Built-in Types and the collections module. When the standard library provides a primitive for doing something, it is likely (although not guaranteed) to be faster than any alternative you may come up with. This is doubly true for primitives written in C, such as builtins and some extension types. For example, be sure to use either the list.sort() built-in method or the related sorted() function to do sorting (and see the Sorting Techniques for examples of moderately advanced usage). Abstractions tend to create indirections and force the interpreter to work more. If the levels of indirection outweigh the amount of useful work done, your program will be slower. You should avoid excessive abstraction, especially under the form of tiny functions or methods (which are also often detrimental to readability). If you have reached the limit of what pure Python can allow, there are tools to take you further away. For example, Cython can compile a slightly modified version of Python code into a C extension, and can be used on many different platforms. Cython can take advantage of compilation (and optional type annotations) to make your code significantly faster than when interpreted. If you are confident in your C programming skills, you can also write a C extension module yourself. See also The wiki page devoted to performance tips . What is the most efficient way to concatenate many strings together? ¶ str and bytes objects are immutable, therefore concatenating many strings together is inefficient as each concatenation creates a new object. In the general case, the total runtime cost is quadratic in the total string length. To accumulate many str objects, the recommended idiom is to place them into a list and call str.join() at the end: chunks = [] for s in my_strings : chunks . append ( s ) result = '' . join ( chunks ) (another reasonably efficient idiom is to use io.StringIO ) To accumulate many bytes objects, the recommended idiom is to extend a bytearray object using in-place concatenation (the += operator): result = bytearray () for b in my_bytes_objects : result += b Sequences (Tuples/Lists) ¶ How do I convert between tuples and lists? ¶ The type constructor tuple(seq) converts any sequence (actually, any iterable) into a tuple with the same items in the same order. For example, tuple([1, 2, 3]) yields (1, 2, 3) and tuple('abc') yields ('a', 'b', 'c') . If the argument is a tuple, it does not make a copy but returns the same object, so it is cheap to call tuple() when you aren’t sure that an object is already a tuple. The type constructor list(seq) converts any sequence or iterable into a list with the same items in the same order. For example, list((1, 2, 3)) yields [1, 2, 3] and list('abc') yields ['a', 'b', 'c'] . If the argument is a list, it makes a copy just like seq[:] would. What’s a negative index? ¶ Python sequences are indexed with positive numbers and negative numbers. For positive numbers 0 is the first index 1 is the second index and so forth. For negative indices -1 is the last index and -2 is the penultimate (next to last) index and so forth. Think of seq[-n] as the same as seq[len(seq)-n] . Using negative indices can be very convenient. For example S[:-1] is all of the string except for its last character, which is useful for removing the trailing newline from a string. How do I iterate over a sequence in reverse order? ¶ Use the reversed() built-in function: for x in reversed ( sequence ): ... # do something with x ... This won’t touch your original sequence, but build a new copy with reversed order to iterate over. How do you remove duplicates from a list? ¶ See the Python Cookbook for a long discussion of many ways to do this: https://code.activestate.com/recipes/52560/ If you don’t mind reordering the list, sort it and then scan from the end of the list, deleting duplicates as you go: if mylist : mylist . sort () last = mylist [ - 1 ] for i in range ( len ( mylist ) - 2 , - 1 , - 1 ): if last == mylist [ i ]: del mylist [ i ] else : last = mylist [ i ] If all elements of the list may be used as set keys (i.e. they are all hashable ) this is often faster mylist = list ( set ( mylist )) This converts the list into a set, thereby removing duplicates, and then back into a list. How do you remove multiple items from a list ¶ As with removing duplicates, explicitly iterating in reverse with a delete condition is one possibility. However, it is easier and faster to use slice replacement with an implicit or explicit forward iteration. Here are three variations.: mylist [:] = filter ( keep_function , mylist ) mylist [:] = ( x for x in mylist if keep_condition ) mylist [:] = [ x for x in mylist if keep_condition ] The list comprehension may be fastest. How do you make an array in Python? ¶ Use a list: [ "this" , 1 , "is" , "an" , "array" ] Lists are equivalent to C or Pascal arrays in their time complexity; the primary difference is that a Python list can contain objects of many different types. The array module also provides methods for creating arrays of fixed types with compact representations, but they are slower to index than lists. Also note that NumPy and other third party packages define array-like structures with various characteristics as well. To get Lisp-style linked lists, you can emulate cons cells using tuples: lisp_list = ( "like" , ( "this" , ( "example" , None ) ) ) If mutability is desired, you could use lists instead of tuples. Here the analogue of a Lisp car is lisp_list[0] and the analogue of cdr is lisp_list[1] . Only do this if you’re sure you really need to, because it’s usually a lot slower than using Python lists. How do I create a multidimensional list? ¶ You probably tried to make a multidimensional array like this: >>> A = [[ None ] * 2 ] * 3 This looks correct if you print it: >>> A [[None, None], [None, None], [None, None]] But when you assign a value, it shows up in multiple places: >>> A [ 0 ][ 0 ] = 5 >>> A [[5, None], [5, None], [5, None]] The reason is that replicating a list with * doesn’t create copies, it only creates references to the existing objects. The *3 creates a list containing 3 references to the same list of length two. Changes to one row will show in all rows, which is almost certainly not what you want. The suggested approach is to create a list of the desired length first and then fill in each element with a newly created list: A = [ None ] * 3 for i in range ( 3 ): A [ i ] = [ None ] * 2 This generates a list containing 3 different lists of length two. You can also use a list comprehension: w , h = 2 , 3 A = [[ None ] * w for i in range ( h )] Or, you can use an extension that provides a matrix datatype; NumPy is the best known. How do I apply a method or function to a sequence of objects? ¶ To call a method or function and accumulate the return values is a list, a list comprehension is an elegant solution: result = [ obj . method () for obj in mylist ] result = [ function ( obj ) for obj in mylist ] To just run the method or function without saving the return values, a plain for loop will suffice: for obj in mylist : obj . method () for obj in mylist : function ( obj ) Why does a_tuple[i] += [‘item’] raise an exception when the addition works? ¶ This is because of a combination of the fact that augmented assignment operators are assignment operators, and the difference between mutable and immutable objects in Python. This discussion applies in general when augmented assignment operators are applied to elements of a tuple that point to mutable objects, but we’ll use a list and += as our exemplar. If you wrote: >>> a_tuple = ( 1 , 2 ) >>> a_tuple [ 0 ] += 1 Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'tuple' object does not support item assignment The reason for the exception should be immediately clear: 1 is added to the object a_tuple[0] points to ( 1 ), producing the result object, 2 , but when we attempt to assign the result of the computation, 2 , to element 0 of the tuple, we get an error because we can’t change what an element of a tuple points to. Under the covers, what this augmented assignment statement is doing is approximately this: >>> result = a_tuple [ 0 ] + 1 >>> a_tuple [ 0 ] = result Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'tuple' object does not support item assignment It is the assignment part of the operation that produces the error, since a tuple is immutable. When you write something like: >>> a_tuple = ([ 'foo' ], 'bar' ) >>> a_tuple [ 0 ] += [ 'item' ] Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'tuple' object does not support item assignment The exception is a bit more surprising, and even more surprising is the fact that even though there was an error, the append worked: >>> a_tuple [ 0 ] ['foo', 'item'] To see why this happens, you need to know that (a) if an object implements an __iadd__() magic method, it gets called when the += augmented assignment is executed, and its return value is what gets used in the assignment statement; and (b) for lists, __iadd__() is equivalent to calling extend() on the list and returning the list. That’s why we say that for lists, += is a “shorthand” for list.extend() : >>> a_list = [] >>> a_list += [ 1 ] >>> a_list [1] This is equivalent to: >>> result = a_list . __iadd__ ([ 1 ]) >>> a_list = result The object pointed to by a_list has been mutated, and the pointer to the mutated object is assigned back to a_list . The end result of the assignment is a no-op, since it is a pointer to the same object that a_list was previously pointing to, but the assignment still happens. Thus, in our tuple example what is happening is equivalent to: >>> result = a_tuple [ 0 ] . __iadd__ ([ 'item' ]) >>> a_tuple [ 0 ] = result Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError : 'tuple' object does not support item assignment The __iadd__() succeeds, and thus the list is extended, but even though result points to the same object that a_tuple[0] already points to, that final assignment still results in an error, because tuples are immutable. I want to do a complicated sort: can you do a Schwartzian Transform in Python? ¶ The technique, attributed to Randal Schwartz of the Perl community, sorts the elements of a list by a metric which maps each element to its “sort value”. In Python, use the key | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/devsecops/page/5 | Devsecops Page 5 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # devsecops Follow Hide Integrating security practices into the DevOps lifecycle. Create Post Older #devsecops posts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu What is the software development lifecycle (SDLC)? Complete guide Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow Jun 16 '25 What is the software development lifecycle (SDLC)? Complete guide # devsecops # devops 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 17 min read $9,000 per minute: That’s the average cost of downtime Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow May 29 '25 $9,000 per minute: That’s the average cost of downtime # devops # devsecops Comments Add Comment 8 min read Failing the DevOps Audit? Here's What Every Secure Pipeline Needs in 2025 DevOps4Me Global DevOps4Me Global DevOps4Me Global Follow Apr 25 '25 Failing the DevOps Audit? Here's What Every Secure Pipeline Needs in 2025 # cybersecurity # regulatorycompliance # devsecops # eucra 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read DevOps vs DevSecOps: how security reshapes software delivery Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow May 27 '25 DevOps vs DevSecOps: how security reshapes software delivery # devsecops # devops # gatling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 22 min read Scaling DevOps to Meet Enterprise Demands Teleglobal Teleglobal Teleglobal Follow Apr 21 '25 Scaling DevOps to Meet Enterprise Demands # news # devops # devsecops # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why You Need Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) on Every Account—Right Now Seth Keddy Seth Keddy Seth Keddy Follow May 25 '25 Why You Need Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) on Every Account—Right Now # mfa # securitybasics # cybersecurity # devsecops Comments Add Comment 4 min read DevOps vs DevSecOps vs GitOps : What's the Difference and Why it Matters Bankai Infotech Bankai Infotech Bankai Infotech Follow Jun 11 '25 DevOps vs DevSecOps vs GitOps : What's the Difference and Why it Matters # devops # devsecops # gitops # devopssolutions Comments 2 comments 5 min read 8 GitHub-Starred Security Projects You Shouldn’t Miss in 2025 Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow May 21 '25 8 GitHub-Starred Security Projects You Shouldn’t Miss in 2025 # webdev # github # devsecops # cybersecurity 16 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Platform Engineering 101: Build Faster, Ship Safer Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow May 19 '25 Platform Engineering 101: Build Faster, Ship Safer # devops # platformengineering # gatling # devsecops 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Implementing GitOps with FluxCD for Kubernetes Applications Uchechukwu Enyi Uchechukwu Enyi Uchechukwu Enyi Follow Apr 13 '25 Implementing GitOps with FluxCD for Kubernetes Applications # devops # gitops # devsecops # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 5 min read Real-Time Threat Modeling with AI? This Open-Source WAF Does It. Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow May 16 '25 Real-Time Threat Modeling with AI? This Open-Source WAF Does It. # ai # opensource # devsecops # apisecurity 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read IngressNightmare: Critical Kubernetes Vulnerabilities Expose Clusters to Remote Takeover Kubernetes with Naveen Kubernetes with Naveen Kubernetes with Naveen Follow Apr 16 '25 IngressNightmare: Critical Kubernetes Vulnerabilities Expose Clusters to Remote Takeover # kubernetes # devops # security # devsecops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Turn Off Vulnerability Scanners with SafeLine WAF: Anti-Scan, Semantic Engine & One-Line Deployment Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow May 14 '25 Turn Off Vulnerability Scanners with SafeLine WAF: Anti-Scan, Semantic Engine & One-Line Deployment # devsecops # waf # opensourcesecurity # safeline 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is DevSecOps? A guide to secure software development Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow Jun 9 '25 What is DevSecOps? A guide to secure software development # devops # devsecops # gatling 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 18 min read Secure by design in Python: A FastAPI app with 5 DevSecOps tools and a real time SSTI vulnerability remediation Matteo Vitali Matteo Vitali Matteo Vitali Follow May 10 '25 Secure by design in Python: A FastAPI app with 5 DevSecOps tools and a real time SSTI vulnerability remediation # python # devsecops # security # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why We Chose SafeLine WAF for Our CTF Challenge Environment Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow May 9 '25 Why We Chose SafeLine WAF for Our CTF Challenge Environment # waf # cybersecurity # ctf # devsecops 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Incident Response in AWS + Free PDF Playbook Javier Pulido Javier Pulido Javier Pulido Follow May 8 '25 Incident Response in AWS + Free PDF Playbook # aws # security # incidentresponse # devsecops Comments Add Comment 1 min read SafeLine WAF: The Open-Source Web Firewall That’s Winning Devs Over Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow May 6 '25 SafeLine WAF: The Open-Source Web Firewall That’s Winning Devs Over # websecurity # opensource # waf # devsecops 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Secure Your CI/CD Pipeline with Jenkins, ArgoCD, and Vault – A Hands-On DevSecOps Guide Rihab Haddad Rihab Haddad Rihab Haddad Follow May 5 '25 Secure Your CI/CD Pipeline with Jenkins, ArgoCD, and Vault – A Hands-On DevSecOps Guide # devops # devsecops # cicd # security 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 16 min read Building Self-Healing SaaS Applications with Django & Frappe Pranav Dixit Pranav Dixit Pranav Dixit Follow May 3 '25 Building Self-Healing SaaS Applications with Django & Frappe # django # frappe # cybersecurity # devsecops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Type Guards in TypeScript 2025: Next-Level Type Safety for AI-Era Developers Paul Courage Labhani Paul Courage Labhani Paul Courage Labhani Follow Apr 25 '25 Type Guards in TypeScript 2025: Next-Level Type Safety for AI-Era Developers # coding # typescript # llmsafety # devsecops 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read 🛡️ SAST & DAST in GitLab CI/CD: Automate Your App Security the Smart Way Aleksei Aleinikov Aleksei Aleinikov Aleksei Aleinikov Follow Mar 21 '25 🛡️ SAST & DAST in GitLab CI/CD: Automate Your App Security the Smart Way # devsecops # devops # security # automation Comments Add Comment 1 min read Recent Security Alerts: GitHub Actions Hijack and Kubernetes Ingress-NGINX Vulnerability phani rudra phani rudra phani rudra Follow Apr 13 '25 Recent Security Alerts: GitHub Actions Hijack and Kubernetes Ingress-NGINX Vulnerability # devsecops # awscloud # cloudsecurity # githubactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Data Protection And Backup Predictions For 2025 and beyond GitProtect Team GitProtect Team GitProtect Team Follow for GitProtect Mar 13 '25 Data Protection And Backup Predictions For 2025 and beyond # devops # compliance # devsecops # github Comments Add Comment 14 min read DevOps vs DevSecOps Engroso Engroso Engroso Follow Apr 7 '25 DevOps vs DevSecOps # devops # devsecops # cloud # cloudcomputing 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/sfml | Sfml - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # sfml Follow Hide Create Post Older #sfml posts 1 2 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Weekly Update #16 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Nov 5 '25 Weekly Update #16 # devlog # gamedev # sfml # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly Update #15 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Oct 29 '25 Weekly Update #15 # beginners # sfml # gamelog # gamedev 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly Update #13 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Oct 15 '25 Weekly Update #13 # beginners # sfml # devlog # gamedev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly Update #12 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Oct 8 '25 Weekly Update #12 # devlog # sfml # gamedev # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly Update #11 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Oct 1 '25 Weekly Update #11 # beginners # sfml # devlog # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly Update #10 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Sep 23 '25 Weekly Update #10 # beginners # sfml # gamedev # devlog Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly Update #9 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Sep 17 '25 Weekly Update #9 # beginners # sfml # gamedev # devlog Comments Add Comment 2 min read Weekly Update #8 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Sep 10 '25 Weekly Update #8 # beginners # gamedev # sfml # devlog Comments Add Comment 2 min read Weekly Update #6 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Aug 27 '25 Weekly Update #6 # sfml # devlog # gamedev # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Weekly Update #5 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Aug 20 '25 Weekly Update #5 # beginners # sfml # devlog # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly Update #4 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Aug 12 '25 Weekly Update #4 # beginners # sfml # devlog # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Weekly update #3 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Aug 5 '25 Weekly update #3 # beginners # devlog # gamedev # sfml Comments Add Comment 1 min read Onda de Palavras com C++ e SFML Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow Aug 5 '25 Onda de Palavras com C++ e SFML # cpp # sfml 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Weekly update #2 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Jul 29 '25 Weekly update #2 # beginners # sfml # devlog # gamedev Comments 2 comments 1 min read Hello, World! And the Dev.to Community! (Weekly update #0) Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Jul 15 '25 Hello, World! And the Dev.to Community! (Weekly update #0) # beginners # sfml # devlog # gamedev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Use Tmxlite for Game Maps (Windows and Linux) Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow May 29 '25 How to Use Tmxlite for Game Maps (Windows and Linux) # cpp # gamedev # sfml # programming 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Automate SFML Projects with Pro++ Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow Apr 9 '25 Automate SFML Projects with Pro++ # cpp # cli # sfml 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Pls Help Beni Beni Beni Follow Apr 3 '25 Pls Help # sfml # vscode Comments Add Comment 2 min read Como Criar Códigos Artísticos com C++ e GLSL(Shaders) Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow Apr 18 '25 Como Criar Códigos Artísticos com C++ e GLSL(Shaders) # glsl # shaders # cpp # sfml 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read How to Create Artistic Codes with C++ and GLSL (Shaders) Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow Apr 18 '25 How to Create Artistic Codes with C++ and GLSL (Shaders) # cpp # glsl # opengl # sfml 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Como Criar um Raycaster(estilo DOOM) com C++ Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow Mar 11 '25 Como Criar um Raycaster(estilo DOOM) com C++ # cpp # sfml # gamedev # raycasting 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Os 10 Melhores Jogos feitos com SFML Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow Feb 6 '25 Os 10 Melhores Jogos feitos com SFML # gamedev # sfml # games 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read 2D Physics Engine with c++ Pavel Zabelin Pavel Zabelin Pavel Zabelin Follow Jan 6 '25 2D Physics Engine with c++ # cpp # phycics # engine # sfml 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Back into C++ in 2021: First Week Vincenzo Vincenzo Vincenzo Follow Mar 24 '21 Back into C++ in 2021: First Week # cpp # gamedev # cmake # sfml 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Making a level editor with SFML (C++) - Part 1 MiguelMJ MiguelMJ MiguelMJ Follow Feb 21 '21 Making a level editor with SFML (C++) - Part 1 # cpp # sfml # gamedev 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Weekly Update #15 Weekly Update #16 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int | Built-in Functions — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Introduction Next topic Built-in Constants This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Built-in Functions | Theme Auto Light Dark | Built-in Functions ¶ The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order. Built-in Functions A abs() aiter() all() anext() any() ascii() B bin() bool() breakpoint() bytearray() bytes() C callable() chr() classmethod() compile() complex() D delattr() dict() dir() divmod() E enumerate() eval() exec() F filter() float() format() frozenset() G getattr() globals() H hasattr() hash() help() hex() I id() input() int() isinstance() issubclass() iter() L len() list() locals() M map() max() memoryview() min() N next() O object() oct() open() ord() P pow() print() property() R range() repr() reversed() round() S set() setattr() slice() sorted() staticmethod() str() sum() super() T tuple() type() V vars() Z zip() _ __import__() abs ( number , / ) ¶ Return the absolute value of a number. The argument may be an integer, a floating-point number, or an object implementing __abs__() . If the argument is a complex number, its magnitude is returned. aiter ( async_iterable , / ) ¶ Return an asynchronous iterator for an asynchronous iterable . Equivalent to calling x.__aiter__() . Note: Unlike iter() , aiter() has no 2-argument variant. Added in version 3.10. all ( iterable , / ) ¶ Return True if all elements of the iterable are true (or if the iterable is empty). Equivalent to: def all ( iterable ): for element in iterable : if not element : return False return True awaitable anext ( async_iterator , / ) ¶ awaitable anext ( async_iterator , default , / ) When awaited, return the next item from the given asynchronous iterator , or default if given and the iterator is exhausted. This is the async variant of the next() builtin, and behaves similarly. This calls the __anext__() method of async_iterator , returning an awaitable . Awaiting this returns the next value of the iterator. If default is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise StopAsyncIteration is raised. Added in version 3.10. any ( iterable , / ) ¶ Return True if any element of the iterable is true. If the iterable is empty, return False . Equivalent to: def any ( iterable ): for element in iterable : if element : return True return False ascii ( object , / ) ¶ As repr() , return a string containing a printable representation of an object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by repr() using \x , \u , or \U escapes. This generates a string similar to that returned by repr() in Python 2. bin ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to a binary string prefixed with “0b”. The result is a valid Python expression. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. Some examples: >>> bin ( 3 ) '0b11' >>> bin ( - 10 ) '-0b1010' If the prefix “0b” is desired or not, you can use either of the following ways. >>> format ( 14 , '#b' ), format ( 14 , 'b' ) ('0b1110', '1110') >>> f ' { 14 : #b } ' , f ' { 14 : b } ' ('0b1110', '1110') See also enum.bin() to represent negative values as twos-complement. See also format() for more information. class bool ( object = False , / ) ¶ Return a Boolean value, i.e. one of True or False . The argument is converted using the standard truth testing procedure . If the argument is false or omitted, this returns False ; otherwise, it returns True . The bool class is a subclass of int (see Numeric Types — int, float, complex ). It cannot be subclassed further. Its only instances are False and True (see Boolean Type - bool ). Changed in version 3.7: The parameter is now positional-only. breakpoint ( * args , ** kws ) ¶ This function drops you into the debugger at the call site. Specifically, it calls sys.breakpointhook() , passing args and kws straight through. By default, sys.breakpointhook() calls pdb.set_trace() expecting no arguments. In this case, it is purely a convenience function so you don’t have to explicitly import pdb or type as much code to enter the debugger. However, sys.breakpointhook() can be set to some other function and breakpoint() will automatically call that, allowing you to drop into the debugger of choice. If sys.breakpointhook() is not accessible, this function will raise RuntimeError . By default, the behavior of breakpoint() can be changed with the PYTHONBREAKPOINT environment variable. See sys.breakpointhook() for usage details. Note that this is not guaranteed if sys.breakpointhook() has been replaced. Raises an auditing event builtins.breakpoint with argument breakpointhook . Added in version 3.7. class bytearray ( source = b'' ) class bytearray ( source , encoding , errors = 'strict' ) Return a new array of bytes. The bytearray class is a mutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. It has most of the usual methods of mutable sequences, described in Mutable Sequence Types , as well as most methods that the bytes type has, see Bytes and Bytearray Operations . The optional source parameter can be used to initialize the array in a few different ways: If it is a string , you must also give the encoding (and optionally, errors ) parameters; bytearray() then converts the string to bytes using str.encode() . If it is an integer , the array will have that size and will be initialized with null bytes. If it is an object conforming to the buffer interface , a read-only buffer of the object will be used to initialize the bytes array. If it is an iterable , it must be an iterable of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256 , which are used as the initial contents of the array. Without an argument, an array of size 0 is created. See also Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview and Bytearray Objects . class bytes ( source = b'' ) class bytes ( source , encoding , errors = 'strict' ) Return a new “bytes” object which is an immutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256 . bytes is an immutable version of bytearray – it has the same non-mutating methods and the same indexing and slicing behavior. Accordingly, constructor arguments are interpreted as for bytearray() . Bytes objects can also be created with literals, see String and Bytes literals . See also Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview , Bytes Objects , and Bytes and Bytearray Operations . callable ( object , / ) ¶ Return True if the object argument appears callable, False if not. If this returns True , it is still possible that a call fails, but if it is False , calling object will never succeed. Note that classes are callable (calling a class returns a new instance); instances are callable if their class has a __call__() method. Added in version 3.2: This function was first removed in Python 3.0 and then brought back in Python 3.2. chr ( codepoint , / ) ¶ Return the string representing a character with the specified Unicode code point. For example, chr(97) returns the string 'a' , while chr(8364) returns the string '€' . This is the inverse of ord() . The valid range for the argument is from 0 through 1,114,111 (0x10FFFF in base 16). ValueError will be raised if it is outside that range. @ classmethod ¶ Transform a method into a class method. A class method receives the class as an implicit first argument, just like an instance method receives the instance. To declare a class method, use this idiom: class C : @classmethod def f ( cls , arg1 , arg2 ): ... The @classmethod form is a function decorator – see Function definitions for details. A class method can be called either on the class (such as C.f() ) or on an instance (such as C().f() ). The instance is ignored except for its class. If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class object is passed as the implied first argument. Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods. If you want those, see staticmethod() in this section. For more information on class methods, see The standard type hierarchy . Changed in version 3.9: Class methods can now wrap other descriptors such as property() . Changed in version 3.10: Class methods now inherit the method attributes ( __module__ , __name__ , __qualname__ , __doc__ and __annotations__ ) and have a new __wrapped__ attribute. Deprecated since version 3.11, removed in version 3.13: Class methods can no longer wrap other descriptors such as property() . compile ( source , filename , mode , flags = 0 , dont_inherit = False , optimize = -1 ) ¶ Compile the source into a code or AST object. Code objects can be executed by exec() or eval() . source can either be a normal string, a byte string, or an AST object. Refer to the ast module documentation for information on how to work with AST objects. The filename argument should give the file from which the code was read; pass some recognizable value if it wasn’t read from a file ( '<string>' is commonly used). The mode argument specifies what kind of code must be compiled; it can be 'exec' if source consists of a sequence of statements, 'eval' if it consists of a single expression, or 'single' if it consists of a single interactive statement (in the latter case, expression statements that evaluate to something other than None will be printed). The optional arguments flags and dont_inherit control which compiler options should be activated and which future features should be allowed. If neither is present (or both are zero) the code is compiled with the same flags that affect the code that is calling compile() . If the flags argument is given and dont_inherit is not (or is zero) then the compiler options and the future statements specified by the flags argument are used in addition to those that would be used anyway. If dont_inherit is a non-zero integer then the flags argument is it – the flags (future features and compiler options) in the surrounding code are ignored. Compiler options and future statements are specified by bits which can be bitwise ORed together to specify multiple options. The bitfield required to specify a given future feature can be found as the compiler_flag attribute on the _Feature instance in the __future__ module. Compiler flags can be found in ast module, with PyCF_ prefix. The argument optimize specifies the optimization level of the compiler; the default value of -1 selects the optimization level of the interpreter as given by -O options. Explicit levels are 0 (no optimization; __debug__ is true), 1 (asserts are removed, __debug__ is false) or 2 (docstrings are removed too). This function raises SyntaxError or ValueError if the compiled source is invalid. If you want to parse Python code into its AST representation, see ast.parse() . Raises an auditing event compile with arguments source and filename . This event may also be raised by implicit compilation. Note When compiling a string with multi-line code in 'single' or 'eval' mode, input must be terminated by at least one newline character. This is to facilitate detection of incomplete and complete statements in the code module. Warning It is possible to crash the Python interpreter with a sufficiently large/complex string when compiling to an AST object due to stack depth limitations in Python’s AST compiler. Changed in version 3.2: Allowed use of Windows and Mac newlines. Also, input in 'exec' mode does not have to end in a newline anymore. Added the optimize parameter. Changed in version 3.5: Previously, TypeError was raised when null bytes were encountered in source . Added in version 3.8: ast.PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT can now be passed in flags to enable support for top-level await , async for , and async with . class complex ( number = 0 , / ) ¶ class complex ( string , / ) class complex ( real = 0 , imag = 0 ) Convert a single string or number to a complex number, or create a complex number from real and imaginary parts. Examples: >>> complex ( '+1.23' ) (1.23+0j) >>> complex ( '-4.5j' ) -4.5j >>> complex ( '-1.23+4.5j' ) (-1.23+4.5j) >>> complex ( ' \t ( -1.23+4.5J ) \n ' ) (-1.23+4.5j) >>> complex ( '-Infinity+NaNj' ) (-inf+nanj) >>> complex ( 1.23 ) (1.23+0j) >>> complex ( imag =- 4.5 ) -4.5j >>> complex ( - 1.23 , 4.5 ) (-1.23+4.5j) If the argument is a string, it must contain either a real part (in the same format as for float() ) or an imaginary part (in the same format but with a 'j' or 'J' suffix), or both real and imaginary parts (the sign of the imaginary part is mandatory in this case). The string can optionally be surrounded by whitespaces and the round parentheses '(' and ')' , which are ignored. The string must not contain whitespace between '+' , '-' , the 'j' or 'J' suffix, and the decimal number. For example, complex('1+2j') is fine, but complex('1 + 2j') raises ValueError . More precisely, the input must conform to the complexvalue production rule in the following grammar, after parentheses and leading and trailing whitespace characters are removed: complexvalue : floatvalue | floatvalue ( "j" | "J" ) | floatvalue sign absfloatvalue ( "j" | "J" ) If the argument is a number, the constructor serves as a numeric conversion like int and float . For a general Python object x , complex(x) delegates to x.__complex__() . If __complex__() is not defined then it falls back to __float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . If two arguments are provided or keyword arguments are used, each argument may be any numeric type (including complex). If both arguments are real numbers, return a complex number with the real component real and the imaginary component imag . If both arguments are complex numbers, return a complex number with the real component real.real-imag.imag and the imaginary component real.imag+imag.real . If one of arguments is a real number, only its real component is used in the above expressions. See also complex.from_number() which only accepts a single numeric argument. If all arguments are omitted, returns 0j . The complex type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __complex__() and __float__() are not defined. Deprecated since version 3.14: Passing a complex number as the real or imag argument is now deprecated; it should only be passed as a single positional argument. delattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ This is a relative of setattr() . The arguments are an object and a string. The string must be the name of one of the object’s attributes. The function deletes the named attribute, provided the object allows it. For example, delattr(x, 'foobar') is equivalent to del x.foobar . name need not be a Python identifier (see setattr() ). class dict ( ** kwargs ) class dict ( mapping , / , ** kwargs ) class dict ( iterable , / , ** kwargs ) Create a new dictionary. The dict object is the dictionary class. See dict and Mapping Types — dict for documentation about this class. For other containers see the built-in list , set , and tuple classes, as well as the collections module. dir ( ) ¶ dir ( object , / ) Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to return a list of valid attributes for that object. If the object has a method named __dir__() , this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. This allows objects that implement a custom __getattr__() or __getattribute__() function to customize the way dir() reports their attributes. If the object does not provide __dir__() , the function tries its best to gather information from the object’s __dict__ attribute, if defined, and from its type object. The resulting list is not necessarily complete and may be inaccurate when the object has a custom __getattr__() . The default dir() mechanism behaves differently with different types of objects, as it attempts to produce the most relevant, rather than complete, information: If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes. If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases. Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes. The resulting list is sorted alphabetically. For example: >>> import struct >>> dir () # show the names in the module namespace ['__builtins__', '__name__', 'struct'] >>> dir ( struct ) # show the names in the struct module ['Struct', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__initializing__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into', 'unpack', 'unpack_from'] >>> class Shape : ... def __dir__ ( self ): ... return [ 'area' , 'perimeter' , 'location' ] ... >>> s = Shape () >>> dir ( s ) ['area', 'location', 'perimeter'] Note Because dir() is supplied primarily as a convenience for use at an interactive prompt, it tries to supply an interesting set of names more than it tries to supply a rigorously or consistently defined set of names, and its detailed behavior may change across releases. For example, metaclass attributes are not in the result list when the argument is a class. divmod ( a , b , / ) ¶ Take two (non-complex) numbers as arguments and return a pair of numbers consisting of their quotient and remainder when using integer division. With mixed operand types, the rules for binary arithmetic operators apply. For integers, the result is the same as (a // b, a % b) . For floating-point numbers the result is (q, a % b) , where q is usually math.floor(a / b) but may be 1 less than that. In any case q * b + a % b is very close to a , if a % b is non-zero it has the same sign as b , and 0 <= abs(a % b) < abs(b) . enumerate ( iterable , start = 0 ) ¶ Return an enumerate object. iterable must be a sequence, an iterator , or some other object which supports iteration. The __next__() method of the iterator returned by enumerate() returns a tuple containing a count (from start which defaults to 0) and the values obtained from iterating over iterable . >>> seasons = [ 'Spring' , 'Summer' , 'Fall' , 'Winter' ] >>> list ( enumerate ( seasons )) [(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')] >>> list ( enumerate ( seasons , start = 1 )) [(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')] Equivalent to: def enumerate ( iterable , start = 0 ): n = start for elem in iterable : yield n , elem n += 1 eval ( source , / , globals = None , locals = None ) ¶ Parameters : source ( str | code object ) – A Python expression. globals ( dict | None ) – The global namespace (default: None ). locals ( mapping | None ) – The local namespace (default: None ). Returns : The result of the evaluated expression. Raises : Syntax errors are reported as exceptions. Warning This function executes arbitrary code. Calling it with user-supplied input may lead to security vulnerabilities. The source argument is parsed and evaluated as a Python expression (technically speaking, a condition list) using the globals and locals mappings as global and local namespace. If the globals dictionary is present and does not contain a value for the key __builtins__ , a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module builtins is inserted under that key before source is parsed. That way you can control what builtins are available to the executed code by inserting your own __builtins__ dictionary into globals before passing it to eval() . If the locals mapping is omitted it defaults to the globals dictionary. If both mappings are omitted, the source is executed with the globals and locals in the environment where eval() is called. Note, eval() will only have access to the nested scopes (non-locals) in the enclosing environment if they are already referenced in the scope that is calling eval() (e.g. via a nonlocal statement). Example: >>> x = 1 >>> eval ( 'x+1' ) 2 This function can also be used to execute arbitrary code objects (such as those created by compile() ). In this case, pass a code object instead of a string. If the code object has been compiled with 'exec' as the mode argument, eval() 's return value will be None . Hints: dynamic execution of statements is supported by the exec() function. The globals() and locals() functions return the current global and local dictionary, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by eval() or exec() . If the given source is a string, then leading and trailing spaces and tabs are stripped. See ast.literal_eval() for a function that can safely evaluate strings with expressions containing only literals. Raises an auditing event exec with the code object as the argument. Code compilation events may also be raised. Changed in version 3.13: The globals and locals arguments can now be passed as keywords. Changed in version 3.13: The semantics of the default locals namespace have been adjusted as described for the locals() builtin. exec ( source , / , globals = None , locals = None , * , closure = None ) ¶ Warning This function executes arbitrary code. Calling it with user-supplied input may lead to security vulnerabilities. This function supports dynamic execution of Python code. source must be either a string or a code object. If it is a string, the string is parsed as a suite of Python statements which is then executed (unless a syntax error occurs). [ 1 ] If it is a code object, it is simply executed. In all cases, the code that’s executed is expected to be valid as file input (see the section File input in the Reference Manual). Be aware that the nonlocal , yield , and return statements may not be used outside of function definitions even within the context of code passed to the exec() function. The return value is None . In all cases, if the optional parts are omitted, the code is executed in the current scope. If only globals is provided, it must be a dictionary (and not a subclass of dictionary), which will be used for both the global and the local variables. If globals and locals are given, they are used for the global and local variables, respectively. If provided, locals can be any mapping object. Remember that at the module level, globals and locals are the same dictionary. Note When exec gets two separate objects as globals and locals , the code will be executed as if it were embedded in a class definition. This means functions and classes defined in the executed code will not be able to access variables assigned at the top level (as the “top level” variables are treated as class variables in a class definition). If the globals dictionary does not contain a value for the key __builtins__ , a reference to the dictionary of the built-in module builtins is inserted under that key. That way you can control what builtins are available to the executed code by inserting your own __builtins__ dictionary into globals before passing it to exec() . The closure argument specifies a closure–a tuple of cellvars. It’s only valid when the object is a code object containing free (closure) variables . The length of the tuple must exactly match the length of the code object’s co_freevars attribute. Raises an auditing event exec with the code object as the argument. Code compilation events may also be raised. Note The built-in functions globals() and locals() return the current global and local namespace, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use as the second and third argument to exec() . Note The default locals act as described for function locals() below. Pass an explicit locals dictionary if you need to see effects of the code on locals after function exec() returns. Changed in version 3.11: Added the closure parameter. Changed in version 3.13: The globals and locals arguments can now be passed as keywords. Changed in version 3.13: The semantics of the default locals namespace have been adjusted as described for the locals() builtin. filter ( function , iterable , / ) ¶ Construct an iterator from those elements of iterable for which function is true. iterable may be either a sequence, a container which supports iteration, or an iterator. If function is None , the identity function is assumed, that is, all elements of iterable that are false are removed. Note that filter(function, iterable) is equivalent to the generator expression (item for item in iterable if function(item)) if function is not None and (item for item in iterable if item) if function is None . See itertools.filterfalse() for the complementary function that returns elements of iterable for which function is false. class float ( number = 0.0 , / ) ¶ class float ( string , / ) Return a floating-point number constructed from a number or a string. Examples: >>> float ( '+1.23' ) 1.23 >>> float ( ' -12345 \n ' ) -12345.0 >>> float ( '1e-003' ) 0.001 >>> float ( '+1E6' ) 1000000.0 >>> float ( '-Infinity' ) -inf If the argument is a string, it should contain a decimal number, optionally preceded by a sign, and optionally embedded in whitespace. The optional sign may be '+' or '-' ; a '+' sign has no effect on the value produced. The argument may also be a string representing a NaN (not-a-number), or positive or negative infinity. More precisely, the input must conform to the floatvalue production rule in the following grammar, after leading and trailing whitespace characters are removed: sign : "+" | "-" infinity : "Infinity" | "inf" nan : "nan" digit : <a Unicode decimal digit, i.e. characters in Unicode general category Nd> digitpart : digit ([ "_" ] digit )* number : [ digitpart ] "." digitpart | digitpart [ "." ] exponent : ( "e" | "E" ) [ sign ] digitpart floatnumber : number [ exponent ] absfloatvalue : floatnumber | infinity | nan floatvalue : [ sign ] absfloatvalue Case is not significant, so, for example, “inf”, “Inf”, “INFINITY”, and “iNfINity” are all acceptable spellings for positive infinity. Otherwise, if the argument is an integer or a floating-point number, a floating-point number with the same value (within Python’s floating-point precision) is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an OverflowError will be raised. For a general Python object x , float(x) delegates to x.__float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . See also float.from_number() which only accepts a numeric argument. If no argument is given, 0.0 is returned. The float type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.7: The parameter is now positional-only. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __float__() is not defined. format ( value , format_spec = '' , / ) ¶ Convert a value to a “formatted” representation, as controlled by format_spec . The interpretation of format_spec will depend on the type of the value argument; however, there is a standard formatting syntax that is used by most built-in types: Format Specification Mini-Language . The default format_spec is an empty string which usually gives the same effect as calling str(value) . A call to format(value, format_spec) is translated to type(value).__format__(value, format_spec) which bypasses the instance dictionary when searching for the value’s __format__() method. A TypeError exception is raised if the method search reaches object and the format_spec is non-empty, or if either the format_spec or the return value are not strings. Changed in version 3.4: object().__format__(format_spec) raises TypeError if format_spec is not an empty string. class frozenset ( iterable = () , / ) Return a new frozenset object, optionally with elements taken from iterable . frozenset is a built-in class. See frozenset and Set Types — set, frozenset for documentation about this class. For other containers see the built-in set , list , tuple , and dict classes, as well as the collections module. getattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ getattr ( object , name , default , / ) Return the value of the named attribute of object . name must be a string. If the string is the name of one of the object’s attributes, the result is the value of that attribute. For example, getattr(x, 'foobar') is equivalent to x.foobar . If the named attribute does not exist, default is returned if provided, otherwise AttributeError is raised. name need not be a Python identifier (see setattr() ). Note Since private name mangling happens at compilation time, one must manually mangle a private attribute’s (attributes with two leading underscores) name in order to retrieve it with getattr() . globals ( ) ¶ Return the dictionary implementing the current module namespace. For code within functions, this is set when the function is defined and remains the same regardless of where the function is called. hasattr ( object , name , / ) ¶ The arguments are an object and a string. The result is True if the string is the name of one of the object’s attributes, False if not. (This is implemented by calling getattr(object, name) and seeing whether it raises an AttributeError or not.) hash ( object , / ) ¶ Return the hash value of the object (if it has one). Hash values are integers. They are used to quickly compare dictionary keys during a dictionary lookup. Numeric values that compare equal have the same hash value (even if they are of different types, as is the case for 1 and 1.0). Note For objects with custom __hash__() methods, note that hash() truncates the return value based on the bit width of the host machine. help ( ) ¶ help ( request ) Invoke the built-in help system. (This function is intended for interactive use.) If no argument is given, the interactive help system starts on the interpreter console. If the argument is a string, then the string is looked up as the name of a module, function, class, method, keyword, or documentation topic, and a help page is printed on the console. If the argument is any other kind of object, a help page on the object is generated. Note that if a slash(/) appears in the parameter list of a function when invoking help() , it means that the parameters prior to the slash are positional-only. For more info, see the FAQ entry on positional-only parameters . This function is added to the built-in namespace by the site module. Changed in version 3.4: Changes to pydoc and inspect mean that the reported signatures for callables are now more comprehensive and consistent. hex ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to a lowercase hexadecimal string prefixed with “0x”. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. Some examples: >>> hex ( 255 ) '0xff' >>> hex ( - 42 ) '-0x2a' If you want to convert an integer number to an uppercase or lower hexadecimal string with prefix or not, you can use either of the following ways: >>> ' %#x ' % 255 , ' %x ' % 255 , ' %X ' % 255 ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') >>> format ( 255 , '#x' ), format ( 255 , 'x' ), format ( 255 , 'X' ) ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') >>> f ' { 255 : #x } ' , f ' { 255 : x } ' , f ' { 255 : X } ' ('0xff', 'ff', 'FF') See also format() for more information. See also int() for converting a hexadecimal string to an integer using a base of 16. Note To obtain a hexadecimal string representation for a float, use the float.hex() method. id ( object , / ) ¶ Return the “identity” of an object. This is an integer which is guaranteed to be unique and constant for this object during its lifetime. Two objects with non-overlapping lifetimes may have the same id() value. CPython implementation detail: This is the address of the object in memory. Raises an auditing event builtins.id with argument id . input ( ) ¶ input ( prompt , / ) If the prompt argument is present, it is written to standard output without a trailing newline. The function then reads a line from input, converts it to a string (stripping a trailing newline), and returns that. When EOF is read, EOFError is raised. Example: >>> s = input ( '--> ' ) --> Monty Python's Flying Circus >>> s "Monty Python's Flying Circus" If the readline module was loaded, then input() will use it to provide elaborate line editing and history features. Raises an auditing event builtins.input with argument prompt before reading input Raises an auditing event builtins.input/result with the result after successfully reading input. class int ( number = 0 , / ) ¶ class int ( string , / , base = 10 ) Return an integer object constructed from a number or a string, or return 0 if no arguments are given. Examples: >>> int ( 123.45 ) 123 >>> int ( '123' ) 123 >>> int ( ' -12_345 \n ' ) -12345 >>> int ( 'FACE' , 16 ) 64206 >>> int ( '0xface' , 0 ) 64206 >>> int ( '01110011' , base = 2 ) 115 If the argument defines __int__() , int(x) returns x.__int__() . If the argument defines __index__() , it returns x.__index__() . For floating-point numbers, this truncates towards zero. If the argument is not a number or if base is given, then it must be a string, bytes , or bytearray instance representing an integer in radix base . Optionally, the string can be preceded by + or - (with no space in between), have leading zeros, be surrounded by whitespace, and have single underscores interspersed between digits. A base-n integer string contains digits, each representing a value from 0 to n-1. The values 0–9 can be represented by any Unicode decimal digit. The values 10–35 can be represented by a to z (or A to Z ). The default base is 10. The allowed bases are 0 and 2–36. Base-2, -8, and -16 strings can be optionally prefixed with 0b / 0B , 0o / 0O , or 0x / 0X , as with integer literals in code. For base 0, the string is interpreted in a similar way to an integer literal in code , in that the actual base is 2, 8, 10, or 16 as determined by the prefix. Base 0 also disallows leading zeros: int('010', 0) is not legal, while int('010') and int('010', 8) are. The integer type is described in Numeric Types — int, float, complex . Changed in version 3.4: If base is not an instance of int and the base object has a base.__index__ method, that method is called to obtain an integer for the base. Previous versions used base.__int__ instead of base.__index__ . Changed in version 3.6: Grouping digits with underscores as in code literals is allowed. Changed in version 3.7: The first parameter is now positional-only. Changed in version 3.8: Falls back to __index__() if __int__() is not defined. Changed in version 3.11: int string inputs and string representations can be limited to help avoid denial of service attacks. A ValueError is raised when the limit is exceeded while converting a string to an int or when converting an int into a string would exceed the limit. See the integer string conversion length limitation documentation. Changed in version 3.14: int() no longer delegates to the __trunc__() method. isinstance ( object , classinfo , / ) ¶ Return True if the object argument is an instance of the classinfo argument, or of a (direct, indirect, or virtual ) subclass thereof. If object is not an object of the given type, the function always returns False . If classinfo is a tuple of type objects (or recursively, other such tuples) or a Union Type of multiple types, return True if object is an instance of any of the types. If classinfo is not a type or tuple of types and such tuples, a TypeError exception is raised. TypeError may not be raised for an invalid type if an earlier check succeeds. Changed in version 3.10: classinfo can be a Union Type . issubclass ( class , classinfo , / ) ¶ Return True if class is a subclass (direct, indirect, or virtual ) of classinfo . A class is considered a subclass of itself. classinfo may be a tuple of class objects (or recursively, other such tuples) or a Union Type , in which case return True if class is a subclass of any entry in classinfo . In any other case, a TypeError exception is raised. Changed in version 3.10: classinfo can be a Union Type . iter ( iterable , / ) ¶ iter ( callable , sentinel , / ) Return an iterator object. The first argument is interpreted very differently depending on the presence of the second argument. Without a second argument, the single argument must be a collection object which supports the iterable protocol (the __iter__() method), or it must support the sequence protocol (the __getitem__() method with integer arguments starting at 0 ). If it does not support either of those protocols, TypeError is raised. If the second argument, sentinel , is given, then the first argument must be a callable object. The iterator created in this case will call callable with no arguments for each call to its __next__() method; if the value returned is equal to sentinel , StopIteration will be raised, otherwise the value will be returned. See also Iterator Types . One useful application of the second form of iter() is to build a block-reader. For example, reading fixed-width blocks from a binary database file until the end of file is reached: from functools import partial with open ( 'mydata.db' , 'rb' ) as f : for block in iter ( partial ( f . read , 64 ), b '' ): process_block ( block ) len ( object , / ) ¶ Return the length (the number of items) of an object. The argument may be a sequence (such as a string, bytes, tuple, list, or range) or a collection (such as a dictionary, set, or frozen set). CPython implementation detail: len raises OverflowError on lengths larger than sys.maxsize , such as range(2 ** 100) . class list ( iterable = () , / ) Rather than being a function, list is actually a mutable sequence type, as documented in Lists and Sequence Types — list, tuple, range . locals ( ) ¶ Return a mapping object representing the current local symbol table, with variable names as the keys, and their currently bound references as the values. At module scope, as well as when using exec() or eval() with a single namespace, this function returns the same namespace as globals() . At class scope, it returns the namespace that will be passed to the metaclass constructor. When using exec() or eval() with separate local and global arguments, it returns the local namespace passed in to the function call. In all of the above cases, each call to locals() in a given frame of execution will return the same mapping object. Changes made through the mapping object returned from locals() will be visible as assigned, reassigned, or deleted local variables, and assigning, reassigning, or deleting local variables will immediately affect the contents of the returned mapping object. In an optimized scope (including functions, generators, and coroutines), each call to locals() instead returns a fresh dictionary containing the current bindings of the function’s local variables and any nonlocal cell references. In this case, name binding changes made via the returned dict are not written back to the corresponding local variables or nonlocal cell references, and assigning, reassigning, or deleting local variables and nonlocal cell references does not affect the contents of previously returned dictionaries. Calling locals() as part of a comprehension in a function, generator, or coroutine is equivalent to calling it in the containing scope, except that the comprehension’s initialised iteration variables will be included. In other scopes, it behaves as if the comprehension were running as a nested function. Calling locals() as part of a generator expression is equivalent to calling it in a nested generator function. Changed in version 3.12: The behaviour of locals() in a comprehension has been updated as described in PEP 709 . Changed in version 3.13: As part of PEP 667 , the semantics of mutating the mapping objects returned from this function are now defined. The behavior in optimized scopes is now as described above. Aside from being defined, the behaviour in other scopes remains unchanged from previous versions. map ( function , iterable , / , * iterables , strict = False ) ¶ Return an iterator that applies function to every item of iterable , yielding the results. If additional iterables arguments are passed, function must take that many arguments and is applied to the items from all iterables in parallel. With multiple iterables, the iterator stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted. If strict is True and one of the iterables is exhausted before the others, a ValueError is raised. For cases where the function inputs are already arranged into argument tuples, see itertools.starmap() . Changed in version 3.14: Added the strict parameter. max ( iterable , / , * , key = None ) ¶ max ( iterable , / , * , default , key = None ) max ( arg1 , arg2 , / , * args , key = None ) Return the largest item in an iterable or the largest of two or more arguments. If one positional argument is provided, it should be an iterable . The largest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the largest of the positional arguments is returned. There are two optional keyword-only arguments. The key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort() . The default argument specifies an object to return if the provided iterable is empty. If the iterable is empty and default is not provided, a ValueError is raised. If multiple items are maximal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc, reverse=True)[0] and heapq.nlargest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc) . Changed in version 3.4: Added the default keyword-only parameter. Changed in version 3.8: The key can be None . class memoryview ( object ) Return a “memory view” object created from the given argument. See Memory Views for more information. min ( iterable , / , * , key = None ) ¶ min ( iterable , / , * , default , key = None ) min ( arg1 , arg2 , / , * args , key = None ) Return the smallest item in an iterable or the smallest of two or more arguments. If one positional argument is provided, it should be an iterable . The smallest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the smallest of the positional arguments is returned. There are two optional keyword-only arguments. The key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort() . The default argument specifies an object to return if the provided iterable is empty. If the iterable is empty and default is not provided, a ValueError is raised. If multiple items are minimal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc)[0] and heapq.nsmallest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc) . Changed in version 3.4: Added the default keyword-only parameter. Changed in version 3.8: The key can be None . next ( iterator , / ) ¶ next ( iterator , default , / ) Retrieve the next item from the iterator by calling its __next__() method. If default is given, it is returned if the iterator is exhausted, otherwise StopIteration is raised. class object ¶ This is the ultimate base class of all other classes. It has methods that are common to all instances of Python classes. When the constructor is called, it returns a new featureless object. The constructor does not accept any arguments. Note object instances do not have __dict__ attributes, so you can’t assign arbitrary attributes to an instance of object . oct ( integer , / ) ¶ Convert an integer number to an octal string prefixed with “0o”. The result is a valid Python expression. If integer is not a Python int object, it has to define an __index__() method that returns an integer. For example: >>> oct ( 8 ) '0o10' >>> oct ( - 56 ) '-0o70' If you want to convert an integer number to an octal string either with the prefix “0o” or not, you can use either of the following ways. >>> ' %#o ' % 10 , ' %o ' % 10 ('0o12', '12') >>> format ( 10 , '#o' ), format ( 10 , 'o' ) ('0o12', '12') >>> f ' { 10 : #o } ' , f ' { 10 : o } ' ('0o12', '12') See also format() for more information. open ( file , mode = 'r' , buffering = -1 , encoding = None , errors = None , newline = None , closefd = True , opener = None ) ¶ Open file and return a corresponding file object . If the file cannot be opened, an OSError is raised. See Reading and Writing Files for more examples of how to use this function. file is a path-like object giving the pathname (absolute or relative to the current working directory) of the file to be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the returned I/O object is closed unless closefd is set to False .) mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if it already exists), 'x' for exclusive creation, and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position). In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform-dependent: locale.getencoding() is called to get the current locale encoding. (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available modes are: Character Meaning 'r' open for reading (default) 'w' open for writing, truncating the file first 'x' open for exclusive creation, failing if the file already exists 'a' open for writing, appending to the end of file if it exists 'b' binary mode 't' text mode (default) '+' open for updating (reading and writing) The default mode is 'r' (open for reading text, a synonym of 'rt' ). Modes 'w+' and 'w+b' open and truncate the file. Modes 'r+' and 'r+b' open the file with no truncation. As mentioned in the Overview , Python distinguishes between binary and text I/O. Files opened in binary mode (including 'b' in the mode argument) return contents as bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when 't' is included in the mode argument), the contents of the file are returned as str , the bytes having been first decoded using a platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given. Note Python doesn’t depend on the underlying operating system’s notion of text files; all the processing is done by Python itself, and is therefore platform-independent. buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy. Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select line buffering (only usable when writing in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate the size in bytes of a fixed-size chunk buffer. Note that specifying a buffer size this way applies for binary buffered I/O, but TextIOWrapper (i.e., files opened with mode='r+' ) would have another buffering. To disable buffering in TextIOWrapper , consider using the write_through flag for io.TextIOWrapper.reconfigure() . When no buffering argument is given, the default buffering policy works as follows: Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer is max(min(blocksize, 8 MiB), DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) when the device block size is available. On most systems, the buffer will typically be 128 kilobytes long. “Interactive” text files (files for which isatty() returns True ) use line buffering. Other text files use the policy described above for binary files. encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is platform dependent (whatever locale.getencoding() returns), but any text encoding supported by Python can be used. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings. errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding errors are to be handled—this cannot be used in binary mode. A variety of standard error handlers are available (listed under Error Handlers ), though any error handling name that has | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/containers | Containers - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # containers Follow Hide Security for container technologies like Docker and orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. Create Post Older #containers posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Here Are the 7 Best Resources to Master Docker Stack Overflowed Stack Overflowed Stack Overflowed Follow Jan 12 Here Are the 7 Best Resources to Master Docker # webdev # programming # docker # containers Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kubernetes: About Kubernetes Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes: About Kubernetes # security # kubernetes # containers # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Docker Compose overview Megha Sharma Megha Sharma Megha Sharma Follow Jan 11 Docker Compose overview # docker # containers # devops # learning Comments Add Comment 6 min read Demystifying Docker - Part 2 Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Follow Jan 11 Demystifying Docker - Part 2 # docker # laravel # containers # php Comments Add Comment 9 min read Demystifying Docker Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Follow Jan 9 Demystifying Docker # php # webdev # containers # docker Comments Add Comment 8 min read 🚀 Build, Push, and Deploy a Python App image to Cloud Run Using Google Cloud Build Triggers Latchu@DevOps Latchu@DevOps Latchu@DevOps Follow Jan 9 🚀 Build, Push, and Deploy a Python App image to Cloud Run Using Google Cloud Build Triggers # devops # gcp # cicd # containers 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Docker Kanvas Challenges Helm and Kustomize for Kubernetes Dominance Latchu@DevOps Latchu@DevOps Latchu@DevOps Follow Jan 9 Docker Kanvas Challenges Helm and Kustomize for Kubernetes Dominance # devops # docker # kubernetes # containers 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Docker Compose Magic: How to Automate All Your Container Updates with Watchtower and Diun ITpraktika.com ITpraktika.com ITpraktika.com Follow Jan 9 Docker Compose Magic: How to Automate All Your Container Updates with Watchtower and Diun # docker # devops # automation # containers Comments Add Comment 6 min read dgoss: Testing the Container, Not Just the Image Francis Eytan Dortort Francis Eytan Dortort Francis Eytan Dortort Follow Jan 9 dgoss: Testing the Container, Not Just the Image # docker # cicd # devsecops # containers Comments Add Comment 6 min read Running Native (Non-Container) Workloads on Kubernetes: A Practical Experiment laoshanxi laoshanxi laoshanxi Follow Jan 9 Running Native (Non-Container) Workloads on Kubernetes: A Practical Experiment # architecture # devops # kubernetes # containers Comments Add Comment 2 min read Dynamic Local Persistent Volumes on Kubernetes via Open Service Broker laoshanxi laoshanxi laoshanxi Follow Jan 9 Dynamic Local Persistent Volumes on Kubernetes via Open Service Broker # containers # kubernetes # infrastructure Comments Add Comment 2 min read AWS Community Builder Applications for 2026 is Now Open! Here's Why You Should Apply. KUSEH SIMON WEWOLIAMO KUSEH SIMON WEWOLIAMO KUSEH SIMON WEWOLIAMO Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 8 AWS Community Builder Applications for 2026 is Now Open! Here's Why You Should Apply. # aws # cloud # containers # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Kubernetes Debugging in 3 Passi: logs, describe, events Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Follow Jan 8 Kubernetes Debugging in 3 Passi: logs, describe, events # kubernetes # containers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Chapter 2: Linux System Calls 0xAlphaSecurity 0xAlphaSecurity 0xAlphaSecurity Follow Jan 7 Chapter 2: Linux System Calls # containers # docker # cybersecurity # cloud Comments Add Comment 5 min read Chapter 1: Container Security Threat Model 0xAlphaSecurity 0xAlphaSecurity 0xAlphaSecurity Follow Jan 4 Chapter 1: Container Security Threat Model # containers # docker # cybersecurity # cloud Comments Add Comment 5 min read Kubernetes Networking Finally Explained (From User Pod User) Harsh Mishra Harsh Mishra Harsh Mishra Follow Jan 4 Kubernetes Networking Finally Explained (From User Pod User) # kubernetes # microservices # containers # networking Comments Add Comment 4 min read Top 5 websites to Find Free PNG Images 2026 Akibur Rahaman Akibur Rahaman Akibur Rahaman Follow Jan 4 Top 5 websites to Find Free PNG Images 2026 # webdev # containers # unsplash # download Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kube-Proxy and CNI: The Backbone of Kubernetes Networking Shivam Kumar Shivam Kumar Shivam Kumar Follow Jan 3 Kube-Proxy and CNI: The Backbone of Kubernetes Networking # kubernetes # devops # containers # sre Comments Add Comment 2 min read Kubernetes Essentials Cloudev Cloudev Cloudev Follow Jan 3 Kubernetes Essentials # kubernetes # containers # cloudnative # devops Comments Add Comment 1 min read Compute Containers Ganesh Viswanathan Ganesh Viswanathan Ganesh Viswanathan Follow Jan 2 Compute Containers # kata # containers Comments Add Comment 4 min read Beyond the Hype: Choosing Between Serverless and Containers in 2026 Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 2 Beyond the Hype: Choosing Between Serverless and Containers in 2026 # cloud # devops # containers # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🐳 From Chaos to Orchestration: Mastering Docker Containerization & Production Deployments [Week-10] 🚀 Suvrajeet Banerjee Suvrajeet Banerjee Suvrajeet Banerjee Follow Dec 31 '25 🐳 From Chaos to Orchestration: Mastering Docker Containerization & Production Deployments [Week-10] 🚀 # docker # containers # automation # devops Comments Add Comment 10 min read Docker for Beginners: Everything I Learned about Images Ege Pakten Ege Pakten Ege Pakten Follow Dec 30 '25 Docker for Beginners: Everything I Learned about Images # webdev # docker # containers # devops Comments Add Comment 6 min read Kubernetes: One stop solution to many problems Vishal Thakkar Vishal Thakkar Vishal Thakkar Follow Dec 31 '25 Kubernetes: One stop solution to many problems # kubernetes # containers # terraform # cicd Comments Add Comment 1 min read Storage for Kata Containers - 9pfs vs virtio-blk Ganesh Viswanathan Ganesh Viswanathan Ganesh Viswanathan Follow Dec 29 '25 Storage for Kata Containers - 9pfs vs virtio-blk # storage # kata # containers # kubernetes 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources From image to HTTPS endpoint in one step with ECS Express Mode Running Firefox in Docker? Yes, with a GUI and noVNC! Improving Container Security with Docker Hardened Images Simplifying Container Ops: What ECS Express Mode Brings to the Table Docker networking: How to connect containers in a full-stack project Debugging ECR Private Pull Through Cache Create and configure a container app in Azure Container Apps Install Steam in a Distrobox Container With x86-64-v3 Power Boost! Scenario #7: Inject sensitive values using Secrets into Pods in Kubernetes How AWS Lightsail Limit Forced Us to Rethink Our Lab Infrastructure Complete Guide to Deploying Machine Learning Models with Flask and Docker(NO fluff configure and ... 🎯 Scenario #12 — To Mount a ConfigMap as a Volume and Update It Dynamically in Kubernetes 🎯 Scenario #10 — Use kubectl diff to Preview Changes Before Applying in Kubernetes Deep Dive: Why Podman and containerd 2.0 are Replacing Docker in 2026 ⭐ Scenario #6: Auto-Update ConfigMap Without Restarting the Pod (Using Volume Mount) Building Production-Grade Microservices on AWS ECS Fargate with GitLab CI/CD Automation Docker Image Compression: gzip vs zstd STOPSIGNAL is now available on Amazon ECS Fargate AWS Community Builder Applications for 2026 is Now Open! Here's Why You Should Apply. Creating an Amazon ECS service that uses Service Discovery 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://zeroday.forem.com/terms#main-content | Web Site Terms and Conditions of Use - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Web Site Terms and Conditions of Use 1. Terms By accessing this web site, you are agreeing to be bound by these web site Terms and Conditions of Use, our Privacy Policy , all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. If you do not agree with any of these terms, you are prohibited from using or accessing this site. The materials contained in this web site are protected by applicable copyright and trade mark law. 2. Use License Permission is granted to temporarily download one copy of the materials (information or software) on DEV Community's web site for personal, non-commercial transitory viewing only. This is the grant of a license, not a transfer of title, and under this license you may not: modify or copy the materials; use the materials for any commercial purpose, or for any public display (commercial or non-commercial); attempt to decompile or reverse engineer any software contained on DEV Community's web site; remove any copyright or other proprietary notations from the materials; or transfer the materials to another person or "mirror" the materials on any other server. This license shall automatically terminate if you violate any of these restrictions and may be terminated by DEV Community at any time. Upon terminating your viewing of these materials or upon the termination of this license, you must destroy any downloaded materials in your possession whether in electronic or printed format. 3. Disclaimer The materials on DEV Community's web site are provided "as is". DEV Community makes no warranties, expressed or implied, and hereby disclaims and negates all other warranties, including without limitation, implied warranties or conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement of intellectual property or other violation of rights. Further, DEV Community does not warrant or make any representations concerning the accuracy, likely results, or reliability of the use of the materials on its Internet web site or otherwise relating to such materials or on any sites linked to this site. 4. Limitations In no event shall DEV Community or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption,) arising out of the use or inability to use the materials on DEV Community's Internet site, even if DEV Community or an authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Because some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages, these limitations may not apply to you. 5. Revisions and Errata The materials appearing on DEV Community's web site could include technical, typographical, or photographic errors. DEV Community does not warrant that any of the materials on its web site are accurate, complete, or current. DEV Community may make changes to the materials contained on its web site at any time without notice. DEV Community does not, however, make any commitment to update the materials. 6. Links DEV Community has not reviewed all of the sites linked to its Internet web site and is not responsible for the contents of any such linked site. The inclusion of any link does not imply endorsement by DEV Community of the site. Use of any such linked web site is at the user's own risk. 7. Copyright / Takedown Users agree and certify that they have rights to share all content that they post on DEV Community — including, but not limited to, information posted in articles, discussions, and comments. This rule applies to prose, code snippets, collections of links, etc. Regardless of citation, users may not post copy and pasted content that does not belong to them. DEV Community does not tolerate plagiarism of any kind, including mosaic or patchwork plagiarism. Users assume all risk for the content they post, including someone else's reliance on its accuracy, claims relating to intellectual property, or other legal rights. If you believe that a user has plagiarized content, misrepresented their identity, misappropriated work, or otherwise run afoul of DMCA regulations, please email support@dev.to. DEV Community may remove any content users post for any reason. 8. Site Terms of Use Modifications DEV Community may revise these terms of use for its web site at any time without notice. By using this web site you are agreeing to be bound by the then current version of these Terms and Conditions of Use. 9. DEV Community Trademarks and Logos Policy All uses of the DEV Community logo, DEV Community badges, brand slogans, iconography, and the like, may only be used with express permission from DEV Community. DEV Community reserves all rights, even if certain assets are included in DEV Community open source projects. Please contact support@dev.to with any questions or to request permission. 10. Reserved Names DEV Community has the right to maintain a list of reserved names which will not be made publicly available. These reserved names may be set aside for purposes of proactive trademark protection, avoiding user confusion, security measures, or any other reason (or no reason). Additionally, DEV Community reserves the right to change any already-claimed name at its sole discretion. In such cases, DEV Community will make reasonable effort to find a suitable alternative and assist with any transition-related concerns. 11. Content Policy The following policy applies to comments, articles, and all other works shared on the DEV Community platform: Users must make a good-faith effort to share content that is on-topic, of high-quality, and is not designed primarily for the purposes of promotion or creating backlinks. Posts must contain substantial content — they may not merely reference an external link that contains the full post. If a post contains affiliate links, that fact must be clearly disclosed. For instance, with language such as: “This post includes affiliate links; I may receive compensation if you purchase products or services from the different links provided in this article.” DEV Community reserves the right to remove any content that it deems to be in violation of this policy at its sole discretion. Additionally, DEV Community reserves the right to restrict any user’s ability to participate on the platform at its sole discretion. 12. Fees, Payment, Renewal Fees for Paid Services .Fees for Paid Services. Some of our Services may be offered for a fee (collectively, “Paid Services”). This section applies to any purchases of Paid Services. By using a Paid Service, you agree to pay the specified fees. Depending on the Paid Service, there may be different kinds of fees, for instance some that are one-time, recurring, and/or based on an advertising campaign budget that you set. For recurring fees (AKA Subscriptions), your subscription begins on your purchase date, and we’ll bill or charge you in the automatically-renewing interval (such as monthly, annually) you select, on a pre-pay basis until you cancel, which you can do at any time by contacting plusplus@dev.to . Payment. You must provide accurate and up-to-date payment information. By providing your payment information, you authorize us to store it until you request deletion. If your payment fails, we suspect fraud, or Paid Services are otherwise not paid for or paid for on time (for example, if you contact your bank or credit card company to decline or reverse the charge of fees for Paid Services), we may immediately cancel or revoke your access to Paid Services without notice to you. You authorize us to charge any updated payment information provided by your bank or payment service provider (e.g., new expiration date) or other payment methods provided if we can’t charge your primary payment method. Automatic Renewal. By enrolling in a subscription, you authorize us to automatically charge the then-applicable fees for each subsequent subscription period until the subscription is canceled. If you received a discount, used a coupon code, or subscribed during a free trial or promotion, your subscription will automatically renew for the full price of the subscription at the end of the discount period. This means that unless you cancel a subscription, it’ll automatically renew and we’ll charge your payment method(s). The date for the automatic renewal is based on the date of the original purchase and cannot be changed. You can view your renewal date(s), cancel, or manage subscriptions by contacting plusplus@dev.to . Fees and Changes. We may change our fees at any time in accordance with these Terms and requirements under applicable law. This means that we may change our fees going forward or remove or update features or functionality that were previously included in the fees. If you don’t agree with the changes, you must cancel your Paid Service. Refunds. There are no refunds and all payments are final. European Users: You have the right to withdraw from the transaction within fourteen (14) days from the date of the purchase without giving any reason as long as your purchase was not of downloadable content or of a customized nature, and (i) the service has not been fully performed, or (ii) subject to other limitations as permitted by law. If you cancel this contract, we will reimburse you all payments we have received from you, without undue delay and no later than within fourteen days from the day on which we received the notification of your cancellation of this contract. For this repayment, we will use the same means of payment that you used for the original transaction, unless expressly agreed otherwise with you; you will not be charged for this repayment. You may exercise your right to withdrawal by sending a clear, email request to plusplus@dev.to with the following information: List of services you wish to withdraw from List the date that you purchased the goods or services. If this is a recurring subscription, please list the most recent renewal date List your full legal name and the email associated with your account List the address in which you legally reside Today's Date 13. Governing Law Any claim relating to DEV Community's web site shall be governed by the laws of the State of New York without regard to its conflict of law provisions. General Terms and Conditions applicable to Use of a Web Site. 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/devsecops/page/6 | Devsecops Page 6 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # devsecops Follow Hide Integrating security practices into the DevOps lifecycle. Create Post Older #devsecops posts 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu About Me – DevOps & DevSecOps Engineer Kishore Kumar Kishore Kumar Kishore Kumar Follow Mar 27 '25 About Me – DevOps & DevSecOps Engineer # devops # kubernetes # devsecops # security 11 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange (VEX): The Standard Revolutionizing Security Operations Furkan SAYIM Furkan SAYIM Furkan SAYIM Follow Feb 20 '25 Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange (VEX): The Standard Revolutionizing Security Operations # vex # aws # devsecops # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read DevOps Made Simple: A Beginner’s Guide to DevSecOps in Action - Securing Your CI/CD Pipeline Yash Sonawane Yash Sonawane Yash Sonawane Follow Mar 22 '25 DevOps Made Simple: A Beginner’s Guide to DevSecOps in Action - Securing Your CI/CD Pipeline # devops # beginners # devsecops # cicd 32 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Kubernetes Security: Protecting Your Cluster Like Fort Knox 🔐 Romulo Franca Romulo Franca Romulo Franca Follow Feb 18 '25 Kubernetes Security: Protecting Your Cluster Like Fort Knox 🔐 # devsecops # devops # kubernetes # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Leveraging Generative AI with DevSecOps for Enhanced Security SnykSec SnykSec SnykSec Follow for Snyk Feb 28 '25 Leveraging Generative AI with DevSecOps for Enhanced Security # ai # devsecops 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 5 min read Addressing The Growing Challenge of Generic Secrets: Beyond GitHub's Push Protection Dwayne McDaniel Dwayne McDaniel Dwayne McDaniel Follow for GitGuardian Mar 19 '25 Addressing The Growing Challenge of Generic Secrets: Beyond GitHub's Push Protection # iam # devsecops # nhi # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Repojacking: Unseen Dangers and Mitigation Strategies. Andrey Somsikov Andrey Somsikov Andrey Somsikov Follow Feb 20 '25 Repojacking: Unseen Dangers and Mitigation Strategies. # supplychainsecurity # devsecops # repojacking # github Comments Add Comment 2 min read Cracking the AI-generated Code: You probably gotta update your DevSecOps practices! Nayana Nayana Nayana Follow Mar 12 '25 Cracking the AI-generated Code: You probably gotta update your DevSecOps practices! # devops # devsecops # cicd # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read DevOps Unlocked: The Ultimate Guide to Mastering Productivity with the PATH-C Framework DevOps4Me Global DevOps4Me Global DevOps4Me Global Follow Feb 5 '25 DevOps Unlocked: The Ultimate Guide to Mastering Productivity with the PATH-C Framework # productivity # devops # devsecops # automaton Comments Add Comment 3 min read DevSecOps: Integrating Security into Your CI/CD Pipeline Yash Sonawane Yash Sonawane Yash Sonawane Follow Mar 9 '25 DevSecOps: Integrating Security into Your CI/CD Pipeline # devsecops # iacsecurity # ansibleautomation # devops 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read AWS Security Hub OpenVEX Integration: Technical Guide Furkan SAYIM Furkan SAYIM Furkan SAYIM Follow Feb 21 '25 AWS Security Hub OpenVEX Integration: Technical Guide # devsecops # aws # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Zero-Day Vulnerabilities Are Exploding and How to Protect Your Business Lance Lance Lance Follow Feb 16 '25 Why Zero-Day Vulnerabilities Are Exploding and How to Protect Your Business # zeroday # cybersecurity # devsecops # mdr Comments Add Comment 2 min read Instalação do RKE2 em HA Guto Ribeiro Guto Ribeiro Guto Ribeiro Follow Jan 5 '25 Instalação do RKE2 em HA # rke2 # kubernetes # tutorial # devsecops Comments Add Comment 10 min read Stage 0: Embarking on the DevOps Competency Journey Patrick Odhiambo Patrick Odhiambo Patrick Odhiambo Follow Jan 29 '25 Stage 0: Embarking on the DevOps Competency Journey # devops # devsecops # cloudsecurity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read El Astrónomo que Derrotó a un Hacker 🚨💻 francotel francotel francotel Follow Jan 26 '25 El Astrónomo que Derrotó a un Hacker 🚨💻 # hacker # intranet # crosscloudx # devsecops 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Elevating Security with Amazon GuardDuty Runtime Monitoring Rajit Paul Rajit Paul Rajit Paul Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 25 '25 Elevating Security with Amazon GuardDuty Runtime Monitoring # devsecops # aws # security # containers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Docker Scout: Your Container Security Companion - A Developer's Guide Anil Kumar Moka Anil Kumar Moka Anil Kumar Moka Follow for Docker Jan 16 '25 Docker Scout: Your Container Security Companion - A Developer's Guide # security # containerization # devsecops # cloudsecurity 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Ultralytics AI Pwn Request Supply Chain Attack SnykSec SnykSec SnykSec Follow for Snyk Dec 12 '24 Ultralytics AI Pwn Request Supply Chain Attack # codesecurity # devsecops # opensourcesecurity # supplychainsecurity Comments Add Comment 7 min read S3 Storage For DevOps Backups GitProtect Team GitProtect Team GitProtect Team Follow for GitProtect Jan 2 '25 S3 Storage For DevOps Backups # devops # coding # devsecops # backup Comments 1 comment 10 min read From SDLC to CI/CD: A Beginner’s Guide Malar_nath Malar_nath Malar_nath Follow Dec 22 '24 From SDLC to CI/CD: A Beginner’s Guide # cicdpipelines # sdlc # ssdl # devsecops Comments Add Comment 7 min read 10 Docker Security Best Practices SnykSec SnykSec SnykSec Follow for Snyk Jan 9 '25 10 Docker Security Best Practices # containersecurity # devsecops # docker 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 15 min read DevSecops Tools in CICD Pipeline akhil mittal akhil mittal akhil mittal Follow Jan 1 '25 DevSecops Tools in CICD Pipeline # devsecops # cicd # security # vulnerabilities Comments Add Comment 4 min read Applying DevSecOps within Databricks Jesse P. Johnson Jesse P. Johnson Jesse P. Johnson Follow Dec 31 '24 Applying DevSecOps within Databricks # devsecops # datascience # cicd Comments Add Comment 8 min read Deconstructing DevSecOps Jesse P. Johnson Jesse P. Johnson Jesse P. Johnson Follow Dec 26 '24 Deconstructing DevSecOps # devops # devsecops 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Revolutionizing Code Security: How Amazon Q Developer Safeguards Modern Applications Spyros Spyros Spyros Follow Dec 23 '24 Revolutionizing Code Security: How Amazon Q Developer Safeguards Modern Applications # codesecurity # awsqdeveloper # securesoftwaredevelopment # devsecops 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 7 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://docs.python.org/glossary.html | Glossary — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Deprecations Next topic About this documentation This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Glossary | Theme Auto Light Dark | Glossary ¶ >>> ¶ The default Python prompt of the interactive shell. Often seen for code examples which can be executed interactively in the interpreter. ... ¶ Can refer to: The default Python prompt of the interactive shell when entering the code for an indented code block, when within a pair of matching left and right delimiters (parentheses, square brackets, curly braces or triple quotes), or after specifying a decorator. The three dots form of the Ellipsis object. abstract base class ¶ Abstract base classes complement duck-typing by providing a way to define interfaces when other techniques like hasattr() would be clumsy or subtly wrong (for example with magic methods ). ABCs introduce virtual subclasses, which are classes that don’t inherit from a class but are still recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() ; see the abc module documentation. Python comes with many built-in ABCs for data structures (in the collections.abc module), numbers (in the numbers module), streams (in the io module), import finders and loaders (in the importlib.abc module). You can create your own ABCs with the abc module. annotate function ¶ A function that can be called to retrieve the annotations of an object. This function is accessible as the __annotate__ attribute of functions, classes, and modules. Annotate functions are a subset of evaluate functions . annotation ¶ A label associated with a variable, a class attribute or a function parameter or return value, used by convention as a type hint . Annotations of local variables cannot be accessed at runtime, but annotations of global variables, class attributes, and functions can be retrieved by calling annotationlib.get_annotations() on modules, classes, and functions, respectively. See variable annotation , function annotation , PEP 484 , PEP 526 , and PEP 649 , which describe this functionality. Also see Annotations Best Practices for best practices on working with annotations. argument ¶ A value passed to a function (or method ) when calling the function. There are two kinds of argument: keyword argument : an argument preceded by an identifier (e.g. name= ) in a function call or passed as a value in a dictionary preceded by ** . For example, 3 and 5 are both keyword arguments in the following calls to complex() : complex ( real = 3 , imag = 5 ) complex ( ** { 'real' : 3 , 'imag' : 5 }) positional argument : an argument that is not a keyword argument. Positional arguments can appear at the beginning of an argument list and/or be passed as elements of an iterable preceded by * . For example, 3 and 5 are both positional arguments in the following calls: complex ( 3 , 5 ) complex ( * ( 3 , 5 )) Arguments are assigned to the named local variables in a function body. See the Calls section for the rules governing this assignment. Syntactically, any expression can be used to represent an argument; the evaluated value is assigned to the local variable. See also the parameter glossary entry, the FAQ question on the difference between arguments and parameters , and PEP 362 . asynchronous context manager ¶ An object which controls the environment seen in an async with statement by defining __aenter__() and __aexit__() methods. Introduced by PEP 492 . asynchronous generator ¶ A function which returns an asynchronous generator iterator . It looks like a coroutine function defined with async def except that it contains yield expressions for producing a series of values usable in an async for loop. Usually refers to an asynchronous generator function, but may refer to an asynchronous generator iterator in some contexts. In cases where the intended meaning isn’t clear, using the full terms avoids ambiguity. An asynchronous generator function may contain await expressions as well as async for , and async with statements. asynchronous generator iterator ¶ An object created by an asynchronous generator function. This is an asynchronous iterator which when called using the __anext__() method returns an awaitable object which will execute the body of the asynchronous generator function until the next yield expression. Each yield temporarily suspends processing, remembering the execution state (including local variables and pending try-statements). When the asynchronous generator iterator effectively resumes with another awaitable returned by __anext__() , it picks up where it left off. See PEP 492 and PEP 525 . asynchronous iterable ¶ An object, that can be used in an async for statement. Must return an asynchronous iterator from its __aiter__() method. Introduced by PEP 492 . asynchronous iterator ¶ An object that implements the __aiter__() and __anext__() methods. __anext__() must return an awaitable object. async for resolves the awaitables returned by an asynchronous iterator’s __anext__() method until it raises a StopAsyncIteration exception. Introduced by PEP 492 . atomic operation ¶ An operation that appears to execute as a single, indivisible step: no other thread can observe it half-done, and its effects become visible all at once. Python does not guarantee that high-level statements are atomic (for example, x += 1 performs multiple bytecode operations and is not atomic). Atomicity is only guaranteed where explicitly documented. See also race condition and data race . attached thread state ¶ A thread state that is active for the current OS thread. When a thread state is attached, the OS thread has access to the full Python C API and can safely invoke the bytecode interpreter. Unless a function explicitly notes otherwise, attempting to call the C API without an attached thread state will result in a fatal error or undefined behavior. A thread state can be attached and detached explicitly by the user through the C API, or implicitly by the runtime, including during blocking C calls and by the bytecode interpreter in between calls. On most builds of Python, having an attached thread state implies that the caller holds the GIL for the current interpreter, so only one OS thread can have an attached thread state at a given moment. In free-threaded builds of Python, threads can concurrently hold an attached thread state, allowing for true parallelism of the bytecode interpreter. attribute ¶ A value associated with an object which is usually referenced by name using dotted expressions. For example, if an object o has an attribute a it would be referenced as o.a . It is possible to give an object an attribute whose name is not an identifier as defined by Names (identifiers and keywords) , for example using setattr() , if the object allows it. Such an attribute will not be accessible using a dotted expression, and would instead need to be retrieved with getattr() . awaitable ¶ An object that can be used in an await expression. Can be a coroutine or an object with an __await__() method. See also PEP 492 . BDFL ¶ Benevolent Dictator For Life, a.k.a. Guido van Rossum , Python’s creator. binary file ¶ A file object able to read and write bytes-like objects . Examples of binary files are files opened in binary mode ( 'rb' , 'wb' or 'rb+' ), sys.stdin.buffer , sys.stdout.buffer , and instances of io.BytesIO and gzip.GzipFile . See also text file for a file object able to read and write str objects. borrowed reference ¶ In Python’s C API, a borrowed reference is a reference to an object, where the code using the object does not own the reference. It becomes a dangling pointer if the object is destroyed. For example, a garbage collection can remove the last strong reference to the object and so destroy it. Calling Py_INCREF() on the borrowed reference is recommended to convert it to a strong reference in-place, except when the object cannot be destroyed before the last usage of the borrowed reference. The Py_NewRef() function can be used to create a new strong reference . bytes-like object ¶ An object that supports the Buffer Protocol and can export a C- contiguous buffer. This includes all bytes , bytearray , and array.array objects, as well as many common memoryview objects. Bytes-like objects can be used for various operations that work with binary data; these include compression, saving to a binary file, and sending over a socket. Some operations need the binary data to be mutable. The documentation often refers to these as “read-write bytes-like objects”. Example mutable buffer objects include bytearray and a memoryview of a bytearray . Other operations require the binary data to be stored in immutable objects (“read-only bytes-like objects”); examples of these include bytes and a memoryview of a bytes object. bytecode ¶ Python source code is compiled into bytecode, the internal representation of a Python program in the CPython interpreter. The bytecode is also cached in .pyc files so that executing the same file is faster the second time (recompilation from source to bytecode can be avoided). This “intermediate language” is said to run on a virtual machine that executes the machine code corresponding to each bytecode. Do note that bytecodes are not expected to work between different Python virtual machines, nor to be stable between Python releases. A list of bytecode instructions can be found in the documentation for the dis module . callable ¶ A callable is an object that can be called, possibly with a set of arguments (see argument ), with the following syntax: callable ( argument1 , argument2 , argumentN ) A function , and by extension a method , is a callable. An instance of a class that implements the __call__() method is also a callable. callback ¶ A subroutine function which is passed as an argument to be executed at some point in the future. class ¶ A template for creating user-defined objects. Class definitions normally contain method definitions which operate on instances of the class. class variable ¶ A variable defined in a class and intended to be modified only at class level (i.e., not in an instance of the class). closure variable ¶ A free variable referenced from a nested scope that is defined in an outer scope rather than being resolved at runtime from the globals or builtin namespaces. May be explicitly defined with the nonlocal keyword to allow write access, or implicitly defined if the variable is only being read. For example, in the inner function in the following code, both x and print are free variables , but only x is a closure variable : def outer (): x = 0 def inner (): nonlocal x x += 1 print ( x ) return inner Due to the codeobject.co_freevars attribute (which, despite its name, only includes the names of closure variables rather than listing all referenced free variables), the more general free variable term is sometimes used even when the intended meaning is to refer specifically to closure variables. complex number ¶ An extension of the familiar real number system in which all numbers are expressed as a sum of a real part and an imaginary part. Imaginary numbers are real multiples of the imaginary unit (the square root of -1 ), often written i in mathematics or j in engineering. Python has built-in support for complex numbers, which are written with this latter notation; the imaginary part is written with a j suffix, e.g., 3+1j . To get access to complex equivalents of the math module, use cmath . Use of complex numbers is a fairly advanced mathematical feature. If you’re not aware of a need for them, it’s almost certain you can safely ignore them. concurrency ¶ The ability of a computer program to perform multiple tasks at the same time. Python provides libraries for writing programs that make use of different forms of concurrency. asyncio is a library for dealing with asynchronous tasks and coroutines. threading provides access to operating system threads and multiprocessing to operating system processes. Multi-core processors can execute threads and processes on different CPU cores at the same time (see parallelism ). concurrent modification ¶ When multiple threads modify shared data at the same time. Concurrent modification without proper synchronization can cause race conditions , and might also trigger a data race , data corruption, or both. context ¶ This term has different meanings depending on where and how it is used. Some common meanings: The temporary state or environment established by a context manager via a with statement. The collection of keyvalue bindings associated with a particular contextvars.Context object and accessed via ContextVar objects. Also see context variable . A contextvars.Context object. Also see current context . context management protocol ¶ The __enter__() and __exit__() methods called by the with statement. See PEP 343 . context manager ¶ An object which implements the context management protocol and controls the environment seen in a with statement. See PEP 343 . context variable ¶ A variable whose value depends on which context is the current context . Values are accessed via contextvars.ContextVar objects. Context variables are primarily used to isolate state between concurrent asynchronous tasks. contiguous ¶ A buffer is considered contiguous exactly if it is either C-contiguous or Fortran contiguous . Zero-dimensional buffers are C and Fortran contiguous. In one-dimensional arrays, the items must be laid out in memory next to each other, in order of increasing indexes starting from zero. In multidimensional C-contiguous arrays, the last index varies the fastest when visiting items in order of memory address. However, in Fortran contiguous arrays, the first index varies the fastest. coroutine ¶ Coroutines are a more generalized form of subroutines. Subroutines are entered at one point and exited at another point. Coroutines can be entered, exited, and resumed at many different points. They can be implemented with the async def statement. See also PEP 492 . coroutine function ¶ A function which returns a coroutine object. A coroutine function may be defined with the async def statement, and may contain await , async for , and async with keywords. These were introduced by PEP 492 . CPython ¶ The canonical implementation of the Python programming language, as distributed on python.org . The term “CPython” is used when necessary to distinguish this implementation from others such as Jython or IronPython. current context ¶ The context ( contextvars.Context object) that is currently used by ContextVar objects to access (get or set) the values of context variables . Each thread has its own current context. Frameworks for executing asynchronous tasks (see asyncio ) associate each task with a context which becomes the current context whenever the task starts or resumes execution. cyclic isolate ¶ A subgroup of one or more objects that reference each other in a reference cycle, but are not referenced by objects outside the group. The goal of the cyclic garbage collector is to identify these groups and break the reference cycles so that the memory can be reclaimed. data race ¶ A situation where multiple threads access the same memory location concurrently, at least one of the accesses is a write, and the threads do not use any synchronization to control their access. Data races lead to non-deterministic behavior and can cause data corruption. Proper use of locks and other synchronization primitives prevents data races. Note that data races can only happen in native code, but that native code might be exposed in a Python API. See also race condition and thread-safe . deadlock ¶ A situation in which two or more tasks (threads, processes, or coroutines) wait indefinitely for each other to release resources or complete actions, preventing any from making progress. For example, if thread A holds lock 1 and waits for lock 2, while thread B holds lock 2 and waits for lock 1, both threads will wait indefinitely. In Python this often arises from acquiring multiple locks in conflicting orders or from circular join/await dependencies. Deadlocks can be avoided by always acquiring multiple locks in a consistent order. See also lock and reentrant . decorator ¶ A function returning another function, usually applied as a function transformation using the @wrapper syntax. Common examples for decorators are classmethod() and staticmethod() . The decorator syntax is merely syntactic sugar, the following two function definitions are semantically equivalent: def f ( arg ): ... f = staticmethod ( f ) @staticmethod def f ( arg ): ... The same concept exists for classes, but is less commonly used there. See the documentation for function definitions and class definitions for more about decorators. descriptor ¶ Any object which defines the methods __get__() , __set__() , or __delete__() . When a class attribute is a descriptor, its special binding behavior is triggered upon attribute lookup. Normally, using a.b to get, set or delete an attribute looks up the object named b in the class dictionary for a , but if b is a descriptor, the respective descriptor method gets called. Understanding descriptors is a key to a deep understanding of Python because they are the basis for many features including functions, methods, properties, class methods, static methods, and reference to super classes. For more information about descriptors’ methods, see Implementing Descriptors or the Descriptor How To Guide . dictionary ¶ An associative array, where arbitrary keys are mapped to values. The keys can be any object with __hash__() and __eq__() methods. Called a hash in Perl. dictionary comprehension ¶ A compact way to process all or part of the elements in an iterable and return a dictionary with the results. results = {n: n ** 2 for n in range(10)} generates a dictionary containing key n mapped to value n ** 2 . See Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries . dictionary view ¶ The objects returned from dict.keys() , dict.values() , and dict.items() are called dictionary views. They provide a dynamic view on the dictionary’s entries, which means that when the dictionary changes, the view reflects these changes. To force the dictionary view to become a full list use list(dictview) . See Dictionary view objects . docstring ¶ A string literal which appears as the first expression in a class, function or module. While ignored when the suite is executed, it is recognized by the compiler and put into the __doc__ attribute of the enclosing class, function or module. Since it is available via introspection, it is the canonical place for documentation of the object. duck-typing ¶ A programming style which does not look at an object’s type to determine if it has the right interface; instead, the method or attribute is simply called or used (“If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck.”) By emphasizing interfaces rather than specific types, well-designed code improves its flexibility by allowing polymorphic substitution. Duck-typing avoids tests using type() or isinstance() . (Note, however, that duck-typing can be complemented with abstract base classes .) Instead, it typically employs hasattr() tests or EAFP programming. dunder ¶ An informal short-hand for “double underscore”, used when talking about a special method . For example, __init__ is often pronounced “dunder init”. EAFP ¶ Easier to ask for forgiveness than permission. This common Python coding style assumes the existence of valid keys or attributes and catches exceptions if the assumption proves false. This clean and fast style is characterized by the presence of many try and except statements. The technique contrasts with the LBYL style common to many other languages such as C. evaluate function ¶ A function that can be called to evaluate a lazily evaluated attribute of an object, such as the value of type aliases created with the type statement. expression ¶ A piece of syntax which can be evaluated to some value. In other words, an expression is an accumulation of expression elements like literals, names, attribute access, operators or function calls which all return a value. In contrast to many other languages, not all language constructs are expressions. There are also statement s which cannot be used as expressions, such as while . Assignments are also statements, not expressions. extension module ¶ A module written in C or C++, using Python’s C API to interact with the core and with user code. f-string ¶ f-strings ¶ String literals prefixed with f or F are commonly called “f-strings” which is short for formatted string literals . See also PEP 498 . file object ¶ An object exposing a file-oriented API (with methods such as read() or write() ) to an underlying resource. Depending on the way it was created, a file object can mediate access to a real on-disk file or to another type of storage or communication device (for example standard input/output, in-memory buffers, sockets, pipes, etc.). File objects are also called file-like objects or streams . There are actually three categories of file objects: raw binary files , buffered binary files and text files . Their interfaces are defined in the io module. The canonical way to create a file object is by using the open() function. file-like object ¶ A synonym for file object . filesystem encoding and error handler ¶ Encoding and error handler used by Python to decode bytes from the operating system and encode Unicode to the operating system. The filesystem encoding must guarantee to successfully decode all bytes below 128. If the file system encoding fails to provide this guarantee, API functions can raise UnicodeError . The sys.getfilesystemencoding() and sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors() functions can be used to get the filesystem encoding and error handler. The filesystem encoding and error handler are configured at Python startup by the PyConfig_Read() function: see filesystem_encoding and filesystem_errors members of PyConfig . See also the locale encoding . finder ¶ An object that tries to find the loader for a module that is being imported. There are two types of finder: meta path finders for use with sys.meta_path , and path entry finders for use with sys.path_hooks . See Finders and loaders and importlib for much more detail. floor division ¶ Mathematical division that rounds down to nearest integer. The floor division operator is // . For example, the expression 11 // 4 evaluates to 2 in contrast to the 2.75 returned by float true division. Note that (-11) // 4 is -3 because that is -2.75 rounded downward . See PEP 238 . free threading ¶ A threading model where multiple threads can run Python bytecode simultaneously within the same interpreter. This is in contrast to the global interpreter lock which allows only one thread to execute Python bytecode at a time. See PEP 703 . free variable ¶ Formally, as defined in the language execution model , a free variable is any variable used in a namespace which is not a local variable in that namespace. See closure variable for an example. Pragmatically, due to the name of the codeobject.co_freevars attribute, the term is also sometimes used as a synonym for closure variable . function ¶ A series of statements which returns some value to a caller. It can also be passed zero or more arguments which may be used in the execution of the body. See also parameter , method , and the Function definitions section. function annotation ¶ An annotation of a function parameter or return value. Function annotations are usually used for type hints : for example, this function is expected to take two int arguments and is also expected to have an int return value: def sum_two_numbers ( a : int , b : int ) -> int : return a + b Function annotation syntax is explained in section Function definitions . See variable annotation and PEP 484 , which describe this functionality. Also see Annotations Best Practices for best practices on working with annotations. __future__ ¶ A future statement , from __future__ import <feature> , directs the compiler to compile the current module using syntax or semantics that will become standard in a future release of Python. The __future__ module documents the possible values of feature . By importing this module and evaluating its variables, you can see when a new feature was first added to the language and when it will (or did) become the default: >>> import __future__ >>> __future__ . division _Feature((2, 2, 0, 'alpha', 2), (3, 0, 0, 'alpha', 0), 8192) garbage collection ¶ The process of freeing memory when it is not used anymore. Python performs garbage collection via reference counting and a cyclic garbage collector that is able to detect and break reference cycles. The garbage collector can be controlled using the gc module. generator ¶ A function which returns a generator iterator . It looks like a normal function except that it contains yield expressions for producing a series of values usable in a for-loop or that can be retrieved one at a time with the next() function. Usually refers to a generator function, but may refer to a generator iterator in some contexts. In cases where the intended meaning isn’t clear, using the full terms avoids ambiguity. generator iterator ¶ An object created by a generator function. Each yield temporarily suspends processing, remembering the execution state (including local variables and pending try-statements). When the generator iterator resumes, it picks up where it left off (in contrast to functions which start fresh on every invocation). generator expression ¶ An expression that returns an iterator . It looks like a normal expression followed by a for clause defining a loop variable, range, and an optional if clause. The combined expression generates values for an enclosing function: >>> sum ( i * i for i in range ( 10 )) # sum of squares 0, 1, 4, ... 81 285 generic function ¶ A function composed of multiple functions implementing the same operation for different types. Which implementation should be used during a call is determined by the dispatch algorithm. See also the single dispatch glossary entry, the functools.singledispatch() decorator, and PEP 443 . generic type ¶ A type that can be parameterized; typically a container class such as list or dict . Used for type hints and annotations . For more details, see generic alias types , PEP 483 , PEP 484 , PEP 585 , and the typing module. GIL ¶ See global interpreter lock . global interpreter lock ¶ The mechanism used by the CPython interpreter to assure that only one thread executes Python bytecode at a time. This simplifies the CPython implementation by making the object model (including critical built-in types such as dict ) implicitly safe against concurrent access. Locking the entire interpreter makes it easier for the interpreter to be multi-threaded, at the expense of much of the parallelism afforded by multi-processor machines. However, some extension modules, either standard or third-party, are designed so as to release the GIL when doing computationally intensive tasks such as compression or hashing. Also, the GIL is always released when doing I/O. As of Python 3.13, the GIL can be disabled using the --disable-gil build configuration. After building Python with this option, code must be run with -X gil=0 or after setting the PYTHON_GIL=0 environment variable. This feature enables improved performance for multi-threaded applications and makes it easier to use multi-core CPUs efficiently. For more details, see PEP 703 . In prior versions of Python’s C API, a function might declare that it requires the GIL to be held in order to use it. This refers to having an attached thread state . global state ¶ Data that is accessible throughout a program, such as module-level variables, class variables, or C static variables in extension modules . In multi-threaded programs, global state shared between threads typically requires synchronization to avoid race conditions and data races . hash-based pyc ¶ A bytecode cache file that uses the hash rather than the last-modified time of the corresponding source file to determine its validity. See Cached bytecode invalidation . hashable ¶ An object is hashable if it has a hash value which never changes during its lifetime (it needs a __hash__() method), and can be compared to other objects (it needs an __eq__() method). Hashable objects which compare equal must have the same hash value. Hashability makes an object usable as a dictionary key and a set member, because these data structures use the hash value internally. Most of Python’s immutable built-in objects are hashable; mutable containers (such as lists or dictionaries) are not; immutable containers (such as tuples and frozensets) are only hashable if their elements are hashable. Objects which are instances of user-defined classes are hashable by default. They all compare unequal (except with themselves), and their hash value is derived from their id() . IDLE ¶ An Integrated Development and Learning Environment for Python. IDLE — Python editor and shell is a basic editor and interpreter environment which ships with the standard distribution of Python. immortal ¶ Immortal objects are a CPython implementation detail introduced in PEP 683 . If an object is immortal, its reference count is never modified, and therefore it is never deallocated while the interpreter is running. For example, True and None are immortal in CPython. Immortal objects can be identified via sys._is_immortal() , or via PyUnstable_IsImmortal() in the C API. immutable ¶ An object with a fixed value. Immutable objects include numbers, strings and tuples. Such an object cannot be altered. A new object has to be created if a different value has to be stored. They play an important role in places where a constant hash value is needed, for example as a key in a dictionary. Immutable objects are inherently thread-safe because their state cannot be modified after creation, eliminating concerns about improperly synchronized concurrent modification . import path ¶ A list of locations (or path entries ) that are searched by the path based finder for modules to import. During import, this list of locations usually comes from sys.path , but for subpackages it may also come from the parent package’s __path__ attribute. importing ¶ The process by which Python code in one module is made available to Python code in another module. importer ¶ An object that both finds and loads a module; both a finder and loader object. interactive ¶ Python has an interactive interpreter which means you can enter statements and expressions at the interpreter prompt, immediately execute them and see their results. Just launch python with no arguments (possibly by selecting it from your computer’s main menu). It is a very powerful way to test out new ideas or inspect modules and packages (remember help(x) ). For more on interactive mode, see Interactive Mode . interpreted ¶ Python is an interpreted language, as opposed to a compiled one, though the distinction can be blurry because of the presence of the bytecode compiler. This means that source files can be run directly without explicitly creating an executable which is then run. Interpreted languages typically have a shorter development/debug cycle than compiled ones, though their programs generally also run more slowly. See also interactive . interpreter shutdown ¶ When asked to shut down, the Python interpreter enters a special phase where it gradually releases all allocated resources, such as modules and various critical internal structures. It also makes several calls to the garbage collector . This can trigger the execution of code in user-defined destructors or weakref callbacks. Code executed during the shutdown phase can encounter various exceptions as the resources it relies on may not function anymore (common examples are library modules or the warnings machinery). The main reason for interpreter shutdown is that the __main__ module or the script being run has finished executing. iterable ¶ An object capable of returning its members one at a time. Examples of iterables include all sequence types (such as list , str , and tuple ) and some non-sequence types like dict , file objects , and objects of any classes you define with an __iter__() method or with a __getitem__() method that implements sequence semantics. Iterables can be used in a for loop and in many other places where a sequence is needed ( zip() , map() , …). When an iterable object is passed as an argument to the built-in function iter() , it returns an iterator for the object. This iterator is good for one pass over the set of values. When using iterables, it is usually not necessary to call iter() or deal with iterator objects yourself. The for statement does that automatically for you, creating a temporary unnamed variable to hold the iterator for the duration of the loop. See also iterator , sequence , and generator . iterator ¶ An object representing a stream of data. Repeated calls to the iterator’s __next__() method (or passing it to the built-in function next() ) return successive items in the stream. When no more data are available a StopIteration exception is raised instead. At this point, the iterator object is exhausted and any further calls to its __next__() method just raise StopIteration again. Iterators are required to have an __iter__() method that returns the iterator object itself so every iterator is also iterable and may be used in most places where other iterables are accepted. One notable exception is code which attempts multiple iteration passes. A container object (such as a list ) produces a fresh new iterator each time you pass it to the iter() function or use it in a for loop. Attempting this with an iterator will just return the same exhausted iterator object used in the previous iteration pass, making it appear like an empty container. More information can be found in Iterator Types . CPython implementation detail: CPython does not consistently apply the requirement that an iterator define __iter__() . And also please note that free-threaded CPython does not guarantee thread-safe behavior of iterator operations. key function ¶ A key function or collation function is a callable that returns a value used for sorting or ordering. For example, locale.strxfrm() is used to produce a sort key that is aware of locale specific sort conventions. A number of tools in Python accept key functions to control how elements are ordered or grouped. They include min() , max() , sorted() , list.sort() , heapq.merge() , heapq.nsmallest() , heapq.nlargest() , and itertools.groupby() . There are several ways to create a key function. For example. the str.casefold() method can serve as a key function for case insensitive sorts. Alternatively, a key function can be built from a lambda expression such as lambda r: (r[0], r[2]) . Also, operator.attrgetter() , operator.itemgetter() , and operator.methodcaller() are three key function constructors. See the Sorting HOW TO for examples of how to create and use key functions. keyword argument ¶ See argument . lambda ¶ An anonymous inline function consisting of a single expression which is evaluated when the function is called. The syntax to create a lambda function is lambda [parameters]: expression LBYL ¶ Look before you leap. This coding style explicitly tests for pre-conditions before making calls or lookups. This style contrasts with the EAFP approach and is characterized by the presence of many if statements. In a multi-threaded environment, the LBYL approach can risk introducing a race condition between “the looking” and “the leaping”. For example, the code, if key in mapping: return mapping[key] can fail if another thread removes key from mapping after the test, but before the lookup. This issue can be solved with locks or by using the EAFP approach. See also thread-safe . lexical analyzer ¶ Formal name for the tokenizer ; see token . list ¶ A built-in Python sequence . Despite its name it is more akin to an array in other languages than to a linked list since access to elements is O (1). list comprehension ¶ A compact way to process all or part of the elements in a sequence and return a list with the results. result = ['{:#04x}'.format(x) for x in range(256) if x % 2 == 0] generates a list of strings containing even hex numbers (0x..) in the range from 0 to 255. The if clause is optional. If omitted, all elements in range(256) are processed. lock ¶ A synchronization primitive that allows only one thread at a time to access a shared resource. A thread must acquire a lock before accessing the protected resource and release it afterward. If a thread attempts to acquire a lock that is already held by another thread, it will block until the lock becomes available. Python’s threading module provides Lock (a basic lock) and RLock (a reentrant lock). Locks are used to prevent race conditions and ensure thread-safe access to shared data. Alternative design patterns to locks exist such as queues, producer/consumer patterns, and thread-local state. See also deadlock , and reentrant . loader ¶ An object that loads a module. It must define the exec_module() and create_module() methods to implement the Loader interface. A loader is typically returned by a finder . See also: Finders and loaders importlib.abc.Loader PEP 302 locale encoding ¶ On Unix, it is the encoding of the LC_CTYPE locale. It can be set with locale.setlocale(locale.LC_CTYPE, new_locale) . On Windows, it is the ANSI code page (ex: "cp1252" ). On Android and VxWorks, Python uses "utf-8" as the locale encoding. locale.getencoding() can be used to get the locale encoding. See also the filesystem encoding and error handler . magic method ¶ An informal synonym for special method . mapping ¶ A container object that supports arbitrary key lookups and implements the methods specified in the collections.abc.Mapping or collections.abc.MutableMapping abstract base classes . Examples include dict , collections.defaultdict , collections.OrderedDict and collections.Counter . meta path finder ¶ A finder returned by a search of sys.meta_path . Meta path finders are related to, but different from path entry finders . See importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder for the methods that meta path finders implement. metaclass ¶ The class of a class. Class definitions create a class name, a class dictionary, and a list of base classes. The metaclass is responsible for taking those three arguments and creating the class. Most object oriented programming languages provide a default implementation. What makes Python special is that it is possible to create custom metaclasses. Most users never need this tool, but when the need arises, metaclasses can provide powerful, elegant solutions. They have been used for logging attribute access, adding thread-safety, tracking object creation, implementing singletons, and many other tasks. More information can be found in Metaclasses . method ¶ A function which is defined inside a class body. If called as an attribute of an instance of that class, the method will get the instance object as its first argument (which is usually called self ). See function and nested scope . method resolution order ¶ Method Resolution Order is the order in which base classes are searched for a member during lookup. See The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order for details of the algorithm used by the Python interpreter since the 2.3 release. module ¶ An object that serves as an organizational unit of Python code. Modules have a namespace containing arbitrary Python objects. Modules are loaded into Python by the process of importing . See also package . module spec ¶ A namespace containing the import-related information used to load a module. An instance of importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec . See also Module specs . MRO ¶ See method resolution order . mutable ¶ An object with state that is allowed to change during the course of the program. In multi-threaded programs, mutable objects that are shared between threads require careful synchronization to avoid race conditions . See also immutable , thread-safe , and concurrent modification . named tuple ¶ The term “named tuple” applies to any type or class that inherits from tuple and whose indexable elements are also accessible using named attributes. The type or class may have other features as well. Several built-in types are named tuples, including the values returned by time.localtime() and os.stat() . Another example is sys.float_info : >>> sys . float_info [ 1 ] # indexed access 1024 >>> sys . float_info . max_exp # named field access 1024 >>> isinstance ( sys . float_info , tuple ) # kind of tuple True Some named tuples are built-in types (such as the above examples). Alternatively, a named tuple can be created from a regular class definition that inherits from tuple and that defines named fields. Such a class can be written by hand, or it can be created by inheriting typing.NamedTuple , or with the factory function collections.namedtuple() . The latter techniques also add some extra methods that may not be found in hand-written or built-in named tuples. namespace ¶ The place where a variable is stored. Namespaces are implemented as dictionaries. There are the local, global and built-in namespaces as well as nested namespaces in objects (in methods). Namespaces support modularity by preventing naming conflicts. For instance, the functions builtins.open and os.open() are distinguished by their namespaces. Namespaces also aid readability and maintainability by making it clear which module implements a function. For instance, writing random.seed() or itertools.islice() makes it clear that those functions are implemented by the random and itertools modules, respectively. namespace package ¶ A package which serves only as a container for subpackages. Namespace packages may have no physical representation, and specifically are not like a regular package because they have no __init__.py file. Namespace packages allow several individually installable packages to have a common parent package. Otherwise, it is recommended to use a regular package . For more information, see PEP 420 and Namespace packages . See also module . native code ¶ Code that is compiled to machine instructions and runs directly on the processor, as opposed to code that is interpreted or runs in a virtual machine. In the context of Python, native code typically refers to C, C++, Rust or Fortran code in extension modules that can be called from Python. See also extension module . nested scope ¶ The ability to refer to a variable in an enclosing definition. For instance, a function defined inside another function can refer to variables in the outer function. Note that nested scopes by default work only for reference and not for assignment. Local variables both read and write in the innermost scope. Likewise, global variables read and write to the global namespace. The nonlocal allows writing to outer scopes. new-style class ¶ Old name for the flavor of classes now used for all class objects. In earlier Python versions, only new-style classes could use Python’s newer, versatile features like __slots__ , descriptors, properties, __getattribute__() , class methods, and static methods. non-deterministic ¶ Behavior where the outcome of a program can vary between executions with the same inputs. In multi-threaded programs, non-deterministic behavior often results from race conditions where the relative timing or interleaving of threads affects the result. Proper synchronization using locks and other synchronization primitives helps ensure deterministic behavior. object ¶ Any data with state (attributes or value) and defined behavior (methods). Also the ultimate base class of any new-style class . optimized scope ¶ A scope where target local variable names are reliably known to the compiler when the code is compiled, allowing optimization of read and write access to these names. The local namespaces for functions, generators, coroutines, comprehensions, and generator expressions are optimized in this fashion. Note: most interpreter optimizations are applied to all scopes, only those relying on a known set of local and nonlocal variable names are restricted to optimized scopes. optional module ¶ An extension module that is part of the standard library , but may be absent in some builds of CPython , usually due to missing third-party libraries or because the module is not available for a given platform. See Requirements for optional modules for a list of optional modules that require third-party libraries. package ¶ A Python module which can contain submodules or recursively, subpackages. Technically, a package is a Python module with a __path__ attribute. See also regular package and namespace package . parallelism ¶ Executing multiple operations at the same time (e.g. on multiple CPU cores). In Python builds with the global interpreter lock (GIL) , only one thread runs Python bytecode at a time, so taking advantage of multiple CPU cores typically involves multiple processes (e.g. multiprocessing ) or native extensions that release the GIL. In free-threaded Python, multiple Python threads can run Python code simultaneously on different cores. parameter ¶ A named entity in a function (or method) definition that specifies an argument (or in some cases, arguments) that the function can accept. There are five kinds of parameter: positional-or-keyword : specifies an argument that can be passed either positionally or as a keyword argument . This is the default kind of parameter, for example foo and bar in the following: def func ( foo , bar = None ): ... positional-only : specifies an argument that can be supplied only by position. Positional-only parameters can be defined by including a / character in the parameter list of the function definition after them, for example posonly1 and posonly2 in the following: def func ( posonly1 , posonly2 , / , positional_or_keyword ): ... keyword-only : specifies an argument that can be supplied only by keyword. Keyword-only parameters can be defined by including a single var-positional parameter or bare * in the parameter list of the function definition before them, for example kw_only1 and kw_only2 in the following: def func ( arg , * , kw_only1 , kw_only2 ): ... var-positional : specifies that an arbitrary sequence of positional arguments can be provided (in addition to any positional arguments already accepted by other parameters). Such a parameter can be defined by prepending the parameter name with * , for example args in the following: def func ( * args , ** kwargs ): ... var-keyword : specifies that arbitrarily many keyword arguments can be provided (in addition to any keyword arguments already accepted by other parameters). Such a parameter can be defined by prepending the parameter name with ** , for example kwargs in the example above. Parameters can specify both optional and required arguments, as well as default values for some optional arguments. See also the argument glossary entry, the FAQ question on the difference between arguments and parameters , the inspect.Parameter class, the Function definitions section, and PEP 362 . path entry ¶ A single location on the import path which the path based finder consults to find modules for importing. path entry finder ¶ A finder returned by a callable on sys.path_hooks (i.e. a path entry hook ) which knows how to locate modules given a path entry . See importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder for the methods that path entry finders implement. path entry hook ¶ A callable on the sys.path_hooks list which returns a path entry finder if it knows how to find modules on a specific path entry . path based finder ¶ One of the default meta path finders which searches an import path for modules. path-like object ¶ An object representing a file system path. A path-like object is either a str or bytes object representing a path, or an object implementing the os.PathLike protocol. An object that supports the os.PathLike protocol can be converted to a str or bytes file system path by calling the os.fspath() function; os.fsdecode() and os.fsencode() can be used to guarantee a str or bytes result instead, respectively. Introduced by PEP 519 . PEP ¶ Python Enhancement Proposal. A PEP is a design document providing information to the Python community, or describing a new feature for Python or its processes or environment. PEPs should provide a concise technical specification and a rationale for proposed features. PEPs are intended to be the primary mechanisms for proposing major new features, for collecting community input on an issue, and for documenting the design decisions that have gone into Python. The PEP author is responsible for building consensus within the community and documenting dissenting opinions. See PEP 1 . portion ¶ A set of files in a single directory (possibly stored in a zip file) that contribute to a namespace package, as defined in PEP 420 . positional argument ¶ See argument . provisional API ¶ A provisional API is one which has been deliberately excluded from the standard library’s backwards compatibility guarantees. While major changes to such interfaces are not expected, as long as they are marked provisional, backwards incompatible changes (up to and including removal of the interface) may occur if deemed necessary by core developers. Such changes will not be made | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://lnkd.in/devjceHx | LinkedIn LinkedIn This link will take you to a page that’s not on LinkedIn Because this is an external link, we’re unable to verify it for safety. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.accessibility.reveal&hl=en&pli=1 This experience is optimized for Chrome, Edge, and Safari Have questions? Learn more | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://lnkd.in/dSrkEQYH | LinkedIn LinkedIn This link will take you to a page that’s not on LinkedIn Because this is an external link, we’re unable to verify it for safety. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ai/seeing-ai This experience is optimized for Chrome, Edge, and Safari Have questions? Learn more | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://piccalil.b-cdn.net | Piccalilli - level up your front-end development skills Front-end education for the real world. Since 2018. — From set.studio Articles Links Courses Newsletter Merch Login Switch to Dark Theme RSS Level up your front-end skills High quality, approachable and transferable content from people with decades of elite industry experience. Premium Courses Latest articles Topics CSS JavaScript Opinion HTML Tutorial Announcements CSS Fundamentals Explainer SVG Quick Tip TypeScript Design Progressive Enhancement a11y Front-End Challenges Club Eleventy Advice React Performance 11ty Content and Copywriting Reality Check Deep Dive Advert Featured Courses See all courses Premium Course Winter discount deal £249 £211.65 JavaScript for Everyone Gain the confidence that comes with understanding JavaScript deeply. Reach a level that can otherwise take years to unlock in this extensive course. By Mat Marquis Premium Course Winter discount deal £249 £211.65 Complete CSS Go beyond syntax expertise and reach a level of skill that’s usually only achieved after years of experience. Embrace a more efficient method of extremely maintainable, organised and flexible CSS, rooted in core skills. By Andy Bell Premium Course Winter discount deal £249 £211.65 Mindful Design Completely transform your UX and UI skills by learning how the mind really works. Learn how use that knowledge responsibly and effectively. By Scott Riley Latest content Date is out, Temporal is in Temporal is the Date system we always wanted in JavaScript. It's extremely close to being available so Mat Marquis thought it would be a good idea to explain exactly what is better about this new JavaScript date system. JavaScript By Mat “Wilto” Marquis 07 January 2026 Wrapping up 2025 We don't normally do one of these, but I think 2025 has been a stellar year for Piccalilli, so we wanted to get into what we've done and what we're planning for next year. Announcements By Andy Bell 18 December 2025 Why are my view transitions blinking? Miguel had been battling an annoying blinking with his view transitions and found the root cause. He’s sharing his learning in this article so you don’t fall into the same trap! CSS By Miguel Pimentel 11 December 2025 A view transitions fallback: DOMContentLoaded + requestAnimationFrame() Look, we get it, your boss wants everything to work the same in every browser. We're all about progressive enhancement here but we know a lot of organisations don’t like working like that, so Sunkanmi is here to help you navigate implementing view transitions with that in mind. CSS By Sunkanmi Fafowora 04 December 2025 A pragmatic guide to modern CSS colours - part two Kevin is back with the follow up to part one of this series. This time, Kevin goes deep on how functional the newer colour capabilities are in practice to hopefully, encourage more designers to use their browser more often. CSS By Kevin Powell 02 December 2025 View All Articles Newsletter Newsletter Join thousands of subscribers and discover our twice weekly newsletter, featuring high quality, curated design, dev and tech links. Short. ~5 links, twice weekly Digestible. Readable in ~1–2 mins Curated. Good links, curated by humans, not AI Free. Zero cost, and no spam, ever Enter your email Subscribe Name Loading, please wait… Powered by Postmark - Privacy policy Subscribe via RSS From set.studio About Code of Conduct Privacy and cookie policy Terms and conditions Contact Advertise Support us RSS | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/browser/sveltekit | SvelteKit Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Browser / SvelteKit Using highlight.io with SvelteKit Learn how to set up highlight.io with your SvelteKit application. 1 Install the npm package & SDK. Install the npm package highlight.run in your terminal. # with yarn yarn add highlight.run # with pnpm pnpm add highlight.run # with npm npm install highlight.run 2 Initialize the SDK in your frontend. In SvelteKit, we recommend initializing highlight.io in the hooks.client.js or hooks.client.ts file. You can find more details about this file in the SvelteKit docs here . To get started, we recommend setting tracingOrigins and networkRecording so that we can pass a header to pair frontend and backend errors. Grab your project ID from app.highlight.io/setup , and pass it as the first parameter of the H.init() method. // hooks.client.ts ... import { H } from 'highlight.run'; H.init('<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>', { environment: 'production', version: 'commit:abcdefg12345', tracingOrigins: true, networkRecording: { enabled: true, recordHeadersAndBody: true, urlBlocklist: [ // insert full or partial urls that you don't want to record here // Out of the box, Highlight will not record these URLs (they can be safely removed): "https://www.googleapis.com/identitytoolkit", "https://securetoken.googleapis.com", ], }, }); ... 3 Confirm CSS is served by absolute path. SvelteKit may generate CSS paths that are relative which may interfere with our logic to fetch stylesheets. Update your svelte.config.js to disable relative paths. See the SvelteKit docs here for more details . /** @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Config} */ const config = { kit: { paths: { relative: false } } }; export default config; 4 Identify users. Identify users after the authentication flow of your web app. We recommend doing this in any asynchronous, client-side context. The first argument of identify will be searchable via the property identifier , and the second property is searchable by the key of each item in the object. For more details, read about session search or how to identify users . import { H } from 'highlight.run'; function Login(username: string, password: string) { // login logic here... // pass the user details from your auth provider to the H.identify call H.identify('jay@highlight.io', { id: 'very-secure-id', phone: '867-5309', bestFriend: 'jenny' }); } 5 Verify installation Check your dashboard for a new session. Make sure to remove the Status is Completed filter to see ongoing sessions. Don't see anything? Send us a message in our community and we can help debug. 6 Configure sourcemaps in CI. (optional) To get properly enhanced stacktraces of your javascript app, we recommend instrumenting sourcemaps. If you deploy public sourcemaps, you can skip this step. Refer to our docs on sourcemaps to read more about this option. # Upload sourcemaps to Highlight ... npx --yes @highlight-run/sourcemap-uploader upload --apiKey ${YOUR_ORG_API_KEY} --path ./build ... 7 Instrument your backend. The next step is instrumenting your backend to tie logs/errors to your frontend sessions. Read more about this in our backend instrumentation section. Gatsby.js Electron [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/kubernetes | Kubernetes - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Kubernetes Follow Hide An open-source container orchestration system for automating software deployment, scaling, and management. Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Readiness probe Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 13 Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Comments Add Comment 1 min read CKA (Certified Kubernetes Administrator) Exam Report 2026: Don’t Rely on Old Guides (Mastering the Post-2025 Revision) Atsushi Suzuki Atsushi Suzuki Atsushi Suzuki Follow Jan 13 CKA (Certified Kubernetes Administrator) Exam Report 2026: Don’t Rely on Old Guides (Mastering the Post-2025 Revision) # kubernetes # certification # devops # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mi Top Certificiaciones en IT Como Propositos Para Este 2026 Francisco Moreno Francisco Moreno Francisco Moreno Follow Jan 13 Mi Top Certificiaciones en IT Como Propositos Para Este 2026 # aws # kubernetes # certification # cloud Comments Add Comment 11 min read 7 Best Resources to Learn Kubernetes in 2026 Stack Overflowed Stack Overflowed Stack Overflowed Follow Jan 13 7 Best Resources to Learn Kubernetes in 2026 # webdev # programming # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 4 min read J'ai galéré pendant 3 semaines pour monter un cluster Kubernetes (et voilà ce que j'ai appris) BeardDemon BeardDemon BeardDemon Follow Jan 10 J'ai galéré pendant 3 semaines pour monter un cluster Kubernetes (et voilà ce que j'ai appris) # devops # kubernetes # learning Comments Add Comment 6 min read Stop Random Pod Scheduling: Master Kubernetes Affinity & Anti-Affinity with NGINX (Practical Guide for DevOps & SRE) Srinivasaraju Tangella Srinivasaraju Tangella Srinivasaraju Tangella Follow Jan 13 Stop Random Pod Scheduling: Master Kubernetes Affinity & Anti-Affinity with NGINX (Practical Guide for DevOps & SRE) # devops # kubernetes # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Starting My Journey on DEV.to Sourabh Yogi Sourabh Yogi Sourabh Yogi Follow Jan 13 Starting My Journey on DEV.to # devops # aws # kubernetes # cicd Comments Add Comment 1 min read Complete Guide: Deploying a Laravel + React Application on Kubernetes with Minikube Vishwa Pratap Singh Vishwa Pratap Singh Vishwa Pratap Singh Follow Jan 12 Complete Guide: Deploying a Laravel + React Application on Kubernetes with Minikube # kubernetes # docker # laravel # react 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read LAB: ConfigMap & Secret — From Developer Code to DevOps Troubleshooting Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 12 LAB: ConfigMap & Secret — From Developer Code to DevOps Troubleshooting # devops # kubernetes # security # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read PART 1 — StatefulSet + Headless Service + Persistent Storage Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 12 PART 1 — StatefulSet + Headless Service + Persistent Storage # devops # kubernetes # mysql # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read What problem do Config & Secret solve? Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 12 What problem do Config & Secret solve? # architecture # devops # kubernetes 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Agentic Coding Tools Are Accelerating Output, Not Velocity Signadot Signadot Signadot Follow Jan 12 Agentic Coding Tools Are Accelerating Output, Not Velocity # ai # devops # kubernetes # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read Decoding Web Performance: A Deep Dive into Key Metrics TechBlogs TechBlogs TechBlogs Follow Jan 12 Decoding Web Performance: A Deep Dive into Key Metrics # devops # cloud # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 7 min read Implementing Resource Governance in Kubernetes with LimitRange and ResourceQuota Srinivasaraju Tangella Srinivasaraju Tangella Srinivasaraju Tangella Follow Jan 13 Implementing Resource Governance in Kubernetes with LimitRange and ResourceQuota # devops # kubernetes # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read eBPF: Experiencing eBPF with Cilium kt kt kt Follow Jan 12 eBPF: Experiencing eBPF with Cilium # cilium # ebpf # kubernetes # network 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Kubernetes Namespace Isolation: Why It's Not a Security Feature (And What Actually Is) inboryn inboryn inboryn Follow Jan 12 Kubernetes Namespace Isolation: Why It's Not a Security Feature (And What Actually Is) # kubernetes # devops # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Reclaiming Idle GPUs in Kubernetes: Why We Built a Custom Scheduler Plugin Lalit Somavarapha Lalit Somavarapha Lalit Somavarapha Follow Jan 9 Reclaiming Idle GPUs in Kubernetes: Why We Built a Custom Scheduler Plugin # kubernetes # devops # gpu # go Comments Add Comment 5 min read Kubernetes: About Kubernetes Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes: About Kubernetes # security # kubernetes # containers # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kubernetes Services & Ingress. project #1 Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes Services & Ingress. project #1 # devops # kubernetes # networking # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing kt kt kt Follow Jan 11 Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing # security # sbom # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 11 min read Designing Scalable Backend APIs: Building for Growth TechBlogs TechBlogs TechBlogs Follow Jan 11 Designing Scalable Backend APIs: Building for Growth # devops # cloud # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 6 min read I Exposed My $70 Kubernetes Cluster to the Internet (Without Opening a Single Port) BhargavMantha BhargavMantha BhargavMantha Follow Jan 11 I Exposed My $70 Kubernetes Cluster to the Internet (Without Opening a Single Port) # devops # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kubernetes Core • Pod Lifecycle & Health • Networking From DevOps Production & Interview Perspective Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes Core • Pod Lifecycle & Health • Networking From DevOps Production & Interview Perspective # devops # interview # kubernetes # networking 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Kubernetes Persistence Series Part 2: The Foundation — From systemd to Control Plane Vincent Du Vincent Du Vincent Du Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes Persistence Series Part 2: The Foundation — From systemd to Control Plane # kubernetes # devops # linux # architecture 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Mastering Cloud Secrets Management: A Comprehensive Guide TechBlogs TechBlogs TechBlogs Follow Jan 11 Mastering Cloud Secrets Management: A Comprehensive Guide # devops # cloud # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever Observability-Driven Kubernetes: A Practical EKS Demo GitOps with ArgoCD on Amazon EKS using Terraform: A Complete Implementation Guide Understanding Kubernetes: part 60 – Kubernetes 1.35 Changelog DNS Failures in EKS? The Real Bottleneck Was AWS Network Limits The Sunsetting of Ingress NGINX: Why Kubernetes Is Moving On — And Where We Go Next I Created S3 Buckets Using ArgoCD , ACK with EKS Capabilities—No Controllers Installed. Kubernetes Autoscaling Showdown: HPA vs. VPA vs. Karpenter vs. KEDA Reinventing Kubernetes in 2025: a post-mortem of my “simple” stack Helm for DevOps Engineers: From Basics to CI/CD Integration (Complete Practical Guide) Stop the Panic: NGINX is NOT Dead: Understanding the ingress-nginx Controller Retirement The EKS 1.32 to 1.33 Upgrade That Broke Everything (And How I Fixed It) Addressing the Limitations of Local Path Provisioner in Kubernetes How to Build a Real-World CI/CD Pipeline for Microservices with Jenkins and Kubernetes EKS Standard vs. EKS Auto Mode: The Evolutionary Leap in Kubernetes Operations Native Amazon EKS Backups with AWS Backup Amazon EKS Capabilities: Quick Summary Zero-Downtime Rollbacks in Kubernetes with ArgoCD – A Practical GitOps Lifesaver 🔄 Alternatives to Minikube Amazon EKS enhanced network policies: Admin and DNS-based controls explained 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/ibmdeveloper/what-is-curl-and-why-is-it-all-over-api-docs-9mh | What is cURL and why is it all over API docs? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amara Graham for IBM Developer Posted on Feb 19, 2019 • Originally published at Medium on Feb 19, 2019 What is cURL and why is it all over API docs? # documentation # api # coding # webdev Photo by Markus Spiske on Unsplash I don’t know what your corner of the internet looks like, but mine looks something like this: “I just want to use Python, why does the docs tell me to use curl.” “Am I supposed to do something in curl? I’ve never used it before.” “Where do I use curl?” “Can someone tell me exactly how to use curl for node project?” Now its been a while since I took computer science classes, but even then I’m not sure I was explicitly taught what cURL was or how to use it. So let’s do that now. What is cURL? cURL , which stands for client URL and can be written as curl (which I’ll do for the remainder of the blog because I’m lazy), is a command line tool for file transfer with a URL syntax. It supports a number of protocols including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and many more. HTTP/HTTPS makes it a great candidate for interacting with APIs! curl can be used on just about any platform on any hardware that exists today. This means, regardless of what you are running and where, the most basic curl commands should just work. None of the usual “it doesn’t work on my machine”. Where do I use cURL? You use curl in a terminal or command prompt, but you need to make sure your system already has it installed. If you are running OS X that isn’t 10 years old, you probably have curl already installed. You can pull up the “man pages” or manual by doing curl --man in a terminal. Curl man pages in the terminal If you’d rather read the docs in a browser, you have that option as well. Running Windows ? Depending on what version you are running or what you may have downloaded (like Git for Windows and other dev tools) you may already have curl. Take a look at this post for more info. Running in a command prompt you can also do the man page sanity check, curl --man . If you are running Linux , I have a feeling you know what curl is and you probably already have it installed. 😄 How do I use cURL? Now that we know you have curl installed, you are probably wondering how you actually use it. Let’s reference how you probably got here in the first place, someone’s API docs. I’ll use Watson Speech-to-Text on IBM Cloud just because I’ve spent a lot of time there recently, and since we are all friends here, they pay me a nice salary. Watson Speech to Text Introduction page in API docs Some docs include snippets in a variety of programming languages, and this one is no different, but the first one is curl which is probably intimidating as its not a programming language and certainly doesn’t look like one. Auth using curl for Watson Speech to Text from API docs This first set of curl commands you see is just an example of what the rest will look like, a formula for creating them. So if this doesn’t make any sense to you, keep scrolling. I always try to find a very simple “GET” that requires a minimal amount of information (ie, no parameters) just so I can see if the endpoint is working and I get a status code back that doesn’t indicate that I’m doing something terrible wrong. It’s like a confidence building activity with a new API. Depending on the auth requirements for an API, I might even try to pull this off in a browser since that is just a GET anyway. Looking at the methods in Speech-to-Text I find “List models”, which requires no parameters and even if I have no models should still respond with the basic “out of the box” models or nothing, who knows. Excellent, let’s work with that one. Watson Speech to Text in API Docs for method “list models” In the docs I see an example of what a response should look like. Navigating to my Speech to Text service, I need my api key (or username/password if I was running an old service) which I can grab from the Manage page. I’ll copy the API key. IBM Cloud Watson Speech to Text service manage page with credentials In my terminal I’ll need to build something that looks like the example request: -X GET -u “apikey:{apikey}” “[https://stream.watsonplatform.net/speech-to-text/api/v1/models](https://stream.watsonplatform.net/speech-to-text/api/v1/models)" Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Don’t get excited, this API key and entire service has already been deleted. -X GET -u “apikey:vjCxKq8krmb5IX8LBIm-hNLdJwPC3IBs1Pa1jIl0PnEQ” “https://stream.watsonplatform.net/speech-to-text/api/v1/models" Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Curl execution of “list models” Looks like I get some information on the basic models for each language. Neat! It’s not empty and its successful! Pay really close attention here, your API key is just a string value. DO NOT LEAVE THE BRACKETS IN. If you do, you’ll get an “unauthorized” and be very sad/confused. Curl execution unauthorized with rogue brackets included in API key The response is correct in that you are unauthorized because your API key probably doesn’t include a bracket on the front and the back. Why would I use cURL and not Postman? ARC? Or <insert favorite client>? No one is telling you what you can and cannot use, but as referenced above, curl is fairly standard in its functionality and available across tons of platforms. There is no UI to get lost in for basic commands with authentication and you can see exactly what’s going on. But if you find a UI more comforting and familiar, by all means go for it. To be honest, you don’t even have to use curl. It’s just there as an option. Just like the snippets in Go, Python, Java, etc. Once you are comfortable working with the API, you can start writing the actual code that consumes the API, which for all I know might be some other language entirely. Whatever you do, let me know when you are building! Do you use curl? Do you have a favorite API? Do you have a method for learning a new API? Share your tips and tricks below. Top comments (12) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Tyrone Mapp Tyrone Mapp Tyrone Mapp Follow Just a Kiwi bloke making his way in the world. Location NZ Work Doer of things. at NZ Joined May 18, 2020 • May 18 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article, helped me understand what on earth curl is. I'm starting developing apps against the Atlassian API, have done some PHP, Python, Scripting, VBS, C# etc in the past, nothing too fancy but never done API dev work before. tbf Im still trying to work out how I access their API and what language I should be using in the browser to work with their API but small steps ... :) Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • May 18 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide There are a number of free APIs with good data to play around with too, some have auth some don't. I feel like I mentioned it somewhere, but I'm not seeing it in this post. Here is a good list in case you want to play around with something that isn't the Atlassian API- github.com/public-apis/public-apis Happy coding! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Boris Jamot ✊ / Boris Jamot ✊ / Boris Jamot ✊ / Follow Software Crafter 🐘 / 🐹 + 👷 = 🚀 Location 🇫🇷 Caen, Normandy Education Master's degree at University of Caen Work developer at Orange Joined Aug 12, 2018 • Feb 20 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide cURL is very powerful and as you said, available on quite any computer. That being said, I found it a bit messy and inconsistent. Syntax varies between GET and POST, and the output is not (by default) the plain HTTP answer. That's why I prefer using httpie which is an awesome user-friendly alternative to curl. Please have a look at it and tell me what you think! Thanks for your post! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • Feb 20 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Definitely looks slick! I can see why you would prefer it over curl. Do you know of any API docs that use HTTPie in their examples? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Boris Jamot ✊ / Boris Jamot ✊ / Boris Jamot ✊ / Follow Software Crafter 🐘 / 🐹 + 👷 = 🚀 Location 🇫🇷 Caen, Normandy Education Master's degree at University of Caen Work developer at Orange Joined Aug 12, 2018 • Feb 20 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide No, sorry. But the httpie's doc is great ! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread ¡ xoxoPoWo ! ¡ xoxoPoWo ! ¡ xoxoPoWo ! Follow Joined Feb 21, 2019 • Feb 21 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It’s just a wrapper around curl. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • Feb 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide All roads lead to curl! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand jimmy19742 jimmy19742 jimmy19742 Follow Wordpress,REST API, ,, Education Faculty of Communication Technics and Technologies , Technical University of Sofia Joined Aug 28, 2019 • May 31 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm a beginner. I found this post via a SE but I have been using cURL and libcurl to check the raw headers ( of my competitors usually) , the fetch some content ( to output in a file) but not to update a content via REST API or to incorporate an API to an endpoint. Always from Android OS. Thank You for this article. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Dida Arda Dida Arda Dida Arda Follow lorem ipsum nothing to see. Joined Jul 17, 2017 • Feb 20 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I found a GitHub project that converts curl commands into PHP curl code. Check this out incarnate.github.io/curl-to-php/ Thank me later🌠 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Akinkunmi Akinkunmi Akinkunmi Follow Joined Nov 15, 2019 • Nov 15 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am using Linux, Ubuntu precisely but have never used curl, please include it to the article for newbies like us. Thank you. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Dana Ottaviani Dana Ottaviani Dana Ottaviani Follow Education B.S. in Computer Science, B.A. in Mathematics Pronouns She/Her Joined Jul 1, 2019 • Nov 6 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I typically use Postman to test new APIs but I appreciate this explanation on what curl is since I hear about it a lot and have not used it before. 👍 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sahil Sahil Sahil Follow Joined Jan 11, 2020 • Dec 17 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide i prefer curl over postman: github.com/sahilrajput03#stop-usin... Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (12 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse IBM Developer Follow More from IBM Developer Create a simple REST application using Quarkus # webdev # programming # quarkus # restapi Enhancing AI retrieval with HNSW in RAG applications # webdev # programming # ai # rag Build a multilingual language detection and translation system using IBM watsonx.ai # webdev # programming # ai # nlp 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/missamarakay/help-me-help-you-debugging-tips-before-seeking-help-12jj#be-very-clear-about-your-problem-or-issue | Help Me, Help You (Debugging Tips Before Seeking Help) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amara Graham Posted on Apr 23, 2019 Help Me, Help You (Debugging Tips Before Seeking Help) # programming # productivity # beginners One of the really cool things about being a developer advocate is I get to help people, which I truly love. I love writing a snippet of code or clarifying documentation and then watching the magic that happens when a developer I've probably never met before takes it and creates something amazing with it. That's a great day in my book. But it is not always like that. Sometimes things break, and folks reach out for help. It can be frustrating for everyone involved when it appears to be "just one error" (it may not be actually!). Let me help you help me as we work through these things together. Be very clear about your problem or issue Overstate and overshare. If you can provide relevant screen shots or a link to the code, that's even better. Was this ever working? Or did you just get started? What version of the SDK or service are you using? Your OS version might also be relevant. What steps did you do to get to this point? Link to the exact tutorial or documentation. Do your homework first What steps did you take to try to debug this on your own? The answer cannot be "nothing". Did you do a search on the error? Stack Overflow? Relevant forums? A search engine? Has this happened before? Can you try an older version? Can you try a newer version? Can you reproduce it? Clouds are complicated When working in the cloud, you can have a lot more variables at play. I recommend firing off a simple GET to make sure something like your credentials are working and the service is responding. There is a reason many API docs include Curl, but maybe read my other post . Can you use Curl/Postman/ARC to test the endpoint? What region are you in? What tier of the service are you using? You may have hit a tier limit. Check for outages & maintenance. If you are on IBM Cloud, there is a widget on the dashboard (you may need to be logged in). Submit an issue (or even a PR) If you think you are experiencing a bug with an open source project, submit an issue. Often projects will have a template to follow, which look very similar to the items I outlined above! Coincidence, I think not. Be patient I cannot drop everything I'm doing to work on troubleshooting, but I try to put some time in my schedule during the week to take a look at things. This is often what you hear from OSS maintainers and can lead to burnout. I don't work weekends or evenings (unless I have very specific events) so I appreciate your patience. Following the above items will help us both tackle these challenges together. Feel free to apply these things anywhere in life or work. We are all busy, but if we meet each other halfway, everyone benefits. Do you have any tips I missed? Share them below! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Theofanis Despoudis Theofanis Despoudis Theofanis Despoudis Follow Senior Software Engineer @wpengine, Experienced mentor @codeimentor, Technical Writer @fixate.io, Book author Location Ireland Work Senior Software Engineer at WP Engine Joined Jun 19, 2017 • Apr 24 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You forgot the meme Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Education MSc. Artificial Intelligence Joined Apr 9, 2018 • Apr 24 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ahhh, those lovely "it's not working" bugreports. So easy to close by just opening the app and seeing that it is apparently working again. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • Apr 24 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Love to hate those ones. It's... fixed...? Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 More from Amara Graham Intro to Calling Third Party AI Services in Unreal Engine # programming # gamedev # unreal Updating Your Unity Project to Watson SDK for Unity 3.1.0 (and Core SDK 0.2.0) # unity3d # programming # gamedev A Few of My Favorite (Dev) Things # github # programming # softwaredevelopment 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://core.forem.com/t/news | News - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. Create Post submission guidelines When to use this tag : new service or product launched service, product, framework, library or language itself got updated (brief summary must be included as well as the source) covering broader tech industry/development news When NOT to use this tag : general news from media to promote people political posts to talk about personal goals (for example "I started to meditate every morning to increase my productivity" is nothing for this tag). about #news Use this tag to announce new products, services, or tools recently launched or updated. Notable changes in frameworks, libraries, or languages are ideal to cover. General tech industry news with a software development slant is also acceptable. This tag is not to be used for promotion of people, personal goals, or news unrelated to software development. Older #news posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 188 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements Forem Project News Forem Project News Forem Project News Follow Oct 31 '25 Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements # news # product # deployment # opensource 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Lots of momentum this week! Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/beginners/page/75#main-content | Beginners Page 75 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). Posts should require NO prerequisite knowledge, except perhaps general (language-agnostic) essentials of programming. Posts should NOT merely be for beginners to a tool, library, or framework. If your article does not meet these qualifications, please select a different tag. Promotional Rules Posts should NOT primarily promote an external work. This is what Listings is for. Otherwise accepable posts MAY include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom. Resource lists ARE acceptable if they follow these rules: Include at least 3 distinct authors/creators. Clearly indicate which resources are FREE, which require PII, and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Indicate at the top that the article contains promotional links. about #beginners If you're writing for this tag, we recommend you read this article . If you're asking a question, read this article . Older #beginners posts 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Weekly Update #16 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Nov 5 '25 Weekly Update #16 # devlog # gamedev # sfml # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Learning SQL: The Language Behind Your Data Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Follow Nov 9 '25 Learning SQL: The Language Behind Your Data # sql # database # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Programming Languages Are Converted into Machine Code Rashedin | FullStack Developer Rashedin | FullStack Developer Rashedin | FullStack Developer Follow Dec 10 '25 How Programming Languages Are Converted into Machine Code # beginners # computerscience # programming 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Automated My Boring Dev Tasks With Simple Bash Scripts (You Don't Need DevOps Experience) NJEI NJEI NJEI Follow Dec 10 '25 I Automated My Boring Dev Tasks With Simple Bash Scripts (You Don't Need DevOps Experience) # bash # productivity # automation # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 18 min read Create OpenAI API key codebangkok codebangkok codebangkok Follow Dec 10 '25 Create OpenAI API key # openai # beginners # api # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Nov 29 '25 🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines # beginners # gamedev # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding the Asterisk (*) in Python Function Arguments ak0047 ak0047 ak0047 Follow Nov 6 '25 Understanding the Asterisk (*) in Python Function Arguments # python # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Memory Layouts Explained in Bare Metal Systems Ripan Deuri Ripan Deuri Ripan Deuri Follow Dec 9 '25 Memory Layouts Explained in Bare Metal Systems # beginners # computerscience # architecture # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Day 1, part II : Call by value Chhavi Joshi Chhavi Joshi Chhavi Joshi Follow Nov 5 '25 Day 1, part II : Call by value # beginners # tutorial # java # coding Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building SVGs with the new Snap.svg (Basics - part 1) Orlin Vakarelov Orlin Vakarelov Orlin Vakarelov Follow Dec 9 '25 Building SVGs with the new Snap.svg (Basics - part 1) # beginners # tutorial # webdev # javascript Comments Add Comment 7 min read Effective Prompting for Generative Vision Models Sara Han Sara Han Sara Han Follow for Pruna AI Nov 10 '25 Effective Prompting for Generative Vision Models # ai # promptengineering # beginners # tutorial 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Follow Nov 5 '25 Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) # learning # beginners # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Follow Nov 6 '25 I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) # beginners # python # opensource # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Tipos de EC2 Instance INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 4 '25 Tipos de EC2 Instance # beginners # architecture # cloud # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' mayank sagar mayank sagar mayank sagar Follow Dec 10 '25 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' # javascript # react # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Follow Dec 9 '25 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Terraform state file and Remote backend Nandan K Nandan K Nandan K Follow Nov 28 '25 Terraform state file and Remote backend # terraform # devops # beginners # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 8 '25 My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] # python # learning # beginners # codenewbie 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Follow Nov 10 '25 The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! # go # google # beginners # backend Comments Add Comment 4 min read What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Follow Dec 9 '25 What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? # php # webdev # beginners # programming 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE Follow Nov 5 '25 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners # csharp # basic # beginners # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Follow Dec 3 '25 The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever # devops # kubernetes # beginners # webdev 26 reactions Comments 19 comments 9 min read The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback Ananya S Ananya S Ananya S Follow Dec 8 '25 The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback # ai # llm # promptengineering # beginners 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Ftatyanabayramova%2Fai-in-assistive-technologies-for-people-with-visual-impairments-3peh | Facebook에 로그인 Notice 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. Facebook에 로그인 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. 로그인 계정을 잊으셨나요? 또는 새 계정 만들기 한국어 English (US) Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia ภาษาไทย Español 中文(简体) 日本語 Português (Brasil) Français (France) Deutsch 가입하기 로그인 Messenger Facebook Lite 동영상 Meta Pay Meta 스토어 Meta Quest Ray-Ban Meta Meta AI Meta AI 콘텐츠 더 보기 Instagram Threads 투표 정보 센터 개인정보처리방침 개인정보 보호 센터 정보 광고 만들기 페이지 만들기 개발자 채용 정보 쿠키 AdChoices 이용 약관 고객 센터 연락처 업로드 및 비사용자 설정 활동 로그 Meta © 2026 | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/iot/page/4 | Iot Page 4 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # iot Follow Hide Security challenges and solutions for Internet of Things and embedded devices. Create Post Older #iot posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Xtensa: the CPU architecture you already use (without knowing it) Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Dec 30 '25 Xtensa: the CPU architecture you already use (without knowing it) # iot # computerscience # performance # architecture 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Advent of Embedded Linux — Day 3 Kanak Shilledar Kanak Shilledar Kanak Shilledar Follow Dec 9 '25 Advent of Embedded Linux — Day 3 # iot # linux # adventofcode # adventofembeddedlinux Comments Add Comment 1 min read Advent of Embedded Linux — Day 1 Kanak Shilledar Kanak Shilledar Kanak Shilledar Follow Dec 9 '25 Advent of Embedded Linux — Day 1 # iot # linux # adventofcode # adventofembeddedlinux Comments Add Comment 1 min read Advent of Embedded Linux — Day 2 Kanak Shilledar Kanak Shilledar Kanak Shilledar Follow Dec 9 '25 Advent of Embedded Linux — Day 2 # iot # linux # adventofcode # adventofembeddedlinux Comments Add Comment 1 min read How Edge Computing Protects Brazil's Remote Coffee Farms Yevheniia Mala Yevheniia Mala Yevheniia Mala Follow Nov 25 '25 How Edge Computing Protects Brazil's Remote Coffee Farms # braziliandevs # iot # opensource # cloudcomputing Comments Add Comment 5 min read Spotting Danger Before It Strikes: AI for Smarter, Safer Traffic by Arvind Sundararajan Arvind SundaraRajan Arvind SundaraRajan Arvind SundaraRajan Follow Nov 28 '25 Spotting Danger Before It Strikes: AI for Smarter, Safer Traffic by Arvind Sundararajan # machinelearning # ai # iot # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read UWB DWM1000: Time-Delay Problems, Solutions & Trilateration Karan Gadani Karan Gadani Karan Gadani Follow Nov 24 '25 UWB DWM1000: Time-Delay Problems, Solutions & Trilateration # iot # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read A 2009 IBM Patent That Solved Indoor Location Without GPS — And Got Cited 64 Times by Cisco, Microsoft, Avaya… Sagar Joshi Sagar Joshi Sagar Joshi Follow Nov 24 '25 A 2009 IBM Patent That Solved Indoor Location Without GPS — And Got Cited 64 Times by Cisco, Microsoft, Avaya… # discuss # privacy # ai # iot Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Automated My Air Conditioner with Kubernetes (kind + CronJob + SwitchBot) Atsushi Suzuki Atsushi Suzuki Atsushi Suzuki Follow Dec 26 '25 I Automated My Air Conditioner with Kubernetes (kind + CronJob + SwitchBot) # kubernetes # containers # iot # docker Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Smart Buildings Use IoT Leak Detection to Prevent Hidden Water Damage Roney hexachipx Roney hexachipx Roney hexachipx Follow Nov 22 '25 How Smart Buildings Use IoT Leak Detection to Prevent Hidden Water Damage # iot # smarthome # sensors Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Scalable Edge AI System for Perpetual Inventory in Retail Daniela Kuznetsova Daniela Kuznetsova Daniela Kuznetsova Follow Dec 24 '25 Building a Scalable Edge AI System for Perpetual Inventory in Retail # ai # iot # unstructureddata # computervision 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI AIR APP — Connect Your Air Quality Sensor & See Your Data Abhishek Abhishek Abhishek Follow Nov 21 '25 AI AIR APP — Connect Your Air Quality Sensor & See Your Data # webdev # ai # programming # iot Comments Add Comment 1 min read Understanding Processors : babies to beast Aadityansha Aadityansha Aadityansha Follow Dec 24 '25 Understanding Processors : babies to beast # processor # assembly # iot # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read Going beyond full stack with Rust Grzegorz Krasoń Grzegorz Krasoń Grzegorz Krasoń Follow Dec 2 '25 Going beyond full stack with Rust # rust # leptos # esp32 # iot 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Deep Analysis of LoRaWAN Gateway Channels and Demodulators Based on SX1302 manthink manthink manthink Follow Nov 20 '25 Deep Analysis of LoRaWAN Gateway Channels and Demodulators Based on SX1302 # architecture # iot # networking Comments Add Comment 2 min read Industrial IoT with AWS: The iThing™ Way Vikas Solegaonkar Vikas Solegaonkar Vikas Solegaonkar Follow Nov 20 '25 Industrial IoT with AWS: The iThing™ Way # aws # iot # monitoring Comments Add Comment 5 min read Home Automation in 3MB: Building a Rust System for Raspberry Pi Zero Scaraude Scaraude Scaraude Follow Dec 22 '25 Home Automation in 3MB: Building a Rust System for Raspberry Pi Zero # rust # iot # raspberrypi # homeautomation Comments 2 comments 7 min read KubeEdge and Edge Computing Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Nov 19 '25 KubeEdge and Edge Computing # distributedsystems # iot # opensource # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 5 min read Lifesaving Care: How Edge Computing is Changing Assisted Living Yevheniia Mala Yevheniia Mala Yevheniia Mala Follow Nov 18 '25 Lifesaving Care: How Edge Computing is Changing Assisted Living # braziliandevs # iot # opensource # cloudcomputing Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a Smart IoT Street Lighting System with Fault Detection Karthigeyan G Karthigeyan G Karthigeyan G Follow Dec 20 '25 Building a Smart IoT Street Lighting System with Fault Detection # iot # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🐍 MicroPython (Limited Dialect) — Python Shrunk Down for Tiny Embedded Devices Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Nov 29 '25 🐍 MicroPython (Limited Dialect) — Python Shrunk Down for Tiny Embedded Devices # iot # programming # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🛰 Remote BoardLang — A Minimal Control Language for Networked or Distributed Boards Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Nov 29 '25 🛰 Remote BoardLang — A Minimal Control Language for Networked or Distributed Boards # distributedsystems # networking # iot # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read C: The Backbone of IoT Development Srijan Kumar Srijan Kumar Srijan Kumar Follow Dec 18 '25 C: The Backbone of IoT Development # c # iot # learning # programming 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read In-Depth Comparison of LoRaWAN Network Servers: ThinkLink, TTS, ChirpStack, Loriot, and Actility manthink manthink manthink Follow Nov 14 '25 In-Depth Comparison of LoRaWAN Network Servers: ThinkLink, TTS, ChirpStack, Loriot, and Actility # networking # opensource # iot # architecture Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why Do Networks Even Work Correctly? Araiz Naqvi Araiz Naqvi Araiz Naqvi Follow Dec 18 '25 Why Do Networks Even Work Correctly? # cybersecurity # networking # iot # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://core.forem.com/t/opensource | Open Source - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Open Source Follow Hide May The Source Be With You! Articles about Open Source and Free Software as a philosophy, and its application to software development and project management. Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED APRIL 8, 2020 To keep this tag clean and meaningful, please ensure your post fits into at least one of the following categories: Organizing, managing, running, or working in an Open Source project. Open Source philosophy, licensing, and/or practical and legal topics thereof. Advocacy and adoption of Open Source philosophy. DO NOT use this tag if you are simply using technologies which happen to be open source. You should NOT use this tag for any of the following: Promoting open source projects, such as feature lists or announcements. (Use #news or Listings .) Contributor requests. (Use #contributorswanted or Listings .) Tutorials/articles that happen to use an open source tool. (Use appropriate technology tags.) Showing off something you've built that happens to be open source. (Use the #showdev tag.) Sharing lists of open source projects. (Use #githunt or the appropriate technology tags.) Projects must comply with the Open Source Definition (see below) to legally use the term "open source". As all "Free Software" officially complies with the standards of Open Source anyway, this tag covers both (collectively, FOSS). about #opensource Open Source is so much more than "you can read the code". It is formally defined by the Open Source Initiative . "Open Source" should not be confused with the similar Free Software , which is defined by the Free Software Foundation . Generally, all Free Software is also Open Source, and the two camps often cooperate; however, the concepts are distinct! (The tags are merged here on DEV.to for simplicity, however.) Open Source Hardware is defined and overseen by the Open Source Hardware Assocation Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements Forem Project News Forem Project News Forem Project News Follow Oct 31 '25 Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements # news # product # deployment # opensource 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Lots of momentum this week! Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements Forem Project Weekly: Scheduled Automations, Image Generation & UX Upgrades 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Flparvinsmith%2Fweb3js-vs-ethersjs-a-comparison-of-web3-libraries-2ap5 | Facebook에 로그인 Notice 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. Facebook에 로그인 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. 로그인 계정을 잊으셨나요? 또는 새 계정 만들기 한국어 English (US) Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia ภาษาไทย Español 中文(简体) 日本語 Português (Brasil) Français (France) Deutsch 가입하기 로그인 Messenger Facebook Lite 동영상 Meta Pay Meta 스토어 Meta Quest Ray-Ban Meta Meta AI Meta AI 콘텐츠 더 보기 Instagram Threads 투표 정보 센터 개인정보처리방침 개인정보 보호 센터 정보 광고 만들기 페이지 만들기 개발자 채용 정보 쿠키 AdChoices 이용 약관 고객 센터 연락처 업로드 및 비사용자 설정 활동 로그 Meta © 2026 | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.datadoghq.com/ | Cloud Monitoring as a Service | Datadog Datadog named a Leader in the Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for Digital Experience Monitoring Leader in the Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ Product { this.openCategory = category; const productMenu = document.querySelector('.product-menu'); window.DD_RUM.onReady(function() { if (productMenu.classList.contains('show')) { window.DD_RUM.addAction(`Product Category ${category} Hover`) } }) }, 160); }, clearCategory() { clearTimeout(this.timeoutID); } }" x-init=" const menu = document.querySelector('.product-menu'); var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) { mutations.forEach(function(mutation) { if (mutation.attributeName === 'class' && !mutation.target.classList.contains('show')) { openCategory = 'observability'; } }); }); observer.observe(menu, { attributes: true }); "> The integrated platform for monitoring & security Observability Security Digital Experience Software Delivery Service Management AI Platform Capabilities View pricing Observability End-to-end, simplified visibility into your stack’s health & performance Infrastructure Infrastructure Monitoring Metrics Network Monitoring Container Monitoring Kubernetes Autoscaling Serverless Cloud Cost Management Cloudcraft Storage Management Applications Application Performance Monitoring Universal Service Monitoring Continuous Profiler Dynamic Instrumentation Data Streams Monitoring Database Monitoring Data Jobs Monitoring LLM Observability Logs Log Management Sensitive Data Scanner Audit Trail Observability Pipelines Error Tracking CloudPrem Infrastructure Applications Logs Security Detect, prioritize, and respond to threats in real-time Code Security Code Security Software Composition Analysis Static Code Analysis (SAST) Runtime Code Analysis (IAST) IaC Security Secret Scanning Cloud Security Cloud Security Cloud Security Posture Management Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management Vulnerability Management Compliance Threat Management Cloud SIEM Workload Protection App and API Protection Sensitive Data Scanner Security Labs Security Labs Research Open Source Projects Digital Experience Optimize front-end performance and enhance user experiences Digital Experience Browser Real User Monitoring Mobile Real User Monitoring Product Analytics Session Replay Synthetic Monitoring Mobile App Testing Error Tracking Related Products Continuous Testing Dashboards Application Performance Monitoring Software Delivery Build, test, secure and ship quality code faster Software Delivery Internal Developer Portal CI Visibility Test Optimization Continuous Testing IDE Plugins DORA Metrics Feature Flags Code Coverage Related Products Software Composition Analysis Application Performance Monitoring Synthetic Monitoring Browser Real User Monitoring Workflow Automation Integrations Service Management Integrated, streamlined workflows for faster time-to-resolution Service Management Incident Response Software Catalog Service Level Objectives Case Management Actions Workflow Automation App Builder Agentic & Embedded Bits AI SRE Watchdog Event Management AI Monitor and improve model performance. Pinpoint root causes and detect anomalies AI Observability LLM Observability AI Integrations Agentic & Embedded Bits AI Agents Bits AI SRE Watchdog Event Management Related Products Incident Response Workflow Automation Application Performance Monitoring Universal Service Monitoring Log Management Platform Capabilities Built-in features & integrations that power the Datadog platform Built-in Features Bits AI Agents Metrics Watchdog Alerts Dashboards Notebooks Mobile App Fleet Automation Access Control DORA Metrics Workflows & Collaboration Incident Response Case Management Event Management Workflow Automation App Builder Cloudcraft CoScreen Teams Extensibility OpenTelemetry Integrations IDE Plugins API Marketplace Customers Pricing Solutions Industry Financial Services Manufacturing & Logistics Healthcare/Life Sciences Retail/E-Commerce Government Education Media & Entertainment Technology Gaming Technology Amazon Web Services Monitoring Azure Monitoring Google Cloud Monitoring Oracle Cloud Monitoring Kubernetes Monitoring Red Hat OpenShift Pivotal Platform OpenAI SAP Monitoring OpenTelemetry Use Case Application Security Cloud Migration Monitoring Consolidation Unified Commerce Monitoring SOAR DevOps FinOps Shift-Left Testing Digital Experience Monitoring Security Analytics Compliance for CIS Benchmarks Hybrid Cloud Monitoring IoT Monitoring Real-Time BI On-Premises Monitoring Log Analysis & Correlation CNAPP Docs ' width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 27 14" version="1.1" xml:space="preserve" x="0px" y="0px"> White modal up arrow Looking for Datadog logos? You can find the logo assets on our press page. Download Media Assets About Contact Partners Latest News Events & Webinars Leadership Careers Analyst Reports Investor Relations ESG Report Trust Hub Blog The Monitor Engineering AI Security Labs Login ' width="21px" viewBox="0 0 25 23" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height: calc(21px + 2px)"> GET STARTED FREE Free Trial Toggle navigation ' width="18px" viewBox="0 0 25 23" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="height: calc(18px + 2px)"> Product Infrastructure Infrastructure Monitoring Metrics Container Monitoring Kubernetes Autoscaling Network Monitoring Serverless Cloud Cost Management Cloudcraft Storage Management Applications Application Performance Monitoring Universal Service Monitoring Continuous Profiler Dynamic Instrumentation Data Streams Monitoring Database Monitoring Data Jobs Monitoring LLM Observability Logs Log Management Sensitive Data Scanner Audit Trail Observability Pipelines Security Code Security Software Composition Analysis Static Code Analysis (SAST) Runtime Code Analysis (IAST) IaC Security Cloud Security Cloud Security Posture Management Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management Vulnerability Management Compliance Cloud SIEM Workload Protection App and API Protection Sensitive Data Scanner Security Labs Research Open Source Projects Secret Scanning Digital Experience Browser Real User Monitoring Mobile Real User Monitoring Product Analytics Session Replay Synthetic Monitoring Mobile App Testing Error Tracking CloudPrem Software Delivery Internal Developer Portal CI Visibility Test Optimization Continuous Testing IDE Plugins Feature Flags Code Coverage Service Management Event Management Software Catalog Service Level Objectives Incident Response Case Management Workflow Automation App Builder Bits AI SRE Watchdog AI LLM Observability AI Integrations Bits AI Agents Bits AI SRE Watchdog Event Management Platform Capabilities Bits AI Agents Metrics Watchdog Alerts Dashboards Notebooks Mobile App Fleet Automation Access Control Incident Response Case Management Event Management Workflow Automation App Builder Cloudcraft CoScreen Teams OpenTelemetry Integrations IDE Plugins API Marketplace DORA Metrics Customers Pricing Solutions Industry Financial Services Manufacturing & Logistics Healthcare/Life Sciences Retail/E-Commerce Government Education Media & Entertainment Technology Gaming Technology Amazon Web Services Monitoring Azure Monitoring Google Cloud Monitoring Oracle Cloud Monitoring Kubernetes Monitoring Red Hat OpenShift Pivotal Platform OpenAI SAP Monitoring OpenTelemetry Use Case Application Security Cloud Migration Monitoring Consolidation Unified Commerce Monitoring SOAR DevOps FinOps Shift-Left Testing Digital Experience Monitoring Security Analytics Compliance for CIS Benchmarks Hybrid Cloud Monitoring IoT Monitoring Real-Time BI On-Premises Monitoring Log Analysis & Correlation CNAPP About Contact Partners Latest News Events & Webinars Leadership Careers Analyst Reports Investor Relations ESG Report Trust Hub Blog The Monitor Engineering AI Security Labs Docs Login Get Started AI-Powered Observability and Security See inside any stack, any app, at any scale, anywhere. Free trial SEE THE PLATFORM Thousands of customers love & trust Datadog DASH is Back on June 9-10, 2026 Join thousands of engineers, developers, and security experts in New York City for Datadog's annual conference—two days of hands-on learning, meaningful connections, and new ideas to keep you ahead in observability, security, and AI. Registration opens soon. SAVE THE DATE EBOOK: MIGRATE TO AWS WITHOUT DISRUPTION Define and track KPIs for successfully moving your data and applications to AWS Get the eBook EBOOK: MIGRATE TO AZURE WITHOUT DISRUPTION Define and track KPIs for successfully moving your data and applications to Azure Get the eBook EBOOK: MIGRATE TO GOOGLE CLOUD WITHOUT DISRUPTION Define and track KPIs for successfully moving your data and applications to GCP Get the eBook THE FORRESTER WAVE™: AIOPS PLATFORMS Datadog has been recognized as a Leader in The Forrester Wave™: AIOps Platforms, Q2 2025 Learn More 2025 GARTNER® MAGIC QUADRANT™ Datadog has been recognized as a Leader in the Gartner Magic Quadrant™ for Observability Platforms Learn More 2025 GARTNER® MAGIC QUADRANT™ Datadog has been recognized as a Leader in the Gartner Magic Quadrant™ for Digital Experience Monitoring Learn More 데이터독 플랫폼 데이터시트 클라우드 통합 모니터링 플랫폼으로 매트릭스, 트레이스, 로그 등 다양한 대규모 데이터를 통합하세요. 더 알아보기 DevSecOps 성숙도 모델 Datadog의 성숙도 모델을 사용해 여러분의 DevSecOps 역량을 평가해보세요. 더 알아보기 Products Infrastructure From overview to deep details, fast Learn more Log Management Analyze and explore your logs for rapid troubleshooting Learn more APM Monitor, optimize, and investigate app performance Learn more Security Monitoring Identify potential threats to your systems in real time Learn more Network Monitoring Analyze network traffic patterns across your cloud environments Learn more Synthetic Monitoring Proactive, AI-driven monitoring of critical application features Learn more Real User Monitoring Monitor user journeys and frontend performance in one place Learn more Serverless A comprehensive view of your serverless application Learn more read the report State of Containers and Serverless We analyze cloud compute trends, from containers to serverless to rising GPU and Arm adoption, as organizations seek efficiency and cost control. LEARN MORE Careers Join Our Pack We are building the monitoring and security platform for developers, IT operations teams and business users in the cloud age. And we need talented people like you to join our team. LEARN MORE Want to learn more about Datadog? Datadog hosts events both online and in-person. See all that Datadog has to offer by visiting our Events & Webinars hub. learn more = 992) { this.desktop = true; } else { this.desktop = false; } } }" x-init=reactOnResize() @resize.window.throttle.200ms=reactOnResize() class="pt-3 pt-md-36 pt-lg-5 pb-3 pb-md-36 pb-lg-16"> Free Trial Download mobile app ' width="135" height="40" viewBox="0 0 135 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> ' width="26" height="31" viewBox="0 0 26 31" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> ' width="135" height="40" viewBox="0 0 135 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> ' width="25" height="27" viewBox="0 0 25 27" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> Product Infrastructure Monitoring Network Monitoring Container Monitoring Serverless Cloud Cost Management Cloudcraft Kubernetes Autoscaling Application Performance Monitoring Software Catalog Universal Service Monitoring Data Streams Monitoring Data Jobs Monitoring Database Monitoring Continuous Profiler Dynamic Instrumentation Log Management Sensitive Data Scanner Audit Trail Observability Pipelines Cloud Security Cloud Security Posture Management Workload Protection Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management Vulnerability Management Compliance App and API Protection Software Composition Analysis Code Security Static Code Analysis (SAST) Runtime Code Analysis (IAST) IaC Security Cloud SIEM Browser Real User Monitoring Mobile Real User Monitoring Product Analytics Session Replay Synthetic Monitoring Mobile App Testing Continuous Testing Error Tracking CloudPrem Internal Developer Portal CI Visibility Test Optimization Feature Flags Code Coverage Service Level Objectives Incident Response Event Management Case Management Bits AI Agents Bits AI SRE Metrics Watchdog LLM Observability AI Integrations Workflow Automation App Builder CoScreen Teams Dashboards Notebooks Mobile App Fleet Automation Access Control OpenTelemetry Alerts Integrations IDE Plugins API Marketplace Security Labs Research Open Source Projects Storage Management DORA Metrics Secret Scanning Resources Pricing Documentation Support Services & Enablement Product Preview Program Certification Open Source Events and Webinars Security Privacy Center Knowledge Center Learning Resources About Contact Us Partners Press Leadership Careers Legal Investor Relations Analyst Reports ESG Report Vendor Help Trust Hub Blog The Monitor Engineering AI Security Labs ' width="15px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 48 48" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Icon/world Created with Sketch. English ' width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> English 日本語 한국어 © Datadog 2026 Terms | Privacy | Cookies Request a personalized demo with a Datadog engineer × I'd like Datadog to share the latest news about Datadog services and related offerings with me by email or telephone. You may unsubscribe at any time by following the instructions in the communications received from Datadog. Start Your Free Datadog Trial Now | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Fkawano_aiyuki%2Fi-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69 | Facebook에 로그인 Notice 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. Facebook에 로그인 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. 로그인 계정을 잊으셨나요? 또는 새 계정 만들기 한국어 English (US) Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia ภาษาไทย Español 中文(简体) 日本語 Português (Brasil) Français (France) Deutsch 가입하기 로그인 Messenger Facebook Lite 동영상 Meta Pay Meta 스토어 Meta Quest Ray-Ban Meta Meta AI Meta AI 콘텐츠 더 보기 Instagram Threads 투표 정보 센터 개인정보처리방침 개인정보 보호 센터 정보 광고 만들기 페이지 만들기 개발자 채용 정보 쿠키 AdChoices 이용 약관 고객 센터 연락처 업로드 및 비사용자 설정 활동 로그 Meta © 2026 | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://core.forem.com/forem_project_bot | Forem Project News - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Follow User actions Forem Project News Helpful recaps from the core Forem repo! Joined Joined on Oct 31, 2025 More info about @forem_project_bot Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Forem Project Weekly: Scheduled Automations, Image Generation & UX Upgrades Forem Project News Forem Project News Forem Project News Follow Nov 10 '25 Forem Project Weekly: Scheduled Automations, Image Generation & UX Upgrades # opensource # performance # productivity # uiux 9 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements Forem Project News Forem Project News Forem Project News Follow Oct 31 '25 Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements # news # product # deployment # opensource 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://developer.stackblitz.com | StackBlitz Docs Skip to content StackBlitz Docs Search K Main Navigation Guides Codeflow API WebContainers Teams Enterprise Appearance Sign in Get started Return to top StackBlitz Documentation Discover how to use StackBlitz, an online development environment for frontend, Node.js and the JavaScript ecosystem. Get Started Explore the full potential of StackBlitz: from writing code or spinning quick demos to making your docs delightful. Codeflow One click opens a full in-browser IDE for your repos, issues, and PRs. No more cloning, installing, stashing! API Reference Embed GitHub repos, create new projects, build educational experiences, all programmatically with our SDK. Integrating StackBlitz Follow guides on building interactive playgrounds, improving bug repros, and using StackBlitz for tech education. Teams With StackBlitz Teams you create a secure, private workspace for you and your teammates. Enterprise Server Run StackBlitz behind your firewall, on new or existing Kubernetes clusters, with options for air gapping and SSO. Learn More StackBlitz Blog Stay up to date with our news, read tech posts from our engineers, and join in celebrating our community. Community Join our supportive community on Discord, ask questions, and share your StackBlitz projects. Workspaces Popular Frontend Backend Fullstack Vite Docs, Blogs & Slides Vanilla Start a new Project From a Workspace From a GitHub Repository From your computer Product Docs Enterprise Pricing Case Studies Company Blog Careers Community Enterprise Sales Privacy Terms of Service Connect GitHub Twitter Discord © 2025 StackBlitz, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/beginners/page/72 | Beginners Page 72 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). Posts should require NO prerequisite knowledge, except perhaps general (language-agnostic) essentials of programming. Posts should NOT merely be for beginners to a tool, library, or framework. If your article does not meet these qualifications, please select a different tag. Promotional Rules Posts should NOT primarily promote an external work. This is what Listings is for. Otherwise accepable posts MAY include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom. Resource lists ARE acceptable if they follow these rules: Include at least 3 distinct authors/creators. Clearly indicate which resources are FREE, which require PII, and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Indicate at the top that the article contains promotional links. about #beginners If you're writing for this tag, we recommend you read this article . If you're asking a question, read this article . Older #beginners posts 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu The Math Behind Machine Learning & Deep Learning (Explained Simply) info_brust info_brust info_brust Follow Dec 1 '25 The Math Behind Machine Learning & Deep Learning (Explained Simply) # machinelearning # tutorial # deeplearning # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Basic Linux commands every AI tinkerer should know crow crow crow Follow Dec 12 '25 Basic Linux commands every AI tinkerer should know # linux # programming # ai # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Azure DevOps Nedir ? Suleyman Suleyman Suleyman Follow Nov 8 '25 Azure DevOps Nedir ? # azure # beginners # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stop Using Boring Stock Photos! 5 Free AI Image Generators for Your Next Ai Ai Ai Follow Nov 10 '25 Stop Using Boring Stock Photos! 5 Free AI Image Generators for Your Next # ai # webdev # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read What is General Register-Based CPU Organization? Nandlal Shukla Nandlal Shukla Nandlal Shukla Follow Nov 9 '25 What is General Register-Based CPU Organization? # architecture # beginners # computerscience Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Sleep-Deprived Senior Test: Why I Hate Your "Magic Numbers" Doogal Simpson Doogal Simpson Doogal Simpson Follow Dec 11 '25 The Sleep-Deprived Senior Test: Why I Hate Your "Magic Numbers" # beginners # javascript # codenewbie # career 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Stack vs Heap in Go: How Escape Analysis Actually Works Pavel Sanikovich Pavel Sanikovich Pavel Sanikovich Follow Dec 12 '25 Stack vs Heap in Go: How Escape Analysis Actually Works # go # beginners # programming # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🔥JavaScript Interview Series（14）: Event Loop, Microtasks & Macrotasks Deep Dive jackma jackma jackma Follow Nov 9 '25 🔥JavaScript Interview Series（14）: Event Loop, Microtasks & Macrotasks Deep Dive # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 6 min read Bayesians vs Frequentists: A Beginner's Guide Nicholus Gathirwa Nicholus Gathirwa Nicholus Gathirwa Follow Nov 7 '25 Bayesians vs Frequentists: A Beginner's Guide # beginners # datascience # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read JavaScript vs. TypeScript⚡️ Safae Beytour Safae Beytour Safae Beytour Follow Dec 12 '25 JavaScript vs. TypeScript⚡️ # javascript # typescript # webdev # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read EBS Snapshots: o poder do backup na AWS INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 7 '25 EBS Snapshots: o poder do backup na AWS # aws # ebs # cloud # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Variable and Objects in Java Dinesh G Dinesh G Dinesh G Follow Nov 13 '25 Variable and Objects in Java # programming # javascript # beginners # java 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read AMI: Entendendo as Amazon Machine Images INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 7 '25 AMI: Entendendo as Amazon Machine Images # aws # ebs # cloud # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read From 'Why the F@&k Do I Need This?' to 'Oh, That's Why' - My GAT Journey Illia Illia Illia Follow Nov 7 '25 From 'Why the F@&k Do I Need This?' to 'Oh, That's Why' - My GAT Journey # rust # async # gat # beginners Comments Add Comment 12 min read EBS: Entendendo o Armazenamento do EC2 INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 7 '25 EBS: Entendendo o Armazenamento do EC2 # aws # cloud # ebs # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Build a Daily Report Generator Using Python + Notion API (Minimal Working Example) Jeremy Reevese Jeremy Reevese Jeremy Reevese Follow Nov 14 '25 Build a Daily Report Generator Using Python + Notion API (Minimal Working Example) # python # beginners # productivity # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding Degrees of Freedom and Their Importance in Statistics Ian Macharia Mwangi Ian Macharia Mwangi Ian Macharia Mwangi Follow Nov 7 '25 Understanding Degrees of Freedom and Their Importance in Statistics # beginners # datascience # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Entendendo o Modelo de Responsabilidade Compartilhada no EC2 INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 7 '25 Entendendo o Modelo de Responsabilidade Compartilhada no EC2 # aws # cloud # ec2 # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding Middlewares in Express.js and How They Work Internally Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 7 '25 Understanding Middlewares in Express.js and How They Work Internally # node # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read welcome Umme Lubaba Umme Lubaba Umme Lubaba Follow Dec 12 '25 welcome # webdev # django # beginners # devjournal Comments Add Comment 1 min read My Experience Learning AI from Scratch and Why It Changed How I See Coding Viktor Kuznetsov | VAC Memory System CEO Viktor Kuznetsov | VAC Memory System CEO Viktor Kuznetsov | VAC Memory System CEO Follow Dec 7 '25 My Experience Learning AI from Scratch and Why It Changed How I See Coding # beginners # ai # cli # vibecoding 44 reactions Comments 5 comments 9 min read How to create Signed APK and AAB files in React Native in simple steps. Mohd Saad beg Mohd Saad beg Mohd Saad beg Follow Nov 8 '25 How to create Signed APK and AAB files in React Native in simple steps. # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Practical Guide to Routes and Routers in Express.js Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 7 '25 A Practical Guide to Routes and Routers in Express.js # express # node # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Mastering Cryptography: A Senior's Guide to Design, Attack, and Defend Tsaplina Elena Tsaplina Elena Tsaplina Elena Follow Nov 11 '25 Mastering Cryptography: A Senior's Guide to Design, Attack, and Defend # cryptography # guide # tutorial # beginners Comments Add Comment 10 min read Which Telegram Bot Library Should You Use? (Beginner-Friendly Guide) Ibrahim Pelumi Lasisi Ibrahim Pelumi Lasisi Ibrahim Pelumi Lasisi Follow Dec 11 '25 Which Telegram Bot Library Should You Use? (Beginner-Friendly Guide) # beginners # python # tutorial 6 reactions Comments 10 comments 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/devsecops/page/9 | Devsecops Page 9 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # devsecops Follow Hide Integrating security practices into the DevOps lifecycle. Create Post Older #devsecops posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Implement a DevSecOps Pipeline with GitHub Actions Hejun Wong Hejun Wong Hejun Wong Follow Jun 16 '24 Implement a DevSecOps Pipeline with GitHub Actions # devsecops # githubactions # node # cicd 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Building a Fort Knox DevSecOps: Comprehensive Security Practices Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Follow Jun 12 '24 Building a Fort Knox DevSecOps: Comprehensive Security Practices # devsecops # devops # cloud # security 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Cybersecurity and the State of the Modern Threat Landscape: A Deep Dive on CNAPPs ambuba ambuba ambuba Follow May 14 '24 Cybersecurity and the State of the Modern Threat Landscape: A Deep Dive on CNAPPs # devsecops # cnapps # devops # cloudsecurity Comments Add Comment 10 min read What is HashiCorp Vault? Sarah Lean 🏴 Sarah Lean 🏴 Sarah Lean 🏴 Follow Jun 11 '24 What is HashiCorp Vault? # hashicorp # security # devsecops # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Zero Trust Security: Beyond the Castle Walls Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Follow Jun 7 '24 Zero Trust Security: Beyond the Castle Walls # devsecops # devops # cloud # security 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read What is DevSecOps? A Comprehensive Look at DevSecOps Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Follow Jun 3 '24 What is DevSecOps? A Comprehensive Look at DevSecOps # devops # cloud # security # devsecops 101 reactions Comments 4 comments 12 min read Call for action: Exploring vulnerabilities in Github Actions SnykSec SnykSec SnykSec Follow for Snyk Jun 7 '24 Call for action: Exploring vulnerabilities in Github Actions # devsecops # javascript # docker # node 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 16 min read Cloud-Native Security: A Guide to Microservices and Serverless Protection Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Follow Jun 5 '24 Cloud-Native Security: A Guide to Microservices and Serverless Protection # devsecops # devops # cloud # security 17 reactions Comments 1 comment 11 min read Death of DevSecOps, Part 2 Christopher Reuter Christopher Reuter Christopher Reuter Follow for Resourcely Jun 5 '24 Death of DevSecOps, Part 2 # devops # devsecops # security 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Pipeline Integrity and Security in DevSecOps Thomas Segura Thomas Segura Thomas Segura Follow for GitGuardian Jun 5 '24 Pipeline Integrity and Security in DevSecOps # devsecops # security # cybersecurity # tooling Comments Add Comment 11 min read Network Policy in Kubernetes Salaudeen O. Abdulrasaq Salaudeen O. Abdulrasaq Salaudeen O. Abdulrasaq Follow Jun 2 '24 Network Policy in Kubernetes # kubernetes # devsecops # cilium 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Advanced CI/CD Pipeline Configuration Strategies Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Gauri Yadav Follow Jun 19 '24 Advanced CI/CD Pipeline Configuration Strategies # devops # devsecops # cloud # security 142 reactions Comments 13 comments 9 min read New Feature Update: Dynamic Time Calculations in Analytics Reports CloudBees CloudBees CloudBees Follow for CloudBees May 31 '24 New Feature Update: Dynamic Time Calculations in Analytics Reports # devops # devsecops # cicd # reporting Comments Add Comment 2 min read Secure-by-Design Software in DevSecOps Thomas Segura Thomas Segura Thomas Segura Follow for GitGuardian May 22 '24 Secure-by-Design Software in DevSecOps # devsecops # security # cybersecurity # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read New Feature Update: Compare metrics across sub-orgs and components CloudBees CloudBees CloudBees Follow for CloudBees May 20 '24 New Feature Update: Compare metrics across sub-orgs and components # devsecops # security # reporting # cicd 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read DevSecOps Made Easy (Pt 2) - Stay clear of any lock-in CloudBees CloudBees CloudBees Follow for CloudBees May 16 '24 DevSecOps Made Easy (Pt 2) - Stay clear of any lock-in # devops # devsecops # cicd # devsecopsmadeeasy 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Measuring and Enhancing DevSecOps Posture: Key Metrics Sophie Sophie Sophie Follow Apr 15 '24 Measuring and Enhancing DevSecOps Posture: Key Metrics # devops # devsecops # transformation Comments Add Comment 4 min read How You Can Use Logs to Feed Security Alvin Lee Alvin Lee Alvin Lee Follow May 13 '24 How You Can Use Logs to Feed Security # devops # security # logging # devsecops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Set up FreeIPA Server & Client. Dhirva Makadiya Dhirva Makadiya Dhirva Makadiya Follow May 9 '24 Set up FreeIPA Server & Client. # aws # devsecops # security # cloud 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Deploying a Bulletproof Photo Sharing App with DevSecOps Terraform, AWS, EKS and Chaos Engineering Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Follow for AWS Community Builders Apr 29 '24 Deploying a Bulletproof Photo Sharing App with DevSecOps Terraform, AWS, EKS and Chaos Engineering # aws # devsecops # architecture # terraform 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Vulnerability Management Lifecycle in DevSecOps Thomas Segura Thomas Segura Thomas Segura Follow for GitGuardian Apr 25 '24 Vulnerability Management Lifecycle in DevSecOps # devsecops # security # cybersecurity # tooling 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read GenAI-Powered Digital Threads - AI Security Under the Hood, Part II David Melamed David Melamed David Melamed Follow for AWS Community Builders Mar 24 '24 GenAI-Powered Digital Threads - AI Security Under the Hood, Part II # aws # security # cloud # devsecops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Cloud Security and Resilience: DevSecOps Tools and Practices Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Follow for AWS Community Builders May 1 '24 Cloud Security and Resilience: DevSecOps Tools and Practices # devsecops # devops # aws # security 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Kickstarting Your DevSecOps Career - The 4 Essential Certifications You Need Damien J. Burks Damien J. Burks Damien J. Burks Follow Apr 19 '24 Kickstarting Your DevSecOps Career - The 4 Essential Certifications You Need # devsecops # beginners # devops # cybersecurity 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Responsibilities of a modern CISO SnykSec SnykSec SnykSec Follow for Snyk Apr 19 '24 Responsibilities of a modern CISO # compliance # devsecops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/beginners/page/76 | Beginners Page 76 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). Posts should require NO prerequisite knowledge, except perhaps general (language-agnostic) essentials of programming. Posts should NOT merely be for beginners to a tool, library, or framework. If your article does not meet these qualifications, please select a different tag. Promotional Rules Posts should NOT primarily promote an external work. This is what Listings is for. Otherwise accepable posts MAY include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom. Resource lists ARE acceptable if they follow these rules: Include at least 3 distinct authors/creators. Clearly indicate which resources are FREE, which require PII, and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Indicate at the top that the article contains promotional links. about #beginners If you're writing for this tag, we recommend you read this article . If you're asking a question, read this article . Older #beginners posts 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Follow Nov 5 '25 Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) # learning # beginners # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Follow Nov 6 '25 I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) # beginners # python # opensource # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Tipos de EC2 Instance INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 4 '25 Tipos de EC2 Instance # beginners # architecture # cloud # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' mayank sagar mayank sagar mayank sagar Follow Dec 10 '25 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' # javascript # react # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Follow Dec 9 '25 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array | LeetCode | Top Interview 150 | Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Terraform state file and Remote backend Nandan K Nandan K Nandan K Follow Nov 28 '25 Terraform state file and Remote backend # terraform # devops # beginners # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 8 '25 My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] # python # learning # beginners # codenewbie 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Follow Nov 10 '25 The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! # go # google # beginners # backend Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE Follow Nov 5 '25 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners # csharp # basic # beginners # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Follow Dec 9 '25 What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? # php # webdev # beginners # programming 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Follow Dec 3 '25 The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever # devops # kubernetes # beginners # webdev 26 reactions Comments 19 comments 9 min read The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback Ananya S Ananya S Ananya S Follow Dec 8 '25 The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback # ai # llm # promptengineering # beginners 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read C# Operators Mental Model — From `number % 2 == 0` to LLM‑Ready Code Cristian Sifuentes Cristian Sifuentes Cristian Sifuentes Follow Dec 8 '25 C# Operators Mental Model — From `number % 2 == 0` to LLM‑Ready Code # csharp # dotnet # beginners # llms 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 14 min read Side Copilot: My Chrome Extension Alternative to Comet Browser kingyou kingyou kingyou Follow Dec 9 '25 Side Copilot: My Chrome Extension Alternative to Comet Browser # productivity # beginners # ai # extensions 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Developer’s Guide to Surviving the AI Product Tsunami Jaideep Parashar Jaideep Parashar Jaideep Parashar Follow Dec 6 '25 A Developer’s Guide to Surviving the AI Product Tsunami # webdev # ai # productivity # beginners 29 reactions Comments 5 comments 4 min read Suppose there is a dataset having variables with missing values of more than 30%, how will you deal with such a dataset? Shruti Nakum Shruti Nakum Shruti Nakum Follow Nov 28 '25 Suppose there is a dataset having variables with missing values of more than 30%, how will you deal with such a dataset? # discuss # data # datascience # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read How To Install & Use Homebrew on macOS dev_neil_a dev_neil_a dev_neil_a Follow Dec 9 '25 How To Install & Use Homebrew on macOS # tutorial # devops # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 9 min read Is AI/ML important? Manasvi Pal Manasvi Pal Manasvi Pal Follow Nov 6 '25 Is AI/ML important? # discuss # ai # career # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Asyncio: Interview Questions and Practice Problems Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Follow Nov 4 '25 Asyncio: Interview Questions and Practice Problems # python # interview # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 8 min read DB2 Pract (Packages, subqueries) Erlan Akbaraliev Erlan Akbaraliev Erlan Akbaraliev Follow Nov 28 '25 DB2 Pract (Packages, subqueries) # sql # tutorial # database # beginners Comments Add Comment 7 min read My First JavaScript Project: What I Learned (and What I Did Wrong) Abbos Soatmurodov Abbos Soatmurodov Abbos Soatmurodov Follow Dec 8 '25 My First JavaScript Project: What I Learned (and What I Did Wrong) # javascript # beginners # webdev # codereview 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read The Developer's Safety Net - Introduction to TypeScript Theodora Cristea Theodora Cristea Theodora Cristea Follow Dec 1 '25 The Developer's Safety Net - Introduction to TypeScript # typescript # development # backend # beginners 43 reactions Comments 8 comments 5 min read I Fell in Love With Programming Long Before I Learned It PLC Creates PLC Creates PLC Creates Follow Dec 6 '25 I Fell in Love With Programming Long Before I Learned It # programming # career # beginners # story 8 reactions Comments 5 comments 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/watercooler | Watercooler - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # watercooler Follow Hide Light, and off-topic conversation. Create Post submission guidelines This is a tag meant for slightly, or majorly offtopic subjects. Remember to keep things light, friendly and in-line with the code of conduct. about #watercooler 😎 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Meme Monday Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow Jan 12 Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes 19 reactions Comments 18 comments 1 min read Seeking Peer Connections for CodeChat P2P Testing bingkahu bingkahu bingkahu Follow Jan 12 Seeking Peer Connections for CodeChat P2P Testing # watercooler # coding # github # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built a Meme Creator to roast my own Spaghetti Code (No watermarks, no BS, free!) Brian Zavala Brian Zavala Brian Zavala Follow Jan 13 I built a Meme Creator to roast my own Spaghetti Code (No watermarks, no BS, free!) # showdev # webdev # watercooler # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Great Tune-Out: Why AI’s Perfect Illusions Might Save Us from Social Media Meg Rehn Meg Rehn Meg Rehn Follow Jan 13 The Great Tune-Out: Why AI’s Perfect Illusions Might Save Us from Social Media # discuss # ai # ethics # watercooler Comments Add Comment 4 min read What Walking After Dinner Changed for Me Caleb Turner Caleb Turner Caleb Turner Follow Jan 12 What Walking After Dinner Changed for Me # watercooler # devjournal # mentalhealth Comments Add Comment 5 min read **More Than a Bootcamp: Why I Chose the German 'Umschulung' Path into Tech** Ali-Funk Ali-Funk Ali-Funk Follow Jan 11 **More Than a Bootcamp: Why I Chose the German 'Umschulung' Path into Tech** # watercooler # career # devops # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read [Learning Notes] [Golang] Writing a Console ChatGPT with Cobra and go-gpt3 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] [Golang] Writing a Console ChatGPT with Cobra and go-gpt3 # watercooler Comments Add Comment 4 min read Sharing My Article's Impact on Developers - Thank you! Caterpillar Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing My Article's Impact on Developers - Thank you! Caterpillar # watercooler # community # devjournal Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Sharing: Nexus - From the Stone Age to the AI Era Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Nexus - From the Stone Age to the AI Era # discuss # ai # watercooler Comments Add Comment 6 min read Book Sharing: Thinking in Grays Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Thinking in Grays # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 6 min read Book Review: Daylight Robbery - How Taxes Shaped the Past and Will Change the Future Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: Daylight Robbery - How Taxes Shaped the Past and Will Change the Future # discuss # resources # watercooler Comments Add Comment 7 min read Book Recommendation: Don't Leave Your Money Behind Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Recommendation: Don't Leave Your Money Behind # discuss # resources # watercooler Comments Add Comment 4 min read 7 Reasons Why I'll Keep Writing—Even If AI Writes Faster and Better Cesar Aguirre Cesar Aguirre Cesar Aguirre Follow Jan 12 7 Reasons Why I'll Keep Writing—Even If AI Writes Faster and Better # watercooler # writing # blogging # discuss 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Free Online Book Resources (Library Resources) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Free Online Book Resources (Library Resources) # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Recommendation: Interesting Stories of Emperors - Serious History X Fun Gossip Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Recommendation: Interesting Stories of Emperors - Serious History X Fun Gossip # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Review: The Vaccine War - The Survival Race of AZ, BNT, Pfizer, Moderna, J&J, and Novavax During the COVID-19 Crisis Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: The Vaccine War - The Survival Race of AZ, BNT, Pfizer, Moderna, J&J, and Novavax During the COVID-19 Crisis # discuss # science # watercooler Comments Add Comment 4 min read Food Myths Debunked: Roman Fish Sauce and Other Culinary Secrets Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Food Myths Debunked: Roman Fish Sauce and Other Culinary Secrets # discuss # learning # watercooler Comments Add Comment 5 min read Far Cry 5: Game Review (PS4) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Far Cry 5: Game Review (PS4) # discuss # watercooler Comments Add Comment 4 min read Book Sharing: How a Dividend Investor Covers Daily Expenses with 600 Stocks Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: How a Dividend Investor Covers Daily Expenses with 600 Stocks # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 4 min read Book Review: The Poker of Speculators - 18 Years of Trading Notes Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: The Poker of Speculators - 18 Years of Trading Notes # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 10 min read Book Recommendation: Everyday Legal Strategies Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Recommendation: Everyday Legal Strategies # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 4 min read Book Recommendation: The Most Important Thing Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Recommendation: The Most Important Thing # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 13 min read Sharing Good Books: Fun European History That'll Expand Your Knowledge! Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing Good Books: Fun European History That'll Expand Your Knowledge! # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Sharing: Reimagining the Future of Education Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Reimagining the Future of Education # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 6 min read Book Review: 400 Years of Speculation in Commodity Markets, From Tulip Mania to Bitcoin Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: 400 Years of Speculation in Commodity Markets, From Tulip Mania to Bitcoin # watercooler # bitcoin # resources Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources I've FINALLY launched my Product!! Meme Monday Meme Monday 2025 Developer Advent Calendars (updated) Meme Monday Meme Monday A Year of Gratitude: Reflecting on 2025 Meme Monday Meme Monday Meme Monday Meme Monday Is it me or is GPT 5.2 a little rude? AI Psychosis Meme Monday 🦧 Ook! — The Programming Language Written for Orangutans Solving Advent of Code Day 7: Splitting Tachyon Beams You're Telling Me I Get Paid? Eating Low-Hanging Frogs 🐄 Cow — The Language With Only “Moo” and Cow Noises 🐔 Chicken — The Language Where Every Keyword Is “chicken" 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.linkedin.com/company/ruul/ | Ruul | LinkedIn Skip to main content LinkedIn Top Content People Learning Jobs Games Sign in Create an account Ruul Software Development Sell anything, get paid anywhere. Great for freelancers, creators & indie sellers. Follow Discover all 38 employees Report this company About us Ruul, previously known as Rimuut, emerged in 2017, born out of a vision to redefine flexible work with efficiency, compatibility, and universality at its core. Ruul began as a solution in invoicing and payment collection, aiding 20,000 organizations and 75,000 freelancers globally. Its growth has been propelled by recent shifts in the work landscape. Rebranded as Ruul in late 2022, the name embodies "ruling"—a nod to the emerging flexible work culture valuing autonomy, where professionals govern their work arrangements aligned with their values and interests. Ruul is here to lead the change in work dynamics for people to be able, motivated, and entitled to self-govern their careers and lives autonomously. Website https://ruul.io External link for Ruul Industry Software Development Company size 11-50 employees Headquarters Malmö Type Privately Held Founded 2017 Specialties Compliance, Global hiring, Remote work, Workforce management, Worktech, Finance, Freelance, Invoicing, Payment Collection, and Freelance Tax Locations Primary Hjälmaregatan 3 Malmö, 21118, SE Get directions 2093 Philadelphia Pike #6889 Claymont, Delaware 19703, US Get directions MASLAK MAH. AOS 55. SK. 42 A BLOK 2-25 Istanbul, Istanbul 34475, TR Get directions Narva mnt 5 Tallinn, 10117, EE Get directions Employees at Ruul Umut Güncan Aysu Karayazgan Mert Bulut Aypar Yilmazkaya See all employees Updates Ruul 7,110 followers 1mo Edited Report this post Stablecoins aren’t a future concept for independent professionals, they’re infrastructure. At Ruul, we work with 120k freelancers, and nearly one-third of our payments now settle in stablecoins, proving that speed, cost efficiency, and programmability aren’t theoretical benefits. In this article, Eran Karaso , Chief Operating Officer at Ruul, breaks down what freelancers have already proven, and what GBTD needs to get right to succeed. Read more 👉 https://lnkd.in/dW58_P45 Freelancers mapped stablecoin demand. GBTD can deliver the infrastructure. globalbankingandfinance.com Like Comment Share Ruul 7,110 followers 1mo Report this post We’re proud to be featured in a new article by Emmanuel Nwosu , highlighting how Ruul and MiniPay are working together to remove payment barriers for freelancers in emerging markets. Through our partnership, independents can invoice clients in familiar currencies and receive payouts in dollar-denominated stablecoins, instantly, and with the option to cash out to mobile money, all without needing a foreign bank account. Ruul operates in 190+ markets, and MiniPay’s reach across 60+ countries makes this integration a powerful, compliant bridge between traditional rails and on-chain spending power, especially in regions where legacy remittance channels are slow, costly, or unreliable. Full TechCabal article: https://lnkd.in/dtDFid7x 12 1 Comment Like Comment Share Ruul reposted this MiniPay 148 followers 1mo Report this post We’re excited to announce that MiniPay is partnering with Ruul , enabling instant payouts powered by stablecoins, no receiving fees and the ability to withdraw to the preferred local payment method at zero fees for global freelancers. This collaboration creates an industry-first payment solution that enables freelancers to sell digital services in traditional fiat currency whilst receiving payouts seamlessly converted into stablecoins, combining Ruul's global reach across 190+ countries with MiniPay's established presence in 60+ markets. With Ruul now directly connected to the MiniPay wallet, global freelancers will receive $25 extra when receiving their first payout over $100 through MiniPay. Users can link their Minipay wallets to Ruul with a single click, immediately enabling stablecoin payouts for their digital services and products. Learn more: https://lnkd.in/eupqsuWc 8 Like Comment Share Ruul reposted this Opera 60,862 followers 1mo Report this post We’re excited to announce that MiniPay is partnering with Ruul , enabling instant payouts powered by stablecoins, no receiving fees and the ability to withdraw to the preferred local payment method at zero fees for global freelancers. This collaboration creates an industry-first payment solution that enables freelancers to sell digital services in traditional fiat currency whilst receiving payouts seamlessly converted into stablecoins, combining Ruul's global reach across 190+ countries with MiniPay's established presence in 60+ markets. With Ruul now directly connected to the MiniPay wallet, global freelancers will receive $25 extra when receiving their first payout over $100 through MiniPay. Users can link their Minipay wallets to Ruul with a single click, immediately enabling stablecoin payouts for their digital services and products. Get started here: https://minipay.to 54 3 Comments Like Comment Share Ruul 7,110 followers 1mo Report this post Independents deserve systems that keep up with how they work. Through our partnership with MiniPay, you can now receive your earnings quickly, reliably, and with added rewards. Sell your services. Get paid better. #Ruul #Partnership #FutureOfWork #Independents 8 Like Comment Share Ruul 7,110 followers 1mo Report this post Subscription-based services create predictable, long-term income, and they’re easier to set up than most people think. A simple structure works best: • 3 pricing tiers • clear monthly value • easy onboarding Ruul Space turns this into a smooth experience for both sides. Set up your service, offer monthly access, and let the system handle the admin. Steady revenue, loyal clients, zero hassle. More to read on: https://lnkd.in/dbztcmDD #subscriptions #creatoreconomy #freelancebusiness #ruul 5 Like Comment Share Ruul 7,110 followers 1mo Report this post Late payments aren’t caused by poor-quality work, they’re caused by weak payment systems. In his newest article for Business Age, Ruul's COO Eran Karaso , edited by Charles Orton-Jones , breaks down the three structural mistakes that consistently hold independents and small businesses back.: One key insight stands out: “The business owners who get paid reliably didn’t find better clients. They built better systems.” Clear contracts, direct payment infrastructure, and automated follow-ups aren’t optional anymore, they’re the foundation of sustainable independent work. For full article: https://lnkd.in/dV2cDUt7 #IndependentWork #Payments #BusinessAge #Ruul #FutureOfWork 14 1 Comment Like Comment Share Ruul 7,110 followers 1mo Report this post Independents don’t need more platforms. They need clarity, a simple way to showcase what they do and get paid from anywhere. That’s why we built Ruul Space: • Your personal storefront • One link for everything you offer • Upload, share, sell globally • Professional, fast, and built for independents You already have the skills. Now you have the store, too. 8 Like Comment Share Ruul 7,110 followers 2mo Report this post Talent isn’t enough anymore. You can have all the skills, but if clients can’t understand what you offer in seconds, you’ll lose them to someone who can. Freelancing has changed: → Tasks don’t sell. Outcomes do. → Hourly is outdated. Value wins. → Your service deserves a storefront. That’s why we built Ruul Space, a place where independents can package their services, show their value, and get paid fast, no admin, no invoices, no waiting. Because independence should feel simple. Your work. Your terms. Your pay button. Feel free to read more here on our blog to learn "How to sell freelance services" https://lnkd.in/dJ4UQbVz #Freelancing #Independents #Ruul #DigitalWork #FutureOfWork 8 Like Comment Share Ruul 7,110 followers 2mo Report this post Chasing payments is not part of your job as a creator. You deliver. We ensure the payout arrives; fast, global, and transparent. Invoicing, taxes, and compliance are handled. If you’re an independent who wants fewer reminders and more results: get paid without the chase. 4 Like Comment Share Join now to see what you are missing Find people you know at Ruul Browse recommended jobs for you View all updates, news, and articles Join now Similar pages HubX Software Development Phellos Financial Consultancy Financial Services London, England Jobtogo Human Resources Services Cenoa Software Development Papara Financial Services Insider One Software Development Hype Advertising Services Istanbul, Şişli Adel Kalemcilik Manufacturing ikas Software Development Trendyol Group Technology, Information and Internet İstanbul, Maslak Show more similar pages Show fewer similar pages Browse jobs Intern jobs 71,196 open jobs Maintenance Manager jobs 170,392 open jobs Manager jobs 1,880,925 open jobs Supervisor jobs 1,264,191 open jobs Senior Operations Manager jobs 54,792 open jobs Business Application Manager jobs 5,803 open jobs Operational Specialist jobs 58,644 open jobs Quantitative Analyst jobs 19,570 open jobs Accounts Receivable Specialist jobs 47,459 open jobs Control Specialist jobs 14,771 open jobs Partner jobs 644,825 open jobs Graduate jobs 361,130 open jobs Product Manager jobs 199,941 open jobs Project Manager jobs 253,048 open jobs Account Manager jobs 121,519 open jobs Analyst jobs 694,057 open jobs Marketing Specialist jobs 49,178 open jobs Digital Marketing Specialist jobs 33,650 open jobs Business Analyst jobs 95,218 open jobs Head jobs 1,018,536 open jobs Show more jobs like this Show fewer jobs like this More searches More searches Marketing Specialist jobs Head of Design jobs User Experience Researcher jobs Developer jobs Test Manager jobs Quality Assurance Manager jobs Specialist jobs Finance Specialist jobs Digital Marketing Specialist jobs Product Manager jobs Environmental Engineer jobs Environmental Specialist jobs Android Developer jobs Mental Health Specialist jobs Operations Manager jobs Operational Specialist jobs Chief Executive Officer jobs Manager jobs Business Development Manager jobs Marketing Director jobs Engineer jobs Full Stack Engineer jobs Speaker jobs Analyst jobs User Experience Manager jobs Head of Recruitment jobs Internal Recruiter jobs Technical Producer jobs Account Manager jobs Recruitment Specialist jobs Intern jobs Head of Product jobs Market Research Analyst jobs Vice President Marketing jobs Senior Product Manager jobs Head of Sales jobs Head of Marketing jobs Key Account Manager jobs Partner jobs Senior Test Engineer jobs User Experience Designer jobs Head jobs Coordinator jobs Chief Marketing Officer jobs Quality Assurance Engineer jobs Search Consultant jobs Data Warehouse Engineer jobs User Interface Designer jobs Senior Executive jobs Data Engineer jobs Consultant jobs Network Planner jobs Flight Specialist jobs Integration Specialist jobs Customer Relationship Management Specialist jobs System Engineer jobs Graduate jobs Business Development Specialist jobs Human Resources Specialist jobs Marketing Manager jobs LinkedIn © 2026 About Accessibility User Agreement Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Brand Policy Guest Controls Community Guidelines العربية (Arabic) বাংলা (Bangla) Čeština (Czech) Dansk (Danish) Deutsch (German) Ελληνικά (Greek) English (English) Español (Spanish) فارسی (Persian) Suomi (Finnish) Français (French) हिंदी (Hindi) Magyar (Hungarian) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) עברית (Hebrew) 日本語 (Japanese) 한국어 (Korean) मराठी (Marathi) Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) Nederlands (Dutch) Norsk (Norwegian) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) Polski (Polish) Português (Portuguese) Română (Romanian) Русский (Russian) Svenska (Swedish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tagalog (Tagalog) Türkçe (Turkish) Українська (Ukrainian) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) 简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified)) 正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional)) Language Agree & Join LinkedIn By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . Sign in to see who you already know at Ruul Sign in Welcome back Email or phone Password Show Forgot password? Sign in or By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . New to LinkedIn? Join now or New to LinkedIn? Join now By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://core.forem.com/t/deployment | Deployment - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close # deployment Follow Hide Deploying Forem to production Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements Forem Project News Forem Project News Forem Project News Follow Oct 31 '25 Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements # news # product # deployment # opensource 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Lots of momentum this week! Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Famigosmaker%2Fpython-gui-pyqt-vs-tkinter-5hdd | Facebook에 로그인 Notice 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. Facebook에 로그인 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. 로그인 계정을 잊으셨나요? 또는 새 계정 만들기 한국어 English (US) Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia ภาษาไทย Español 中文(简体) 日本語 Português (Brasil) Français (France) Deutsch 가입하기 로그인 Messenger Facebook Lite 동영상 Meta Pay Meta 스토어 Meta Quest Ray-Ban Meta Meta AI Meta AI 콘텐츠 더 보기 Instagram Threads 투표 정보 센터 개인정보처리방침 개인정보 보호 센터 정보 광고 만들기 페이지 만들기 개발자 채용 정보 쿠키 AdChoices 이용 약관 고객 센터 연락처 업로드 및 비사용자 설정 활동 로그 Meta © 2026 | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://twitter.com/suprsend | JavaScript is not available. We’ve detected that JavaScript is disabled in this browser. Please enable JavaScript or switch to a supported browser to continue using x.com. You can see a list of supported browsers in our Help Center. Help Center Terms of Service Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint Ads info © 2026 X Corp. Something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. Try again Some privacy related extensions may cause issues on x.com. Please disable them and try again. | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/cli | Command Line Interface - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Command Line Interface Follow Hide CLI is a text-based user interface used to interact with a computer's operating system or software by typing commands into a terminal. Create Post about #cli Before there were graphical user interfaces, command-line interfaces were used to issue commands to a computer. Programs that handle the user interface are called command language interpreters, often known as a shell. A CLI may give a user more control over the computer and programs they wish to execute. Wikipedia Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Git Selective Ignore: Because Sometimes You Need to Keep Secrets from Git (But Not From Yourself) Satyajit Roy Satyajit Roy Satyajit Roy Follow Jan 13 Git Selective Ignore: Because Sometimes You Need to Keep Secrets from Git (But Not From Yourself) # rust # git # productivity # cli Comments Add Comment 9 min read Git Selective Ignore: Because Sometimes You Need to Keep Secrets from Git (But Not From Yourself) Satyajit Roy Satyajit Roy Satyajit Roy Follow Jan 13 Git Selective Ignore: Because Sometimes You Need to Keep Secrets from Git (But Not From Yourself) # rust # git # productivity # cli Comments Add Comment 9 min read Git Selective Ignore: Because Sometimes You Need to Keep Secrets from Git (But Not From Yourself) Satyajit Roy Satyajit Roy Satyajit Roy Follow Jan 13 Git Selective Ignore: Because Sometimes You Need to Keep Secrets from Git (But Not From Yourself) # rust # git # productivity # cli Comments Add Comment 9 min read My Thoughts on Vibe Coding and Gemini CLI Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 My Thoughts on Vibe Coding and Gemini CLI # discuss # gemini # cli # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Essential Docker Commands You Should Know Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Follow Jan 11 Essential Docker Commands You Should Know # docker # cli # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read System.CommandLine with Dependency Injection: A Complete Solution Rushui Guan Rushui Guan Rushui Guan Follow Jan 12 System.CommandLine with Dependency Injection: A Complete Solution # csharp # dotnet # cli # dependencyinversion 3 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read try-rs: Control your experiment and project folders. Tássio Virgínio Tássio Virgínio Tássio Virgínio Follow Jan 11 try-rs: Control your experiment and project folders. # tui # cli # multiplatform # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Introducing Firebomb: Open Source Firebase Penetration Testing Victor Yrazusta Ibarra Victor Yrazusta Ibarra Victor Yrazusta Ibarra Follow Jan 10 Introducing Firebomb: Open Source Firebase Penetration Testing # showdev # security # cli # firebase 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read i made this project syswaifu, shows your system stats with random waifu image. Ovi ren Ovi ren Ovi ren Follow Jan 10 i made this project syswaifu, shows your system stats with random waifu image. # showdev # tooling # cli # linux Comments Add Comment 1 min read Tired of Accidentally Zipping Build Artifacts? Try "dnx zipsrc"! jsakamoto jsakamoto jsakamoto Follow Jan 9 Tired of Accidentally Zipping Build Artifacts? Try "dnx zipsrc"! # dotnet # productivity # cli # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read My simple cli tool for http requests Adler Medrado Adler Medrado Adler Medrado Follow Jan 10 My simple cli tool for http requests # api # c # cli # tooling Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Power of kubectl-ai: AI in Your Cluster Toolkit, But Not Yet Free (Yet!) Ganesan Govindan Ganesan Govindan Ganesan Govindan Follow Jan 12 The Power of kubectl-ai: AI in Your Cluster Toolkit, But Not Yet Free (Yet!) # ai # cli # kubernetes # tooling 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read Building a RAM-Only, End-to-End Encrypted Chat for the Terminal (Python) Dior Dior Dior Follow Jan 7 Building a RAM-Only, End-to-End Encrypted Chat for the Terminal (Python) # python # security # cli # privacy Comments Add Comment 1 min read Agents and Gradle Dont Get Along - I Fixed It in Two Commands Nek.12 Nek.12 Nek.12 Follow Jan 6 Agents and Gradle Dont Get Along - I Fixed It in Two Commands # kotlin # ai # cli # aiagents Comments Add Comment 4 min read Tmux - less windows, more ⚒ Sushant Kulkarni Sushant Kulkarni Sushant Kulkarni Follow Jan 7 Tmux - less windows, more ⚒ # cli # linux # productivity # tooling Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Built a Terminal UI for Firebase Firestore (and It Changed How I Work) Marjo Marjo Marjo Follow Jan 10 I Built a Terminal UI for Firebase Firestore (and It Changed How I Work) # firebase # opensource # cli # go 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Linux Filesystem and Navigation for DevOps (With Practical Demo) - v1.1 Chetan Tekam Chetan Tekam Chetan Tekam Follow Jan 10 Linux Filesystem and Navigation for DevOps (With Practical Demo) - v1.1 # cli # devops # linux # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read TabbySpaces - visual workspace editor for Tabby terminal Igor Halilovic Igor Halilovic Igor Halilovic Follow Jan 3 TabbySpaces - visual workspace editor for Tabby terminal # showdev # terminal # cli # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Accidentally Made Claude Ask Itself the Same Question 1,966 Times Sean K Sean K Sean K Follow Jan 3 I Accidentally Made Claude Ask Itself the Same Question 1,966 Times # discuss # ai # cli # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read Your Boring Stack Isn't Boring Enough Alex Towell Alex Towell Alex Towell Follow Jan 5 Your Boring Stack Isn't Boring Enough # cli # architecture # llm # unix 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Building a Task Tracker CLI app with Node.js Abraham Adedamola Olawale Abraham Adedamola Olawale Abraham Adedamola Olawale Follow Jan 3 Building a Task Tracker CLI app with Node.js # cli # node # coding # filesystem 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read 🐧 Linux Commands Every DevOps Beginner Learns While Deploying to EC2 alok-38 alok-38 alok-38 Follow Jan 4 🐧 Linux Commands Every DevOps Beginner Learns While Deploying to EC2 # linux # cli # tutorial # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Copie arquivos via linha de comando com C++ Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow Jan 3 Copie arquivos via linha de comando com C++ # cpp # cli 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read DevOpsMind v1.0.0: A CLI-First, Offline-First Way to Learn Real DevOps Gaurav Chile | InfraForgeLabs Gaurav Chile | InfraForgeLabs Gaurav Chile | InfraForgeLabs Follow Jan 3 DevOpsMind v1.0.0: A CLI-First, Offline-First Way to Learn Real DevOps # showdev # cli # learning # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Just finished version 1.0 of jellytool! Chloe Stratton Chloe Stratton Chloe Stratton Follow Jan 2 Just finished version 1.0 of jellytool! # showdev # automation # tooling # cli Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Build with Gemini 3 Flash, frontier intelligence that scales with you 24 Zsh Plugins🔌 Every Developer & DevOps Engineer 🖥 Should Use in 2025 5 things to try with Gemini 3 Pro in Gemini CLI What Makes Goose Different From Other AI Coding Agents I Built a Curl Command Generator App with React Why I Ditched ChatGPT and Cursor for OpenCode: A Smarter, Cheaper Way to Build AI Agents Using Gemini CLI Through LiteLLM Proxy Claude Code vs. Gemini CLI: Which AI Coding Agent Rules the Terminal? Advent of AI 2025 - Day 1: Getting Goose to Generate Daily Fortunes in CI 🧹 How to Clear Cache in Windows Using PowerShell (Complete Guide) 🫡 Introducing Nikki: Your Offline, Uncensored AI Red Team Assistant in the Terminal 🤖 Gemini dans votre terminal avec Gemini CLI Installing & Working with Python - in Ubuntu 24.04 Building Node.js CLI Tool. Video - I Rick Rolled my Terminal 😇 Gemini 3 Flash is now available in Gemini CLI I Built a CLI Tool to Make Git Worktree Enjoyable The Context-Switching Problem: Why I Built a Tracker That Lives in My Terminal. Fixing emoji support in the Linux terminal Building a Simple Personal Library with Python: My Experience from Zero to Execution 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://zeroday.forem.com/terminaltools | Stephano Kambeta - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Follow User actions Stephano Kambeta Cyber security and Ethical hacking teacher Joined Joined on Mar 12, 2025 Personal website https://terminaltools.blogspot.com twitter website More info about @terminaltools Badges 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! Post at least 2 comments for 2 straight weeks and unlock the 4 Week Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 4 posts published Comment 10 comments written Tag 2 tags followed Understanding SQL Injection: What It Is and How to Protect Your Website Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Jan 3 Understanding SQL Injection: What It Is and How to Protect Your Website # sql # sqlinjection # networksec # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 8 min read Want to connect with Stephano Kambeta? Create an account to connect with Stephano Kambeta. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Understanding Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): How to Detect and Prevent Attacks Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Dec 26 '25 Understanding Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): How to Detect and Prevent Attacks # networksec # xss # cybersecurity # websecurity Comments Add Comment 8 min read What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Dec 16 '25 What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide # dos # networksec # iot # security Comments Add Comment 10 min read How to Stop Man-in-the-Middle Attacks and Secure Your Online Data Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Dec 14 '25 How to Stop Man-in-the-Middle Attacks and Secure Your Online Data # cybersecurity # security # mitm # tutorial Comments Add Comment 14 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/browser/replay-configuration/monkey-patches | Monkey Patches Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Browser / highlight.run SDK / Monkey Patches Monkey Patches All the data that Highlight collects is provided by running the Highlight snippet on your app. When the Highlight snippet runs, it monkey patches browser APIs in order to record things like: Errors Console messages Network requests Changes on the page Here is a list of all the browser APIs that Highlight monkey patches window.sessionStorage.setItem window.sessionStorage.getItem window.sessionStorage.removeItem window.onerror window.fetch window.FontFace window.scroll window.scrollTo window.scrollBy window.scrollIntoView window.WebGLRenderingContext window.WebGL2RenderingContext window.CanvasRenderingContext2D window.HTMLCanvasElement window.CSSStyleSheet.prototype.insertRule window.CSSStyleSheet.prototype.deleteRule window.CSSGroupingRule window.CSSMediaRule window.CSSConditionRule window.CSSSuportsRule window.CSSStyleDeclaration.prototype.setProperty window.CSSStyleDeclaration.prototype.removeProperty history.pushState history.replaceState XMLHttpRequest.prototype.open XMLHttpRequest.prototype.setRequestHeader XMLHttpRequest.prototype.send console.assert console.clear console.count console.countReset console.debug console.dir console.dirxml console.error console.group console.groupCollapsed console.groupEnd console.info console.log console.table console.time console.timeEnd console.timeLog console.trace console.warn iframe Recording Browser OpenTelemetry Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/vjnvisakh/unlocking-the-power-of-inheritance-in-python-1n17 | Unlocking the Power of Inheritance in Python - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Visakh Vijayan Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at dumpd.in Unlocking the Power of Inheritance in Python # python # beginners # programming # tutorial Python (10 Part Series) 1 Mastering Lists in Python: A Comprehensive Guide 2 Unleashing the Power of Python Modules: A Comprehensive Guide ... 6 more parts... 3 Unleashing the Power of Python File Handling: A Deep Dive into Reading and Writing Files 4 Unlocking the Power of Data with Pandas: A Pythonic Journey 5 Unlocking the Power of Variables in Python: A Futuristic Guide 6 Python Web Frameworks: Crafting the Future of Web Development 7 Unlocking the Power of Type Hinting in Python 8 Unleashing the Power of Python in Machine Learning 9 Mastering Loops in Python: A Journey Through Iteration 10 Unlocking the Power of Inheritance in Python The Basics of Inheritance Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming that allows a new class to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class. In Python, this is achieved through the creation of parent and child classes. Creating Parent and Child Classes Let's start by defining a simple parent class named 'Animal' with a method 'make_sound': class Animal: def make_sound(self): print('Some generic sound') Now, we can create a child class 'Dog' that inherits from the 'Animal' class: class Dog(Animal): def make_sound(self): print('Bark bark!') Method Overriding Child classes can override methods from the parent class to provide specific implementations. In the 'Dog' class, we have overridden the 'make_sound' method to make the dog bark. Using the super() Function The 'super()' function allows child classes to access and call methods from the parent class. This enables efficient code reuse and helps maintain a clear class hierarchy. Here's how we can use 'super()' in the 'Dog' class: class Dog(Animal): def make_sound(self): super().make_sound() print('Bark bark!') By calling 'super().make_sound()', the 'Dog' class first executes the 'make_sound' method from the 'Animal' class before adding the specific dog sound. Conclusion Inheritance in Python is a powerful mechanism that promotes code reusability, enhances flexibility, and supports efficient design practices. By understanding how parent and child classes interact, leveraging method overriding, and utilizing the 'super()' function, developers can create well-structured and maintainable code. Python (10 Part Series) 1 Mastering Lists in Python: A Comprehensive Guide 2 Unleashing the Power of Python Modules: A Comprehensive Guide ... 6 more parts... 3 Unleashing the Power of Python File Handling: A Deep Dive into Reading and Writing Files 4 Unlocking the Power of Data with Pandas: A Pythonic Journey 5 Unlocking the Power of Variables in Python: A Futuristic Guide 6 Python Web Frameworks: Crafting the Future of Web Development 7 Unlocking the Power of Type Hinting in Python 8 Unleashing the Power of Python in Machine Learning 9 Mastering Loops in Python: A Journey Through Iteration 10 Unlocking the Power of Inheritance in Python Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Visakh Vijayan Follow There is nothing else in this world that gives as much happiness as coding Location Kolkata, West Bengal Education MCA Pronouns he/him/his Work Full Stack Developer at JTC Joined Sep 2, 2018 More from Visakh Vijayan Mastering Interview Body Language Techniques: A Guide to Non-Verbal Communication # career # interview # tutorial Unleashing the Power of Arrow Functions in JavaScript # beginners # javascript # tutorial Unlocking TypeScript's Power: Mastering Type Guards for Safer, Smarter Code # javascript # tutorial # typescript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Fdmuraco3%2Fwhen-to-user-server-side-rendering-vs-static-generation-in-nextjs-8ab | Facebook에 로그인 Notice 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. Facebook에 로그인 계속하려면 로그인해주세요. 로그인 계정을 잊으셨나요? 또는 새 계정 만들기 한국어 English (US) Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia ภาษาไทย Español 中文(简体) 日本語 Português (Brasil) Français (France) Deutsch 가입하기 로그인 Messenger Facebook Lite 동영상 Meta Pay Meta 스토어 Meta Quest Ray-Ban Meta Meta AI Meta AI 콘텐츠 더 보기 Instagram Threads 투표 정보 센터 개인정보처리방침 개인정보 보호 센터 정보 광고 만들기 페이지 만들기 개발자 채용 정보 쿠키 AdChoices 이용 약관 고객 센터 연락처 업로드 및 비사용자 설정 활동 로그 Meta © 2026 | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/ben/meme-monday-1b7d | Meme Monday - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ben Halpern Posted on Jan 5 Meme Monday # watercooler # discuss # jokes Meme Monday! Today's cover image comes from last week's thread . DEV is an inclusive space! Humor in poor taste will be downvoted by mods. Top comments (27) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand GP GP GP Follow 22 plus years of experience in building responsive web sites and web applications. Location Kitchener, Ontario Education Bangalore University, Karnataka, India Work Front end Architect at Sun Life. We build insurance application for our clients. Joined Nov 5, 2018 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 13 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Taqmuraz Taqmuraz Taqmuraz Follow In a healthy way arrogant person, who is searching for new ideas Email lulookgamedev@gmail.com Location Poland, Trzebinia Joined Dec 28, 2023 • Jan 6 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alvaro Montoro Alvaro Montoro Alvaro Montoro Follow CSS aficionado ⊆ Web Developer ⊆ Software Developer ⊆ Person (He/Him) Location Austin, TX Work UI Manager / CSS Aficionado Joined Apr 27, 2019 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Last week's comiCSS strip: Like comment: Like comment: 12 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Today's AI comedy showdown based on the joke from the cover Gemini ChatGPT Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Gotta give this one to ChatGPT. Too many words for Gemini Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand R Steadman R Steadman R Steadman Follow Joined Dec 21, 2023 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Why Gary, why?! Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Jack Jack Jack Follow Typescript and React nerd. I have a soft spot for architecture and unit testing Location United Kingdom Joined Dec 16, 2020 • Jan 6 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This wins it for me Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand 𒎏Wii 🏳️⚧️ 𒎏Wii 🏳️⚧️ 𒎏Wii 🏳️⚧️ Follow Blog: https://blog.but.gay Mastodon: @darkwiiplayer@tech.lgbt Pronouns: en.pronouns.page/@darkwiiplayer Pronouns she/her;q=1, they/them;q=0.8, */*;q=0.2 Joined Dec 4, 2018 • Jan 6 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide NGL the chatgpt one is actually okay for a meme this time Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ben Sinclair Ben Sinclair Ben Sinclair Follow I've been a professional C, Perl, PHP and Python developer. I'm an ex-sysadmin from the late 20th century. These days I do more Javascript and CSS and whatnot, and promote UX and accessibility. Location Scotland Education Something something cybernetics Pronouns They/them Work General-purpose software person Joined Aug 29, 2017 • Jan 6 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide All those Star Trek episodes where computers ask, "what is this thing you humans call humour?" were prophetic. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand heckno heckno heckno Follow Joined Sep 4, 2025 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 16 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andrew Burch Andrew Burch Andrew Burch Follow A strange, humorous web developer that enjoys to crack lame jokes and plays the bass clarinet. Yeah, a web dev that plays an instrument! 🤯 I like to roast people 🚩 Location United States of America Pronouns He, him (I'm HIM!) Work Owner of BurchWeb enterprises and does odd jobs. I'm poor... Joined Dec 18, 2024 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide oh god don't even tell me how my sql database is going to handle this Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Reid Burton Reid Burton Reid Burton Follow I am an amateur programmer. I program in more languages than I care to remember. Location string Location = null; Education Homeschooled Pronouns He/Him Work Ceo of unemployment. Joined Nov 7, 2024 • Jan 7 • Edited on Jan 7 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Reminds me of the time that I didn't test my database, shipped it to prod, and someone tried an xss, it failed, but it effectively took down the db in the process due to how the dash processed it. (On the client, I was using a <table> which wont execute any <script> tags in it, but the neondb view didn't render. At all.) I had to write a short sql script to get rid of it. It was "fun". Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand gen2 gen2 gen2 Follow Living in the future, one pixel at a time. Joined Dec 11, 2025 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 9 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Follow Here to document my coding journey & learn new things :) Email maameafia272@gmail.com Location United Kingdom Education Queen Mary University London Pronouns She/Her Joined Jun 1, 2022 • Jan 6 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Follow A simple programmer fond of learning Email varshithvh@gmail.com Location Mangalore Education Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering Work Software Engineer@KPIT Joined Jun 30, 2022 • Jan 7 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I mean he is not wrong 😐 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Follow Here to document my coding journey & learn new things :) Email maameafia272@gmail.com Location United Kingdom Education Queen Mary University London Pronouns She/Her Joined Jun 1, 2022 • Jan 7 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide exactly 😂😂😂 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alvaro Montoro Alvaro Montoro Alvaro Montoro Follow CSS aficionado ⊆ Web Developer ⊆ Software Developer ⊆ Person (He/Him) Location Austin, TX Work UI Manager / CSS Aficionado Joined Apr 27, 2019 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Today's comiCSS cartoon: And, of course, there's also a Tailwind version... I couldn't help myself ;-) Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Rynux Rynux Rynux Follow I'm so lazy to white this. Joined Jun 3, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide this is sin Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Follow A simple programmer fond of learning Email varshithvh@gmail.com Location Mangalore Education Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering Work Software Engineer@KPIT Joined Jun 30, 2022 • Jan 7 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Reid Burton Reid Burton Reid Burton Follow I am an amateur programmer. I program in more languages than I care to remember. Location string Location = null; Education Homeschooled Pronouns He/Him Work Ceo of unemployment. Joined Nov 7, 2024 • Jan 7 • Edited on Jan 7 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ah yes, JavaSCIPT Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand GP GP GP Follow 22 plus years of experience in building responsive web sites and web applications. Location Kitchener, Ontario Education Bangalore University, Karnataka, India Work Front end Architect at Sun Life. We build insurance application for our clients. Joined Nov 5, 2018 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Glad AI did not write it as JAVASPIT :) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand heckno heckno heckno Follow Joined Sep 4, 2025 • Jan 5 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (27 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 More from Ben Halpern Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/server/python/flask | Flask Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Server / Python / Flask Using highlight.io with Python Flask Learn how to set up highlight.io on your Python Flask backend API. 1 Configure client-side Highlight. (optional) If you're using Highlight on the frontend for your application, make sure you've initialized it correctly and followed the fullstack mapping guide . 2 Install the highlight-io python package. Download the package from pypi and save it to your requirements. If you use a zip or s3 file upload to publish your function, you will want to make sure highlight-io is part of the build. poetry add highlight-io # or with pip pip install highlight-io 3 Initialize the Highlight SDK. Setup the SDK to with the Flask integration. from flask import Flask import highlight_io from highlight_io.integrations.flask import FlaskIntegration app = Flask(__name__) # `instrument_logging=True` sets up logging instrumentation. # if you do not want to send logs or are using `loguru`, pass `instrument_logging=False` H = highlight_io.H( "<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", integrations=[FlaskIntegration()], instrument_logging=True, service_name="my-flask-app", service_version="git-sha", environment="production", ) 4 Instrument manual error handlers. If you have existing error handlers, you need to instrument them manually to capture errors. # you may have a custom error handler that formats an error response # make sure to report the error to highlight to capture it @app.errorhandler(Exception) def handle_general_exception(exc: Exception): highlight_io.H.get_instance().record_exception(exc) return jsonify(error="internal error", message=str(exc), trace=traceback.format_exc()), 503 5 Verify your installation. Check that your installation is valid by throwing an error. Add the following code to your Flask app and start the Flask server. Visit http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello in your browser. You should see a DivideByZero error in the Highlight errors page within a few moments. import logging import random import time from flask import Flask import highlight_io from highlight_io.integrations.flask import FlaskIntegration app = Flask(__name__) # `instrument_logging=True` sets up logging instrumentation. # if you do not want to send logs or are using `loguru`, pass `instrument_logging=False` H = highlight_io.H( "<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", integrations=[FlaskIntegration()], instrument_logging=True, service_name="my-flask-app", service_version="git-sha", environment="production", ) @app.route("/hello") def hello(): return f"<h1>bad idea { 5/0 }</h1>" if __name__ == "__main__": app.run() 6 Verify your backend logs are being recorded. Visit the highlight logs portal and check that backend logs are coming in. 7 Verify your backend traces are being recorded. Visit the highlight traces portal and check that backend traces are coming in. FastAPI Google Cloud Functions [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/evanlin | Evan Lin - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Evan Lin Attitude is Everything. @golangtw Co-Organizer / LINE Taiwan Technology Evangelist. Golang GDE. Location Taipei Joined Joined on Jun 16, 2020 Personal website https://www.evanlin.com github website twitter website Work Technology Evangelist at LINE Corp. Google Developer Expert Awarded for publishing your first post under the GDE organization 👏 Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close More info about @evanlin Organizations Google Developer Experts Skills/Languages Golang Post 231 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 2 tags followed Book Sharing: Koreans Are Different Than You Think Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Koreans Are Different Than You Think 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Steve Jobs: The Biography (Updated Edition) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Steve Jobs: The Biography (Updated Edition) # career # leadership # motivation # product Comments Add Comment 4 min read 2020: Review and Outlook Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 2020: Review and Outlook # career # devjournal # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read TIL: Byzantine Generals Problem in Real-World Distributed Systems Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 TIL: Byzantine Generals Problem in Real-World Distributed Systems # computerscience # learning # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Sharing: These Strategists Are Unusual Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: These Strategists Are Unusual # discuss # resources # watercooler Comments Add Comment 3 min read [TIL] Golang community discussion about PTT BBS Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] Golang community discussion about PTT BBS # discuss # community # backend # go Comments Add Comment 15 min read LINE Taiwan Developer Relations: 2020 Review and 2021 Community Plans Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE Taiwan Developer Relations: 2020 Review and 2021 Community Plans # community # developer # devjournal Comments Add Comment 8 min read LINE Taiwan Developer Relations 2020 Review and 2021 Developer Community Plan Report (Part 2: Internal Evangelism) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE Taiwan Developer Relations 2020 Review and 2021 Developer Community Plan Report (Part 2: Internal Evangelism) # community # developer # devjournal Comments Add Comment 4 min read LINE Taiwan DevRel: 2020 Review and 2021 Community Plans (Part 3: Technical Branding and Hiring) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE Taiwan DevRel: 2020 Review and 2021 Community Plans (Part 3: Technical Branding and Hiring) # devjournal # community # marketing # career 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 8 min read Instagram's Rise: Secrets and Costs Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Instagram's Rise: Secrets and Costs # discuss # product # startup Comments Add Comment 5 min read Go 1.16: Retracting Versions in Go Modules Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Go 1.16: Retracting Versions in Go Modules # go # learning # tooling Comments Add Comment 3 min read [Learning Notes] Golang: A Simple Introduction to New Features in Golang 1.16 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] Golang: A Simple Introduction to New Features in Golang 1.16 # go # learning # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Python] Build a Smart Document Assistant LINE Bot with Python + Gemini File Search: Let AI Help You Read Documents Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 11 Python] Build a Smart Document Assistant LINE Bot with Python + Gemini File Search: Let AI Help You Read Documents # gemini # python # rag 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Book Sharing: Creative Selection - An Apple iPhone Software Chief's Exclusive Confession Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Creative Selection - An Apple iPhone Software Chief's Exclusive Confession Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Golang] Issues When Enabling Go Modules in Old Open Source Projects Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Golang] Issues When Enabling Go Modules in Old Open Source Projects # learning # tooling # go # opensource Comments Add Comment 5 min read [TIL][Android] Common Android Studio Project Opening Issues Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL][Android] Common Android Studio Project Opening Issues # help # beginners # android # kotlin Comments Add Comment 2 min read [TIL][Kotlin] Quick Kotlin Syntax Overview Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL][Kotlin] Quick Kotlin Syntax Overview Comments Add Comment 1 min read [Learning Notes] [Golang] How to Develop OAuth2 PKCE with Golang - Using LINE Login as an Example Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] [Golang] How to Develop OAuth2 PKCE with Golang - Using LINE Login as an Example # security # webdev # go # tutorial Comments Add Comment 8 min read [TIL][Jekyll] Replacing Disqus with utterances for GitHub issue comments Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL][Jekyll] Replacing Disqus with utterances for GitHub issue comments # webdev # tooling # github # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Sharing: When to Jump: The Science of Timing Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: When to Jump: The Science of Timing # learning # productivity # resources Comments Add Comment 6 min read [Learning Notes] [Golang] Migrating Disqus Comments to Github Issues by Writing disqus-importor-go Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] [Golang] Migrating Disqus Comments to Github Issues by Writing disqus-importor-go # tooling # github # go # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read [TIL][Go] Using GoReleaser to Package Multiple Executables Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL][Go] Using GoReleaser to Package Multiple Executables # cicd # tooling # go # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read LINE Bot Developer Guide: Important Notes for Receiving Requests via Webhook URL Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE Bot Developer Guide: Important Notes for Receiving Requests via Webhook URL # api # backend # tutorial Comments Add Comment 10 min read Free Online Book Resources (Library Resources) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Free Online Book Resources (Library Resources) # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 3 min read Sharing a Good Book: Iwata Asks - The Legendary Life of the Nintendo Savior, From Genius Programmer to President Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing a Good Book: Iwata Asks - The Legendary Life of the Nintendo Savior, From Genius Programmer to President # learning # gamedev # leadership # career Comments Add Comment 9 min read LINE Bot Developer Guide: Sending API Requests - Notes Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE Bot Developer Guide: Sending API Requests - Notes # learning # api # tutorial # programming Comments Add Comment 9 min read Book Sharing: Life Begins at 40: What to Do Based on the Experiences of 10,000 People Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Life Begins at 40: What to Do Based on the Experiences of 10,000 People # career # productivity # resources Comments Add Comment 7 min read What's the Hardest Thing to Manage? - Silicon Valley VC's Management Wisdom Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 What's the Hardest Thing to Manage? - Silicon Valley VC's Management Wisdom # leadership # management # startup Comments Add Comment 11 min read [Learning Notes] LINE Bot Developer Guide Explained - 4. LINE Login Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] LINE Bot Developer Guide Explained - 4. LINE Login # api # learning # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read LINE Bot Developer Guide: LINE Login (Supplement) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE Bot Developer Guide: LINE Login (Supplement) # api # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read LINE Bot Developer Guide: Other Related Features Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE Bot Developer Guide: Other Related Features # documentation # tutorial # api # programming Comments Add Comment 7 min read Far Cry 5: Game Review (PS4) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Far Cry 5: Game Review (PS4) # discuss # watercooler Comments Add Comment 4 min read Book Sharing: From Zero to One - Uncovering the Secrets of How the World Works and Finding Value in Unexpected Places Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: From Zero to One - Uncovering the Secrets of How the World Works and Finding Value in Unexpected Places # learning # resources # startup Comments Add Comment 6 min read Golang Notes: Trello Application Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Golang Notes: Trello Application # api # go # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read Golang for Mach-O File Reverse Engineering Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Golang for Mach-O File Reverse Engineering # computerscience # go # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read [TIL] Exporting from Apple Notes Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] Exporting from Apple Notes # security # ios # productivity # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read [TIL] Markdown Paste: A VSCode Powerhouse for Pasting Images Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] Markdown Paste: A VSCode Powerhouse for Pasting Images # productivity # tooling # vscode Comments Add Comment 2 min read APCSCamp 2021: How to Learn Programming and Intern at LINE Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 APCSCamp 2021: How to Learn Programming and Intern at LINE # learning # beginners # career # programming Comments Add Comment 10 min read Golang: Trying out Go Proposal 45713 'Multi-Module Workspaces' Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Golang: Trying out Go Proposal 45713 'Multi-Module Workspaces' # go # tooling # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Sharing: "How to Build Your Own Open Source Project" Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing: "How to Build Your Own Open Source Project" # beginners # opensource # tutorial Comments Add Comment 11 min read Book Review: Daylight Robbery - How Taxes Shaped the Past and Will Change the Future Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: Daylight Robbery - How Taxes Shaped the Past and Will Change the Future # discuss # resources # watercooler Comments Add Comment 7 min read Sharing: How to Build Competitiveness and Soft Skills, and Write a Good Resume Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing: How to Build Competitiveness and Soft Skills, and Write a Good Resume # learning # beginners # writing # career Comments Add Comment 9 min read Sharing a Good Book: How to Criticize Effectively (Instead of Yelling) to Build a High-Performing Team Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing a Good Book: How to Criticize Effectively (Instead of Yelling) to Build a High-Performing Team # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Sharing: How a Dividend Investor Covers Daily Expenses with 600 Stocks Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: How a Dividend Investor Covers Daily Expenses with 600 Stocks # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 4 min read [TIL] How to Safely Transfer Your Switch Data to a New OLED Model Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] How to Safely Transfer Your Switch Data to a New OLED Model # watercooler # learning # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read [TIL] Adding a Nice Contributors Icon to Github Releases Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] Adding a Nice Contributors Icon to Github Releases # learning # github # productivity # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read Sharing a Good Book: How to Pick Stocks and Save Millions Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing a Good Book: How to Pick Stocks and Save Millions Comments Add Comment 6 min read [Learning Notes] [Golang] Started Modifying LINE PTT Query Bot Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] [Golang] Started Modifying LINE PTT Query Bot # learning # github # go # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read [Golang] Fixing "undefined: sql.NullTime" Errors with go-pg on Heroku Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Golang] Fixing "undefined: sql.NullTime" Errors with go-pg on Heroku # learning # postgres # backend # go Comments Add Comment 2 min read [TIL] Typora 1.0 and Now Paid (with Useful Resources) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TIL] Typora 1.0 and Now Paid (with Useful Resources) # news # resources # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Sharing: Thinking in Grays Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Thinking in Grays # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 6 min read 2021 Year in Review Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 2021 Year in Review # watercooler # devjournal # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read Book Sharing: Win by Lying Down - Life Isn't Fair: Stock Fish's Ultimate Stock Investing Secrets Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Win by Lying Down - Life Isn't Fair: Stock Fish's Ultimate Stock Investing Secrets Comments Add Comment 7 min read [Tutorial] CI/CD Architecture for a Hugo Blog on Cloud Run Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Tutorial] CI/CD Architecture for a Hugo Blog on Cloud Run # architecture # cicd # cloud # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 1: Better Business Writing in English Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 1: Better Business Writing in English # career # learning # writing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Recommendation: The Most Important Thing Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Recommendation: The Most Important Thing # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 13 min read [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 2: Better Business Writing in English Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 2: Better Business Writing in English # career # learning # writing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Recommendation: Interesting Stories of Emperors - Serious History X Fun Gossip Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Recommendation: Interesting Stories of Emperors - Serious History X Fun Gossip # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 3 min read [TW_DevRel] Campus Resources for LINE Taiwan Developer Relations and Technical Promotion Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TW_DevRel] Campus Resources for LINE Taiwan Developer Relations and Technical Promotion # learning # community # resources # career Comments Add Comment 8 min read Book Recommendation: Everyday Legal Strategies Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Recommendation: Everyday Legal Strategies # watercooler # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/devsecops | Devsecops - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # devsecops Follow Hide Integrating security practices into the DevOps lifecycle. Create Post Older #devsecops posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 𝗪𝗵𝘆 𝗔𝗜-𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗲 𝗢𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗼𝗸𝘀 “𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲” — 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗜𝘀𝗻’𝘁—𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗵𝘆 𝗜 𝗯𝘂𝗶𝗹𝘁 𝗔𝗜-𝗦𝗟𝗢𝗣 𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 Kwansub Yun Kwansub Yun Kwansub Yun Follow Jan 11 𝗪𝗵𝘆 𝗔𝗜-𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗲 𝗢𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗼𝗸𝘀 “𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲” — 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗜𝘀𝗻’𝘁—𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗵𝘆 𝗜 𝗯𝘂𝗶𝗹𝘁 𝗔𝗜-𝗦𝗟𝗢𝗣 𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 # opensource # codequality # devsecops # programming Comments 1 comment 2 min read dgoss: Testing the Container, Not Just the Image Francis Eytan Dortort Francis Eytan Dortort Francis Eytan Dortort Follow Jan 9 dgoss: Testing the Container, Not Just the Image # docker # cicd # devsecops # containers Comments Add Comment 6 min read My Perspective on Amazon Inspector's 2025 Updates for DevSecOps andre aliaman andre aliaman andre aliaman Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 31 '25 My Perspective on Amazon Inspector's 2025 Updates for DevSecOps # aws # devsecops # cicd # security Comments Add Comment 4 min read Implementing Container Signing in Your CI/CD Pipeline: A DevSecOps Approach with AWS andre aliaman andre aliaman andre aliaman Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 31 '25 Implementing Container Signing in Your CI/CD Pipeline: A DevSecOps Approach with AWS # cicd # cybersecurity # aws # devsecops Comments Add Comment 7 min read My Perspective on SBOM: The Glue for DevSecOps andre aliaman andre aliaman andre aliaman Follow Dec 31 '25 My Perspective on SBOM: The Glue for DevSecOps # aws # devsecops # devops # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Missing Piece for AI-Assisted Infrastructure Management Shashi Kanth Shashi Kanth Shashi Kanth Follow Dec 31 '25 The Missing Piece for AI-Assisted Infrastructure Management # mcp # ai # devsecops # homelab Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building a Secure CI/CD Pipeline: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love DevSecOps Mano Nagarajan Mano Nagarajan Mano Nagarajan Follow Dec 30 '25 Building a Secure CI/CD Pipeline: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love DevSecOps # devsecops # cicd # security # devops Comments Add Comment 9 min read Is 'Shift Left' Just Another Buzzword? Rethinking Enterprise Security in 2026 Barecheck Team Barecheck Team Barecheck Team Follow Dec 25 '25 Is 'Shift Left' Just Another Buzzword? Rethinking Enterprise Security in 2026 # devsecops # shiftleft # security # cicd Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building an Intentionally Vulnerable AWS Lab to Teach Cloud Security Karan Vaghela Karan Vaghela Karan Vaghela Follow Dec 21 '25 Building an Intentionally Vulnerable AWS Lab to Teach Cloud Security # aws # cybersecurity # cloud # devsecops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Why 87% of Security Findings Never Get Fixed (And How We Solved It) AuraquanTech AuraquanTech AuraquanTech Follow Dec 17 '25 Why 87% of Security Findings Never Get Fixed (And How We Solved It) # security # devops # opensource # devsecops Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🔧Jenkins: The Heart of Continuous Integration in DevSecOps Jaswant Karun Jaswant Karun Jaswant Karun Follow Dec 18 '25 🔧Jenkins: The Heart of Continuous Integration in DevSecOps # devops # jenkins # devsecops # cicd 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read DevSecOps Periodic Table-Tekton (TK) Nethra Loganathan Nethra Loganathan Nethra Loganathan Follow Dec 18 '25 DevSecOps Periodic Table-Tekton (TK) # devops # devsecops # tekton # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 1 min read Atlassian Bamboo in the DevSecOps Periodic Table ABITHA N 24CB001 ABITHA N 24CB001 ABITHA N 24CB001 Follow Dec 18 '25 Atlassian Bamboo in the DevSecOps Periodic Table # devops # devsecops # programming # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Enforce Allowed Kubernetes Image Registries with Kyverno DEVOPS DYNAMO DEVOPS DYNAMO DEVOPS DYNAMO Follow Dec 16 '25 How to Enforce Allowed Kubernetes Image Registries with Kyverno # kubernetes # devops # devsecops # kyverno Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a DevSecOps Terraform Review Loop with Checkov, Infracost, and AI Jacky Ho Jacky Ho Jacky Ho Follow Dec 16 '25 Building a DevSecOps Terraform Review Loop with Checkov, Infracost, and AI # devsecops # terraform # finops # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Implementing Container Signing in Your CI/CD Pipeline: A DevSecOps Approach with AWS andre aliaman andre aliaman andre aliaman Follow Dec 29 '25 Implementing Container Signing in Your CI/CD Pipeline: A DevSecOps Approach with AWS # cicd # cybersecurity # aws # devsecops Comments Add Comment 7 min read # Defending the Cloud-Native Frontier: Security as Code with Terraform & OPA Alam Alam Alam Follow Dec 19 '25 # Defending the Cloud-Native Frontier: Security as Code with Terraform & OPA # aws # security # infrastructureascode # devsecops Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🔧 Puppet: Automating Infrastructure as Code in DevSecOps Poorvika N Poorvika N Poorvika N Follow Dec 18 '25 🔧 Puppet: Automating Infrastructure as Code in DevSecOps # devops # devsecops # puppet # configurationmanagement Comments 1 comment 3 min read My Perspective on Amazon Inspector's 2025 Updates for DevSecOps andre aliaman andre aliaman andre aliaman Follow Dec 30 '25 My Perspective on Amazon Inspector's 2025 Updates for DevSecOps # aws # devsecops # cicd # security Comments 1 comment 4 min read The 30-Minute Security Audit: Onboarding a New Codebase Ofri Peretz Ofri Peretz Ofri Peretz Follow Dec 31 '25 The 30-Minute Security Audit: Onboarding a New Codebase # security # javascript # eslint # devsecops 9 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read Idempotent Dockerfiles: Desirable Ideal or Misplaced Objective? Francis Eytan Dortort Francis Eytan Dortort Francis Eytan Dortort Follow Dec 3 '25 Idempotent Dockerfiles: Desirable Ideal or Misplaced Objective? # devsecops # docker # cicd # containers Comments Add Comment 5 min read Commit Signing - GnuPG Jesse P. Johnson Jesse P. Johnson Jesse P. Johnson Follow Dec 22 '25 Commit Signing - GnuPG # gnupg # devsecops # development Comments Add Comment 3 min read New Year, Same Curiosity Building Better in Tech Miracle Olorunsola Miracle Olorunsola Miracle Olorunsola Follow Jan 1 New Year, Same Curiosity Building Better in Tech # devsecops # devops # internships 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a DevSecOps Pipeline on AWS: From Security Audit to Daily Deployments Maureen Chebet Maureen Chebet Maureen Chebet Follow Nov 26 '25 Building a DevSecOps Pipeline on AWS: From Security Audit to Daily Deployments # aws # devsecops # security # compliance Comments Add Comment 15 min read Mapping Your Codebase to OWASP Top 10 with 247 ESLint Rules Ofri Peretz Ofri Peretz Ofri Peretz Follow Dec 31 '25 Mapping Your Codebase to OWASP Top 10 with 247 ESLint Rules # security # owasp # eslint # devsecops Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... trending guides/resources How to Automate Vulnerability Scans with Trivy Stop Using localhost:8080 - Why Your Dev Environment Needs Production-Grade Network Security 🚀 8 Software Trends Every Senior Developer Should Watch in 2026 Building a Secure CI/CD Pipeline: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love DevSecOps Fast Code, Fragile Security: How DevSecOps Lost Control (and How We Fix It) EnvSecOps - What It Actually Is (And Why DevSecOps Won't Cut It) Building a DevSecOps Terraform Review Loop with Checkov, Infracost, and AI From APK to Source Code: The Dark Art of App Decompiling (2025 Edition) # Defending the Cloud-Native Frontier: Security as Code with Terraform & OPA HashiCorp Vault: A Core Security Tool in DevSecOps Building a DevSecOps Pipeline on AWS: From Security Audit to Daily Deployments dgoss: Testing the Container, Not Just the Image DevSecOps Periodic Table-Tekton (TK) 🚀 Introducing VulnFeed - Real-Time Vulnerability Tracking for CISA & Red Hat My Perspective on SBOM: The Glue for DevSecOps 🔧 Puppet: Automating Infrastructure as Code in DevSecOps New Year, Same Curiosity Building Better in Tech 𝗪𝗵𝘆 𝗔𝗜-𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗲 𝗢𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗼𝗸𝘀 “𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲” — 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗜𝘀𝗻’𝘁—𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗵𝘆 𝗜 𝗯𝘂𝗶𝗹𝘁 𝗔𝗜-𝗦𝗟𝗢𝗣 𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 How to Enforce Allowed Kubernetes Image Registries with Kyverno Implementing Container Signing in Your CI/CD Pipeline: A DevSecOps Approach with AWS 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/ai/page/13 | Artificial Intelligence Page 13 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Artificial Intelligence Follow Hide Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities found in humans and in nature. Create Post submission guidelines Posts about artificial intelligence. Older #ai posts 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu A2UI Protocol: Building Intelligent Agent-to-User Interfaces vishalmysore vishalmysore vishalmysore Follow Jan 10 A2UI Protocol: Building Intelligent Agent-to-User Interfaces # google # ai # agents # ui Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Handle Authentication for AI Agents (Without Hardcoding Cookies) jacobgadek jacobgadek jacobgadek Follow Jan 10 How to Handle Authentication for AI Agents (Without Hardcoding Cookies) # ai # python # security # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Making data conversational: Building MCP Servers as API bridges Ed G Ed G Ed G Follow Jan 12 Making data conversational: Building MCP Servers as API bridges # mcp # api # ai # architecture 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 5 min read Building With AI Made Me Realize How Often We Don’t Understand Our Own Code azril hakim azril hakim azril hakim Follow Jan 11 Building With AI Made Me Realize How Often We Don’t Understand Our Own Code # ai # softwaredevelopment # programming # productivity 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Neiler-64 Neil Neil Neil Follow Jan 10 Neiler-64 # programming # ai # beginners # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read The M3 MacBook Pro Is a Rip-Off for Most People (Here's What to Buy Instead) ii-x ii-x ii-x Follow Jan 10 The M3 MacBook Pro Is a Rip-Off for Most People (Here's What to Buy Instead) # ai # tech # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read DevOps Explained: From Buzzword to Real-World Practice 🚀 Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 10 DevOps Explained: From Buzzword to Real-World Practice 🚀 # devops # cloudnative # tutorial # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a Self-Evolving AI Coding System kyoungsookim kyoungsookim kyoungsookim Follow Jan 10 I Built a Self-Evolving AI Coding System # ai # claude # productivity # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Death of the Loop: Why Senior Data Scientists Think in Vectors Python Baires Python Baires Python Baires Follow Jan 10 The Death of the Loop: Why Senior Data Scientists Think in Vectors # programming # datascience # python # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Will AI Make Jobs Better or Obsolete? A Global and African Perspective Abdulmalik Musa Abdulmalik Musa Abdulmalik Musa Follow Jan 10 Will AI Make Jobs Better or Obsolete? A Global and African Perspective # discuss # ai # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read Build Your Own iMessage AI Bot in Minutes with blooio David Harvey David Harvey David Harvey Follow Jan 10 Build Your Own iMessage AI Bot in Minutes with blooio # ai # n8n # automation # imessage Comments Add Comment 4 min read Stop Feeding Big Tech AI: Why We Built a Private Cloud Storage Alternative Valt aoi Valt aoi Valt aoi Follow Jan 10 Stop Feeding Big Tech AI: Why We Built a Private Cloud Storage Alternative # ai # cloud # privacy # cloudstorage 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Incremark Now Supports Solid: One Library for Vue, React, Svelte, and Solid king king king Follow Jan 10 Incremark Now Supports Solid: One Library for Vue, React, Svelte, and Solid # incremark # markdown # solid # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Truth of IT, AI and sense djuleayo djuleayo djuleayo Follow Jan 10 Truth of IT, AI and sense # discuss # ai # automation Comments Add Comment 4 min read Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 10 Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar # showdev # ai # programming # spanish Comments Add Comment 5 min read 📊 2026-01-10 - Daily Intelligence Recap - Top 9 Signals Agent_Asof Agent_Asof Agent_Asof Follow Jan 10 📊 2026-01-10 - Daily Intelligence Recap - Top 9 Signals # tech # programming # startup # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Tailwind Labs' Problem Pradhumna Pancholi Pradhumna Pancholi Pradhumna Pancholi Follow Jan 10 The Tailwind Labs' Problem # webdev # tailwindcss # opensource # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Quantum edge trading Neil Neil Neil Follow Jan 10 Quantum edge trading # ai # machinelearning # firstyearincode # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a High-Converting Travel Landing Page: Modern Web Techniques That Boosted Engagement 340% msm yaqoob msm yaqoob msm yaqoob Follow Jan 10 I Built a High-Converting Travel Landing Page: Modern Web Techniques That Boosted Engagement 340% # webdev # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Multitasking Me and Claude chrismo chrismo chrismo Follow Jan 11 Multitasking Me and Claude # discuss # ai # productivity # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Backing Up My Brain Before the Army: How I Automated My Blog Workflow with Python & AI AaronWuBuilds AaronWuBuilds AaronWuBuilds Follow Jan 11 Backing Up My Brain Before the Army: How I Automated My Blog Workflow with Python & AI # ai # automation # productivity # python Comments Add Comment 4 min read 7 AI Meeting Notes Apps to Transform Productivity in 2026 Anas Kayssi Anas Kayssi Anas Kayssi Follow Jan 10 7 AI Meeting Notes Apps to Transform Productivity in 2026 # productivity # ai # remotework # techtools Comments Add Comment 5 min read Local AI Therapy: Fine-Tuning Mistral-7B on Apple Silicon with MLX & LoRA (M3 Max Performance!) 🚀 wellallyTech wellallyTech wellallyTech Follow Jan 10 Local AI Therapy: Fine-Tuning Mistral-7B on Apple Silicon with MLX & LoRA (M3 Max Performance!) 🚀 # ai # python # machinelearning # applesilicon Comments Add Comment 4 min read Un sistema gobernable debe ser estructuralmente Sustituible Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 10 Un sistema gobernable debe ser estructuralmente Sustituible # discuss # ai # architecture # systemdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Make GitHub Work for You: GitHub MCP and Dependabot Dany Paredes Dany Paredes Dany Paredes Follow Jan 11 Make GitHub Work for You: GitHub MCP and Dependabot # github # ai # mcp Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://piccalil.li/author/mat-wilto-marquis | Mat “Wilto” Marquis - Piccalilli Front-end education for the real world. Since 2018. — From set.studio Articles Links Courses Newsletter Merch Login Switch to Dark Theme RSS Author Mat “Wilto” Marquis Mat has kept busy pretty during his decade and a half of working on the web: from a member of the jQuery Team, to an editor of the HTML specification, to a speaker at conferences like An Event Apart and Smashing, to two-time author for A Book Apart and Google’s web.dev on the topics of images and JavaScript . As an independent consultant , Mat’s goal is to ensure that meaningful, well-structured content can reach users in any browsing context—regardless of the size of their screen, the speed of their internet connection, age of their device, or the combination of browsers and assistive technologies they use to experience the web. Elsewhere on the web: JavaScript for Everyone course Website Mastodon GitHub Latest articles by Mat “Wilto” Marquis Date is out, Temporal is in Temporal is the Date system we always wanted in JavaScript. It's extremely close to being available so Mat Marquis thought it would be a good idea to explain exactly what is better about this new JavaScript date system. JavaScript By Mat “Wilto” Marquis 07 January 2026 NaN, the not-a-number number that isn’t NaN We're pretty aware, generally that JavaScript is weird, but did you know Not-A-Number (NaN) is a type of number? Mat Marquis walks us through why that is and how to deal with NaN well in your codebases. JavaScript By Mat “Wilto” Marquis 23 October 2025 A Q&A with JavaScript for Everyone author, Mat Marquis To celebrate the launch of JavaScript for Everyone, we gathered some questions from the community for Mat to answer to give you some more insight into the why of the course, along with some sage advice. Announcements By Mat “Wilto” Marquis 16 October 2025 JavaScript, what is this? In the second part of his series, Mat Marquis explains what “this” actually is and helps you to understand what it equates to, based on various contexts. JavaScript By Mat “Wilto” Marquis 08 May 2025 JavaScript, when is this? JavaScript’s “this” keyword trips up all developers — junior and senior. In the first of two parts, Mat Marquis goes deep on the groundwork you need to better understand “this” and how it works. JavaScript By Mat “Wilto” Marquis 30 April 2025 View all 6 articles by Mat “Wilto” Marquis From set.studio About Code of Conduct Privacy and cookie policy Terms and conditions Contact Advertise Support us RSS | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://core.forem.com/forem_project_bot/forem-weekly-repo-recap-new-community-hub-email-fixes-markdown-improvements-h9p | Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Forem Project News Posted on Oct 31, 2025 Forem Weekly Repo Recap: New Community Hub, Email Fixes & Markdown Improvements # product # deployment # opensource # news Hello Forem contributors and community members! This week saw a flurry of activity focused on introducing and refining a brand new feature: the Community Hub. We also merged several key fixes to improve content creation and notifications. ✨ New Feature: The Community Hub The highlight of the week is the introduction of the new Community Hub page! This new feature provides a central place for community interaction and discovery. The initial implementation was quickly followed by a series of rapid tweaks to refine the user experience and interface. Add community hub page #22519 benhalpern posted on Oct 29, 2025 What type of PR is this? (check all applicable) [ ] Refactor [x] Feature [ ] Bug Fix [ ] Optimization [ ] Documentation Update Description Experimental new page which aggregates a bunch of community stuff into one page to see what's going on. Could be configurable etc. View on GitHub 🛠️ Key Fixes & Enhancements Beyond new features, we also focused on improving existing functionality for a better user experience: Email & Authorship Fixes: A crucial fix was merged to correct issues with broken links in emails and ensure proper post authorship is always displayed. This resolves a significant pain point for both authors and readers. Fix email links and authorship issues #22524 benhalpern posted on Oct 31, 2025 What type of PR is this? (check all applicable) [ ] Refactor [x] Feature [x] Bug Fix [ ] Optimization [ ] Documentation Update Description Currently emails lack subforem awareness — this generally adjust emails to be contextually aware of the subforem the user came in on. View on GitHub Improved Markdown Linking: Creating content just got a little easier. The markdown parser now correctly handles non-HTTP links (like mailto: ), preventing them from breaking when rendered. Handle non http links in markdown #22516 benhalpern posted on Oct 28, 2025 What type of PR is this? (check all applicable) [ ] Refactor [x] Feature [ ] Bug Fix [ ] Optimization [ ] Documentation Update Description This gives markdown more flexibility in handling links such as mailto View on GitHub 🧹 Housekeeping & Other Updates This week also included important maintenance work, such as a fix for a flaky test in the admin action panel specs and the removal of an unnecessary check in the tagged articles controller to streamline our codebase. A big thank you to everyone who contributed this week! We're excited to see these changes live in Forem communities everywhere. Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Oct 31 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide These repo recaps are a new concept we're experimenting with particularly for project-focused subforems. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Forem Project News Follow Helpful recaps from the core Forem repo! Joined Oct 31, 2025 More from Forem Project News Forem Project Weekly: Scheduled Automations, Image Generation & UX Upgrades # opensource # performance # productivity # uiux 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%22AI%20in%20Assistive%20Technologies%20for%20People%20with%20Visual%20Impairments%22%20by%20Tatyana%20Bayramova%2C%20CPACC%20%23DEVCommunity%20https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Ftatyanabayramova%2Fai-in-assistive-technologies-for-people-with-visual-impairments-3peh | JavaScript is not available. We’ve detected that JavaScript is disabled in this browser. Please enable JavaScript or switch to a supported browser to continue using x.com. You can see a list of supported browsers in our Help Center. Help Center Terms of Service Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint Ads info © 2026 X Corp. Something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. Try again Some privacy related extensions may cause issues on x.com. Please disable them and try again. | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://piccalil.li/blog/date-is-out-and-temporal-is-in/#moon | Date is out, Temporal is in - Piccalilli Front-end education for the real world. Since 2018. — From set.studio Articles Links Courses Newsletter Merch Login Switch to Dark Theme RSS Date is out, Temporal is in Mat “Wilto” Marquis , 07 January 2026 Topic: JavaScript Save 15% on all of our premium courses until the end of January! Check out the courses Advert Time makes fools of us all, and JavaScript is no slouch in that department either. Honestly, I’ve never minded the latter much — in fact, if you’ve taken JavaScript for Everyone or tuned into the newsletter , you already know that I largely enjoy JavaScript’s little quirks, believe it or not. I like when you can see the seams; I like how, for as formal and iron-clad as the ES-262 specification might seem, you can still see all the good and bad decisions made by the hundreds of people who’ve been building the language in mid-flight, if you know where to look. JavaScript has character . Sure, it doesn’t necessarily do everything exactly the way one might expect, but y’know, if you ask me, JavaScript has a real charm once you get to know it! There’s one part of the language where that immediately falls apart for me, though. Code language js Copy to clipboard // Numeric months are zero-indexed, but years and days are not: console . log ( new Date ( 2026 , 1 , 1 ) ) ; // Result: Date Sun Feb 01 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) The Date constructor. Code language js Copy to clipboard // A numeric string between 32 and 49 is assumed to be in the 2000s: console . log ( new Date ( "49" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 2049 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A numeric string between 33 and 99 is assumed to be in the 1900s: console . log ( new Date ( "99" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 1999 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // ...But 100 and up start from year zero: console . log ( new Date ( "100" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 0100 00:00:00 GMT-0456 (Eastern Standard Time) I dislike Date immensely . Code language js Copy to clipboard // A string-based date works the way you might expect: console . log ( new Date ( "2026/1/2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A leading zero on the month? No problem; one is one, right? console . log ( new Date ( "2026/02/2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Feb 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // Slightly different formatting? Sure! console . log ( new Date ( "2026-02-2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Feb 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A leading zero on the day? Of course; why wouldn't it work? console . log ( new Date ( '2026/01/02' ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // Unless, of course, you separate the year, month, and date with hyphens. // Then it gets the _day_ wrong. console . log ( new Date ( '2026-01-02' ) ) ; // Result: Date Thu Jan 01 2026 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) Date sucks. It was hastily and shamelessly copied off of Java’s homework in the car on the way to school and it got all the same answers wrong, right down to the name at the top of the page: Date doesn’t represent a date , it represents a time . Internally, dates are stored as number values called time values : Unix timestamps, divided into 1,000 milliseconds — which, okay, yes, a Unix time does also necessarily imply a date, sure, but still : Date represents a time, from which you can infer a date. Gross. Code language js Copy to clipboard // Unix timestamp for Monday, December 4, 1995 12:00:00 AM GMT-05 (the day JavaScript was announced): const timestamp = 818053200 ; console . log ( new Date ( timestamp * 1000 ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Dec 04 1995 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) Words like “date” and “time” mean things, but, sure — whatever, JavaScript . Java deprecated their Date way back in 1997, only a few years after JavaScript’s Date was turned loose on the unsuspecting world; meanwhile, we’ve been saddled with this mess ever since. It’s wildly inconsistent when it comes to parsing dates, as you’ve seen so far here. It has no sense of time zones beyond the local one and GMT, which is not ideal where “world-wide” is right there in the web’s name — and speaking-of, Date only respects the Gregorian calendar model. It wholesale does not understand the concept of daylight savings time, which— I mean, okay, yeah, samesies, but I’m not made of computers . All these shortcomings make it exceptionally common to use a third-party library dedicated to working around it all, some of which are absolutely massive ; a performance drain that has done real and measurable damage to the web. None of these are my major issue with Date . My complaint is about more than parsing or syntax or “developer ergonomics” or the web-wide performance impact of wholly necessary workarounds or even the definition of the word “date.” My issue with Date is soul-deep. My problem with Date is that using it means deviating from the fundamental nature of time itself . Advert All JavaScript’s primitives values are immutable , meaning that the values themselves cannot be changed. The number value 3 can never represent anything but the concept of “three” — you can’t make true mean anything other than “true.” These are values with concrete, iron-clad, real-world meanings. We know what three is. It can’t be some other non-three thing. These immutable data types are stored by value , meaning that a variable that represents the number value 3 effectively “contains” — and thus behaves as — the number value 3 . When an immutable value is assigned to a variable, the JavaScript engine creates a copy of that value and stores the copy in memory: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; console . log ( theNumber ) ; // Result: 3 This fits the common mental model for “a variable” just fine: theNumber “contains” 3 . When we initialize theOtherNumber with the value bound to theNumber , that mental model holds: once again a 3 is created and stored in memory. theOtherNumber can now be thought of as containing its own discrete 3 . Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; const theOtherNumber = theNumber ; console . log ( theOtherNumber ) ; // Result: 3; The value of theNumber isn’t changed when we alter the value associated with theOtherNumber , of course — again, we’re working with two discrete instances of 3 . Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; let theOtherNumber = theNumber ; theOtherNumber = 5 ; console . log ( theOtherNumber ) ; // Result: 5; console . log ( theNumber ) ; // Result: 3 When you change the value bound to theOtherNumber , you’re not changing the 3 , you’re creating a new, immutable number value and binding that in its place. Hence an error when you try to tinker with a variable declared using const : Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; theNumber = 5 ; // Result: Uncaught TypeError: invalid assignment to const 'theNumber' You can’t change the binding of a const , and you definitely can’t alter the meaning of 3 . Data types that can be changed after they’re created are mutable , meaning that the data value itself can be altered. Object values — any non-primitive value, like an array, map, or set — are mutable. Variables (and object properties, function parameters, and elements in an array, set, or map) can’t “contain” an object, the way we might think of theNumber in the example above as “containing” 3 . A variable can contain either a primitive value or a reference value , the latter of which is a pointer to that object’s stored location in memory. When you assign an object to a variable, instead of creating a copy of that object, the identifier represents a reference to the object’s stored position in memory. That’s why an object bound to a variable declared with const can still be altered: the reference value can’t be changed, but the values of the object can: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theObject = { theValue : 3 } ; theObject . theValue ++ ; console . log ( theObject . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 You still can’t change the binding of a const , but you can alter the object that binding references. When a reference value is assigned from one variable to another, the JavaScript engine creates a copy of that reference value — not the object value itself, the way a discrete copy is made of a primitive value. Both identifiers point to the same object in memory — any changes made to that object by way of one reference will be reflected by the others, because they’re all referencing the same thing: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theObject = { theValue : 3 } ; const theOtherObj = theObject ; theOtherObj . theValue ++ ; console . log ( theOtherObj . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 console . log ( theObject . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 This is what gets me about JavaScript’s date handling. Despite representing “point to it on a calendar” values, JavaScript’s date values are mutable — Date is a constructor, invoking a constructor with new necessarily results in an object, and all objects are inherently mutable: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( typeof theDate ) ; // Result: object Even though “January 1st, 2026” is as much an immutable real-world concept as “three” or “true,” the only way we have of representing that date is a with a mutable data structure. This also means that any variable initialized with an instance of the Date constructor contains a reference value, pointing to a data value in memory that can be changed by way of any reference to that value: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( theDate . toDateString ( ) ) ; // Result: Tue Dec 30 2025 theDate . setMonth ( 10 ) ; console . log ( theDate . toDateString ( ) ) ; // Result: Sun Nov 30 2025 Again, we’re going to breeze right over the fact that month 10 is November . So despite real-world dates having set-in-stone meanings , the process of interacting with an instance of Date that represents that real-world value can mean altering that instance in ways we didn’t necessarily intend: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { theDate . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return theDate ; } ; console . log ( ` Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } , tomorrow is ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Today is 12/31/2025. Tomorrow is 1/1/2026. Fine so far, right? Today is today, tomorrow is tomorrow; all is right in the world. You’d be forgiven for committing this to a codebase and moving on with your day. That is, unless we reordered the output slightly. Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { theDate . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return theDate ; } ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 1/1/2026. Today is 1/1/2026. See what happened there? the variable today represents a reference to the object created by new Date() . When we provided today as an argument to the addDay function, the parameter theDate now represents a copy of the reference value — not a copy of the value, but a second reference to the object that represents today’s date. When we manipulate that value to determine the date of the following day, we’re manipulating the mutable object in memory, not an immutable copy — today becomes tomorrow, the falcon has a hard time hearing the falconer, the center starts to look a little iffy vis-a-vis “holding,” and so on. Now, by this point you can probably tell that I’m not here to praise Date , but what you might not expect is that I’m here to bury it. That’s right: Date is soon to be over, done, gone, as “deprecated” as any part of the web platform can be — which is to say, “around forever, but you shouldn’t use it anymore, if you can avoid it.” Soon we will — at long last — have an object that replaces Date wholesale: Temporal . Advert Temporal is not a constructor, it’s a namespace object The sharp-eyed among you may have noticed that I said “an object that replaces Date ,” not “a constructor.” Temporal is not a constructor, and your browser’s developer console will tell you the same if you attempt to invoke it as one: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Temporal ( ) ; // Uncaught TypeError: Temporal is not a constructor Temporal is a way better name for something that pertains to time , if you ask me. Instead, Temporal is a namespace object — an ordinary object made up of static properties and methods, like the Math object: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal { … } Duration: function Duration() Instant: function Instant() Now: Temporal.Now { … } PlainDate: function PlainDate() PlainDateTime: function PlainDateTime() PlainMonthDay: function PlainMonthDay() PlainTime: function PlainTime() PlainYearMonth: function PlainYearMonth() ZonedDateTime: function ZonedDateTime() Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal" */ I find this immediately understandable compared to Date . The classes and namespaces objects that Temporal contains allow you to calculate durations between two points in time, represent a point in time with or without time zone specificity , or access the current moment in time via the Now property. Temporal.Now references a namespace object containing properties and methods of its own: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal . Now ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal.Now { … } instant: function instant() plainDateISO: function plainDateISO() plainDateTimeISO: function plainDateTimeISO() plainTimeISO: function plainTimeISO() timeZoneId: function timeZoneId() zonedDateTimeISO: function zonedDateTimeISO() Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal.Now" <prototype>: Object { … } */ Temporal gives us a sensible, plain-language way to grab today’s date, a la raggedy old Date : the Now property contains a plainDateISO() method. Since we’re not specifying anything in the way of time zones (a thing we can do now, thanks to Temporal) that method gives us back today’s date in the current one — EST, in my case: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } */ Notice how plainDateISO results in an already-formatted, date-only value? Stay tuned; that’ll come up again later. —wait. That looks familiar: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; const nowDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } */ console . log ( nowDate ) ; /* Result (expanded): Date Tue Dec 31 2025 11:05:52 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) <prototype>: Date.prototype { … } */ Could it be that—… Code language js Copy to clipboard const rightNow = Temporal . Now . instant ( ) ; console . log ( typeof rightNow ) ; // object Yes, we’re still working with a mutable object that represents the current date , I say in my spookiest voice, flashlight squarely beneath my chin. At a glance, this might not seem like it addresses my big complaint with Date at all. Well, we’re kind of at the mercy of the nature of the language, here: dates represent complex real-world values, complex data necessitates complex data structures, and for JavaScript, that means objects. The difference is in how we interact with these Temporal objects, as compared to instances of Date , and — as is so often the case — the magic is in the prototype chain: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; console . log ( nowTemporal . __proto__ ) ; /* Result (expanded): Object { … } add: function add() calendarId: >> constructor: function PlainDate() day: >> dayOfWeek: >> dayOfYear: >> daysInMonth: >> daysInWeek: >> daysInYear: >> equals: function equals() era: >> eraYear: >> inLeapYear: >> month: >> monthCode: >> monthsInYear: >> since: function since() subtract: function subtract() toJSON: function toJSON() toLocaleString: function toLocaleString() toPlainDateTime: function toPlainDateTime() toPlainMonthDay: function toPlainMonthDay() toPlainYearMonth: function toPlainYearMonth() toString: function toString() toZonedDateTime: function toZonedDateTime() until: function until() valueOf: function valueOf() weekOfYear: >> with: function with() withCalendar: function withCalendar() year: >> yearOfWeek: >> Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal.PlainDate" <get calendarId()>: function calendarId() <get day()>: function day() <get dayOfWeek()>: function dayOfWeek() <get dayOfYear()>: function dayOfYear() <get daysInMonth()>: function daysInMonth() <get daysInWeek()>: function daysInWeek() <get daysInYear()>: function daysInYear() <get era()>: function era() <get eraYear()>: function eraYear() <get inLeapYear()>: function inLeapYear() */ Right away you’ll notice that there are a number of methods and properties devoted to accessing, formatting, and manipulating the details of the Temporal object we’re working with. No big surprises there — it means a little bit of a learning curve, sure, but nothing an occasional trip over to MDN couldn’t solve, and they all more-or-less do what they say on their respective tins. The big difference from working with Date is how they do so, at a fundamental level: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; // Current local date: console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-30 <prototype>: Object { … } */ // Current local year: console . log ( nowTemporal . year ) ; // Result: 2025 // Current local date and time: console . log ( nowTemporal . toPlainDateTime ( ) ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDateTime 2025-12-30T00:00:00 <prototype>: Object { … } */ // Specify that this date represents the Europe/London time zone: console . log ( nowTemporal . toZonedDateTime ( "Europe/London" ) ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal.ZonedDateTime 2025-12-30T00:00:00+00:00[Europe/London] <prototype>: Object { … } */ // Add a day to this date: console . log ( nowTemporal . add ( { days : 1 } ) ) ; /* Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } */ // Add one month and one day to this date, and subtract two years: console . log ( nowTemporal . add ( { months : 1 , days : 1 } ) . subtract ( { years : 2 } ) ) ; /* Temporal.PlainDate 2024-01-31 <prototype>: Object { … } */ console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-30 <prototype>: Object { … } */ Notice how none of these transformations required us to manually spin up any new objects, and that the value of the object referenced by nowTemporal remains unchanged? Unlike Date , the methods we use to interact with a Temporal object result in new Temporal objects, rather than requiring us to use them in the context of a new instance or to modify the instance we’re working with — which is how we’re able to chain the add and subtract methods together in nowTemporal.add({ months: 1, days: 1 }).subtract({ years: 2 }) . Sure, we’re still working with objects, and that means we’re working with mutable data structures that represent real-world values: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; nowTemporal . someProperty = true ; console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2026-01-05 someProperty: true <prototype>: Object { … } …But the value represented by that Temporal object isn’t meant to be changed during the normal course of interacting with it — even though the object is still essentially mutable, we’re not stuck using that object in ways that could alter what it means in terms of real-world dates and times. I’ll take it. So, let’s revisit that janky little “today is X, tomorrow is Y” script we wrote using Date earlier. First, we’ll fix it by making sure we’re working with two discrete instances of Date rather than modifying the instance that represents today’s date: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { const tomorrow = new Date ( ) ; tomorrow . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return tomorrow ; } ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 1/1/2026. Today is 12/31/2025. Thanks, I hate it. Okay, fine. It gets the job done, just as it has since the day Date first bumbled its way onto the web. We’re not unwittingly altering the value of today since we’re spinning up a new instance of Date inside our addDay function — wordy, but it works, as it has for decades now. We add 1 to it, which we have to just kind of know means add one day. Then in our template literal we need to keep nudging JavaScript to give us the date in a format that doesn’t include the current time, as a string. It’s functional, but verbose. Now, let’s redo it using Temporal : Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ today . add ( { days : 1 } ) } . Today is ${ today } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 2026-01-01. Today is 2025-12-31. Now we’re talking. So much better . Leaner, meaner, and way less margin for error. We want today’s date without the time, and the object that results from invoking plainDateISO (and any new Temporal objects created from it) will retain that formatting without being coerced to a string. Formatting: check . We want to output a value that represents today’s date plus one day, and we want to do so in a way where we are unmistakably saying “add one day to it” with no parsing guesswork: check and check . Most importantly, we don’t want to run the risk of having our original today object altered unintentionally — because the result of calling the add method will always be a new Temporal object: check . Temporal is going to be a massive improvement over Date , and I only say “going to be” because it still isn’t quite ready for prime-time usage. The draft specification for the proposed Temporal object has reached stage three of the standardization process, meaning it is now officially “recommended for implementation” — not yet part of the standard that informs the ongoing development of JavaScript itself, but close enough that browsers can start tinkering with it. That means the results of that early experimentation may be used to further refine the specification, so nothing is set in stone just yet. Web standards are an iterative process, after all. That’s where you and I come in. Now that Temporal has landed in the latest versions of Chrome and Firefox — and others, soon — it’s time for us to get in there and kick the tires a little bit. We may not have had any say in Date , but we get to experiment with Temporal before the final implementations land. Soon, JavaScript will have sensible, modern date handling, and we’ll finally be able to cram Date way in the back of the junk drawer with the rubber bands, mismatched jar lids, mystery keys, and probably-half-empty AA batteries — still present, still an inexorable part of the web platform, but no longer our first, last, and only way of handling dates. And we only had to wait— well, hold on, let me just crunch the numbers real quick: Try it out const today = Temporal.Now.plainDateISO(); const jsShipped = Temporal.PlainDate.from( "1995-12-04" ); const sinceDate = today.since( jsShipped, { largestUnit: 'year' }); console.log( `${ sinceDate.years } years, ${ sinceDate.months } months, and ${ sinceDate.days } days.` ); Run Sure, the best time to replace Date would’ve been back in 1995, but hey: the second best time is Temporal.Now , right? Enjoyed this article? You can support us by leaving a tip via Open Collective Advert Author Mat “Wilto” Marquis Independent front-end developer, designer, author of Javascript For Web Designers, JavaScript for Everyone, and hobby collector. Check out Mat’s JavaScript Course More about Mat “Wilto” Marquis Newsletter Newsletter Join thousands of subscribers and discover our twice weekly newsletter, featuring high quality, curated design, dev and tech links. Short. ~5 links, twice weekly Digestible. Readable in ~1–2 mins Curated. Good links, curated by humans, not AI Free. Zero cost, and no spam, ever Enter your email Subscribe Name Loading, please wait… Powered by Postmark - Privacy policy Subscribe via RSS From set.studio About Code of Conduct Privacy and cookie policy Terms and conditions Contact Advertise Support us RSS | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/drbearhands | DrBearhands - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions DrBearhands 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Apr 9, 2018 Personal website https://drbearhands.com/ github website Education MSc. Artificial Intelligence Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. Got it Close Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Trusted Member 2022 Awarded for being a trusted member in 2022. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close 8 Week Writing Streak The streak continues! You've written at least one post per week for 8 consecutive weeks. Unlock the 16-week badge next! Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close 4 Week Writing Streak You've posted at least one post per week for 4 consecutive weeks! Got it Close More info about @drbearhands Skills/Languages Dependent types, 3D algorithms/graphics, high performance computing. C++, Haskell, Idris, Python, JavaScript... mostly Currently hacking on Expressing the WebGL spec only as types My own holistic purely functional language Micropayment systems Post 65 posts published Comment 261 comments written Tag 13 tags followed The glTF file format for 3D models has some issues DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Dec 19 '24 The glTF file format for 3D models has some issues Comments 1 comment 7 min read Want to connect with DrBearhands? Create an account to connect with DrBearhands. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Web Monetization debunked DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Aug 31 '22 Web Monetization debunked # webmonetization # scam 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 15 min read The Abstract Syntax Tree DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Dec 2 '21 The Abstract Syntax Tree 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read On automated versioning strategies for CI/CD pipelines DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 25 '21 On automated versioning strategies for CI/CD pipelines Comments Add Comment 8 min read Planning my own programming language. DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 4 '21 Planning my own programming language. 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Prematurely hand-optimizing C++ code for shits and giggles DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 1 '21 Prematurely hand-optimizing C++ code for shits and giggles # cpp # performance 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Idris2+WebGL: Hiatus DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Oct 28 '21 Idris2+WebGL: Hiatus # idris # webgl 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Steam blockchain ban: pragmatic or essential? DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Oct 20 '21 Steam blockchain ban: pragmatic or essential? # blockchain # games # cryptogaming # nft 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Feedback request on "hollistic" programming language idea DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Oct 15 '21 Feedback request on "hollistic" programming language idea 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #17: A Hoare state failure DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Oct 8 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #17: A Hoare state failure # idris # functional # webgl 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read The hardest thing I ever did explained as simply as possible. DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Sep 5 '21 The hardest thing I ever did explained as simply as possible. # functional # logic # idris 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 15 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #16: Binding programs again DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Aug 20 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #16: Binding programs again # idris # functional # webgl 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #15: Restricting arguments to a list DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Aug 7 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #15: Restricting arguments to a list # idris # functional # webgl 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #14: Getting back into it DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Aug 4 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #14: Getting back into it # idris # functional # webgl 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Silliest reasons that a job interview process ended? DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Apr 15 '21 Silliest reasons that a job interview process ended? # discuss # watercooler 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Where to find charitable dev work? DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Mar 28 '21 Where to find charitable dev work? 3 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #13: Slow and frustrating progress DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Mar 10 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #13: Slow and frustrating progress # idris # functional 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #12: Linear algebra with linear types... not great DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Mar 1 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #12: Linear algebra with linear types... not great # idris # functional # math 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #11: No linearity with monadic errors (for now) DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 23 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #11: No linearity with monadic errors (for now) # idris # functional Comments Add Comment 3 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #10: Implicit arguments & monad transformers DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 16 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #10: Implicit arguments & monad transformers # idris # functional # types 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #9: Ensuring uniforms belong to bound program DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 10 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #9: Ensuring uniforms belong to bound program # idris # functional # types 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #8: Baby's first dependent type DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 31 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #8: Baby's first dependent type # idris # functional 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #7: Short code quality update DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 27 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #7: Short code quality update # idris # functional # linearity # qtt Comments Add Comment 2 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #6: Bye IO monad, hello GL monad DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 24 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #6: Bye IO monad, hello GL monad # idris # functional # linearity # qtt 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #5: Linearity continued DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 19 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #5: Linearity continued # idris # functional # types # qtt Comments Add Comment 4 min read Idris2+WebGL, part#4: Troubles with linearity DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 14 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part#4: Troubles with linearity # idris # functional # types # qtt 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Idris2+WebGL, part#3: Preliminary performance test DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 10 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part#3: Preliminary performance test # idris # functional 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #2: some animation DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 9 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #2: some animation # idris # functional # types 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Idris2+WebGL, part #1: Hello triangle, first thoughts DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 4 '21 Idris2+WebGL, part #1: Hello triangle, first thoughts # idris # functional # type 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Every bug is a type error DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Dec 26 '20 Every bug is a type error 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read The trias politica needs an IT branch DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jun 29 '20 The trias politica needs an IT branch # opinion # politics # governance 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Haskell for madmen: Wrapping up and closing remarks DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Dec 6 '19 Haskell for madmen: Wrapping up and closing remarks # haskell # tutorial 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Haskell for madmen: Contravariant input DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 27 '19 Haskell for madmen: Contravariant input # haskell # tutorial # postgres # hasql 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Haskell for madmen: Reflection and cleanup DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 12 '19 Haskell for madmen: Reflection and cleanup # haskell # tutorial 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Haskell for madmen: Connecting to a database DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 7 '19 Haskell for madmen: Connecting to a database # haskell # tutorial # postgres # hasql 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Haskell for madmen: Types of TODO DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Oct 31 '19 Haskell for madmen: Types of TODO # haskell # tutorial 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Haskell for madmen: Hello, web server! DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Oct 24 '19 Haskell for madmen: Hello, web server! # haskell # tutorial 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Haskell for madmen: Hello, monad! DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Oct 16 '19 Haskell for madmen: Hello, monad! # haskell # tutorial 56 reactions Comments 6 comments 8 min read Yo dawg, I heard you like functional purity... DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Sep 19 '19 Yo dawg, I heard you like functional purity... # unison 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Haskell for madmen: Setup DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Sep 9 '19 Haskell for madmen: Setup # haskell # tutorial 29 reactions Comments 9 comments 3 min read "Haskell for madmen" started DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Aug 5 '19 "Haskell for madmen" started # haskell # tutorial 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Interest in a Haskell tutorial? DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jul 11 '19 Interest in a Haskell tutorial? # haskell # beginners 69 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read Resources for functional programming DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jul 3 '19 Resources for functional programming # beginners # functional 22 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read A broad look at functional programming DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jul 3 '19 A broad look at functional programming # functional # beginners 15 reactions Comments 1 comment 8 min read Revisiting old topics DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jul 2 '19 Revisiting old topics # functional 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read All programming languages suck! DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Apr 19 '19 All programming languages suck! # discuss # metaprogramming 17 reactions Comments 3 comments 10 min read 5 courses in 1 week, a retrospective DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Mar 19 '19 5 courses in 1 week, a retrospective # mooc # coursera # deeplearning 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Making (non)sense of blockchain DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 28 '19 Making (non)sense of blockchain # blockchain 14 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Ending the series DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 24 '19 Ending the series 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Nondeterminism in purely functional languages? DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 21 '19 Nondeterminism in purely functional languages? # discuss # purity # functional 5 reactions Comments 13 comments 2 min read Lazy, eager and greedy evaluation DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 21 '19 Lazy, eager and greedy evaluation # functional 8 reactions Comments 9 comments 3 min read Invoices 2: functors and monads in action DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 15 '19 Invoices 2: functors and monads in action # functional # elm 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Pure vs impure FP DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 15 '19 Pure vs impure FP # functional 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is Haskell bad for FP? DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Feb 10 '19 Is Haskell bad for FP? # discuss # functional # haskell 61 reactions Comments 66 comments 1 min read Invoices in Elm, part 1 DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Jan 14 '19 Invoices in Elm, part 1 # functional # elm 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Functional program boundaries DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Dec 13 '18 Functional program boundaries # functional 10 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read Category theory illustrated by RA2 prism towers DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 30 '18 Category theory illustrated by RA2 prism towers # math # trolololol 36 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Functors, Monads and better functions DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 29 '18 Functors, Monads and better functions # functional # math 23 reactions Comments 12 comments 6 min read Make your own types DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 27 '18 Make your own types # functional # beginners # elm 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Dividing by zero DrBearhands DrBearhands DrBearhands Follow Nov 17 '18 Dividing by zero # functional # math # logic 12 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://core.forem.com/++ | DEV++ - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close 🐥 Lock In Your Early-Bird Pricing Join DEV++ Welcome to Your DEV++ Dashboard Build More, Spend Less DEV++ provides exclusive partnerships and offers that let you dabble, experiment, and become a stronger developer. Today's price locks you in at $11 /month —even as we add new offers! Wait! As a tag moderator, you get $7 off the base price. Your price is only $4 /month. 🤯 Join DEV++ But that's not all! DEV++ also unlocks special DEV features— scroll down to learn more . Access 18 Exclusive Partner Discounts (More Added Monthly) We have negotiated exclusive discounts with these companies, available only to verified members of the DEV community like you. $100 Credit 1-Year Free 80% Off Your First Month 1-Year Free 1-Month Free 20% off mock interviews 25% Off Scrimba Pro 1 Month Free 30% Off Storewide 3 Months Free 1 Year Free 5% Flat Fee Extended Trial 6 Months Free 25% off LabEx 50% off of Fine for 12 months 20% off any personal plan 50% off One Year $100 Neon Credit DEV++ members get a $100 credit towards Neon services Neon Postgres is a fully managed Postgres database that is easy to use and scales with your app. DEV++ members get 4x the storage on the free tier. 1 year complimentary .tech standard domain Showcase your tech expertise by launching your tech projects on a .tech domain! DEV++ members get exclusive access to a 1-Year Complimentary .tech Domain 80% Off First Month of Replit Core Go from natural language to fully deployed apps and internal tools in minutes. Receive 80% off your first month of Replit Core, which includes $25 of Replit Agent, database, and cloud services credits. 1 year free .fun domain Turn your "JUST FOR FUN" project into a reality! DEV++ members get access to a 1-Year complimentary .fun domain (non-premium). 1-Month Free CodeRabbit Cut Code Review Time & Bugs in Half Supercharge your entire team with AI-driven contextual feedback. 20% Off Mock Interviews Nail Your Tech Interviews with FAANG+ Experts Mock interviews and thorough feedback to land your dream tech roles faster. Trusted by 25,000+ experienced tech professionals. 25% Off Scrimba Pro Level up your coding skills and build awesome projects. DEV++ members get 25% off Scrimba Pro (forever). 1 Month Free Interview.study Practice real interview questions with AI-driven feedback. Try Interview.study for a month without commitment. 30% off ThemeSelection Storewide Fully Coded Dashboard Templates & UI Kits 🎉 To Kick-Start Your Next Project DEV++ members get a 30% off premium products storewide. 3 Months Free Growth Plan Multi-channel Notification Infrastructure for Developers Try SuprSend's Growth plan free for three months. 1 Year of Free Unlimited Usage Feature flags built on open standards to power faster releases Try DevCycle's Developer plan and get one year of free unlimited usage. 5% Flat Fee for Ruul Freelancer's Pay Button Ruul, as your Merchant of Record, is the legal entity selling your professional services to your business clients compliantly in 190 countries. Enjoy a 5% flat fee as a DEV++ member. Extended 3-Month Trial A beautiful, native Git client designed to make Git easy to use. With its best-in-class features and seamless integration with popular code hosting platforms such as GitHub or GitLab, Tower grants you all the power of Git in an intuitive interface. 6 Months Free on Pay-As-You-Go Plan The open source, full-stack monitoring platform. Error monitoring, session replay, logging, distributed tracing, and more. highlight.io is a monitoring tool for the next generation of developers (like you!). 25% off LabEx Pro Annual Plan Learn Linux, DevOps & Cybersecurity with Hands-on Labs Develop skills in Linux, DevOps, Cybersecurity, Programming, Data Science, and more through interactive labs and real-world projects. 50% off of Fine for 12 months (annual plan) AI Coding for Startups The all-in-one AI Coding agent for startups to ship better software, faster. 20% off any personal plan font follows function MonoLisa was designed by professionals to improve developers' productivity and reduce fatigue. 50% off One Year API as a service to detect fake users and bots Stop free tier abusers, bot accounts and mass registrations while keeping your email lists and analytics pristine. Enhance Your DEV Experience DEV++ unlocks special features to help you focus on what matters and succeed within our community. Pre-Compute Feed Optimization For DEV++ members, we're adding a setting that allows you to define which content should surface in your feed—in natural language. DEV++ Benefit of the Doubt To foster human-to-human connection, DEV++ members are less likely to be marked as spam as we moderate to ensure community quality. DEV++ Badge Get the DEV++ badge on your profile to show your support for the community and your commitment to leveling up your dev career. Ready to Elevate Your Development Journey? We've made it an easy choice. Using just one of these offers makes your subscription worthwhile. Lock in your rate at $11 /month—even as we continue to add new offers! Join DEV++ DEV Feature Augmentations Pre-Compute Feed Optimization Visit your settings to describe the type of posts you're most interested in seeing on DEV. Rolling out in full over the next few weeks. Visit Your Settings DEV++ Benefit of the Doubt Your posts are now less likely to be caught in our spam filters. We aim to connect humans to humans, and DEV++ membership is a signal. DEV++ Badge The ++ badge now appears next to your name on your posts and comments, giving you more authority in the community and your career. Exclusive Offers with DEV++ Partners 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/devsecops/page/2 | Devsecops Page 2 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # devsecops Follow Hide Integrating security practices into the DevOps lifecycle. Create Post Older #devsecops posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu What is IDP and why we need it? Sathish Kumar Sathish Kumar Sathish Kumar Follow Nov 26 '25 What is IDP and why we need it? # devsecops # platformengineering # internaldeveloperplatform Comments Add Comment 1 min read Opsfolio - From Interview Task to Production: Building a Security-First DevSecOps Platform Akingbade Omosebi Akingbade Omosebi Akingbade Omosebi Follow Nov 25 '25 Opsfolio - From Interview Task to Production: Building a Security-First DevSecOps Platform # devsecops # kubernetes # security # aws Comments Add Comment 5 min read Ephemeral Vulnerability Scanner: Pure Client-Side JS for Windows/Linux/macOS Vuln Analysis Shresth Paul Shresth Paul Shresth Paul Follow Nov 26 '25 Ephemeral Vulnerability Scanner: Pure Client-Side JS for Windows/Linux/macOS Vuln Analysis # security # opensource # devsecops # vulnerabilityscanning Comments Add Comment 1 min read The 100:1 Deficit: Why Your Security Team Needs an AI Multiplier Hui Hui Hui Follow Dec 29 '25 The 100:1 Deficit: Why Your Security Team Needs an AI Multiplier # security # ai # devsecops # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 5 min read Stop Using localhost:8080 - Why Your Dev Environment Needs Production-Grade Network Security Navneet Karnani Navneet Karnani Navneet Karnani Follow Dec 5 '25 Stop Using localhost:8080 - Why Your Dev Environment Needs Production-Grade Network Security # docker # security # devsecops # networking 22 reactions Comments Add Comment 15 min read Cuidados com volumes no Docker Denis Giovan Marques Denis Giovan Marques Denis Giovan Marques Follow Dec 29 '25 Cuidados com volumes no Docker # devsecops # security # docker # linux 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Prevent Backup-related Throttling Without Losing Data (or Mind) GitProtect Team GitProtect Team GitProtect Team Follow for GitProtect Nov 24 '25 How to Prevent Backup-related Throttling Without Losing Data (or Mind) # backup # devops # devsecops # throttling Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why Your UEBA Isn’t Working (and how to fix it) Alvin Lee Alvin Lee Alvin Lee Follow Dec 13 '25 Why Your UEBA Isn’t Working (and how to fix it) # cybersecurity # devsecops # analytics # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read HashiCorp Vault: A Core Security Tool in DevSecOps Haresh B Haresh B Haresh B Follow Dec 18 '25 HashiCorp Vault: A Core Security Tool in DevSecOps # devops # devsecops # aws # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Prevention-First Cloud Security: Escaping Alert Fatigue for Good using Turbot Damien J. Burks Damien J. Burks Damien J. Burks Follow Dec 17 '25 Prevention-First Cloud Security: Escaping Alert Fatigue for Good using Turbot # cloudsecurity # devsecops # aws # sponsored 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 8 Software Trends Every Senior Developer Should Watch in 2026 Aymen Hammami Aymen Hammami Aymen Hammami Follow Nov 17 '25 🚀 8 Software Trends Every Senior Developer Should Watch in 2026 # 2026techtrends # ai # webassembly # devsecops 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Use AI to Speed Up Security Hardening (and Read This First) Tad Kershner Tad Kershner Tad Kershner Follow Nov 12 '25 Use AI to Speed Up Security Hardening (and Read This First) # devsecops # ai # security # codereview Comments Add Comment 1 min read Pin It or Bin It John Loper John Loper John Loper Follow Nov 12 '25 Pin It or Bin It # envsecops # security # devops # devsecops Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Introducing VulnFeed - Real-Time Vulnerability Tracking for CISA & Red Hat Shresth Paul Shresth Paul Shresth Paul Follow Nov 3 '25 🚀 Introducing VulnFeed - Real-Time Vulnerability Tracking for CISA & Red Hat # devsecops # cybersecurity # infosec # vulnerabilities 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read How DevSecOps Redefines QA Workflows Ronika Kashyap Ronika Kashyap Ronika Kashyap Follow Oct 28 '25 How DevSecOps Redefines QA Workflows # devsecops # qaworkflows # securesdlc # shiftleftsecurity 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read DevSecOps: Modelo de madurez y alternativas de implementación Dilver Huertas Guerrero Dilver Huertas Guerrero Dilver Huertas Guerrero Follow Oct 27 '25 DevSecOps: Modelo de madurez y alternativas de implementación # devsecops # cybersecurity # infosec # security 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read PCI DSS 4.0 Remediation 2025: 21 Battle-Tested Fixes Pentest Testing Corp Pentest Testing Corp Pentest Testing Corp Follow Oct 23 '25 PCI DSS 4.0 Remediation 2025: 21 Battle-Tested Fixes # security # devsecops # webdev # cybersecurity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Automate Vulnerability Scans with Trivy Narendra Chauhan Narendra Chauhan Narendra Chauhan Follow for AddWeb Solution Pvt Ltd Nov 24 '25 How to Automate Vulnerability Scans with Trivy # trivy # vulnerabilityscanning # devsecops # securityautomation 75 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Automating Compliance Checks in CI/CD Pipelines with Rego Neviar Rawlinson, MBA Neviar Rawlinson, MBA Neviar Rawlinson, MBA Follow Nov 24 '25 Automating Compliance Checks in CI/CD Pipelines with Rego # cicd # opa # devsecops # rego Comments Add Comment 2 min read EU CRA: 12-Month Dev Roadmap for SBOM & Vulnerabilities (DEV-oriented) Pentest Testing Corp Pentest Testing Corp Pentest Testing Corp Follow Oct 21 '25 EU CRA: 12-Month Dev Roadmap for SBOM & Vulnerabilities (DEV-oriented) # security # devsecops # devops # compliance 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Fast Code, Fragile Security: How DevSecOps Lost Control (and How We Fix It) <devtips/> <devtips/> <devtips/> Follow Nov 9 '25 Fast Code, Fragile Security: How DevSecOps Lost Control (and How We Fix It) # webdev # ai # devops # devsecops Comments 1 comment 29 min read EnvSecOps - What It Actually Is (And Why DevSecOps Won't Cut It) John Loper John Loper John Loper Follow Nov 8 '25 EnvSecOps - What It Actually Is (And Why DevSecOps Won't Cut It) # security # devops # envsecops # devsecops Comments Add Comment 3 min read From APK to Source Code: The Dark Art of App Decompiling (2025 Edition) Vaibhav Shakya Vaibhav Shakya Vaibhav Shakya Follow Oct 31 '25 From APK to Source Code: The Dark Art of App Decompiling (2025 Edition) # android # security # playintegrity # devsecops Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Software Design Patterns Matter for Cybersecurity Ivan Honchar Ivan Honchar Ivan Honchar Follow Sep 30 '25 Why Software Design Patterns Matter for Cybersecurity # cybersecurity # softwareengineering # architecture # devsecops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read DevOps Threats Unwrapped: Mid-Year Report 2025 GitProtect Team GitProtect Team GitProtect Team Follow for GitProtect Sep 25 '25 DevOps Threats Unwrapped: Mid-Year Report 2025 # devops # devsecops # programming # github Comments Add Comment 8 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://zeroday.forem.com/t/networksec | Networksec - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close # networksec Follow Hide Security of computer networks, including firewalls, IDS/IPS, and secure architecture. Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu My First Blog as a Cybersecurity Beginner: Learning Networking with Wireshark. Amber Amber Amber Follow Jan 4 My First Blog as a Cybersecurity Beginner: Learning Networking with Wireshark. # beginners # networksec # career # education 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding SQL Injection: What It Is and How to Protect Your Website Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Jan 3 Understanding SQL Injection: What It Is and How to Protect Your Website # sql # sqlinjection # networksec # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 8 min read Understanding Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): How to Detect and Prevent Attacks Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Dec 26 '25 Understanding Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): How to Detect and Prevent Attacks # networksec # xss # cybersecurity # websecurity Comments Add Comment 8 min read What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Stephano Kambeta Follow Dec 16 '25 What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide # dos # networksec # iot # security Comments Add Comment 10 min read Cleanup of Inactive AD Accounts (User & Computer) – Over 1 Year Old Thiyagarajan Thangavel Thiyagarajan Thangavel Thiyagarajan Thangavel Follow Dec 2 '25 Cleanup of Inactive AD Accounts (User & Computer) – Over 1 Year Old # discuss # azure # networksec Comments 1 comment 2 min read Steps to get certificate from Internal CA server Thiyagarajan Thangavel Thiyagarajan Thangavel Thiyagarajan Thangavel Follow Dec 2 '25 Steps to get certificate from Internal CA server # networksec # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why The Festive Season is a Goldmine for Cybercriminals GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Dec 1 '25 Why The Festive Season is a Goldmine for Cybercriminals # discuss # networksec Comments Add Comment 3 min read Tor or Onion Browser: Which One Truly Protects Your Privacy in 2025 shiva shiva shiva Follow Dec 1 '25 Tor or Onion Browser: Which One Truly Protects Your Privacy in 2025 # discuss # networksec Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Medical Devices Are Now Prime Targets for Cyberattacks shiva shiva shiva Follow Nov 28 '25 Why Medical Devices Are Now Prime Targets for Cyberattacks # news # iot # networksec Comments Add Comment 2 min read Hunting TTPs for the EVALUSION ClickFix Campaign Delivering Amatera Stealer & NetSupport RAT Puneet Jena Puneet Jena Puneet Jena Follow Nov 17 '25 Hunting TTPs for the EVALUSION ClickFix Campaign Delivering Amatera Stealer & NetSupport RAT # news # networksec Comments Add Comment 2 min read algebraic_cipher_types Alex Towell Alex Towell Alex Towell Follow Dec 17 '25 algebraic_cipher_types # education # networksec 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Critical Kerberos Delegation Vulnerability Discovered in Active Directory (Silverfort Research, Nov 2025) meryem_Li meryem_Li meryem_Li Follow Nov 13 '25 Critical Kerberos Delegation Vulnerability Discovered in Active Directory (Silverfort Research, Nov 2025) # news # networksec Comments Add Comment 2 min read Clean up in active AD accounts Thiyagarajan Thangavel Thiyagarajan Thangavel Thiyagarajan Thangavel Follow Nov 11 '25 Clean up in active AD accounts # discuss # networksec Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Validation to Valuation: How BAS in CTEM Turns Into a Weapon Against OEM Licensing Bloat Sahil Malvi Sahil Malvi Sahil Malvi Follow Oct 18 '25 From Validation to Valuation: How BAS in CTEM Turns Into a Weapon Against OEM Licensing Bloat # discuss # networksec # tools Comments Add Comment 6 min read How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know Sagar Sajwan Sagar Sajwan Sagar Sajwan Follow Nov 20 '25 How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know # beginners # education # networksec 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why State Actors Are Targeting Industrial Control Systems GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Nov 10 '25 Why State Actors Are Targeting Industrial Control Systems # news # iot # networksec 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read The Human Element: Why Employees Are Still the Weakest Link in Cybersecurity Christian Ohwofasa Christian Ohwofasa Christian Ohwofasa Follow Oct 8 '25 The Human Element: Why Employees Are Still the Weakest Link in Cybersecurity # discuss # networksec Comments Add Comment 5 min read From Public Risk to Private Security: CloudFront with Internal ALB Ajay Shankar Ajay Shankar Ajay Shankar Follow Oct 7 '25 From Public Risk to Private Security: CloudFront with Internal ALB # cloudsecurity # aws # networksec # soc Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Signal's New Triple Ratchet Protocol Fortifies Your Privacy Rong Guang Rong Guang Rong Guang Follow Nov 6 '25 How Signal's New Triple Ratchet Protocol Fortifies Your Privacy # discuss # networksec # career # signal Comments Add Comment 4 min read SIEM vs. SOAR Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Sep 28 '25 SIEM vs. SOAR # beginners # education # networksec Comments Add Comment 6 min read Threat Hunting: Strategies & Tools Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Oct 14 '25 Threat Hunting: Strategies & Tools # beginners # networksec 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How Small Businesses Can Safeguard Themselves Against Cyberattacks GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Oct 6 '25 How Small Businesses Can Safeguard Themselves Against Cyberattacks # beginners # networksec 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read loading... trending guides/resources Hunting TTPs for the EVALUSION ClickFix Campaign Delivering Amatera Stealer & NetSupport RAT Understanding Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): How to Detect and Prevent Attacks Understanding SQL Injection: What It Is and How to Protect Your Website Cleanup of Inactive AD Accounts (User & Computer) – Over 1 Year Old How Hackers Read Your Messages Without Touching Your Phone: What You Need to Know algebraic_cipher_types How Signal's New Triple Ratchet Protocol Fortifies Your Privacy Why Medical Devices Are Now Prime Targets for Cyberattacks Clean up in active AD accounts What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide Why State Actors Are Targeting Industrial Control Systems 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://developer.stackblitz.com/codeflow/integrating-web-publisher | Web Publisher docs integration | StackBlitz Docs Skip to content StackBlitz Docs Search K Main Navigation Guides Codeflow API WebContainers Teams Enterprise Appearance Sign in Get started Menu Return to top Sidebar Navigation User Guide What is StackBlitz Getting started Starter projects Available environments Importing projects IDE: what’s on your screen Collections Keyboard shortcuts General FAQs Integration Guide Embedding projects Launching projects from GitHub Creating projects with the SDK Bug reproductions Integrating with Storybook Integrating with Figma Codeflow What is Codeflow? Using pr.new Working in Codeflow IDE Integrating CodeflowApp bot Environment Variables Content updates with Web Publisher Integrating Web Publisher Codeflow FAQ Teams What is StackBlitz Teams Setting Up Your Team Collaboration and Access Control Pull Request Review Integration Environment Variables Private NPM Registry Integration StackBlitz API JavaScript SDK SDK overview Options reference Controlling embeds Managing dependencies POST API WebContainer API WebContainers Roadmap Browser support Browser configuration Project configuration Turbo package manager Troubleshooting On this page Table of Contents for current page Web Publisher docs integration This page covers integrating Web Publisher into your docs to lower the barrier for contributing to documentations. What is Web Publisher? Web Publisher is a page editing tool that makes docs contribution stress-free, including those of us who are not technical. Web Publisher features a preview that live updates as you introduce your edits. Once you are ready, Web Publisher commits changes, creates a fork and a pull request for you. You don't need to have the local environment set up, clone the repository, install dependencies, or run the server to see the changes. All this is happening inside your browser. All you need to edit the docs in Web Publisher is a StackBlitz account. Modifying multiple files Web Publisher allows you to edit a single page. However, some edits require modifying a few files. In this case, you can switch to the Codeflow IDE environment, which will run the whole repository. To do so, click on the your profile picture icon in the top right corner of the Editor panel, which will show a popup with "Open in Codeflow IDE" button: You will be redirected to the Web Studio editor and you can continue your work. Adding Web Publisher to your docs This section will guide you step by step through integrating Web Publisher to your docs. 1. Repository compatibility check Before you begin, verify your toolchain works in WebContainers. To do this, add pr.new to the beginning of your docs repository GitHub URL. Example This is the GitHub address of the StackBlitz docs repository: https://github.com/stackblitz/docs/ To check if this repository runs in WebContainers, we'll add pr.new to the beginning of the URL: https://pr.new/github.com/stackblitz/docs/ If you see that the preview loads correctly (see below), this means that your dev server runs properly in WebContainers and your repository is compatible. 2. Specify the Web Publisher editing link Let's compose a URL that will specify which file the Web Publisher should feature in the editor and which path to render in the preview. You can use the link generator below or build the link yourself. Web Publisher link generator Alternatively, you can use the Web Publisher link generator to compose your link: Web Publisher links follow this pattern: https://pr.new/github.com/{repository-owner's-username}/{repository}/edit/{branch}/{file-path-in-the-repository} For example, here is a Web Publisher link to our docs page: https://pr.new/github.com/stackblitz/docs/edit/main/docs/guides/user-guide/what-is-stackblitz.md Customize the link Now that you have the base link, you can further customize user experience with query parameters . INFO To specify the first parameter, add ? at the end of the base link. Connect the subsequent ones with & . initialPath Default behavior: the Preview window renders the homepage as not always the file path or file name is the same as the rendered route. Argument: A route to be rendered. Example: initialPath=guides/user-guide/what-is-stackblitz view Default behavior: Web Publisher features the Editor and the Preview. Argument: editor | preview | default Example: view=editor 4. Optional: Installing CodeflowApp bot CodeflowApp is a friendly bot, which provides a one-click link that spins up the whole environment for pull requests and issues. No more context-switching or branch-checkouts, just a new browser tab with a full IDE and a dev server running. TIP Installing CodeflowApp ensures every commit to default branch and any pull request branches are pre-cloned for instant bootup times. Your project will run faster on Codeflow. Follow this integration guide to integrate CodeflowApp bot into your project. "Edit in Web Publisher" button To help your users easily find their way to Web Publisher on your site or repository, you can add a CTA (call-to-action) button on your website or in the README file. Button preview Direct URL edit_in_web_publisher.svg edit_in_web_publisher_small.svg TIP You can either host the images on your servers or directly use our image URLs. Compatibility Mode In some cases, you may notice the "Compatibility Mode on" banner. This mode is enabled when Web Publisher is viewed on Safari. Safari currently doesn't support WebContainers , which is the technology at the basis of Web Publisher. That being said, you can still run Web Publisher and submit Pull Requests . In this mode, Web Publisher only renders a Markdown-to-HTML conversion. Your app itself it not being run, so there is no app-specific styling, and if you’re using some kind of components in your Markdown, they won’t be compiled. Edit this page Last updated: Previous page Content updates with Web Publisher Next page Codeflow FAQ | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/sre | Site Reliability Engineering - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Site Reliability Engineering Follow Hide Site Reliability Engineering principles, practices, and culture. Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Shift-Left Reliability Rob Fox Rob Fox Rob Fox Follow Jan 12 Shift-Left Reliability # sre # devops # cicd # platformengineering Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Limitations of Text Embeddings in RAG Applications: A Deep Engineering Dive Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Follow Jan 12 The Limitations of Text Embeddings in RAG Applications: A Deep Engineering Dive # productivity # sre # rag # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 19 min read You’re Running EC2 Instances That Do Nothing Nikola Roganovic Nikola Roganovic Nikola Roganovic Follow Jan 11 You’re Running EC2 Instances That Do Nothing # aws # cloud # devops # sre 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill Nikola Roganovic Nikola Roganovic Nikola Roganovic Follow Jan 10 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill # aws # devops # cloud # sre 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kubernetes Is Not a Container Platform (And That Changes Everything) Manuchim Oliver Manuchim Oliver Manuchim Oliver Follow Jan 10 Kubernetes Is Not a Container Platform (And That Changes Everything) # kubernetes # devops # sre # cloud Comments Add Comment 1 min read AWS DevOps Agent Prithvi Kumar Detne Prithvi Kumar Detne Prithvi Kumar Detne Follow Jan 11 AWS DevOps Agent # aws # devops # sre Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Most DevOps Tutorials Fail in Production Environments Gaurav Chile | InfraForgeLabs Gaurav Chile | InfraForgeLabs Gaurav Chile | InfraForgeLabs Follow Jan 10 Why Most DevOps Tutorials Fail in Production Environments # devops # learning # sre # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Kubernetes Persistence Series Part 3: Controllers & Resilience — Why Kubernetes Self-Heals Vincent Du Vincent Du Vincent Du Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes Persistence Series Part 3: Controllers & Resilience — Why Kubernetes Self-Heals # kubernetes # devops # architecture # sre 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kubernetes Persistence Series Part 1: When Our Ingress Vanished After a Node Upgrade Vincent Du Vincent Du Vincent Du Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes Persistence Series Part 1: When Our Ingress Vanished After a Node Upgrade # kubernetes # devops # gke # sre 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 9 Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring # sre 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Virtual Private Cloud Spiegato Semplice Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Follow Jan 8 Virtual Private Cloud Spiegato Semplice # cloud # devops # sre # learning Comments Add Comment 3 min read Top APM Tools in 2026: What Every Developer and Engineering Team Should Know Olivia Madison Olivia Madison Olivia Madison Follow Jan 8 Top APM Tools in 2026: What Every Developer and Engineering Team Should Know # developer # devops # sre # apm Comments Add Comment 4 min read Proxy Inverso Agustin Ezequiel Acevedo Agustin Ezequiel Acevedo Agustin Ezequiel Acevedo Follow for Adini Jan 5 Proxy Inverso # sre # cloud # linux # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Death of "Vibe-Coding" & the Return of the Senior SRE Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 3 The Death of "Vibe-Coding" & the Return of the Senior SRE # devops # sre # coding # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Beyond the YAML Hell: Why 2026 is the Year of Platform Engineering Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 3 Beyond the YAML Hell: Why 2026 is the Year of Platform Engineering # devops # sre # cloud # platformengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kube-Proxy and CNI: The Backbone of Kubernetes Networking Shivam Kumar Shivam Kumar Shivam Kumar Follow Jan 3 Kube-Proxy and CNI: The Backbone of Kubernetes Networking # kubernetes # devops # containers # sre Comments Add Comment 2 min read 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 8 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE # aws # sre # monitoring # cloudwatch 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read A Local-First Way to Debug Kubernetes Incidents: KubeGraf KubeGraf KubeGraf KubeGraf Follow Jan 3 A Local-First Way to Debug Kubernetes Incidents: KubeGraf # kubernetes # devops # kubegraf # sre 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Your Celery Dashboard is Lying to You (and How I’m Using AI to Fix It) Hernan Chilabert Hernan Chilabert Hernan Chilabert Follow Jan 2 Why Your Celery Dashboard is Lying to You (and How I’m Using AI to Fix It) # python # sre # celery # backend Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🔒 Deep Dive: Production-Grade Environment Variable Automation – Engineering Secrets at Scale kiran ravi kiran ravi kiran ravi Follow Jan 1 🔒 Deep Dive: Production-Grade Environment Variable Automation – Engineering Secrets at Scale # programming # sre # security # automation Comments Add Comment 5 min read Top 10 DevOps Tools Dominating 2026: The Must-Have Toolkit 🚀 Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 3 Top 10 DevOps Tools Dominating 2026: The Must-Have Toolkit 🚀 # devops # tooling # automation # sre 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read The 23-Minute Rule: Why 'Quick Questions' Are Destroying Your Team's Velocity Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Follow Jan 1 The 23-Minute Rule: Why 'Quick Questions' Are Destroying Your Team's Velocity # productivity # sre # automation # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read The "Thundering Herd" of 2026: Preparing SRE for Agent-Native Infrastructure Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 1 The "Thundering Herd" of 2026: Preparing SRE for Agent-Native Infrastructure # devops # agents # agentaichallenge # sre Comments Add Comment 3 min read Tech Horror Codex: Vendor Lock‑In Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Follow Jan 1 Tech Horror Codex: Vendor Lock‑In # devops # cloudcomputing # infosec # sre Comments Add Comment 2 min read CloudWatch Investigations: Your AI-Powered Troubleshooting Sidekick vikasbanage vikasbanage vikasbanage Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 4 CloudWatch Investigations: Your AI-Powered Troubleshooting Sidekick # aws # genai # cloud # sre 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources EKS Standard vs. EKS Auto Mode: The Evolutionary Leap in Kubernetes Operations Rightsizing Kubernetes Requests with the In-Place Vertical Pod Autoscaler CloudWatch Investigations: Your AI-Powered Troubleshooting Sidekick The Role Confusion: SRE vs Cloud vs Platform Engineer (And Why "DevOps Engineer" Misses the Point) A Complete Production-Ready Checklist for Smooth, Safe Deployments Building an Air-gapped Hardened Kubernetes Cluster with Kubespray AWS Multi-Account Guardrails: A Complete Blueprint for Secure, Automated Cloud Governance Bash Scripting for Non-Coders The Hidden Failure Pattern Behind the AWS, Azure and Cloudflare Outages of 2025 Vendor Tools & Reliability — Lessons from the 2025 Cloud Outages The DynamoDB DNS Race Condition That Broke The Internet (And Why Your Self-Healing Systems Might ... Top 10 SRE Tools Dominating 2026: The Ultimate Toolkit for Reliability Engineers 🚀 Google A2UI: The Future of Agentic AI for DevOps & SRE (Goodbye Text-Only ChatOps) Google SRE NALSD Round — A Real Interview Walkthrough 10 MCP Servers to Improve DevOps Workflows SRE in Action: Understanding How Real Teams Use SLOs, SLIs, and Error Budgets to Stay Reliable Th... 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE Map a Kubernetes cluster with one command MLOps Integration Trends in Late 2025: Bridging DevOps, AI, and Production-Scale ML Infra Proverbs 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://dev.to/t/devsecops/page/4 | Devsecops Page 4 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # devsecops Follow Hide Integrating security practices into the DevOps lifecycle. Create Post Older #devsecops posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I Analyzed 47 DevSecOps Job Postings - Here's What Companies Actually Want Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Follow Aug 28 '25 I Analyzed 47 DevSecOps Job Postings - Here's What Companies Actually Want # devsecops # devops # programming # webdev 12 reactions Comments 6 comments 6 min read Think You’re Secure? Penetration Testing Will Tell You the Truth Nilesh A. Nilesh A. Nilesh A. Follow for AddWeb Solution Pvt Ltd Aug 29 '25 Think You’re Secure? Penetration Testing Will Tell You the Truth # devops # cybersecurity # devsecops # compliance 44 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read AWS Security: KMS Keys Samia Khan Samia Khan Samia Khan Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 27 '25 AWS Security: KMS Keys # aws # security # devsecops # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Breaking into Appsec/Devsecops without being a developer: Complete roadmap Richard Ndung'u Richard Ndung'u Richard Ndung'u Follow Aug 13 '25 Breaking into Appsec/Devsecops without being a developer: Complete roadmap # discuss # webdev # cybersecurity # devsecops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Using OWASP ZAP in Docker for DevSecOps Workflow Mohammad Ezzeddin Pratama Mohammad Ezzeddin Pratama Mohammad Ezzeddin Pratama Follow Aug 11 '25 Using OWASP ZAP in Docker for DevSecOps Workflow # devsecops # systemsecurity # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Rise of AI-Generated Phishing Websites: How Hackers Are Weaponizing Generative Tools Ranjan Majumdar Ranjan Majumdar Ranjan Majumdar Follow Jul 4 '25 The Rise of AI-Generated Phishing Websites: How Hackers Are Weaponizing Generative Tools # cybersecurity # ai # phishing # devsecops Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Secure CI/CD Pipelines: DevSecOps in Action Bankai Infotech Bankai Infotech Bankai Infotech Follow Jul 4 '25 Building Secure CI/CD Pipelines: DevSecOps in Action # devsecops # cicdpipelines # devsecopssolution Comments Add Comment 8 min read Secure Drupal: Best Practices for Enterprise Sites Balasaranya Varadhalingam Balasaranya Varadhalingam Balasaranya Varadhalingam Follow for AddWeb Solution Pvt Ltd Aug 4 '25 Secure Drupal: Best Practices for Enterprise Sites # drupal # websecurity # enterprisedrupal # devsecops 45 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Dev Diary #2: Cloud Security plugin for JetBrains IDE Dmitry Protsenko Dmitry Protsenko Dmitry Protsenko Follow Aug 2 '25 Dev Diary #2: Cloud Security plugin for JetBrains IDE # kubernetes # cybersecurity # security # devsecops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Enhance your Code Security with Amazon Inspector Rajit Paul Rajit Paul Rajit Paul Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 27 '25 Enhance your Code Security with Amazon Inspector # aws # security # vulnerabilities # devsecops 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read The Subtleties of Vulnerability Scanning in Go Projects Oleg Sydorov Oleg Sydorov Oleg Sydorov Follow Jul 14 '25 The Subtleties of Vulnerability Scanning in Go Projects # go # devsecops # vulnerabilities # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Netflix Clone with DevSecOps: A Complete DevSecOps Project. Nikhil Raj A Nikhil Raj A Nikhil Raj A Follow Jul 13 '25 Building a Netflix Clone with DevSecOps: A Complete DevSecOps Project. # aws # devsecops # devops # netflixclone 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 12 min read # AI Powered IAM Security in AWS: A 3-Week Guide for FinTech Oluwatosin Osho Oluwatosin Osho Oluwatosin Osho Follow Jun 19 '25 # AI Powered IAM Security in AWS: A 3-Week Guide for FinTech # cloud # aws # iam # devsecops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Deploying SafeLine WAF on CentOS: Online First, Then Offline Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow Jun 12 '25 Deploying SafeLine WAF on CentOS: Online First, Then Offline # safeline # waf # centos7 # devsecops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read K8Studio & Cyber Helmets partner to increase speed from learning to real-world application Guillermo Quiros Guillermo Quiros Guillermo Quiros Follow May 27 '25 K8Studio & Cyber Helmets partner to increase speed from learning to real-world application # kubernetes # devops # devsecops # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🔐 DevSecOps 2025: One Loop to Catch Them All Aleksei Aleinikov Aleksei Aleinikov Aleksei Aleinikov Follow May 27 '25 🔐 DevSecOps 2025: One Loop to Catch Them All # devops # security # cloud # devsecops Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building Your First GitLab Pipeline: A Step-by-Step Tutorial🚀🚀🚀 AnkitDevCode AnkitDevCode AnkitDevCode Follow Jun 29 '25 Building Your First GitLab Pipeline: A Step-by-Step Tutorial🚀🚀🚀 # devops # gitlab # devsecops # cicd Comments 1 comment 13 min read Build a Full Web Security Wall from Scratch — What Can SafeLine WAF Do? Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow May 29 '25 Build a Full Web Security Wall from Scratch — What Can SafeLine WAF Do? # devsecops # safeline # waf # opensource 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Templates, Automation, and Playbooks: My AWS IR Toolkit is Now Live Javier Pulido Javier Pulido Javier Pulido Follow May 20 '25 Templates, Automation, and Playbooks: My AWS IR Toolkit is Now Live # aws # security # devsecops # cloudsecurity Comments Add Comment 1 min read 3-Minute Setup: The Open Source WAF That’s Taking Over GitHub Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow May 20 '25 3-Minute Setup: The Open Source WAF That’s Taking Over GitHub # safeline # cybersecurity # opensource # devsecops 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Introduction of DevOps - start of a DevOps journey Ali Fareed Ali Fareed Ali Fareed Follow Jun 12 '25 Introduction of DevOps - start of a DevOps journey # devops # linux # devsecops # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read OWASP Top 10 Is Just the Start: How WAFs Defend Against Real Attacks Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow Jun 12 '25 OWASP Top 10 Is Just the Start: How WAFs Defend Against Real Attacks # owasp # waf # cybersecurity # devsecops 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Introduction to DevOps & DevSecOps Ali Fareed Ali Fareed Ali Fareed Follow Jun 12 '25 Introduction to DevOps & DevSecOps # devops # devsecops # beginners # architecture 1 reaction Comments 4 comments 6 min read Securing Temporary Credentials in AWS: What You Should Be Doing But Probably Aren’t Javier Pulido Javier Pulido Javier Pulido Follow May 12 '25 Securing Temporary Credentials in AWS: What You Should Be Doing But Probably Aren’t # aws # security # devsecops # iam Comments Add Comment 2 min read You've leaked a secret in your git repository - now what? Christian Winnen Christian Winnen Christian Winnen Follow May 30 '25 You've leaked a secret in your git repository - now what? # shiftleft # devsecops # security 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 12 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/android-xiaomi-push-mi | Page Not Found Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Page Not Found Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog 404 Page Not Found We couldn't find the page. Maybe you were looking for one of these pages below? Android Push (FCM) Android Push Setup (FCM) Android Push Template ⌘ I | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/browser/replay-configuration/opentelemetry | Browser OpenTelemetry Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Browser / highlight.run SDK / Browser OpenTelemetry Browser OpenTelemetry Highlight's JavaScript SDK offers built-in support for collecting OpenTelemetry data from client-side applications, allowing you to seamlessly integrate OpenTelemetry tracing into your web applications. Highlight automatically collects most of the OpenTelemetry data you'll need by leveraging the auto instrumentations and doing some additional processing to make the data more useful in Highlight. You can disable specific frontend traces by using the otel.instrumentations option as seen below: H.init({ // ... otel: { instrumentations: { ['@opentelemetry/instrumentation-user-interaction']: false } } }) Document Load Performance: Captures timing information related to the loading of the web page, including navigation start, DOM content loaded, and page load complete events. User Interactions: Tracks user actions such as clicks, form submissions, and other interactions with the web page. Network Requests: Monitors XMLHttpRequest and Fetch API calls, providing insights into the performance and success of network operations. We also add some custom attributes and configuration to make this data more useful inside the Highlight UI. Connecting Server and Client Traces Requests initiated from your app after the Highlight SDK has initialized will automatically be connected to the traces on the server, giving the full picture of what's happening from mouse click to database call. You can learn more about this in Fullstack Mapping . However, it's a little more complicated connected traces initiated on the server with spans created on the client. Passing Trace Context from Server to Client To connect server and client traces: On the server, generate a trace context (typically a traceparent header). Include this trace context in the HTML response as a <meta> tag. The Highlight SDK will automatically pick up this trace context and continue the trace on the client side. Here's an example of how to include the trace context in your HTML: <meta name="traceparent" content="00-${traceId}-${spanId}-${samplingDecision ?? '01'}" > Some SDKs have helpers for generating this HTML. If you are using our Ruby SDK you can simple add the following code somewhere inside the <head> of your document. <%= highlight_traceparent_meta %> Monkey Patches Persistent Asset Storage Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/browser/replay-configuration/tracking-events | Tracking Events Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Browser / highlight.run SDK / Tracking Events Tracking Events A track event is a named event that you've defined. Adding a track event is useful if you want to be able to be alerted (see alerts ) or search for sessions where the user has done an action. Example Scenario: A Shopping Cart You'd like to see what users are doing that cause them to open the shopping cart. In your app, you'll add H.track() : import { H } from 'highlight.run'; import { getSubtotal } from '@utils'; const ShoppingCard = ({ items }) => ( <Button onClick={() => { H.track("Shopping Cart Opened", { subtotal: getSubtotal(items), numberOfItems: items.length }); }} > Shopping Cart </Button> ) Searching for Sessions by Event Once you are recording sessions with the track event, you can search for ones where the event is recorded by applying the Event key in the sessions filter. Then, within a session, you can view the track events in the timeline and in the right events feed, with the ability to jump to the exact moment the event occurred. API See the Recording Network Requests and Responses API documentation for more information on how to use it. Sourcemap Configuration Troubleshooting Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
https://core.forem.com/ben/listings-have-been-fully-removed-from-forem-core-51jl | "Listings" have been fully removed from Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ben Halpern Posted on May 14, 2025 "Listings" have been fully removed from Forem Core # listings # product # deprecation We deprecated "listings" in late 2023 with notice that this would be eventually removed from the codebase, and this is an update that it has been. We Are Turning off Listings Ben Halpern for The DEV Team ・ Aug 28 '23 #meta #listings Remove listing final code deletions #21795 mikeydorje posted on May 04, 2025 What type of PR is this? (check all applicable) [x] Refactor [ ] Feature [ ] Bug Fix [ ] Optimization [ ] Documentation Update Description Deletes the ListingCategory model, factories, and specs. Guts the Listing model, removing almost all logic. Deletes associated factories, specs, search serializers, worker, and other dependencies. Modifies API specs/concerns to remove dependencies. Leaves only the API controller/route stubs and minimal Listing model structure intact. Related Tickets & Documents Related Issue # Closes # Closes #21624 QA Instructions, Screenshots, Recordings Please replace this line with instructions on how to test your changes, a note on the devices and browsers this has been tested on, as well as any relevant images for UI changes. UI accessibility checklist If your PR includes UI changes, please utilize this checklist: [ ] Semantic HTML implemented? [ ] Keyboard operability supported? [ ] Checked with axe DevTools and addressed Critical and Serious issues? [ ] Color contrast tested? For more info, check out the Forem Accessibility Docs . Added/updated tests? We encourage you to keep the code coverage percentage at 80% and above. [x] Yes [ ] No, and this is why: please replace this line with details on why tests have not been included [ ] I need help with writing tests [optional] Are there any post deployment tasks we need to perform? [optional] What gif best describes this PR or how it makes you feel? View on GitHub This was a goal in refining the functionality of Forem to more powerful and robust building blocks. Listing-like functionality can be achieved through posts/billboards/pages. We look forward to investing in those features to potentially host listing-like functionality, but for now it is a good thing for the codebase to remove. Docs still may refer to listings, but we'll be looking to get docs more fully up-to-date soon. Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Hamm Gladius Hamm Gladius Hamm Gladius Follow Joined Apr 7, 2025 • May 22 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice update on cleaning up the codebase. Removing listings makes sense as Forem evolves! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 More from Ben Halpern Extending the Nano Banana image generation to also be responsible for fun unique profile images for users who register through a path without providing their own profile pic. # authentication # product # uiux Next version of mobile app is going to be a nice upgrade # announcement # roadmap # product # mobile Lots of momentum this week! # product # deployment # opensource # news 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:00 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.