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https://nextjs.org/docs/getting-started | App Router: Getting Started | Next.js Skip to content Search documentation... Search... ⌘K Showcase Docs Blog Templates Enterprise Search documentation... Search... ⌘K Feedback Learn Menu Using App Router Features available in /app Latest Version 16.1.1 Getting Started Installation Project Structure Layouts and Pages Linking and Navigating Server and Client Components Cache Components Fetching Data Updating Data Caching and Revalidating Error Handling CSS Image Optimization Font Optimization Metadata and OG images Route Handlers Proxy Deploying Upgrading Guides Analytics Authentication Backend for Frontend Caching CI Build Caching Content Security Policy CSS-in-JS Custom Server Data Security Debugging Draft Mode Environment Variables Forms ISR Instrumentation Internationalization JSON-LD Lazy Loading Development Environment Next.js MCP Server MDX Memory Usage Migrating App Router Create React App Vite Multi-tenant Multi-zones OpenTelemetry Package Bundling Prefetching Production PWAs Redirecting Sass Scripts Self-Hosting SPAs Static Exports Tailwind CSS v3 Testing Cypress Jest Playwright Vitest Third Party Libraries Upgrading Codemods Version 14 Version 15 Version 16 Videos API Reference Directives use cache use cache: private use cache: remote use client use server Components Font Form Component Image Component Link Component Script Component File-system conventions default.js Dynamic Segments error.js forbidden.js instrumentation.js instrumentation-client.js Intercepting Routes layout.js loading.js mdx-components.js not-found.js page.js Parallel Routes proxy.js public route.js Route Groups Route Segment Config src template.js unauthorized.js Metadata Files favicon, icon, and apple-icon manifest.json opengraph-image and twitter-image robots.txt sitemap.xml Functions after cacheLife cacheTag connection cookies draftMode fetch forbidden generateImageMetadata generateMetadata generateSitemaps generateStaticParams generateViewport headers ImageResponse NextRequest NextResponse notFound permanentRedirect redirect refresh revalidatePath revalidateTag unauthorized unstable_cache unstable_noStore unstable_rethrow updateTag useLinkStatus useParams usePathname useReportWebVitals useRouter useSearchParams useSelectedLayoutSegment useSelectedLayoutSegments userAgent Configuration next.config.js experimental.adapterPath allowedDevOrigins appDir assetPrefix authInterrupts basePath browserDebugInfoInTerminal cacheComponents cacheHandlers cacheLife compress crossOrigin cssChunking devIndicators distDir env expireTime exportPathMap generateBuildId generateEtags headers htmlLimitedBots httpAgentOptions images cacheHandler inlineCss isolatedDevBuild logging mdxRs onDemandEntries optimizePackageImports output pageExtensions poweredByHeader productionBrowserSourceMaps proxyClientMaxBodySize reactCompiler reactMaxHeadersLength reactStrictMode redirects rewrites sassOptions serverActions serverComponentsHmrCache serverExternalPackages staleTimes staticGeneration* taint trailingSlash transpilePackages turbopack turbopackFileSystemCache typedRoutes typescript urlImports useLightningcss viewTransition webpack webVitalsAttribution TypeScript ESLint CLI create-next-app next CLI Edge Runtime Turbopack Getting Started Installation Project Structure Images Fonts CSS Deploying Guides Analytics Authentication Babel CI Build Caching Content Security Policy CSS-in-JS Custom Server Debugging Draft Mode Environment Variables Forms ISR Instrumentation Internationalization Lazy Loading MDX Migrating App Router Create React App Vite Multi-Zones OpenTelemetry Package Bundling PostCSS Preview Mode Production Redirecting Sass Scripts Self-Hosting Static Exports Tailwind CSS Testing Cypress Jest Playwright Vitest Third Party Libraries Upgrading Codemods Version 10 Version 11 Version 12 Version 13 Version 14 Version 9 Building Your Application Routing Pages and Layouts Dynamic Routes Linking and Navigating Custom App Custom Document API Routes Custom Errors Rendering Server-side Rendering (SSR) Static Site Generation (SSG) Automatic Static Optimization Client-side Rendering (CSR) Data Fetching getStaticProps getStaticPaths Forms and Mutations getServerSideProps Client-side Fetching Configuring Error Handling API Reference Components Font Form Head Image Image (Legacy) Link Script File-system conventions instrumentation.js Proxy public src Directory Functions getInitialProps getServerSideProps getStaticPaths getStaticProps NextRequest NextResponse useReportWebVitals useRouter userAgent Configuration next.config.js Options experimental.adapterPath allowedDevOrigins assetPrefix basePath bundlePagesRouterDependencies compress crossOrigin devIndicators distDir env exportPathMap generateBuildId generateEtags headers httpAgentOptions images isolatedDevBuild onDemandEntries optimizePackageImports output pageExtensions poweredByHeader productionBrowserSourceMaps experimental.proxyClientMaxBodySize reactStrictMode redirects rewrites serverExternalPackages trailingSlash transpilePackages turbopack typescript urlImports useLightningcss webpack webVitalsAttribution TypeScript ESLint CLI create-next-app CLI next CLI Edge Runtime Turbopack Architecture Accessibility Fast Refresh Next.js Compiler Supported Browsers Community Contribution Guide Rspack On this page Pre-requisite knowledge Next Steps Edit this page on GitHub Scroll to top Next.js Docs App Router Getting Started Copy page Getting Started Last updated May 2, 2025 Welcome to the Next.js documentation! This Getting Started section will help you create your first Next.js app and learn the core features you'll use in every project. Pre-requisite knowledge Our documentation assumes some familiarity with web development. Before getting started, it'll help if you're comfortable with: HTML CSS JavaScript React If you're new to React or need a refresher, we recommend starting with our React Foundations course , and the Next.js Foundations course that has you building an application as you learn. Next Steps Installation Learn how to create a new Next.js application with the `create-next-app` CLI, and set up TypeScript, ESLint, and Module Path Aliases. Project Structure Learn the folder and file conventions in Next.js, and how to organize your project. Layouts and Pages Learn how to create your first pages and layouts, and link between them with the Link component. Linking and Navigating Learn how the built-in navigation optimizations work, including prefetching, prerendering, and client-side navigation, and how to optimize navigation for dynamic routes and slow networks. Server and Client Components Learn how you can use React Server and Client Components to render parts of your application on the server or the client. Cache Components Learn how to use Cache Components and combine the benefits of static and dynamic rendering. Fetching Data Learn how to fetch data and stream content that depends on data. Updating Data Learn how to mutate data using Server Functions. Caching and Revalidating Learn how to cache and revalidate data in your application. Error Handling Learn how to display expected errors and handle uncaught exceptions. CSS Learn about the different ways to add CSS to your application, including Tailwind CSS, CSS Modules, Global CSS, and more. Image Optimization Learn how to optimize images in Next.js Font Optimization Learn how to optimize fonts in Next.js Metadata and OG images Learn how to add metadata to your pages and create dynamic OG images. Route Handlers Learn how to use Route Handlers Proxy Learn how to use Proxy Deploying Learn how to deploy your Next.js application. Upgrading Learn how to upgrade your Next.js application to the latest version or canary. Previous App Router Next Installation Was this helpful? supported. Send Resources Docs Support Policy Learn Showcase Blog Team Analytics Next.js Conf Previews Evals More Next.js Commerce Contact Sales Community GitHub Releases Telemetry Governance About Vercel Next.js + Vercel Open Source Software GitHub Bluesky X Legal Privacy Policy Cookie Preferences Subscribe to our newsletter Stay updated on new releases and features, guides, and case studies. Subscribe © 2026 Vercel, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/client-side-sdks/angular/ | Angular SDK | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS JavaScript SDK React SDK Next.js SDK Angular SDK Installation Getting Started Usage Example App iOS SDK Android SDK React Native Flutter SDK Roku SDK Server-side SDKS SDK Proxy Client-side SDKS Angular SDK Angular OpenFeature SDK with DevCycle Provider DevCycle supports the OpenFeature Angular SDK . This SDK is a wrapper around the OpenFeature Web SDK that allows you to use OpenFeature flags in your Angular application through the OpenFeature APIs powered by the DevCycle Angular Provider . Installation Installing the SDK Getting Started Initializing the SDK Usage Using the SDK Example App Try it out for yourself The SDK is available as a package on npm. It is also open source and can be viewed on Github. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Example App Next Installation DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/features/#realtime-updates | Features and Functionality | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS SDK Proxy SDK Features On this page Features and Functionality DevCycle strives to ensure that all our APIs and SDKs have identical functionality (except language- or platform-specific nuances). Below is a list of all the current functionality that DevCycle supports across the SDKs. Universal Initialization Evaluating Features & Using Variables Getting All Features Getting All Variables Identifying Users / Setting Properties Tracking Events Realtime Updates Limited Custom Domains Initialization Client-Side SDKs For most client-side SDKs, the only required parameters to initialize the SDK are the SDK Key and the current user. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. The current user is determined by you, and should contain any details about the user that you require for your targeting logic. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_CLIENT_SDK_KEY>' , user ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Caching of Configurations When initialized, each client-side SDK will cache the retrieved configuration for the user. This cache will be used in scenarios where on subsequent initializations a new configuration is not available. This may be due to a lack of internet connection or a lack of connection to DevCycle. Additionally, if the SDK is interacted with before any initialization (such as attempting to read a Variable far early on in an application before initialization), the cached value will be read. If a Variable is first read from the cache and you've implemented a listener for realtime updates , once a new value is retrieved after initialization, the onUpdate function on the Variable will be triggered and return updated values. Server-Side SDKs For most server-side SDKs, the only required parameter to initialize the SDK is the SDK Key. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_SERVER_SDK_KEY>' ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Evaluating Features & Using Variables This section explains how to use retrieve the Variables of a Feature as well as use their values. For information on setting up a Feature for use, read Variables and Variations and Targeting Users Every SDK provides a method to retrieve a Variable's value. It expects to receive the unique key of the Variable, and a default value to serve in case no other value is available. A typical Variable method would look something like this: const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) Each call to this method is tracked as an "evaluation" event. These events will be shown in the DevCycle dashboard and are used to power the analytics graphs that allow you to see the effects of your Variables being used. The default value will be returned in the following scenarios: The SDK has not yet finished initializing and obtaining a configuration from DevCycle There was an error reaching the DevCycle servers and the configuration could not be obtained The Variable does not exist in DevCycle The default value's type does not align with the type of the Variable being served from DevCycle. For example, a Boolean default value will be used if the DevCycle configuration is trying to set this Variable to a String value. This preserves type safety and prevents the remote configuration from breaking your application at runtime. The SDK has finished initializing, but the user has not been targeted for a Feature that controls this Variable For more information on how the default value is used, see Variable Defaults . Evaluation Reasons When a Variable is evaluated in DevCycle, the response includes metadata explaining why a specific Variation's value was returned. This is captured in the eval object, which helps teams debug and understand Feature Flag decisions more effectively. DevCycle extends the OpenFeature Evaluation Details structure with additional reason types and optional fields for richer context. Supported SDKs SDK / Platform Minimum Version with eval metadata Android 2.5.0 Flutter 1.11.0 iOS 1.24.0 JavaScript (Web) 1.41.0 Next.js 2.17.0 NestJS 0.26.0 React 1.39.0 React Native 2.16.0 React Native (Expo) 2.16.0 Go Server v2.23.0 Java Server 2.8.0 JavaScript Server (Cloud) 1.27.0 Node.js Server (Local) 1.41.0 .NET Server (Cloud) 3.6.0 .NET Server (Local) 4.6.0 PHP Server 2.2.0 Python Server 3.12.0 Ruby Server 3.7.0 Evaluation Object Format "eval" : { "reason" : "REASON_ENUM" , "details" : "optional string" , "target_id" : "optional string" } Field Type Description reason string A required enum value indicating why a specific value was returned. details string An optional string providing extra context about the evaluation outcome. target_id string An optional identifier for the matched targeting rule or audience. Reason Types The reason field reflects the primary reason a particular value was served. Here are the possible values: Reason Description Examples of details Property DEFAULT Returned when the default value was used. This may occur due to a type mismatch, a missing configuration, or an error in evaluation logic. - Type Mismatch - User Not Targeted - (no details if unknown) TARGETING_MATCH Indicates the user matched a targeting rule or audience and was served the corresponding Variation. - Audience Match → Country AND Email AND App Version - Custom Data → full_country - Country AND Custom Data → isBetaUser SPLIT The user matched targeting rules and was bucketed into a Variation using a percentage rollout or random distribution. Implies a TARGETING_MATCH . - Rollout | Custom Data → full_country - Random Distribution | isBetaUser OVERRIDE The result was manually overridden via API/CLI override or self-targeting, typically in local development or QA. - Override OPT_IN The user explicitly opted into (or out of) a specific Variation using DevCycle’s Opt-In feature. - Opt-In ERROR An error occurred during evaluation, resulting in the default value being served. - Missing Environment config - SDK not initialized Additional Notes The details and target_id fields are included only when relevant. Not all reasons will include these fields—if no helpful context is available, they will be omitted. Getting All Features The "Get All Features" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Features that the user is currently receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "your-cool-feature" : { "key" : "your-cool-feature" , "type" : "release" , "variationKey" : "variation-on" , "variationName" : "Variation On" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "333345" } , "another-feature" : { "key" : "another-feature" , "type" : "ops" , "variationKey" : "enabled" , "variationName" : "Enabled" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "444123" } } Only Features that the User has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be returned by this function. The Feature must also be enabled for that Environment. Getting all Variables The "Get All Variables" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Variables that the user is receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "my-feature-variable" : { "_id" : "617c19199db63239d2d17025" , "key" : "my-feature-variable" , "type" : "Boolean" , "value" : false } , "some-string-variable" : { "_id" : "61828f25c1c23bc6ae1366e9" , "key" : "some-string-variable" , "type" : "String" , "value" : "this is a string variable value" } } Only Variables in Features that the user has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be part of the response in this method. The Feature must also be enabled for the Environment this SDK is being called on. caution This method is intended to be used for debugging and analytics purposes, not as a method for retrieving the value of Variables to change code behaviour. For that purpose, we strongly recommend using the individual Variable access method described in Evaluating Features & Using Variables . Using the "Get All Variables" method instead will result in no evaluation events being tracked for individual Variables, which will not allow the use of other DevCycle Features such as Code Usage detection . Identifying a User or Setting Properties All SDKs have the concept of a user "identity" to be used for evaluating Feature Targeting Rules. The Features that are served to a user will be a function of the Targeting Rules and the user data you provide to the SDK. tip While we refer to these identities as "users", the data passed here can represent anything you want to target against. In these cases, you can use any string that makes sense as an identifier as the "user_id". The id simply needs to be consistent to ensure consistent random distributions and rollouts. The user data object that you should use across SDKs should look something like this: { "user_id" : " [email protected] " , "name" : "user 1 name" , "customData" : { "customKey" : "customValue" } , "privateCustomData" : { "privateKey" : "privateValue" } } The identification of users functions differently on Client SDKs vs. Server SDKs. Client SDK Identification Client SDKs can be initialized with a user object if the user data is known at that time. All client SDKs accept a "user" argument in their initialization function. By providing the user here, the SDK's initial configuration request will be made with that data and the correct Variable values will be available once the SDK initializes. For that reason, providing user data during initialization is recommended where possible. Identifying a user can also be accomplished later by calling the identifyUser function and providing your user data object. When this method is called, the SDK will retrieve a new configuration from the DevCycle servers corresponding to that user. A typical call to this method looks like const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } await devCycleClient . identifyUser ( user ) The identifyUser method always includes a way to wait for the operation to finish. When finished, the SDK will have the correct configuration for the given user and all Variable evaluations from that point onward will be based on the new user's data. This method is useful when user data can not be known at initialization time, or when the user's identity must be changed during the application's lifecycle. Anonymous Users info If a user id is not supplied, client-side SDKs will automatically generate an anonymous user id and assign it to the current user. Anonymous users count towards your MAUs for the month. This id will be cached and used between app sessions / website visits until a user id is supplied or reset is called. This ensures that you will not experience a rise in MAUs if the main experience of your application is in a logged-out or anonymous state. Resetting a User Client SDKs also contain a method for "resetting" a user's identity. This can be used in cases like "logging out", where there is no longer any identifiable information to pass to the SDK. In those cases, "reset" will clear all stored data and generate a new "anonymous" user ID to represent the user. Custom Data and Private Custom Data User data can also contain "custom data", which is a key-value map of any arbitrary data you want to use for targeting. The provided data can be used in Targeting Rules by creating Custom Properties in the DevCycle dashboard. Learn more about Custom Property Targeting . When setting custom properties you have a choice between keeping that data completely private or allowing for the data to be logged back to DevCycle's events database. Both options allow for the same targeting capabilities, but you should use Private Custom Data if you are looking to avoid having user data saved to any external system. With Private Custom Data, data is used solely for targeting decisions within DevCycle's Edge Workers. It is then discarded and no record is saved anywhere. With regular Custom Data, the data used for evaluation purposes is logged back to DevCycle's events database where it can be used for debugging purposes or providing guidance on evaluation reasons. Server-Side SDK Identification Unlike the Client-Side SDKs, Server-Side SDKs work in a multi-user context. Because of this, a single Identify function does not make sense. Instead, you must provide the user data to each function call when evaluating Variables. For example: const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // User data user , // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) In Local Bucketing mode (the default), these calls will quickly compute the Variable value locally using the currently stored DevCycle configuration, and no network calls will be made. Tracking Custom Events The Track function in the DevCycle SDKs allows you to send custom events which can be used for your own data analysis on enabled Features, and Metrics on A/B tests and experiments within the DevCycle dashboard. Here is an example of a custom event request and properties that an event may contain. event = { type : 'button_clicked' , // required field date : new Date ( ) , target : 'my_target' , value : 5 , metaData : { key : 'value' , } , } devcycleClient . track ( event ) Custom Domains When using client-side SDKs, particularly web client SDKs there is the potential for Ad Blockers and browser privacy features to block requests and third-party cookies. Custom Domains with DevCycle ensures all cookies and requests used are first-party and will not be blocked by ensuring requests are sent through your recognized domain. A DNS CNAME needs to be created to leverage this feature. Setting Up Custom Domains Custom Domains are available to those on a business or enterprise plan and require manual setup on both your end as well as DevCycle's. If you are interested in getting set up, please read more on our Custom Domains page, and reach out to [email protected] with the required details. Realtime Updates All DevCycle SDKs are capable of being notified in realtime that new configuration changes have been made in the DevCycle platform. DevCycle leverages Server-Sent Events (SSE) to notify the SDKs that a Feature (Targeting Rules, Variable values, etc.) has been updated and that they should fetch the new configuration. A connection URL is included in the config that the SDK fetches, triggering the SDK to open a connection with our SSE provider and listen for any changes in the given Environment. SDK Specifics Javascript SDK , React SDK If the user loses focus on the webpage for longer then the inactivityDelay (the default of which is set to 2 minutes, and can be configured through the options), the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect when the user opens the tab / window again (i.e. the page's visibility state = visible ). The SDK will also request a new configuration during reconnection to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. iOS SDK , Android SDK & Flutter SDK If the user backgrounds the application for some period of time, the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect again when the user brings the application to the foreground. When the application is brought to the foreground the SDK will request a new configuration to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. Server-Side SDKs If the server loses its connection it will be re-opened automatically after a configurable interval. Local and Cloud Bucketing Server SDKs have two modes, "Local Bucketing" and "Cloud Bucketing". Local Bucketing Local Bucketing does all targeting decisions locally inside the server running the SDK. The DevCycle configuration is downloaded upon initialization of the SDK, and all future SDK calls will determine flag values based on this data and the provided user data. This approach will guarantee instantaneous, synchronous results from the SDK. Cloud Bucketing The SDK determines flag values by making an API call for each decision, using workers at the edge which are available globally. Every function within the SDK will reach out to these edge workers and respond with extremely low latency. Cloud bucketing is required to use specific features such as EdgeDB and Feature Opt-In . If you aren't using these features, then Local Bucketing is the recommended mode. Server SDK Diagrams The following diagrams illustrate the initialization flow, and logical background processes created/managed by the SDKs. For more information on the architecture of DevCycle services and SDKs, visit the System Architecture page. Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous SDK Lifecycle Next JavaScript SDK Initialization Client-Side SDKs Server-Side SDKs Evaluating Features & Using Variables Evaluation Reasons Supported SDKs Evaluation Object Format Reason Types Getting All Features Getting all Variables Identifying a User or Setting Properties Client SDK Identification Server-Side SDK Identification Tracking Custom Events Custom Domains Realtime Updates SDK Specifics Local and Cloud Bucketing Local Bucketing Cloud Bucketing Server SDK Diagrams Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/eliasoliedev/i-asked-devs-to-crash-my-app-heres-what-happened-in-the-first-24h-ddos-billing-limits-error-30g9 | I asked devs to crash my App. Here's what happened in the first 24h (DDoS, Billing Limits & Error 1101) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Elias Oliveira Posted on Jan 10 I asked devs to crash my App. Here's what happened in the first 24h (DDoS, Billing Limits & Error 1101) # security # testing # showdev # devops Yesterday, I posted here asking the community to stress test LShort , my new Edge-based link shortener. I built a 3D "War Room" dashboard to visualize the traffic and challenged you to crash it. Well, the first 24 hours were intense. I learned lessons that only real-world traffic (and a bit of mischief) could teach. Here is the battle report: 1. The "Jaguarão" Attack (and my unsuspecting Fiancée) The first spike happened at a terrible time. I was on a video call with my fiancée, trying to pay attention to her, when I saw my War Room dashboard start flashing frantically in the corner of my eye. Someone from Jaguarão (a city in southern Brazil) decided to test the infrastructure properly. It was a brief but concentrated attack: around 4,000 requests in a few seconds . The Technical Surprise: Ironically, as the hit counter went vertical, the average latency actually dropped . This validated the architecture: The Cloudflare Workers + Upstash Redis combo works incredibly well on "hot paths". The more you hit the same link, the faster the cache serves it. The Failure (My Wallet): The shortener held up, but the backend service powering the War Room (hosted on Railway ) hit the Billing Hard Limit I had set (it shares the budget with my other hobby projects). Railway, protecting my credit card, paused the service. A quick adjustment to the spending limit brought it back, but it was a good reminder: sometimes the bottleneck isn't code, it's the budget configuration. 2. Error 1101 and The End of the Free Tier Everything seemed calm until around 3:00 PM today. The accumulated traffic from Reddit, TabNews, and Dev.to finally took its toll. My Cloudflare Workers free tier quota was completely pulverized. Suddenly, users started seeing the dreaded Error 1101 . I had to act fast, upgrade the plan, and scale up the worker limits. A few minutes later, systems were 100% operational again. 3. Key Takeaways This stress test proved that separating responsibilities was the right call: Redirects (Critical Path): Running on the Edge allows it to tank heavy loads (as long as the bill is paid). Analytics (Async): Decoupling the heavy lifting of data processing saved the redirection engine from crashing during the 4k RPS spike. In a real-world scenario, traffic would be distributed across many links rather than a DoS on a single URL, but seeing the system scale (and fail exactly where the limits were set) was invaluable. The Challenge is still on! Now that I've upgraded the plans and adjusted the limits, the system is ready for Round 2. 👉 Stress Test Link: https://lshort.sh/ITlPomy Thanks to everyone who participated in the "destruction" so far. Waiting for the next chapter! 🚀 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Elias Oliveira Follow I Love Programming. Joined Jan 9, 2026 More from Elias Oliveira Try crash my app! I built a Link Shortener on the Edge. Can you help me crash it? (Live Dashboard) # architecture # performance # showdev # testing 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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achieve more, and collaborate better. Tackle complex projects Handle sophisticated, multi-dimensional challenges—the kind that require a true thinking partner. Do real work well Launch features, complete analyses, publish content, and more with Claude. Claude works alongside you Claude shows its thinking, seeks clarification, and collaborates thoughtfully. One plan for all your work Marketers Developers Sales Analysts Founders Creators Active Note Interact with the data—hover and toggle views to uncover patterns View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt Create a multi-line trend chart showing the performance of three key business metrics over the past 12 months: marketing campaign ROI (pink line), sales conversion rate (blue line), and market share growth (green line). Display clear trend intersections and mark significant performance changes with data points. Include a legend and show month-over-month progression. Attachments Quarterly Performance 1,283 lines csv Market Analysis 921 kb json Marketers Create compelling content and build campaign dashboards in Claude apps. View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt > claude fix the authentication error in our login flow I'll investigate the auth error. Let me look at the relevant files. Examining auth-related files... * src/services/authService.js * src/components/Login.jsx * src/store/authSlice.js Running the login flow... Error detected: "401 Unauthorized: Token expired" Root cause: * Token refresh mechanism not handling expired tokens correctly * Refresh token missing from request header * Improper error handling for 401 responses Updating authService.js with proper refresh logic... Updating request interceptor for 401 handling... Testing the fix... * Login successful ✓ * Token refresh working ✓ * Proper redirection on expired tokens ✓ Authentication error fixed! The login flow now properly handles token expiration. Developers Plan project implementation with Claude apps, then execute with Claude Code in the terminal. View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt Conduct a comprehensive win/loss analysis of the Q4 2024 enterprise sales pipeline using the attached CRM data, sales call transcripts, and win/loss interview summaries. I need a strategic business report. Attachments CRM Data 7,126 lines csv Sales Calls Transcripts 479 kb txt Q4 2025 Enterprise Deal Win/Loss Analysis Executive Summary Overall Performance: Win Rate: 54.5% (6 wins out of 11 completed deals) Total Pipeline Value: $8.27M across 20 deals Won Deal Value: $1.97M (average $328K per win) Lost Deal Value: $1.44M (average $288K per loss) Active Pipeline: $4.86M across 9 in-progress deals Key Findings What’s Working: Primary Win Drivers Industry-Specific Expertise Compliance Leadership: Won deals consistently highlighted superior compliance capabilities (TechCorp security, AutoManuf automotive certs, EnergyPlus sustainability) Technical Fit: All wins featured strong technical alignment with existing infrastructure Industry References: Successful deals leveraged relevant customer case studies effectively Speed to Value Fast Implementation: Won deals averaged 75 days vs 121 days for lost deals Quick ROI: Winners showed immediate business impact (RetailMax Black Friday readiness, CloudFirst rapid scaling) Sales Team Performance Sarah Johnson: 3 wins, 3 in-progress (50% of total wins) David Rodriguez: 3 wins, 2 in-progress (strong enterprise focus) Top performers brought in technical experts and leveraged references effectively Critical Loss Factors Pricing Competitiveness 60% of losses cited cost as primary factor Total Cost of Ownership: Competitors offered 20-40% lower TCO Budget Constraints: Especially impactful in education and government sectors Implementation Timeline Seasonal Deadlines: FoodChain and EduTech lost due to timing misalignment Resource Constraints: Lost deals averaged 40% longer implementation times Industry-Specific Gaps Feature Deficits: Food safety (FoodChain), government compliance (GovServices), consulting templates (ConsultPro) Reference Shortage: Lacked sufficient industry-specific case studies Detailed Analysis Industry Performance High-Performing Industries achieved perfect win rates across the board. Technology deals (100% win rate across 2 deals) succeeded through superior technical fit and security-focused positioning. Retail and Sports sectors also delivered 100% success rates, with scalability and real-time performance capabilities driving wins. Energy and Automotive industries maintained perfect records through industry-specific compliance expertise and sustainability-focused solutions. Struggling Industries present significant challenges requiring strategic intervention. Manufacturing deals failed due to cost sensitivity and ERP integration complexities. Education sector losses stemmed from budget constraints and seasonal timing misalignment. Consulting industry struggles centered on ROI timeline concerns and extensive customization requirements. Food & Beverage deals were lost primarily due to industry-specific compliance gaps. Government sector challenges included complex procurement processes and vendor pre-approval requirements. Deal Size Impact Enterprise deals over $300K delivered a 50% win rate with 5 wins out of 10 completed opportunities, while mid-market deals under $300K achieved a perfect 100% win rate though represented only 1 completed deal. The average won deal value reached $328K compared to $288K for lost deals, indicating that higher-value opportunities are actually slightly more likely to close successfully despite their complexity. Competitor Analysis Uncontested deals represent the strongest opportunity with 6 total encounters resulting in 5 wins for an 83% success rate, demonstrating clear market fit when not facing direct competition. Competitor A appeared in 4 deals with only 1 win achieved against them (25% win rate). Their primary strengths include lower cost positioning and faster implementation timelines that appeal to budget-conscious and time-sensitive prospects. Competitor B proved most challenging with 5 encounters resulting in zero wins (0% win rate). They excel through industry-specific feature sets and superior integration capabilities with existing customer systems. Competitor C also maintained a perfect defensive record with 4 encounters and zero losses to our solution (0% win rate). Their key advantages center on significant cost advantages and strong compliance capabilities that resonate particularly well in regulated industries. Pipeline Risk Assessment High-Risk Deals (Likely to be Lost) FinanceFirst Bank (D003) - $680K Risk Level: 🔴 HIGH Issues: Security audit delays, complex approval process, integration concerns Timeline: 125+ days in cycle LogiCorp International (D007) - $750K Risk Level: 🔴 HIGH Issues: Resource constraints, quarterly decision cycles, competitive evaluation Timeline: 134+ days in cycle BioPharm Research (D011) - $610K Risk Level: 🔴 HIGH Issues: FDA validation needs, merger uncertainty, 90-day regulatory review Timeline: 143+ days in cycle Medium-Risk Deals TelecomMax Inc (D017) - $690K Risk Level: 🟡 MEDIUM Issues: Acquisition talks pausing decisions, architecture review delays Action: Provide technical POC to advance architecture review InsureTech Ltd (D013) - $480K Risk Level: 🟡 MEDIUM Issues: Q2 regulatory deadlines, build vs buy decision pending Action: Accelerate sandbox testing, provide regulatory compliance package Promising Deals MediaWorks Global (D009) - $380K Risk Level: 🟢 LOW Issues: Change management concerns, timing with Q1 workflow changes Action: Provide training timeline, phase implementation approach Strategic Recommendations Immediate Actions (Next 30 Days) Pricing Strategy Review Develop competitive pricing tiers for education, government, and manufacturing Create TCO calculators showing long-term value proposition Consider flexible payment terms for budget-constrained sectors Implementation Acceleration Create phased implementation options to reduce resource burden Develop rapid deployment packages for time-sensitive industries Build seasonal implementation calendars for education and retail Industry Specialization Develop food safety compliance package for F&B sector Create government-specific security documentation and pre-approval materials Build manufacturing-specific ERP integration templates Medium-Term Initiatives (Next Quarter) Reference Program Enhancement Recruit case study participants from each target industry Develop industry-specific ROI calculators and business cases Create peer reference networks for prospects Sales Team Optimization Replicate Sarah Johnson and David Rodriguez's best practices Provide industry-specific training for underperforming reps Develop technical expert engagement playbooks Competitive Intelligence Deep-dive analysis of Competitor B and C's industry-specific advantages Develop competitive battle cards for each major competitor Create differentiation messaging for key competitive scenarios Long-Term Strategic Shifts Product Development Priorities Food safety and traceability features for F&B market Government compliance and security certifications Manufacturing-specific ERP integration capabilities Market Focus Refinement Double down on high-win-rate industries (Technology, Energy, Automotive) Develop specialized go-to-market strategies for challenging sectors Consider partnership strategies for government market entry Success Metrics to Track Win rate improvement: Target 65% win rate by Q1 2025 Sales cycle reduction: Target 15% decrease in average cycle time Competitive win rate: Improve win rate against top competitors to 40% Pipeline conversion: Focus on advancing high-value, high-probability deals — Analysis based on Q4 2024 CRM data, sales call transcripts, and win/loss interviews. Last updated: December 2024 Sales Write personalized outreach and analyze customer feedback in Claude apps. Note Interact with the data—hover and toggle views to uncover patterns View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt Create a scatter plot matrix showing business performance vs opportunity analysis. Plot data points by Current Performance Score (x-axis, 0-100) vs Growth Opportunity Score (y-axis, 0-100). Include quadrant divisions with labels: "Optimize" (top-right), "Develop" (top-left), "Maintain" (bottom-right), "Divest" (bottom-left). Color code by business category and size points by revenue/impact potential. Attachments Quarterly Performance 977 lines csv Strategic Metrics 92 kb json Analysts Research in Claude apps, then build data pipelines and query data with Claude Code. Note Interact with the data—hover and toggle views to uncover patterns View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt Create an interactive time series chart showing performance trends over time from my uploaded data. Include: – Multiple metrics as different colored trend areas – Hover details showing exact values and dates – Legend to toggle metrics on/off – Trend analysis summary below the chartMake it visually clear which metrics are improving or declining. Attachments Industry Trends 522 lines csv Growth Analysis 442 kb xlsx Founders Use Claude apps for strategic planning, then prototype with Claude Code—even without coding experience. View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt Analyze my content performance and audience data. What patterns should guide my content strategy? Attachments Audience Insights Report 8.10 kb txt Content strategy analysis: Performance patterns and strategic recommendations Key performance patterns Top performing content types Case studies dominate conversions Customer success stories achieve 15.4-16.8% conversion rates Generate highest revenue attribution ($4,560-$5,240 per piece) Strong engagement across all audience segments Pattern: Real-world proof points resonate universally Product tools and resources excel ROI calculator achieved 25.3% conversion rate (highest overall) Templates and guides average 21.4% conversion Technical tutorials: 24.6% conversion with engaged audiences Pattern: Actionable, practical content drives decisions Video content shows mixed performance Technical tutorials: 24.6% conversion rate Product demos: 18.9% conversion rate General webinars: 6.8% conversion rate Pattern: Specific, educational video content outperforms general presentations Channel performance insights Website content drives revenue Averages 13.2% conversion rate across content types Captures high-intent audiences seeking solutions Long-form content performs best (8.9-15.6 minutes average time) LinkedIn balances reach and conversion Professional audience aligns with your segments Moderate conversion rates (4.2-7.4%) but consistent performance Strong sharing behavior supports organic reach YouTube technical content opportunity Advanced tutorials achieve exceptional conversion (24.6%) Currently underutilized for your technical audience segment Long-form educational content shows promise Instagram and Twitter underperform Company culture content generates minimal business impact Low conversion rates (0.9-3.1%) for business goals Resource reallocation opportunity identified Audience alignment analysis Content gaps vs. audience needs Marketing practitioners (42% of audience) Need: Campaign optimization, ROI proof, workflow efficiency Gap: Insufficient how-to guides and process optimization content Opportunity: Your templates perform well (21.4% conversion) but production volume low Business leadership (28% of audience) Need: Competitive advantage, revenue impact, strategic planning Strength: Case studies and industry reports perform well Gap: Limited executive-focused content formats Technical implementers (8% of audience) Need: Implementation guides, security considerations, troubleshooting Major opportunity: 24.6% conversion rate but minimal content volume Gap: Only 2 technical pieces in sample vs. high demand Content consumption patterns Peak engagement alignment Tuesday-Thursday content performs best Morning publication (9-11 AM) drives higher engagement Video content optimal on Wednesdays Format preferences match performance Marketing practitioners prefer actionable guides → templates convert at 21.4% Business leaders prefer case studies → convert at 15.4-16.8% Technical implementers prefer detailed guides → convert at 24.6% Strategic recommendations Immediate content optimization (next 90 days) Expand high-converting formats Double case study production (currently 2/month, target 4/month) Create monthly interactive tool or calculator Develop technical implementation guide series Channel reallocation Reduce Instagram/Twitter investment by 60% Increase YouTube technical content production Expand LinkedIn thought leadership posting Content calendar optimization Publish primary content Tuesday-Thursday mornings Reserve Mondays for content promotion and distribution Use Fridays for community engagement and social listening Strategic content expansion (next 6 months) Technical audience development Current 8% audience generates 24.6% conversion rates Potential revenue impact: 3x current technical content ROI Target: Monthly technical tutorial series, API documentation updates Industry-specific content tracks Create vertical content for healthcare, manufacturing, financial services Develop industry-specific case studies and use cases Customize messaging for different compliance and regulatory needs Video content strategy Focus on educational, problem-solving content vs. general presentations Create customer interview series (combines case study + video strengths) Develop technical implementation video library Long-term positioning (next 12 months) Community building initiative Leverage high-engagement technical audience for peer discussions Create user-generated content programs Develop customer advisory board for content input International expansion 29% of audience outside North America presents localization opportunity Adapt high-performing content for international markets Consider regional compliance and regulatory content needs Competitive differentiation Current content volume below industry average (20 vs. 31 pieces/month) Quality metrics above average (4.8% vs. 3.9% engagement) Strategy: Maintain quality while strategically increasing volume in high-converting categories Success metrics and targets 90-day targets Increase technical content from 10% to 25% of monthly output Achieve 15%+ average conversion rate across all content Generate 1,500+ leads monthly (vs. current 1,342) 6-month targets Expand video content to 30% of production Reach 15,000+ monthly website visitors through organic content Achieve $120,000+ monthly revenue attribution 12-month targets Build technical community of 2,500+ engaged members Establish thought leadership in 3 industry verticals Generate $200,000+ monthly revenue through content marketing Implementation priority matrix High impact, quick wins Expand case study production Create monthly interactive tools Reallocate social media resources to high-performing channels High impact, medium effort Develop technical content series Launch customer interview video program Build industry-specific content tracks Strategic investments International content localization Community platform development Advanced video production capabilities Your content strategy should focus on amplifying what's already working (case studies, technical guides, practical tools) while strategically expanding into underutilized high-conversion opportunities, particularly technical content and video education formats. Creators Plan content strategy in Claude apps, then handle website updates with Claude Code. Why people choose Max Some use it all for Claude apps—writing, research, analysis. Others live in Claude Code. Most discover they need both. The capacity to do more With up to 20x more usage per session, you can finally pursue every thread, explore every possibility, and complete ambitious projects. More room for Claude’s best features Run multiple [[research|Research|Build research reports in minutes, complete with easy-to-check citations.]] sessions daily. Build complex [[artifacts|Artifacts|Turn ideas into shareable creations. Build tools, visualizations, and experiences by simply describing what you need.]] iteratively. [[Create files, analyze data|Code execution and file creation|Claude executes code to quickly analyze data and create ready-to-use documents, spreadsheets, slides, PDFs, and more.]] and pull context from all your integrated [[tools|Tools|Connect Claude to your favorite tools like JIRA, Zapier, and Intercom, or build your own.]] freely. Access to the latest and greatest New features and models often launch on Max first, before they expand to other plans. How can I help? I have tons of messy data and need to find meaningful patterns. What questions should I be asking to surface insights I wouldn't think to look for? Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude How can I help? My app performance is inconsistent and I can't pinpoint why. Help me think through a systematic debugging approach that goes beyond the obvious metrics. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Prev Prev Next Next Prev Prev Next Next Choose your Max plan <path d="M44.9536 33.9053C45.1266 34.0368 45.2555 34.1361 45.3641 34.2179C45.4178 34.2582 45.4674 34.2958 45.5131 34.3306L45.5466 34.3561L45.5708 34.3722L45.6177 34.4031C45.7479 34.4823 45.8928 34.5695 46.2228 34.6781C46.5583 34.7815 46.7488 34.7573 46.9232 34.7439C47.0131 34.7291 47.1003 34.7251 47.2103 34.7063C47.2653 34.6996 47.3257 34.6929 47.3942 34.6862C47.4626 34.6755 47.5391 34.6674 47.6276 34.658C47.7148 34.6419 47.7926 34.6325 47.8624 34.6258C47.9322 34.6191 47.9939 34.607 48.0516 34.603C48.167 34.5963 48.2609 34.5883 48.3562 34.5802C48.4045 34.5762 48.4528 34.5722 48.5038 34.5681C48.5547 34.5601 48.6071 34.548 48.6661 34.5346C48.7251 34.5198 48.7895 34.5024 48.8607 34.4782C48.9304 34.4487 49.0082 34.4138 49.0955 34.3709C49.1894 34.328 49.243 34.2904 49.3007 34.2582C49.3557 34.2246 49.4 34.1898 49.443 34.1602C49.5235 34.0958 49.5852 34.0422 49.6429 33.9831C49.7556 33.8637 49.871 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https://dev.to/doogal/the-3-argument-rule-how-to-stop-argument-bankruptcy-15cb#comments | The 3-Argument Rule: How to Stop "Argument Bankruptcy" - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Doogal Simpson Posted on Jan 5 • Originally published at doogal.dev The 3-Argument Rule: How to Stop "Argument Bankruptcy" # javascript # webdev # productivity # beginners You are reading a file, trying to debug a critical issue. You stumble upon this line: createUser("John", "Doe", "j@d.com", true, false, 5); Your brain freezes. What is true ? What is false ? What does the number 5 represent? Is that a retry count? A timeout? A user ID? To understand this single line of code, you have to navigate to the function definition, memorize the order of six different parameters, and then mentally map them back to the function call. You have just paid a heavy tax. In "The Professional Junior," I talk about the concept of Cognitive Budget . As developers, we can only hold so much context in our heads at once. Every time we force a caller to memorize an argument order, we deplete that budget. This is called Argument Bankruptcy . Here is how to fix it. The Concept: Arguments are Taxes Think of arguments as the taxes we pay to use a function. 0 Arguments: Tax-free. The function just does its job. 1-2 Arguments: A reasonable sales tax. We can easily remember getUser(id) or login(username, password) . 3+ Arguments: Bankruptcy. When a function requires three or more arguments, we introduce two major risks: The "Mystery Boolean": Passing true or false without context makes the calling code unreadable. The Order Trap: Was it (email, name) or (name, email) ? In loosely typed languages, getting this wrong leads to silent data corruption. In typed languages, it leads to frustration. The Junior Trap: "Just One More Param" We’ve all been there. You have a function that takes three arguments. A new requirement comes in: we need to track the user's last login date. The easy path (The Junior Trap) is to just tack it onto the end. function save(name, email, isAdmin, lastLogin) { ... } Six months later, another requirement comes in. Now we need a retry count. Tack it on the end. Suddenly, you are playing "Guess the Argument" every time you call the function. The Code: The Object Pattern The solution is to stop passing loose data. If logic requires 3+ things, those things belong together. We wrap them in a single object (or Interface). // Before: The Bankruptcy Here, the caller is forced to memorize the specific order of five different variables. If they swap the booleans, an admin might get downgraded to a standard user silently. // ❌ The Function Definition function saveUser ( firstName , lastName , email , isAdmin , sendWelcomeEmail ) { // ... implementation } // ❌ The Usage (The Horror) // What does 'true' mean? What does 'false' mean? // If I swap them, I break the system. saveUser ( " John " , " Doe " , " j@d.com " , true , false ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode // After: The Virtue of Economy By using a single object argument (often called "named parameters" or the "RObject pattern"), we eliminate the tax. Order doesn't matter. Self-Documenting: We know exactly what isAdmin is because the key says so. Extensible: We can add a new property to the interface later without breaking every single function call in the codebase. // ✅ The Function Definition // We expect ONE object. function saveUser ( userContext ) { // We can destructure immediately for clarity const { firstName , email , isAdmin } = userContext ; // ... implementation } // ✅ The Usage (Clear & Robust) saveUser ({ firstName : " John " , lastName : " Doe " , email : " j@d.com " , isAdmin : true , sendWelcomeEmail : false }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Pro Move: Extensibility The greatest benefit of the After approach is how it handles change. If you need to add a middleName parameter to the Before example, you have to find every instance of saveUser in your application and update the arguments, or carefully place it at the very end and hope no one messed up the order. In the After example, you add middleName to the function logic. Old calls that don't pass middleName simply treat it as undefined (or you provide a default), and the code keeps running. Stop making your teammates memorize your implementation details. Pay the tax for them. Stop writing code just to please the compiler. This article was an excerpt from my handbook, "The Professional Junior: Writing Code that Matters." It’s not a 400-page textbook. It’s a tactical field guide to unwritten engineering rules. 👉 Get the Full Handbook Here Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Doogal Simpson Follow I'm a Senior Staff Engineer and former start-up founder. I'm trying to help developers bridge the gap from technical competence to professional engineering. Joined Dec 11, 2025 More from Doogal Simpson Don't Let the Domains Touch! The Professional Way to Avoid The Switch Smell # javascript # beginners # refactoring # webdev The TL;DR Rule: How I Structure Files to Not Annoy My Team # beginners # javascript # career # programming The "And" Test: How I Spot a Monster Function Before it Bites Me # beginners # career # javascript # software 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/victory_adugbo_28d7c59ec0/why-central-banks-should-participate-and-not-compete-in-tokenized-markets-17hn#comments | Why Central Banks Should Participate and Not Compete in Tokenized Markets. - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Victory Adugbo Posted on Dec 6, 2025 Why Central Banks Should Participate and Not Compete in Tokenized Markets. # web3 # blockchain # discuss # opensource Tokenization has been seen by central banks for years as an experiment in the far future, an interesting idea developing in the "crypto world," but not a real concern in regulated finance. That assumption is no longer true. Things like government bonds, money market funds, treasuries, private credit, commercial paper, and even institutional settlement flows are becoming more and more tokenized very quickly. What began as an interesting piece of technology is quickly becoming an important part of how global markets work. It's still a common mistake for central banks to see tokenization as a threat, a separate system that is meant to make it harder to control money or separate policy channels. However, the truth is different; growing tokenized markets are not the real danger for central banks. The real issue is their absence from the design process. Tokenization enhances monetary sovereignty, not diminishes it. Central banks that participate gain visibility, influence, and policy leverage. Those who resist tokenization risk losing all three benefits. Why Tokenization Is Becoming Core Infrastructure These days, tokenization isn't just an experiment for startups; it's a change that's being led by the biggest financial firms in the world. The BUIDL tokenized treasury fund from BlackRock is now one of the biggest on-chain funds in the world. For instant settlement, JPMorgan's Onyx platform is creating tokenized collateral networks. HSBC now offers tokenized gold products and digital custody for institutions. Several asset managers, including Franklin Templeton, WisdomTree, and Wellington, are releasing daily-liquid tokenized money market funds. The world’s financial plumbing is being rebuilt in real time. Data has already validated this shift. Tokenized real-world assets (RWAs) have surpassed $20B+ in circulation. Citi estimates tokenized markets could reach $4–5 trillion by 2030. BCG projects $16 trillion in tokenized assets over the long term. The BIS, IMF, MAS, FCA, and ESMA now classify tokenization as market infrastructure innovation, not “crypto activity.” Central banks can't win by competing because it causes liquidity to split up, and institutions will always go where the most money is available, whether on public chains or private networks, instead of using separate systems. Central-bank-designed systems also tend to suffer from limited adoption because they offer fewer incentives for institutional participation. By refusing to integrate with tokenized markets, central banks lose visibility into the very capital flows shaping modern finance, creating a transparency deficit at the policy level. Meanwhile, banks are forced to run parallel infrastructure stacks, increasing operational expenses, compliance fatigue, and settlement risk. And crucially, CBDCs alone cannot address the needs of tokenized bond markets, collateral mobility, or programmable settlements. The plain fact is that a central bank can only regulate an open, programmable financial layer; they cannot compete with it. Participation Protects the Currency Tokenization is not the biggest threat to monetary sovereignty; exclusion from it is. Despite the lack of involvement from the central bank, millions of users transfer digital dollars across blockchains every day, making tokenized USD assets move around the world. In many emerging economies, USD stablecoins now act as "shadow digital dollars," acting as both a way to store value and settle transactions. Ignoring them doesn't make their influence weaker; in fact, it strengthens it. At the same time, tokenized treasuries have set up parallel money rails where the yield is higher than in domestic savings accounts, settlement is instant, and middlemen are not required. People may completely avoid domestic currencies if they don't take part, as they move toward tokenized USD instruments that are easier to use and have more liquid value. Interoperability is now an important part of real sovereignty. For instance, central banks must utilize the same digital channels where value is already flowing to maintain FX liquidity, manage cross-border capital, and monitor flows. A currency that cannot be integrated becomes irrelevant. Africa can get ahead by creating a digital-first clearing infrastructure, tokenizing land records, carbon credits, and agricultural goods, making issuance markets that are open to small businesses, attracting capital from people living outside of Africa into on-chain government instruments, and relying less on dollar stablecoins through trustworthy domestic tokenized assets. The continent can build a modern market infrastructure right away, without having to deal with old systems that aren't working well. Participation is not optional. It is a continental advantage. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Victory Adugbo Follow Tokenization & Stablecoin | DeFi & RWA Growth Engineer | I help ship Narrative, Pipeline, and Adoption Joined Nov 5, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot I Didn’t “Become” a Senior Developer. I Accumulated Damage. # programming # ai # career # discuss The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning If a problem can be solved without AI, does AI actually make it better? # ai # architecture # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://design.forem.com/om_shree_0709 | Om Shree - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Follow User actions Om Shree Technical Evangelist | AI Researcher | Simplifying Complex AI & Agent Workflows for Developers Location India Joined Joined on Feb 27, 2025 Email address omshree0709@gmail.com Personal website https://shreesozo.com github website twitter website Education Jaypee University Of Information Technology Pronouns He/Him Work Founder of Shreesozo 16 Week Community Wellness Streak You're a dedicated community champion! Keep up the great work by posting at least 2 comments per week for 16 straight weeks. The prized 24-week badge is within reach! Got it Close 2 DEV Challenge Volunteer Judge Awarded for judging a DEV Challenge and nominating winners. 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Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close More info about @om_shree_0709 Skills/Languages Full-Stack Dev Currently learning Full-Stack Dev Available for MCP Blog Author, Open-Source Contributor, Full-Stack Dev Post 1 post published Comment 330 comments written Tag 1 tag followed Fresh Trends Shaping Web and Graphic Design in Fall 2025 Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Oct 12 '25 Fresh Trends Shaping Web and Graphic Design in Fall 2025 # design # tools # recommendations # resources 20 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Want to connect with Om Shree? Create an account to connect with Om Shree. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? 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https://dev.to/terieyenike/process-images-with-python-pil-54l7 | Processing Images in Python with Pillow - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse oteri Posted on Sep 19, 2020 • Edited on Mar 7, 2025 Processing Images in Python with Pillow # python # productivity Have you ever felt stuck trying to convert, resize, apply a filter to images with the aid of a design tool like Photoshop or Illustrator? With Python, we can achieve this with just basic script written in our favourite code editors or IDEs. Python is one of the most popular programming languages and it is favoured amongst beginners trying to experiment with their first language. Python provides lots of libraries for image processing but we would focus our attention with Python Imaging Library (PIL). PIL helps to perform basic operations on images like resizing, rotation, creating thumbnails, convert between different file formats etc. In this tutorial, we are going to assume you have a basic understanding of Python and its syntax to be able to follow. Before we begin the installation of PIL, ensure you have the latest Python installed on your system python3 . Installation The first step in working with image processing is to install the required library, Pillow . We will use pip to install the required library from the terminal or command line. $ pip3 install pillow Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That's it. Now we can begin. Open, rotate and display and image The following script loads an image, rotate it 90 degrees, and display an image on the default system image viewer. from PIL import Image img = Image . open ( " bulbasaur.jpg " ) img . rotate ( 90 ). show () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Create thumbnails The thumbnail method, thumbnail() helps to maintain the aspect ratio of images especially when you want it to scale it down/up proportionally. In between the method, enter the dimension you want. Something you should take note of is that the thumbnail method doesn't return a new image, it just modifies the current one. from PIL import Image img = Image . open ( " bulbasaur.jpg " ) img . thumbnail (( 400 , 250 )) img . show () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Apply filter to images. Here we would sharpen, blur, and smoothen an image based on our preference. With this process, we have to import another module, ImageFilter to the pre-existing Image module used to represent a PIL image. Replace BLUR attribute with SHARPEN and SMOOTH to see the changes to the processed image. from PIL import Image , ImageFilter img = Image . open ( " bulbasaur.jpg " ) filtered_img = img . filter ( ImageFilter . BLUR ) filtered_img . show () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Convert and save We can change the format of an image from one form to another. You can either create a new folder or save the image in the same folder where you want to apply the save() method to. from PIL import Image img = Image . open ( " bulbasaur.jpg " ) img . save ( " /images/processed/new_bulbasaur.png " , " png " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Convert image to grayscale We would be making use of the convert() method to apply changes to an image from its original coloured image to grey. from PIL import Image img = Image . open ( " bulbasaur.jpg " ) filtered_img = img . convert ( " L " ) filtered_img . show () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The "L" stands for 'luminous' Resize image With this method, resize(), you can resize your image with the following script. from PIL import Image img = Image . open ( " bulbasaur.jpg " ) resize = img . resize (( 300 , 300 )) resize . show () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Crop image The crop() method returns a rectangular region from the cropped image. The box is a tuple of the crop rectangle which takes in four input as coordinates, (left, upper, right, lower) represented as figures. from PIL import Image img = Image . open ( " bulbasaur.jpg " ) box = ( 100 , 100 , 250 , 250 ) region = img . crop ( box ) region . show () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Read the image You can read the image through its various attributes such as mode, size, and format. We can use the Python Print() function. Replace the size attribute with filter and mode attributes. from PIL import Image img = Image . open ( " bulbasaur.jpg " ) print ( img . size ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusion That's it from my end! Remember you can do more exciting things with reading the Pillow documentation and we have barely scratched the surface of endless possibilities we can achieve using this Python library. If this helped you in any way, kindly leave a feedback or comment below. Further reading Image effects with PIL(Python Image Library) Essential Pil (Pillow) Image Tutorial (for Machine Learning People) Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Can Nuhlar Can Nuhlar Can Nuhlar Follow CS Student in Istanbul, Turkey. Love to learn new technologies. Location Istanbul Education Istanbul University Joined Feb 10, 2017 • Sep 20 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide If you want to get familiar with python it's good but for actual usage; image-magick has a CLI tool that does much more than this. imagemagick.org/script/convert.php Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand oteri oteri oteri Follow Software Engineer 🛠️ | Prompt Engineer | Technical Writer Email teyenike1@gmail.com Location Nigeria Education University of Nigeria Work Technical Writer Joined Apr 17, 2019 • Sep 20 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I would look into it. Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lex Lex Lex Follow Just seing...animus.. Peace && Love... Hippie Power.. Location Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico Work Peace && Love;GunLinux;Linux at I don't work Joined Nov 19, 2019 • Sep 19 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Cool very useful, thanks man😁✌️👍 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand oteri oteri oteri Follow Software Engineer 🛠️ | Prompt Engineer | Technical Writer Email teyenike1@gmail.com Location Nigeria Education University of Nigeria Work Technical Writer Joined Apr 17, 2019 • Sep 19 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Glad you found it useful. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse oteri Follow Software Engineer 🛠️ | Prompt Engineer | Technical Writer Location Nigeria Education University of Nigeria Work Technical Writer Joined Apr 17, 2019 More from oteri How to Scrape Any Website Using Bright Data MCP Server and AI Agents # python # ai # development # opensource Build in Public (Data Engineering): Day Zero # buildinpublic # python # learning # development Build a Serverless Distance Calculator on AWS (Amplify, Lambda, API Gateway & DynamoDB) # aws # javascript # python # serverless 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://design.forem.com/freepixel11/help-center-design-consistency-rules-for-trust-and-clarity-alo | Help Center Design Consistency Rules for Trust and Clarity - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse FreePixel Posted on Dec 24, 2025 Help Center Design Consistency Rules for Trust and Clarity # helpcenter # uxdesign # customersupport # knowledgebase Help centers are judged in seconds. Users arrive with a problem, scan the page, and quickly decide whether they trust what they see. Help center design consistency rules for trust and clarity are what make that decision effortless. When layouts, patterns, and language stay consistent, users feel oriented and confident. When they don’t, even accurate content feels unreliable. This article breaks down the consistency rules that quietly improve clarity, trust, and long-term usability in help centers. Quick Summary Design consistency in help centers builds trust, reduces cognitive load, and improves self-service success. Consistent layouts, navigation, language, and interaction patterns help users scan faster, feel confident, and resolve issues without contacting support. Table of Contents Why Design Consistency Matters in Help Centers What “Consistency” Really Means in a Help Center Rule 1: Keep Page Layouts Predictable Rule 2: Use a Single Visual Hierarchy System Rule 3: Standardize Navigation Patterns Rule 4: Use the Same Language Patterns Everywhere Rule 5: Align UI Terminology With Product Reality Rule 6: Keep Interaction Patterns Consistent Rule 7: Use Reusable Components for Clarity Rule 8: Maintain Consistency Across Devices Rule 9: Visual Consistency and Accessibility Rule 10: Avoid One-Off Design Exceptions Mini Case Example: Consistency Fix That Reduced Tickets How Design Consistency Builds Trust Over Time Auditing Design Consistency in Your Help Center Common Consistency Mistakes to Avoid Conclusion FAQ: Help Center Design Consistency Why Design Consistency Matters in Help Centers In support contexts, users are not exploring. They are trying to resolve something quickly. Inconsistent design: Slows down scanning Increases cognitive load Creates doubt about accuracy Pushes users toward support tickets Consistent design: Reduces mental effort Reinforces familiarity Signals reliability Encourages self-service Consistency is not visual polish. It is a trust signal. What “Consistency” Really Means in a Help Center Consistency does not mean everything looks identical. It means patterns behave predictably. In a help center, consistency applies to: Layout structure Navigation behavior Visual hierarchy Language and tone Interaction patterns Once users learn one pattern, they should be able to reuse it everywhere. Rule 1: Keep Page Layouts Predictable Every help article should feel familiar. Best practices: Same header placement Same content width and spacing Same location for summaries and steps If users must relearn layout on every page, clarity breaks. Rule 2: Use a Single Visual Hierarchy System Headings, spacing, and emphasis must follow one logic. A consistent hierarchy includes: One clear H1 Logical H2 sections Minimal, purposeful H3s Predictable spacing Hierarchy guides attention before reading begins. Rule 3: Standardize Navigation Patterns Navigation inconsistency creates uncertainty. Keep these stable: Category structure Breadcrumb behavior Search placement Back navigation If navigation changes between sections, users feel lost—even if content is correct. Rule 4: Use the Same Language Patterns Everywhere Design consistency includes words. Examples: “Sign in” vs “Log in” (choose one) “Account” vs “Profile” (define clearly) Same labels across product and help center Language drift quietly erodes trust. Rule 5: Align UI Terminology With Product Reality Help center language must match the product exactly. Avoid: Old feature names Internal terminology Marketing phrases Users compare the help article with the UI instantly. Any mismatch creates doubt. Rule 6: Keep Interaction Patterns Consistent Buttons, links, and callouts should behave the same everywhere. Consistency rules: Primary actions look the same Secondary actions are clearly different Links always look like links Predictability reduces hesitation. Rule 7: Use Reusable Components for Clarity Reusable components reinforce learning. Examples: Step-by-step blocks Warning callouts Tip boxes Configuration sections Users recognize these patterns and process information faster. Rule 8: Maintain Consistency Across Devices Mobile and desktop experiences should feel related, not redesigned. Mobile consistency includes: Same information order Same labels Same search behavior Responsive design should adapt layout, not logic. Rule 9: Visual Consistency and Accessibility Consistency naturally supports accessibility. Screen readers and keyboard users rely on: Logical heading order Predictable navigation landmarks Stable focus behavior Accessible design and consistent design reinforce each other. Rule 10: Avoid One-Off Design Exceptions One-off designs feel clever but break trust. Common mistakes: Special layouts for “important” articles Unique styling used once Team-specific design patterns If a pattern exists, reuse it. If it doesn’t, question why. Mini Case Example: Consistency Fix That Reduced Tickets A help center had: Multiple article templates Different heading styles by team Inconsistent button labels Users often reopened tickets after reading articles. Changes made: Unified article layout Standardized hierarchy and spacing Aligned language with product UI Result: Faster scanning Higher article helpfulness Fewer follow-up tickets No new content was added. Only consistency improved. How Design Consistency Builds Trust Over Time Trust is cumulative. Each consistent interaction: Reinforces familiarity Reduces friction Signals professionalism Over time, users stop questioning the help center and start relying on it. Auditing Design Consistency in Your Help Center Ask: Do all articles follow the same structure? Are labels reused consistently? Does navigation behave the same everywhere? If the answer is no, clarity is leaking. Common Consistency Mistakes to Avoid Avoid: Mixing old and new templates Letting teams design independently Updating UI without updating help content Treating consistency as optional Consistency is infrastructure, not decoration. Conclusion Help center design consistency rules for trust and clarity form the foundation of effective self-service support. When design patterns stay consistent, users stop thinking about navigation and start solving problems. That confidence reduces tickets, improves satisfaction, and makes support content scalable. If keeping layouts, components, and patterns consistent across a growing help center feels challenging, tools like Diziana can help maintain structure and clarity without constant manual cleanup. A consistent foundation makes trust easier to earn—and keep. FAQ: Help Center Design Consistency What is design consistency in a help center? Using predictable layouts, patterns, and language across all support content. Why does consistency improve trust? Because users can focus on solving problems instead of learning new patterns. Is consistency more important than visual style? Yes. Predictable behavior matters more than aesthetics. How often should consistency be reviewed? After major UI changes and during regular content audits. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse FreePixel Follow FreePixel is a freemium microstock and AI creative platform offering high-quality images and smart AI tools for creators, designers, and businesses. https://www.freepixel.com Location kanpur Joined Aug 11, 2025 More from FreePixel Help Center Visual Hierarchy Techniques That Guide User Attention # helpcenter # uxdesign # visualdesign # customersupport Help Center Design Systems for Consistent Support Experiences # helpcenter # uxdesign # designsystems # customersupport Personalized Help Center Experiences Using Customer Data # helpcenter # customersupport # uxwriting # techwriting 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/eliasoliedev/i-asked-devs-to-crash-my-app-heres-what-happened-in-the-first-24h-ddos-billing-limits-error-30g9 | I asked devs to crash my App. Here's what happened in the first 24h (DDoS, Billing Limits & Error 1101) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Elias Oliveira Posted on Jan 10 I asked devs to crash my App. Here's what happened in the first 24h (DDoS, Billing Limits & Error 1101) # security # testing # showdev # devops Yesterday, I posted here asking the community to stress test LShort , my new Edge-based link shortener. I built a 3D "War Room" dashboard to visualize the traffic and challenged you to crash it. Well, the first 24 hours were intense. I learned lessons that only real-world traffic (and a bit of mischief) could teach. Here is the battle report: 1. The "Jaguarão" Attack (and my unsuspecting Fiancée) The first spike happened at a terrible time. I was on a video call with my fiancée, trying to pay attention to her, when I saw my War Room dashboard start flashing frantically in the corner of my eye. Someone from Jaguarão (a city in southern Brazil) decided to test the infrastructure properly. It was a brief but concentrated attack: around 4,000 requests in a few seconds . The Technical Surprise: Ironically, as the hit counter went vertical, the average latency actually dropped . This validated the architecture: The Cloudflare Workers + Upstash Redis combo works incredibly well on "hot paths". The more you hit the same link, the faster the cache serves it. The Failure (My Wallet): The shortener held up, but the backend service powering the War Room (hosted on Railway ) hit the Billing Hard Limit I had set (it shares the budget with my other hobby projects). Railway, protecting my credit card, paused the service. A quick adjustment to the spending limit brought it back, but it was a good reminder: sometimes the bottleneck isn't code, it's the budget configuration. 2. Error 1101 and The End of the Free Tier Everything seemed calm until around 3:00 PM today. The accumulated traffic from Reddit, TabNews, and Dev.to finally took its toll. My Cloudflare Workers free tier quota was completely pulverized. Suddenly, users started seeing the dreaded Error 1101 . I had to act fast, upgrade the plan, and scale up the worker limits. A few minutes later, systems were 100% operational again. 3. Key Takeaways This stress test proved that separating responsibilities was the right call: Redirects (Critical Path): Running on the Edge allows it to tank heavy loads (as long as the bill is paid). Analytics (Async): Decoupling the heavy lifting of data processing saved the redirection engine from crashing during the 4k RPS spike. In a real-world scenario, traffic would be distributed across many links rather than a DoS on a single URL, but seeing the system scale (and fail exactly where the limits were set) was invaluable. The Challenge is still on! Now that I've upgraded the plans and adjusted the limits, the system is ready for Round 2. 👉 Stress Test Link: https://lshort.sh/ITlPomy Thanks to everyone who participated in the "destruction" so far. Waiting for the next chapter! 🚀 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Elias Oliveira Follow I Love Programming. Joined Jan 9, 2026 More from Elias Oliveira Try crash my app! I built a Link Shortener on the Edge. Can you help me crash it? (Live Dashboard) # architecture # performance # showdev # testing 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/server-side-sdks/python/ | Python SDK | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS Node.js SDK NestJS SDK PHP SDK Go SDK Ruby SDK Python SDK Installation Getting Started Usage OpenFeature Example App Java SDK .NET SDK SDK Proxy Server-side SDKS Python SDK DevCycle Python Server SDK Welcome to the DevCycle Python Server SDK. There are two modes for the SDK, Local Bucketing (using the local bucketing engine) and Cloud bucketing (using the DevCycle Bucketing API ). We recommend using the Local Bucketing mode by default, as it performs fast local evaluations of your feature flags. If you need access to EdgeDB you will need to use the Cloud Bucketing mode of the SDK. Installation Installing the SDK Getting Started Initializing the SDK Usage Using the SDK OpenFeature How to implement the OpenFeature Provider Example App Try it out for yourself The SDK is available as a package on PyPI. It is also open source and can be viewed on Github. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Example App Next Installation DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/t/webdev/page/5406#main-content | Web Development Page 5406 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Web Development Follow Hide Because the internet... Create Post submission guidelines Be nice. Be respectful. Assume best intentions. Be kind, rewind. Older #webdev posts 5403 5404 5405 5406 5407 5408 5409 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/server-side-sdks/php/ | PHP SDK | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS Node.js SDK NestJS SDK PHP SDK Installation Getting Started Usage OpenFeature Example App Go SDK Ruby SDK Python SDK Java SDK .NET SDK SDK Proxy Server-side SDKS PHP SDK DevCycle PHP Server SDK Welcome to the DevCycle PHP SDK. There are two modes for the SDK, Cloud bucketing (using the Bucketing API ) and Local Bucketing. We recommend using the Local Bucketing mode by default, as it performs fast local evaluations of your feature flags. If you need access to EdgeDB you will need to use the Cloud Bucketing mode of the SDK. Installation Installing the SDK Getting Started Initializing the SDK Usage Using the SDK OpenFeature How to implement the OpenFeature Provider Example App Try it out for yourself The SDK is available as a package on Packagist. It is also open source and can be viewed on Github. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Example App Next Installation DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/t/ui/page/8 | Ui Page 8 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # ui Follow Hide Tag dedicated to posts about user interface. Tips, tricks, techniques, approaches, etc. Create Post submission guidelines Just be respectful and make sure that your post actually talks about UI, rather than just mention it in passing. Older #ui posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Migrate from Material Icons to Material Symbols fonlow fonlow fonlow Follow Oct 28 '25 Migrate from Material Icons to Material Symbols # frontend # tutorial # angular # ui Comments Add Comment 2 min read Modern Web Design Styles Every Frontend Developer Must Know (2025 Guide) Part 2 Homayoun Mohammadi Homayoun Mohammadi Homayoun Mohammadi Follow Nov 27 '25 Modern Web Design Styles Every Frontend Developer Must Know (2025 Guide) Part 2 # design # ui # frontend 34 reactions Comments 7 comments 3 min read 06. Styling React Native Components sandatya widhi sandatya widhi sandatya widhi Follow Oct 27 '25 06. Styling React Native Components # reactnative # tutorial # ui Comments Add Comment 3 min read Rethinking Frontend Scalability: The “UI Composition Architecture” Pattern for Large React Applications Riturathin Sharma Riturathin Sharma Riturathin Sharma Follow Nov 20 '25 Rethinking Frontend Scalability: The “UI Composition Architecture” Pattern for Large React Applications # frontend # architecture # react # ui Comments Add Comment 3 min read 10+ Trending Animated UI Component Libraries 🔥 (2025 Edition) Jay Sarvaiya Jay Sarvaiya Jay Sarvaiya Follow Nov 19 '25 10+ Trending Animated UI Component Libraries 🔥 (2025 Edition) # animation # ui # webdev # react Comments Add Comment 5 min read 10 Common UI Design Mistakes Developers Make (And How to Fix Them) Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Follow Nov 29 '25 10 Common UI Design Mistakes Developers Make (And How to Fix Them) # ai # ui # devchallenge # programming Comments 1 comment 2 min read React Coding Challenge : Nested Checkox ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 Follow Nov 28 '25 React Coding Challenge : Nested Checkox # javascript # react # interview # ui 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Fixing Page Freeze After Closing a shadcn/ui Dialog, Sheet, DropdownMenu, and Popover in React Anthony Allename Anthony Allename Anthony Allename Follow Oct 24 '25 Fixing Page Freeze After Closing a shadcn/ui Dialog, Sheet, DropdownMenu, and Popover in React # shadcn # frontend # ui # react Comments Add Comment 3 min read 💡 Discovering `CustomMultiChildLayout` in Flutter: A Personal Journey Adunbi Moses Akinwande Adunbi Moses Akinwande Adunbi Moses Akinwande Follow Oct 24 '25 💡 Discovering `CustomMultiChildLayout` in Flutter: A Personal Journey # programming # flutter # ui # mobiledev Comments Add Comment 2 min read 3 UI Styles for your Next Project Shashwat Pritish Shashwat Pritish Shashwat Pritish Follow Nov 26 '25 3 UI Styles for your Next Project # webdev # css # uidesign # ui 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 21+ Best Free Tailwind v4 UI Kits and Component Libraries Yucel Faruk Sahan Yucel Faruk Sahan Yucel Faruk Sahan Follow Nov 25 '25 21+ Best Free Tailwind v4 UI Kits and Component Libraries # webdev # tailwindcss # ui # design 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read Understanding the Core Principles of Effective SaaS UI/UX Design Lollypop Design Lollypop Design Lollypop Design Follow Oct 22 '25 Understanding the Core Principles of Effective SaaS UI/UX Design # saas # ux # design # ui 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Thrilled to Share My Work Featured in the Appian Community’s UX Design Lab! gersondi gersondi gersondi Follow Oct 22 '25 Thrilled to Share My Work Featured in the Appian Community’s UX Design Lab! # showdev # ux # community # ui Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🎯 Frontend Psychology 101: How Design Choices Convert Users in 2025 Taha Majlesi Pour Taha Majlesi Pour Taha Majlesi Pour Follow Nov 4 '25 🎯 Frontend Psychology 101: How Design Choices Convert Users in 2025 # ux # frontend # design # ui Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🏛️ Uniface Forms Explained for C# Developers: The Original "WinForms" Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 23 '25 🏛️ Uniface Forms Explained for C# Developers: The Original "WinForms" # csharp # ui # dotnet # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read # How I Redesigned the Interactive Cleva Banking Mobile App. Abel Emmanuel Abel Emmanuel Abel Emmanuel Follow Oct 19 '25 # How I Redesigned the Interactive Cleva Banking Mobile App. # showdev # devchallenge # mobile # ui 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🧩 Diseñar un Design System (y no morir en el intento... o si) Juan Carlos Ceballos Juan Carlos Ceballos Juan Carlos Ceballos Follow Oct 18 '25 🧩 Diseñar un Design System (y no morir en el intento... o si) # designsystem # frontend # react # ui 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Diagonal Background Pattern with TailwindCSS Tony Edgal Tony Edgal Tony Edgal Follow Oct 18 '25 Diagonal Background Pattern with TailwindCSS # tailwindcss # css # design # ui Comments Add Comment 2 min read shadcn/ui vs Ant Design vs MUI: A Modern React Design System Comparison CodeFalconX CodeFalconX CodeFalconX Follow Nov 20 '25 shadcn/ui vs Ant Design vs MUI: A Modern React Design System Comparison # designsystem # ui # uidesign # programming 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read Mastering Flutter Debugging: Visual Tools Every Developer 👩🏻💻Must Know Hitesh Meghwal Hitesh Meghwal Hitesh Meghwal Follow Nov 21 '25 Mastering Flutter Debugging: Visual Tools Every Developer 👩🏻💻Must Know # flutter # dart # ui # devbugsmash 25 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Rank your design options, get A/B feedback, and collect real testimonials Pablo Santana Pablo Santana Pablo Santana Follow Oct 17 '25 Rank your design options, get A/B feedback, and collect real testimonials # webdev # ux # ui Comments Add Comment 1 min read Modern Web Design Styles Every Frontend Developer Must Know (2025 Guide) Homayoun Mohammadi Homayoun Mohammadi Homayoun Mohammadi Follow Nov 20 '25 Modern Web Design Styles Every Frontend Developer Must Know (2025 Guide) # frontend # ui # css # design 25 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read react-portalslots Alexey Elizarov Alexey Elizarov Alexey Elizarov Follow Oct 17 '25 react-portalslots # architecture # javascript # react # ui Comments Add Comment 3 min read useRef() and how it prevents flicker in a Map component Cathy Lai Cathy Lai Cathy Lai Follow Nov 15 '25 useRef() and how it prevents flicker in a Map component # javascript # react # ui # reactnative 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Easy Rent Bali Case Study: Building a Luxury UX with React & SSR sandriaas sandriaas sandriaas Follow Oct 11 '25 Easy Rent Bali Case Study: Building a Luxury UX with React & SSR # react # ux # ui # serverless Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/eliasoliedev/i-asked-devs-to-crash-my-app-heres-what-happened-in-the-first-24h-ddos-billing-limits-error-30g9 | I asked devs to crash my App. Here's what happened in the first 24h (DDoS, Billing Limits & Error 1101) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Elias Oliveira Posted on Jan 10 I asked devs to crash my App. Here's what happened in the first 24h (DDoS, Billing Limits & Error 1101) # security # testing # showdev # devops Yesterday, I posted here asking the community to stress test LShort , my new Edge-based link shortener. I built a 3D "War Room" dashboard to visualize the traffic and challenged you to crash it. Well, the first 24 hours were intense. I learned lessons that only real-world traffic (and a bit of mischief) could teach. Here is the battle report: 1. The "Jaguarão" Attack (and my unsuspecting Fiancée) The first spike happened at a terrible time. I was on a video call with my fiancée, trying to pay attention to her, when I saw my War Room dashboard start flashing frantically in the corner of my eye. Someone from Jaguarão (a city in southern Brazil) decided to test the infrastructure properly. It was a brief but concentrated attack: around 4,000 requests in a few seconds . The Technical Surprise: Ironically, as the hit counter went vertical, the average latency actually dropped . This validated the architecture: The Cloudflare Workers + Upstash Redis combo works incredibly well on "hot paths". The more you hit the same link, the faster the cache serves it. The Failure (My Wallet): The shortener held up, but the backend service powering the War Room (hosted on Railway ) hit the Billing Hard Limit I had set (it shares the budget with my other hobby projects). Railway, protecting my credit card, paused the service. A quick adjustment to the spending limit brought it back, but it was a good reminder: sometimes the bottleneck isn't code, it's the budget configuration. 2. Error 1101 and The End of the Free Tier Everything seemed calm until around 3:00 PM today. The accumulated traffic from Reddit, TabNews, and Dev.to finally took its toll. My Cloudflare Workers free tier quota was completely pulverized. Suddenly, users started seeing the dreaded Error 1101 . I had to act fast, upgrade the plan, and scale up the worker limits. A few minutes later, systems were 100% operational again. 3. Key Takeaways This stress test proved that separating responsibilities was the right call: Redirects (Critical Path): Running on the Edge allows it to tank heavy loads (as long as the bill is paid). Analytics (Async): Decoupling the heavy lifting of data processing saved the redirection engine from crashing during the 4k RPS spike. In a real-world scenario, traffic would be distributed across many links rather than a DoS on a single URL, but seeing the system scale (and fail exactly where the limits were set) was invaluable. The Challenge is still on! Now that I've upgraded the plans and adjusted the limits, the system is ready for Round 2. 👉 Stress Test Link: https://lshort.sh/ITlPomy Thanks to everyone who participated in the "destruction" so far. Waiting for the next chapter! 🚀 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Elias Oliveira Follow I Love Programming. Joined Jan 9, 2026 More from Elias Oliveira Try crash my app! I built a Link Shortener on the Edge. Can you help me crash it? 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https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/server-side-sdks/node/node-bootstrapping/ | Bootstrapping / Server-Side Rendering | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS Node.js SDK Installation Getting Started Usage OpenFeature Typescript Bootstrapping / SSR Example App NestJS SDK PHP SDK Go SDK Ruby SDK Python SDK Java SDK .NET SDK SDK Proxy Server-side SDKS Node.js SDK Bootstrapping / SSR On this page Bootstrapping and Server-Side Rendering info If you are using Next.js, we recommend using the Next.js SDK instead of this option. When using a server rendering framework such as Remix, Nuxt, or SvelteKit, you will likely be rendering content on the server and sending it to the client for hydration. When feature flagging is involved, you need to make sure that rendering on the server uses the same flag values as the client. It is also important to avoid the performance impact of the initial client-side DevCycle configuration fetch that would normally have to occur when the page is first loaded. To support these use-cases, the Node.js SDK provides functionality for generating client-side configurations on the server, for use during server-side rendering as well as bootstrapping on the client. To use it, you must also have the DevCycle JS Client SDK installed in your server application. Follow the setup docs for that SDK to get started. To enable this feature, initialize a Node.js client on the server and enable client bootstrapping mode: // devcycle.ts import { initializeDevCycle } from '@devcycle/nodejs-server-sdk' export const devcycleClient = await initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_SERVER_SDK_KEY>' , { enableClientBootstrapping : true , } ) . onClientInitialized ( ) This will instruct the SDK to keep a copy of the client configuration up-to-date in addition to the server configuration. Now, call the client's method for obtaining the bootstrapping config, using the user data representing the current request. You should also pass the userAgent from the request, which allows the SDK to determine some built-in attributes about the user: const user = { user_id : 'some user data' } const bootstrapConfig = await devcycleClient . getClientBootstrapConfig ( user , userAgent ) Calling this method will run a fast, local evaluation of your project's Targeting Rules using a cached copy of the configuration. You can expect the same level of performance as with any server-side evaluation. Now pass the result in wherever you initialize your DevCycle client SDK. For example with the React SDK: import { DevCycleProvider } from '@devcycle/react-client-sdk' export default function App ( ) { return ( < DevCycleProvider options = { { sdkKey : bootstrapConfig . clientSDKKey , bootstrapConfig : bootstrapConfig , user : user } } > < TheRestofYourApp /> </ DevCycleProvider > ) } Make sure you also pass the same "user" that was used to obtain the bootstrap config. You must also provide the client SDK key so that the client-side SDK can initialize. The SDK key you should use is available as the sdkKey field of the bootstrap config. Example Here is an example that connects all these pieces in Remix with the React SDK: // app/root.tsx import type { LoaderFunctionArgs } from "@remix-run/node" import { json } from "@remix-run/node" import { DevCycleProvider } from '@devcycle/react-client-sdk' import { devcycleClient } from '../devcycle' export async function loader ( { request , } : LoaderFunctionArgs ) { const user = await getUser ( request ) ; const userAgent = request . headers . get ( 'user-agent' ) ; const config = await devcycleClient . getClientBootstrapConfig ( user , userAgent ) ; return json ( { user , config } ) ; } export default function Component ( ) { const data = useLoaderData < typeof loader > ( ) ; return ( < DevCycleProvider options = { { sdkKey : data . config . clientSDKKey , bootstrapConfig : data . config , user : data . user } } > < TheRestofYourApp /> </ DevCycleProvider > ) ; } Once these pieces are in place, Remix will supply the component with the client configuration for the current user. It can then be provided to the React SDK by passing it to the bootstrapConfig option of the DevCycleProvider . From this point downwards in the component tree, the React SDK will return Variable values from this bootstrapped config during server-side rendering, and will hydrate with the same configuration on the client. To see this in action, check out the Remix bootstrapping example application . Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Typescript Next Example App Example DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/sleekcms | SleekCMS - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow Organization actions SleekCMS SleekCMS is a headless content management system (CMS) designed for application developers, marketers, designers, and content creators. Joined Joined on Nov 7, 2025 Twitter logo GitHub logo External link icon Meet the team Post 2 posts published Member 1 member Adding SEO to a SleekCMS site Yusuf B Yusuf B Yusuf B Follow Jan 11 Adding SEO to a SleekCMS site # seo # sleekcms # wordpress # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Launch a custom blog in 5 minutes using SleekCMS Yusuf B Yusuf B Yusuf B Follow Jan 9 Launch a custom blog in 5 minutes using SleekCMS # wordpress # webdev # sleekcms # contentwriting Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/t/gamedev/page/2 | Game Dev Page 2 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Game Dev Follow Hide 👾 👾 👾 Create Post submission guidelines Write! Just keep it clean and civil! about #gamedev From GameMaker Studio to Unity, RPG Maker to 6502 assembly - this is your stop for all things related to game development! However, please make sure that your post is about DEVELOPING A GAME, or TOOLS THAT DEVELOPERS CAN USE, but please make sure they are tools MADE for developers, not just tools like twitter. That can go in topics like #socialmedia. Older #gamedev posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I spent my weekends building a no-nonsense hub for browser games and AI tools. no login, just fun. 굳댕댕 굳댕댕 굳댕댕 Follow Jan 8 I spent my weekends building a no-nonsense hub for browser games and AI tools. no login, just fun. # discuss # gamedev # java # showdev 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read M7 Week 1: Deterministic AI, Practical Pathfinding, and a Real 3D Audio Pipe (Bad Cat: Void Frontier) p3nGu1nZz p3nGu1nZz p3nGu1nZz Follow Jan 5 M7 Week 1: Deterministic AI, Practical Pathfinding, and a Real 3D Audio Pipe (Bad Cat: Void Frontier) # gamedev # programming # cpp # development Comments Add Comment 7 min read Learning Landscape Heightmaps and Sculpting Tools in Unreal Engine (Day 12) Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 7 Learning Landscape Heightmaps and Sculpting Tools in Unreal Engine (Day 12) # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Social Deduction Game with a State Machine (7 Games in 7 Weeks – Week 4) varun chaaras varun chaaras varun chaaras Follow Jan 5 Building a Social Deduction Game with a State Machine (7 Games in 7 Weeks – Week 4) # programming # gamedev # ai # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read NVIDIA Unveils DLSS 4.5, G-SYNC Pulsar, and RTX Upgrades for Gaming and AI Toolsat CES 2026 Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Jan 6 NVIDIA Unveils DLSS 4.5, G-SYNC Pulsar, and RTX Upgrades for Gaming and AI Toolsat CES 2026 # news # ai # deeplearning # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Enclave Games Monthly Report: December 2025 Andrzej Mazur Andrzej Mazur Andrzej Mazur Follow Jan 6 Enclave Games Monthly Report: December 2025 # gamedev # surveys # monthlyreport # enclavegames Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a Road Safety Snakes & Ladders Game in Class 11… and Then Let It Rot for 2 Years 💀🐍🎲 Ishant Singh Ishant Singh Ishant Singh Follow Jan 5 I Built a Road Safety Snakes & Ladders Game in Class 11… and Then Let It Rot for 2 Years 💀🐍🎲 # showdev # beginners # gamedev # python 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why I Development GamHub: A Simple Way to Discover Playable Browser & AI Games GamHub GamHub GamHub Follow Jan 10 Why I Development GamHub: A Simple Way to Discover Playable Browser & AI Games # showdev # ai # gamedev 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read # 🏚️ Behind the Doors of *Houses: Hidden Spirits* – The Sanity Mechanic 😱 Jaxson Jones Jaxson Jones Jaxson Jones Follow Jan 4 # 🏚️ Behind the Doors of *Houses: Hidden Spirits* – The Sanity Mechanic 😱 # showdev # devjournal # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Provably Fair Gaming: Building Cryptographic RNG Verification with VAP-GAM VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 3 Provably Fair Gaming: Building Cryptographic RNG Verification with VAP-GAM # gamedev # python # typescript Comments Add Comment 13 min read Game Dev Digest — Issue #312 - New Year, New Ways, and more Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Follow Jan 2 Game Dev Digest — Issue #312 - New Year, New Ways, and more # news # gamedev # unity3d # csharp Comments Add Comment 8 min read Goofy Platformer 0.3: Available soon? LoganGamesDaily! LoganGamesDaily! LoganGamesDaily! Follow Jan 3 Goofy Platformer 0.3: Available soon? # gamedev # programming # unity3d Comments Add Comment 1 min read tkinter 기반 슈팅 게임 bug_catcher (1학년 2학기 전공 과제) dbsans dbsans dbsans Follow Jan 2 tkinter 기반 슈팅 게임 bug_catcher (1학년 2학기 전공 과제) # python # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ever wondered how Cheat Engine works? GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Jan 1 Ever wondered how Cheat Engine works? # csharp # cybersecurity # gamedev Comments Add Comment 4 min read Following my passion #2: position vector and learning more Zig Brandon Harrell Brandon Harrell Brandon Harrell Follow Jan 1 Following my passion #2: position vector and learning more Zig # devjournal # gamedev # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Python to Physics: How I Built a Chrome Dino Clone in 24 Hours (Scaler YIIC Task 5) Aditya Mishra Aditya Mishra Aditya Mishra Follow Jan 5 From Python to Physics: How I Built a Chrome Dino Clone in 24 Hours (Scaler YIIC Task 5) # showdev # devchallenge # gamedev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Simple Tic-Tac-Toe Game Shea31j Shea31j Shea31j Follow Jan 1 My Simple Tic-Tac-Toe Game # showdev # gamedev # beginners # python Comments 1 comment 1 min read AI Layer Split: Extract 5+ Game-Ready Assets Fast Xu Xinglian Xu Xinglian Xu Xinglian Follow Dec 31 '25 AI Layer Split: Extract 5+ Game-Ready Assets Fast # gamedev # ai # tutorial # productivity Comments Add Comment 7 min read Following my passion #3: Long overdue update on animation Brandon Harrell Brandon Harrell Brandon Harrell Follow Jan 1 Following my passion #3: Long overdue update on animation # beginners # devjournal # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Build a Snake Game in Elixir That Runs in Your Browser Alembic Labs Alembic Labs Alembic Labs Follow Dec 30 '25 Build a Snake Game in Elixir That Runs in Your Browser # elixir # webassembly # gamedev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Raymarching Mountains for Godot - addon that solves the problem of open worlds EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow Follow Dec 30 '25 Raymarching Mountains for Godot - addon that solves the problem of open worlds # godot # shader # tool # gamedev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Cyber Threats the Gaming Industry Faced in 2025, And What Indie Game Developers Can Learn GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Dec 30 '25 Cyber Threats the Gaming Industry Faced in 2025, And What Indie Game Developers Can Learn # cybersecurity # gamedev # security Comments Add Comment 4 min read Keep extending ADV game engine with Antigravity tomokat tomokat tomokat Follow Dec 29 '25 Keep extending ADV game engine with Antigravity # antigravity # chatgpt # gamedev # phaser Comments Add Comment 2 min read Regression testing workflow: the risk first checks that keep releases stable Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Follow Dec 29 '25 Regression testing workflow: the risk first checks that keep releases stable # gamedev # testing # qualityassurance # ux Comments Add Comment 6 min read UnrealDev.nvim Update: Switching to SQLite for Blazing Fast Performance taku25 taku25 taku25 Follow Dec 29 '25 UnrealDev.nvim Update: Switching to SQLite for Blazing Fast Performance # gamedev # neovim Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://cssence.com/2021/the-day-the-website-stood-still/ | The day the website stood still - CSSence.com The day the website stood still Essay August 28, 2021 It was more than a day. And it did not stand still. But let me go back in time a bit. Proloque: Life. Earlier this year my dear wife gave birth, again. So I am now a father of two beautiful children, which brings an abundance of joy. But at the same time, more than ever this meant: All hands on deck. As there are still only 24 hours in a day, everything else had to decrease in importance. To say my blog became an afterthought was an understatement. Which explains the silence in the last couple of months. During my much needed summer vacation, I found traces of spare time where I could git commit to the pet project that is my website. Little changes here and there, all in preparation of something bigger that lies ahead. Unlike my last major upgrade , this time I do not need to hide what I am working on behind closed doors. I can make updates incrementally and deploy a useable state every now and then, which is nice. Part 1: Chaos. After having made one of those incremental updates a couple of days ago, I sent what worked on my machine to GitHub. At this point Netlify took over and got it out there. Usually I wait for it to deploy, then open a couple of pages to check if all is well. Not this time. It was late, so I went straight to bed. It wasn’t until a few days later, when I realized that I haven’t looked at my site since. But surely it would still be up? Kind of. My site should look like the right-most version in the image below . But what I got was the one in the middle. From left to right: This article 1. without style sheets, 2. on older browsers, 3. in it’s most enhanced form. This happens to be an alternate theme I’ve added for older browsers Internet Explorer . Apparently the most essential part in my Cutting the Mustard script broke. The check for CSS custom properties support all of a sudden returned false, so the fallback kicked in, which replaces the regular style sheet with said alternate version. This is when things got weird, because my incremental update had nothing to do with that. if (!window.CSS.supports('--:1')) { fallback('Browser does not support CSS custom properties.'); return; } To top it off, looking at my site on my phone revealed: In the mobile browser it displayed as if nothing had happened. After some debugging I learned that, thanks to a browser update, Firefox had a change of mind. The expression --:1 is no longer good enough, a proper CSS custom property needs at least a single character after the two hyphens. That was easily fixed, and sure enough everything started working again. But my site had been broken for a couple of days. Part 2: Phoenix. But has my site been broken for a couple of days? No. It may not have been displayed as intended in every browser, but all visitors were still able to consume the content (HTML). Your style sheets (CSS) must never interfere with that. Even more important, your scripts (JS) must never interfere with that. If you know the progressive enhancement game and play it well, a faulty line in your JavaScript—even if it is in your most important script—does not derail your whole site. Part 3: Revelation. “CSS3 Is Dead” , my first essay, and the reason this site exists, is now more than ten years old. In it, I was still part of team “Graceful Degradation”, but at least I seem to have had already acknowledged the merits of “Progressive Enhancement”. How times have evolved, today I see Progressive Enhancement as the web’s most important idea. I’ve shown you my fallback for less capable browsers earlier. Doesn’t that sound a lot like graceful degradation? I guess so. In “The State Of Mobile First and Desktop First” , Ahmad Shadeed concludes: […] I prefer to not stick to a specific approach. Instead, I like to mix them both. Not only am I with him when it comes to the mobile/desktop design debate, I like to give a similar answer when it comes to degradation and enhancement. No strict either/or, instead use the best tool for the job. (Also, swapping out style sheets with JavaScript might give you FOUC , so doing it the other way around would punish those who use modern browsers.) In hindsight, the progressive degradation I am using for older browsers turned out to be a graceful enhancement on the day(s) my website stood still. Yes, this is not a typo. Nor a pun. But intended. Epilog: The End? My dear reader, answer me this: How much can your site break, until it stops being useful? Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on August 30, 2021 at 14:02 📝 New blog post: “The Day The Website Stood Still” —An Ode to Progressive Enhancement. cssence.com/2021/the-day-the-website-stood-still Matthias Zöchling wrote on August 30, 2021 at 14:08 If you haven’t heard of the Cutting The Mustard concept, @adactio covers it in his brilliant book “Resilient Web Design”: resilientwebdesign.com/chapter5/#cuttingthemustard Actually, read the whole book! Matthias Zöchling wrote on August 31, 2021 at 21:13 #HTML ≥ #CSS ≥ #JS [Everyone should be] able to consume the content (HTML). Your style sheets (CSS) must never interfere with that. Even more important, your scripts (JS) must never interfere with that. Get involved Feel free to share this article. But keep in mind, it was published more than four years ago, so comments are closed. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on August 28, 2021 . 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https://dev.to/latchudevops/build-push-and-deploy-a-python-app-image-to-cloud-run-using-google-cloud-build-triggers-2hk6 | 🚀 Build, Push, and Deploy a Python App image to Cloud Run Using Google Cloud Build Triggers - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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Report Abuse Latchu@DevOps Posted on Jan 9 🚀 Build, Push, and Deploy a Python App image to Cloud Run Using Google Cloud Build Triggers # devops # gcp # cicd # containers In this guide, we will build a Python Flask application, containerize it using Docker, push the image to Google Artifact Registry, and deploy it automatically to Cloud Run using Google Cloud Build Triggers. 1️⃣ Create a Private Repository in GitHub Create a private GitHub repository and add the following files. 📄 app.py from flask import Flask import os app = Flask(__name__) @app.route("/") def wish(): message = "Happy birthday {name}" return message.format(name=os.getenv("NAME", "Latchu")) if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8080) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 📄 Dockerfile FROM python:3.8.0-slim WORKDIR /app ADD . /app RUN pip install --trusted-host pypi.python.org Flask ENV NAME Mark CMD ["python", "app.py"] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2️⃣ Create an Artifact Registry Repository Navigate to: Artifact Registry → Repositories → Create Repository Configure the repository as follows: Name: pyapprepo-artifact Format: Docker Mode: Standard Location type: Region Region: asia-south2 (Delhi) Cleanup policies: Dry run Vulnerability scanning: Enabled Click Create to create the repository. 3️⃣ Connect GitHub Repository to Cloud Build Navigate to: Cloud Build → Triggers → Connect repository Steps: Select Source Code Management Provider Choose Region: asia-south2 (Delhi) Select GitHub (Cloud Build GitHub App) → Continue Authenticate with GitHub Select your account and repository Click Connect → Done Your repository should now be connected successfully. 4️⃣ Create cloudbuild.yaml Add the following cloudbuild.yaml file to your repository. steps: - name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker' args: ['build','-t','asia-south2-docker.pkg.dev/latchu/pyapprepo-artifact/pyappimage:latest','.'] - name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker' args: ['push','asia-south2-docker.pkg.dev/latchu/pyapprepo-artifact/pyappimage:latest'] - name: 'gcr.io/google.com/cloudsdktool/cloud-sdk' entrypoint: gcloud args: - 'run' - 'deploy' - 'pyflaskapp' - '--image' - 'asia-south2-docker.pkg.dev/latchu/pyapprepo-artifact/pyappimage:latest' - '--region' - 'asia-south2' - '--allow-unauthenticated' options: defaultLogsBucketBehavior: REGIONAL_USER_OWNED_BUCKET Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5️⃣ Create a Cloud Build Trigger Navigate to: Cloud Build → Triggers → Create Trigger Configure the trigger: Name: mypyapptrigger Region: asia-south2 (Delhi) Event: Push to a branch Source: Repository service → Cloud Build repositories Repository generation: 1st gen Repository: Select your repo Branch: .* (any branch) Configuration: Autodetected (cloudbuild.yaml will be detected) Location: Repository Service account: Choose your service account Leave other options as default Click Create 6️⃣ Commit Code and Trigger the Pipeline Make a small change in the code Commit and push to GitHub Cloud Build trigger will start automatically 7️⃣ Verify Deployment Click on the running build in Cloud Build View detailed logs for build, push, and deployment Click the Cloud Run service URL You should see the deployed Flask application running 🎉 ✅ Summary This setup enables a complete CI/CD pipeline using: GitHub (source code) Cloud Build Triggers (automation) Artifact Registry (Docker images) Cloud Run (serverless deployment) Every push to the repository automatically builds, pushes, and deploys your application. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Latchu@DevOps Follow Infra. Automation. Impact Location Chennai, India Work Senior DevOps and Cloud Architect at 6thforce Solutions Joined Apr 10, 2025 More from Latchu@DevOps Docker Kanvas Challenges Helm and Kustomize for Kubernetes Dominance # devops # docker # kubernetes # containers 🧱Understanding Artifacts and Artifact Repositories in Google Cloud CI/CD # devops # cicd # gcp # cloud 🚀How to Create Your First GitHub Trigger & Connections in Google Cloud Build # devops # cicd # gcp # cloud 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/vinay_sharma_e6ec1235f476 | Vinay Sharma - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Vinay Sharma Coding is an art & I'm an artist Joined Joined on Dec 29, 2025 Personal website http://www.vinaykumarsharma.com/ github website Education B.Tech Pronouns Mr. Work Senior Software Engineer More info about @vinay_sharma_e6ec1235f476 Organizations Laerdal Bangalore Skills/Languages Php, Pythan, Java, JavaScript, MySQL Currently learning Federated AI, Post 5 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed KRACK Attack - When WPA2 Was Not as Safe as We Thought Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Jan 10 KRACK Attack - When WPA2 Was Not as Safe as We Thought # cybersecurity # networking # privacy # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read Rowhammer Attack Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Jan 7 Rowhammer Attack Comments Add Comment 1 min read Redundancy Engineering Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Jan 1 Redundancy Engineering Comments Add Comment 1 min read New Certification Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Dec 30 '25 New Certification 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://forem.com/t/extensions | Extensions - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # extensions Follow Hide Create Post Older #extensions posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Building Browser Extensions with WXT + Angular Suguru Inatomi Suguru Inatomi Suguru Inatomi Follow Jan 12 Building Browser Extensions with WXT + Angular # angular # typescript # web # extensions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Global Undo Sucks: Building Line-Level Undo/Redo for VS Code Namasivaayam L Namasivaayam L Namasivaayam L Follow Jan 12 Why Global Undo Sucks: Building Line-Level Undo/Redo for VS Code # vscode # opensource # extensions # programming 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Chrome Extension: From Idea to Automated Release Prajwol Shrestha Prajwol Shrestha Prajwol Shrestha Follow Jan 11 Building a Chrome Extension: From Idea to Automated Release # webdev # extensions # automation # githubactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Visionary - Photo Of the Day Browser Extension Senthil Kumaran Senthil Kumaran Senthil Kumaran Follow Jan 10 Visionary - Photo Of the Day Browser Extension # ai # extensions # browser # picture Comments Add Comment 1 min read How I Built a Chrome Extension That Analyzes SEC Filings and Financial News in Seconds Mayuresh Smita Suresh Mayuresh Smita Suresh Mayuresh Smita Suresh Follow Jan 9 How I Built a Chrome Extension That Analyzes SEC Filings and Financial News in Seconds # extensions # javascript # programming # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read I Thought Creating My Browser Extension Course Would Take a Weekend. It Took 4 Months Johnny Fekete Johnny Fekete Johnny Fekete Follow Jan 8 I Thought Creating My Browser Extension Course Would Take a Weekend. It Took 4 Months # extensions # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Image Grabber Pro Bytes Vibe Bytes Vibe Bytes Vibe Follow Dec 30 '25 Image Grabber Pro # image # grabber # chrome # extensions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Enriching Code Context with Git Diffs for Smarter Developer Tools Timothy Adeleke Timothy Adeleke Timothy Adeleke Follow Dec 26 '25 Enriching Code Context with Git Diffs for Smarter Developer Tools # git # tooling # extensions 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Built a Chrome extension to share tab groups via link Sidhu Achary Sidhu Achary Sidhu Achary Follow Jan 5 Built a Chrome extension to share tab groups via link # chromeextension # extensions # webdev # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🐱Cursor Pet Extensions—A Playful Companion Dixit Ram Dixit Ram Dixit Ram Follow Dec 23 '25 🐱Cursor Pet Extensions—A Playful Companion # ai # antigravity # plugin # extensions 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building RedirectWise: A Practical Chrome Extension for Redirect Analysis Gaurav yadav Gaurav yadav Gaurav yadav Follow Dec 20 '25 Building RedirectWise: A Practical Chrome Extension for Redirect Analysis # webdev # extensions # redirectwise # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read I built a Chrome extension that saves me from copy-pasting text to ChatGPT every time Faxziah Faxziah Faxziah Follow Jan 2 I built a Chrome extension that saves me from copy-pasting text to ChatGPT every time # webdev # extensions # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Saw an Instagram Reel Last Night. Now I Built a Bionic Reading Extension. Shreyan Ghosh Shreyan Ghosh Shreyan Ghosh Follow Dec 21 '25 I Saw an Instagram Reel Last Night. Now I Built a Bionic Reading Extension. # extensions # programming # development # tooling 6 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read Browser Extensions - Native Messaging programador51 programador51 programador51 Follow Dec 20 '25 Browser Extensions - Native Messaging # webdev # programming # extensions # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Mastering Manifest V3: Why Browser Extensions are the New Frontier for AI & SaaS Automation kiran ravi kiran ravi kiran ravi Follow Dec 30 '25 Mastering Manifest V3: Why Browser Extensions are the New Frontier for AI & SaaS Automation # extensions # automation # browser # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read VS Code Setup: The 5 Free Extensions Every New Developer Needs MD.Younus Islam MD.Younus Islam MD.Younus Islam Follow Dec 14 '25 VS Code Setup: The 5 Free Extensions Every New Developer Needs # webdev # vscode # extensions # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I became the most liked man on Tinder (for a day) James Arnott James Arnott James Arnott Follow Dec 13 '25 How I became the most liked man on Tinder (for a day) # extensions # programming Comments Add Comment 7 min read Markdown in ServiceNow: how I made rich work notes easier Prakhar Yadav Prakhar Yadav Prakhar Yadav Follow Dec 16 '25 Markdown in ServiceNow: how I made rich work notes easier # servicenow # extensions # vibecoding # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read BookmarkStart: A Minimal New Tab Extension for Organized Bookmarks Thien DX Thien DX Thien DX Follow Dec 11 '25 BookmarkStart: A Minimal New Tab Extension for Organized Bookmarks # showdev # tooling # extensions # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to integrate Lemon Squeezy Payments into a chrome extension with webhooks Himanshu Himanshu Himanshu Follow Dec 16 '25 How to integrate Lemon Squeezy Payments into a chrome extension with webhooks # extensions # javascript # beginners 14 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read 🕒 Contest Clocker – Never Miss a Coding Contest Again 🚀 Aakash Kumar Aakash Kumar Aakash Kumar Follow Dec 3 '25 🕒 Contest Clocker – Never Miss a Coding Contest Again 🚀 # competativeprogramming # extensions # javascript # leetcode Comments Add Comment 2 min read Daily Hadith Extension: Bringing Spiritual Clarity to Every New Tab Syed Talha Syed Talha Syed Talha Follow Dec 25 '25 Daily Hadith Extension: Bringing Spiritual Clarity to Every New Tab # discuss # extensions # productivity # beginners 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Local vs Sync vs Session: Which Chrome Extension Storage Should You Use? Himanshu Himanshu Himanshu Follow Dec 22 '25 Local vs Sync vs Session: Which Chrome Extension Storage Should You Use? # extensions # javascript # beginners 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Implement Monthly Subscriptions in Browser Extensions Himanshu Himanshu Himanshu Follow Dec 9 '25 How to Implement Monthly Subscriptions in Browser Extensions # webdev # extensions # javascript 14 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Made a VSCode extension for grouping files for easier multi task management in big project Peter Peter Peter Follow Nov 27 '25 Made a VSCode extension for grouping files for easier multi task management in big project # vscode # extensions # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources If claude-code lived inside your browser? How to Create Offscreen Documents in Chrome Extensions: A Complete Guide Side Copilot: My Chrome Extension Alternative to Comet Browser Create, Debug, and Publish Firefox Extensions: A Full Developer Guide Step by Step Taillens: A Tailwind Extension for Real-Time CSS Editing Stop Copy-Pasting Scripts! This VSCode Extension Will Transform Your Terminal Workflow How to implement Google OAuth in browser extension without “Tabs” permission What's the Difference Between Manifest V2 and V3 in browser extensions? How to Secure API Keys in Chrome Extension? Building a Chrome Extension: From Idea to Automated Release What you need to know about Extension Members in C# I was tired of copy-pasting to ChatGPT, so I built a Chrome extension Markdown in ServiceNow: how I made rich work notes easier How to integrate Stripe Payments into a chrome extension (step by step) How I became the most liked man on Tinder (for a day) How to Build a Chrome Extension for Barcode & QR Code Generation from Scratch How to integrate Lemon Squeezy Payments into a chrome extension with webhooks Image Grabber Pro 🕒 Contest Clocker – Never Miss a Coding Contest Again 🚀 Mastering Manifest V3: Why Browser Extensions are the New Frontier for AI & SaaS Automation 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/scale_youtube/ndc-conferences-optimize-your-internal-os-and-minimize-compatibility-issues-at-work-alice-575d | NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Scale YouTube Posted on Nov 25, 2025 NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career # architecture # performance Optimize Your HumanOS and ditch compatibility headaches! In this session from NDC Copenhagen, Alice Meredith shows how to decode your unique “internal OS” using tools like Gallup Strengths, Enneagram and The People Code, so you can spot your default stress reactions, update unhelpful settings, and tap into what truly motivates you. By seeing clashes as system mismatches rather than personal failings, you’ll learn to smooth out friction and collaborate like a pro. Plus, discover how AI can become your personal coach—helping you tweak communication styles, navigate tricky feedback loops and solve problems more effectively. You’ll leave with a clear map of your cognitive architecture and a toolbox of digital tips to level-up teamwork, no matter which OS your colleagues are running. Watch on YouTube Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Scale YouTube Follow Joined Aug 2, 2025 More from Scale YouTube NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/features#caching-of-configurations | Features and Functionality | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS SDK Proxy SDK Features On this page Features and Functionality DevCycle strives to ensure that all our APIs and SDKs have identical functionality (except language- or platform-specific nuances). Below is a list of all the current functionality that DevCycle supports across the SDKs. Universal Initialization Evaluating Features & Using Variables Getting All Features Getting All Variables Identifying Users / Setting Properties Tracking Events Realtime Updates Limited Custom Domains Initialization Client-Side SDKs For most client-side SDKs, the only required parameters to initialize the SDK are the SDK Key and the current user. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. The current user is determined by you, and should contain any details about the user that you require for your targeting logic. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_CLIENT_SDK_KEY>' , user ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Caching of Configurations When initialized, each client-side SDK will cache the retrieved configuration for the user. This cache will be used in scenarios where on subsequent initializations a new configuration is not available. This may be due to a lack of internet connection or a lack of connection to DevCycle. Additionally, if the SDK is interacted with before any initialization (such as attempting to read a Variable far early on in an application before initialization), the cached value will be read. If a Variable is first read from the cache and you've implemented a listener for realtime updates , once a new value is retrieved after initialization, the onUpdate function on the Variable will be triggered and return updated values. Server-Side SDKs For most server-side SDKs, the only required parameter to initialize the SDK is the SDK Key. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_SERVER_SDK_KEY>' ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Evaluating Features & Using Variables This section explains how to use retrieve the Variables of a Feature as well as use their values. For information on setting up a Feature for use, read Variables and Variations and Targeting Users Every SDK provides a method to retrieve a Variable's value. It expects to receive the unique key of the Variable, and a default value to serve in case no other value is available. A typical Variable method would look something like this: const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) Each call to this method is tracked as an "evaluation" event. These events will be shown in the DevCycle dashboard and are used to power the analytics graphs that allow you to see the effects of your Variables being used. The default value will be returned in the following scenarios: The SDK has not yet finished initializing and obtaining a configuration from DevCycle There was an error reaching the DevCycle servers and the configuration could not be obtained The Variable does not exist in DevCycle The default value's type does not align with the type of the Variable being served from DevCycle. For example, a Boolean default value will be used if the DevCycle configuration is trying to set this Variable to a String value. This preserves type safety and prevents the remote configuration from breaking your application at runtime. The SDK has finished initializing, but the user has not been targeted for a Feature that controls this Variable For more information on how the default value is used, see Variable Defaults . Evaluation Reasons When a Variable is evaluated in DevCycle, the response includes metadata explaining why a specific Variation's value was returned. This is captured in the eval object, which helps teams debug and understand Feature Flag decisions more effectively. DevCycle extends the OpenFeature Evaluation Details structure with additional reason types and optional fields for richer context. Supported SDKs SDK / Platform Minimum Version with eval metadata Android 2.5.0 Flutter 1.11.0 iOS 1.24.0 JavaScript (Web) 1.41.0 Next.js 2.17.0 NestJS 0.26.0 React 1.39.0 React Native 2.16.0 React Native (Expo) 2.16.0 Go Server v2.23.0 Java Server 2.8.0 JavaScript Server (Cloud) 1.27.0 Node.js Server (Local) 1.41.0 .NET Server (Cloud) 3.6.0 .NET Server (Local) 4.6.0 PHP Server 2.2.0 Python Server 3.12.0 Ruby Server 3.7.0 Evaluation Object Format "eval" : { "reason" : "REASON_ENUM" , "details" : "optional string" , "target_id" : "optional string" } Field Type Description reason string A required enum value indicating why a specific value was returned. details string An optional string providing extra context about the evaluation outcome. target_id string An optional identifier for the matched targeting rule or audience. Reason Types The reason field reflects the primary reason a particular value was served. Here are the possible values: Reason Description Examples of details Property DEFAULT Returned when the default value was used. This may occur due to a type mismatch, a missing configuration, or an error in evaluation logic. - Type Mismatch - User Not Targeted - (no details if unknown) TARGETING_MATCH Indicates the user matched a targeting rule or audience and was served the corresponding Variation. - Audience Match → Country AND Email AND App Version - Custom Data → full_country - Country AND Custom Data → isBetaUser SPLIT The user matched targeting rules and was bucketed into a Variation using a percentage rollout or random distribution. Implies a TARGETING_MATCH . - Rollout | Custom Data → full_country - Random Distribution | isBetaUser OVERRIDE The result was manually overridden via API/CLI override or self-targeting, typically in local development or QA. - Override OPT_IN The user explicitly opted into (or out of) a specific Variation using DevCycle’s Opt-In feature. - Opt-In ERROR An error occurred during evaluation, resulting in the default value being served. - Missing Environment config - SDK not initialized Additional Notes The details and target_id fields are included only when relevant. Not all reasons will include these fields—if no helpful context is available, they will be omitted. Getting All Features The "Get All Features" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Features that the user is currently receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "your-cool-feature" : { "key" : "your-cool-feature" , "type" : "release" , "variationKey" : "variation-on" , "variationName" : "Variation On" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "333345" } , "another-feature" : { "key" : "another-feature" , "type" : "ops" , "variationKey" : "enabled" , "variationName" : "Enabled" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "444123" } } Only Features that the User has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be returned by this function. The Feature must also be enabled for that Environment. Getting all Variables The "Get All Variables" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Variables that the user is receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "my-feature-variable" : { "_id" : "617c19199db63239d2d17025" , "key" : "my-feature-variable" , "type" : "Boolean" , "value" : false } , "some-string-variable" : { "_id" : "61828f25c1c23bc6ae1366e9" , "key" : "some-string-variable" , "type" : "String" , "value" : "this is a string variable value" } } Only Variables in Features that the user has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be part of the response in this method. The Feature must also be enabled for the Environment this SDK is being called on. caution This method is intended to be used for debugging and analytics purposes, not as a method for retrieving the value of Variables to change code behaviour. For that purpose, we strongly recommend using the individual Variable access method described in Evaluating Features & Using Variables . Using the "Get All Variables" method instead will result in no evaluation events being tracked for individual Variables, which will not allow the use of other DevCycle Features such as Code Usage detection . Identifying a User or Setting Properties All SDKs have the concept of a user "identity" to be used for evaluating Feature Targeting Rules. The Features that are served to a user will be a function of the Targeting Rules and the user data you provide to the SDK. tip While we refer to these identities as "users", the data passed here can represent anything you want to target against. In these cases, you can use any string that makes sense as an identifier as the "user_id". The id simply needs to be consistent to ensure consistent random distributions and rollouts. The user data object that you should use across SDKs should look something like this: { "user_id" : " [email protected] " , "name" : "user 1 name" , "customData" : { "customKey" : "customValue" } , "privateCustomData" : { "privateKey" : "privateValue" } } The identification of users functions differently on Client SDKs vs. Server SDKs. Client SDK Identification Client SDKs can be initialized with a user object if the user data is known at that time. All client SDKs accept a "user" argument in their initialization function. By providing the user here, the SDK's initial configuration request will be made with that data and the correct Variable values will be available once the SDK initializes. For that reason, providing user data during initialization is recommended where possible. Identifying a user can also be accomplished later by calling the identifyUser function and providing your user data object. When this method is called, the SDK will retrieve a new configuration from the DevCycle servers corresponding to that user. A typical call to this method looks like const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } await devCycleClient . identifyUser ( user ) The identifyUser method always includes a way to wait for the operation to finish. When finished, the SDK will have the correct configuration for the given user and all Variable evaluations from that point onward will be based on the new user's data. This method is useful when user data can not be known at initialization time, or when the user's identity must be changed during the application's lifecycle. Anonymous Users info If a user id is not supplied, client-side SDKs will automatically generate an anonymous user id and assign it to the current user. Anonymous users count towards your MAUs for the month. This id will be cached and used between app sessions / website visits until a user id is supplied or reset is called. This ensures that you will not experience a rise in MAUs if the main experience of your application is in a logged-out or anonymous state. Resetting a User Client SDKs also contain a method for "resetting" a user's identity. This can be used in cases like "logging out", where there is no longer any identifiable information to pass to the SDK. In those cases, "reset" will clear all stored data and generate a new "anonymous" user ID to represent the user. Custom Data and Private Custom Data User data can also contain "custom data", which is a key-value map of any arbitrary data you want to use for targeting. The provided data can be used in Targeting Rules by creating Custom Properties in the DevCycle dashboard. Learn more about Custom Property Targeting . When setting custom properties you have a choice between keeping that data completely private or allowing for the data to be logged back to DevCycle's events database. Both options allow for the same targeting capabilities, but you should use Private Custom Data if you are looking to avoid having user data saved to any external system. With Private Custom Data, data is used solely for targeting decisions within DevCycle's Edge Workers. It is then discarded and no record is saved anywhere. With regular Custom Data, the data used for evaluation purposes is logged back to DevCycle's events database where it can be used for debugging purposes or providing guidance on evaluation reasons. Server-Side SDK Identification Unlike the Client-Side SDKs, Server-Side SDKs work in a multi-user context. Because of this, a single Identify function does not make sense. Instead, you must provide the user data to each function call when evaluating Variables. For example: const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // User data user , // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) In Local Bucketing mode (the default), these calls will quickly compute the Variable value locally using the currently stored DevCycle configuration, and no network calls will be made. Tracking Custom Events The Track function in the DevCycle SDKs allows you to send custom events which can be used for your own data analysis on enabled Features, and Metrics on A/B tests and experiments within the DevCycle dashboard. Here is an example of a custom event request and properties that an event may contain. event = { type : 'button_clicked' , // required field date : new Date ( ) , target : 'my_target' , value : 5 , metaData : { key : 'value' , } , } devcycleClient . track ( event ) Custom Domains When using client-side SDKs, particularly web client SDKs there is the potential for Ad Blockers and browser privacy features to block requests and third-party cookies. Custom Domains with DevCycle ensures all cookies and requests used are first-party and will not be blocked by ensuring requests are sent through your recognized domain. A DNS CNAME needs to be created to leverage this feature. Setting Up Custom Domains Custom Domains are available to those on a business or enterprise plan and require manual setup on both your end as well as DevCycle's. If you are interested in getting set up, please read more on our Custom Domains page, and reach out to [email protected] with the required details. Realtime Updates All DevCycle SDKs are capable of being notified in realtime that new configuration changes have been made in the DevCycle platform. DevCycle leverages Server-Sent Events (SSE) to notify the SDKs that a Feature (Targeting Rules, Variable values, etc.) has been updated and that they should fetch the new configuration. A connection URL is included in the config that the SDK fetches, triggering the SDK to open a connection with our SSE provider and listen for any changes in the given Environment. SDK Specifics Javascript SDK , React SDK If the user loses focus on the webpage for longer then the inactivityDelay (the default of which is set to 2 minutes, and can be configured through the options), the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect when the user opens the tab / window again (i.e. the page's visibility state = visible ). The SDK will also request a new configuration during reconnection to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. iOS SDK , Android SDK & Flutter SDK If the user backgrounds the application for some period of time, the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect again when the user brings the application to the foreground. When the application is brought to the foreground the SDK will request a new configuration to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. Server-Side SDKs If the server loses its connection it will be re-opened automatically after a configurable interval. Local and Cloud Bucketing Server SDKs have two modes, "Local Bucketing" and "Cloud Bucketing". Local Bucketing Local Bucketing does all targeting decisions locally inside the server running the SDK. The DevCycle configuration is downloaded upon initialization of the SDK, and all future SDK calls will determine flag values based on this data and the provided user data. This approach will guarantee instantaneous, synchronous results from the SDK. Cloud Bucketing The SDK determines flag values by making an API call for each decision, using workers at the edge which are available globally. Every function within the SDK will reach out to these edge workers and respond with extremely low latency. Cloud bucketing is required to use specific features such as EdgeDB and Feature Opt-In . If you aren't using these features, then Local Bucketing is the recommended mode. Server SDK Diagrams The following diagrams illustrate the initialization flow, and logical background processes created/managed by the SDKs. For more information on the architecture of DevCycle services and SDKs, visit the System Architecture page. Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous SDK Lifecycle Next JavaScript SDK Initialization Client-Side SDKs Server-Side SDKs Evaluating Features & Using Variables Evaluation Reasons Supported SDKs Evaluation Object Format Reason Types Getting All Features Getting all Variables Identifying a User or Setting Properties Client SDK Identification Server-Side SDK Identification Tracking Custom Events Custom Domains Realtime Updates SDK Specifics Local and Cloud Bucketing Local Bucketing Cloud Bucketing Server SDK Diagrams Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/scale_youtube/devoxx-inspiring-the-next-generations-4ild | Devoxx: Inspiring the Next Generations - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Scale YouTube Posted on Nov 1, 2025 Devoxx: Inspiring the Next Generations # career # architecture Inspiring the Next Generations At Devoxx Belgium 2025, Frank Delporte caught up with Cassandra Chin to chat about her new book Raising Young Coders (grab a 20% discount with code APAUT) and how parents and teachers can make programming fun and accessible for kids of all ages. He also sat down with Daniel De Luca, founder of Devoxx4Kids, who shared the hands-on activities and workshops that spark children’s curiosity in technology and set them on the path to becoming tomorrow’s innovators. Watch on YouTube Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Scale YouTube Follow Joined Aug 2, 2025 More from Scale YouTube NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/#data-lists | Text-based web browsers - CSSence.com Text-based web browsers Essay January 8, 2026 Before I start, let me get two things out of the way: In this article I’m not going to include the admittedly cool browsh, because it only works by utilizing Firefox under the hood. When I say text-based, I’m talking about old-school browsers like ELinks , Lynx or w3m. These are also the three browsers I’ve used to test everything described below. The whole article ended up being a rant about how text-based browsers deal with features that got added to HTML. Or more like, how they neglect dealing with said features. Do text-based web browsers still matter? Well, I won’t be the judge of that. I like them, I have them installed, and I test every project I create in them. But they are not what I use to surf the web. Speaking of testing your creations, here’s the good news: If your project has a solid HTML foundation that you then progressively enhance with CSS and JS, you are off to a great start. How did HTML evolve in recent years? While CSS is the star of the show when it comes to new features, HTML ain’t stale either. If we put the long-awaited styleable selects and Apple’s take on toggle switches aside, there’s a lot readily available cross-browser. But here’s the thing: Whenever we say cross-browser, we usually look at the big ones, never at text-based browsers. So in this article I wanna shed some light on how they handle the following recent additions. How do text-based web browsers handle modern HTML? Added features Details Data lists Dialogs Popovers Inert content areas Hidden content Visually hidden content When viewing a web page in a text-based browser, you essentially get plain HTML, no CSS, no JS. There is some “styling”, a result of the elements’ semantics, but don’t expect anything fancy, we are down to colors, indentation, and centered text. It reminds me of what the browsers we are used to give us when they show unstyled HTML—well, HTML with the browser default styles, to be exact. That in turn reminds me of CSS Naked Day. Text-based browsers work well with good old HTML. Said recent additions however are a bit more nuanced (e.g. interactive), so let’s talk about them individually. Details Disclosure widgets are simple interactive elements we no longer need JS for. When <details> are closed, only their <summary> is shown. Text-based browsers have no clue what disclosure widgets are, so they always show the whole <details> content, meaning you always get the open state. This way things can get verbose, but in essence it’s okay. Verdict: Acceptable. Data lists Data lists can be used to add suggested values to an input field. In my tests they have been ignored entirely, Lynx even mentions that it encountered “bad HTML”, probably because it expects <option> only in a <select> parent. At least no browser rendered the options on the screen, they simply fall back to a plain <input> field, which is better than nothing. Side note: I’ve been told data lists have accessibility issues, so … Verdict: Whatever. Dialogs Yes, HTML can do modal and non-modal dialogs, and even alert dialogs, all thanks to the <dialog> element. Initially we needed JS to toggle their visibility, but with the help of the Popover API (see next chapter) we can now even get most of it done in plain HTML. Alas, once again there is no support in text-based browsers, so you’ll end up seeing all dialog content, as if they had their open attribute set. Consequently, there’s no awareness of a form’s method="dialog" nor a submit button’s formmethod="dialog" , so in both cases the form action is triggered. Verdict: Problematic. Popovers The Popover API is probably my favorite new feature, but only if you stick to regular web browsers. Given that dialogs are a type of popover, it’s no surprise that nothing works, and once again all popover content gets dumped onto the screen. By now I think you get the idea, so I won’t even talk about the Invoker Commands API at this point. Verdict: Most likely problematic. Inert content areas A modal dialog makes the rest of the page inert , so we don’t have to do it. But with the global inert attribute we can do this manually too, if we need to make certain parts of the DOM unreachable. Sure enough, text-based browsers will happily let you access interactive elements inside an inert content area. Verdict: Bad. Hidden content We’re now approaching something that is not new at all, the global hidden attribute has been supported for over a decade. It allows us to hide content in the same way as display: none , but directly in HTML. Adding support in text-based browsers has been discussed back in the day, but got rejected, hence it was never implemented. You’ll end up seeing all content marked as hidden . This is the primary reason why I started writing this article, and what enrages me the most. If I decide to hide content in HTML instead of CSS, I must have a very good reason, thus hidden content should not be visible in any browser! Certain progressive enhancement techniques work by hiding content in HTML and then making it visible via CSS or JS. That possibility goes out the window in text-based browsers. Verdict: Epic fail. 😠 🤬 Visually hidden content Just kidding, there’s still no native way in HTML to hide content visually , so we continue to rely on class names like .visually-hidden or .sr-only . No matter how they are named, they need to summon quite a few of lines of CSS to get things done. Whether there should be a native way is up for debate. Personally I would welcome a one-liner to achieve this, but it should remain in the domain of CSS. However, if we had a way in HTML, text-based browsers would display such visually hidden content anyway, that is certain. Verdict: To be continued. Now what? What now? Text-based browsers and modern HTML, no success story in sight. Given the progress we see in web technologies, the gap will only widen, so much so that w3m and its friends might fall into oblivion. Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 8, 2026 at 19:07 It’s 2026 and text-based web browsers still do not know how to handle (not so) recent additions to HTML. cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers Marius Orcsik wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:14 I think the latest text browser is chawan , which is quite good. Nathan Knowler wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:55 Interesting, it seems like w3m and lynx can display (declarative) shadow root content, but slots don’t work? Either that or they just don’t know how <template> elements work and are showing the content—but that doesn’t make sense since then the other light DOM content is being swallowed up. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 22:11 In reply to: @knowler.dev . Oof! That rabbit hole wasn’t even on my radar. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 06:28 If you don’t care about text-based web browsers (I can’t blame you), this article doubles as a list of all the cool stuff that got added to HTML. Get involved Have your say on Mastodon, or simply share this article. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on January 8, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/scale_youtube/techworld-with-nana-kafka-crash-course-hands-on-project-95e | TechWorld with Nana: Kafka Crash Course - Hands-On Project - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Scale YouTube Posted on Oct 7, 2025 TechWorld with Nana: Kafka Crash Course - Hands-On Project # architecture # cloud # career This crash course walks you through Apache Kafka’s core concepts—why it was built, how it scales, and how it stacks up against other message brokers—then jumps into a hands-on Python + Docker project. You’ll clone the GitLab repo, spin up Kafka with Docker Compose, write and run a producer and consumer, play with the Kafka CLI, and test the end-to-end flow, all broken down step by step. Ideal for anyone with basic Python and Docker know-how, the video packs handy timestamps, links to the official docs, prerequisite tutorials, and even a free month of PyCharm Pro (thanks to JetBrains) so you can dive in immediately. Watch on YouTube Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Scale YouTube Follow Joined Aug 2, 2025 More from Scale YouTube NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/t/architecture/page/7#main-content | Architecture Page 7 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Architecture Follow Hide The fundamental structures of a software system. Create Post Older #architecture posts 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Small Business Server Sizing Guide: CPU, RAM, SSDs Mian Zaheer Mian Zaheer Mian Zaheer Follow Jan 8 Small Business Server Sizing Guide: CPU, RAM, SSDs # architecture # performance # resources Comments Add Comment 5 min read OpenSIPS: The Engine Powering Modern Real-Time Communication Haroon Saleem Haroon Saleem Haroon Saleem Follow Jan 7 OpenSIPS: The Engine Powering Modern Real-Time Communication # architecture # backend # networking # opensource Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why Modular Monolith Architecture is the Key to Effective AI-Assisted Development ismail Cagdas ismail Cagdas ismail Cagdas Follow Jan 6 Why Modular Monolith Architecture is the Key to Effective AI-Assisted Development # ai # architecture # codequality # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read React Application Architecture Insight 105 Insight 105 Insight 105 Follow Jan 6 React Application Architecture # architecture # frontend # javascript # react Comments Add Comment 3 min read Undo Beats IQ: Building Flamehaven as a Governed AI Runtime (Not a Prompt App) Kwansub Yun Kwansub Yun Kwansub Yun Follow Jan 6 Undo Beats IQ: Building Flamehaven as a Governed AI Runtime (Not a Prompt App) # ai # devops # architecture # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Kafka Ingestion & Processing at Scale | Rajamohan Jabbala j raja mohan j raja mohan j raja mohan Follow Jan 7 Kafka Ingestion & Processing at Scale | Rajamohan Jabbala # kafka # architecture # scalability # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Designing for Failure: Building Reliable Crypto-to-Utility Payments with Provider Failover Yusuf Adeniyi Yusuf Adeniyi Yusuf Adeniyi Follow Jan 8 Designing for Failure: Building Reliable Crypto-to-Utility Payments with Provider Failover # architecture # fintech # backend # systemdesign 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Desmontando RAG, del protocolo rígido a la abstracción flexible Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Follow Jan 7 Desmontando RAG, del protocolo rígido a la abstracción flexible # spanish # ai # rag # architecture Comments Add Comment 10 min read 5 Software Architecture Patterns Every Developer Should Know archmentor.dev archmentor.dev archmentor.dev Follow Jan 7 5 Software Architecture Patterns Every Developer Should Know # architecture # microservices # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Government Tender Intelligence System with Python: Lessons from the Real World Saurav Kumar Saurav Kumar Saurav Kumar Follow Jan 7 Building a Government Tender Intelligence System with Python: Lessons from the Real World # architecture # dataengineering # datascience # python Comments Add Comment 4 min read Segmentation and Memory Aayush Sharma Aayush Sharma Aayush Sharma Follow Jan 7 Segmentation and Memory # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 5 min read Analytical Capability Is Not Authority: A Critical Boundary in AI-Enabled Systems Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 8 Analytical Capability Is Not Authority: A Critical Boundary in AI-Enabled Systems # ai # architecture # leadership # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read Developers: 2025 Was About Speed. 2026 Is About Judgment. Rajon Dey Rajon Dey Rajon Dey Follow Jan 7 Developers: 2025 Was About Speed. 2026 Is About Judgment. # ai # architecture # performance # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Jan 11 Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products # news # development # architecture # learning 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read SwiftUI Memory Management & Retain Cycle Pitfalls (Production Guide) Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Follow Jan 5 SwiftUI Memory Management & Retain Cycle Pitfalls (Production Guide) # swiftui # memory # performance # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read Search Engines for AI Agents (The Action Web) Moein Roghani Moein Roghani Moein Roghani Follow Jan 7 Search Engines for AI Agents (The Action Web) # agents # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Governance to Value: Running an Effective Architecture Review Board Olawale Adepoju Olawale Adepoju Olawale Adepoju Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 5 From Governance to Value: Running an Effective Architecture Review Board # architecture # awswellarchitectedframework # enterprisearchitecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read System Design Autopsy: How 1 Legacy Portal Cost $1.6B (Change Healthcare Analysis) System Design Autopsy System Design Autopsy System Design Autopsy Follow Jan 7 System Design Autopsy: How 1 Legacy Portal Cost $1.6B (Change Healthcare Analysis) # devops # programming # security # architecture Comments Add Comment 1 min read City Plaza Mall Site Rebuild: From Event Chaos to Structure Bashar Forrestad Bashar Forrestad Bashar Forrestad Follow Jan 7 City Plaza Mall Site Rebuild: From Event Chaos to Structure # showdev # architecture # webdev Comments Add Comment 8 min read Building Reliable RAG Systems Sivaram Sivaram Sivaram Follow Jan 11 Building Reliable RAG Systems # rag # architecture # tutorial # ai 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read The End of the Text Box: Architecting the Universal Signal Bus for AI Imran Siddique Imran Siddique Imran Siddique Follow Jan 7 The End of the Text Box: Architecting the Universal Signal Bus for AI # agents # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Q-Protocol: Reducing Agentic Telemetry Costs with Z-Order Curves Phil Hills Phil Hills Phil Hills Follow Jan 5 The Q-Protocol: Reducing Agentic Telemetry Costs with Z-Order Curves # python # ai # distributedsystems # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read Scaling AI Agents: Distributed Graph Traversal and Choosing the Right Graph Database Shoaibali Mir Shoaibali Mir Shoaibali Mir Follow Jan 5 Scaling AI Agents: Distributed Graph Traversal and Choosing the Right Graph Database # ai # distributedsystems # database # architecture Comments Add Comment 11 min read Nop Platform Architecture White Paper canonical canonical canonical Follow Jan 5 Nop Platform Architecture White Paper # nop # programming # softwareengineering # architecture Comments Add Comment 9 min read Distributed Systems & Networking: Advanced Networking for Cloud and Advanced Modern Datacenters Javad Javad Javad Follow Jan 6 Distributed Systems & Networking: Advanced Networking for Cloud and Advanced Modern Datacenters # tutorial # devops # cloud # architecture 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 12 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at datalaria.com Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial Como comenté en un post anterior, uno de mis objetivos con Datalaria es "ensuciarme las manos" con proyectos que me permitan aprender y conectar diferentes tecnologías del mundo de los datos. Hoy empezamos una serie dedicada a uno de esos proyectos: la creación de un servicio meteorológico global completo , desde la recolección de datos hasta su visualización y predicción, todo ello sin servidores y con herramientas gratuitas. En esta primera entrega, nos centraremos en el corazón del sistema: el backend recolector de datos . Veremos cómo construir un "robot" que trabaje por nosotros 24/7, conectándose a una API externa, guardando la información de forma estructurada y haciendo todo esto de manera automática y gratuita. ¡Vamos allá! El Primer Paso: Hablar con la API de OpenWeatherMap Todo servicio meteorológico necesita una fuente de datos. Elegí OpenWeatherMap por su popularidad y su generoso plan gratuito. El proceso inicial es sencillo: Registrarse : Crear una cuenta en su web. Obtener la API Key : Generar una clave única que nos identificará en cada llamada. Es como nuestra "llave" para acceder a sus datos. Guardar la Clave : ¡ Nunca directamente en el código! Hablaremos de esto más adelante. Con la clave en mano (¡o casi!), escribí un primer script test_clima.py para probar la conexión usando la maravillosa librería requests de Python: import requests API_KEY = " TU_API_KEY_AQUI " # ¡Temporalmente! Luego usaremos Secretos CIUDAD = " Madrid " URL = f " [https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=](https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=) { CIUDAD } &appid= { API_KEY } &units=metric&lang=es " try : respuesta = requests . get ( URL ) respuesta . raise_for_status () # Lanza un error si la respuesta no es 200 OK datos = respuesta . json () print ( f " Temperatura en { CIUDAD } : { datos [ ' main ' ][ ' temp ' ] } °C " ) except requests . exceptions . RequestException as e : print ( f " Error al conectar con la API: { e } " ) except KeyError as e : print ( f " Respuesta inesperada de la API, falta la clave: { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Primer Obstáculo Superado (con Paciencia): Al ejecutarlo por primera vez, ¡error 401: No Autorizado! 😱 Resulta que las API Keys de OpenWeatherMap pueden tardar unas horas en activarse después de generarlas. La lección: a veces, la solución es simplemente esperar. ⏳ La "Base de Datos": ¿Por Qué CSV y No SQL? Con los datos fluyendo, necesitaba almacenarlos. Podría haber montado una base de datos SQL (PostgreSQL, MySQL...), pero eso implicaba complejidad, un servidor (coste) y, para este proyecto, era matar moscas a cañonazos. Opté por la simplicidad radical: ficheros CSV (Comma Separated Values) . Ventajas : Fáciles de leer y escribir con Python, perfectamente versionables con Git (podemos ver el historial de cambios), y suficientes para el volumen de datos que manejaríamos inicialmente. Lógica Clave : Necesitaba añadir una nueva fila cada día a cada fichero de ciudad, pero escribiendo la cabecera ( fecha_hora , ciudad , temperatura_c , etc.) solo la primera vez. La librería csv nativa de Python y os.path.exists lo hacen trivial: import csv import os from datetime import datetime # ... (código para obtener datos de la API para una ciudad) ... ahora = datetime . now (). strftime ( ' %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ' ) fila_datos = [ ahora , ciudad , temperatura , ...] # Lista con los datos cabecera = [ ' fecha_hora ' , ' ciudad ' , ' temperatura_c ' , ...] # Lista con los nombres de columna nombre_fichero = f " datos/ { ciudad } .csv " # Creamos una carpeta 'datos' # Asegurarse de que la carpeta 'datos' existe os . makedirs ( os . path . dirname ( nombre_fichero ), exist_ok = True ) es_archivo_nuevo = not os . path . exists ( nombre_fichero ) try : with open ( nombre_fichero , mode = ' a ' , newline = '' , encoding = ' utf-8 ' ) as f : writer = csv . writer ( f ) if es_archivo_nuevo : writer . writerow ( cabecera ) # Escribir cabecera SOLO si es nuevo writer . writerow ( fila_datos ) # Añadir la nueva fila de datos print ( f " Datos guardados para { ciudad } " ) except IOError as e : print ( f " Error al escribir en { nombre_fichero } : { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode El Robot de Automatización: GitHub Actions al Rescate 🤖 Aquí viene la magia: ¿cómo hacer que este script se ejecute solo todos los días sin tener un servidor encendido? La respuesta es GitHub Actions , el motor de automatización integrado en GitHub. Es como tener un pequeño robot que trabaja gratis para nosotros. La Seguridad Primero: ¡Nunca Subas tu API Key! El error más grave sería subir registrar_clima.py con la API_KEY escrita directamente. Cualquiera podría verla en GitHub. * Solución : Usar los Secretos de Repositorio de GitHub. 1. Ve a Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions en tu repositorio de GitHub. 2. Crea un nuevo secreto llamado OPENWEATHER_API_KEY y pega ahí tu clave. 3. En el script Python, lee la clave de forma segura usando os.environ.get("OPENWEATHER_API_KEY") . El Cerebro del Robot: El Fichero .github/workflows/actualizar-clima.yml Este fichero YAML le dice a GitHub Actions qué hacer y cuándo: name : Actualizar Datos Climáticos Diarios on : workflow_dispatch : # Permite lanzarlo manualmente desde GitHub push : branches : [ main ] # Se lanza si subimos cambios a la rama main schedule : - cron : ' 0 6 * * *' # La clave: se lanza cada día a las 6:00 UTC jobs : actualizar_datos : runs-on : ubuntu-latest # Usamos una máquina virtual Linux gratuita steps : - name : Checkout del código del repositorio uses : actions/checkout@v4 # Descarga nuestro código - name : Configurar Python uses : actions/setup-python@v5 with : python-version : ' 3.10' # O la versión que prefieras - name : Instalar dependencias necesarias run : pip install -r requirements.txt # Lee requirements.txt e instala requests, etc. - name : Ejecutar el script de recolección de datos run : python registrar_clima.py # ¡La acción principal! env : OPENWEATHER_API_KEY : ${{ secrets.OPENWEATHER_API_KEY }} # Inyectamos el secreto de forma segura - name : Guardar los nuevos datos en el repositorio (Commit & Push) run : | git config user.name 'github-actions[bot]' # Identifica al 'bot' git config user.email 'github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com' git add datos/*.csv # Añade SOLO los ficheros CSV modificados en la carpeta 'datos' # Comprueba si hay cambios antes de hacer commit para evitar commits vacíos git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "Actualización automática de datos climáticos 🤖" git push # Sube los cambios al repositorio env: GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Token automático para permitir el push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ¡Este último paso es crucial! La propia Action actúa como un usuario, haciendo git add , git commit y git push de los ficheros CSV que el script Python acaba de modificar. Así, los datos actualizados quedan guardados en nuestro repositorio cada día. La Alternativa Serverless: Despliegue y Automatización con Netlify 🚀 Aunque GitHub Actions es una herramienta fantástica para la automatización, para este proyecto he decidido explorar una alternativa aún más integrada con el concepto de "serverless": Netlify . Netlify no solo nos permite desplegar nuestro frontend estático (como GitHub Pages), sino que también ofrece funciones serverless y, lo que es clave para nuestro backend, funciones de ejecución programadas (Scheduled Functions o Cron Jobs) . Desplegando el Frontend Estático con Netlify Conectar tu Repositorio : El proceso es increíblemente sencillo. Inicia sesión en Netlify, haz clic en "Add new site" y selecciona "Import an existing project". Conecta con tu cuenta de GitHub y elige el repositorio de tu proyecto Weather Service. Configuración Básica : Netlify detectará automáticamente tu proyecto. Asegúrate de que la "Build command" esté vacía (ya que es un sitio estático sin proceso de build) y que el "Publish directory" sea la raíz de tu repositorio ( ./ ). Despliegue Continuo : Netlify configurará automáticamente el despliegue continuo. Cada vez que hagas un git push a la rama main (o la que hayas configurado), Netlify reconstruirá y desplegará tu sitio. Automatizando el Backend con Netlify Functions (y Cron Jobs) Aquí es donde Netlify Serverless Functions brillan para nuestro recolector de datos. En lugar de un flujo de GitHub Actions, podemos usar una función de Netlify para ejecutar nuestro script Python de forma programada: Estructura del Proyecto : Crea una carpeta netlify/functions/ en la raíz de tu proyecto. Dentro, puedes tener un archivo Python como collect_weather.py . Manejo de Dependencias : Necesitarás un requirements.txt en la raíz de tu proyecto para que Netlify instale las dependencias Python ( requests , pandas , scikit-learn ). Configuración de netlify.toml : Este archivo en la raíz de tu proyecto es crucial para definir tus funciones y sus programaciones: [build] publish = "." # Directorio donde está tu index.html command = "" # No necesitamos un comando de build para un sitio estático [functions] directory = "netlify/functions" # Donde están tus funciones node_bundler = "esbuild" # Para funciones JS/TS. Netlify detectará Python. [[edge_functions]] # Para programar una función (requiere Netlify Edge Functions) function = "collect_weather" # El nombre de tu función (sin la extensión .py) path = "/.netlify/functions/collect_weather" # La ruta de la función (puede ser diferente) schedule = "@daily" # O usa un cron string como "0 6 * * *" La Función Python ( netlify/functions/collect_weather.py ) : Esta función encapsulará la lógica de tu registrar_clima.py . Netlify la ejecutará en un entorno Python. # netlify/functions/collect_weather.py import json import requests import os import time from datetime import datetime import csv # ... (todo el código de tu script registrar_clima.py va aquí) ... # Asegúrate de que las API_KEYs se leen de os.environ # y que los datos se escriben directamente en el repositorio usando GitPython # o de alguna manera que Netlify pueda persistir los cambios. # **Importante**: Netlify Functions son efímeras. # Para persistir cambios en el repo, necesitarías una integración con Git # similar a lo que haría GitHub Actions (usando un Personal Access Token). # Sin embargo, para un frontend estático, lo más simple es que esta función # solo genere un JSON de predicciones y lo suba a un storage como S3, # o que el script Python de recolección siga ejecutándose en GitHub Actions # y Netlify solo sirva el frontend. # Si la idea es que Netlify TAMBIÉN haga el commit, esto es más complejo # y requeriría una API de Git o un token PAT desde Netlify. def handler ( event , context ): # Aquí iría la llamada principal a tu lógica de recolección de datos # Esto es un ejemplo simplificado try : # Tu lógica para obtener y guardar datos, generar CSVs/JSONs # Si quieres que esto haga commit a GitHub, necesitarías: # 1. Un token PAT de GitHub guardado como variable de entorno en Netlify. # 2. Una librería como GitPython para interactuar con Git. # Es más común que las funciones serverless persistan datos en bases de datos # o servicios de almacenamiento de objetos (ej. S3), no en el propio repo Git. # Para este proyecto, el enfoque con GitHub Actions para el backend # que hace el commit directamente al repo sigue siendo más sencillo # para el almacenamiento en CSV. Netlify sería ideal para el frontend # y funciones para APIs en tiempo real o predicciones ligeras. print ( " Función de Netlify para recolección de clima ejecutada. " ) # Si la función genera algún output JSON para el frontend, lo devolvería aquí: # return { # "statusCode": 200, # "body": json.dumps({"message": "Data collection complete"}), # } return { " statusCode " : 200 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " message " : " La lógica de backend se ejecutaría aquí. Para persistir datos en GitHub, GitHub Actions es más directo. " }), } except Exception as e : return { " statusCode " : 500 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " error " : str ( e )}), } Variables de Entorno en Netlify : Para la OPENWEATHER_API_KEY , ve a Site settings > Build & deploy > Environment variables y añade tu clave allí. Consideración Importante : Para que la función de Netlify persista los cambios directamente en tu repositorio de GitHub (como el commit de los CSV), necesitarías una configuración más avanzada (como usar un Personal Access Token de GitHub dentro de la función de Netlify para hacer git push ), lo cual es más complejo. Para mantener la simplicidad y el almacenamiento directo en el repositorio Git con commits automáticos de los CSVs, la solución de GitHub Actions sigue siendo la más directa y eficiente para el backend recolector de datos en este caso específico . Netlify es excelente para el despliegue del frontend y para funciones que interactúan con servicios externos o bases de datos sin hacer commit al propio repositorio de la aplicación principal. En este proyecto, usamos GitHub Actions para el backend (recolección y commit de CSVs) y Netlify para el despliegue del frontend y, potencialmente, funciones más ligeras o en tiempo real que no necesiten modificar el repo Git. ¡Este último paso es crucial! La propia Action actúa como un usuario, haciendo git add , git commit y git push de los ficheros CSV que el script Python acaba de modificar. Así, los datos actualizados quedan guardados en nuestro repositorio cada día. El Problema de Escalar (y el Pivote de Arquitectura Necesario) Mi idea inicial era monitorizar unas 1000 ciudades y guardar todo en un único fichero datos_climaticos.csv . Hice un cálculo rápido: 1000 ciudades * ~200 bytes/día * 365 días * 3 años... ¡más de 200 MB! 😱 ¿Por qué es un problema? Porque el frontend (nuestro dashboard, que veremos en el próximo post) se ejecuta en el navegador del usuario. Tendría que descargar esos 200 MB completos solo para mostrar el gráfico de una ciudad. Totalmente inaceptable en términos de rendimiento. 🐢 La Solución Arquitectónica: Cambiar a una estrategia de "un fichero por entidad" . Creamos una carpeta datos/ . El script registrar_clima.py ahora genera (o añade datos a) un fichero CSV por cada ciudad: datos/Madrid.csv , datos/León.csv , datos/Tokio.csv , etc. Así, cuando el usuario quiera ver el tiempo de León, el frontend solo descargará el fichero datos/León.csv , que pesará unos pocos kilobytes. ¡La carga es instantánea! ✨ Segundo Obstáculo de Escalado (Límites de API): OpenWeatherMap, en su plan gratuito, permite unas 60 llamadas por minuto. Mi bucle para obtener datos de 155 ciudades (mi lista actual) las haría demasiado rápido. Solución Vital: Añadir import time al inicio del script Python y time.sleep(1.1) al final del bucle for ciudad in ciudades: . Esto introduce una pausa de poco más de 1 segundo entre cada llamada a la API, asegurando que nos mantenemos por debajo del límite y evitamos que nos bloqueen. 🚦 Conclusión (Parte 1) ¡Ya tenemos la base! Hemos construido un sistema robusto y automático que: Se conecta a una API externa de forma segura. Procesa y almacena datos históricos de múltiples entidades (ciudades). Se ejecuta solo cada día, sin coste alguno, gracias a GitHub Actions. Está diseñado para escalar de forma eficiente. En el próximo post, nos pondremos el sombrero de desarrollador frontend y construiremos el dashboard interactivo que permitirá a cualquier usuario explorar estos datos con gráficos dinámicos. ¡No te lo pierdas! Referencias y Enlaces de Interés: Servicio Web Completo : Puedes ver el resultado final de este proyecto en acción aquí: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Repositorio GitHub del Proyecto : Explora el código fuente y la estructura del proyecto en mi repositorio: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather OpenWeatherMap : Documentación de la API de clima: https://openweathermap.org/api Python Requests : Documentación de la librería para hacer peticiones HTTP: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/ GitHub Actions : Guía oficial de GitHub Actions: https://docs.github.com/es/actions Netlify : Página oficial de Netlify: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # automation # python # tutorial Carto: De una Factura a la ONU a Conquistar la Nube Geoespacial # startup # cloud # datascience # spanish Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar # ai # programming # showdev # spanish 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://open.forem.com/yaseen_tech/tech-isnt-valuable-because-its-advanced-its-valuable-because-it-matters-32ch | Tech Isn’t Valuable Because It’s Advanced — It’s Valuable Because It Matters - Open Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Open Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Yaseen Posted on Dec 26, 2025 Tech Isn’t Valuable Because It’s Advanced — It’s Valuable Because It Matters # technology # leadership # digitaltransformation # business When tech folks attend a trade summit, something subtle shifts. You stop talking about features. You start hearing about impact. 💡 At the United Economic Forum 2025, technology was described as: a scale engine for MSMEs a growth lever for exporters a trust layer for governments a risk shield for manufacturers Same systems, same tools—but viewed through different lenses. Inside Tech, We Celebrate Advancement. Outside Tech, People Care About Usefulness. Inside engineering circles, the conversations sound like: Throughput Architecture choices Deployment models Model accuracy But outside those rooms, the narrative flips: AI isn’t a model Digital isn’t a buzzword Cloud isn’t architecture To business, policy, and industry stakeholders, these are answers to practical questions: Can I scale? Can I reduce fraud? Can I build trust faster? Can I improve efficiency? Technology earns value when someone can use it to produce outcomes—not because it’s advanced. Trade Summits Expose a Blind Spot for Tech Teams At summits, the questions sound different: “Will this reduce risk?” “Can I expand faster?” “Will this lower costs?” “Will customers trust this?” Not “What does the system do?” but “What does the system change?” It becomes clear that understanding technology is not the user’s responsibility. Communicating value is ours. Great Tech Leadership Requires Translation Engineering leaders cannot stop at innovation. They must articulate: Outcomes Risk impact Operational gains Scalability advantages Because outside the tech world, what matters isn’t sophistication—it’s relevance. A powerful system is only as valuable as the value someone understands. Final Thought Trade summits offer an important reminder: Impact begins when tech learns to listen. The future belongs to leaders who speak both languages— the language of systems and the language of real-world outcomes. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Yaseen Follow Location India Work Founder & Director at Ysquare technology Joined Oct 10, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Open Forem — A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Open Forem © 2016 - 2026. Where all the other conversations belong Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/vinay_sharma_e6ec1235f476 | Vinay Sharma - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Vinay Sharma Coding is an art & I'm an artist Joined Joined on Dec 29, 2025 Personal website http://www.vinaykumarsharma.com/ github website Education B.Tech Pronouns Mr. Work Senior Software Engineer More info about @vinay_sharma_e6ec1235f476 Organizations Laerdal Bangalore Skills/Languages Php, Pythan, Java, JavaScript, MySQL Currently learning Federated AI, Post 5 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed KRACK Attack - When WPA2 Was Not as Safe as We Thought Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Jan 10 KRACK Attack - When WPA2 Was Not as Safe as We Thought # cybersecurity # networking # privacy # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read Rowhammer Attack Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Jan 7 Rowhammer Attack Comments Add Comment 1 min read Redundancy Engineering Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Jan 1 Redundancy Engineering Comments Add Comment 1 min read New Certification Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Dec 30 '25 New Certification 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://www.git-tower.com/learn/git/ebook/en/desktop-gui/appendix/from-subversion-to-git | Switching from Subversion to Git | Learn Git Ebook (GUI Edition) Tower Navigation Features Undo Anything Just press Cmd+Z Drag and Drop Make the complex effortless Integrations Use your favorite tools Tower Workflows Branching Configurations Stacked Pull Requests Supercharged workflows All Features Release Notes Pricing Support Documentation Contact Us Account Login Learn Git Video Course 24 episodes Online Book From novice to master Cheat Sheets For quick lookup Webinar Learn from a Git professional First Aid Kit Recover from mistakes Advanced Git Kit Dive deeper Blog Download Download Switching from Subversion to Git If you're used to Subversion, Git might feel different at first. This chapter explains the key differences. Table of Contents Part 1 - The Basics What is Version Control? Why Use Version Control? Setting Up Git on Your Computer The Basic Workflow Starting with an Unversioned Project Starting with an Existing Project Working on Your Project Part 2 - Branching & Merging Branching can Change Your Life Working with Branches Saving Changes Temporarily Checking Out a Local Branch Merging Changes Branching Workflows Part 3 - Sharing Work via Remote Repositories Introduction to Remote Repositories Connecting a Remote Repository Inspecting Remote Data Integrating Remote Changes Publishing a Local Branch Deleting Branches Part 4 - Advanced Topics Undoing Things Inspecting Changes with Diffs Dealing with Merge Conflicts Rebase as an Alternative to Merge Submodules Forking Pull Requests Workflows with git-flow Handling Large Files with LFS Authentication with SSH Public Keys Part 5 - Tools & Services Diff & Merge Tools Code Hosting Services More Learning Resources Appendix Version Control Best Practices Switching from Subversion to Git Why Git? Learn on: Desktop GUI | Command Line Switching from Subversion to Git Actually, switching from Subversion to Git isn't very complicated - but only if you don't treat Git like a fancier Subversion. Once you understand where the concepts differ, the transition becomes easy. Distributed vs. Centralized Subversion is a centralized version control system: all team members work towards a single central repository, placed on a remote server. A "checkout" from this central repository will place a "working copy" on the user's machine. This is a snapshot from a certain version of the project on his disk. In Git, a distributed version control system, things work a little differently. Instead of a "checkout", a Git user will "clone" a repository from a remote server. In return, he receives a full-fledged repository, not just a working copy. The user then has his own repository on his local machine - including all of the project's history. You can do everything on your local machine: commit, inspect history, restore older revisions, etc. Only if you want to share your work with the world you have to connect to a remote server. Repository Structure and URLs A Subversion repository is typically organized with a couple of directories: "trunk" for the main line of development, "branches" for alternative contexts, and "tags" to mark certain revisions. To address these different parts, URLs are used that point to these locations inside the repository: svn+ssh://svn@example.com/svn/trunk Git repositories, on the other hand, consist of only a single ".git" folder in the root of a project. Addressing branches or tags is done via commands, not URLs. In Git, the URL only points to the location of the Git repository. ssh://git@example.com/path/to/git-repo.git Branching As just mentioned, branches in Subversion are just simple directories that happen to have a special meaning. When creating a new branch, you effectively create a (very efficient) copy of your project in a new folder. In Git, branching was one of the core design goals and therefore required a quite different concept. A branch in Git is simply a pointer to a certain revision - thereby creating no copy, no new directories, and no overhead. You are always working on a branch in Git, even if it’s just the default “master” branch that gets created automatically. Your working directory contains the files that belong to this currently active branch (in Git called the "HEAD"). All other versions and branches are stored in your local repository, ready to be restored in an instant. Also keep in mind the distributed nature of Git: branches can exist remotely and - much more important for your daily work - locally. Committing When making a commit in Subversion, a couple of rules apply: You can only commit when you have a connection to the central repository. You can't commit while you're offline. The commit gets instantly transferred to the central repository. It gets assigned an ascending revision number. Committing in Git differs in some aspects: You don't have to be online or connected to any "central" repository - because you have a full-blown repository on your local disk. Therefore, commits are recorded only in your local repository. They're not transferred to any remote repository until you explicitly decide to share them. Only because a file was changed doesn't mean it will automatically be included in the next commit. You have to explicitly mark the changes you want in the next commit by adding them to the so-called "Staging Area". You can even mark parts or individual lines of a file to be included, while other parts are left for a later commit. Revision numbers are replaced by "commit hashes". Since commits happen offline on the developers' local machines, you cannot assign one commit #5 and another one #6 - who's first in such a distributed scenario? However, of course, there must still be a way to uniquely identify commits in Git. Therefore, a hashed string is used instead of the ascending revision number. Sharing Work With Subversion, your work is automatically transferred to the central server when you commit. And committing is only possible when you can connect to this central server. In Git, nothing gets uploaded automatically. You can decide for each of your branches when (and if at all) you want to share them with your team. Besides that, sharing work is very safe: conflicts can only occur on your local machine and not on the remote server. This leaves you with the confidence that you cannot break things. Best Practices Contents Why Git? Get our popular Git Cheat Sheet for free! You'll find the most important commands on the front and helpful best practice tips on the back. Over 100,000 developers have downloaded it to make Git a little bit easier. 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https://design.forem.com/pixel_mosaic/figma-vs-adobe-xd-which-one-should-you-learn-in-2025-13i | Figma vs Adobe XD: Which One Should You Learn in 2025? - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Pixel Mosaic Posted on Oct 14, 2025 Figma vs Adobe XD: Which One Should You Learn in 2025? # uidesign # careeradvice # adobesuite # figma Figma vs Adobe XD: Which One Should You Learn in 2025? As the world of UI/UX design continues to evolve, choosing the right design tool can make a huge difference in your workflow, collaboration, and career growth. Two of the most popular tools today are Figma and Adobe XD . But which one should you learn in 2025? Let’s break it down. 1. Accessibility & Platform Support Figma is browser-based, which means you can use it on any platform—Windows, Mac, Linux—even Chromebooks. It also offers a desktop app and mobile viewing apps. Adobe XD , on the other hand, is primarily desktop-based (Windows and Mac), which limits accessibility slightly. Cloud collaboration is possible, but it’s not as seamless as Figma’s live collaboration. Winner: Figma 2. Collaboration & Teamwork Figma shines in real-time collaboration. Multiple team members can work on the same file simultaneously, comment, and leave feedback instantly. Adobe XD introduced coediting, but it’s still catching up to Figma in terms of speed and reliability. Winner: Figma 3. Prototyping & Features Both tools are great for prototyping: Figma: Interactive prototypes, auto-layout, reusable components, and plugins. Adobe XD: Voice prototyping, advanced animation features, and integration with Adobe Creative Cloud. If your work involves animation-heavy prototypes or you are already in the Adobe ecosystem (Photoshop, Illustrator), XD could be advantageous. Winner: Tie (depends on your workflow) 4. Pricing Figma: Free tier available, great for individuals and small teams. Paid plans for advanced features. Adobe XD: Free plan limited; subscription needed for full functionality, bundled with Adobe Creative Cloud. Winner: Figma (better free tier for learners and freelancers) 5. Learning Curve Figma: Intuitive interface, minimal setup, and tons of community resources. Adobe XD: Familiar for Adobe users, but may feel heavy for beginners. Winner: Figma Conclusion: Which One Should You Learn? For 2025, Figma is generally the better choice for beginners, freelancers, and collaborative teams. Its accessibility, real-time collaboration, and growing community make it a go-to tool in modern UI/UX design . However, if you are deep into the Adobe ecosystem and need advanced animation or voice prototyping, Adobe XD still holds value. Pro tip: Learning both isn’t a bad idea! Many UI/UX professionals use Figma for collaboration and XD for specific prototyping tasks. Do you use Figma or Adobe XD? Share your experience in the comments! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Pixel Mosaic Follow We build, design & ship web experiences | UI/UX + Web Dev | Sharing tips, tools & case studies for developers. Joined Oct 4, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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Report Abuse ndesmic Posted on Dec 22, 2025 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 12: Ambient Lighting # webgpu # vanillajs # computergraphics 3D Engine from Scratch (27 Part Series) 1 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 1: Drawing a Colored Quad 2 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 2: A Simple Mesh ... 23 more parts... 3 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 3: Mesh Transformations 4 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 4: Textures 5 WebGL 3D Engine From Scratch Part 5: Cameras 6 WebGL 3D Engine From Scratch Part 6: Procedural Sphere Generation 7 WebGL Engine From Scratch Part 7: Diffuse Lighting 8 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 8: Retro Flat Shading 9 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 9: Vertex-Lighting + Camera Zoom 10 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 10: Specular Lighting 11 WebGL Engine from Scratch 11: Normal Transforms and Linear Algebra Functions 12 WebGL Engine from Scratch 12: Skyboxes 13 WebGL Engine from Scratch 13: OBJ Format 14 WebGL Engine from Scratch 14: Bump Maps and Simple Animation 15 WebGPU Engine from Scratch 1: Basic Rendering 16 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 2: Geometry 17 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 3: Textures 18 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 4: Updating the Pipeline 19 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 5: More Pipeline Improvements 20 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 6: Diffuse Lighting 21 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 7: Specular Lighting 22 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 8: Physically Based Lighting (PBR) 23 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 9: Shadow Maps 24 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 10: Markup Language and Scene Graph 25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 1: Visual Testing 26 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 2: True Scene Graph 27 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 12: Ambient Lighting One persistent quality issue with the engine is that the shadows are very hard because things are either lit or not lit. In the real world there's a lot of ambient light that comes in from all angles because the rays are bouncing off the walls, clouds and other objects. We don't take this into account. Realistically, this can't be computed at all because it explodes exponentially tracing the rays as they diffuse into multiple rays. The most sophisticated renderers use things like path-tracing to aggressively estimate light. Our version will do something similar though more suitable for real-time rendering without a ray-tracing support. The API There's a few ways we could tackle this. We could create a new type of light "ambient" that just adds this to the scene. I don't want to go this route for a few reasons. The main one is that the shape of the API will different from other lights. In fact, I already think that maybe the different light types should be broken up into different entities rather than try to share the same interface since point lights don't need direction, directional lights to need positions and spotlights (whenever we get around to them) need position, direction and a field of view. In the case of ambient lights we either want a color (which could also encode intensity if components are > 1.0), or we want a cubemap that defines the color of the light coming in from each direction, also known as image based lighting (IBL). It would also be scoped in a way that lights currently aren't, that is, if it's in a group, then all nested elements in that group would have it apply but not outside since we might have different ambient lights for different parts of the scene. In this case ambient light only applies to two entities, meshes and groups . It would be more annoying I think to look at the group's children to decide the ambient light rather than make it a property of the group itself. Even if we were to decide later to change that, the lookup would come from the group so the group would still have methods to get the ambient light for its children so I think that an attribute will be the best place to start. The fun part here is dealing with the types and multi-inheritance for Transformable and the new AmbientLit class. Adventures in jsdoc So we're going to try to do some fancy stuff to make the types work. As usual we'll be using jsdoc to avoid any build-time or tooling (we have deno which recently re-added the bundle command so we don't actually need another tool which is nice, but maybe you don't want to use deno for web code and 0 performance overhead is still infinitely better than ts-go). It will cost us a little bit of ugly syntax though, I don't blame you if you're following along and want go full ts. Getting interfaces to work in jsdoc is somewhat annoying. At first I thought you could just annotate the interface class with @interface but this will force you to implement the private fields as well (which doesn't actually work) so I feel that's just wrong and should be fixed. We actually have to create the interface separately which is a bit of a shame because it means keeping them up-to-date. Try as I might you can't just create the interface using jsdoc like this: /** * @typedef {{ x?: number, y?: number, z?: number }} TransformValues * * @typedef {Object} ITransformable * @property {Float32Array} modelMatrix * @property {Float32Array} worldMatrix * @property {(params: TransformValues) => this} translate * @property {(params: TransformValues) => this} scale * @property {(params: TransformValues) => this} rotate * @property {() => void} resetTransforms */ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The reason is because we're also using ESM and jsdoc apparently was never updated to handle ESM, there's no way to export typedefs and they get block scoped in the module. So we could put it in the same file as mesh.js but that's messy and not properly segmenting them by function. But what we can do is a d.ts file to hold the types. While this is technically using typescript these d.ts files are never shipped with the code so they just exist for the editor (normally ts compiles into these file). They are easy to write because they just contain pure type typescript. //transformable.d.ts export type TransformValues = { x ?: number , y ?: number , z ?: number }; export interface ITransformable { readonly modelMatrix : Float32Array ; readonly worldMatrix : Float32Array ; translate ( params : TransformValues ): this ; scale ( params : TransformValues ): this ; rotate ( params : TransformValues ): this ; resetTransforms (): void ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The next problem is that we can't actually import them the normal way, again because of jsdoc ESM compatibility. So instead of: /** @implements(import("./transformable.d.ts").ITransformable) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We need /** @typedef {import("./transformable.d.ts").ITransformable} ITransformable * @implements {ITransformable} */ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You need the typedef for it to pick up. However with that it will now check assuming you add @ts-check to the top of the mesh.js file. We now have full type-checking on the interface. There are a few other type errors though. For example in bakeTransforms there's a line like this: const transformedNormals = chunk ( this . normals , this . normalSize ) . map ( values => multiplyMatrixVector ( normalMatrix , values , this . normalSize )) //error on values . map ( values => normalizeVector ( values )) . toArray (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode There will be an error on value because it thinks its a any[] and not compatible with Float32Array<ArrayBuffer> . This is a nasty little hangup because while TypedArrays are compatible with Arrays in this way typescript doesn't know that. Without getting too wild we can just override the typing to work: onst transformedNormals = chunk ( this . normals , this . normalSize ) . map ( values => multiplyMatrixVector ( normalMatrix , /** @type {Float32Array} */ ( /** @type {unknown} */ ( values )), this . normalSize )) . map ( values => normalizeVector ( values )) . toArray (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since we can't directly cast any[] to Float32Array because they are incompatible we first cast to unknown and then to Float32Array . It's a weird typescript pattern that occasionally comes up. Creating a multi-inheritance pattern Now that we can type to make sure we're doing things correctly let's implement the interface. We can keep transformable.js and just create a new Transformable inside of the Mesh class ( Transformable should also implement ITransformable . /** * @implements {ITransformable} */ export class Mesh { //...existing code # transformable ; constructor ( mesh ) { this . # transformable = new Transformable (); //...existing code } //...existing code get modelMatrix (){ return this . # transformable . modelMatrix ; } get worldMatrix (){ return this . # transformable . worldMatrix ; } //Transformable translate ( params ){ this . # transformable . translate ( params ); return this ; } scale ( params ){ this . # transformable . scale ( params ); return this ; } rotate ( params ){ this . # transformable . rotate ( params ); return this ; } resetTransforms (){ this . # transformable . resetTransforms (); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I believe this is called the "composite" pattern but it's been a while. Do the same with the AmbientLit : //ambient-lit.d.ts export interface IAmbientLit { ambientLightMap : any ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode //amient-lit.js //@ts-check /** @typedef {import("./ambient-lit.d.ts").IAmbientLit} IAmbientLit */ /** @implements {IAmbientLit} */ export class AmbientLit { # ambientLightMap ; constructor ( options = {}){ this . # ambientLightMap = options . ambientLightMap ; } set ambientLightMap ( val ){ this . # ambientLightMap = val ; } get ambientLightMap (){ return this . # ambientLightMap ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode //mesh.js /** * @implements {ITransformable} * @implements {IAmbientLit} */ export class Mesh { # ambientLit ; //...existing code constructor (){ this . # ambientLit = new AmbientLit (); } set ambientLightMap ( val ){ this . # ambientLit . ambientLightMap = val ; } get ambientLightMap (){ return this . # ambientLit . ambientLightMap ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If we need more of these patterns in the future this is how we can do them (there are other ways using more non-class objects but modern JS for some reason really wanted to push us into them so I don't want to fight it.) A simple single color case There are multiple ways we could do this. The simplest is to say if the ambient light is defined as a color then we add that color. The problem here is that when we expand to the IBL version we need to branch depending on the data that we have. I think the simplest way is to force everything through a unified pipeline even if simple cases are more complex. To this end, we need a way to create a cube map of a single color (in reality it will use an array of colors that are the same value). We already have createColorTexture from gpu-utils.js so let's just expand that. /** * Creates a 1x1 texture of a color or a layered texture for an array of colors, colors are in float format * @param {GPUDevice} device * @param {{ label?: string, color?: [number, number, number, number], colors?: [number, number, number, number][] }} * @returns */ export function createColorTexture ( device , options = {}) { const colors = options . colors ?? [ options . color ]; const size = { height : 1 , width : 1 , depthOrArrayLayers : colors . length }; const texture = device . createTexture ({ label : options . label , size , format : ' rgba8unorm ' , usage : GPUTextureUsage . TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage . COPY_DST , }); colors . forEach (( color , layer ) => { const texel = color ? new Uint8Array ( color . map ( v => v * 255 )) : new Uint8Array ([ 255 , 255 , 255 , 255 ]); device . queue . writeTexture ( { texture , origin : { x : 0 , y : 0 , z : layer } }, texel , { bytesPerRow : 4 , rowsPerImage : 1 }, { width : 1 , height : 1 , depthOrArrayLayers : 1 } ); }); return texture ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode There was actually an old bug here where the float values were not scaled into int values. Anyway, now if we pass it an array it will make a layered texture. But now we need to update <geo-texture> to support multiple colors. First we need to parse these attributes: export function parseListOfFloatVector ( text , length , defaultValue ){ return text ?. trim () ? text . split ( " ; " ). map ( v => v . trim (). split ( " , " ). map ( x => parseFloat ( x . trim ())). slice ( 0 , length )) : defaultValue } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since , is already a separator for vector elements, we use ; as the outer list delimiter so we can define attributes with multiple colors. This is immediately useful for the debug-cubemap because we can eliminate the external images and define it inline. async function parseTexture ( textureEl ){ const name = textureEl . getAttribute ( " name " ); const src = textureEl . getAttribute ( " src " ); const srcs = parseListOrDefault ( textureEl . getAttribute ( " srcs " )); const color = textureEl . getAttribute ( " color " ); const colors = textureEl . getAttribute ( " colors " ); let value ; if ( src ) { value = { entity : " texture " , image : await loadImage ( src ), name }; } else if ( srcs ){ value = { entity : " texture " , images : await Promise . all ( srcs . map ( s => loadImage ( s ))), name } } else if ( color ) { value = { entity : " texture " , color : parseFloatVector ( color , 4 ), name }; } else if ( colors ){ value = { entity : " texture " , colors : parseListOfFloatVector ( colors , 4 ), name } } return value ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode So in this case we can use the plural colors to define a list of colors for <geo-texture> . - <geo-texture name="debug-background" srcs="../../img/debug-cube/red-right.png, ../../img/debug-cube/red-left.png, ../../img/debug-cube/green-top.png, ../../img/debug-cube/green-bottom.png, ../../img/debug-cube/blue-back.png, ../../img/debug-cube/blue-front.png"></geo-texture> + <geo-texture name="debug-background" colors="1,0,0,1; 0.25,0,0,1; 0,1,0,1; 0,0.25,0,1; 0,0,1,1; 0,0,0.25,1"></geo-texture> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Nice little upgrade. Struct packing 201 I want to pass the ambient light data to the pbr shader but the light bindgroup is already a bit packed. I see some ability to optimize the light data into a single struct so let's try that first. The first thing is to change the signature of packStruct and packArray to take options because passing empty parameters is ugly and error prone. /** * @typedef {[string,GpuType | Prop[]]} Prop * @typedef {Prop[]} Schema * * @param {object} data * @param {Schema} schema * @param {{ minSize?: number, buffer?: ArrayBuffer, offset?: number }} options */ export function pack ( data , schema , options = {}){ const offset = options . offset ?? 0 ; if ( Array . isArray ( data )){ const { totalSize : structSize } = getAlignments ( getValuesFromEntriesRecursive ( schema ), { minSize : options . minSize }); const outBuffer = options . buffer ?? new ArrayBuffer ( structSize * data . length ); for ( let i = 0 ; i < data . length ; i ++ ){ pack ( data [ i ], schema , { minSize : options . minSize , buffer : outBuffer , offset : offset + i * structSize }); } return outBuffer ; } else { const lastSchema = schema . at ( - 1 ); const lastProp = data [ /**@type {Prop} */ ( lastSchema )[ 0 ]]; const count = ( Array . isArray ( lastProp ) && Array . isArray ( /** @type {Prop} */ ( lastSchema )[ 1 ])) ? lastProp . length : 1 ; //if last data and schema are arrays then it's an array const { offsets , totalSize } = getAlignments ( getValuesFromEntriesRecursive ( schema ), { minSize : options . minSize , arrayCount : count }); const outBuffer = options . buffer ?? new ArrayBuffer ( totalSize ); const dataView = new DataView ( outBuffer ); for ( let i = 0 ; i < schema . length ; i ++ ){ let type ; let name ; let value ; if ( Array . isArray ( schema [ i ])){ name = schema [ i ][ 0 ]; type = schema [ i ][ 1 ]; value = data [ name ]; } else { type = schema [ i ]; value = data ; } if ( value === undefined ){ throw new Error ( `Value lookup for prop ' ${ name } ' failed! Double check the prop name is correct.` ); } //TODO: add other GPU Types const totalOffset = offset + offsets [ i ]; switch ( type ){ case " i32 " : { dataView . setInt32 ( totalOffset , value , true ); break ; } case " u32 " : { dataView . setUint32 ( totalOffset , value , true ); break ; } case " f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value , true ); break ; } case " vec2u32 " : { dataView . setUint32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setUint32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); break ; } case " vec2f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); break ; } case " vec3f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); break ; } case " vec4f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 12 , value [ 3 ], true ); break ; } case " mat2x2f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 12 , value [ 3 ], true ); break ; } case " mat3x3f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 16 , value [ 3 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 20 , value [ 4 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 24 , value [ 5 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 32 , value [ 6 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 36 , value [ 7 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 40 , value [ 8 ], true ); break ; } case " mat4x4f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 12 , value [ 3 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 16 , value [ 4 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 20 , value [ 5 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 24 , value [ 6 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 28 , value [ 7 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 32 , value [ 8 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 36 , value [ 9 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 40 , value [ 10 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 44 , value [ 11 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 48 , value [ 12 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 52 , value [ 13 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 56 , value [ 14 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 60 , value [ 15 ], true ); break ; } default : { if ( Array . isArray ( type )){ if ( Array . isArray ( value ) && i !== ( schema . length - 1 )){ throw new Error ( " Array must be the last element in a struct! " ) } pack ( value , /** @type {Prop[]}*/ ( type ), { buffer : outBuffer , offset : totalOffset }); } else { throw new Error ( `Cannot pack type ${ type } at prop index ${ i } with value ${ value } ` ); } } } } return outBuffer ; } } /** * @param {GpuType[]} typesToPack * @param {{ minSize?: number, arrayCount?: number }} options */ export function getAlignments ( typesToPack , options = {}){ let offset = 0 ; let maxAlign = 0 ; const offsets = new Array ( typesToPack . length ); for ( let i = 0 ; i < typesToPack . length ; i ++ ){ let align ; let size ; if ( Array . isArray ( typesToPack [ i ])){ const alignSize = getAlignments ( /** @type {GpuType[]} */ ( typesToPack [ i ])); align = alignSize . maxAlign ; size = alignSize . totalSize * ( options . arrayCount ?? 1 ); } else { const alignSize = gpuTypeAlignSize [ typesToPack [ i ]]; align = alignSize . align ; size = alignSize . size ; } if ( maxAlign < align ){ maxAlign = align ; } offset = getPaddedSize ( offset , align ); offsets [ i ] = offset ; offset += size ; } return { offsets , maxAlign , totalSize : getPaddedSize ( offset , maxAlign , options . minSize ) }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I've combined all the logic into 2 functions, the main one is pack which will pack arrays or structs, it doesn't matter (the align table has also been converted to objects from tuples). I've also upgraded it to handle array-in-struct cases since it didn't before. Array alignment is based on whatever the align of the structs members themselves are. Furthermore, a struct may only have one array and it must be at the very end. This is a restriction WGSL has, and writing the updated packer I kind of see why, it's hard to know where the end of the data structure is if the arrays of arbitrary length are in the middle. With this new packer we can also do nested structs, it basically just checks if the type is an array and then if the value is a scalar it packs the nested struct, otherwise packs the nested array. The arrays themselves can be scalar value by making the type a string instead of a tuple. I used typescript to help me update the call sites but this required adding @ts-check to gpu-engine.js and lighting the file up in red. I did find a few places where I made mistakes but there were other problems like the lack of webgpu types: deno add @webgpu/types Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode //deno.json { " imports " : { " @webgpu/types " : " npm:@webgpu/types@^0.1.65 " , }, " lint " : { " rules " : { " exclude " : [ " no-explicit-any " ] } }, " compilerOptions " : { " noImplicitAny " : false , " types " : [ " @webgpu/types " ], " lib " : [ " esnext " , " dom " ] } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You'll see some new coercing strategies in the code as a result because I had to appease the checker. Let's update the bind group for lights: setMainLightBindGroup ( passEncoder , bindGroupLayouts , lights , shadowMaps ) { let shadowMapIndex = 0 ; const shadowMappedLights = lights . entries () . map (([ key , value ]) => { const shadowMap = shadowMaps . get ( key ); const shadowMapAspectRatio = shadowMap . width / shadowMap . height ; const combinedModelMatrix = multiplyMatrix ( value . worldMatrix , [ 4 , 4 ], value . modelMatrix , [ 4 , 4 ]); return { typeInt : value . typeInt , position : multiplyMatrixVector ( combinedModelMatrix , value . position , 4 ), direction : multiplyMatrixVector ( combinedModelMatrix , value . direction , 4 ), color : value . color , shadowMap , projectionMatrix : shadowMap ? getLightProjectionMatrix ( shadowMapAspectRatio ) : getEmptyMatrix ([ 4 , 4 ]), //probably needs transpose viewMatrix : shadowMap ? getLightViewMatrix ( value . direction ) : getEmptyMatrix ([ 4 , 4 ]), //probably needs transpose castsShadow : value . castsShadow ? 1 : 0 , shadowMapIndex : ( value . castsShadow && shadowMap ) ? shadowMapIndex ++ : - 1 }; }). toArray (); const shadowMapsToBind = shadowMappedLights . filter ( lightData => lightData . shadowMapIndex > - 1 ) . map ( lightData => lightData . shadowMap ); const lightData = pack ( { lights : shadowMappedLights , lightCount : shadowMappedLights . length , }, [ [ " lightCount " , " u32 " ], [ " lights " , [ [ " typeInt " , " u32 " ], [ " position " , " vec3f32 " ], [ " direction " , " vec3f32 " ], [ " color " , " vec4f32 " ], [ " projectionMatrix " , " mat4x4f32 " ], [ " viewMatrix " , " mat4x4f32 " ], [ " castsShadow " , " u32 " ], [ " shadowMapIndex " , " i32 " ] ]] ], { minSize : 64 } ); const lightBuffer = this . # device . createBuffer ({ size : lightData . byteLength , usage : GPUBufferUsage . UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage . COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage . STORAGE , label : " main-light-buffer " }); this . # device . queue . writeBuffer ( lightBuffer , 0 , lightData ); const placeholderView = shadowMaps . get ( " placeholder " ). createView ({ label : " placeholder-view " }); const lightBindGroup = this . # device . createBindGroup ({ label : " main-light-bind-group " , layout : bindGroupLayouts . get ( " lights " ), entries : [ { binding : 0 , resource : { buffer : lightBuffer , offset : 0 , size : lightData . byteLength } }, { binding : 1 , resource : this . # samplers . get ( DEFAULT_SHADOW_SAMPLER ) }, ...( getRange ({ end : 3 }). map (( index ) => { const shadowMap = shadowMapsToBind [ index ]; return { binding : index + 2 , //manually offset bind index resource : shadowMap ? shadowMap . createView ({ label : `shadow-view- ${ index } ` }) : placeholderView }; })), ] }); passEncoder . setBindGroup ( 2 , lightBindGroup ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We can now combine two of the bindings into one which is nice. You'll also need to update the pipeline too (not shown) as well as the shader (also not shown) but these should be fairly obvious. Passing the ambient light map First we need to parse it off the element. //geo-markup-parser.js function updateMeshAttributes ( meshEl , mesh ) { //.. const ambientLightMap = meshEl . getAttribute ( " ambient-light-map " ); const ambientLightMap = meshEl . getAttribute //... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Simple. We'll also need to setup a placeholder in-case we don't define it. //gpu-engine.js async initializeScene ( scene ) { //... this . # textures . set ( PLACEHOLDER_CUBEMAP , createColorTexture ( this . # device , { label : " placeholder-cubemap " , colors : [ [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] ] })); //.. } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode It's important that it's black because we'll just use it as normal, it just won't contribute anything. setMainLightBindGroup ( passEncoder , bindGroupLayouts , lights , shadowMaps , ambientLightMap ) { //... const lightBindGroup = this . # device . createBindGroup ({ label : " main-light-bind-group " , layout : bindGroupLayouts . get ( " lights " ), entries : [ //... { binding : 6 , resource : this . # textures . get ( ambientLightMap ?? PLACEHOLDER_CUBEMAP ). createView ({ dimension : " cube " , label : " ambient-light-cube-view " }) } ] }); //... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode As the final binding we'll pass in the cubemap defined as the ambient light map or the placeholder if none. Lastly let's update the shader: //pbr.wgsl @group(2) @binding(0) var<storage, read> light_data: LightData; @group(2) @binding(1) var shadow_sampler: sampler_comparison; @group(2) @binding(2) var shadow_map_0: texture_depth_2d; @group(2) @binding(3) var shadow_map_1: texture_depth_2d; @group(2) @binding(4) var shadow_map_2: texture_depth_2d; @group(2) @binding(5) var shadow_map_3: texture_depth_2d; +@group(2) @binding(6) var ambient_light_map: texture_cube<f32>; @fragment fn fragment_main(frag_data: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> { var surface_albedo = textureSample(albedo_map, albedo_sampler, frag_data.uv).rgb; var roughness_from_map = textureSample(roughness_map, roughness_sampler, frag_data.uv).x; var roughness = max(mix(material.roughness, roughness_from_map, f32(material.use_specular_map)), 0.0001); var f0 = mix(vec3(0.04, 0.04, 0.04), material.base_reflectance, material.metalness); var total_color = vec3(0.0); var normal = round_small_mag_3(normalize(frag_data.normal)); let i = 0u; for(var i: u32 = 0; i < light_data.light_count; i++){ let light = light_data.lights[i]; let light_distance = length(light.position - frag_data.world_position.xyz); var to_light = vec3(0.0); switch light.light_type { case 0: { //point to_light = normalize(light.position - frag_data.world_position.xyz); } case 1: { //directional to_light = normalize(-light.direction); } default: {} } let attenuation = 1.0 / pow(light_distance, 2.0); let radiance = light.color.rgb * attenuation; let lit_color = get_bdrf( surface_albedo, f0, roughness, material.metalness, normal, radiance, to_light, scene.camera_position, frag_data.world_position.xyz ); let diffuse_factor = max(dot(normal, to_light), 0.0); let shadow = get_shadow(frag_data.world_position, diffuse_factor); let shadowed_color = lit_color * shadow; + let ambient_light = textureSample(ambient_light_map, albedo_sampler, normal); total_color += shadowed_color; + total_color += ambient_light.rgb; } let tone_mapped_color = total_color / (total_color + vec3(1.0)); return vec4(pow(total_color, vec3(1.0/2.2)), 1.0); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I'm recycling the albedo sampler since it a simple bilinear filter but maybe we could pass one in too, I just don't see a point. The effect is interesting on a white teapot: This is not yet correct but you can kinda see what it's going for using the very simple debug environment. It looks like we're getting indirect lighting from the walls. However there are two big issues, one is that we're not representing the other object, the rug and getting leakage from the floor. The other is that we're only measuring light from a single point along the normal, realistically we need all of the light from the hemisphere around each point. The nice part is that we can precompute this with a slightly different sort of cubemap built specifically for this purpose called an irradiance map. Light probes To build this map we'll need to have a concept of a light probe which is kinda like a virtual light measuring camera that sits in the environment. For the sake of authoring it will be part of the markup although I'm not excited about that because it is a specific concept tied to this implementation, I just don't have a better way to model it yet. The basic idea will look like this: <geo-probe type= "irradiance" position= "0, 0, 0" output-name= "debug-irradiance-map" samples= "10" ></geo-probe> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We have an element called <geo-probe> that has a type (maybe we'll make other types for things like specular light), a position in the environment, a texture name to output to and the number of samples which will be how many samples we take per texel (this number will impact quality but we can't take every angle in the hemisphere because that would require infinite compute so we take a finite number of samples and average them). //geo-markup-parser.js function parseProbe ( probeEl ){ const name = probeEl . getAttribute ( " name " ); const type = probeEl . getAttribute ( " type " ); const outputName = probeEl . getAttribute ( " outputName " ); const samples = parseInt ( probeEl . getAttribute ( " samples " ), 10 ); const position = parseFloatVector ( probeEl . getAttribute ( " position " ), 3 ); const resolution = parseInt ( probeEl . getAttribute ( " resolution " )); const probe = new Probe ({ name , type , outputName , position , samples , resolution }); return probe ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Hopefully the plumbing is pretty natural now so I'm going to skip over that but all we need to do for now is to add it to the probe set. We also need the texture to draw to. //gpu-engine.js initializeProbe ( probe , defaultName ){ const key = probe . name ?? defaultName ; this . # probes . set ( key , probe ); this . # textures . set ( ` ${ key } -cubemap` , this . # device . createTexture ({ size : [ probe . resolution , probe . resolution , 6 ], format : " rgba32float " , usage : GPUTextureUsage . RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage . TEXTURE_BINDING })); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Refactoring the pipeline I'm not going to go too deep into the changes because they are large but the basic code has not changed. I was finding it hard to work the existing pipelines because they had a lot of code cluttering gpu-engine.js and having to add a 4th was just too much. So instead that code was moved into classes under the pipelines folder. Each class implements and interface with createPipeline which sets up the pipeline descriptor, and render which does the rendering for that pipeline since these are always paired. This also means that the bind group code moves in for each pipeline class. There's a bunch of changes for types and to fit the shared interface, using types really helps to make sure everything is still working. Since they are all bundled up this makes it much easier to add new pipelines and declutters a lot. It also means things like tracking the bindgroups doesn't require extra data structures. Worth it but it was a lot of work (maybe LLMs could have done okay at this task?), the number of file changes in the PR will increase a lot because of this, but it's mostly code moving, not changing, however one change was to stop using multiple command encoders (this was a mistake I didn't catch early on) and put all passes into a single one which I'm sure has big performance improvements. Rendering the scene as a cubemap For the next part I'm going to add a new phase to the engine. Before we start rendering we'll have a phase where the preprocessing stuff happens. This way we can separate out those things and maybe show a loading indicator while we wait for them to process. In this preprocess step we can setup another pipeline to create the irradiance map. The first part of this step will be very similar to the main pipeline in terms of passes and bindings but it will render a cubemap. This is sort of a caching step as the next step will be to collect light sample data for each texel of the irradiance map using that cubemap rendering. One of the biggest differences for rendering is we'll need to get the cameras for each side of the cube map. This is done by taking the probes and making a view matrix in each of the 6 directions. The projection matrix is always a 1:1 ratio so we just need one resolution measurement and it always encompasses 90 degrees. The near and far plane can be adjusted as necessary, perhaps parameterized (I didn't go that far). //probe.js import { getProjectionMatrix } from " ..//utilities/vector.js " ; export class Probe { static FIELD_OF_VIEW = 90 ; static NEAR = 0.01 ; static FAR = 5 ; # name ; # type ; # position ; # outputName ; # samples ; # resolution ; constructor ( probe ){ this . name = probe . name ; this . type = probe . type ; this . position = probe . position ; this . outputName = probe . outputName ; this . samples = probe . samples ; this . resolution = probe . resolution ?? 32 ; } static getProjectionMatrix ( resolution ) { return getProjectionMatrix ( resolution , resolution , Probe . FIELD_OF_VIEW , Probe . NEAR , Probe . FAR ); } set name ( val ){ this . # name = val ; } get name (){ return this . # name ; } set type ( val ){ this . # type = val ; } get type (){ return this . # type ; } set position ( val ){ if ( val . length === 3 ){ this . # position = new Float32Array ([... val , 1 ]); } else { this . # position = new Float32Array ( val ); } } get position (){ return this . # position ; } set outputName ( val ){ this . # outputName = val ; } get outputName (){ return this . # outputName ; } set samples ( val ){ this . # samples = val ; } get samples (){ return this . # samples ; } set resolution ( val ){ this . # resolution = val ; } get resolution (){ return this . # resolution ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode /** * @param {GPUDevice} device * @param {Mesh | Group} root * @param {AttachmentViews} attachmentViews } * @param {{ * meshContainers: Map<Mesh, MeshContainer>, * lights: Map<string | symbol, Light>, * shadowMaps: Map<string | symbol, GPUTexture>, * textures: Map<string | symbol, GPUTexture>, * samplers: Map<string | symbol, GPUSampler>, * materials: Map<string | symbol, Material>, * probes: Map<string | symbol, Probe>, * cameras: Map<string | symbol, Camera>, * primaryCamera: Camera, * background: IBackground, * commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder * }} info */ render ( device , root , attachmentViews , info ) { const commandEncoder = info . commandEncoder ?? device . createCommandEncoder ({ label : " cubemap-render-command-encoder " , }); const width = 720 ; const height = 720 ; const sceneCubeMap = device . createTexture ({ size : [ height , width , 6 ], format : " rgba8unorm " , usage : GPUTextureUsage . RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage . TEXTURE_BINDING , dimension : " 2d " }); const sceneDepthMap = device . createTexture ({ label : " depth-texture " , size : { width , height , depthOrArrayLayers : 1 }, format : " depth32float " , usage : GPUTextureUsage . RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage . TEXTURE_BINDING }); info . textures . set ( " ir-test " , sceneCubeMap ); for ( const probe of info . probes . values ()) { for ( let i = 0 ; i < 6 ; i ++ ) { const viewMatrix = getWorldToCameraMatrixFromDirection ( probe . position , CUBEMAP_DIRECTIONS [ i ]); const colorView = sceneCubeMap . createView ({ dimension : " 2d " , baseArrayLayer : i , arrayLayerCount : 1 , label : `cubemap-render-scene-cube-map- ${ i } ` }); const depthView = sceneDepthMap . createView ({ label : " cubemap-render-scene-depth-map " }); const attachmentViews = { colorView , depthView }; const innerInfo = { ... info , commandEncoder , primaryCamera : new Camera ({ name : `cubemap-render-map-direction- ${ i } ` , position : probe . position , direction : CUBEMAP_DIRECTIONS [ i ], fieldOfView : Probe . FIELD_OF_VIEW , near : Probe . NEAR , far : Probe . FAR , screenWidth : probe . resolution , screenHeight : probe . resolution , isPerspective : true }) }; this . # shadowPipeline ?. render ( device , root , attachmentViews , innerInfo ); this . renderScene ( device , commandEncoder , root , attachmentViews , innerInfo , viewMatrix , probe , i ); this . # backgroundPipeline ?. render ( device , info . background . mesh , attachmentViews , innerInfo ); } } if ( ! info . commandEncoder ){ device . queue . submit ([ commandEncoder . finish ()]); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode For each probe, we'll iterate over all 6 sides and render and image and finally arrange all 6 of those images into the cubemap. The first thing was just to copy the pbr.wgsl because most of it is still relevant. I removed the ambient light map (since it doesn't exist in this phase) and using the six different view matrices as the camera rendered to the six layers of the cubemap texture. The nice part about abstracting the pipelines is we can now nest them inside one-another so we can just reuse the shadow and background pipeline as-is. To test, I moved the probe to 0,0,-2 and showed the +Z side showing the teapot to test out that the shader is working. The output looks like this: The whole cubemap looks like this: Once we can render all 6 sides into a cubemap we then need to use that cube map and then do the work to sample the light coming into our point. Creating the irradiance map Finally we can start sampling. We take some parameter that defines the sample count and carve it up across the two dimensions we sample over, in this case we're using spherical coordinates and so it's theta and phi. To get the number of steps per dimension we take the square root of the total samples. Each sample needs to be scaled by cos(phi) . This is basically dot(N, to_light) to get the weighted amount of light given the normal. This could theoretically could be done during rendering like we do with diffuse shading but it's easier and slightly cheaper to precompute this and bake it into the irradiance map. We also need to scale by sin(phi) . This term comes from the fact that we are integrating over a spherical surface grid, while d_phi is constant d_theta isn't because as phi gets us closer to the poles the size of the arcs traced is smaller. Finally we weight each sample by d_phi * d_theta the area of the little patch it represents (these would add up to the total hemisphere area). const PI = 3.14159265359; const TWO_PI = 2 * PI; const HALF_PI = PI / 2; struct VertexOut { @builtin(position) frag_position : vec4<f32>, @location(0) clip_position: vec4<f32>, @location(1) uv: vec2<f32> }; struct Int { value: u32 }; @group(0) @binding(0) var environment_sampler: sampler; @group(0) @binding(1) var environment_map: texture_cube<f32>; @group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> face: Int; @vertex fn vertex_main(@location(0) position: vec2<f32>) -> VertexOut { var output : VertexOut; output.frag_position = vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0); output.clip_position = vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0); output.uv = vec2(position.x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (position.y * 0.5 + 0.5)); return output; } fn get_direction_from_uv_and_index(i: u32, uv: vec2<f32>) -> vec3<f32> { let xy = uv * 2.0 - 1.0; switch i { case 0: { return vec3(1.0, -xy.y, -xy.x); } case 1: { return vec3(-1.0, -xy.y, xy.x); } case 2: { return vec3(xy.x, 1.0, xy.y); } case 3: { return vec3(xy.x, -1.0, -xy.y); } case 4: { return vec3(xy.x, -xy.y, 1.0); } case 5: { return vec3(-xy.x, -xy.y, -1.0); } default { //shouldn't pass this return vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); } } } @fragment fn fragment_main(frag_data: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> { let normal = normalize(get_direction_from_uv_and_index(face.value, frag_data.uv)); var irradiance = vec3(0.0); const sample_count = 128u; let samples_per_dimension = u32(ceil(sqrt(f32(sample_count)))); let d_theta = TWO_PI / f32(samples_per_dimension); let d_phi = HALF_PI / f32(samples_per_dimension); for(var i: u32 = 0; i < samples_per_dimension; i = i + 1u){ var theta = (f32(i) + 0.5) * d_theta; for(var j: u32 = 0; j < samples_per_dimension; j = j + 1u){ var phi = (f32(j) + 0.5) * d_phi; let sin_phi = sin(phi); let cos_phi = cos(phi); let x = cos_phi * cos(theta); let y = sin_phi; let z = cos_phi * sin(theta); let local_dir = vec3(x,y,z); let up = normal; let tangent = select(vec3<f32>(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), vec3<f32>(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), abs(normal.y) > 0.99); let right = normalize(cross(tangent, up)); let forward = cross(up, right); let direction = normalize(local_dir.x * right + local_dir.y * normal + local_dir.z * forward); let weight = cos_phi * sin_phi; irradiance += textureSample(environment_map, environment_sampler, direction).rgb * weight; } } irradiance *= d_phi * d_theta; return vec4(irradiance, 1.0); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The normals are perturbed by the local direction vector and we need to convert them back into world space. There's a line in there (the select ) which accounts for times when the normal is too close to the up direction to form a valid cross product (we had this problem earlier when doing space transforms, this time it's in the shader itself). The resulting irradiance map looks like this: Looking at this we can see a few things going on (this is also way higher resolution than we actually need...). What we are getting seems reasonable. If we look at the mid points they are sampling from the areas we expect (we see green at the top of each vertical plane for example). However, the sampling is pretty bad. We can see clear starburst patterns on the top and bottom where the very consistent spacing that leaves gaps. We also see rings in the center were the sample density is much greater. This is useable but maybe we can do better. Cosine Weighted Distribution So one way we can fix the issue is by using cosine weighted distribution. The idea here is that we should actually sample more the closer we are to the normal. The reason is because light that is closer to the normal direction contributes much more than light on the edges (dot product). This means that we'll get closer to the true color if we focus our sampling there. The other part is that we can be a little more random. The start bursts are likely because our sampling is too ridged and periodic, if it was a little more chaotic then we'll likely get fewer gaps. This leads us to a new problem, WGSL doesn't give us anything to produce random numbers, so how can we deal with that? Luckily there's a paper that addresses just this topic: https://indico.cern.ch/event/93877/contributions/2118070/attachments/1104200/1575343/acat3_revised_final.pdf Using some fancy bitmath we can get pseudo-random numbers that are good enough for the job entirely on the GPU itself. I'm not going to go into it but just translate this to something we can use. Here's a shader to generate "random" noise: const U32_MAX: u32 = 4294967295u; const SCREEN_WIDTH = 320; fn seed_per_thread(id: u32) -> u32 { return id * 1099087573u; } fn taus_step(z: u32, s1: u32, s2: u32, s3: u32, m: u32) -> u32 { let b = ((z << s1) ^ z) >> s2; return ((z & m) << s3) ^ b; } fn lcg_step(z: u32, a: u32, c: u32) -> u32 { return a * z + c; } fn hybrid_taus(z1: u32, z2: u32, z3: u32, z4: u32) -> f32 { let r = taus_step(z1, 13u, 19u, 12u, 4294967294u) ^ taus_step(z2, 2u, 25u, 4u, 4294967288u) ^ taus_step(z3, 3u, 11u, 17u, 4294967280u) ^ lcg_step(z4, 1664525u, 1013904223u); return f32(r) * 2.3283064365387e-10; } fn rand_uint(last_r: u32) -> u32 { let z1 = taus_step(last_r, 13u, 19u, 12u, 429496729u); let z2 = taus_step(last_r, 2u, 25u, 4u, 4294967288u); let z3 = taus_step(last_r, 3u, 11u, 17u, 429496280u); let z4 = lcg_step(1664525, last_r, 1013904223u); return (z1 ^ z2 ^ z3 ^ z4); } fn uint_to_normalized_float(value: u32) -> f32 { return f32(value) / (f32(U32_MAX) + 1.0); //+1 to account for 0 } @group(0) @binding(0) var my_sampler: sampler; @group(0) @binding(1) var my_texture: texture_2d<f32>; struct VertexOut { @builtin(position) position : vec4<f32>, @location(0) uv : vec2<f32> }; @vertex fn vertex_main(@location(0) position: vec2<f32>, @location(1) uv: vec2<f32>) -> VertexOut { var output : VertexOut; output.position = vec4<f32>(position, 0.0, 1.0); output.uv = uv; return output; } @fragment fn fragment_main(frag_data: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> { let id = u32(frag_data.position.x) + (u32(frag_data.position.y) * SCREEN_WIDTH); let seed = seed_per_thread(id); let int_r = rand_uint(seed); let int_g = rand_uint(int_r); let int_b = rand_uint(int_g); let r = uint_to_normalized_float(int_r); let b = uint_to_normalized_float(int_g); let g = uint_to_normalized_float(int_b); return vec4(r, g, b, 1.0); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This follows the the paper using shifts, ors and magic primes. Since we don't have a thread id the seed per thread is generated by taking the pixel position and flattening it into a single index int. To get each successive number we need to pass in the last value we got. I looked into stateful ways to do this but they seemed more trouble than they were worth. The downside is you have to keep track and limit uses of functional style programming so you can retain the intermediate uint. The noise we get looks pretty decent to me. We can then take this random number generation and apply it to our sampling routine. const PI = 3.14159265359; const TWO_PI = 2 * PI; const HALF_PI = PI / 2; const U32_MAX: u32 = 4294967295u; struct VertexOut { @builtin(position) frag_position : vec4<f32>, @location(0) clip_position: vec4&l | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Doogal Simpson I'm a Senior Staff Engineer and former start-up founder. I'm trying to help developers bridge the gap from technical competence to professional engineering. Joined Joined on Dec 11, 2025 More info about @doogal Badges 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! Post at least 2 comments for 2 straight weeks and unlock the 4 Week Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/server-side-sdks/java/ | Java SDK | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS Node.js SDK NestJS SDK PHP SDK Go SDK Ruby SDK Python SDK Java SDK Installation Getting Started Usage OpenFeature Example App .NET SDK SDK Proxy Server-side SDKS Java SDK DevCycle Java Server SDK Welcome to the DevCycle Java Server SDK. There are two modes for the SDK, Cloud bucketing (using the Bucketing API ) and Local Bucketing. We recommend using the Local Bucketing mode by default, as it performs fast local evaluations of your feature flags. If you need access to EdgeDB you will need to use the Cloud Bucketing mode of the SDK. Installation Installing the SDK Getting Started Initializing the SDK Usage Using the SDK OpenFeature How to implement the OpenFeature Provider Example App Try it out for yourself The SDK is available as a package on MavenCentral. It is also open source and can be viewed on Github. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Example App Next Installation DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://forem.com/makendrang#main-content | MakendranG - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions MakendranG 404 bio not found Location Puducherry Joined Joined on Apr 20, 2022 Email address makendran2015@gmail.com github website twitter website Work Site Reliability Engineer in MindTree 3 Frontend Challenge Completion Badge Awarded for completing at least one prompt in a Frontend Challenge. Thank you for participating! 💖 Got it Close 2025 Hacktoberfest Writing Challenge Completion Awarded for completing at least one prompt in the 2025 Hacktoberfest Writing Challenge. Thank you for sharing your open source story! 🎃✍️ Got it Close Google AI Studio Multi-Modal Challenge Completion Awarded for completing the Google AI Studio Multi-Modal Challenge by building and deploying an applet that showcases Gemini's multi-modal capabilities. 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Got it Close Show all 23 badges More info about @makendrang Organizations AWS Community Builders GitHub Repositories MakendranG 1 star 100_DAYS_OF_CODE Python • 2 stars Currently learning Python Post 170 posts published Comment 9 comments written Tag 19 tags followed AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional in 2 Weeks (Part 1: Exam Overview & Foundations) MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 11 AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional in 2 Weeks (Part 1: Exam Overview & Foundations) # ai # machinelearning # aws # certification 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 16 min read Want to connect with MakendranG? Create an account to connect with MakendranG. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional in 2 Weeks (Part 2: Advanced Learning & Exam Prep) MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 11 AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional in 2 Weeks (Part 2: Advanced Learning & Exam Prep) # ai # aws # certification # machinelearning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional: Exam Overview & Foundation Strategy (Part 1) MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 11 AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional: Exam Overview & Foundation Strategy (Part 1) # ai # machinelearning # aws # certification 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Built a Recipe App That Sees Your Ingredients with Google Gemini MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 8 '25 I Built a Recipe App That Sees Your Ingredients with Google Gemini # google # gemini # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Frontend Challenge - Halloween Edition: The Smiling Jack-O'-Lantern 🎃 Frontend Challenge CSS Art Submission 🦇🎃 MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 8 '25 Frontend Challenge - Halloween Edition: The Smiling Jack-O'-Lantern 🎃 # frontendchallenge # devchallenge # css 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🎃 My Hacktoberfest 2025 Journey: Discovering the Power of Documentation Hacktoberfest: Open Source Reflections MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 26 '25 🎃 My Hacktoberfest 2025 Journey: Discovering the Power of Documentation # devchallenge # hacktoberfest # opensource 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built an AI Meeting Assistant in One Day Using Kiro AI 🎤 MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Sep 14 '25 I Built an AI Meeting Assistant in One Day Using Kiro AI 🎤 # kiro # aws # productivity # javascript 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read ⚡ Transform Any Notes Into Visual + Audio Learning Aids with Google AI Studio Google AI Challenge Submission MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Sep 7 '25 ⚡ Transform Any Notes Into Visual + Audio Learning Aids with Google AI Studio # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # ai # gemini 23 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Acme Corp Intranet – A Clean & Responsive Office Homepage | DEV Challenge Frontend Challenge Holistic Webdev Submission MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jul 19 '25 🚀 Acme Corp Intranet – A Clean & Responsive Office Homepage | DEV Challenge # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # css # javascript 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read FridgeChef: Turn Your Fridge Into a Recipe Goldmine with AI Education Track: Build Apps with Google AI Studio MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jul 12 '25 FridgeChef: Turn Your Fridge Into a Recipe Goldmine with AI # deved # learngoogleaistudio # ai # gemini 24 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Pride Month 2025: Love Wins 🏳️🌈 MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jun 28 '25 Pride Month 2025: Love Wins 🏳️🌈 # devchallenge # frontendchallenge # css # javascript 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🌸 Unity in June – A CSS Art Tribute to Diverse Celebrations MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jun 28 '25 🌸 Unity in June – A CSS Art Tribute to Diverse Celebrations # frontendchallenge # devchallenge # css 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Retro Bliss: How I Built a Procedural Arcade Driver with a Little Help from Amazon Q MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow May 11 '25 Retro Bliss: How I Built a Procedural Arcade Driver with a Little Help from Amazon Q # devchallenge # awschallenge # ai # webdev 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Fast Static Site Deployment on AWS with Pulumi YAML MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Apr 5 '25 🚀 Fast Static Site Deployment on AWS with Pulumi YAML # devchallenge # pulumichallenge # webdev # cloud 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 💻 Instant AWS Infrastructure: Deploy a DynamoDB Table with Pulumi Inline Python MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Apr 5 '25 💻 Instant AWS Infrastructure: Deploy a DynamoDB Table with Pulumi Inline Python # devchallenge # pulumichallenge # github # api 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Deploying AWS Infrastructure with Pulumi: Secrets, Security & Automation! MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Mar 30 '25 🚀 Deploying AWS Infrastructure with Pulumi: Secrets, Security & Automation! # devchallenge # pulumichallenge # webdev # cloud 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Embracing the Future: How Technology is Transforming Life MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Mar 15 '25 Embracing the Future: How Technology is Transforming Life # futurechallenge # ai # privacy # web3 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Breaking Stereotypes - Lessons Learned from Unconscious Bias in Tech MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Mar 15 '25 Breaking Stereotypes - Lessons Learned from Unconscious Bias in Tech # devchallenge # wecoded # dei # career 23 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read CertAI_Buddy: Your Personalized Certification Exam Companion MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 26 '25 CertAI_Buddy: Your Personalized Certification Exam Companion # devchallenge # agentaichallenge # ai # machinelearning 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Predicting 2025: The Dawn of Ambient AI and Sustainable Tech MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 18 '25 Predicting 2025: The Dawn of Ambient AI and Sustainable Tech # devchallenge # newyearchallenge # future # ai 14 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read 2024 in Review: AWS Mastery, PartyRock Victory, and AI Innovation MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 18 '25 2024 in Review: AWS Mastery, PartyRock Victory, and AI Innovation # devchallenge # newyearchallenge # career # aws 23 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Carbon Offset Calculator with GitHub Copilot: A Step-by-Step Guide MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 18 '25 Building a Carbon Offset Calculator with GitHub Copilot: A Step-by-Step Guide # devchallenge # githubchallenge # webdev # ai 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Contributing to Tech Assessment Knowledge: My Hacktoberfest 2024 Journey MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 3 '24 Contributing to Tech Assessment Knowledge: My Hacktoberfest 2024 Journey # devchallenge # hacktoberfest # opensource 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Validating AWS Lambda Code Using AWS Signer MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 28 '23 Validating AWS Lambda Code Using AWS Signer # aws # tutorial # beginners # devops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Interact with Azure web applications using the Python SDK MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Dec 24 '22 Interact with Azure web applications using the Python SDK # azure # cloud # devops # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Memphis: Low-code real-time data processing platform MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Dec 21 '22 Memphis: Low-code real-time data processing platform # devops # cloud # aws # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Essential Guide to 5 Key Importance of Cybersecurity MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Dec 16 '22 The Essential Guide to 5 Key Importance of Cybersecurity # beginners # devops # security # cloud 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Learn Getting Started With Digitalocean Functions in Ten Minutes MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Dec 11 '22 Learn Getting Started With Digitalocean Functions in Ten Minutes # tutorial # beginners # devops # digitalocean 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Configuring an Azure function behind a NAT gateway to restrict outgoing IP addresses MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Dec 6 '22 Configuring an Azure function behind a NAT gateway to restrict outgoing IP addresses # azure # beginners # tutorial # devops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Overview of Pulumi and Its Challenge Tutorial 101: The Essential Guide MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Dec 3 '22 Overview of Pulumi and Its Challenge Tutorial 101: The Essential Guide # cloud # aws # beginners # tutorial 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read A Fascinating Behind-the-Scenes Look at How I Built a Harness CI Pipeline MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 29 '22 A Fascinating Behind-the-Scenes Look at How I Built a Harness CI Pipeline # devops # beginners # tutorial # cloud 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How Top 17 New Technology Trends for 2022 Saved My Life MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 28 '22 How Top 17 New Technology Trends for 2022 Saved My Life # beginners # productivity # devops # cloud 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read The Beginner's Guide to 25 Best Developer Tools You Can’t Do Without MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 25 '22 The Beginner's Guide to 25 Best Developer Tools You Can’t Do Without # beginners # webdev # productivity # devops 23 reactions Comments 1 comment 17 min read 12 Unbelievable Things You Never Knew About What to Do When You’re Stuck on a Coding Problem MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 25 '22 12 Unbelievable Things You Never Knew About What to Do When You’re Stuck on a Coding Problem # beginners # productivity # webdev # devops 11 reactions Comments 4 comments 8 min read A Deep Dive into Introduction to Computer Networking MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 22 '22 A Deep Dive into Introduction to Computer Networking # beginners # security # cloud # networking 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Fascinating Science of 9 Tips to Become a Software Developer MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 20 '22 The Fascinating Science of 9 Tips to Become a Software Developer # beginners # programming # productivity # career 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 5 Powerful Habits to Master for Success in Strengthen Your PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 20 '22 5 Powerful Habits to Master for Success in Strengthen Your PROFESSIONAL PORTFOLIO # beginners # programming # productivity # career 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read What is Azure Container Registry? MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 16 '22 What is Azure Container Registry? # azure # beginners # tutorial # devops 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Nhost: The Perfect Backend 101: The Essential Guide MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 13 '22 Nhost: The Perfect Backend 101: The Essential Guide # beginners # tutorial # devops # opensource 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read What is Amazon Time Sync public NTP? MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 13 '22 What is Amazon Time Sync public NTP? # aws # beginners # tutorial # productivity 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read What is Amazon Time Sync public NTP? MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 22 '22 What is Amazon Time Sync public NTP? # aws # beginners # tutorial # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Everything You Need to Know About Insights From the AZ-104 Bootcamp Session - Week 3 MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 11 '22 Everything You Need to Know About Insights From the AZ-104 Bootcamp Session - Week 3 # azure # webdev # beginners # tutorial 5 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read Continuous integration and deployment with AWS code services MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 11 '22 Continuous integration and deployment with AWS code services 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Everything You Need to Know About Insights From the AZ-104 Bootcamp Session - Week 2 MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 9 '22 Everything You Need to Know About Insights From the AZ-104 Bootcamp Session - Week 2 # azure # tutorial # beginners # productivity 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Configuring a Static Website with S3 & CloudFront Explained MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 9 '22 Configuring a Static Website with S3 & CloudFront Explained # aws # webdev # beginners # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Essential Guide to Overview and Benefits of Gateway Load Balancer MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 4 '22 The Essential Guide to Overview and Benefits of Gateway Load Balancer # azure # devops # beginners # cloud 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read A Deep Dive Into Host a Web Application With Azure App Service MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Nov 3 '22 A Deep Dive Into Host a Web Application With Azure App Service # azure # beginners # webdev # tutorial 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Validating AWS Lambda Code Using AWS Signer MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 31 '22 Validating AWS Lambda Code Using AWS Signer # aws # tutorial # beginners # devops 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why is everyone building on GitHub? MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 31 '22 Why is everyone building on GitHub? # beginners # opensource # tutorial # productivity 18 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read Contributing to Open-Source: My HacktoberFest Experience MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 31 '22 Contributing to Open-Source: My HacktoberFest Experience # beginners # opensource # tutorial # productivity 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Deploying PHP applications using AWS OpsWorks MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 30 '22 Deploying PHP applications using AWS OpsWorks 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Deploy PHP applications using AWS OpsWorks MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 28 '22 Deploy PHP applications using AWS OpsWorks # aws # tutorial # beginners # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Difference between Cluster Autoscaler & Karpenter MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 27 '22 Difference between Cluster Autoscaler & Karpenter # kubernetes # aws # beginners # opensource 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Introduction to Karpenter MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 27 '22 Introduction to Karpenter # beginners # productivity # devops # kubernetes 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Centralized Operations on AWS by using AWS System Manager - Part 2 MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 26 '22 Centralized Operations on AWS by using AWS System Manager - Part 2 # devops # aws # beginners # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Centralized Operations on AWS by using AWS System Manager - Part 1 MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 26 '22 Centralized Operations on AWS by using AWS System Manager - Part 1 # devops # aws # beginners # tutorial 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Conquer Your Fear from a Failed Job Interview in 7 Simple Steps MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 25 '22 Conquer Your Fear from a Failed Job Interview in 7 Simple Steps # beginners # career # productivity # failure 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Centralized Management by using AWS System Manager MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 24 '22 Centralized Management by using AWS System Manager # beginners # tutorial # aws # devops 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Get Started with AWS Config Rules and Remediation MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 21 '22 Get Started with AWS Config Rules and Remediation # aws # devops # tutorial # beginners 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Deploy Website Using Hugo on AWS Amplify in Ten Minutes MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Oct 21 '22 How to Deploy Website Using Hugo on AWS Amplify in Ten Minutes # aws # beginners # webdev # tutorial 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://design.forem.com/design_youtube/mizko-i-stopped-working-2834 | Mizko: I stopped working - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Design YouTube Posted on Sep 12, 2025 Mizko: I stopped working # design # webdesign # tools # sideprojects In “I stopped working,” the host walks us through everything from tying the knot and shredding powder in Japan to dialing in mobility routines and smart investing. He then dives into launching Figma Masterclass 2.0, shares personal realizations about life and work, teases upcoming YouTube plans, and even celebrates acquiring his first company. Along the way, he plugs his newsletter and a suite of UX/UI design courses—from wireframe kits to in-depth Figma and research masterclasses—geared toward anyone looking to level up their design game. Watch on YouTube Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Design YouTube Follow Joined Jul 11, 2025 More from Design YouTube Bring Your Own Laptop: Davinci Essentials Course Launch Party! # design # tools # recommendations # resources Bring Your Own Laptop: Elevate Your Designs with Motion (After Effects Tips for Designers) # design # tools # recommendations # resources Jesse Showalter: Beginners Guide to Freelancing # recommendations # resources # sideprojects # career 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/t/eks/page/9 | Eks Page 9 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # eks Follow Hide Create Post Older #eks posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Amazon EKS and Amazon EKS Distro now supports Kubernetes version 1.31 Karthik Sakthivel Karthik Sakthivel Karthik Sakthivel Follow Sep 27 '24 Amazon EKS and Amazon EKS Distro now supports Kubernetes version 1.31 # aws # eks # kubernetes # elastickubernetesservice 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Simplify AWS resource access with EKS Pod Identity Agent and Python SDK saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 7 '24 Simplify AWS resource access with EKS Pod Identity Agent and Python SDK # eks # boto3 # podidentity # aws 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 10 min read Container Orchestration with Kubernetes on AWS EKS Uendi Hoxha Uendi Hoxha Uendi Hoxha Follow Oct 1 '24 Container Orchestration with Kubernetes on AWS EKS # kubernetes # aws # eks 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Data on Kubernetes: Part 8 - Exploring TiDB, a cloud-native database saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 30 '24 Data on Kubernetes: Part 8 - Exploring TiDB, a cloud-native database # eks # kubernetes # tidb # platformengineering 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Data on Kubernetes: Part 8 - Exploring TiDB, a cloud-native database saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 30 '24 Data on Kubernetes: Part 8 - Exploring TiDB, a cloud-native database # eks # kubernetes # tidb # platformengineering 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read AWS EKS Cost Optimization Strategies BuzzGK BuzzGK BuzzGK Follow Sep 30 '24 AWS EKS Cost Optimization Strategies # aws # kubernetes # eks Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🛠️ DevOps Made Easy: Install AWS CLI, kubectl & eksctl Using Chocolatey 🎯 Sarvar Nadaf Sarvar Nadaf Sarvar Nadaf Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 28 '24 🛠️ DevOps Made Easy: Install AWS CLI, kubectl & eksctl Using Chocolatey 🎯 # aws # kubernetes # eks # awschallenge 25 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Installing ArgoCD and Securing Access Using Amazon Cognito Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 27 '24 Installing ArgoCD and Securing Access Using Amazon Cognito # kubernetes # eks # devops # cognito 17 reactions Comments 4 comments 6 min read 🚀Gestiona tus aplicaciones en EKS con Argo CD 🚀 Alex Rodríguez Alex Rodríguez Alex Rodríguez Follow for AWS Español Sep 26 '24 🚀Gestiona tus aplicaciones en EKS con Argo CD 🚀 # aws # awtwins # eks # kubernetes 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Data on Kubernetes: Part 7 - K8ssandra: Bring Apache Cassandra to AWS EKS saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 23 '24 Data on Kubernetes: Part 7 - K8ssandra: Bring Apache Cassandra to AWS EKS # apachecassandra # kubernetes # eks # platformengineering 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read End to End LLMOps Pipeline - Part 8 - AWS EKS Prashant Lakhera Prashant Lakhera Prashant Lakhera Follow Aug 19 '24 End to End LLMOps Pipeline - Part 8 - AWS EKS # aws # eks # kubernetes # llmops Comments Add Comment 2 min read What challenges would you face on migrating a service to EKS? CodeWithVed CodeWithVed CodeWithVed Follow Sep 21 '24 What challenges would you face on migrating a service to EKS? # eks # aws # migration # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Deploying a Spring Boot Application on AWS: ECS, EKS, or Kubernetes? A Detailed Guide with Cost-Effective Recommendations vishalpaalakurthi vishalpaalakurthi vishalpaalakurthi Follow Sep 18 '24 Deploying a Spring Boot Application on AWS: ECS, EKS, or Kubernetes? A Detailed Guide with Cost-Effective Recommendations # aws # ecs # eks # kubernetes 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Ultimate Comprehensive Guide to Setting Up Self-Hosted Airbyte on EKS Using Karpenter Luqman Bello Luqman Bello Luqman Bello Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 17 '24 The Ultimate Comprehensive Guide to Setting Up Self-Hosted Airbyte on EKS Using Karpenter # karpenter # eks # aws # kubernetes 12 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read EKS Setup using EKSCTL akhil mittal akhil mittal akhil mittal Follow Sep 17 '24 EKS Setup using EKSCTL # kubernetes # eks # aws # container Comments Add Comment 4 min read Monitoring & Logging Setup of Application Deployed in EKS akhil mittal akhil mittal akhil mittal Follow Sep 17 '24 Monitoring & Logging Setup of Application Deployed in EKS # kubernetes # devops # eks # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Data on Kubernetes: Part 6- Strimzi for running Apache kafka saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi saifeddine Rajhi Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 16 '24 Data on Kubernetes: Part 6- Strimzi for running Apache kafka # kafka # strimzi # kubernetes # eks 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Integrate API Gateway with AWS EKS NLB Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 15 '24 Integrate API Gateway with AWS EKS NLB # apigateway # eks # aws # ingress 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Install NGINX Ingress Controller in AWS EKS Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Ravindra Singh Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 14 '24 Install NGINX Ingress Controller in AWS EKS # ingress # aws # eks # nginx 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Securing Containerized Environments: Enhancing and Fortifying ECS and Fargate Security with Amazon GuardDuty Saurabh Mishra Saurabh Mishra Saurabh Mishra Follow Aug 10 '24 Securing Containerized Environments: Enhancing and Fortifying ECS and Fargate Security with Amazon GuardDuty # guardduty # eks # container Comments Add Comment 2 min read Step-by-Step Guide to Upgrading an Existing AWS EKS Cluster Mahmoud Ahmed Mahmoud Ahmed Mahmoud Ahmed Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 10 '24 Step-by-Step Guide to Upgrading an Existing AWS EKS Cluster # aws # eks # kubernetes # devops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Deploying an application to Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Rishav Paul Rishav Paul Rishav Paul Follow Sep 3 '24 Deploying an application to Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service # kubernetes # aws # eks # java 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read Troubleshooting: GitHub Actions + Terraform + EKS + Helm Nowsath Nowsath Nowsath Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 1 '24 Troubleshooting: GitHub Actions + Terraform + EKS + Helm # githubactions # terraform # eks # helm 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Chapter 3 - Setting up Kubernetes Yusuf Isah Yusuf Isah Yusuf Isah Follow Aug 20 '24 Chapter 3 - Setting up Kubernetes # kubernetes # minikube # aks # eks 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Setup AWS Cognito as OIDC for adding access control for Application Md Asraful Haque (Sohel) Md Asraful Haque (Sohel) Md Asraful Haque (Sohel) Follow Aug 28 '24 Setup AWS Cognito as OIDC for adding access control for Application # aws # awscognito # eks Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse ndesmic Posted on Dec 22, 2025 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 12: Ambient Lighting # webgpu # vanillajs # computergraphics 3D Engine from Scratch (27 Part Series) 1 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 1: Drawing a Colored Quad 2 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 2: A Simple Mesh ... 23 more parts... 3 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 3: Mesh Transformations 4 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 4: Textures 5 WebGL 3D Engine From Scratch Part 5: Cameras 6 WebGL 3D Engine From Scratch Part 6: Procedural Sphere Generation 7 WebGL Engine From Scratch Part 7: Diffuse Lighting 8 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 8: Retro Flat Shading 9 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 9: Vertex-Lighting + Camera Zoom 10 WebGL 3D Engine from Scratch Part 10: Specular Lighting 11 WebGL Engine from Scratch 11: Normal Transforms and Linear Algebra Functions 12 WebGL Engine from Scratch 12: Skyboxes 13 WebGL Engine from Scratch 13: OBJ Format 14 WebGL Engine from Scratch 14: Bump Maps and Simple Animation 15 WebGPU Engine from Scratch 1: Basic Rendering 16 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 2: Geometry 17 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 3: Textures 18 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 4: Updating the Pipeline 19 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 5: More Pipeline Improvements 20 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 6: Diffuse Lighting 21 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 7: Specular Lighting 22 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 8: Physically Based Lighting (PBR) 23 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 9: Shadow Maps 24 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 10: Markup Language and Scene Graph 25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 1: Visual Testing 26 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 2: True Scene Graph 27 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 12: Ambient Lighting One persistent quality issue with the engine is that the shadows are very hard because things are either lit or not lit. In the real world there's a lot of ambient light that comes in from all angles because the rays are bouncing off the walls, clouds and other objects. We don't take this into account. Realistically, this can't be computed at all because it explodes exponentially tracing the rays as they diffuse into multiple rays. The most sophisticated renderers use things like path-tracing to aggressively estimate light. Our version will do something similar though more suitable for real-time rendering without a ray-tracing support. The API There's a few ways we could tackle this. We could create a new type of light "ambient" that just adds this to the scene. I don't want to go this route for a few reasons. The main one is that the shape of the API will different from other lights. In fact, I already think that maybe the different light types should be broken up into different entities rather than try to share the same interface since point lights don't need direction, directional lights to need positions and spotlights (whenever we get around to them) need position, direction and a field of view. In the case of ambient lights we either want a color (which could also encode intensity if components are > 1.0), or we want a cubemap that defines the color of the light coming in from each direction, also known as image based lighting (IBL). It would also be scoped in a way that lights currently aren't, that is, if it's in a group, then all nested elements in that group would have it apply but not outside since we might have different ambient lights for different parts of the scene. In this case ambient light only applies to two entities, meshes and groups . It would be more annoying I think to look at the group's children to decide the ambient light rather than make it a property of the group itself. Even if we were to decide later to change that, the lookup would come from the group so the group would still have methods to get the ambient light for its children so I think that an attribute will be the best place to start. The fun part here is dealing with the types and multi-inheritance for Transformable and the new AmbientLit class. Adventures in jsdoc So we're going to try to do some fancy stuff to make the types work. As usual we'll be using jsdoc to avoid any build-time or tooling (we have deno which recently re-added the bundle command so we don't actually need another tool which is nice, but maybe you don't want to use deno for web code and 0 performance overhead is still infinitely better than ts-go). It will cost us a little bit of ugly syntax though, I don't blame you if you're following along and want go full ts. Getting interfaces to work in jsdoc is somewhat annoying. At first I thought you could just annotate the interface class with @interface but this will force you to implement the private fields as well (which doesn't actually work) so I feel that's just wrong and should be fixed. We actually have to create the interface separately which is a bit of a shame because it means keeping them up-to-date. Try as I might you can't just create the interface using jsdoc like this: /** * @typedef {{ x?: number, y?: number, z?: number }} TransformValues * * @typedef {Object} ITransformable * @property {Float32Array} modelMatrix * @property {Float32Array} worldMatrix * @property {(params: TransformValues) => this} translate * @property {(params: TransformValues) => this} scale * @property {(params: TransformValues) => this} rotate * @property {() => void} resetTransforms */ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The reason is because we're also using ESM and jsdoc apparently was never updated to handle ESM, there's no way to export typedefs and they get block scoped in the module. So we could put it in the same file as mesh.js but that's messy and not properly segmenting them by function. But what we can do is a d.ts file to hold the types. While this is technically using typescript these d.ts files are never shipped with the code so they just exist for the editor (normally ts compiles into these file). They are easy to write because they just contain pure type typescript. //transformable.d.ts export type TransformValues = { x ?: number , y ?: number , z ?: number }; export interface ITransformable { readonly modelMatrix : Float32Array ; readonly worldMatrix : Float32Array ; translate ( params : TransformValues ): this ; scale ( params : TransformValues ): this ; rotate ( params : TransformValues ): this ; resetTransforms (): void ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The next problem is that we can't actually import them the normal way, again because of jsdoc ESM compatibility. So instead of: /** @implements(import("./transformable.d.ts").ITransformable) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We need /** @typedef {import("./transformable.d.ts").ITransformable} ITransformable * @implements {ITransformable} */ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You need the typedef for it to pick up. However with that it will now check assuming you add @ts-check to the top of the mesh.js file. We now have full type-checking on the interface. There are a few other type errors though. For example in bakeTransforms there's a line like this: const transformedNormals = chunk ( this . normals , this . normalSize ) . map ( values => multiplyMatrixVector ( normalMatrix , values , this . normalSize )) //error on values . map ( values => normalizeVector ( values )) . toArray (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode There will be an error on value because it thinks its a any[] and not compatible with Float32Array<ArrayBuffer> . This is a nasty little hangup because while TypedArrays are compatible with Arrays in this way typescript doesn't know that. Without getting too wild we can just override the typing to work: onst transformedNormals = chunk ( this . normals , this . normalSize ) . map ( values => multiplyMatrixVector ( normalMatrix , /** @type {Float32Array} */ ( /** @type {unknown} */ ( values )), this . normalSize )) . map ( values => normalizeVector ( values )) . toArray (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since we can't directly cast any[] to Float32Array because they are incompatible we first cast to unknown and then to Float32Array . It's a weird typescript pattern that occasionally comes up. Creating a multi-inheritance pattern Now that we can type to make sure we're doing things correctly let's implement the interface. We can keep transformable.js and just create a new Transformable inside of the Mesh class ( Transformable should also implement ITransformable . /** * @implements {ITransformable} */ export class Mesh { //...existing code # transformable ; constructor ( mesh ) { this . # transformable = new Transformable (); //...existing code } //...existing code get modelMatrix (){ return this . # transformable . modelMatrix ; } get worldMatrix (){ return this . # transformable . worldMatrix ; } //Transformable translate ( params ){ this . # transformable . translate ( params ); return this ; } scale ( params ){ this . # transformable . scale ( params ); return this ; } rotate ( params ){ this . # transformable . rotate ( params ); return this ; } resetTransforms (){ this . # transformable . resetTransforms (); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I believe this is called the "composite" pattern but it's been a while. Do the same with the AmbientLit : //ambient-lit.d.ts export interface IAmbientLit { ambientLightMap : any ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode //amient-lit.js //@ts-check /** @typedef {import("./ambient-lit.d.ts").IAmbientLit} IAmbientLit */ /** @implements {IAmbientLit} */ export class AmbientLit { # ambientLightMap ; constructor ( options = {}){ this . # ambientLightMap = options . ambientLightMap ; } set ambientLightMap ( val ){ this . # ambientLightMap = val ; } get ambientLightMap (){ return this . # ambientLightMap ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode //mesh.js /** * @implements {ITransformable} * @implements {IAmbientLit} */ export class Mesh { # ambientLit ; //...existing code constructor (){ this . # ambientLit = new AmbientLit (); } set ambientLightMap ( val ){ this . # ambientLit . ambientLightMap = val ; } get ambientLightMap (){ return this . # ambientLit . ambientLightMap ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If we need more of these patterns in the future this is how we can do them (there are other ways using more non-class objects but modern JS for some reason really wanted to push us into them so I don't want to fight it.) A simple single color case There are multiple ways we could do this. The simplest is to say if the ambient light is defined as a color then we add that color. The problem here is that when we expand to the IBL version we need to branch depending on the data that we have. I think the simplest way is to force everything through a unified pipeline even if simple cases are more complex. To this end, we need a way to create a cube map of a single color (in reality it will use an array of colors that are the same value). We already have createColorTexture from gpu-utils.js so let's just expand that. /** * Creates a 1x1 texture of a color or a layered texture for an array of colors, colors are in float format * @param {GPUDevice} device * @param {{ label?: string, color?: [number, number, number, number], colors?: [number, number, number, number][] }} * @returns */ export function createColorTexture ( device , options = {}) { const colors = options . colors ?? [ options . color ]; const size = { height : 1 , width : 1 , depthOrArrayLayers : colors . length }; const texture = device . createTexture ({ label : options . label , size , format : ' rgba8unorm ' , usage : GPUTextureUsage . TEXTURE_BINDING | GPUTextureUsage . COPY_DST , }); colors . forEach (( color , layer ) => { const texel = color ? new Uint8Array ( color . map ( v => v * 255 )) : new Uint8Array ([ 255 , 255 , 255 , 255 ]); device . queue . writeTexture ( { texture , origin : { x : 0 , y : 0 , z : layer } }, texel , { bytesPerRow : 4 , rowsPerImage : 1 }, { width : 1 , height : 1 , depthOrArrayLayers : 1 } ); }); return texture ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode There was actually an old bug here where the float values were not scaled into int values. Anyway, now if we pass it an array it will make a layered texture. But now we need to update <geo-texture> to support multiple colors. First we need to parse these attributes: export function parseListOfFloatVector ( text , length , defaultValue ){ return text ?. trim () ? text . split ( " ; " ). map ( v => v . trim (). split ( " , " ). map ( x => parseFloat ( x . trim ())). slice ( 0 , length )) : defaultValue } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Since , is already a separator for vector elements, we use ; as the outer list delimiter so we can define attributes with multiple colors. This is immediately useful for the debug-cubemap because we can eliminate the external images and define it inline. async function parseTexture ( textureEl ){ const name = textureEl . getAttribute ( " name " ); const src = textureEl . getAttribute ( " src " ); const srcs = parseListOrDefault ( textureEl . getAttribute ( " srcs " )); const color = textureEl . getAttribute ( " color " ); const colors = textureEl . getAttribute ( " colors " ); let value ; if ( src ) { value = { entity : " texture " , image : await loadImage ( src ), name }; } else if ( srcs ){ value = { entity : " texture " , images : await Promise . all ( srcs . map ( s => loadImage ( s ))), name } } else if ( color ) { value = { entity : " texture " , color : parseFloatVector ( color , 4 ), name }; } else if ( colors ){ value = { entity : " texture " , colors : parseListOfFloatVector ( colors , 4 ), name } } return value ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode So in this case we can use the plural colors to define a list of colors for <geo-texture> . - <geo-texture name="debug-background" srcs="../../img/debug-cube/red-right.png, ../../img/debug-cube/red-left.png, ../../img/debug-cube/green-top.png, ../../img/debug-cube/green-bottom.png, ../../img/debug-cube/blue-back.png, ../../img/debug-cube/blue-front.png"></geo-texture> + <geo-texture name="debug-background" colors="1,0,0,1; 0.25,0,0,1; 0,1,0,1; 0,0.25,0,1; 0,0,1,1; 0,0,0.25,1"></geo-texture> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Nice little upgrade. Struct packing 201 I want to pass the ambient light data to the pbr shader but the light bindgroup is already a bit packed. I see some ability to optimize the light data into a single struct so let's try that first. The first thing is to change the signature of packStruct and packArray to take options because passing empty parameters is ugly and error prone. /** * @typedef {[string,GpuType | Prop[]]} Prop * @typedef {Prop[]} Schema * * @param {object} data * @param {Schema} schema * @param {{ minSize?: number, buffer?: ArrayBuffer, offset?: number }} options */ export function pack ( data , schema , options = {}){ const offset = options . offset ?? 0 ; if ( Array . isArray ( data )){ const { totalSize : structSize } = getAlignments ( getValuesFromEntriesRecursive ( schema ), { minSize : options . minSize }); const outBuffer = options . buffer ?? new ArrayBuffer ( structSize * data . length ); for ( let i = 0 ; i < data . length ; i ++ ){ pack ( data [ i ], schema , { minSize : options . minSize , buffer : outBuffer , offset : offset + i * structSize }); } return outBuffer ; } else { const lastSchema = schema . at ( - 1 ); const lastProp = data [ /**@type {Prop} */ ( lastSchema )[ 0 ]]; const count = ( Array . isArray ( lastProp ) && Array . isArray ( /** @type {Prop} */ ( lastSchema )[ 1 ])) ? lastProp . length : 1 ; //if last data and schema are arrays then it's an array const { offsets , totalSize } = getAlignments ( getValuesFromEntriesRecursive ( schema ), { minSize : options . minSize , arrayCount : count }); const outBuffer = options . buffer ?? new ArrayBuffer ( totalSize ); const dataView = new DataView ( outBuffer ); for ( let i = 0 ; i < schema . length ; i ++ ){ let type ; let name ; let value ; if ( Array . isArray ( schema [ i ])){ name = schema [ i ][ 0 ]; type = schema [ i ][ 1 ]; value = data [ name ]; } else { type = schema [ i ]; value = data ; } if ( value === undefined ){ throw new Error ( `Value lookup for prop ' ${ name } ' failed! Double check the prop name is correct.` ); } //TODO: add other GPU Types const totalOffset = offset + offsets [ i ]; switch ( type ){ case " i32 " : { dataView . setInt32 ( totalOffset , value , true ); break ; } case " u32 " : { dataView . setUint32 ( totalOffset , value , true ); break ; } case " f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value , true ); break ; } case " vec2u32 " : { dataView . setUint32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setUint32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); break ; } case " vec2f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); break ; } case " vec3f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); break ; } case " vec4f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 12 , value [ 3 ], true ); break ; } case " mat2x2f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 12 , value [ 3 ], true ); break ; } case " mat3x3f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 16 , value [ 3 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 20 , value [ 4 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 24 , value [ 5 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 32 , value [ 6 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 36 , value [ 7 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 40 , value [ 8 ], true ); break ; } case " mat4x4f32 " : { dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset , value [ 0 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 4 , value [ 1 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 8 , value [ 2 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 12 , value [ 3 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 16 , value [ 4 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 20 , value [ 5 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 24 , value [ 6 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 28 , value [ 7 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 32 , value [ 8 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 36 , value [ 9 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 40 , value [ 10 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 44 , value [ 11 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 48 , value [ 12 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 52 , value [ 13 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 56 , value [ 14 ], true ); dataView . setFloat32 ( totalOffset + 60 , value [ 15 ], true ); break ; } default : { if ( Array . isArray ( type )){ if ( Array . isArray ( value ) && i !== ( schema . length - 1 )){ throw new Error ( " Array must be the last element in a struct! " ) } pack ( value , /** @type {Prop[]}*/ ( type ), { buffer : outBuffer , offset : totalOffset }); } else { throw new Error ( `Cannot pack type ${ type } at prop index ${ i } with value ${ value } ` ); } } } } return outBuffer ; } } /** * @param {GpuType[]} typesToPack * @param {{ minSize?: number, arrayCount?: number }} options */ export function getAlignments ( typesToPack , options = {}){ let offset = 0 ; let maxAlign = 0 ; const offsets = new Array ( typesToPack . length ); for ( let i = 0 ; i < typesToPack . length ; i ++ ){ let align ; let size ; if ( Array . isArray ( typesToPack [ i ])){ const alignSize = getAlignments ( /** @type {GpuType[]} */ ( typesToPack [ i ])); align = alignSize . maxAlign ; size = alignSize . totalSize * ( options . arrayCount ?? 1 ); } else { const alignSize = gpuTypeAlignSize [ typesToPack [ i ]]; align = alignSize . align ; size = alignSize . size ; } if ( maxAlign < align ){ maxAlign = align ; } offset = getPaddedSize ( offset , align ); offsets [ i ] = offset ; offset += size ; } return { offsets , maxAlign , totalSize : getPaddedSize ( offset , maxAlign , options . minSize ) }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I've combined all the logic into 2 functions, the main one is pack which will pack arrays or structs, it doesn't matter (the align table has also been converted to objects from tuples). I've also upgraded it to handle array-in-struct cases since it didn't before. Array alignment is based on whatever the align of the structs members themselves are. Furthermore, a struct may only have one array and it must be at the very end. This is a restriction WGSL has, and writing the updated packer I kind of see why, it's hard to know where the end of the data structure is if the arrays of arbitrary length are in the middle. With this new packer we can also do nested structs, it basically just checks if the type is an array and then if the value is a scalar it packs the nested struct, otherwise packs the nested array. The arrays themselves can be scalar value by making the type a string instead of a tuple. I used typescript to help me update the call sites but this required adding @ts-check to gpu-engine.js and lighting the file up in red. I did find a few places where I made mistakes but there were other problems like the lack of webgpu types: deno add @webgpu/types Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode //deno.json { " imports " : { " @webgpu/types " : " npm:@webgpu/types@^0.1.65 " , }, " lint " : { " rules " : { " exclude " : [ " no-explicit-any " ] } }, " compilerOptions " : { " noImplicitAny " : false , " types " : [ " @webgpu/types " ], " lib " : [ " esnext " , " dom " ] } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You'll see some new coercing strategies in the code as a result because I had to appease the checker. Let's update the bind group for lights: setMainLightBindGroup ( passEncoder , bindGroupLayouts , lights , shadowMaps ) { let shadowMapIndex = 0 ; const shadowMappedLights = lights . entries () . map (([ key , value ]) => { const shadowMap = shadowMaps . get ( key ); const shadowMapAspectRatio = shadowMap . width / shadowMap . height ; const combinedModelMatrix = multiplyMatrix ( value . worldMatrix , [ 4 , 4 ], value . modelMatrix , [ 4 , 4 ]); return { typeInt : value . typeInt , position : multiplyMatrixVector ( combinedModelMatrix , value . position , 4 ), direction : multiplyMatrixVector ( combinedModelMatrix , value . direction , 4 ), color : value . color , shadowMap , projectionMatrix : shadowMap ? getLightProjectionMatrix ( shadowMapAspectRatio ) : getEmptyMatrix ([ 4 , 4 ]), //probably needs transpose viewMatrix : shadowMap ? getLightViewMatrix ( value . direction ) : getEmptyMatrix ([ 4 , 4 ]), //probably needs transpose castsShadow : value . castsShadow ? 1 : 0 , shadowMapIndex : ( value . castsShadow && shadowMap ) ? shadowMapIndex ++ : - 1 }; }). toArray (); const shadowMapsToBind = shadowMappedLights . filter ( lightData => lightData . shadowMapIndex > - 1 ) . map ( lightData => lightData . shadowMap ); const lightData = pack ( { lights : shadowMappedLights , lightCount : shadowMappedLights . length , }, [ [ " lightCount " , " u32 " ], [ " lights " , [ [ " typeInt " , " u32 " ], [ " position " , " vec3f32 " ], [ " direction " , " vec3f32 " ], [ " color " , " vec4f32 " ], [ " projectionMatrix " , " mat4x4f32 " ], [ " viewMatrix " , " mat4x4f32 " ], [ " castsShadow " , " u32 " ], [ " shadowMapIndex " , " i32 " ] ]] ], { minSize : 64 } ); const lightBuffer = this . # device . createBuffer ({ size : lightData . byteLength , usage : GPUBufferUsage . UNIFORM | GPUBufferUsage . COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage . STORAGE , label : " main-light-buffer " }); this . # device . queue . writeBuffer ( lightBuffer , 0 , lightData ); const placeholderView = shadowMaps . get ( " placeholder " ). createView ({ label : " placeholder-view " }); const lightBindGroup = this . # device . createBindGroup ({ label : " main-light-bind-group " , layout : bindGroupLayouts . get ( " lights " ), entries : [ { binding : 0 , resource : { buffer : lightBuffer , offset : 0 , size : lightData . byteLength } }, { binding : 1 , resource : this . # samplers . get ( DEFAULT_SHADOW_SAMPLER ) }, ...( getRange ({ end : 3 }). map (( index ) => { const shadowMap = shadowMapsToBind [ index ]; return { binding : index + 2 , //manually offset bind index resource : shadowMap ? shadowMap . createView ({ label : `shadow-view- ${ index } ` }) : placeholderView }; })), ] }); passEncoder . setBindGroup ( 2 , lightBindGroup ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We can now combine two of the bindings into one which is nice. You'll also need to update the pipeline too (not shown) as well as the shader (also not shown) but these should be fairly obvious. Passing the ambient light map First we need to parse it off the element. //geo-markup-parser.js function updateMeshAttributes ( meshEl , mesh ) { //.. const ambientLightMap = meshEl . getAttribute ( " ambient-light-map " ); const ambientLightMap = meshEl . getAttribute //... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Simple. We'll also need to setup a placeholder in-case we don't define it. //gpu-engine.js async initializeScene ( scene ) { //... this . # textures . set ( PLACEHOLDER_CUBEMAP , createColorTexture ( this . # device , { label : " placeholder-cubemap " , colors : [ [ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ],[ 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ] ] })); //.. } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode It's important that it's black because we'll just use it as normal, it just won't contribute anything. setMainLightBindGroup ( passEncoder , bindGroupLayouts , lights , shadowMaps , ambientLightMap ) { //... const lightBindGroup = this . # device . createBindGroup ({ label : " main-light-bind-group " , layout : bindGroupLayouts . get ( " lights " ), entries : [ //... { binding : 6 , resource : this . # textures . get ( ambientLightMap ?? PLACEHOLDER_CUBEMAP ). createView ({ dimension : " cube " , label : " ambient-light-cube-view " }) } ] }); //... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode As the final binding we'll pass in the cubemap defined as the ambient light map or the placeholder if none. Lastly let's update the shader: //pbr.wgsl @group(2) @binding(0) var<storage, read> light_data: LightData; @group(2) @binding(1) var shadow_sampler: sampler_comparison; @group(2) @binding(2) var shadow_map_0: texture_depth_2d; @group(2) @binding(3) var shadow_map_1: texture_depth_2d; @group(2) @binding(4) var shadow_map_2: texture_depth_2d; @group(2) @binding(5) var shadow_map_3: texture_depth_2d; +@group(2) @binding(6) var ambient_light_map: texture_cube<f32>; @fragment fn fragment_main(frag_data: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> { var surface_albedo = textureSample(albedo_map, albedo_sampler, frag_data.uv).rgb; var roughness_from_map = textureSample(roughness_map, roughness_sampler, frag_data.uv).x; var roughness = max(mix(material.roughness, roughness_from_map, f32(material.use_specular_map)), 0.0001); var f0 = mix(vec3(0.04, 0.04, 0.04), material.base_reflectance, material.metalness); var total_color = vec3(0.0); var normal = round_small_mag_3(normalize(frag_data.normal)); let i = 0u; for(var i: u32 = 0; i < light_data.light_count; i++){ let light = light_data.lights[i]; let light_distance = length(light.position - frag_data.world_position.xyz); var to_light = vec3(0.0); switch light.light_type { case 0: { //point to_light = normalize(light.position - frag_data.world_position.xyz); } case 1: { //directional to_light = normalize(-light.direction); } default: {} } let attenuation = 1.0 / pow(light_distance, 2.0); let radiance = light.color.rgb * attenuation; let lit_color = get_bdrf( surface_albedo, f0, roughness, material.metalness, normal, radiance, to_light, scene.camera_position, frag_data.world_position.xyz ); let diffuse_factor = max(dot(normal, to_light), 0.0); let shadow = get_shadow(frag_data.world_position, diffuse_factor); let shadowed_color = lit_color * shadow; + let ambient_light = textureSample(ambient_light_map, albedo_sampler, normal); total_color += shadowed_color; + total_color += ambient_light.rgb; } let tone_mapped_color = total_color / (total_color + vec3(1.0)); return vec4(pow(total_color, vec3(1.0/2.2)), 1.0); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I'm recycling the albedo sampler since it a simple bilinear filter but maybe we could pass one in too, I just don't see a point. The effect is interesting on a white teapot: This is not yet correct but you can kinda see what it's going for using the very simple debug environment. It looks like we're getting indirect lighting from the walls. However there are two big issues, one is that we're not representing the other object, the rug and getting leakage from the floor. The other is that we're only measuring light from a single point along the normal, realistically we need all of the light from the hemisphere around each point. The nice part is that we can precompute this with a slightly different sort of cubemap built specifically for this purpose called an irradiance map. Light probes To build this map we'll need to have a concept of a light probe which is kinda like a virtual light measuring camera that sits in the environment. For the sake of authoring it will be part of the markup although I'm not excited about that because it is a specific concept tied to this implementation, I just don't have a better way to model it yet. The basic idea will look like this: <geo-probe type= "irradiance" position= "0, 0, 0" output-name= "debug-irradiance-map" samples= "10" ></geo-probe> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We have an element called <geo-probe> that has a type (maybe we'll make other types for things like specular light), a position in the environment, a texture name to output to and the number of samples which will be how many samples we take per texel (this number will impact quality but we can't take every angle in the hemisphere because that would require infinite compute so we take a finite number of samples and average them). //geo-markup-parser.js function parseProbe ( probeEl ){ const name = probeEl . getAttribute ( " name " ); const type = probeEl . getAttribute ( " type " ); const outputName = probeEl . getAttribute ( " outputName " ); const samples = parseInt ( probeEl . getAttribute ( " samples " ), 10 ); const position = parseFloatVector ( probeEl . getAttribute ( " position " ), 3 ); const resolution = parseInt ( probeEl . getAttribute ( " resolution " )); const probe = new Probe ({ name , type , outputName , position , samples , resolution }); return probe ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Hopefully the plumbing is pretty natural now so I'm going to skip over that but all we need to do for now is to add it to the probe set. We also need the texture to draw to. //gpu-engine.js initializeProbe ( probe , defaultName ){ const key = probe . name ?? defaultName ; this . # probes . set ( key , probe ); this . # textures . set ( ` ${ key } -cubemap` , this . # device . createTexture ({ size : [ probe . resolution , probe . resolution , 6 ], format : " rgba32float " , usage : GPUTextureUsage . RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage . TEXTURE_BINDING })); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Refactoring the pipeline I'm not going to go too deep into the changes because they are large but the basic code has not changed. I was finding it hard to work the existing pipelines because they had a lot of code cluttering gpu-engine.js and having to add a 4th was just too much. So instead that code was moved into classes under the pipelines folder. Each class implements and interface with createPipeline which sets up the pipeline descriptor, and render which does the rendering for that pipeline since these are always paired. This also means that the bind group code moves in for each pipeline class. There's a bunch of changes for types and to fit the shared interface, using types really helps to make sure everything is still working. Since they are all bundled up this makes it much easier to add new pipelines and declutters a lot. It also means things like tracking the bindgroups doesn't require extra data structures. Worth it but it was a lot of work (maybe LLMs could have done okay at this task?), the number of file changes in the PR will increase a lot because of this, but it's mostly code moving, not changing, however one change was to stop using multiple command encoders (this was a mistake I didn't catch early on) and put all passes into a single one which I'm sure has big performance improvements. Rendering the scene as a cubemap For the next part I'm going to add a new phase to the engine. Before we start rendering we'll have a phase where the preprocessing stuff happens. This way we can separate out those things and maybe show a loading indicator while we wait for them to process. In this preprocess step we can setup another pipeline to create the irradiance map. The first part of this step will be very similar to the main pipeline in terms of passes and bindings but it will render a cubemap. This is sort of a caching step as the next step will be to collect light sample data for each texel of the irradiance map using that cubemap rendering. One of the biggest differences for rendering is we'll need to get the cameras for each side of the cube map. This is done by taking the probes and making a view matrix in each of the 6 directions. The projection matrix is always a 1:1 ratio so we just need one resolution measurement and it always encompasses 90 degrees. The near and far plane can be adjusted as necessary, perhaps parameterized (I didn't go that far). //probe.js import { getProjectionMatrix } from " ..//utilities/vector.js " ; export class Probe { static FIELD_OF_VIEW = 90 ; static NEAR = 0.01 ; static FAR = 5 ; # name ; # type ; # position ; # outputName ; # samples ; # resolution ; constructor ( probe ){ this . name = probe . name ; this . type = probe . type ; this . position = probe . position ; this . outputName = probe . outputName ; this . samples = probe . samples ; this . resolution = probe . resolution ?? 32 ; } static getProjectionMatrix ( resolution ) { return getProjectionMatrix ( resolution , resolution , Probe . FIELD_OF_VIEW , Probe . NEAR , Probe . FAR ); } set name ( val ){ this . # name = val ; } get name (){ return this . # name ; } set type ( val ){ this . # type = val ; } get type (){ return this . # type ; } set position ( val ){ if ( val . length === 3 ){ this . # position = new Float32Array ([... val , 1 ]); } else { this . # position = new Float32Array ( val ); } } get position (){ return this . # position ; } set outputName ( val ){ this . # outputName = val ; } get outputName (){ return this . # outputName ; } set samples ( val ){ this . # samples = val ; } get samples (){ return this . # samples ; } set resolution ( val ){ this . # resolution = val ; } get resolution (){ return this . # resolution ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode /** * @param {GPUDevice} device * @param {Mesh | Group} root * @param {AttachmentViews} attachmentViews } * @param {{ * meshContainers: Map<Mesh, MeshContainer>, * lights: Map<string | symbol, Light>, * shadowMaps: Map<string | symbol, GPUTexture>, * textures: Map<string | symbol, GPUTexture>, * samplers: Map<string | symbol, GPUSampler>, * materials: Map<string | symbol, Material>, * probes: Map<string | symbol, Probe>, * cameras: Map<string | symbol, Camera>, * primaryCamera: Camera, * background: IBackground, * commandEncoder: GPUCommandEncoder * }} info */ render ( device , root , attachmentViews , info ) { const commandEncoder = info . commandEncoder ?? device . createCommandEncoder ({ label : " cubemap-render-command-encoder " , }); const width = 720 ; const height = 720 ; const sceneCubeMap = device . createTexture ({ size : [ height , width , 6 ], format : " rgba8unorm " , usage : GPUTextureUsage . RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage . TEXTURE_BINDING , dimension : " 2d " }); const sceneDepthMap = device . createTexture ({ label : " depth-texture " , size : { width , height , depthOrArrayLayers : 1 }, format : " depth32float " , usage : GPUTextureUsage . RENDER_ATTACHMENT | GPUTextureUsage . TEXTURE_BINDING }); info . textures . set ( " ir-test " , sceneCubeMap ); for ( const probe of info . probes . values ()) { for ( let i = 0 ; i < 6 ; i ++ ) { const viewMatrix = getWorldToCameraMatrixFromDirection ( probe . position , CUBEMAP_DIRECTIONS [ i ]); const colorView = sceneCubeMap . createView ({ dimension : " 2d " , baseArrayLayer : i , arrayLayerCount : 1 , label : `cubemap-render-scene-cube-map- ${ i } ` }); const depthView = sceneDepthMap . createView ({ label : " cubemap-render-scene-depth-map " }); const attachmentViews = { colorView , depthView }; const innerInfo = { ... info , commandEncoder , primaryCamera : new Camera ({ name : `cubemap-render-map-direction- ${ i } ` , position : probe . position , direction : CUBEMAP_DIRECTIONS [ i ], fieldOfView : Probe . FIELD_OF_VIEW , near : Probe . NEAR , far : Probe . FAR , screenWidth : probe . resolution , screenHeight : probe . resolution , isPerspective : true }) }; this . # shadowPipeline ?. render ( device , root , attachmentViews , innerInfo ); this . renderScene ( device , commandEncoder , root , attachmentViews , innerInfo , viewMatrix , probe , i ); this . # backgroundPipeline ?. render ( device , info . background . mesh , attachmentViews , innerInfo ); } } if ( ! info . commandEncoder ){ device . queue . submit ([ commandEncoder . finish ()]); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode For each probe, we'll iterate over all 6 sides and render and image and finally arrange all 6 of those images into the cubemap. The first thing was just to copy the pbr.wgsl because most of it is still relevant. I removed the ambient light map (since it doesn't exist in this phase) and using the six different view matrices as the camera rendered to the six layers of the cubemap texture. The nice part about abstracting the pipelines is we can now nest them inside one-another so we can just reuse the shadow and background pipeline as-is. To test, I moved the probe to 0,0,-2 and showed the +Z side showing the teapot to test out that the shader is working. The output looks like this: The whole cubemap looks like this: Once we can render all 6 sides into a cubemap we then need to use that cube map and then do the work to sample the light coming into our point. Creating the irradiance map Finally we can start sampling. We take some parameter that defines the sample count and carve it up across the two dimensions we sample over, in this case we're using spherical coordinates and so it's theta and phi. To get the number of steps per dimension we take the square root of the total samples. Each sample needs to be scaled by cos(phi) . This is basically dot(N, to_light) to get the weighted amount of light given the normal. This could theoretically could be done during rendering like we do with diffuse shading but it's easier and slightly cheaper to precompute this and bake it into the irradiance map. We also need to scale by sin(phi) . This term comes from the fact that we are integrating over a spherical surface grid, while d_phi is constant d_theta isn't because as phi gets us closer to the poles the size of the arcs traced is smaller. Finally we weight each sample by d_phi * d_theta the area of the little patch it represents (these would add up to the total hemisphere area). const PI = 3.14159265359; const TWO_PI = 2 * PI; const HALF_PI = PI / 2; struct VertexOut { @builtin(position) frag_position : vec4<f32>, @location(0) clip_position: vec4<f32>, @location(1) uv: vec2<f32> }; struct Int { value: u32 }; @group(0) @binding(0) var environment_sampler: sampler; @group(0) @binding(1) var environment_map: texture_cube<f32>; @group(0) @binding(2) var<uniform> face: Int; @vertex fn vertex_main(@location(0) position: vec2<f32>) -> VertexOut { var output : VertexOut; output.frag_position = vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0); output.clip_position = vec4(position, 0.0, 1.0); output.uv = vec2(position.x * 0.5 + 0.5, 1.0 - (position.y * 0.5 + 0.5)); return output; } fn get_direction_from_uv_and_index(i: u32, uv: vec2<f32>) -> vec3<f32> { let xy = uv * 2.0 - 1.0; switch i { case 0: { return vec3(1.0, -xy.y, -xy.x); } case 1: { return vec3(-1.0, -xy.y, xy.x); } case 2: { return vec3(xy.x, 1.0, xy.y); } case 3: { return vec3(xy.x, -1.0, -xy.y); } case 4: { return vec3(xy.x, -xy.y, 1.0); } case 5: { return vec3(-xy.x, -xy.y, -1.0); } default { //shouldn't pass this return vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0); } } } @fragment fn fragment_main(frag_data: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> { let normal = normalize(get_direction_from_uv_and_index(face.value, frag_data.uv)); var irradiance = vec3(0.0); const sample_count = 128u; let samples_per_dimension = u32(ceil(sqrt(f32(sample_count)))); let d_theta = TWO_PI / f32(samples_per_dimension); let d_phi = HALF_PI / f32(samples_per_dimension); for(var i: u32 = 0; i < samples_per_dimension; i = i + 1u){ var theta = (f32(i) + 0.5) * d_theta; for(var j: u32 = 0; j < samples_per_dimension; j = j + 1u){ var phi = (f32(j) + 0.5) * d_phi; let sin_phi = sin(phi); let cos_phi = cos(phi); let x = cos_phi * cos(theta); let y = sin_phi; let z = cos_phi * sin(theta); let local_dir = vec3(x,y,z); let up = normal; let tangent = select(vec3<f32>(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), vec3<f32>(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), abs(normal.y) > 0.99); let right = normalize(cross(tangent, up)); let forward = cross(up, right); let direction = normalize(local_dir.x * right + local_dir.y * normal + local_dir.z * forward); let weight = cos_phi * sin_phi; irradiance += textureSample(environment_map, environment_sampler, direction).rgb * weight; } } irradiance *= d_phi * d_theta; return vec4(irradiance, 1.0); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The normals are perturbed by the local direction vector and we need to convert them back into world space. There's a line in there (the select ) which accounts for times when the normal is too close to the up direction to form a valid cross product (we had this problem earlier when doing space transforms, this time it's in the shader itself). The resulting irradiance map looks like this: Looking at this we can see a few things going on (this is also way higher resolution than we actually need...). What we are getting seems reasonable. If we look at the mid points they are sampling from the areas we expect (we see green at the top of each vertical plane for example). However, the sampling is pretty bad. We can see clear starburst patterns on the top and bottom where the very consistent spacing that leaves gaps. We also see rings in the center were the sample density is much greater. This is useable but maybe we can do better. Cosine Weighted Distribution So one way we can fix the issue is by using cosine weighted distribution. The idea here is that we should actually sample more the closer we are to the normal. The reason is because light that is closer to the normal direction contributes much more than light on the edges (dot product). This means that we'll get closer to the true color if we focus our sampling there. The other part is that we can be a little more random. The start bursts are likely because our sampling is too ridged and periodic, if it was a little more chaotic then we'll likely get fewer gaps. This leads us to a new problem, WGSL doesn't give us anything to produce random numbers, so how can we deal with that? Luckily there's a paper that addresses just this topic: https://indico.cern.ch/event/93877/contributions/2118070/attachments/1104200/1575343/acat3_revised_final.pdf Using some fancy bitmath we can get pseudo-random numbers that are good enough for the job entirely on the GPU itself. I'm not going to go into it but just translate this to something we can use. Here's a shader to generate "random" noise: const U32_MAX: u32 = 4294967295u; const SCREEN_WIDTH = 320; fn seed_per_thread(id: u32) -> u32 { return id * 1099087573u; } fn taus_step(z: u32, s1: u32, s2: u32, s3: u32, m: u32) -> u32 { let b = ((z << s1) ^ z) >> s2; return ((z & m) << s3) ^ b; } fn lcg_step(z: u32, a: u32, c: u32) -> u32 { return a * z + c; } fn hybrid_taus(z1: u32, z2: u32, z3: u32, z4: u32) -> f32 { let r = taus_step(z1, 13u, 19u, 12u, 4294967294u) ^ taus_step(z2, 2u, 25u, 4u, 4294967288u) ^ taus_step(z3, 3u, 11u, 17u, 4294967280u) ^ lcg_step(z4, 1664525u, 1013904223u); return f32(r) * 2.3283064365387e-10; } fn rand_uint(last_r: u32) -> u32 { let z1 = taus_step(last_r, 13u, 19u, 12u, 429496729u); let z2 = taus_step(last_r, 2u, 25u, 4u, 4294967288u); let z3 = taus_step(last_r, 3u, 11u, 17u, 429496280u); let z4 = lcg_step(1664525, last_r, 1013904223u); return (z1 ^ z2 ^ z3 ^ z4); } fn uint_to_normalized_float(value: u32) -> f32 { return f32(value) / (f32(U32_MAX) + 1.0); //+1 to account for 0 } @group(0) @binding(0) var my_sampler: sampler; @group(0) @binding(1) var my_texture: texture_2d<f32>; struct VertexOut { @builtin(position) position : vec4<f32>, @location(0) uv : vec2<f32> }; @vertex fn vertex_main(@location(0) position: vec2<f32>, @location(1) uv: vec2<f32>) -> VertexOut { var output : VertexOut; output.position = vec4<f32>(position, 0.0, 1.0); output.uv = uv; return output; } @fragment fn fragment_main(frag_data: VertexOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> { let id = u32(frag_data.position.x) + (u32(frag_data.position.y) * SCREEN_WIDTH); let seed = seed_per_thread(id); let int_r = rand_uint(seed); let int_g = rand_uint(int_r); let int_b = rand_uint(int_g); let r = uint_to_normalized_float(int_r); let b = uint_to_normalized_float(int_g); let g = uint_to_normalized_float(int_b); return vec4(r, g, b, 1.0); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This follows the the paper using shifts, ors and magic primes. Since we don't have a thread id the seed per thread is generated by taking the pixel position and flattening it into a single index int. To get each successive number we need to pass in the last value we got. I looked into stateful ways to do this but they seemed more trouble than they were worth. The downside is you have to keep track and limit uses of functional style programming so you can retain the intermediate uint. The noise we get looks pretty decent to me. We can then take this random number generation and apply it to our sampling routine. const PI = 3.14159265359; const TWO_PI = 2 * PI; const HALF_PI = PI / 2; const U32_MAX: u32 = 4294967295u; struct VertexOut { @builtin(position) frag_position : vec4<f32>, @location(0) clip_position: vec4&l | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://claude.com/solutions/financial-services | Financial services | Claude -------> Meet Claude Products Claude Claude Code Features Claude in Chrome Claude in Slack Claude in Excel Skills Models Opus Sonnet Haiku Platform Overview Developer docs Pricing Regional Compliance Console login Solutions Use cases AI agents Coding Industries Customer support Education Financial services Government Healthcare Life sciences Nonprofits Pricing Overview API Max plan Team plan Enterprise plan Learn Blog Courses Customer stories Events Tutorials Use cases Anthropic news Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Meet Claude Products Claude Claude Code Features Claude in Chrome Claude in Slack Claude in Excel Skills Models Opus Sonnet Haiku Platform Overview Developer docs Pricing Regional Compliance Console login Solutions Use cases AI agents Coding Industries Customer support Education Financial services Government Healthcare Life sciences Nonprofits Pricing Overview API Max plan Team plan Enterprise plan Learn Blog Courses Customer stories Events Tutorials Use cases Anthropic news Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Solutions Solutions / Financial services Explore here Ask questions about this page Copy as markdown Transform financial services with Claude Claude helps leading financial institutions across banking, insurance, asset management, and fintech transform how they serve markets and manage risk. Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Play video Play video Built for finance Claude processes entire data rooms, runs complex analyses, and generates models and reports in minutes. Trace any number back to its source. AI you can trust Claude is the #1 AI for financial reasoning and agent tasks, trusted to handle sensitive financial data, material non-public information, and complex analyses with enterprise-grade security and complete source attribution. Performance at market speed Claude excels at financial analysis, modeling, and reporting. It connects to the platforms you use every day, from LSEG to S&P Capital IQ, so everyone on your team can work faster and more accurately. Your partner in financial transformation We partner with leading banks, asset managers, fintechs, and insurers to understand your workflows and evolve Claude based on what financial teams actually need. Top financial analysis use cases Claude transforms every stage of your financial workflow. Here’s how teams are using it to generate alpha faster. Due diligence
and research Accelerate due diligence from weeks to days. Claude synthesizes data across all your sources, catches footnotes that matter, and builds audit trails that survive compliance reviews. Benchmarking Compare performance and valuation metrics across peer groups with portfolio companies to identify a superior opportunity. Financial analysis
and modeling Generate and iterate on sophisticated models with full audit trails, directly in Excel. Memo and pitch
deck generation Create comprehensive investment and deal materials with data-driven insights. Portfolio management Monitor positions across portfolios and track performance against benchmarks with real-time insights. Claude for Excel Claude understands your entire workbook—from nested formulas to multiple tab dependencies. Get explanations with cell-level citations, and update assumptions while preserving formulas. Join the waitlist Join the waitlist Join the waitlist Try Claude’s new finance skills Get early access to six new finance skills that turn days of work into hours—from building DCF models to creating client-ready research reports. Join the waitlist Join the waitlist Join the waitlist Prev Prev Next Next The AI ecosystem for financial services Claude can work alongside you in your most important tools. Explore connectors Explore connectors Explore connectors More solutions for financial services API Claude Code Enterprise Active View prompt View prompt View prompt Existing prompt Classify all customer support tickets into the most relevant category. Here is the list of categories to choose from: {{CATEGORY_LIST}} Here is the content of the support ticket: {{TICKET_CONTENT}} What would you like to improve? Please include a rationale for the classification. You are an AI assistant specialized in classifying customer support tickets. Your task is to analyze the content of a given ticket and assign it to the most appropriate category from a predefined list. You will also provide reasoning for your classification decision. First, let's review the available categories: <category_list> {{CATEGORY_LIST}} </category_list> Now, here is the content of the support ticket you need to classify: <ticket_content> {{TICKET_CONTENT}} </ticket_content> Please follow these steps to complete the task: – Carefully read and analyze the ticket content. – Consider how the content relates to each of the available categories. – Choose the most appropriate category for the ticket. – Provide a detailed explanation of your reasoning process. Use the following structure for your response: <classification_analysis> In this section, break down your thought process: – Quote the most relevant parts of the ticket content. – List each category and note how it relates to the ticket content. – For each category, provide arguments for and against classifying the ticket into that category. – Rank the top 3 most likely categories. </classification_analysis> <classification> <category>Your chosen category goes here</category> <reasoning>A concise summary of your reasoning for choosing this category</reasoning> </classification> Remember to be thorough in your analysis and clear in your explanation. Your goal is to provide an accurate classification with well-supported reasoning. Claude Developer Platform Integrate Claude’s AI directly into bespoke trading platforms, risk systems, KYC and underwriting applications. Deliver production-grade AI agents to transform any workflow. ╭───────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ ✶ Welcome to Claude Code │ │ │ ╰───────────────────────────╯ ██████╗██╗ █████╗ ██╗ ██╗██████╗ ███████╗ ██╔════╝██║ ██╔══██╗██║ ██║██╔══██╗██╔════╝ ██║ ██║ ███████║██║ ██║██║ ██║█████╗ ██║ ██║ ██╔══██║██║ ██║██║ ██║██╔══╝ ╚██████╗███████╗██║ ██║╚██████╔╝██████╔╝███████╗ ╚═════╝╚══════╝╚═╝ ╚═╝ ╚═════╝ ╚═════╝ ╚══════╝ ██████╗ ██████╗ ██████╗ ███████╗ ██╔════╝██╔═══██╗██╔══██╗██╔════╝ ██║ ██║ ██║██║ ██║█████╗ ██║ ██║ ██║██║ ██║██╔══╝ ╚██████╗╚██████╔╝██████╔╝███████╗ ╚═════╝ ╚═════╝ ╚═════╝ ╚══════╝ Claude Code can now be used with your Claude subscription or billed based on API usage through your Console account. Select login method: ❯ 1. Claude account with subscription Pro, Max, Team, or Enterprise 2. Anthropic Console account API usage billing * Flibbertigibbetting… Claude Code Accelerate software development and transform legacy systems with Claude Code, the coding agent that lives directly in your terminal. Build, fix, and ship projects faster without sacrificing transparency or control. Note Interact with the data—hover and toggle views to uncover patterns View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt Create an interactive Gantt chart showing a complex business initiative rollout across different enterprise departments. Include overlapping timelines, milestone markers, and progress indicators. Use the uploaded timeline data to show how HR, Data Analysis, Product Management, Sales, and Marketing teams can execute concurrent project phases with dependencies. Make bars clickable to reveal phase details and expected outcomes. Attachments QBI Timeline 727 kb xlsx Department Project Phases 55 lines csv Enterprise Deploy Claude across your organization with enterprise controls, expanding AI collaboration from financial analysis to other teams such as Legal, Product Development, Client Management, Marketing, and more. “Citi chose to leverage Claude as part of its AI powered Developer Platform because of its advanced planning and agentic coding capabilities, focus on safety and reliability, and compatibility with our workloads.” David Griffiths, CTO “Working with Anthropic goes beyond deploying another AI tool—it’s about partnering with a company that understands the complexity that financial services requires. Claude excels by seamlessly integrating multiple data sources and automating workflows that previously consumed significant time. We’re collaborating with Anthropic to digitize workflows across our Capital Markets platform, ensuring our teams can dedicate more time to strategic thinking and relationship building that drives client growth.” Bobby Grubert, Head of AI and Digital Innovation “With our GenAI-ready data offerings, we continue to support our customers in their AI evolution—enriching our data via a semantic layer and delivering it through Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers and Smart APIs. Our partnership with Anthropic makes Moody’s vast data estate—including ratings, research and public and private company information— accessible directly where our customers are innovating.” Cristina Pieretti, Head of Digital Content and Innovation “What we’ve valued about Anthropic is not just their powerful models, but how they’ve positioned them for enterprise needs. When I talk with customers about AI, data privacy is always their first concern—it’s the critical foundation we have to address before we can even begin discussing capabilities.” Read story Read story Read story David Horn, AI Lead “75% of our engineers now save 8 to 10+ hours every week using our open source AI agent for creating SQL queries (codename goose)—accelerating velocity and cutting down on busywork. For the tasks we care about measuring specifically, the Claude family has performed the best.” Bradley Axen, Principal Data and Machine Learning Engineer “Anthropic’s multi-cloud solution stands out for its scale, performance and security, aligning with our operational needs and customer expectations. It exceeded our performance benchmarks and met all our security requirements, making it the ideal solution. We think Claude will help Coinbase build solutions for different customer segments and bring a billion customers to the crypto economy.” Varsha Mahadevan, Senior Engineering Manager “LSEG has a long-established reputation for our open, partnership approach and meeting our customers wherever their workflows are taking place. Secure, enterprise grade AI applications, such as Claude, are expanding the opportunities for LSEG to build deep partnerships with customers.” Ron Lefferts, Co-head, Data and Analytics Prev Prev 0 / 5 Next Next From insight to alpha, faster than ever See how Claude transforms workflows, from due diligence and research to financial analysis. Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales How NBIM transformed the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund with agentic AI How NBIM transformed the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund with agentic AI How NBIM transformed the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund with agentic AI Webinar Webinar Webinar Transforming financial analysis at scale: How BCI uses Claude’s financial analysis solution Transforming financial analysis at scale: How BCI uses Claude’s financial analysis solution Transforming financial analysis at scale: How BCI uses Claude’s financial analysis solution Webinar Webinar Webinar Anthropic's Alexander Bricken and Nick Lin break down Claude for financial services Anthropic's Alexander Bricken and Nick Lin break down Claude for financial services Anthropic's Alexander Bricken and Nick Lin break down Claude for financial services Video Video Video Homepage Homepage Next Next Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Write Button Text Button Text Learn Button Text Button Text Code Button Text Button Text Write Help me develop a unique voice for an audience Hi Claude! Could you help me develop a unique voice for an audience? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Improve my writing style Hi Claude! Could you improve my writing style? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Brainstorm creative ideas Hi Claude! Could you brainstorm creative ideas? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Learn Explain a complex topic simply Hi Claude! Could you explain a complex topic simply? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Help me make sense of these ideas Hi Claude! Could you help me make sense of these ideas? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Prepare for an exam or interview Hi Claude! Could you prepare for an exam or interview? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Code Explain a programming concept Hi Claude! Could you explain a programming concept? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Look over my code and give me tips Hi Claude! Could you look over my code and give me tips? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Vibe code with me Hi Claude! Could you vibe code with me? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! More Write case studies This is another test Write grant proposals Hi Claude! Could you write grant proposals? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to — like Google Drive, web search, etc. — if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can - an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! 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https://open.forem.com/techresolve/solved-how-to-look-for-a-good-msp-3iap | Solved: How to look for a good MSP - Open Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Open Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Darian Vance Posted on Dec 26, 2025 • Originally published at wp.me Solved: How to look for a good MSP # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud Choosing the right Managed Service Provider (MSP) is critical for IT efficiency and business growth. This guide details how to define your needs, rigorously vet potential partners, and navigate complex contracts to secure an MSP that truly aligns with your organizational goals. The Quest for a Good MSP: Symptoms of IT Discontent In today’s fast-paced digital landscape, IT infrastructure is the backbone of almost every business. When that backbone falters, the symptoms are clear and costly. Many organizations find themselves seeking an MSP not out of luxury, but out of necessity, often driven by a series of persistent IT headaches. Common Symptoms Indicating a Need for a Better IT Partner: Reactive IT Support: Your current IT solution (whether in-house or outsourced) only responds when something breaks, leading to unplanned downtime and frantic fire-fighting. Unpredictable Costs: IT expenses are a constant surprise, with hourly rates for every issue, making budgeting nearly impossible. Lack of Specialized Expertise: Critical projects involving cloud migration, advanced cybersecurity, or specific compliance frameworks are stalled due to an absence of in-house or current vendor expertise. Frequent Downtime and Data Loss Concerns: Systems crash, data isn’t reliably backed up, and disaster recovery plans are non-existent or untested. Poor Communication & Slow Resolution: IT issues linger, and you’re left in the dark about progress, feeling unheard and undervalued. Security Vulnerabilities: Constant worry about cyber threats, inadequate endpoint protection, and a lack of proactive security posture. Absence of Strategic IT Planning: IT is treated as a cost center, not a strategic asset, with no clear roadmap for technological growth or competitive advantage. These symptoms are not just minor annoyances; they directly impact productivity, profitability, and reputation. Recognizing them is the first step toward finding an MSP that transforms your IT from a liability into a strategic advantage. Solution 1: Defining Your Unique Needs and Scope Before you even begin to interview potential MSPs, the most critical step is to clearly define what you need. A good MSP is a partner that aligns with your specific business objectives, not just a vendor offering a generic service package. This clarity will save you significant time and prevent misalignment later on. Key Steps to Define Your Requirements: Identify Current Pain Points and Priorities: Start by documenting the specific IT challenges you face daily. Are you struggling with network latency, cybersecurity threats, slow helpdesk response, or compliance? Example: A small architecture firm’s top pain points might include slow CAD software performance, unreliable access to project files hosted on a local server, and a complete lack of off-site backup for critical design data. Their priority would be system stability, data integrity, and swift support for design applications. Inventory Critical Systems and Applications: Create a comprehensive list of all your essential hardware, software, cloud services, and network infrastructure. Don’t forget proprietary applications vital to your business operations. Servers (on-prem, cloud VMs) Workstations (desktops, laptops) Networking equipment (firewalls, switches, access points) Key applications (ERP, CRM, specialized industry software like SolidWorks, Adobe Creative Suite, AutoCAD) Cloud services (Microsoft 365, Google Workspace, AWS, Azure, SaaS platforms) Telephony systems (VoIP, PBX) Determine Required Service Categories: Based on your inventory and pain points, specify the exact types of services you expect from an MSP. 24/7 Monitoring & Alerting: For servers, network devices, and critical services. Helpdesk Support: Tiers of support (L1, L2, L3), hours of operation, and communication channels. Cybersecurity: Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR), Security Information and Event Management (SIEM), vulnerability management, security awareness training, dark web monitoring. Backup & Disaster Recovery (BDR): On-site, off-site, cloud backups, defined Recovery Time Objectives (RTO) and Recovery Point Objectives (RPO). Cloud Management: Optimization, security, and administration of public cloud environments. Network Management: Firewall rules, VPNs, Wi-Fi management, performance tuning. Strategic IT Consulting (vCIO): Technology roadmap, budget planning, vendor management. Compliance Assistance: GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS, ISO 27001, etc. Establish Budgetary Guidelines: Be realistic about what you can afford, but also understand the cost of doing nothing or getting sub-par service. A good MSP is an investment, not just an expense. Solution 2: Rigorous Vetting and Technical Due Diligence Once you have a clear picture of your needs, the next step is to evaluate potential MSPs with a critical eye. This goes beyond a superficial sales pitch; it requires deep dives into their technical capabilities, operational processes, and client success stories. Key Aspects of the Vetting Process: Client References and Case Studies: Always request references from clients similar in size and industry to yours. Ask specific questions about their experience, particularly concerning issue resolution, communication, and proactive recommendations. What was the most challenging IT issue you faced, and how did the MSP handle it? How often do you have strategic IT review meetings (QBRs), and are they valuable? Has the MSP helped you achieve specific business goals through technology? Technical Capabilities and Tooling: A reputable MSP invests heavily in its technology stack. Inquire about the specific tools they use and how they leverage them. Remote Monitoring & Management (RMM): Tools like ConnectWise Automate, Kaseya VSA, or NinjaOne are essential for proactive monitoring, patch management, and script deployment. Professional Services Automation (PSA): ConnectWise Manage, AutoTask, or HaloPSA are used for ticketing, billing, and project management. Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR): Solutions such as SentinelOne, CrowdStrike, or Microsoft Defender for Endpoint for advanced threat detection and response. Backup & Disaster Recovery (BDR) Solutions: Veeam, Datto, Acronis are common for robust data protection. Network Monitoring Tools: PRTG, SolarWinds, or specialized firewall monitoring. Example Question to an MSP: “Beyond simply deploying an EDR solution, how do your security analysts manage, triage, and respond to alerts? Can you provide a high-level overview of your SOC/NOC operations?” Example of a potential diagnostic output an MSP might use to demonstrate capability (hypothetical scenario): While not a command you run, an MSP might show you logs or reports generated by their tools. For instance, demonstrating network health monitoring: Network Device: Core-Switch-01 Status: Online CPU Utilization: 12% Memory Utilization: 45% Port 24 (Uplink to Firewall): Status: Up Bandwidth In: 120 Mbps Bandwidth Out: 85 Mbps Errors/Drops (24h): 0 Critical Services Monitored: DNS, DHCP, AD, ERP_DB Service Status: All services healthy. Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This demonstrates they monitor key metrics proactively, not just wait for an outage. Team Expertise and Certifications: Ask about their team’s qualifications. Do they have certifications relevant to your technology stack (e.g., Microsoft Azure Administrator, AWS Solutions Architect, CCNA, CISSP, CompTIA Security+)? This indicates a commitment to professional development and deep technical knowledge. MSP’s Own Security Posture: How does the MSP protect itself and, by extension, your data? Do they follow best practices? Are they SOC 2 compliant? Do they perform regular security audits on their own systems? Reporting and Communication Frequency: How often will you receive performance reports? What metrics are included? How do they conduct Quarterly Business Reviews (QBRs) and translate technical jargon into business-relevant insights? Comparison: Reactive Break/Fix vs. Proactive Managed Services Understanding the fundamental difference between these two models is crucial when selecting an MSP. While break/fix seems cheaper upfront, its hidden costs and risks are substantial. Feature Reactive Break/Fix Proactive Managed Services Cost Model Hourly rates, per-incident charges; highly unpredictable and escalates with problems. Fixed monthly fee, predictable IT budget; includes proactive maintenance and monitoring. Approach to IT Only intervenes when a system fails or an issue arises. Continuously monitors, maintains, and optimizes systems to prevent issues before they occur. Impact on Downtime Potentially significant, as issues must occur and be reported before resolution begins. Minimized through preventative measures, rapid automated alerts, and swift resolution. Strategic Value Minimal; no long-term planning, focus is solely on immediate repairs. High; includes virtual CIO (vCIO) services for technology roadmap, budget planning, and strategic alignment. Security Posture Often an afterthought; security services are typically add-ons or only address immediate threats. Integrated, continuous threat monitoring, patch management, vulnerability assessments, and robust incident response. Relationship Dynamic Transactional; focuses on fixing individual problems. Partnership; alignment with business goals, continuous improvement, and technology guidance. Productivity Often hampered by recurring issues and unplanned outages. Enhanced by stable systems, optimized performance, and reliable support. Solution 3: Deciphering Contracts and Support Models The contract is more than just legal boilerplate; it’s the operational blueprint of your partnership with an MSP. Understanding its nuances, particularly Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and scope, is paramount to avoiding future disagreements and ensuring your expectations are met. Critical Contractual Elements to Review: Service Level Agreements (SLAs): These are non-negotiable. Ensure they are clear, measurable, and align with your business’s operational needs. Look for specifics on: Response Times: How quickly will the MSP acknowledge a ticket? (e.g., 15 minutes for critical, 1 hour for high, 4 hours for medium). Resolution Times: What are the targets for resolving issues based on severity? (e.g., 4 hours for critical, 8 hours for high). Uptime Guarantees: For critical infrastructure (e.g., 99.9% network uptime). Escalation Paths: A clearly defined process for escalating issues that aren’t being resolved satisfactorily. Example SLA Configuration to expect clarity on: // Defined Service Level Objectives (SLOs) // Critical Incident (P1): System down, major data loss, business impact severe. SEVERITY_P1: { DESCRIPTION: "Critical System Outage / Data Loss", TARGET_RESPONSE_TIME: "15 minutes (Initial Contact)", TARGET_RESOLUTION_TIME: "4 hours (Best Effort for Root Cause/Workaround)", COMMUNICATION_FREQUENCY: "Every 30 minutes until resolved", ESCALATION_PATH: "Helpdesk Tier 1 -> Tier 2 -> On-Call Engineer -> Service Manager" } // High Incident (P2): Significant impact, but not total outage. SEVERITY_P2: { DESCRIPTION: "Major Functionality Impaired", TARGET_RESPONSE_TIME: "1 hour", TARGET_RESOLUTION_TIME: "1 business day", COMMUNICATION_FREQUENCY: "Every 2 hours", ESCALATION_PATH: "Helpdesk Tier 1 -> Tier 2 Lead" } // Low Incident (P3): Minor issue, workaround available. SEVERITY_P3: { DESCRIPTION: "Minor Issue / Request", TARGET_RESPONSE_TIME: "4 hours", TARGET_RESOLUTION_TIME: "3 business days", COMMUNICATION_FREQUENCY: "Daily" } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Inclusions and Exclusions (Scope of Work): This is where many businesses get surprised. Ensure a crystal-clear definition of what is covered under the monthly fee and what constitutes additional, billable project work. Common exclusions might include: Major hardware upgrades or replacements. New software license purchases. Development of custom applications. Extensive project work (e.g., office moves, large-scale migrations). On-site support beyond a specified frequency or travel radius. Always ask for examples of what would be considered “in scope” versus “out of scope” for specific scenarios. Onboarding and Offboarding Processes: A smooth transition is vital. Inquire about the onboarding plan – how will they learn your systems, deploy their tools, and integrate with your team? Equally important are the offboarding terms: What happens to your data, configurations, and documentation if you decide to switch MSPs? Ensure data portability and access to your historical records. Contract Length and Termination Clauses: Be wary of overly long contracts (e.g., 3+ years) with punitive early termination fees. Look for reasonable terms, ideally with annual renewals or clear exit strategies. Understand notice periods for termination. Billing and Payment Terms: Confirm the billing cycle, payment methods, and any late payment penalties. Ask about any potential hidden fees or charges that aren’t explicitly outlined. Regular Reviews and Reporting: The contract should stipulate regular performance reviews (e.g., Quarterly Business Reviews – QBRs) where the MSP presents performance metrics, strategic recommendations, and budget discussions. This ensures ongoing alignment and accountability. By meticulously defining your needs, diligently vetting potential partners, and thoroughly understanding the contractual obligations, you can confidently select a Managed Service Provider that truly acts as an extension of your team, driving your business forward with reliable, secure, and strategic IT support. 👉 Read the original article on TechResolve.blog Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Darian Vance Follow Lead Cloud Architect & DevOps Strategist with 12+ years in the trenches. Founder of TechResolve. I turn complex cloud chaos into systems you can actually understand and manage. Education BS in Computer Science & 12 Years of Production Outages Work Founder & Lead Architect at TechResolve Joined Dec 26, 2025 More from Darian Vance Solved: I hired two junior people and realized media buyers being bad at creative strategy is actually a huge problem # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud Solved: PoE+++?! WHEN WILL THE MADNESS END? # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Open Forem — A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Open Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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Right menu UnrealDev.nvim Update: Switching to SQLite for Blazing Fast Performance taku25 taku25 taku25 Follow Dec 29 '25 UnrealDev.nvim Update: Switching to SQLite for Blazing Fast Performance # gamedev # neovim Comments Add Comment 2 min read game dev using ai : part 1 Harshit Singh Harshit Singh Harshit Singh Follow Dec 29 '25 game dev using ai : part 1 # gamedev # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a "No-Lag" 2D Multiplayer Game (Clueland) with Next.js, Express, and WebSockets Govind Mishra Govind Mishra Govind Mishra Follow Dec 28 '25 Building a "No-Lag" 2D Multiplayer Game (Clueland) with Next.js, Express, and WebSockets # nextjs # gamedev # performance # node Comments Add Comment 1 min read Running Local LLMs in Game Engines - Here's My Journey with Godot + Ollama Yakub Yakub Yakub Follow Dec 27 '25 Running Local LLMs in Game Engines - Here's My Journey with Godot + Ollama # godot # godotengine # gamedev # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read So I was working with resecons my own minecraft using python. Raiz Haikal Raiz Haikal Raiz Haikal Follow Dec 27 '25 So I was working with resecons my own minecraft using python. # showdev # python # gamedev # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Server Status System Using Player Reports Instead of Pings Rahul Rahul Rahul Follow Dec 26 '25 Building a Server Status System Using Player Reports Instead of Pings # webdev # vibecoding # gamedev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read THE MORTUARY ASSISTANT: How One Developer Made a Career Out of Embalming Haunted Corpses Faisal Mujahid Faisal Mujahid Faisal Mujahid Follow Dec 27 '25 THE MORTUARY ASSISTANT: How One Developer Made a Career Out of Embalming Haunted Corpses # gamedev # gamechallenge # programming # development Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building an on-premise friendly video review tool for game teams AritaYuto AritaYuto AritaYuto Follow Dec 26 '25 Building an on-premise friendly video review tool for game teams # opensource # nextjs # tooling # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read CODIMAP - Fantasy map tool Codify Codify Codify Follow Dec 26 '25 CODIMAP - Fantasy map tool # showdev # gamedev # tooling # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read I solved one of my major pain point during my game development with AI (Chat GPT + Antigravity) tomokat tomokat tomokat Follow Jan 5 I solved one of my major pain point during my game development with AI (Chat GPT + Antigravity) # gamedev # antigravity # chatgpt # gemini 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 4): Displaying Text Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 7 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 4): Displaying Text # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Level 0 3 Physics: From Serial Prototypes to Parallel Manifolds and GPU Constraint Solvers p3nGu1nZz p3nGu1nZz p3nGu1nZz Follow Dec 25 '25 Level 0 3 Physics: From Serial Prototypes to Parallel Manifolds and GPU Constraint Solvers # machinelearning # gamedev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read 8-Bit Wizards vs. Infinite Compute: Why My Respect for Mario Devs Just Went Up 1000x Intellitions Com Intellitions Com Intellitions Com Follow Dec 26 '25 8-Bit Wizards vs. Infinite Compute: Why My Respect for Mario Devs Just Went Up 1000x # watercooler # ai # gamedev # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 4 min read Godot SceneBuilder: Supercharge Your 3D Scene Creation! EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow Follow Dec 25 '25 Godot SceneBuilder: Supercharge Your 3D Scene Creation! # godot # addon # gamedev # 3d 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 5): Creating Characters with Classes Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 8 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 5): Creating Characters with Classes # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I built a quiz game to tell Pokémon from prescription drugs Fav Stats Fav Stats Fav Stats Follow Dec 26 '25 I built a quiz game to tell Pokémon from prescription drugs # showdev # gamedev # react # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read AI-Powered Dynamic Conversations With NPCs in Godot Ekin Odabas Ekin Odabas Ekin Odabas Follow Dec 24 '25 AI-Powered Dynamic Conversations With NPCs in Godot # godot # ai # llm # gamedev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Actor Panel and Landscape Tool Basics in Unreal Engine (Day 11) Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 6 Actor Panel and Landscape Tool Basics in Unreal Engine (Day 11) # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Taming the State Monster: Reactive UI vs. Finite State Machines in Game Dev wwx516 wwx516 wwx516 Follow Dec 23 '25 Taming the State Monster: Reactive UI vs. Finite State Machines in Game Dev # architecture # gamedev # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🎮 Why Simple Web Games Still Work (and What I Learned Building One) Chirag Patel Chirag Patel Chirag Patel Follow Jan 7 🎮 Why Simple Web Games Still Work (and What I Learned Building One) # webdev # gamedev # sideprojects # react 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Bushido: Designing Tension with Only Two Buttons (7 Games in 7 Weeks - Week 3) varun chaaras varun chaaras varun chaaras Follow Dec 27 '25 Building Bushido: Designing Tension with Only Two Buttons (7 Games in 7 Weeks - Week 3) # showdev # gamedev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Show Dev: How We Brought the Legendary Papa's Game Series Back to Life in Modern Browsers 🍔🎮 Causal Zap Causal Zap Causal Zap Follow Dec 24 '25 Show Dev: How We Brought the Legendary Papa's Game Series Back to Life in Modern Browsers 🍔🎮 # showdev # gamedev # webdev # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read TIA Portal - TP700 - Naughts & Crosses Calum Knott Calum Knott Calum Knott Follow Dec 23 '25 TIA Portal - TP700 - Naughts & Crosses # tia # s7 # gamedev # christmas Comments Add Comment 1 min read How I Built a Stroke Capture System for an AI Drawing Game Adam Adam Adam Follow Dec 22 '25 How I Built a Stroke Capture System for an AI Drawing Game # showdev # gamedev # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Exploratory testing on mobile: the messy checks that find real bugs Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Follow Dec 22 '25 Exploratory testing on mobile: the messy checks that find real bugs # gamedev # ux # testing # qualityassurance Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/doogal/the-3-argument-rule-how-to-stop-argument-bankruptcy-15cb | The 3-Argument Rule: How to Stop "Argument Bankruptcy" - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Doogal Simpson Posted on Jan 5 • Originally published at doogal.dev The 3-Argument Rule: How to Stop "Argument Bankruptcy" # javascript # webdev # productivity # beginners You are reading a file, trying to debug a critical issue. You stumble upon this line: createUser("John", "Doe", "j@d.com", true, false, 5); Your brain freezes. What is true ? What is false ? What does the number 5 represent? Is that a retry count? A timeout? A user ID? To understand this single line of code, you have to navigate to the function definition, memorize the order of six different parameters, and then mentally map them back to the function call. You have just paid a heavy tax. In "The Professional Junior," I talk about the concept of Cognitive Budget . As developers, we can only hold so much context in our heads at once. Every time we force a caller to memorize an argument order, we deplete that budget. This is called Argument Bankruptcy . Here is how to fix it. The Concept: Arguments are Taxes Think of arguments as the taxes we pay to use a function. 0 Arguments: Tax-free. The function just does its job. 1-2 Arguments: A reasonable sales tax. We can easily remember getUser(id) or login(username, password) . 3+ Arguments: Bankruptcy. When a function requires three or more arguments, we introduce two major risks: The "Mystery Boolean": Passing true or false without context makes the calling code unreadable. The Order Trap: Was it (email, name) or (name, email) ? In loosely typed languages, getting this wrong leads to silent data corruption. In typed languages, it leads to frustration. The Junior Trap: "Just One More Param" We’ve all been there. You have a function that takes three arguments. A new requirement comes in: we need to track the user's last login date. The easy path (The Junior Trap) is to just tack it onto the end. function save(name, email, isAdmin, lastLogin) { ... } Six months later, another requirement comes in. Now we need a retry count. Tack it on the end. Suddenly, you are playing "Guess the Argument" every time you call the function. The Code: The Object Pattern The solution is to stop passing loose data. If logic requires 3+ things, those things belong together. We wrap them in a single object (or Interface). // Before: The Bankruptcy Here, the caller is forced to memorize the specific order of five different variables. If they swap the booleans, an admin might get downgraded to a standard user silently. // ❌ The Function Definition function saveUser ( firstName , lastName , email , isAdmin , sendWelcomeEmail ) { // ... implementation } // ❌ The Usage (The Horror) // What does 'true' mean? What does 'false' mean? // If I swap them, I break the system. saveUser ( " John " , " Doe " , " j@d.com " , true , false ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode // After: The Virtue of Economy By using a single object argument (often called "named parameters" or the "RObject pattern"), we eliminate the tax. Order doesn't matter. Self-Documenting: We know exactly what isAdmin is because the key says so. Extensible: We can add a new property to the interface later without breaking every single function call in the codebase. // ✅ The Function Definition // We expect ONE object. function saveUser ( userContext ) { // We can destructure immediately for clarity const { firstName , email , isAdmin } = userContext ; // ... implementation } // ✅ The Usage (Clear & Robust) saveUser ({ firstName : " John " , lastName : " Doe " , email : " j@d.com " , isAdmin : true , sendWelcomeEmail : false }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Pro Move: Extensibility The greatest benefit of the After approach is how it handles change. If you need to add a middleName parameter to the Before example, you have to find every instance of saveUser in your application and update the arguments, or carefully place it at the very end and hope no one messed up the order. In the After example, you add middleName to the function logic. Old calls that don't pass middleName simply treat it as undefined (or you provide a default), and the code keeps running. Stop making your teammates memorize your implementation details. Pay the tax for them. Stop writing code just to please the compiler. This article was an excerpt from my handbook, "The Professional Junior: Writing Code that Matters." It’s not a 400-page textbook. It’s a tactical field guide to unwritten engineering rules. 👉 Get the Full Handbook Here Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Doogal Simpson Follow I'm a Senior Staff Engineer and former start-up founder. I'm trying to help developers bridge the gap from technical competence to professional engineering. Joined Dec 11, 2025 More from Doogal Simpson Don't Let the Domains Touch! The Professional Way to Avoid The Switch Smell # javascript # beginners # refactoring # webdev The TL;DR Rule: How I Structure Files to Not Annoy My Team # beginners # javascript # career # programming The "And" Test: How I Spot a Monster Function Before it Bites Me # beginners # career # javascript # software 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://open.forem.com/privacy#6-international-data-transfers | Privacy Policy - Open Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Open Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. 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If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. 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CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Open Forem — A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Open Forem © 2016 - 2026. Where all the other conversations belong Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/#details | Text-based web browsers - CSSence.com Text-based web browsers Essay January 8, 2026 Before I start, let me get two things out of the way: In this article I’m not going to include the admittedly cool browsh, because it only works by utilizing Firefox under the hood. When I say text-based, I’m talking about old-school browsers like ELinks , Lynx or w3m. These are also the three browsers I’ve used to test everything described below. The whole article ended up being a rant about how text-based browsers deal with features that got added to HTML. Or more like, how they neglect dealing with said features. Do text-based web browsers still matter? Well, I won’t be the judge of that. I like them, I have them installed, and I test every project I create in them. But they are not what I use to surf the web. Speaking of testing your creations, here’s the good news: If your project has a solid HTML foundation that you then progressively enhance with CSS and JS, you are off to a great start. How did HTML evolve in recent years? While CSS is the star of the show when it comes to new features, HTML ain’t stale either. If we put the long-awaited styleable selects and Apple’s take on toggle switches aside, there’s a lot readily available cross-browser. But here’s the thing: Whenever we say cross-browser, we usually look at the big ones, never at text-based browsers. So in this article I wanna shed some light on how they handle the following recent additions. How do text-based web browsers handle modern HTML? Added features Details Data lists Dialogs Popovers Inert content areas Hidden content Visually hidden content When viewing a web page in a text-based browser, you essentially get plain HTML, no CSS, no JS. There is some “styling”, a result of the elements’ semantics, but don’t expect anything fancy, we are down to colors, indentation, and centered text. It reminds me of what the browsers we are used to give us when they show unstyled HTML—well, HTML with the browser default styles, to be exact. That in turn reminds me of CSS Naked Day. Text-based browsers work well with good old HTML. Said recent additions however are a bit more nuanced (e.g. interactive), so let’s talk about them individually. Details Disclosure widgets are simple interactive elements we no longer need JS for. When <details> are closed, only their <summary> is shown. Text-based browsers have no clue what disclosure widgets are, so they always show the whole <details> content, meaning you always get the open state. This way things can get verbose, but in essence it’s okay. Verdict: Acceptable. Data lists Data lists can be used to add suggested values to an input field. In my tests they have been ignored entirely, Lynx even mentions that it encountered “bad HTML”, probably because it expects <option> only in a <select> parent. At least no browser rendered the options on the screen, they simply fall back to a plain <input> field, which is better than nothing. Side note: I’ve been told data lists have accessibility issues, so … Verdict: Whatever. Dialogs Yes, HTML can do modal and non-modal dialogs, and even alert dialogs, all thanks to the <dialog> element. Initially we needed JS to toggle their visibility, but with the help of the Popover API (see next chapter) we can now even get most of it done in plain HTML. Alas, once again there is no support in text-based browsers, so you’ll end up seeing all dialog content, as if they had their open attribute set. Consequently, there’s no awareness of a form’s method="dialog" nor a submit button’s formmethod="dialog" , so in both cases the form action is triggered. Verdict: Problematic. Popovers The Popover API is probably my favorite new feature, but only if you stick to regular web browsers. Given that dialogs are a type of popover, it’s no surprise that nothing works, and once again all popover content gets dumped onto the screen. By now I think you get the idea, so I won’t even talk about the Invoker Commands API at this point. Verdict: Most likely problematic. Inert content areas A modal dialog makes the rest of the page inert , so we don’t have to do it. But with the global inert attribute we can do this manually too, if we need to make certain parts of the DOM unreachable. Sure enough, text-based browsers will happily let you access interactive elements inside an inert content area. Verdict: Bad. Hidden content We’re now approaching something that is not new at all, the global hidden attribute has been supported for over a decade. It allows us to hide content in the same way as display: none , but directly in HTML. Adding support in text-based browsers has been discussed back in the day, but got rejected, hence it was never implemented. You’ll end up seeing all content marked as hidden . This is the primary reason why I started writing this article, and what enrages me the most. If I decide to hide content in HTML instead of CSS, I must have a very good reason, thus hidden content should not be visible in any browser! Certain progressive enhancement techniques work by hiding content in HTML and then making it visible via CSS or JS. That possibility goes out the window in text-based browsers. Verdict: Epic fail. 😠 🤬 Visually hidden content Just kidding, there’s still no native way in HTML to hide content visually , so we continue to rely on class names like .visually-hidden or .sr-only . No matter how they are named, they need to summon quite a few of lines of CSS to get things done. Whether there should be a native way is up for debate. Personally I would welcome a one-liner to achieve this, but it should remain in the domain of CSS. However, if we had a way in HTML, text-based browsers would display such visually hidden content anyway, that is certain. Verdict: To be continued. Now what? What now? Text-based browsers and modern HTML, no success story in sight. Given the progress we see in web technologies, the gap will only widen, so much so that w3m and its friends might fall into oblivion. Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 8, 2026 at 19:07 It’s 2026 and text-based web browsers still do not know how to handle (not so) recent additions to HTML. cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers Marius Orcsik wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:14 I think the latest text browser is chawan , which is quite good. Nathan Knowler wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:55 Interesting, it seems like w3m and lynx can display (declarative) shadow root content, but slots don’t work? Either that or they just don’t know how <template> elements work and are showing the content—but that doesn’t make sense since then the other light DOM content is being swallowed up. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 22:11 In reply to: @knowler.dev . Oof! That rabbit hole wasn’t even on my radar. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 06:28 If you don’t care about text-based web browsers (I can’t blame you), this article doubles as a list of all the cool stuff that got added to HTML. Get involved Have your say on Mastodon, or simply share this article. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on January 8, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/datalaria/proyecto-weather-service-parte-1-construyendo-el-recolector-de-datos-con-python-y-github-actions-5ekm | Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at datalaria.com Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial Como comenté en un post anterior, uno de mis objetivos con Datalaria es "ensuciarme las manos" con proyectos que me permitan aprender y conectar diferentes tecnologías del mundo de los datos. Hoy empezamos una serie dedicada a uno de esos proyectos: la creación de un servicio meteorológico global completo , desde la recolección de datos hasta su visualización y predicción, todo ello sin servidores y con herramientas gratuitas. En esta primera entrega, nos centraremos en el corazón del sistema: el backend recolector de datos . Veremos cómo construir un "robot" que trabaje por nosotros 24/7, conectándose a una API externa, guardando la información de forma estructurada y haciendo todo esto de manera automática y gratuita. ¡Vamos allá! El Primer Paso: Hablar con la API de OpenWeatherMap Todo servicio meteorológico necesita una fuente de datos. Elegí OpenWeatherMap por su popularidad y su generoso plan gratuito. El proceso inicial es sencillo: Registrarse : Crear una cuenta en su web. Obtener la API Key : Generar una clave única que nos identificará en cada llamada. Es como nuestra "llave" para acceder a sus datos. Guardar la Clave : ¡ Nunca directamente en el código! Hablaremos de esto más adelante. Con la clave en mano (¡o casi!), escribí un primer script test_clima.py para probar la conexión usando la maravillosa librería requests de Python: import requests API_KEY = " TU_API_KEY_AQUI " # ¡Temporalmente! Luego usaremos Secretos CIUDAD = " Madrid " URL = f " [https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=](https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=) { CIUDAD } &appid= { API_KEY } &units=metric&lang=es " try : respuesta = requests . get ( URL ) respuesta . raise_for_status () # Lanza un error si la respuesta no es 200 OK datos = respuesta . json () print ( f " Temperatura en { CIUDAD } : { datos [ ' main ' ][ ' temp ' ] } °C " ) except requests . exceptions . RequestException as e : print ( f " Error al conectar con la API: { e } " ) except KeyError as e : print ( f " Respuesta inesperada de la API, falta la clave: { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Primer Obstáculo Superado (con Paciencia): Al ejecutarlo por primera vez, ¡error 401: No Autorizado! 😱 Resulta que las API Keys de OpenWeatherMap pueden tardar unas horas en activarse después de generarlas. La lección: a veces, la solución es simplemente esperar. ⏳ La "Base de Datos": ¿Por Qué CSV y No SQL? Con los datos fluyendo, necesitaba almacenarlos. Podría haber montado una base de datos SQL (PostgreSQL, MySQL...), pero eso implicaba complejidad, un servidor (coste) y, para este proyecto, era matar moscas a cañonazos. Opté por la simplicidad radical: ficheros CSV (Comma Separated Values) . Ventajas : Fáciles de leer y escribir con Python, perfectamente versionables con Git (podemos ver el historial de cambios), y suficientes para el volumen de datos que manejaríamos inicialmente. Lógica Clave : Necesitaba añadir una nueva fila cada día a cada fichero de ciudad, pero escribiendo la cabecera ( fecha_hora , ciudad , temperatura_c , etc.) solo la primera vez. La librería csv nativa de Python y os.path.exists lo hacen trivial: import csv import os from datetime import datetime # ... (código para obtener datos de la API para una ciudad) ... ahora = datetime . now (). strftime ( ' %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ' ) fila_datos = [ ahora , ciudad , temperatura , ...] # Lista con los datos cabecera = [ ' fecha_hora ' , ' ciudad ' , ' temperatura_c ' , ...] # Lista con los nombres de columna nombre_fichero = f " datos/ { ciudad } .csv " # Creamos una carpeta 'datos' # Asegurarse de que la carpeta 'datos' existe os . makedirs ( os . path . dirname ( nombre_fichero ), exist_ok = True ) es_archivo_nuevo = not os . path . exists ( nombre_fichero ) try : with open ( nombre_fichero , mode = ' a ' , newline = '' , encoding = ' utf-8 ' ) as f : writer = csv . writer ( f ) if es_archivo_nuevo : writer . writerow ( cabecera ) # Escribir cabecera SOLO si es nuevo writer . writerow ( fila_datos ) # Añadir la nueva fila de datos print ( f " Datos guardados para { ciudad } " ) except IOError as e : print ( f " Error al escribir en { nombre_fichero } : { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode El Robot de Automatización: GitHub Actions al Rescate 🤖 Aquí viene la magia: ¿cómo hacer que este script se ejecute solo todos los días sin tener un servidor encendido? La respuesta es GitHub Actions , el motor de automatización integrado en GitHub. Es como tener un pequeño robot que trabaja gratis para nosotros. La Seguridad Primero: ¡Nunca Subas tu API Key! El error más grave sería subir registrar_clima.py con la API_KEY escrita directamente. Cualquiera podría verla en GitHub. * Solución : Usar los Secretos de Repositorio de GitHub. 1. Ve a Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions en tu repositorio de GitHub. 2. Crea un nuevo secreto llamado OPENWEATHER_API_KEY y pega ahí tu clave. 3. En el script Python, lee la clave de forma segura usando os.environ.get("OPENWEATHER_API_KEY") . El Cerebro del Robot: El Fichero .github/workflows/actualizar-clima.yml Este fichero YAML le dice a GitHub Actions qué hacer y cuándo: name : Actualizar Datos Climáticos Diarios on : workflow_dispatch : # Permite lanzarlo manualmente desde GitHub push : branches : [ main ] # Se lanza si subimos cambios a la rama main schedule : - cron : ' 0 6 * * *' # La clave: se lanza cada día a las 6:00 UTC jobs : actualizar_datos : runs-on : ubuntu-latest # Usamos una máquina virtual Linux gratuita steps : - name : Checkout del código del repositorio uses : actions/checkout@v4 # Descarga nuestro código - name : Configurar Python uses : actions/setup-python@v5 with : python-version : ' 3.10' # O la versión que prefieras - name : Instalar dependencias necesarias run : pip install -r requirements.txt # Lee requirements.txt e instala requests, etc. - name : Ejecutar el script de recolección de datos run : python registrar_clima.py # ¡La acción principal! env : OPENWEATHER_API_KEY : ${{ secrets.OPENWEATHER_API_KEY }} # Inyectamos el secreto de forma segura - name : Guardar los nuevos datos en el repositorio (Commit & Push) run : | git config user.name 'github-actions[bot]' # Identifica al 'bot' git config user.email 'github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com' git add datos/*.csv # Añade SOLO los ficheros CSV modificados en la carpeta 'datos' # Comprueba si hay cambios antes de hacer commit para evitar commits vacíos git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "Actualización automática de datos climáticos 🤖" git push # Sube los cambios al repositorio env: GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Token automático para permitir el push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ¡Este último paso es crucial! La propia Action actúa como un usuario, haciendo git add , git commit y git push de los ficheros CSV que el script Python acaba de modificar. Así, los datos actualizados quedan guardados en nuestro repositorio cada día. La Alternativa Serverless: Despliegue y Automatización con Netlify 🚀 Aunque GitHub Actions es una herramienta fantástica para la automatización, para este proyecto he decidido explorar una alternativa aún más integrada con el concepto de "serverless": Netlify . Netlify no solo nos permite desplegar nuestro frontend estático (como GitHub Pages), sino que también ofrece funciones serverless y, lo que es clave para nuestro backend, funciones de ejecución programadas (Scheduled Functions o Cron Jobs) . Desplegando el Frontend Estático con Netlify Conectar tu Repositorio : El proceso es increíblemente sencillo. Inicia sesión en Netlify, haz clic en "Add new site" y selecciona "Import an existing project". Conecta con tu cuenta de GitHub y elige el repositorio de tu proyecto Weather Service. Configuración Básica : Netlify detectará automáticamente tu proyecto. Asegúrate de que la "Build command" esté vacía (ya que es un sitio estático sin proceso de build) y que el "Publish directory" sea la raíz de tu repositorio ( ./ ). Despliegue Continuo : Netlify configurará automáticamente el despliegue continuo. Cada vez que hagas un git push a la rama main (o la que hayas configurado), Netlify reconstruirá y desplegará tu sitio. Automatizando el Backend con Netlify Functions (y Cron Jobs) Aquí es donde Netlify Serverless Functions brillan para nuestro recolector de datos. En lugar de un flujo de GitHub Actions, podemos usar una función de Netlify para ejecutar nuestro script Python de forma programada: Estructura del Proyecto : Crea una carpeta netlify/functions/ en la raíz de tu proyecto. Dentro, puedes tener un archivo Python como collect_weather.py . Manejo de Dependencias : Necesitarás un requirements.txt en la raíz de tu proyecto para que Netlify instale las dependencias Python ( requests , pandas , scikit-learn ). Configuración de netlify.toml : Este archivo en la raíz de tu proyecto es crucial para definir tus funciones y sus programaciones: [build] publish = "." # Directorio donde está tu index.html command = "" # No necesitamos un comando de build para un sitio estático [functions] directory = "netlify/functions" # Donde están tus funciones node_bundler = "esbuild" # Para funciones JS/TS. Netlify detectará Python. [[edge_functions]] # Para programar una función (requiere Netlify Edge Functions) function = "collect_weather" # El nombre de tu función (sin la extensión .py) path = "/.netlify/functions/collect_weather" # La ruta de la función (puede ser diferente) schedule = "@daily" # O usa un cron string como "0 6 * * *" La Función Python ( netlify/functions/collect_weather.py ) : Esta función encapsulará la lógica de tu registrar_clima.py . Netlify la ejecutará en un entorno Python. # netlify/functions/collect_weather.py import json import requests import os import time from datetime import datetime import csv # ... (todo el código de tu script registrar_clima.py va aquí) ... # Asegúrate de que las API_KEYs se leen de os.environ # y que los datos se escriben directamente en el repositorio usando GitPython # o de alguna manera que Netlify pueda persistir los cambios. # **Importante**: Netlify Functions son efímeras. # Para persistir cambios en el repo, necesitarías una integración con Git # similar a lo que haría GitHub Actions (usando un Personal Access Token). # Sin embargo, para un frontend estático, lo más simple es que esta función # solo genere un JSON de predicciones y lo suba a un storage como S3, # o que el script Python de recolección siga ejecutándose en GitHub Actions # y Netlify solo sirva el frontend. # Si la idea es que Netlify TAMBIÉN haga el commit, esto es más complejo # y requeriría una API de Git o un token PAT desde Netlify. def handler ( event , context ): # Aquí iría la llamada principal a tu lógica de recolección de datos # Esto es un ejemplo simplificado try : # Tu lógica para obtener y guardar datos, generar CSVs/JSONs # Si quieres que esto haga commit a GitHub, necesitarías: # 1. Un token PAT de GitHub guardado como variable de entorno en Netlify. # 2. Una librería como GitPython para interactuar con Git. # Es más común que las funciones serverless persistan datos en bases de datos # o servicios de almacenamiento de objetos (ej. S3), no en el propio repo Git. # Para este proyecto, el enfoque con GitHub Actions para el backend # que hace el commit directamente al repo sigue siendo más sencillo # para el almacenamiento en CSV. Netlify sería ideal para el frontend # y funciones para APIs en tiempo real o predicciones ligeras. print ( " Función de Netlify para recolección de clima ejecutada. " ) # Si la función genera algún output JSON para el frontend, lo devolvería aquí: # return { # "statusCode": 200, # "body": json.dumps({"message": "Data collection complete"}), # } return { " statusCode " : 200 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " message " : " La lógica de backend se ejecutaría aquí. Para persistir datos en GitHub, GitHub Actions es más directo. " }), } except Exception as e : return { " statusCode " : 500 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " error " : str ( e )}), } Variables de Entorno en Netlify : Para la OPENWEATHER_API_KEY , ve a Site settings > Build & deploy > Environment variables y añade tu clave allí. Consideración Importante : Para que la función de Netlify persista los cambios directamente en tu repositorio de GitHub (como el commit de los CSV), necesitarías una configuración más avanzada (como usar un Personal Access Token de GitHub dentro de la función de Netlify para hacer git push ), lo cual es más complejo. Para mantener la simplicidad y el almacenamiento directo en el repositorio Git con commits automáticos de los CSVs, la solución de GitHub Actions sigue siendo la más directa y eficiente para el backend recolector de datos en este caso específico . Netlify es excelente para el despliegue del frontend y para funciones que interactúan con servicios externos o bases de datos sin hacer commit al propio repositorio de la aplicación principal. En este proyecto, usamos GitHub Actions para el backend (recolección y commit de CSVs) y Netlify para el despliegue del frontend y, potencialmente, funciones más ligeras o en tiempo real que no necesiten modificar el repo Git. ¡Este último paso es crucial! La propia Action actúa como un usuario, haciendo git add , git commit y git push de los ficheros CSV que el script Python acaba de modificar. Así, los datos actualizados quedan guardados en nuestro repositorio cada día. El Problema de Escalar (y el Pivote de Arquitectura Necesario) Mi idea inicial era monitorizar unas 1000 ciudades y guardar todo en un único fichero datos_climaticos.csv . Hice un cálculo rápido: 1000 ciudades * ~200 bytes/día * 365 días * 3 años... ¡más de 200 MB! 😱 ¿Por qué es un problema? Porque el frontend (nuestro dashboard, que veremos en el próximo post) se ejecuta en el navegador del usuario. Tendría que descargar esos 200 MB completos solo para mostrar el gráfico de una ciudad. Totalmente inaceptable en términos de rendimiento. 🐢 La Solución Arquitectónica: Cambiar a una estrategia de "un fichero por entidad" . Creamos una carpeta datos/ . El script registrar_clima.py ahora genera (o añade datos a) un fichero CSV por cada ciudad: datos/Madrid.csv , datos/León.csv , datos/Tokio.csv , etc. Así, cuando el usuario quiera ver el tiempo de León, el frontend solo descargará el fichero datos/León.csv , que pesará unos pocos kilobytes. ¡La carga es instantánea! ✨ Segundo Obstáculo de Escalado (Límites de API): OpenWeatherMap, en su plan gratuito, permite unas 60 llamadas por minuto. Mi bucle para obtener datos de 155 ciudades (mi lista actual) las haría demasiado rápido. Solución Vital: Añadir import time al inicio del script Python y time.sleep(1.1) al final del bucle for ciudad in ciudades: . Esto introduce una pausa de poco más de 1 segundo entre cada llamada a la API, asegurando que nos mantenemos por debajo del límite y evitamos que nos bloqueen. 🚦 Conclusión (Parte 1) ¡Ya tenemos la base! Hemos construido un sistema robusto y automático que: Se conecta a una API externa de forma segura. Procesa y almacena datos históricos de múltiples entidades (ciudades). Se ejecuta solo cada día, sin coste alguno, gracias a GitHub Actions. Está diseñado para escalar de forma eficiente. En el próximo post, nos pondremos el sombrero de desarrollador frontend y construiremos el dashboard interactivo que permitirá a cualquier usuario explorar estos datos con gráficos dinámicos. ¡No te lo pierdas! Referencias y Enlaces de Interés: Servicio Web Completo : Puedes ver el resultado final de este proyecto en acción aquí: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Repositorio GitHub del Proyecto : Explora el código fuente y la estructura del proyecto en mi repositorio: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather OpenWeatherMap : Documentación de la API de clima: https://openweathermap.org/api Python Requests : Documentación de la librería para hacer peticiones HTTP: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/ GitHub Actions : Guía oficial de GitHub Actions: https://docs.github.com/es/actions Netlify : Página oficial de Netlify: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # automation # python # tutorial Carto: De una Factura a la ONU a Conquistar la Nube Geoespacial # startup # cloud # datascience # spanish Programando con IA: Creando mi Propia App mágica de Flashcards para Estudiar # ai # programming # showdev # spanish 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/scale_youtube/ndc-conferences-optimize-your-internal-os-and-minimize-compatibility-issues-at-work-alice-382c | NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Scale YouTube Posted on Nov 29, 2025 NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career # architecture # performance Optimize Your HumanOS (Not Just Your Code) Alice Meredith likens our personalities to internal operating systems—complete with strengths, defaults, and “system errors” when we clash with others. In this fun NDC Copenhagen session, you’ll peek under the hood of your own HumanOS and see how miscommunications or conflicts are just compatibility hiccups, not personal flaws. You’ll walk away with easy-to-use diagnostics (think Gallup Strengths, Enneagram, People Code), tips for patching your stress and feedback responses, insights into your motivators and communication style—and even an AI sidekick to coach you through tricky work scenarios. It’s all about optimizing your internal settings for smoother collaboration, no matter whose “OS” you’re up against. Watch on YouTube Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Scale YouTube Follow Joined Aug 2, 2025 More from Scale YouTube NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/pockit_tools/gpt-5-vs-claude-opus-45-vs-gemini-3-the-2026-ai-coding-model-showdown-2ofa | GPT-5 vs Claude Opus 4.5 vs Gemini 3: The 2026 AI Coding Model Showdown - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse HK Lee Posted on Jan 8 • Originally published at pockit.tools GPT-5 vs Claude Opus 4.5 vs Gemini 3: The 2026 AI Coding Model Showdown # gpt # claude # gemini # ai The AI model landscape has transformed dramatically. In just the past six months, we've witnessed the release of OpenAI's GPT-5 (August 2025), Anthropic's Claude Opus 4.5 (November 2025), and Google's Gemini 3 Flash Preview (December 2025). Each represents a generational leap in capability, particularly for software development tasks. But here's the problem every developer faces: marketing materials promise everything, benchmarks are often cherry-picked, and real-world performance can differ wildly from published scores. Which model should you actually use for your daily coding work? When should you switch between them? And is the pricing difference worth the capability gap? This guide cuts through the noise. We've tested all three models extensively on real development tasks—not artificial benchmarks—to give you practical guidance for 2026. 📌 Last Updated: January 2026. AI models evolve rapidly. Verify current capabilities and pricing on official documentation before making decisions. The Contenders: Quick Overview Before diving deep, let's establish what we're comparing: OpenAI GPT-5 / GPT-5.2 Release: GPT-5 on August 7, 2025; GPT-5.2 in December 2025 Context Window: 272,000 tokens (up from 128K in GPT-4) Variants: gpt-5, gpt-5-mini, gpt-5-nano, gpt-5-chat Key Features: Native multimodal (text, images, audio, video), integrated memory, "PhD-level" reasoning, significantly reduced hallucinations Availability: ChatGPT, API, Microsoft Copilot Anthropic Claude Opus 4.5 Release: November 24, 2025 Context Window: 200,000 tokens Variants: Claude Opus 4.5, Claude Sonnet 4.5 Key Features: Superior agentic coding, 50% token reduction vs Claude 4, sub-agent team management, extended memory with automatic summarization Availability: Claude.ai, API, Amazon Bedrock Google Gemini 3 Flash (Preview) Release: December 17, 2025 (Preview) Context Window: 1 million tokens (2 million coming soon) Variants: Gemini 3 Flash, Gemini 2.5 Pro (stable), Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite Key Features: Frontier-class visual/spatial reasoning, native "thinking model" with reasoning traces, agentic coding, 60fps video processing Availability: Google AI Studio, Vertex AI, Gemini API Benchmark Comparison: The Numbers Let's start with the cold, hard numbers from major coding benchmarks. These aren't everything, but they provide a baseline: SWE-Bench Verified (Real-World Bug Fixing) Model Score Notes Claude Opus 4.5 72.3% Best-in-class for complex multi-file fixes GPT-5 69.1% Strong on single-file issues Gemini 3 Flash 67.8% Preview version, expected to improve GPT-5.2 71.4% December update improved significantly HumanEval (Code Generation) Model Pass@1 Notes GPT-5.2 94.2% Near-ceiling performance Claude Opus 4.5 93.8% Virtually tied with GPT-5.2 Gemini 3 Flash 92.1% Strong despite preview status MBPP+ (More Diverse Python Problems) Model Score Notes Claude Opus 4.5 89.4% Particularly strong on algorithmic problems GPT-5.2 88.7% Consistent across problem types Gemini 3 Flash 86.9% Better on data processing tasks Multi-File Reasoning (Internal Testing) This is where differences become dramatic. We tested each model's ability to: Understand a 50,000+ line codebase Identify cross-file dependencies Suggest refactoring across multiple files Model Accuracy Coherence Notes Gemini 3 Flash 94% High 1M context window is game-changing Claude Opus 4.5 91% Very High Best at maintaining consistency GPT-5.2 87% Medium Context window limits hurt here Key Insight: Benchmarks tell one story, but context window size dramatically affects real-world repository work. Real-World Coding Tests Benchmarks are artificial. Here's how each model performs on actual developer tasks: Test 1: Complex Refactoring Task: Refactor a 3,000-line Express.js API to use dependency injection, add comprehensive error handling, and migrate from callbacks to async/await. GPT-5.2 Result: Completed the task in 4 iterations Missed 2 edge cases in error handling Generated clean, idiomatic code Struggled with maintaining context across files toward the end Claude Opus 4.5 Result: Completed in 3 iterations Caught all edge cases Proactively suggested additional improvements (logging, metrics) Sub-agent coordination feature was impressive for splitting work Gemini 3 Flash Result: Completed in 5 iterations Excellent at understanding the full codebase at once "Thinking" traces helped understand its reasoning Output was verbose—required trimming Winner: Claude Opus 4.5 for complex refactoring. The sub-agent capability and attention to edge cases made a real difference. Test 2: Bug Investigation Task: Given a production error log and access to a monorepo, identify the root cause of an intermittent race condition. GPT-5.2 Result: Identified the correct file within 2 prompts Required 4 more prompts to pinpoint the exact line Explanation was clear and actionable Suggested a fix that worked on first try Claude Opus 4.5 Result: Identified both the symptom AND a related latent bug Explanation included a timeline of how the race condition occurs Suggested two alternative fixes with tradeoffs Took longer but was more thorough Gemini 3 Flash Result: With the full codebase in context, found the bug in 1 prompt Cross-referenced with similar patterns elsewhere in the codebase Suggested a comprehensive fix covering all instances The 1M context window was decisive here Winner: Gemini 3 Flash for bug investigation in large codebases. Context is king. Test 3: Greenfield Feature Development Task: Build a real-time collaborative document editor with operational transformation, following a provided architecture doc. GPT-5.2 Result: Excellent at following the architectural spec precisely Generated production-quality code with good structure Required minimal back-and-forth Better at TypeScript types than competitors Claude Opus 4.5 Result: Often suggested improvements to the spec itself More verbose code but with better error handling Excellent test coverage suggestions Slower due to thoroughness Gemini 3 Flash Result: Good at rapid prototyping Sometimes deviated from spec with "improvements" Native multimodal helped when referencing UI mockups Code quality slightly below GPT-5.2 Winner: GPT-5.2 for greenfield development where you have a clear spec. Claude Opus 4.5 if you want the AI to challenge your architecture. Test 4: Code Review Task: Review a 500-line pull request with intentional security vulnerabilities, performance issues, and style problems. Model Security Issues Found Performance Issues Style Issues False Positives Claude Opus 4.5 6/6 4/5 8/10 1 GPT-5.2 5/6 5/5 7/10 2 Gemini 3 Flash 5/6 3/5 6/10 3 Winner: Claude Opus 4.5 for code review. Anthropic's focus on safety training clearly extends to security awareness. Agentic Capabilities Compared The biggest development in late 2025 was the emergence of truly agentic AI—models that can execute multi-step tasks autonomously. Here's how they compare: Claude Opus 4.5: Sub-Agent Orchestration Claude Opus 4.5 introduced a groundbreaking capability: the ability to spawn and coordinate sub-agents. In practice: You: "Refactor this authentication system to use OAuth 2.0" Claude Opus 4.5: ├── Sub-agent 1: Analyzing current auth implementation ├── Sub-agent 2: Researching OAuth 2.0 best practices ├── Sub-agent 3: Identifying affected files └── Coordinator: Merging findings and generating migration plan Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This isn't just parallel processing—the coordinator maintains consistency across sub-agent outputs. For large refactoring tasks, this reduced time-to-completion by ~40% in our testing. GPT-5.2: Integrated Memory GPT-5's "integrated memory" means it maintains context across conversations and can reference previous interactions: Session 1: "Here's my project structure..." Session 2: "Remember that auth system? Add rate limiting." [GPT-5 correctly recalls the structure without re-explanation] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is less dramatic than Claude's sub-agents but more practical for daily use. You're not constantly re-explaining your codebase. Gemini 3 Flash: Native Reasoning Traces Gemini 3's "thinking model" approach exposes its reasoning: Gemini 3: "Let me think through this step by step... 1. The error occurs in user-service.ts 2. This file imports from auth-middleware.ts 3. The middleware expects a JWT but receives undefined 4. Tracing back, the token isn't set because... [Continues visible reasoning]" Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is invaluable for learning and verification. You can see exactly where the model's logic went wrong (if it did). Context Windows: The Hidden Differentiator Context window size sounds like a spec-sheet number, but it fundamentally changes how you work: Model Context Window Practical Impact GPT-5.2 272K tokens ~200K words, ~10 large files Claude Opus 4.5 200K tokens ~150K words, ~7-8 large files Gemini 3 Flash 1M tokens ~750K words, entire medium repositories What 1M tokens enables: Paste your entire monorepo (within limits) No "summarize this first" dance Better cross-file understanding Reduced hallucination about code that's "out of context" The Gemini 3 advantage is real. For repository-wide tasks, not having to carefully select which files to include is transformative. Pricing Comparison (January 2026) Pricing changes frequently, but here's the current landscape: API Pricing (per 1M tokens) Model Input Output Cached Input GPT-5 $15 $60 $7.50 GPT-5.2 $15 $60 $7.50 GPT-5-mini $3 $12 $1.50 Claude Opus 4.5 $15 $75 $1.875 Claude Sonnet 4.5 $3 $15 $0.375 Gemini 3 Flash $1.25 $5 $0.31 Gemini 2.5 Pro $7 $21 $1.75 Subscription Tiers Service Price Models Included ChatGPT Plus $20/mo GPT-5, GPT-5.2 (usage limits) ChatGPT Pro $200/mo Unlimited GPT-5.2, o3-pro Claude Pro $20/mo Claude Opus 4.5 (usage limits) Claude Team $30/user/mo Higher limits, admin features Google One AI Premium $20/mo Gemini 3, 2TB storage Best Value: Budget coding: Gemini 3 Flash (cheapest, capable) Professional coding: Claude Sonnet 4.5 or GPT-5-mini Complex agentic tasks: Claude Opus 4.5 Maximum capability: GPT-5.2 or Claude Opus 4.5 When to Use Which Model Based on extensive testing, here are our recommendations: Use GPT-5.2 When: ✅ You have a clear specification to follow ✅ You need precise TypeScript/type generation ✅ You're building from scratch (greenfield) ✅ You need integrated memory across sessions ✅ You're using Microsoft ecosystem (Copilot integration) Use Claude Opus 4.5 When: ✅ Complex multi-file refactoring ✅ Security-sensitive code review ✅ You want the AI to challenge your assumptions ✅ Long-running agentic tasks (hours, not minutes) ✅ You need sub-agent coordination ✅ Migration projects (excellent at maintaining consistency) Use Gemini 3 Flash When: ✅ Working with large codebases (1M context) ✅ Bug hunting across many files ✅ Cost is a primary concern ✅ You need multimodal input (screenshots, diagrams) ✅ You want to see reasoning traces ✅ Rapid prototyping The Multi-Model Strategy Smart developers in 2026 don't pick one model—they use all three strategically: Daily coding (Cursor/IDE): GPT-5-mini or Claude Sonnet 4.5 Complex problems: Claude Opus 4.5 Repository-wide analysis: Gemini 3 Flash Learning/debugging: Gemini 3 Flash (for visible reasoning) Integration Points IDE Support IDE/Editor GPT-5 Claude 4.5 Gemini 3 Cursor ✅ Native ✅ Native ✅ Via API VS Code (Copilot) ✅ Native ❌ ❌ JetBrains ✅ Plugin ✅ Plugin ✅ Plugin Neovim ✅ Via API ✅ Via API ✅ Via API API Features Feature GPT-5 Claude 4.5 Gemini 3 Function Calling ✅ ✅ ✅ Streaming ✅ ✅ ✅ JSON Mode ✅ ✅ ✅ Vision ✅ ✅ ✅ Audio Input ✅ ❌ ✅ Video Input ✅ ❌ ✅ Batch Processing ✅ ✅ ✅ Prompt Caching ✅ ✅ ✅ MCP Support ✅ ✅ 🔄 Coming Looking Ahead: What's Coming The AI landscape moves fast. Here's what's likely coming in 2026: Claude 5: Expected Q1 2026 (February/March) with enhanced sustained reasoning and cross-system integration GPT-5.3 or "Garlic": Rumored for January 2026 with further efficiency improvements Gemini 3 Stable: Full release expected Q1 2026 with 2M token context The current "winner" may not hold that position for long. Build your workflows to be model-agnostic where possible. Conclusion: There Is No "Best" Model After months of testing, the unsatisfying truth is: each model excels at different things. GPT-5.2 is the reliable all-rounder with excellent TypeScript support and integrated memory Claude Opus 4.5 is the deep thinker for complex refactoring and security-conscious code Gemini 3 Flash is the context king for repository-wide understanding at unbeatable prices The pragmatic developer in 2026 treats these models as specialized tools in a toolkit, not competing products. Learn the strengths of each, and use them accordingly. Your development workflow should include access to at least two of these models. The cost of a subscription is nothing compared to the productivity gains—and even less compared to the cost of choosing the wrong model for a critical task. Model capabilities and pricing change rapidly. Check official documentation for the most current information. This comparison reflects testing conducted in December 2025 and January 2026. 🛠️ Developer Toolkit: This post first appeared on the Pockit Blog . Need a Regex Tester , JWT Decoder , or Image Converter ? Use them on Pockit.tools or install the Extension to avoid switching tabs. No signup required. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse HK Lee Follow solo web developer Joined Dec 26, 2025 More from HK Lee Vercel AI SDK Complete Guide: Building Production-Ready AI Chat Apps with Next.js # vercelaisdk # nextjs # ai # chatgpt Building AI Agents from Scratch: A Deep Dive into Function Calling, Tool Use, and Agentic Patterns # ai # llm # agents # typescript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://claude.com/solutions/life-sciences | Life sciences | Claude -------> Meet Claude Products Claude Claude Code Features Claude in Chrome Claude in Slack Claude in Excel Skills Models Opus Sonnet Haiku Platform Overview Developer docs Pricing Regional Compliance Console login Solutions Use cases AI agents Coding Industries Customer support Education Financial services Government Healthcare Life sciences Nonprofits Pricing Overview API Max plan Team plan Enterprise plan Learn Blog Courses Customer stories Events Tutorials Use cases Anthropic news Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Meet Claude Products Claude Claude Code Features Claude in Chrome Claude in Slack Claude in Excel Skills Models Opus Sonnet Haiku Platform Overview Developer docs Pricing Regional Compliance Console login Solutions Use cases AI agents Coding Industries Customer support Education Financial services Government Healthcare Life sciences Nonprofits Pricing Overview API Max plan Team plan Enterprise plan Learn Blog Courses Customer stories Events Tutorials Use cases Anthropic news Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Solutions Solutions / Life sciences Explore here Ask questions about this page Copy as markdown Accelerate science, from discovery through translation Claude helps pharma companies, biotech startups, and research institutions move faster, while maintaining the accuracy your work demands. Get started Get started Get started Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Play video Play video "At AstraZeneca, AI is a defining force reshaping how we operate across R&D end-to-end. Through R&D powered by AI, we can derive deeper biological insights that help us push the boundaries of science to deliver life-changing medicines, including novel approaches for patient selection. Claude's commitment to mechanistic interpretability provides a safe, secure, and steerable model to empower our science-first approach." Dr. Jorge Reis Filho, Chief of AI for Science Innovation, AstraZeneca R&D "By reducing manual burden and enabling greater scale across our operations, our partnership with Anthropic will empower our teams to focus more time on high-value scientific and strategic work, with the goal of accelerating our path to patient impact." Tahamtan Ahmadi, M.D., Ph.D, Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer, Genmab "Veeva AI is industry-specific agentic AI that leverages Veeva's deep applications, data, domain expertise, and Anthropic's Claude. This unique combination allows us to bring the transformative promise of AI to life sciences at scale." Andy Han, Senior Vice President, Veeva AI “Opus 4.5 is an incredible model and a great choice for computational biology. The model is excellent at coding, reasoning about biology, and understanding scientific figures.” Andrew White, CTO, Edison Scientific "Commercial pharma teams are entering an era where real-time clinical intelligence and AI agents fundamentally change how therapies reach the right patients at the right time. Anthropic's models are unmatched in their reasoning capabilities and safety design. This collaboration accelerates our shared mission to ensure that clinical-grade agentic AI becomes a trusted, transformative force across global pharma." Chris Mansi, MD, CEO and co-founder of Viz.ai “Broad Institute scientists pursue the most ambitious questions in biology and medicine, and we create and share tools to help empower scientists everywhere. We’ve been working closely with Manifold on the next generation of the Terra.bio platform—Terra Powered by Manifold. Among the most exciting of these upgrades are AI agents built on Claude that enable scientists to carry out tasks at an entirely new scale and efficiency and explore scientific domains in previously impossible ways.” Heather Jankins, Head of Data Science Platform “Accessing 10x’s single cell and spatial analysis capabilities has traditionally required computational expertise - from writing command-line scripts to managing high-performance computing systems. Now, these same tools can respond to questions asked in plain English. Using Claude, researchers can now perform common analytical tasks—including aligning reads, generating Feature Barcode matrices, performing clustering and other secondary analysis—through a conversational interface that complements traditional computational workflows, making it faster and easier for researchers to engage directly with their data. Claude lowers the barrier to entry for new users and scales to meet the needs of large-scale analyses for advanced research teams.” Serge Saxonov, Co-founder and CEO “AI in R&D only works through an ecosystem. Anthropic is doing this right, bringing together the best technologies while putting access, governance, and interoperability first. Benchling is uniquely positioned to contribute. For more than a decade, scientists have trusted us as the source of truth for experimental data and to modernize their workflows. Now we're building AI that powers this next chapter of R&D.” Ashu Singhal, Co-founder and President “Claude, paired with internal knowledge libraries, has become integral to Sanofi’s AI-driven transformation and is used by the majority of Sanofians on a daily basis within our internal Concierge app. We are seeing significant efficiency gains across the value-chain by optimizing our processes, while our enterprise-wide deployment has enhanced how our teams work. This collaboration with Anthropic augments human expertise to deliver life-changing medicines faster and more effectively to patients worldwide.” Emmanuel Frenehard, Chief Digital Officer “We’ve consistently been one of the first movers when it comes to document and content automation in pharma development. Our work with Anthropic and Claude has set a new standard—we’re not just automating tasks, we’re transforming how medicines get from discovery to the patients who need them.” Read story Read story Read story Louise Lind Skov, Director Content Digitalisation “Claude Code has become a powerful accelerator for us at Schrödinger. For the projects where it fits best, Claude Code allows us to turn ideas into working code in minutes instead of hours, enabling us to move up to 10x faster in some cases. As we continue to work with Claude, we are excited to see how we can further transform the way we build and customize our software.” Pat Lorton, Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer, and Chief Operating Officer “At Manifold, our mission is to power faster, leaner life sciences. Building with Claude has enabled us to develop AI agents that translate questions in the semantic space of scientists to execution in the technical space of specialized datasets and tools. Together, we’re transforming how life sciences R&D will happen in the years ahead.” Sourav Dey, PhD, Co-founder and Chief AI Officer “At PwC, we believe responsible AI isn’t just a technology opportunity—it’s a trust imperative. We’re proud to pair our deep sector insight with Claude’s agentic intelligence to reimagine how clinical, regulatory, and commercial teams operate. Together, we’re not just streamlining processes—we’re elevating quality, accelerating discovery, and building systems where confidence scales alongside innovation.” Matt Wood, US and Global Commercial Technology and Innovation Officer “When we set out to create an AI agent that could automate bioinformatics analyses, we focused on three key factors to decide what model provider to use: top-ranking at software development, aligned with life sciences, and support for startups. We evaluated half a dozen platforms, and it became clear that Claude was the standout leader. We’re excited to continue this collaboration and bring cutting-edge AI Agents into the world of biotech research.” Alfredo Andere, Co-founder and CEO “Claude has been an invaluable progress multiplier for Axiom as we build AI to predict drug toxicity. We’ve used billions of tokens in Claude Code, and use it to write many of our PRs. More recently, Claude agents with MCP servers have become core tools for our scientific work. With the right MCPs, Claude agents can directly query databases and storage services to interpret, transform, and test correlations in data, and help us identify what data and features are most useful for predicting clinical drug toxicity.” Alex Beatson, Co-founder “At EvolutionaryScale, we’re building next-generation AI systems to model the living world. Anthropic’s frontier models accelerate our ability to reason about complex biological data and translate it into scientific insight, helping us push the boundaries of what’s possible in life science discovery.” Sal Candido, Co-founder, Chief Technology Officer Prev Prev 0 / 5 Next Next Built for breakthrough science AI you can trust Claude models are safe, secure, and reliably accurate, so you can handle clinical trial data and proprietary compounds with confidence. Built for scientific complexity Analyze genomic data, synthesize findings across hundreds of papers, and design experiments with full citations. Claude matches the complexity of modern drug development. Made for R&D Claude connects to Benchling, PubMed, 10x Genomics, and your lab platforms—so every scientist can accelerate their work from discovery through regulatory submission. Your partner in discovery We collaborate with pharma leaders and research institutions to make sure Claude evolves with the needs of life sciences and advances real scientific discovery. Case study Novo Nordisk accelerates clinical documentation and drug development with Claude Read story Read story Read story Livestream Tune in to watch Anthropic CEO and Co-founder Dario Amodei share his vision for AI in healthcare and life sciences, along with an executive customer panel. Watch Watch Watch Prev Prev Next Next How life sciences teams use Claude Protocols Synthesis Bioinformatics Compliance Active View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt I need to draft a Phase 2 clinical protocol for our Parkinson's drug. Attached is a summary of the biologic including molecular targets, mechanism of action, and preclinical data from our Phase 1 trial. Let’s use the clinical protocol skill. Attachments PD biologic summary 1.2mb PDF Phase 1 results summary 348kb XLSX Phase 2 Clinical Trial Protocol ABX-7291 for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease | DRAFT v0.1 Study Synopsis Protocol Title: A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of ABX-7291 in Patients with Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease Sponsor: [Sponsor Name] Phase: Phase 2 Indication: Early-stage Parkinson's Disease (Hoehn & Yahr Stage 1-2) Study Duration: 24 weeks treatment + 4 weeks follow-up Objectives and Endpoints Primary Objective Evaluate the efficacy of ABX-7291 compared to placebo in reducing motor symptoms in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease. Primary Endpoint Change from baseline in MDS-UPDRS Part III (Motor Examination) score at Week 24. Secondary Endpoints Change from baseline in MDS-UPDRS Total Score at Week 24 Proportion of patients achieving ≥30% improvement in MDS-UPDRS Part III Change in PDQ-39 (Quality of Life) score at Week 24 Safety and tolerability (AEs, laboratory parameters, vital signs) Study Design This is a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Eligible patients will be randomized 1:1:1 to receive ABX-7291 low dose, ABX-7291 high dose, or placebo for 24 weeks. Sample Size and Rationale Total Enrollment: 120 patients (40 per arm) Statistical Power: 80% power at α=0.05 (two-sided) Expected Effect Size: 5-point difference in MDS-UPDRS Part III (SD=8) Dropout Assumption: 15% (based on comparable Phase 2 PD trials) Rationale: Sample size derived from analysis of 12 comparable Phase 2 trials on ClinicalTrials.gov with similar indications and endpoints. Regulatory References 21 CFR 312 (Investigational New Drug Application) FDA Guidance: Parkinson's Disease: Developing Drugs for Treatment (2023) ICH E6(R2): Good Clinical Practice ICH E9: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials Generated using Clinical Protocol Generation skill Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov (12 comparable studies), FDA guidance documents Ready for review with biostatisticians and regulatory affairs Protocol generation Draft study protocols, SOPs, and consent documents directly in Benchling. Claude structures experimental workflows while you maintain control over scientific decisions. View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt My colleagues recently published the attached single-cell dataset that describes gene expression differences between adult and pediatric liver samples with a focus on the immune system. I would like to explore these samples but focus on the parenchymal cells and differences between adult and pediatric liver. Can you help me first go through the differentially expressed genes and create a heatmap and then also identify pathways or sets of genes that are enriched in each sample? Research synthesis Survey hundreds of papers in hours instead of weeks. Claude synthesizes findings across biomedical literature, identifies contradictions, and generates testable hypotheses with verifiable citations. View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt > use the scRNA-qc skill to perform QC and filtering on the raw_feature_matrix from my experiment Now let me run the QC analysis on the raw feature matrix: Bash(python3 scripts/qc_analysis.pypbmc_test_data/raw_feature_bc_matrix.h5) ↳=========================================================== Single-Cell RNA-seq Quality Control AnalysisFollowing scVerse Best Practices … +60 lines (ctrl+o to expand) Excellent! The QC analysis completed successfully. Let me update the visualizations: Read(qc_metrics_before_filtering.png)↳ Read image (732.3KB) Read(qc_filtering_thresholds.png)↳ Read image (210KB) Read(qc_metrics_after_filtering.png)↳ Read image (1.1MB) Perfect! I've successfully completed the QC analysis on your raw feature matrix using the scRNA-qc skill. Here's a summary of the results:QC Analysis SummaryDataset: 2,700 cells × 32,738 genes (raw)Quality Metrics Detected: 13 mitochondrial genes 106 ribosomal genes 13 hemoglobin genes MAD-Based Filtering Thresholds: Total counts: 709 - 6,812 Genes detected: 367 - 1,821 Mitochondrial %: MAD threshold 3.65%, Hard threshold 8.0% Filtering Results: 266 cells removed as outliers (9.9%) 2,434 cells retained (90.1%) Gene filtering reduced from 32,738 to 9,487 genes (29.0%) Key Observations from Visualizations: Before Filtering: The data shows typical scRNA-seq quality with most cells having 1,000-2,000 counts and detecting 500-1,000 genes. Mitochondrial content is generally low (<5%), which is excellent. Thresholds: The MAD-based thresholds are permissive (5 MADs for counts/genes, 3 MADs for MT%), following scverse best practices to avoid over-filtering. After Filtering: The filtered dataset shows cleaner distributions with tighter clustering, lower mitochondrial content (mostly <3%), and good cell-gene correlation. Output Files Created: raw_feature_bc_matrix_filtered.h5ad - Clean filtered dataset ready for downstream analysis raw_feature_bc_matrix_with_qc.h5ad - Original data with QC annotations QC visualization PNGs (before/thresholds/after) The data quality looks excellent! You can now proceed with downstream analysis like normalization, dimensionality reduction, and clustering using the filtered dataset. Bioinformatics and data analysis Process genomic data and optimize analysis workflows with Claude Code. Claude presents results clearly so you can easily communicate with cross-functional teams. View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt Summarize safety findings from our phase 1 trial for the IND submission (clinical safety module). Flag any signals that need monitoring in phase 2. Attachments Adverse events report 15kb csv Clinical lab results 348kb CSV Clinical Safety Summary Module 2.7.4 | IND-2024-0892 Study Overview Drug: ABX-4721 (anti-inflammatory biologic) Phase: Phase 1 Subjects: 48 healthy volunteers Duration: 12-week duration Adverse Event Summary Total subjects with AEs: 23 (47.9%) Serious adverse events: 2 (4.2%) Discontinuations due to AEs: 1 (2.1%) Deaths: 0 Safety Signals for Phase 2 Monitoring ⚠ Hepatic Elevated ALT (>3x ULN): 3 subjects (6.3%) All resolved without intervention within 14 days → Recommend: LFT monitoring at weeks 2, 4, 8 ⚠ Injection site reactions Mild erythema: 8 subjects (16.7%) No treatment required → Recommend: Document severity grading in Phase 2 Regulatory References 21 CFR 312.32 (IND Safety Reporting) ICH E2A: Clinical Safety Data Management FDA Guidance: Premarketing Risk Assessment Generated from uploaded AE reports and lab data All source documents linked for audit trail Clinical and regulatory strategy and compliance Generate regulatory summaries and compile safety data across modules with full audit trails. Focus on scientific decisions, not document formatting. Claude connects to your research ecosystem Literature, lab notebooks, analysis platforms, all working together in one place. Explore connectors Explore connectors Explore connectors Get started with Claude Individual Team & Enterprise Active Pro For everyday productivity Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Life sciences connectors and skills Access to file creation (docs, slides, spreadsheets, and PDFs) Access to research Access to Claude Code Life sciences guides and docs Max Get the most out of Claude Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Everything in Pro, plus: Choose 5x or 20x more usage than Pro* Higher output limits for all tasks Early access to advanced Claude features Additional usage limits apply. Prices shown don’t include applicable tax. <path d="M213.34 381.59C201.84 381.8 196.1 381.67 190.35 381.55C184.6 381.41 178.86 381.29 167.35 381.32C155.84 381.32 150.07 381.2 144.25 380.98C142.79 380.92 141.33 380.86 139.75 380.76C139.57 380.75 139.14 380.73 138.81 380.7C138.46 380.67 138.11 380.64 137.75 380.61C137.05 380.52 136.28 380.54 135.63 380.33C134.97 380.15 134.21 380.04 133.61 379.75C133.31 379.6 132.94 379.54 132.68 379.32L132.26 379.02L132.23 379H132.22C132.37 378.81 132.25 378.93 132.29 378.89L132.24 378.84L132.14 378.75L131.94 378.56C131.39 378.1 131 377.5 130.72 376.76C130.42 376.04 130.21 375.21 130.04 374.34C129.88 373.47 129.75 372.53 129.65 371.66C129.61 371.31 129.57 370.95 129.54 370.58C129.51 370.29 129.49 370 129.46 369.71C129.26 367.37 129.11 364.81 128.97 361.9C128.52 350.33 128.29 344.55 128.07 338.76C127.86 332.98 127.63 327.22 127.9 315.65C128.05 309.86 128.21 305.5 128.41 301.83C128.51 299.99 128.61 298.32 128.75 296.7L128.81 296.09L128.84 295.73L128.9 295.19C128.99 294.47 129.07 293.75 129.2 293.05C129.45 291.67 129.75 290.28 130.45 289.27C130.83 288.8 131.15 288.25 131.63 287.81C132.16 287.46 132.63 287.08 133.21 286.8C134.34 286.2 135.8 285.95 137.28 285.75C | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Security Follow Hide Hopefully not just an afterthought! Create Post submission guidelines Write as you are pleased, be mindful and keep it civil. Older #security posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu KRACK Attack - When WPA2 Was Not as Safe as We Thought Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Jan 10 KRACK Attack - When WPA2 Was Not as Safe as We Thought # cybersecurity # networking # privacy # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read I asked devs to crash my App. Here's what happened in the first 24h (DDoS, Billing Limits & Error 1101) Elias Oliveira Elias Oliveira Elias Oliveira Follow Jan 10 I asked devs to crash my App. Here's what happened in the first 24h (DDoS, Billing Limits & Error 1101) # showdev # security # testing # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a Pastebin Where Even I Can't Read Your Data Ishan Naik Ishan Naik Ishan Naik Follow Jan 10 I Built a Pastebin Where Even I Can't Read Your Data # security # privacy # webdev # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Rust Ownership & Design Mistakes That Break Blockchain Programs Progress Ochuko Eyaadah Progress Ochuko Eyaadah Progress Ochuko Eyaadah Follow Jan 10 Rust Ownership & Design Mistakes That Break Blockchain Programs # blockchain # security # devsecurity # rust 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Handle Authentication for AI Agents (Without Hardcoding Cookies) jacobgadek jacobgadek jacobgadek Follow Jan 10 How to Handle Authentication for AI Agents (Without Hardcoding Cookies) # ai # python # security # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🔐 TLS Termination Models - SSL Passthrough vs SSL Termination (Offloading) vs SSL Bridging (Re-Encryption) SHARON SHAJI SHARON SHAJI SHARON SHAJI Follow Jan 10 🔐 TLS Termination Models - SSL Passthrough vs SSL Termination (Offloading) vs SSL Bridging (Re-Encryption) # architecture # networking # performance # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS Development Environment Dipali Kulshrestha Dipali Kulshrestha Dipali Kulshrestha Follow Jan 10 AWS Development Environment # architecture # aws # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building the World's First Edge-Deployed Cryptographic Audit Trail for Algorithmic Trading VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 10 Building the World's First Edge-Deployed Cryptographic Audit Trail for Algorithmic Trading # cloudflarechallenge # security # fintech # opensource Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Grok Scandal Proves AI Needs Cryptographic Audit Trails—Not Just Content Moderation VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 10 The Grok Scandal Proves AI Needs Cryptographic Audit Trails—Not Just Content Moderation # ai # security # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read Can AI Really Build Your App From Just a Vibe? Max aka Mosheh Max aka Mosheh Max aka Mosheh Follow Jan 10 Can AI Really Build Your App From Just a Vibe? # ai # productivity # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Most Node.js Authentication Projects Break in Production (Lessons From Real Systems) Pramod K B Pramod K B Pramod K B Follow Jan 9 Why Most Node.js Authentication Projects Break in Production (Lessons From Real Systems) # node # backend # opensource # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Security news weekly round-up - 9th January 2026 Habdul Hazeez Habdul Hazeez Habdul Hazeez Follow Jan 9 Security news weekly round-up - 9th January 2026 # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read What is cyber security and why is it important in today’s digital world? Ridhima Ridhima Ridhima Follow Jan 9 What is cyber security and why is it important in today’s digital world? # cybersecurity # webdev # ai # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Your AI Agents Need a Secure Sandbox runctl runctl runctl Follow Jan 10 Why Your AI Agents Need a Secure Sandbox # devops # ai # security # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 2 min read Designing Secure-by-Design Cloud Platforms for Regulated Industries Cygnet.One Cygnet.One Cygnet.One Follow Jan 10 Designing Secure-by-Design Cloud Platforms for Regulated Industries # architecture # cloud # security Comments Add Comment 8 min read Hardware Binding in C#: Choosing the Right Computer Locking Strategy Olivier Moussalli Olivier Moussalli Olivier Moussalli Follow Jan 9 Hardware Binding in C#: Choosing the Right Computer Locking Strategy # csharp # security # licensing # enterprise Comments Add Comment 6 min read Master Image Metadata: EXIF for AI Images, Privacy Protection & Photo Management Aissam Irhir Aissam Irhir Aissam Irhir Follow Jan 9 Master Image Metadata: EXIF for AI Images, Privacy Protection & Photo Management # javascript # ai # security # metadata Comments Add Comment 9 min read How No-Code Security Workflow Automation Cuts Complexity: A Step-by-Step Guide Mohamed Shaban Mohamed Shaban Mohamed Shaban Follow Jan 10 How No-Code Security Workflow Automation Cuts Complexity: A Step-by-Step Guide # security # nocode # automation # zapier Comments Add Comment 3 min read Protecting Your Website with Cloudflare: Security, Performance, and Reliability [Part 1] Bemals Dvanitha Bemals Dvanitha Bemals Dvanitha Follow Jan 9 Protecting Your Website with Cloudflare: Security, Performance, and Reliability [Part 1] # devops # security # cloudflare # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Concerning Amounts of Malware in the VS Code Marketplace: What Microsoft’s Own Logs Reveal Ishaan Agrawal Ishaan Agrawal Ishaan Agrawal Follow Jan 9 Concerning Amounts of Malware in the VS Code Marketplace: What Microsoft’s Own Logs Reveal # security # productivity # programming # backend 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Own MAC (Message Authentication Code): Part 1 - Encrypted, but Not Trusted Dmytro Huz Dmytro Huz Dmytro Huz Follow Jan 10 Building Own MAC (Message Authentication Code): Part 1 - Encrypted, but Not Trusted # webdev # programming # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read Sanctum: Cryptographically Deniable Vault System with IPFS Storage Teycir Ben Soltane Teycir Ben Soltane Teycir Ben Soltane Follow Jan 8 Sanctum: Cryptographically Deniable Vault System with IPFS Storage # webdev # programming # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why OWASP-Aligned Testing Alone Isn’t Enough and How ZeroThreat Goes Further Jigar Shah Jigar Shah Jigar Shah Follow Jan 9 Why OWASP-Aligned Testing Alone Isn’t Enough and How ZeroThreat Goes Further # devops # security # testing Comments Add Comment 4 min read Implementing Security Lake in AWS GovCloud for FedRAMP High Compliance Ophir Zahavi Ophir Zahavi Ophir Zahavi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 8 Implementing Security Lake in AWS GovCloud for FedRAMP High Compliance # security # aws # awssecuritylake # fedramp 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read I was tired of copying .env files between machines, so we built a CLI Ademijuwon Wisdom Ademijuwon Wisdom Ademijuwon Wisdom Follow Jan 8 I was tired of copying .env files between machines, so we built a CLI # python # productivity # opensource # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/scale_youtube/ndc-conferences-optimize-your-internal-os-and-minimize-compatibility-issues-at-work-alice-583n | NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Scale YouTube Posted on Nov 28, 2025 NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career # architecture Optimize Your “HumanOS” at Work Every one of us ships with a unique internal operating system—our HumanOS—built from personality traits, hardwired strengths, decision-making defaults, and emotional drivers. Alice Meredith shows you how to decode your OS using tools like Gallup Strengths, Enneagram, and The People Code, spot your default stress and feedback responses (and when they need an update), and map out your motivators, communication style, and work preferences to sidestep those “system mismatch” bugs. You’ll also learn to treat compatibility issues as misaligned software rather than personal flaws, and even plug in AI as a personal coach to fine-tune your settings. By the end, you’ll have a clearer view of your own system architecture plus digital tools to supercharge how you problem-solve, collaborate, and communicate—even when your teammates are running totally different OS versions. Watch on YouTube Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Scale YouTube Follow Joined Aug 2, 2025 More from Scale YouTube NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career NDC Conferences: Optimize Your Internal OS and Minimize Compatibility Issues at Work - Alice Meredith # career 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/#dialogs | Text-based web browsers - CSSence.com Text-based web browsers Essay January 8, 2026 Before I start, let me get two things out of the way: In this article I’m not going to include the admittedly cool browsh, because it only works by utilizing Firefox under the hood. When I say text-based, I’m talking about old-school browsers like ELinks , Lynx or w3m. These are also the three browsers I’ve used to test everything described below. The whole article ended up being a rant about how text-based browsers deal with features that got added to HTML. Or more like, how they neglect dealing with said features. Do text-based web browsers still matter? Well, I won’t be the judge of that. I like them, I have them installed, and I test every project I create in them. But they are not what I use to surf the web. Speaking of testing your creations, here’s the good news: If your project has a solid HTML foundation that you then progressively enhance with CSS and JS, you are off to a great start. How did HTML evolve in recent years? While CSS is the star of the show when it comes to new features, HTML ain’t stale either. If we put the long-awaited styleable selects and Apple’s take on toggle switches aside, there’s a lot readily available cross-browser. But here’s the thing: Whenever we say cross-browser, we usually look at the big ones, never at text-based browsers. So in this article I wanna shed some light on how they handle the following recent additions. How do text-based web browsers handle modern HTML? Added features Details Data lists Dialogs Popovers Inert content areas Hidden content Visually hidden content When viewing a web page in a text-based browser, you essentially get plain HTML, no CSS, no JS. There is some “styling”, a result of the elements’ semantics, but don’t expect anything fancy, we are down to colors, indentation, and centered text. It reminds me of what the browsers we are used to give us when they show unstyled HTML—well, HTML with the browser default styles, to be exact. That in turn reminds me of CSS Naked Day. Text-based browsers work well with good old HTML. Said recent additions however are a bit more nuanced (e.g. interactive), so let’s talk about them individually. Details Disclosure widgets are simple interactive elements we no longer need JS for. When <details> are closed, only their <summary> is shown. Text-based browsers have no clue what disclosure widgets are, so they always show the whole <details> content, meaning you always get the open state. This way things can get verbose, but in essence it’s okay. Verdict: Acceptable. Data lists Data lists can be used to add suggested values to an input field. In my tests they have been ignored entirely, Lynx even mentions that it encountered “bad HTML”, probably because it expects <option> only in a <select> parent. At least no browser rendered the options on the screen, they simply fall back to a plain <input> field, which is better than nothing. Side note: I’ve been told data lists have accessibility issues, so … Verdict: Whatever. Dialogs Yes, HTML can do modal and non-modal dialogs, and even alert dialogs, all thanks to the <dialog> element. Initially we needed JS to toggle their visibility, but with the help of the Popover API (see next chapter) we can now even get most of it done in plain HTML. Alas, once again there is no support in text-based browsers, so you’ll end up seeing all dialog content, as if they had their open attribute set. Consequently, there’s no awareness of a form’s method="dialog" nor a submit button’s formmethod="dialog" , so in both cases the form action is triggered. Verdict: Problematic. Popovers The Popover API is probably my favorite new feature, but only if you stick to regular web browsers. Given that dialogs are a type of popover, it’s no surprise that nothing works, and once again all popover content gets dumped onto the screen. By now I think you get the idea, so I won’t even talk about the Invoker Commands API at this point. Verdict: Most likely problematic. Inert content areas A modal dialog makes the rest of the page inert , so we don’t have to do it. But with the global inert attribute we can do this manually too, if we need to make certain parts of the DOM unreachable. Sure enough, text-based browsers will happily let you access interactive elements inside an inert content area. Verdict: Bad. Hidden content We’re now approaching something that is not new at all, the global hidden attribute has been supported for over a decade. It allows us to hide content in the same way as display: none , but directly in HTML. Adding support in text-based browsers has been discussed back in the day, but got rejected, hence it was never implemented. You’ll end up seeing all content marked as hidden . This is the primary reason why I started writing this article, and what enrages me the most. If I decide to hide content in HTML instead of CSS, I must have a very good reason, thus hidden content should not be visible in any browser! Certain progressive enhancement techniques work by hiding content in HTML and then making it visible via CSS or JS. That possibility goes out the window in text-based browsers. Verdict: Epic fail. 😠 🤬 Visually hidden content Just kidding, there’s still no native way in HTML to hide content visually , so we continue to rely on class names like .visually-hidden or .sr-only . No matter how they are named, they need to summon quite a few of lines of CSS to get things done. Whether there should be a native way is up for debate. Personally I would welcome a one-liner to achieve this, but it should remain in the domain of CSS. However, if we had a way in HTML, text-based browsers would display such visually hidden content anyway, that is certain. Verdict: To be continued. Now what? What now? Text-based browsers and modern HTML, no success story in sight. Given the progress we see in web technologies, the gap will only widen, so much so that w3m and its friends might fall into oblivion. Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 8, 2026 at 19:07 It’s 2026 and text-based web browsers still do not know how to handle (not so) recent additions to HTML. cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers Marius Orcsik wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:14 I think the latest text browser is chawan , which is quite good. Nathan Knowler wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:55 Interesting, it seems like w3m and lynx can display (declarative) shadow root content, but slots don’t work? Either that or they just don’t know how <template> elements work and are showing the content—but that doesn’t make sense since then the other light DOM content is being swallowed up. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 22:11 In reply to: @knowler.dev . Oof! That rabbit hole wasn’t even on my radar. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 06:28 If you don’t care about text-based web browsers (I can’t blame you), this article doubles as a list of all the cool stuff that got added to HTML. Get involved Have your say on Mastodon, or simply share this article. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on January 8, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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https://claude.com/solutions/education | Education | Claude -------> Meet Claude Products Claude Claude Code Features Claude in Chrome Claude in Slack Claude in Excel Skills Models Opus Sonnet Haiku Platform Overview Developer docs Pricing Regional Compliance Console login Solutions Use cases AI agents Coding Industries Customer support Education Financial services Government Healthcare Life sciences Nonprofits Pricing Overview API Max plan Team plan Enterprise plan Learn Blog Courses Customer stories Events Tutorials Use cases Anthropic news Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Meet Claude Products Claude Claude Code Features Claude in Chrome Claude in Slack Claude in Excel Skills Models Opus Sonnet Haiku Platform Overview Developer docs Pricing Regional Compliance Console login Solutions Use cases AI agents Coding Industries Customer support Education Financial services Government Healthcare Life sciences Nonprofits Pricing Overview API Max plan Team plan Enterprise plan Learn Blog Courses Customer stories Events Tutorials Use cases Anthropic news Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Contact sales Contact sales Contact sales Try Claude Try Claude Try Claude Solutions Solutions / Education Explore here Ask questions about this page Copy as markdown Navigating AI in education together Navigating AI in education together Claude helps universities maintain academic integrity while incorporating AI tools in education, with Anthropic’s commitment to safety. Contact our Education team Contact our Education team Contact our Education team Our commitment to responsible AI in education At Anthropic, we believe AI has the power to fundamentally transform education for the better, but only if educators and universities lead the charge. We develop Claude with powerful safeguards to ensure it remains a beneficial tool for students, faculty, and administrators. Design for
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ensure security We only use data to train our generative models when given permission, and we maintain security standards that meet your compliance needs. Provide transparency We share what Claude can (and can’t) do honestly, empowering you to make informed decisions about how AI fits into your educational environment. Claude for education A comprehensive university-wide plan for institutions, including its students, faculty, and staff. Contact our Education team Contact our Education team Contact our Education team For students Claude’s learning mode works like a tutor—it asks the questions that help you find the answers yourself. For educators Anthropic provides training resources and ongoing support for practical implementation. For administrators Claude helps you scale personalized support across thousands of students. How can I help? I’m writing an essay. After each paragraph I write, analyze it for 1) clarity, 2) evidence quality, 3) logic. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude How can I help? Review this grant proposal draft and suggest stronger evidence for the methodology section. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude How can I help? Create a budget narrative explaining why we need three new positions in data science. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Prev Prev Next Next Prev Prev Next Next Resources for students, educators, and administrators Everything you need to integrate AI thoughtfully into your educational environment. AI Fluency for students Anthropic Academy AI Fluency for students AI Fluency for students AI Fluency for educators Anthropic Academy AI Fluency for educators AI Fluency for educators Teaching AI Fluency Anthropic Academy Teaching AI Fluency Teaching AI Fluency AI Fluency: Framework & Foundations Anthropic Academy AI Fluency: Framework & Foundations AI Fluency: Framework & Foundations How Claude works
for education Built to strengthen thinking, not replace it. Claude helps students and faculty develop transferable skills through guided discovery and real-world application. A thinking partner—not answer machine Claude’s learning mode represents our commitment to education's true purpose: developing capable, independent thinkers. Guides discovery rather than answering directly Develops thinking through Socratic questioning Focuses on principles instead of solutions Provides templates for research, study guides, and more View prompt View prompt View prompt Prompt > claude fix the authentication error in our login flow I'll investigate the auth error. Let me look at the relevant files. Examining auth-related files... * src/services/authService.js * src/components/Login.jsx * src/store/authSlice.js Running the login flow... Error detected: "401 Unauthorized: Token expired" Root cause: * Token refresh mechanism not handling expired tokens correctly * Refresh token missing from request header * Improper error handling for 401 responses Updating authService.js with proper refresh logic... Updating request interceptor for 401 handling... Testing the fix... * Login successful ✓ * Token refresh working ✓ * Proper redirection on expired tokens ✓ Authentication error fixed! The login flow now properly handles token expiration. Claude Code: Where students learn to code Students across disciplines need coding literacy. Claude Code works like a scaled apprenticeship, pairing with students in development environments to show how professional programmers think through real problems. Learn more Learn more Learn more Claude API for research and tools Faculty use the Claude API to accelerate research—analyzing datasets, exploring theoretical questions, and processing volumes of text. The same API enables building learning tools that ask better questions and create adaptive assignments. Learn more Learn more Learn more Connected to your educational ecosystem Apply for our fall 2025 student programs Apply now Apply now Apply now Try Claude Get to know Claude by trying a few sample prompts. Students Educators Administrators Active Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Ask Claude Ask Claude Ask Claude Homepage Homepage Next Next Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Write Button Text Button Text Learn Button Text Button Text Code Button Text Button Text Write Help me develop a unique voice for an audience Hi Claude! Could you help me develop a unique voice for an audience? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Improve my writing style Hi Claude! Could you improve my writing style? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Brainstorm creative ideas Hi Claude! Could you brainstorm creative ideas? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Learn Explain a complex topic simply Hi Claude! Could you explain a complex topic simply? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Help me make sense of these ideas Hi Claude! Could you help me make sense of these ideas? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Prepare for an exam or interview Hi Claude! Could you prepare for an exam or interview? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Code Explain a programming concept Hi Claude! Could you explain a programming concept? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Look over my code and give me tips Hi Claude! Could you look over my code and give me tips? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! Vibe code with me Hi Claude! Could you vibe code with me? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to— like Google Drive, web search, etc.—if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can—an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! More Write case studies This is another test Write grant proposals Hi Claude! Could you write grant proposals? If you need more information from me, ask me 1-2 key questions right away. If you think I should upload any documents that would help you do a better job, let me know. You can use the tools you have access to — like Google Drive, web search, etc. — if they’ll help you better accomplish this task. Do not use analysis tool. Please keep your responses friendly, brief and conversational. Please execute the task as soon as you can - an artifact would be great if it makes sense. If using an artifact, consider what kind of artifact (interactive, visual, checklist, etc.) might be most helpful for this specific task. Thanks for your help! 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https://dev.to/terieyenike/how-to-scrape-any-website-using-bright-data-mcp-server-and-ai-agents-ecj | How to Scrape Any Website Using Bright Data MCP Server and AI Agents - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse oteri Posted on Jan 9 • Originally published at iamteri.tech How to Scrape Any Website Using Bright Data MCP Server and AI Agents # python # ai # development # opensource I came across the Bright Data MCP (model context protocol) server from Noah Kalson and decided to try my hands on this incredible tool. Bright Data MCP server is a unified, AI-ready access layer that provides seamless, scalable, and unblockable access to any public websites enabling LLMs, agents and apps to access, discover and extract web data in real-time. The common problem I found worthy of solving was to scrape a public website like Nike.com particularly sneakers for men and have it readily available for users to view showcasing details like the product item, price, availability, and product link. So I built this all in one tool that allows for the extraction of its data without any restriction because with Bright Data MCP, your applications can effortlessly retrieve both static and dynamic content from across the web, eliminating the need to build or maintain complex data scraping and unlocking infrastructure. For technologies used in the project, I used: LangChain : allows for the connection to multiple servers or LLM providers at the same time. LangGraph : connects to all the request points or nodes together. next.js : A React framework for building scalable and user friendly UI interface Python : for the backend using FastAPI. Claude (Anthropic API): to orchestrate multiple operation. Here's a walkthrough of the final product in this demo . The code is public for viewing, check this repo . Let me know what you think by giving this app a try and searching for your favorite Nike sneaker. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse oteri Follow Software Engineer 🛠️ | Prompt Engineer | Technical Writer Location Nigeria Education University of Nigeria Work Technical Writer Joined Apr 17, 2019 More from oteri Build in Public (Data Engineering): Day Zero # buildinpublic # python # learning # development Build a Serverless Distance Calculator on AWS (Amplify, Lambda, API Gateway & DynamoDB) # aws # javascript # python # serverless Build a Content-Aware Media Cropper Using AI, Cloudinary, and Streamlit # python # tutorial # programming # ai 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/#inert-content-areas | Text-based web browsers - CSSence.com Text-based web browsers Essay January 8, 2026 Before I start, let me get two things out of the way: In this article I’m not going to include the admittedly cool browsh, because it only works by utilizing Firefox under the hood. When I say text-based, I’m talking about old-school browsers like ELinks , Lynx or w3m. These are also the three browsers I’ve used to test everything described below. The whole article ended up being a rant about how text-based browsers deal with features that got added to HTML. Or more like, how they neglect dealing with said features. Do text-based web browsers still matter? Well, I won’t be the judge of that. I like them, I have them installed, and I test every project I create in them. But they are not what I use to surf the web. Speaking of testing your creations, here’s the good news: If your project has a solid HTML foundation that you then progressively enhance with CSS and JS, you are off to a great start. How did HTML evolve in recent years? While CSS is the star of the show when it comes to new features, HTML ain’t stale either. If we put the long-awaited styleable selects and Apple’s take on toggle switches aside, there’s a lot readily available cross-browser. But here’s the thing: Whenever we say cross-browser, we usually look at the big ones, never at text-based browsers. So in this article I wanna shed some light on how they handle the following recent additions. How do text-based web browsers handle modern HTML? Added features Details Data lists Dialogs Popovers Inert content areas Hidden content Visually hidden content When viewing a web page in a text-based browser, you essentially get plain HTML, no CSS, no JS. There is some “styling”, a result of the elements’ semantics, but don’t expect anything fancy, we are down to colors, indentation, and centered text. It reminds me of what the browsers we are used to give us when they show unstyled HTML—well, HTML with the browser default styles, to be exact. That in turn reminds me of CSS Naked Day. Text-based browsers work well with good old HTML. Said recent additions however are a bit more nuanced (e.g. interactive), so let’s talk about them individually. Details Disclosure widgets are simple interactive elements we no longer need JS for. When <details> are closed, only their <summary> is shown. Text-based browsers have no clue what disclosure widgets are, so they always show the whole <details> content, meaning you always get the open state. This way things can get verbose, but in essence it’s okay. Verdict: Acceptable. Data lists Data lists can be used to add suggested values to an input field. In my tests they have been ignored entirely, Lynx even mentions that it encountered “bad HTML”, probably because it expects <option> only in a <select> parent. At least no browser rendered the options on the screen, they simply fall back to a plain <input> field, which is better than nothing. Side note: I’ve been told data lists have accessibility issues, so … Verdict: Whatever. Dialogs Yes, HTML can do modal and non-modal dialogs, and even alert dialogs, all thanks to the <dialog> element. Initially we needed JS to toggle their visibility, but with the help of the Popover API (see next chapter) we can now even get most of it done in plain HTML. Alas, once again there is no support in text-based browsers, so you’ll end up seeing all dialog content, as if they had their open attribute set. Consequently, there’s no awareness of a form’s method="dialog" nor a submit button’s formmethod="dialog" , so in both cases the form action is triggered. Verdict: Problematic. Popovers The Popover API is probably my favorite new feature, but only if you stick to regular web browsers. Given that dialogs are a type of popover, it’s no surprise that nothing works, and once again all popover content gets dumped onto the screen. By now I think you get the idea, so I won’t even talk about the Invoker Commands API at this point. Verdict: Most likely problematic. Inert content areas A modal dialog makes the rest of the page inert , so we don’t have to do it. But with the global inert attribute we can do this manually too, if we need to make certain parts of the DOM unreachable. Sure enough, text-based browsers will happily let you access interactive elements inside an inert content area. Verdict: Bad. Hidden content We’re now approaching something that is not new at all, the global hidden attribute has been supported for over a decade. It allows us to hide content in the same way as display: none , but directly in HTML. Adding support in text-based browsers has been discussed back in the day, but got rejected, hence it was never implemented. You’ll end up seeing all content marked as hidden . This is the primary reason why I started writing this article, and what enrages me the most. If I decide to hide content in HTML instead of CSS, I must have a very good reason, thus hidden content should not be visible in any browser! Certain progressive enhancement techniques work by hiding content in HTML and then making it visible via CSS or JS. That possibility goes out the window in text-based browsers. Verdict: Epic fail. 😠 🤬 Visually hidden content Just kidding, there’s still no native way in HTML to hide content visually , so we continue to rely on class names like .visually-hidden or .sr-only . No matter how they are named, they need to summon quite a few of lines of CSS to get things done. Whether there should be a native way is up for debate. Personally I would welcome a one-liner to achieve this, but it should remain in the domain of CSS. However, if we had a way in HTML, text-based browsers would display such visually hidden content anyway, that is certain. Verdict: To be continued. Now what? What now? Text-based browsers and modern HTML, no success story in sight. Given the progress we see in web technologies, the gap will only widen, so much so that w3m and its friends might fall into oblivion. Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 8, 2026 at 19:07 It’s 2026 and text-based web browsers still do not know how to handle (not so) recent additions to HTML. cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers Marius Orcsik wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:14 I think the latest text browser is chawan , which is quite good. Nathan Knowler wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:55 Interesting, it seems like w3m and lynx can display (declarative) shadow root content, but slots don’t work? Either that or they just don’t know how <template> elements work and are showing the content—but that doesn’t make sense since then the other light DOM content is being swallowed up. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 22:11 In reply to: @knowler.dev . Oof! That rabbit hole wasn’t even on my radar. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 06:28 If you don’t care about text-based web browsers (I can’t blame you), this article doubles as a list of all the cool stuff that got added to HTML. Get involved Have your say on Mastodon, or simply share this article. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on January 8, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Open Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. 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https://cssence.com/2024/native-visually-hidden/ | Native visually hidden - CSSence.com Native visually hidden Essay April 10, 2024 Another CSS Naked Day is about to end. Once again it’s been a delight to find like-minded people by following the #CssNakedDay and #css_naked_day hashtags. Line length has been the only downside of the day, but even that could’ve been mitigated by looking at sites on mobile only. Some people admitted to cheating. Usually for a good cause, e.g. charts that would otherwise have been inaccessible. On one site however (I forgot which) it was about something as simple as keeping the styles for the .visually-hidden class in. This reminded me of last year’s debate whether we need a native visually hidden in HTML or CSS. So I did some searching online, and collected the results by compiling a list of links, because without doing that I’m fairly certain I’ll end up doing the same search next year. In a nutshell, good points have been made on both sides. Proponents usually argue this is such an established pattern, and universally needed, so the way to style it shouldn’t be a mess. But it is, and always has been, even back when we still called it .sr-only . Their point is, a CSS one-liner would certainly help. The biggest counterargument is that .visually-hidden is a code smell for not-so-great design: How about *not* hiding the content for *everyone* in the first place? All in favor I think it was Ben Myers who started the debate by making the initial case for it: »Native visually hidden« . Ben’s pal W. Evan Sheehan followed up with his thoughtful take: »Web Native “Visually Hidden”« . Even though not part of last year’s debate, this list wouldn’t be complete without mentioning »Inclusively hidden« by Scott O’Hara, which he wrote in 2017. All opposed I only brought up Scott to bring him in again on this side. He wrote so so many words , and those words ended up being the poster-child argument against a native way: »Visually hidden content is a hack that needs to be resolved, not enshrined« . Conclusion? None. I’m torn too. The debate will continue. Let me end this piece with some neutral information. In Bootstrap (at least in versions 3, 4 and 5), you’ll find a helper class to hide content visually. James Edwards wrote about »The anatomy of visually hidden« . His article contains a reference to a discovery by Manuel Matuzović: »Visually hidden links with 0 dimensions« . Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on April 10, 2024 at 07:19 Another CSS Naked Day is about to end. Once again it’s been a delight to find like-minded people by following the #CssNakedDay and #css_naked_day hashtags. Line length has been the only downside of the day, but even that could’ve been mitigated by looking at sites on mobile only. Some people admitted to cheating. Usually for a good cause, e.g. charts that would otherwise have been inaccessible. On one site however (I forgot which) it was about something as simple as … — cssence.com/2024/native-visually-hidden Roma Komarov wrote on April 10, 2024 at 10:22 And another quick example, after reading today’s post by @CSSence. A visually-hidden CSS mixin: codepen.io/kizu/pen/PogeBNd Took the code from @ben@a11y.info, and wrapped it with my layered toggles. Now, just adding --visually: var(--hidden); to any element makes it visually hidden. Matthias Zöchling wrote on April 10, 2024 at 11:32 In reply to: @kizu@front-end.social . Oh my goodness, you keep churning out next-level stuff. I still have the tab open with your original post that I haven’t read yet. And another tab with that ellipsis thing from @hi_mayank@hachyderm.io, it all seems to be 🤯. Michael Gehrmann wrote on December 8, 2024 at 08:54 .visually-hidden , a code smell for not-so-great design? It feels conflicting. But it ties in with some discussions I have had recently. Essentially, visual and auditory perception of content can be quite different. For me, “visually hidden” works like the counterpart of decorative image patterns. Matthias Zöchling wrote on December 8, 2024 at 09:18 In reply to: @g12n.de . Essentially, visual and auditory perception of content can be quite different. Nicely put. I’ll admit that .visually-hidden has its uses. Michael Gehrmann wrote on December 8, 2024 at 10:47 In reply to: @cssence.com . We can be a bit kinder to ourselves sometimes. The web is the only medium that tries to be universally accessible. For any human and even robots. Get involved Have your say on Mastodon, or simply share this article. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on April 10, 2024 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/2024/native-visually-hidden/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden | HTML hidden global attribute - HTML | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web HTML Reference Global attributes hidden Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) 中文 (简体) HTML hidden global attribute The hidden global attribute is an enumerated attribute indicating that the browser should not render the contents of the element. For example, it can be used to hide elements of the page that can't be used until the login process has been completed. In this article Try it Description Usage notes Examples Specifications Browser compatibility See also Try it <p> This content should be read right now, as it is important. I am so glad you are able to find it! </p> <p hidden> This content is not relevant to this page right now, so should not be seen. Nothing to see here. Nada. </p> p { background: #ffe8d4; border: 1px solid #f69d3c; padding: 5px; border-radius: 5px; } Description The hidden attribute indicates that the content of an element should not be presented to the user. The attribute takes any one of the following values: the keyword hidden the keyword until-found an empty string or no value Invalid hidden attribute values also place the element in the hidden state. Therefore, all the following elements are in the hidden state: html <span hidden>I'm hidden</span> <span hidden="">I'm also hidden</span> <span hidden="hidden">I'm hidden too!</span> <span hidden="bananas">I'm equally as hidden!</span> The keyword until-found sets the element to the hidden until found state: html <span hidden="until-found">I'm hidden until found</span> The hidden state The hidden state indicates that the element is not currently relevant to the page, or that it is being used to declare content for reuse by other parts of the page and should not be directly presented to the user. The browser will not render elements that are in the hidden state. Web browsers may implement the hidden state using display: none , in which case the element will not participate in page layout. Additionally, changing the value of the CSS display property on a hidden element will override the hidden state. For instance, elements styled display: block will be displayed despite the hidden attribute's presence. The hidden until found state In the hidden until found state, the element is hidden but its content will be accessible to the browser's "Find in page" feature or to fragment navigation. When these features cause a scroll to an element in a hidden until found subtree, the browser will: Fire a beforematch event on the hidden element Remove the hidden attribute from the element Scroll to the element This lets you collapse a section of content while still allowing users to find it through search or navigation. Browsers typically implement hidden until found using content-visibility: hidden . This means that, unlike elements in the hidden state, elements in the hidden until-found state generate boxes, and: they participate in page layout their margin, borders, padding, and background are rendered Also, the element needs to be affected by layout containment in order to be revealed. If the element in the hidden until found state has a display value of none , contents , or inline , then the element will not be revealed by "Find in page" or fragment navigation. Usage notes The hidden attribute must not be used to hide content just from one presentation. If something is marked hidden, it is hidden from all presentations, including, for instance, screen readers. Hidden elements shouldn't be linked from visible elements unless using hidden="until-found" . For example, it would be incorrect to use the href attribute to link to a section with the hidden attribute. If the content is not applicable or relevant, it shouldn't be linked. It is fine, however, to use the ARIA aria-describedby attribute to refer to hidden descriptions. While hiding the descriptions implies that they're not useful on their own, they can provide helpful context when referenced in this way. Similarly, a canvas element with the hidden attribute could be used by a scripted graphics engine as an off-screen buffer, and a form control could refer to a hidden form element using its form attribute. Finally, note that elements that are descendants of a hidden element are still active, which means that script elements can still execute, and form elements can still submit: html <div hidden> <script> console.warn("Boo! I'm hidden *and* running!"); </script> </div> Examples Using the hidden attribute In this example, we have three <div> elements. The first and the third are not hidden, while the second has a hidden attribute. Note that the hidden element has no generated box. html <div>I'm not hidden</div> <div hidden>I'm hiding!</div> <div>I'm not hidden, either</div> div { height: 40px; width: 300px; border: 5px dashed black; margin: 1rem 0; padding: 1rem; font-size: 2rem; } Using the until-found value In this example, we have three <div> elements. The first and the third are visible, while the second has the hidden="until-found" and id="until-found-box" attributes. The element with a until-found-box id has a dotted red border and a gray background. We also have a link that targets the "until-found-box" fragment and JavaScript that listens for the beforematch event firing on that hidden element. The event handler changes the text content of the box to illustrate an action that can occur when the hidden until found state is about to be removed. HTML html <a href="#until-found-box">Go to hidden content</a> <div>I'm not hidden</div> <div id="until-found-box" hidden="until-found">Hidden until found</div> <div>I'm hidden</div> <button id="reset">Reset</button> CSS css div { height: 40px; width: 300px; border: 5px dashed black; margin: 1rem 0; padding: 1rem; font-size: 2rem; } div#until-found-box { color: red; border: 5px dotted red; background-color: lightgray; } #until-found-box { scroll-margin-top: 200px; } JavaScript js const untilFound = document.querySelector("#until-found-box"); untilFound.addEventListener( "beforematch", () => (untilFound.textContent = "I've been revealed!"), ); document.querySelector("#reset").addEventListener("click", () => { document.location.hash = ""; document.location.reload(); }); Result Clicking the "Go to hidden content" link navigates to the hidden until found element. The beforematch event fires, the text content is updated, and the element becomes visible. Note that although the content of the element is hidden, the element still has a generated box, occupying space in the layout and with background and borders rendered. To run the example again, click "Reset". Specifications Specification HTML # the-hidden-attribute Browser compatibility Enable JavaScript to view this browser compatibility table. See also HTMLElement.hidden All global attributes The aria-hidden attribute The beforematch event Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 7, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar HTML Guides Cheatsheet Comments Constraint validation Content categories Date and time formats Microdata Microformats Quirks and standards modes Responsive images How to Define terms with HTML Use data attributes Use cross-origin images Add a hitmap on top of an image Author fast-loading HTML pages Add JavaScript Reference Elements <a> <abbr> <acronym> Deprecated <address> <area> <article> <aside> <audio> <b> <base> <bdi> <bdo> <big> Deprecated <blockquote> <body> <br> <button> <canvas> <caption> <center> Deprecated <cite> <code> <col> <colgroup> <data> <datalist> <dd> <del> <details> <dfn> <dialog> <dir> Deprecated <div> <dl> <dt> <em> <embed> <fencedframe> Experimental <fieldset> <figcaption> <figure> <font> Deprecated <footer> <form> <frame> Deprecated <frameset> Deprecated <h1> <head> <header> <hgroup> <hr> <html> <i> <iframe> <img> <input> <ins> <kbd> <label> <legend> <li> <link> <main> <map> <mark> <marquee> Deprecated <menu> <meta> <meter> <nav> <nobr> Deprecated <noembed> Deprecated <noframes> Deprecated <noscript> <object> <ol> <optgroup> <option> <output> <p> <param> Deprecated <picture> <plaintext> Deprecated <pre> <progress> <q> <rb> Deprecated <rp> <rt> <rtc> Deprecated <ruby> <s> <samp> <script> <search> <section> <select> <selectedcontent> Experimental <slot> <small> <source> <span> <strike> Deprecated <strong> <style> <sub> <summary> <sup> <table> <tbody> <td> <template> <textarea> <tfoot> <th> <thead> <time> <title> <tr> <track> <tt> Deprecated <u> <ul> <var> <video> <wbr> <xmp> Deprecated Attributes accept autocomplete capture content crossorigin dirname disabled elementtiming fetchpriority for form max maxlength min minlength multiple pattern placeholder readonly rel required size step Global attributes accesskey anchor Experimental Non-standard autocapitalize autocorrect autofocus class contenteditable data-* dir draggable enterkeyhint exportparts hidden id inert inputmode is itemid itemprop itemref itemscope itemtype lang nonce part popover slot spellcheck style tabindex title translate virtualkeyboardpolicy Experimental writingsuggestions Attributes by element <input> type <input type="button"> <input type="checkbox"> <input type="color"> <input type="date"> <input type="datetime-local"> <input type="email"> <input type="file"> <input type="hidden"> <input type="image"> <input type="month"> <input type="number"> <input type="password"> <input type="radio"> <input type="range"> <input type="reset"> <input type="search"> <input type="submit"> <input type="tel"> <input type="text"> <input type="time"> <input type="url"> <input type="week"> <script> type importmap speculationrules Experimental <meta> name color-scheme referrer robots theme-color viewport <meta> http-equiv Attribute values rel keywords rel="alternate stylesheet" rel="compression-dictionary" Experimental rel="dns-prefetch" rel="manifest" rel="me" rel="modulepreload" rel="noopener" rel="noreferrer" rel="preconnect" rel="prefetch" rel="preload" rel="prerender" Non-standard Deprecated Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Elements/datalist | <datalist>: The HTML Data List element - HTML | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web HTML Reference Elements <datalist> Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) <datalist>: The HTML Data List element Limited availability This feature is not Baseline because it does not work in some of the most widely-used browsers. Learn more See full compatibility Report feedback The <datalist> HTML element contains a set of <option> elements that represent the permissible or recommended options available to choose from within other controls. In this article Try it Attributes Accessibility Examples Technical summary Specifications Browser compatibility See also Try it <label for="ice-cream-choice">Choose a flavor:</label> <input list="ice-cream-flavors" id="ice-cream-choice" name="ice-cream-choice" /> <datalist id="ice-cream-flavors"> <option value="Chocolate"></option> <option value="Coconut"></option> <option value="Mint"></option> <option value="Strawberry"></option> <option value="Vanilla"></option> </datalist> label { display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; } To bind the <datalist> element to the control, we give it a unique identifier in the id attribute, and then add the list attribute to the <input> element with the same identifier as value. Only certain types of <input> support this behavior, and it can also vary from browser to browser. Each <option> element should have a value attribute, which represents a suggestion to be entered into the input. It can also have a label attribute, or, missing that, some text content, which may be displayed by the browser instead of value (Firefox), or in addition to value (Chrome and Safari, as supplemental text). The exact content of the drop-down menu depends on the browser, but when clicked, content entered into control field will always come from the value attribute. Note: <datalist> is not a replacement for <select> . A <datalist> does not represent an input itself; it is a list of suggested values for an associated control. The control can still accept any value that passes validation, even if it is not in this suggestion list. Attributes This element has no other attributes than the global attributes , common to all elements. Accessibility When deciding to use the <datalist> element, here are some accessibility issues to be mindful of: The font size of the data list's options does not zoom, always remaining the same size. The contents of the autosuggest do not grow or shrink when the rest of the contents are zoomed in or out. As targeting the list of options with CSS is very limited to non-existent, rendering can not be styled for high-contrast mode. Some screen reader/browser combinations, including NVDA and Firefox, do not announce the contents of the autosuggest popup. Examples Textual types Recommended values in types text , search , url , tel , email and number , are displayed in a drop-down menu when user clicks or double-clicks on the control. Typically the right side of a control will also have an arrow pointing to the presence of predefined values. html <label for="myBrowser">Choose a browser from this list:</label> <input list="browsers" id="myBrowser" name="myBrowser" /> <datalist id="browsers"> <option value="Chrome"></option> <option value="Firefox"></option> <option value="Opera"></option> <option value="Safari"></option> <option value="Microsoft Edge"></option> </datalist> Date and Time types The types month , week , date , time and datetime-local can show an interface that allows a convenient selection of a date and time. Predefined values can be shown there, allowing the user to quickly fill the control value. Note: When these types are not supported, a basic text type will be rendered instead, creating a text field. That field will correctly recognize recommended values and display them to the user in a drop-down menu. html <input type="time" list="popularHours" /> <datalist id="popularHours"> <option value="12:00"></option> <option value="13:00"></option> <option value="14:00"></option> </datalist> Range type When value attributes are included on <option> elements provided for a datalist associated with a range input type, they will be shown as a series of tick marks that the user can easily select. html <label for="tick">Tip amount:</label> <input type="range" list="tickmarks" min="0" max="100" id="tick" name="tick" /> <datalist id="tickmarks"> <option value="0" label="0%"></option> <option value="10" label="Minimum Tip"></option> <option value="20" label="Standard"></option> <option value="30" label="Generous"></option> <option value="50" label="Very Generous"></option> </datalist> Note: The label attribute is intended to provide labels for tick marks, as defined in the HTML Standard . However, current browser support varies; labels might not be displayed visually or as tooltips. Color type The color type can show predefined colors in a browser-provided interface. html <label for="colors">Pick a color (preferably a red tone):</label> <input type="color" list="redColors" id="colors" /> <datalist id="redColors"> <option value="#800000"></option> <option value="#8B0000"></option> <option value="#A52A2A"></option> <option value="#DC143C"></option> </datalist> Technical summary Content categories Flow content , phrasing content . Permitted content Either phrasing content or zero or more <option> elements. Tag omission None, both the starting and ending tag are mandatory. Permitted parents Any element that accepts phrasing content . Implicit ARIA role listbox Permitted ARIA roles No role permitted DOM interface HTMLDataListElement Specifications Specification HTML # the-datalist-element Browser compatibility Enable JavaScript to view this browser compatibility table. See also The <input> element, and more specifically its list attribute; The <option> element. Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Jul 9, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar HTML Guides Cheatsheet Comments Constraint validation Content categories Date and time formats Microdata Microformats Quirks and standards modes Responsive images How to Define terms with HTML Use data attributes Use cross-origin images Add a hitmap on top of an image Author fast-loading HTML pages Add JavaScript Reference Elements <a> <abbr> <acronym> Deprecated <address> <area> <article> <aside> <audio> <b> <base> <bdi> <bdo> <big> Deprecated <blockquote> <body> <br> <button> <canvas> <caption> <center> Deprecated <cite> <code> <col> <colgroup> <data> <datalist> <dd> <del> <details> <dfn> <dialog> <dir> Deprecated <div> <dl> <dt> <em> <embed> <fencedframe> Experimental <fieldset> <figcaption> <figure> <font> Deprecated <footer> <form> <frame> Deprecated <frameset> Deprecated <h1> <head> <header> <hgroup> <hr> <html> <i> <iframe> <img> <input> <ins> <kbd> <label> <legend> <li> <link> <main> <map> <mark> <marquee> Deprecated <menu> <meta> <meter> <nav> <nobr> Deprecated <noembed> Deprecated <noframes> Deprecated <noscript> <object> <ol> <optgroup> <option> <output> <p> <param> Deprecated <picture> <plaintext> Deprecated <pre> <progress> <q> <rb> Deprecated <rp> <rt> <rtc> Deprecated <ruby> <s> <samp> <script> <search> <section> <select> <selectedcontent> Experimental <slot> <small> <source> <span> <strike> Deprecated <strong> <style> <sub> <summary> <sup> <table> <tbody> <td> <template> <textarea> <tfoot> <th> <thead> <time> <title> <tr> <track> <tt> Deprecated <u> <ul> <var> <video> <wbr> <xmp> Deprecated Attributes accept autocomplete capture content crossorigin dirname disabled elementtiming fetchpriority for form max maxlength min minlength multiple pattern placeholder readonly rel required size step Global attributes accesskey anchor Experimental Non-standard autocapitalize autocorrect autofocus class contenteditable data-* dir draggable enterkeyhint exportparts hidden id inert inputmode is itemid itemprop itemref itemscope itemtype lang nonce part popover slot spellcheck style tabindex title translate virtualkeyboardpolicy Experimental writingsuggestions Attributes by element <input> type <input type="button"> <input type="checkbox"> <input type="color"> <input type="date"> <input type="datetime-local"> <input type="email"> <input type="file"> <input type="hidden"> <input type="image"> <input type="month"> <input type="number"> <input type="password"> <input type="radio"> <input type="range"> <input type="reset"> <input type="search"> <input type="submit"> <input type="tel"> <input type="text"> <input type="time"> <input type="url"> <input type="week"> <script> type importmap speculationrules Experimental <meta> name color-scheme referrer robots theme-color viewport <meta> http-equiv Attribute values rel keywords rel="alternate stylesheet" rel="compression-dictionary" Experimental rel="dns-prefetch" rel="manifest" rel="me" rel="modulepreload" rel="noopener" rel="noreferrer" rel="preconnect" rel="prefetch" rel="preload" rel="prerender" Non-standard Deprecated Your blueprint for a better internet. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Yusuf B for SleekCMS Posted on Jan 11 Adding SEO to a SleekCMS site # seo # sleekcms # wordpress # webdev Building a website using SleekCMS static site builder is simple. In this post, I will provide the steps to SEO-enable your website in a few quick steps. First, let's start by creating a Block named SEO. The following could be the schema for the block. title : text description : text image : image keywords : text no_index : boolean no_follow : boolean Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now, let's attach an EJS template to this block using built-in utility methods. <% if ( item . no_index ) { meta ({ name : " robots " , content : " noindex " }); } if ( item . no_follow ) { meta ({ name : " robots " , content : " nofollow " }); } let path = path ( item ); if ( path ) { meta ({ rel : " canonical " , href : path }); } if ( item . title ) { meta ({ property : " og:title " , content : item . title }); meta ({ name : " twitter:title " , content : item . title }); title ( item . title ); } if ( item . description ) { meta ({ name : " description " , content : item . description }); meta ({ property : " og:description " , content : item . description }); meta ({ name : " twitter:description " , content : item . description }); } if ( item . image && item . image . url ) { meta ({ property : " og:image " , content : img ( item . image , " 1200x630 " )}); meta ({ name : " twitter:image " , content : img ( item . image , " 1200x630 " )}); meta ({ name : " twitter:card " , content : " summary_large_image " }); } if ( item . keywords ) { meta ({ name : " keywords " , content : item . keywords }); } %> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, we will add this block as a field to every page model on our site. This adds a section for SEO on every page that SEO content authors can access and update. Now, we can update our layout EJS templates to ensure the SEO template is executed and relevant metadata is added to every page generated. <% if ( item . seo ) render ( item . seo ) %> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That is it. With that, your entire website is SEO-enabled and ready for boosting search placements. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Open Forem Close Follow User actions Gus Woltmann 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Nov 9, 2025 More info about @guswoltmann84 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 9 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 4 tags followed The Impact of Phones on the Brain: A Double-Edged Sword Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Jan 11 The Impact of Phones on the Brain: A Double-Edged Sword # discuss # science # watercooler Comments Add Comment 3 min read The History Behind The Roman Aqueducts Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Jan 4 The History Behind The Roman Aqueducts # history Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Morse Code: A Revolutionary System of Communication Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Dec 28 '25 The Morse Code: A Revolutionary System of Communication # watercooler # learning # science Comments Add Comment 4 min read Military Robots: Transforming the Battlefield with Autonomous Technology Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Dec 26 '25 Military Robots: Transforming the Battlefield with Autonomous Technology # military # robots # interesting # technology Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Majestic Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Gods on Earth Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Dec 14 '25 The Majestic Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Gods on Earth # egypt # pharaons # history Comments Add Comment 4 min read John Gotti: The Rise and Fall of the Dapper Don Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Dec 7 '25 John Gotti: The Rise and Fall of the Dapper Don # mafia # history Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Knights of Santiago: Guardians of the Spanish Way Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Nov 30 '25 The Knights of Santiago: Guardians of the Spanish Way # knights # santiago # guard # interesting Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Imminent Threat of an Atomic Catastrophe: Understanding and Preparing for the Worst Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Nov 22 '25 The Imminent Threat of an Atomic Catastrophe: Understanding and Preparing for the Worst # atomic # catastrophe Comments Add Comment 4 min read Leonardo da Vinci: The Renaissance Master of Innovation Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Nov 16 '25 Leonardo da Vinci: The Renaissance Master of Innovation # leonardo # davinci # interesting # history Comments 1 comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Open Forem — A general discussion space for the Forem community. 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https://dev.to/t/gamedev/page/7 | Game Dev Page 7 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Game Dev Follow Hide 👾 👾 👾 Create Post submission guidelines Write! Just keep it clean and civil! about #gamedev From GameMaker Studio to Unity, RPG Maker to 6502 assembly - this is your stop for all things related to game development! However, please make sure that your post is about DEVELOPING A GAME, or TOOLS THAT DEVELOPERS CAN USE, but please make sure they are tools MADE for developers, not just tools like twitter. That can go in topics like #socialmedia. Older #gamedev posts 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu AI Vibe Coding Is A Lie Nabir14 Nabir14 Nabir14 Follow Nov 30 '25 AI Vibe Coding Is A Lie # programming # ai # webdev # gamedev Comments 2 comments 4 min read 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 8 Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 3 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 8 # gamedev # software # cpp # gamechallenge Comments Add Comment 2 min read I actually created a gaming website. jackeliot jackeliot jackeliot Follow Dec 23 '25 I actually created a gaming website. # gamedev # programming 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Building a Horror Game in 8 Hours with Kiro AI - My Kiroween Hackathon Journey Masih Maafi Masih Maafi Masih Maafi Follow Dec 3 '25 Building a Horror Game in 8 Hours with Kiro AI - My Kiroween Hackathon Journey # ai # hackathon # webdev # gamedev 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 5 min read 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 7 Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 2 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 7 # gamedev # developer # programming # godotengine Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Lost a Week to a Physics Bug in a Multiplayer Golf Game varun chaaras varun chaaras varun chaaras Follow Dec 21 '25 I Lost a Week to a Physics Bug in a Multiplayer Golf Game # gamedev # multiplayer # javascript # ai 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Game Dev Digest — Issue #308 - Unity Roadmap, Tips, and more Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Follow Nov 28 '25 Game Dev Digest — Issue #308 - Unity Roadmap, Tips, and more # news # gamedev # unity3d # csharp Comments Add Comment 10 min read I thought materials in Unreal Engine were just about colors. I was wrong. They’re more about logic than visuals. Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 1 I thought materials in Unreal Engine were just about colors. I was wrong. They’re more about logic than visuals. # gamedev # computerscience # resources # gamechallenge Comments 4 comments 2 min read Block-Reign: A Player vs AI Grid Game That Learns From You Puneet-Kumar2010 Puneet-Kumar2010 Puneet-Kumar2010 Follow Dec 27 '25 Block-Reign: A Player vs AI Grid Game That Learns From You # ai # gamedev # python # opensource 7 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read Game Dev is tedious — and I like it. Proman4713 Proman4713 Proman4713 Follow Dec 10 '25 Game Dev is tedious — and I like it. # gamedev # unity3d # godot # godotengine 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why Learning C Is My First Step Toward Becoming a Game Engine Programmer Victor J. Rosario V. Victor J. Rosario V. Victor J. Rosario V. Follow Jan 1 Why Learning C Is My First Step Toward Becoming a Game Engine Programmer # c # gamedev # learning # programming 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read How I Built a 3D Endless Runner Game in a Weekend Using AI as My Engineering Partner Adetomiwa Ogundiran Adetomiwa Ogundiran Adetomiwa Ogundiran Follow Dec 18 '25 How I Built a 3D Endless Runner Game in a Weekend Using AI as My Engineering Partner # product # webdev # gamedev # ai 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read Weekly update #19 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Nov 27 '25 Weekly update #19 # devlog # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 5 Basics of Color Theory Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Dec 31 '25 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 5 Basics of Color Theory # gamedev # devplusplus # beginners # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read Engineering Adaptive Soundscapes: A Technical Guide to Generative Audio in Development Ngoc Dung Tran Ngoc Dung Tran Ngoc Dung Tran Follow Nov 27 '25 Engineering Adaptive Soundscapes: A Technical Guide to Generative Audio in Development # gamedev # gpt3 # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🎮 Build Your Next Game Faster: Mastering Phaser, Three.js, and Babylon.js Okoye Ndidiamaka Okoye Ndidiamaka Okoye Ndidiamaka Follow Dec 1 '25 🎮 Build Your Next Game Faster: Mastering Phaser, Three.js, and Babylon.js # webgl # webdev # browsergame # gamedev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Reducing Assets Import times in Unity Attilio Carotenuto Attilio Carotenuto Attilio Carotenuto Follow Dec 30 '25 Reducing Assets Import times in Unity # unity3d # gamedev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Будуємо надійні інтеграції з ігровими провайдерами Maksim Maksim Maksim Follow Nov 30 '25 Будуємо надійні інтеграції з ігровими провайдерами # automation # gamedev # go Comments Add Comment 9 min read 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 4 Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Dec 30 '25 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 4 # webdev # cpp # gamedev # devops Comments 2 comments 2 min read Zombie Go Home - My Post-Halloween Game Jam Adventure SmirnovW SmirnovW SmirnovW Follow Nov 29 '25 Zombie Go Home - My Post-Halloween Game Jam Adventure # gamedev # pixelart # unity2d # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🎮 Day 3 – Understanding GDD (Game Design Document) Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Dec 29 '25 🎮 Day 3 – Understanding GDD (Game Design Document) # design # documentation # opensource # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Build a REAL-TIME Multiplayer Game with Laravel, Livewire & Reverb! Bert De Swaef Bert De Swaef Bert De Swaef Follow Nov 25 '25 Build a REAL-TIME Multiplayer Game with Laravel, Livewire & Reverb! # laravel # php # tutorial # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Neovim x Unreal Engine: Zero-Config Debugging & A Dedicated Explorer 🚀 taku25 taku25 taku25 Follow Nov 24 '25 Neovim x Unreal Engine: Zero-Config Debugging & A Dedicated Explorer 🚀 # neovim # gamedev Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🎮 Day 2 – Foundation for Game Designers Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Dec 28 '25 🎮 Day 2 – Foundation for Game Designers # design # gamedev # computerscience # gamechallenge Comments Add Comment 1 min read From Scribble to Stroll: AI-Powered World Creation is Here by Arvind Sundararajan Arvind SundaraRajan Arvind SundaraRajan Arvind SundaraRajan Follow Nov 24 '25 From Scribble to Stroll: AI-Powered World Creation is Here by Arvind Sundararajan # gamedev # ai # proceduralgeneration # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/#popovers | Text-based web browsers - CSSence.com Text-based web browsers Essay January 8, 2026 Before I start, let me get two things out of the way: In this article I’m not going to include the admittedly cool browsh, because it only works by utilizing Firefox under the hood. When I say text-based, I’m talking about old-school browsers like ELinks , Lynx or w3m. These are also the three browsers I’ve used to test everything described below. The whole article ended up being a rant about how text-based browsers deal with features that got added to HTML. Or more like, how they neglect dealing with said features. Do text-based web browsers still matter? Well, I won’t be the judge of that. I like them, I have them installed, and I test every project I create in them. But they are not what I use to surf the web. Speaking of testing your creations, here’s the good news: If your project has a solid HTML foundation that you then progressively enhance with CSS and JS, you are off to a great start. How did HTML evolve in recent years? While CSS is the star of the show when it comes to new features, HTML ain’t stale either. If we put the long-awaited styleable selects and Apple’s take on toggle switches aside, there’s a lot readily available cross-browser. But here’s the thing: Whenever we say cross-browser, we usually look at the big ones, never at text-based browsers. So in this article I wanna shed some light on how they handle the following recent additions. How do text-based web browsers handle modern HTML? Added features Details Data lists Dialogs Popovers Inert content areas Hidden content Visually hidden content When viewing a web page in a text-based browser, you essentially get plain HTML, no CSS, no JS. There is some “styling”, a result of the elements’ semantics, but don’t expect anything fancy, we are down to colors, indentation, and centered text. It reminds me of what the browsers we are used to give us when they show unstyled HTML—well, HTML with the browser default styles, to be exact. That in turn reminds me of CSS Naked Day. Text-based browsers work well with good old HTML. Said recent additions however are a bit more nuanced (e.g. interactive), so let’s talk about them individually. Details Disclosure widgets are simple interactive elements we no longer need JS for. When <details> are closed, only their <summary> is shown. Text-based browsers have no clue what disclosure widgets are, so they always show the whole <details> content, meaning you always get the open state. This way things can get verbose, but in essence it’s okay. Verdict: Acceptable. Data lists Data lists can be used to add suggested values to an input field. In my tests they have been ignored entirely, Lynx even mentions that it encountered “bad HTML”, probably because it expects <option> only in a <select> parent. At least no browser rendered the options on the screen, they simply fall back to a plain <input> field, which is better than nothing. Side note: I’ve been told data lists have accessibility issues, so … Verdict: Whatever. Dialogs Yes, HTML can do modal and non-modal dialogs, and even alert dialogs, all thanks to the <dialog> element. Initially we needed JS to toggle their visibility, but with the help of the Popover API (see next chapter) we can now even get most of it done in plain HTML. Alas, once again there is no support in text-based browsers, so you’ll end up seeing all dialog content, as if they had their open attribute set. Consequently, there’s no awareness of a form’s method="dialog" nor a submit button’s formmethod="dialog" , so in both cases the form action is triggered. Verdict: Problematic. Popovers The Popover API is probably my favorite new feature, but only if you stick to regular web browsers. Given that dialogs are a type of popover, it’s no surprise that nothing works, and once again all popover content gets dumped onto the screen. By now I think you get the idea, so I won’t even talk about the Invoker Commands API at this point. Verdict: Most likely problematic. Inert content areas A modal dialog makes the rest of the page inert , so we don’t have to do it. But with the global inert attribute we can do this manually too, if we need to make certain parts of the DOM unreachable. Sure enough, text-based browsers will happily let you access interactive elements inside an inert content area. Verdict: Bad. Hidden content We’re now approaching something that is not new at all, the global hidden attribute has been supported for over a decade. It allows us to hide content in the same way as display: none , but directly in HTML. Adding support in text-based browsers has been discussed back in the day, but got rejected, hence it was never implemented. You’ll end up seeing all content marked as hidden . This is the primary reason why I started writing this article, and what enrages me the most. If I decide to hide content in HTML instead of CSS, I must have a very good reason, thus hidden content should not be visible in any browser! Certain progressive enhancement techniques work by hiding content in HTML and then making it visible via CSS or JS. That possibility goes out the window in text-based browsers. Verdict: Epic fail. 😠 🤬 Visually hidden content Just kidding, there’s still no native way in HTML to hide content visually , so we continue to rely on class names like .visually-hidden or .sr-only . No matter how they are named, they need to summon quite a few of lines of CSS to get things done. Whether there should be a native way is up for debate. Personally I would welcome a one-liner to achieve this, but it should remain in the domain of CSS. However, if we had a way in HTML, text-based browsers would display such visually hidden content anyway, that is certain. Verdict: To be continued. Now what? What now? Text-based browsers and modern HTML, no success story in sight. Given the progress we see in web technologies, the gap will only widen, so much so that w3m and its friends might fall into oblivion. Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 8, 2026 at 19:07 It’s 2026 and text-based web browsers still do not know how to handle (not so) recent additions to HTML. cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers Marius Orcsik wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:14 I think the latest text browser is chawan , which is quite good. Nathan Knowler wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:55 Interesting, it seems like w3m and lynx can display (declarative) shadow root content, but slots don’t work? Either that or they just don’t know how <template> elements work and are showing the content—but that doesn’t make sense since then the other light DOM content is being swallowed up. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 22:11 In reply to: @knowler.dev . Oof! That rabbit hole wasn’t even on my radar. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 06:28 If you don’t care about text-based web browsers (I can’t blame you), this article doubles as a list of all the cool stuff that got added to HTML. Get involved Have your say on Mastodon, or simply share this article. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on January 8, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/#hidden-content | Text-based web browsers - CSSence.com Text-based web browsers Essay January 8, 2026 Before I start, let me get two things out of the way: In this article I’m not going to include the admittedly cool browsh, because it only works by utilizing Firefox under the hood. When I say text-based, I’m talking about old-school browsers like ELinks , Lynx or w3m. These are also the three browsers I’ve used to test everything described below. The whole article ended up being a rant about how text-based browsers deal with features that got added to HTML. Or more like, how they neglect dealing with said features. Do text-based web browsers still matter? Well, I won’t be the judge of that. I like them, I have them installed, and I test every project I create in them. But they are not what I use to surf the web. Speaking of testing your creations, here’s the good news: If your project has a solid HTML foundation that you then progressively enhance with CSS and JS, you are off to a great start. How did HTML evolve in recent years? While CSS is the star of the show when it comes to new features, HTML ain’t stale either. If we put the long-awaited styleable selects and Apple’s take on toggle switches aside, there’s a lot readily available cross-browser. But here’s the thing: Whenever we say cross-browser, we usually look at the big ones, never at text-based browsers. So in this article I wanna shed some light on how they handle the following recent additions. How do text-based web browsers handle modern HTML? Added features Details Data lists Dialogs Popovers Inert content areas Hidden content Visually hidden content When viewing a web page in a text-based browser, you essentially get plain HTML, no CSS, no JS. There is some “styling”, a result of the elements’ semantics, but don’t expect anything fancy, we are down to colors, indentation, and centered text. It reminds me of what the browsers we are used to give us when they show unstyled HTML—well, HTML with the browser default styles, to be exact. That in turn reminds me of CSS Naked Day. Text-based browsers work well with good old HTML. Said recent additions however are a bit more nuanced (e.g. interactive), so let’s talk about them individually. Details Disclosure widgets are simple interactive elements we no longer need JS for. When <details> are closed, only their <summary> is shown. Text-based browsers have no clue what disclosure widgets are, so they always show the whole <details> content, meaning you always get the open state. This way things can get verbose, but in essence it’s okay. Verdict: Acceptable. Data lists Data lists can be used to add suggested values to an input field. In my tests they have been ignored entirely, Lynx even mentions that it encountered “bad HTML”, probably because it expects <option> only in a <select> parent. At least no browser rendered the options on the screen, they simply fall back to a plain <input> field, which is better than nothing. Side note: I’ve been told data lists have accessibility issues, so … Verdict: Whatever. Dialogs Yes, HTML can do modal and non-modal dialogs, and even alert dialogs, all thanks to the <dialog> element. Initially we needed JS to toggle their visibility, but with the help of the Popover API (see next chapter) we can now even get most of it done in plain HTML. Alas, once again there is no support in text-based browsers, so you’ll end up seeing all dialog content, as if they had their open attribute set. Consequently, there’s no awareness of a form’s method="dialog" nor a submit button’s formmethod="dialog" , so in both cases the form action is triggered. Verdict: Problematic. Popovers The Popover API is probably my favorite new feature, but only if you stick to regular web browsers. Given that dialogs are a type of popover, it’s no surprise that nothing works, and once again all popover content gets dumped onto the screen. By now I think you get the idea, so I won’t even talk about the Invoker Commands API at this point. Verdict: Most likely problematic. Inert content areas A modal dialog makes the rest of the page inert , so we don’t have to do it. But with the global inert attribute we can do this manually too, if we need to make certain parts of the DOM unreachable. Sure enough, text-based browsers will happily let you access interactive elements inside an inert content area. Verdict: Bad. Hidden content We’re now approaching something that is not new at all, the global hidden attribute has been supported for over a decade. It allows us to hide content in the same way as display: none , but directly in HTML. Adding support in text-based browsers has been discussed back in the day, but got rejected, hence it was never implemented. You’ll end up seeing all content marked as hidden . This is the primary reason why I started writing this article, and what enrages me the most. If I decide to hide content in HTML instead of CSS, I must have a very good reason, thus hidden content should not be visible in any browser! Certain progressive enhancement techniques work by hiding content in HTML and then making it visible via CSS or JS. That possibility goes out the window in text-based browsers. Verdict: Epic fail. 😠 🤬 Visually hidden content Just kidding, there’s still no native way in HTML to hide content visually , so we continue to rely on class names like .visually-hidden or .sr-only . No matter how they are named, they need to summon quite a few of lines of CSS to get things done. Whether there should be a native way is up for debate. Personally I would welcome a one-liner to achieve this, but it should remain in the domain of CSS. However, if we had a way in HTML, text-based browsers would display such visually hidden content anyway, that is certain. Verdict: To be continued. Now what? What now? Text-based browsers and modern HTML, no success story in sight. Given the progress we see in web technologies, the gap will only widen, so much so that w3m and its friends might fall into oblivion. Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 8, 2026 at 19:07 It’s 2026 and text-based web browsers still do not know how to handle (not so) recent additions to HTML. cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers Marius Orcsik wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:14 I think the latest text browser is chawan , which is quite good. Nathan Knowler wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:55 Interesting, it seems like w3m and lynx can display (declarative) shadow root content, but slots don’t work? Either that or they just don’t know how <template> elements work and are showing the content—but that doesn’t make sense since then the other light DOM content is being swallowed up. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 22:11 In reply to: @knowler.dev . Oof! That rabbit hole wasn’t even on my radar. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 06:28 If you don’t care about text-based web browsers (I can’t blame you), this article doubles as a list of all the cool stuff that got added to HTML. Get involved Have your say on Mastodon, or simply share this article. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on January 8, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/features#tracking-custom-events | Features and Functionality | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS SDK Proxy SDK Features On this page Features and Functionality DevCycle strives to ensure that all our APIs and SDKs have identical functionality (except language- or platform-specific nuances). Below is a list of all the current functionality that DevCycle supports across the SDKs. Universal Initialization Evaluating Features & Using Variables Getting All Features Getting All Variables Identifying Users / Setting Properties Tracking Events Realtime Updates Limited Custom Domains Initialization Client-Side SDKs For most client-side SDKs, the only required parameters to initialize the SDK are the SDK Key and the current user. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. The current user is determined by you, and should contain any details about the user that you require for your targeting logic. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_CLIENT_SDK_KEY>' , user ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Caching of Configurations When initialized, each client-side SDK will cache the retrieved configuration for the user. This cache will be used in scenarios where on subsequent initializations a new configuration is not available. This may be due to a lack of internet connection or a lack of connection to DevCycle. Additionally, if the SDK is interacted with before any initialization (such as attempting to read a Variable far early on in an application before initialization), the cached value will be read. If a Variable is first read from the cache and you've implemented a listener for realtime updates , once a new value is retrieved after initialization, the onUpdate function on the Variable will be triggered and return updated values. Server-Side SDKs For most server-side SDKs, the only required parameter to initialize the SDK is the SDK Key. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_SERVER_SDK_KEY>' ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Evaluating Features & Using Variables This section explains how to use retrieve the Variables of a Feature as well as use their values. For information on setting up a Feature for use, read Variables and Variations and Targeting Users Every SDK provides a method to retrieve a Variable's value. It expects to receive the unique key of the Variable, and a default value to serve in case no other value is available. A typical Variable method would look something like this: const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) Each call to this method is tracked as an "evaluation" event. These events will be shown in the DevCycle dashboard and are used to power the analytics graphs that allow you to see the effects of your Variables being used. The default value will be returned in the following scenarios: The SDK has not yet finished initializing and obtaining a configuration from DevCycle There was an error reaching the DevCycle servers and the configuration could not be obtained The Variable does not exist in DevCycle The default value's type does not align with the type of the Variable being served from DevCycle. For example, a Boolean default value will be used if the DevCycle configuration is trying to set this Variable to a String value. This preserves type safety and prevents the remote configuration from breaking your application at runtime. The SDK has finished initializing, but the user has not been targeted for a Feature that controls this Variable For more information on how the default value is used, see Variable Defaults . Evaluation Reasons When a Variable is evaluated in DevCycle, the response includes metadata explaining why a specific Variation's value was returned. This is captured in the eval object, which helps teams debug and understand Feature Flag decisions more effectively. DevCycle extends the OpenFeature Evaluation Details structure with additional reason types and optional fields for richer context. Supported SDKs SDK / Platform Minimum Version with eval metadata Android 2.5.0 Flutter 1.11.0 iOS 1.24.0 JavaScript (Web) 1.41.0 Next.js 2.17.0 NestJS 0.26.0 React 1.39.0 React Native 2.16.0 React Native (Expo) 2.16.0 Go Server v2.23.0 Java Server 2.8.0 JavaScript Server (Cloud) 1.27.0 Node.js Server (Local) 1.41.0 .NET Server (Cloud) 3.6.0 .NET Server (Local) 4.6.0 PHP Server 2.2.0 Python Server 3.12.0 Ruby Server 3.7.0 Evaluation Object Format "eval" : { "reason" : "REASON_ENUM" , "details" : "optional string" , "target_id" : "optional string" } Field Type Description reason string A required enum value indicating why a specific value was returned. details string An optional string providing extra context about the evaluation outcome. target_id string An optional identifier for the matched targeting rule or audience. Reason Types The reason field reflects the primary reason a particular value was served. Here are the possible values: Reason Description Examples of details Property DEFAULT Returned when the default value was used. This may occur due to a type mismatch, a missing configuration, or an error in evaluation logic. - Type Mismatch - User Not Targeted - (no details if unknown) TARGETING_MATCH Indicates the user matched a targeting rule or audience and was served the corresponding Variation. - Audience Match → Country AND Email AND App Version - Custom Data → full_country - Country AND Custom Data → isBetaUser SPLIT The user matched targeting rules and was bucketed into a Variation using a percentage rollout or random distribution. Implies a TARGETING_MATCH . - Rollout | Custom Data → full_country - Random Distribution | isBetaUser OVERRIDE The result was manually overridden via API/CLI override or self-targeting, typically in local development or QA. - Override OPT_IN The user explicitly opted into (or out of) a specific Variation using DevCycle’s Opt-In feature. - Opt-In ERROR An error occurred during evaluation, resulting in the default value being served. - Missing Environment config - SDK not initialized Additional Notes The details and target_id fields are included only when relevant. Not all reasons will include these fields—if no helpful context is available, they will be omitted. Getting All Features The "Get All Features" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Features that the user is currently receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "your-cool-feature" : { "key" : "your-cool-feature" , "type" : "release" , "variationKey" : "variation-on" , "variationName" : "Variation On" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "333345" } , "another-feature" : { "key" : "another-feature" , "type" : "ops" , "variationKey" : "enabled" , "variationName" : "Enabled" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "444123" } } Only Features that the User has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be returned by this function. The Feature must also be enabled for that Environment. Getting all Variables The "Get All Variables" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Variables that the user is receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "my-feature-variable" : { "_id" : "617c19199db63239d2d17025" , "key" : "my-feature-variable" , "type" : "Boolean" , "value" : false } , "some-string-variable" : { "_id" : "61828f25c1c23bc6ae1366e9" , "key" : "some-string-variable" , "type" : "String" , "value" : "this is a string variable value" } } Only Variables in Features that the user has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be part of the response in this method. The Feature must also be enabled for the Environment this SDK is being called on. caution This method is intended to be used for debugging and analytics purposes, not as a method for retrieving the value of Variables to change code behaviour. For that purpose, we strongly recommend using the individual Variable access method described in Evaluating Features & Using Variables . Using the "Get All Variables" method instead will result in no evaluation events being tracked for individual Variables, which will not allow the use of other DevCycle Features such as Code Usage detection . Identifying a User or Setting Properties All SDKs have the concept of a user "identity" to be used for evaluating Feature Targeting Rules. The Features that are served to a user will be a function of the Targeting Rules and the user data you provide to the SDK. tip While we refer to these identities as "users", the data passed here can represent anything you want to target against. In these cases, you can use any string that makes sense as an identifier as the "user_id". The id simply needs to be consistent to ensure consistent random distributions and rollouts. The user data object that you should use across SDKs should look something like this: { "user_id" : " [email protected] " , "name" : "user 1 name" , "customData" : { "customKey" : "customValue" } , "privateCustomData" : { "privateKey" : "privateValue" } } The identification of users functions differently on Client SDKs vs. Server SDKs. Client SDK Identification Client SDKs can be initialized with a user object if the user data is known at that time. All client SDKs accept a "user" argument in their initialization function. By providing the user here, the SDK's initial configuration request will be made with that data and the correct Variable values will be available once the SDK initializes. For that reason, providing user data during initialization is recommended where possible. Identifying a user can also be accomplished later by calling the identifyUser function and providing your user data object. When this method is called, the SDK will retrieve a new configuration from the DevCycle servers corresponding to that user. A typical call to this method looks like const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } await devCycleClient . identifyUser ( user ) The identifyUser method always includes a way to wait for the operation to finish. When finished, the SDK will have the correct configuration for the given user and all Variable evaluations from that point onward will be based on the new user's data. This method is useful when user data can not be known at initialization time, or when the user's identity must be changed during the application's lifecycle. Anonymous Users info If a user id is not supplied, client-side SDKs will automatically generate an anonymous user id and assign it to the current user. Anonymous users count towards your MAUs for the month. This id will be cached and used between app sessions / website visits until a user id is supplied or reset is called. This ensures that you will not experience a rise in MAUs if the main experience of your application is in a logged-out or anonymous state. Resetting a User Client SDKs also contain a method for "resetting" a user's identity. This can be used in cases like "logging out", where there is no longer any identifiable information to pass to the SDK. In those cases, "reset" will clear all stored data and generate a new "anonymous" user ID to represent the user. Custom Data and Private Custom Data User data can also contain "custom data", which is a key-value map of any arbitrary data you want to use for targeting. The provided data can be used in Targeting Rules by creating Custom Properties in the DevCycle dashboard. Learn more about Custom Property Targeting . When setting custom properties you have a choice between keeping that data completely private or allowing for the data to be logged back to DevCycle's events database. Both options allow for the same targeting capabilities, but you should use Private Custom Data if you are looking to avoid having user data saved to any external system. With Private Custom Data, data is used solely for targeting decisions within DevCycle's Edge Workers. It is then discarded and no record is saved anywhere. With regular Custom Data, the data used for evaluation purposes is logged back to DevCycle's events database where it can be used for debugging purposes or providing guidance on evaluation reasons. Server-Side SDK Identification Unlike the Client-Side SDKs, Server-Side SDKs work in a multi-user context. Because of this, a single Identify function does not make sense. Instead, you must provide the user data to each function call when evaluating Variables. For example: const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // User data user , // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) In Local Bucketing mode (the default), these calls will quickly compute the Variable value locally using the currently stored DevCycle configuration, and no network calls will be made. Tracking Custom Events The Track function in the DevCycle SDKs allows you to send custom events which can be used for your own data analysis on enabled Features, and Metrics on A/B tests and experiments within the DevCycle dashboard. Here is an example of a custom event request and properties that an event may contain. event = { type : 'button_clicked' , // required field date : new Date ( ) , target : 'my_target' , value : 5 , metaData : { key : 'value' , } , } devcycleClient . track ( event ) Custom Domains When using client-side SDKs, particularly web client SDKs there is the potential for Ad Blockers and browser privacy features to block requests and third-party cookies. Custom Domains with DevCycle ensures all cookies and requests used are first-party and will not be blocked by ensuring requests are sent through your recognized domain. A DNS CNAME needs to be created to leverage this feature. Setting Up Custom Domains Custom Domains are available to those on a business or enterprise plan and require manual setup on both your end as well as DevCycle's. If you are interested in getting set up, please read more on our Custom Domains page, and reach out to [email protected] with the required details. Realtime Updates All DevCycle SDKs are capable of being notified in realtime that new configuration changes have been made in the DevCycle platform. DevCycle leverages Server-Sent Events (SSE) to notify the SDKs that a Feature (Targeting Rules, Variable values, etc.) has been updated and that they should fetch the new configuration. A connection URL is included in the config that the SDK fetches, triggering the SDK to open a connection with our SSE provider and listen for any changes in the given Environment. SDK Specifics Javascript SDK , React SDK If the user loses focus on the webpage for longer then the inactivityDelay (the default of which is set to 2 minutes, and can be configured through the options), the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect when the user opens the tab / window again (i.e. the page's visibility state = visible ). The SDK will also request a new configuration during reconnection to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. iOS SDK , Android SDK & Flutter SDK If the user backgrounds the application for some period of time, the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect again when the user brings the application to the foreground. When the application is brought to the foreground the SDK will request a new configuration to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. Server-Side SDKs If the server loses its connection it will be re-opened automatically after a configurable interval. Local and Cloud Bucketing Server SDKs have two modes, "Local Bucketing" and "Cloud Bucketing". Local Bucketing Local Bucketing does all targeting decisions locally inside the server running the SDK. The DevCycle configuration is downloaded upon initialization of the SDK, and all future SDK calls will determine flag values based on this data and the provided user data. This approach will guarantee instantaneous, synchronous results from the SDK. Cloud Bucketing The SDK determines flag values by making an API call for each decision, using workers at the edge which are available globally. Every function within the SDK will reach out to these edge workers and respond with extremely low latency. Cloud bucketing is required to use specific features such as EdgeDB and Feature Opt-In . If you aren't using these features, then Local Bucketing is the recommended mode. Server SDK Diagrams The following diagrams illustrate the initialization flow, and logical background processes created/managed by the SDKs. For more information on the architecture of DevCycle services and SDKs, visit the System Architecture page. Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous SDK Lifecycle Next JavaScript SDK Initialization Client-Side SDKs Server-Side SDKs Evaluating Features & Using Variables Evaluation Reasons Supported SDKs Evaluation Object Format Reason Types Getting All Features Getting all Variables Identifying a User or Setting Properties Client SDK Identification Server-Side SDK Identification Tracking Custom Events Custom Domains Realtime Updates SDK Specifics Local and Cloud Bucketing Local Bucketing Cloud Bucketing Server SDK Diagrams Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/features#identifying-a-user-or-setting-properties | Features and Functionality | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS SDK Proxy SDK Features On this page Features and Functionality DevCycle strives to ensure that all our APIs and SDKs have identical functionality (except language- or platform-specific nuances). Below is a list of all the current functionality that DevCycle supports across the SDKs. Universal Initialization Evaluating Features & Using Variables Getting All Features Getting All Variables Identifying Users / Setting Properties Tracking Events Realtime Updates Limited Custom Domains Initialization Client-Side SDKs For most client-side SDKs, the only required parameters to initialize the SDK are the SDK Key and the current user. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. The current user is determined by you, and should contain any details about the user that you require for your targeting logic. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_CLIENT_SDK_KEY>' , user ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Caching of Configurations When initialized, each client-side SDK will cache the retrieved configuration for the user. This cache will be used in scenarios where on subsequent initializations a new configuration is not available. This may be due to a lack of internet connection or a lack of connection to DevCycle. Additionally, if the SDK is interacted with before any initialization (such as attempting to read a Variable far early on in an application before initialization), the cached value will be read. If a Variable is first read from the cache and you've implemented a listener for realtime updates , once a new value is retrieved after initialization, the onUpdate function on the Variable will be triggered and return updated values. Server-Side SDKs For most server-side SDKs, the only required parameter to initialize the SDK is the SDK Key. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_SERVER_SDK_KEY>' ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Evaluating Features & Using Variables This section explains how to use retrieve the Variables of a Feature as well as use their values. For information on setting up a Feature for use, read Variables and Variations and Targeting Users Every SDK provides a method to retrieve a Variable's value. It expects to receive the unique key of the Variable, and a default value to serve in case no other value is available. A typical Variable method would look something like this: const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) Each call to this method is tracked as an "evaluation" event. These events will be shown in the DevCycle dashboard and are used to power the analytics graphs that allow you to see the effects of your Variables being used. The default value will be returned in the following scenarios: The SDK has not yet finished initializing and obtaining a configuration from DevCycle There was an error reaching the DevCycle servers and the configuration could not be obtained The Variable does not exist in DevCycle The default value's type does not align with the type of the Variable being served from DevCycle. For example, a Boolean default value will be used if the DevCycle configuration is trying to set this Variable to a String value. This preserves type safety and prevents the remote configuration from breaking your application at runtime. The SDK has finished initializing, but the user has not been targeted for a Feature that controls this Variable For more information on how the default value is used, see Variable Defaults . Evaluation Reasons When a Variable is evaluated in DevCycle, the response includes metadata explaining why a specific Variation's value was returned. This is captured in the eval object, which helps teams debug and understand Feature Flag decisions more effectively. DevCycle extends the OpenFeature Evaluation Details structure with additional reason types and optional fields for richer context. Supported SDKs SDK / Platform Minimum Version with eval metadata Android 2.5.0 Flutter 1.11.0 iOS 1.24.0 JavaScript (Web) 1.41.0 Next.js 2.17.0 NestJS 0.26.0 React 1.39.0 React Native 2.16.0 React Native (Expo) 2.16.0 Go Server v2.23.0 Java Server 2.8.0 JavaScript Server (Cloud) 1.27.0 Node.js Server (Local) 1.41.0 .NET Server (Cloud) 3.6.0 .NET Server (Local) 4.6.0 PHP Server 2.2.0 Python Server 3.12.0 Ruby Server 3.7.0 Evaluation Object Format "eval" : { "reason" : "REASON_ENUM" , "details" : "optional string" , "target_id" : "optional string" } Field Type Description reason string A required enum value indicating why a specific value was returned. details string An optional string providing extra context about the evaluation outcome. target_id string An optional identifier for the matched targeting rule or audience. Reason Types The reason field reflects the primary reason a particular value was served. Here are the possible values: Reason Description Examples of details Property DEFAULT Returned when the default value was used. This may occur due to a type mismatch, a missing configuration, or an error in evaluation logic. - Type Mismatch - User Not Targeted - (no details if unknown) TARGETING_MATCH Indicates the user matched a targeting rule or audience and was served the corresponding Variation. - Audience Match → Country AND Email AND App Version - Custom Data → full_country - Country AND Custom Data → isBetaUser SPLIT The user matched targeting rules and was bucketed into a Variation using a percentage rollout or random distribution. Implies a TARGETING_MATCH . - Rollout | Custom Data → full_country - Random Distribution | isBetaUser OVERRIDE The result was manually overridden via API/CLI override or self-targeting, typically in local development or QA. - Override OPT_IN The user explicitly opted into (or out of) a specific Variation using DevCycle’s Opt-In feature. - Opt-In ERROR An error occurred during evaluation, resulting in the default value being served. - Missing Environment config - SDK not initialized Additional Notes The details and target_id fields are included only when relevant. Not all reasons will include these fields—if no helpful context is available, they will be omitted. Getting All Features The "Get All Features" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Features that the user is currently receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "your-cool-feature" : { "key" : "your-cool-feature" , "type" : "release" , "variationKey" : "variation-on" , "variationName" : "Variation On" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "333345" } , "another-feature" : { "key" : "another-feature" , "type" : "ops" , "variationKey" : "enabled" , "variationName" : "Enabled" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "444123" } } Only Features that the User has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be returned by this function. The Feature must also be enabled for that Environment. Getting all Variables The "Get All Variables" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Variables that the user is receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "my-feature-variable" : { "_id" : "617c19199db63239d2d17025" , "key" : "my-feature-variable" , "type" : "Boolean" , "value" : false } , "some-string-variable" : { "_id" : "61828f25c1c23bc6ae1366e9" , "key" : "some-string-variable" , "type" : "String" , "value" : "this is a string variable value" } } Only Variables in Features that the user has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be part of the response in this method. The Feature must also be enabled for the Environment this SDK is being called on. caution This method is intended to be used for debugging and analytics purposes, not as a method for retrieving the value of Variables to change code behaviour. For that purpose, we strongly recommend using the individual Variable access method described in Evaluating Features & Using Variables . Using the "Get All Variables" method instead will result in no evaluation events being tracked for individual Variables, which will not allow the use of other DevCycle Features such as Code Usage detection . Identifying a User or Setting Properties All SDKs have the concept of a user "identity" to be used for evaluating Feature Targeting Rules. The Features that are served to a user will be a function of the Targeting Rules and the user data you provide to the SDK. tip While we refer to these identities as "users", the data passed here can represent anything you want to target against. In these cases, you can use any string that makes sense as an identifier as the "user_id". The id simply needs to be consistent to ensure consistent random distributions and rollouts. The user data object that you should use across SDKs should look something like this: { "user_id" : " [email protected] " , "name" : "user 1 name" , "customData" : { "customKey" : "customValue" } , "privateCustomData" : { "privateKey" : "privateValue" } } The identification of users functions differently on Client SDKs vs. Server SDKs. Client SDK Identification Client SDKs can be initialized with a user object if the user data is known at that time. All client SDKs accept a "user" argument in their initialization function. By providing the user here, the SDK's initial configuration request will be made with that data and the correct Variable values will be available once the SDK initializes. For that reason, providing user data during initialization is recommended where possible. Identifying a user can also be accomplished later by calling the identifyUser function and providing your user data object. When this method is called, the SDK will retrieve a new configuration from the DevCycle servers corresponding to that user. A typical call to this method looks like const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } await devCycleClient . identifyUser ( user ) The identifyUser method always includes a way to wait for the operation to finish. When finished, the SDK will have the correct configuration for the given user and all Variable evaluations from that point onward will be based on the new user's data. This method is useful when user data can not be known at initialization time, or when the user's identity must be changed during the application's lifecycle. Anonymous Users info If a user id is not supplied, client-side SDKs will automatically generate an anonymous user id and assign it to the current user. Anonymous users count towards your MAUs for the month. This id will be cached and used between app sessions / website visits until a user id is supplied or reset is called. This ensures that you will not experience a rise in MAUs if the main experience of your application is in a logged-out or anonymous state. Resetting a User Client SDKs also contain a method for "resetting" a user's identity. This can be used in cases like "logging out", where there is no longer any identifiable information to pass to the SDK. In those cases, "reset" will clear all stored data and generate a new "anonymous" user ID to represent the user. Custom Data and Private Custom Data User data can also contain "custom data", which is a key-value map of any arbitrary data you want to use for targeting. The provided data can be used in Targeting Rules by creating Custom Properties in the DevCycle dashboard. Learn more about Custom Property Targeting . When setting custom properties you have a choice between keeping that data completely private or allowing for the data to be logged back to DevCycle's events database. Both options allow for the same targeting capabilities, but you should use Private Custom Data if you are looking to avoid having user data saved to any external system. With Private Custom Data, data is used solely for targeting decisions within DevCycle's Edge Workers. It is then discarded and no record is saved anywhere. With regular Custom Data, the data used for evaluation purposes is logged back to DevCycle's events database where it can be used for debugging purposes or providing guidance on evaluation reasons. Server-Side SDK Identification Unlike the Client-Side SDKs, Server-Side SDKs work in a multi-user context. Because of this, a single Identify function does not make sense. Instead, you must provide the user data to each function call when evaluating Variables. For example: const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // User data user , // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) In Local Bucketing mode (the default), these calls will quickly compute the Variable value locally using the currently stored DevCycle configuration, and no network calls will be made. Tracking Custom Events The Track function in the DevCycle SDKs allows you to send custom events which can be used for your own data analysis on enabled Features, and Metrics on A/B tests and experiments within the DevCycle dashboard. Here is an example of a custom event request and properties that an event may contain. event = { type : 'button_clicked' , // required field date : new Date ( ) , target : 'my_target' , value : 5 , metaData : { key : 'value' , } , } devcycleClient . track ( event ) Custom Domains When using client-side SDKs, particularly web client SDKs there is the potential for Ad Blockers and browser privacy features to block requests and third-party cookies. Custom Domains with DevCycle ensures all cookies and requests used are first-party and will not be blocked by ensuring requests are sent through your recognized domain. A DNS CNAME needs to be created to leverage this feature. Setting Up Custom Domains Custom Domains are available to those on a business or enterprise plan and require manual setup on both your end as well as DevCycle's. If you are interested in getting set up, please read more on our Custom Domains page, and reach out to [email protected] with the required details. Realtime Updates All DevCycle SDKs are capable of being notified in realtime that new configuration changes have been made in the DevCycle platform. DevCycle leverages Server-Sent Events (SSE) to notify the SDKs that a Feature (Targeting Rules, Variable values, etc.) has been updated and that they should fetch the new configuration. A connection URL is included in the config that the SDK fetches, triggering the SDK to open a connection with our SSE provider and listen for any changes in the given Environment. SDK Specifics Javascript SDK , React SDK If the user loses focus on the webpage for longer then the inactivityDelay (the default of which is set to 2 minutes, and can be configured through the options), the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect when the user opens the tab / window again (i.e. the page's visibility state = visible ). The SDK will also request a new configuration during reconnection to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. iOS SDK , Android SDK & Flutter SDK If the user backgrounds the application for some period of time, the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect again when the user brings the application to the foreground. When the application is brought to the foreground the SDK will request a new configuration to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. Server-Side SDKs If the server loses its connection it will be re-opened automatically after a configurable interval. Local and Cloud Bucketing Server SDKs have two modes, "Local Bucketing" and "Cloud Bucketing". Local Bucketing Local Bucketing does all targeting decisions locally inside the server running the SDK. The DevCycle configuration is downloaded upon initialization of the SDK, and all future SDK calls will determine flag values based on this data and the provided user data. This approach will guarantee instantaneous, synchronous results from the SDK. Cloud Bucketing The SDK determines flag values by making an API call for each decision, using workers at the edge which are available globally. Every function within the SDK will reach out to these edge workers and respond with extremely low latency. Cloud bucketing is required to use specific features such as EdgeDB and Feature Opt-In . If you aren't using these features, then Local Bucketing is the recommended mode. Server SDK Diagrams The following diagrams illustrate the initialization flow, and logical background processes created/managed by the SDKs. For more information on the architecture of DevCycle services and SDKs, visit the System Architecture page. Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous SDK Lifecycle Next JavaScript SDK Initialization Client-Side SDKs Server-Side SDKs Evaluating Features & Using Variables Evaluation Reasons Supported SDKs Evaluation Object Format Reason Types Getting All Features Getting all Variables Identifying a User or Setting Properties Client SDK Identification Server-Side SDK Identification Tracking Custom Events Custom Domains Realtime Updates SDK Specifics Local and Cloud Bucketing Local Bucketing Cloud Bucketing Server SDK Diagrams Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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Right menu I realized I was wasting hours applying to “dead” LinkedIn jobs — so I built a tiny fix Salaria Labs Salaria Labs Salaria Labs Follow Jan 12 I realized I was wasting hours applying to “dead” LinkedIn jobs — so I built a tiny fix # buildinpublic # career # productivity # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building PathCraft: An Open-Source Routing Engine in Go Daniel Reis Daniel Reis Daniel Reis Follow Jan 11 Building PathCraft: An Open-Source Routing Engine in Go # go # algorithms # programming # sideprojects Comments 1 comment 5 min read Beyond 'Correct Horse Battery Staple': Passphrases in Inflected Languages Tomasz Lipinski Tomasz Lipinski Tomasz Lipinski Follow Jan 11 Beyond 'Correct Horse Battery Staple': Passphrases in Inflected Languages # cybersecurity # programming # webdev # sideprojects 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Pick Wheel: A Simple Tool for Making Decisions Wayne Demon Wayne Demon Wayne Demon Follow Jan 9 Pick Wheel: A Simple Tool for Making Decisions # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 2 min read We built a travel journal app while working jobs we hate TripMemo TripMemo TripMemo Follow Jan 6 We built a travel journal app while working jobs we hate # travel # mobileapp # sideprojects # startup Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Chrome Extension to Make LeetCode Prep More Practical Vikrant Kadam Vikrant Kadam Vikrant Kadam Follow Jan 2 Building a Chrome Extension to Make LeetCode Prep More Practical # webdev # opensource # sideprojects # javascript 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read A detailed breakdown of how this simple SaaS reaches $93k MRR Valentin Valentin Valentin Follow Jan 1 A detailed breakdown of how this simple SaaS reaches $93k MRR # webdev # sideprojects # saas # website Comments Add Comment 5 min read The 150-Day Challenge: Building 4 Full-Stack Apps from Scratch Termuze Termuze Termuze Follow Jan 1 The 150-Day Challenge: Building 4 Full-Stack Apps from Scratch # showdev # buildinpublic # devjournal # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a Free Sleep Cycle Calculator sunil chaudhary sunil chaudhary sunil chaudhary Follow Jan 1 I Built a Free Sleep Cycle Calculator # webdev # react # productivity # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 1 min read File Encryption: No Uploads, No Records — How to Password-Protect Any File in Your Browser techno kraft techno kraft techno kraft Follow Jan 1 File Encryption: No Uploads, No Records — How to Password-Protect Any File in Your Browser # showdev # sideprojects # security # startup 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I spent a week working on regression tests & metadata guarantees on the YINI config/settings parser Mr Smithnen Mr Smithnen Mr Smithnen Follow Dec 31 '25 I spent a week working on regression tests & metadata guarantees on the YINI config/settings parser # sideprojects # opensource # node # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why I want to rethink architecture as code approach? Vlad Vlad Vlad Follow Jan 5 Why I want to rethink architecture as code approach? # architecture # opensource # sideprojects # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built TrackInterview — A Simple Way to Track Job Applications Surajdev Pandey Surajdev Pandey Surajdev Pandey Follow Dec 30 '25 I Built TrackInterview — A Simple Way to Track Job Applications # trackinterview # career # productivity # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 1 min read [Project Breakdown] Syncord: Encrypted File Storage via Discord krish krish krish Follow Dec 29 '25 [Project Breakdown] Syncord: Encrypted File Storage via Discord # programming # sideprojects # python # opensource Comments Add Comment 6 min read I Was Tired of Link-in-Bio Tools, So I Built an AI One-Page Website Generator Beka Makharoblishvili Beka Makharoblishvili Beka Makharoblishvili Follow Dec 30 '25 I Was Tired of Link-in-Bio Tools, So I Built an AI One-Page Website Generator # webdev # ai # marketing # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 2 min read Side Projects and AI Shubham Battoo Shubham Battoo Shubham Battoo Follow Jan 2 Side Projects and AI # discuss # programming # ai # sideprojects 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Markdown Scribe Dhanush N Dhanush N Dhanush N Follow Dec 27 '25 Building Markdown Scribe # rust # beginners # sideprojects # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Built (Yet Another) AI-Powered Chrome Extension to Organize My Tabs - This One Actually Works תמיר נקר תמיר נקר תמיר נקר Follow Dec 26 '25 I Built (Yet Another) AI-Powered Chrome Extension to Organize My Tabs - This One Actually Works # ai # productivity # webdev # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built a 3D Gesture-Controlled Instagram Christmas Tree in a Day 🎄 Grace Yuen Grace Yuen Grace Yuen Follow Dec 25 '25 I Built a 3D Gesture-Controlled Instagram Christmas Tree in a Day 🎄 # webdev # programming # sideprojects # threejs Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Zero to SDF Editor Beta: How I Used AI to Force My Dream Project Out of the Prototype Stage. What I learned? EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow Follow Jan 9 From Zero to SDF Editor Beta: How I Used AI to Force My Dream Project Out of the Prototype Stage. What I learned? # discuss # python # sideprojects # opensource 13 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read 🎮 Why Simple Web Games Still Work (and What I Learned Building One) Chirag Patel Chirag Patel Chirag Patel Follow Jan 7 🎮 Why Simple Web Games Still Work (and What I Learned Building One) # webdev # gamedev # sideprojects # react 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Most PDF Tools Don’t Actually Repair PDFs — Here’s Why SoanAI SoanAI SoanAI Follow Dec 21 '25 Most PDF Tools Don’t Actually Repair PDFs — Here’s Why # buildinpublic # webdev # productivity # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 2 min read Coding a startup - Defining OMX nodes Brandon Ha Brandon Ha Brandon Ha Follow Dec 21 '25 Coding a startup - Defining OMX nodes # startup # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Built FetchClip – A Fast Pinterest Video Downloader Investor Fectory Investor Fectory Investor Fectory Follow Dec 21 '25 How I Built FetchClip – A Fast Pinterest Video Downloader # webdev # seo # sideprojects # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read Made this for fellow programmers who want to get free feedback on their MVP Memers Memers Memers Follow Dec 20 '25 Made this for fellow programmers who want to get free feedback on their MVP # ai # programming # sideprojects # cloud Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources I built my own S3 for $5/mo Shared Hosting (because no one else did) When is a side project worth committing to? 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https://cssence.com/articles/ | Articles - CSSence.com Articles The opposite of Threads. Index January 8, 2026 Looking for Essays about Web Design and Development? In need of an Extra dose of code? What about the Events I’ve attended or spoken at? This is the right place. And let’s not forget my more personal pieces, filed under Editorials. Latest posts Text-based web browsers How do they fare with (not so) recent additions to HTML? Essay January 8, 2026 Accessibility is personal Is A11Y work rewarding? Demanding? Exhausting? All of the above? Essay December 19, 2025 @import ⚭ @supports How to load a stylesheet conditionally based on feature detection. Extra December 3, 2025 Redesigning in the open - Without further notice The quiet way: How to not (or how not to) announce a redesign. Editorial November 7, 2025 No close quote? There are multiple ways to do ornamental quotation marks. Extra November 5, 2025 Instant snapport How to tweak the optimal viewing region of the scrollport. Extra October 16, 2025 Nesting color schemes This is indeed about having dark and light mode on the same page. Essay October 11, 2025 Animating emojis The waiting is the hardest part. Extra July 1, 2025 CSS-in-Graz meetup #7 I spoke about the last 30 years of CSS, abridged. Event June 10, 2025 Pure CSS image reveal Actually, the HTML needs to help out here, a lot. Extra April 7, 2025 CSS space-size The long-awaited companion for tab-size. Extra April 1, 2025 The Popover API and Firefox’s Shift+Tab trap If it looks like a bug, smells like a bug, and quacks like a bug, it’s probably a bug. Extra February 21, 2025 The list above contains only the twelve most recent entries. In this section alone, there are 126 blog posts, and there are other sections on this site. To see what else is going on, you may want to head over to the home page or browse using the navigation below. About this index page Curated by Matthias Zöchling. Last revised on January 8, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/articles/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/#visually-hidden-content | Text-based web browsers - CSSence.com Text-based web browsers Essay January 8, 2026 Before I start, let me get two things out of the way: In this article I’m not going to include the admittedly cool browsh, because it only works by utilizing Firefox under the hood. When I say text-based, I’m talking about old-school browsers like ELinks , Lynx or w3m. These are also the three browsers I’ve used to test everything described below. The whole article ended up being a rant about how text-based browsers deal with features that got added to HTML. Or more like, how they neglect dealing with said features. Do text-based web browsers still matter? Well, I won’t be the judge of that. I like them, I have them installed, and I test every project I create in them. But they are not what I use to surf the web. Speaking of testing your creations, here’s the good news: If your project has a solid HTML foundation that you then progressively enhance with CSS and JS, you are off to a great start. How did HTML evolve in recent years? While CSS is the star of the show when it comes to new features, HTML ain’t stale either. If we put the long-awaited styleable selects and Apple’s take on toggle switches aside, there’s a lot readily available cross-browser. But here’s the thing: Whenever we say cross-browser, we usually look at the big ones, never at text-based browsers. So in this article I wanna shed some light on how they handle the following recent additions. How do text-based web browsers handle modern HTML? Added features Details Data lists Dialogs Popovers Inert content areas Hidden content Visually hidden content When viewing a web page in a text-based browser, you essentially get plain HTML, no CSS, no JS. There is some “styling”, a result of the elements’ semantics, but don’t expect anything fancy, we are down to colors, indentation, and centered text. It reminds me of what the browsers we are used to give us when they show unstyled HTML—well, HTML with the browser default styles, to be exact. That in turn reminds me of CSS Naked Day. Text-based browsers work well with good old HTML. Said recent additions however are a bit more nuanced (e.g. interactive), so let’s talk about them individually. Details Disclosure widgets are simple interactive elements we no longer need JS for. When <details> are closed, only their <summary> is shown. Text-based browsers have no clue what disclosure widgets are, so they always show the whole <details> content, meaning you always get the open state. This way things can get verbose, but in essence it’s okay. Verdict: Acceptable. Data lists Data lists can be used to add suggested values to an input field. In my tests they have been ignored entirely, Lynx even mentions that it encountered “bad HTML”, probably because it expects <option> only in a <select> parent. At least no browser rendered the options on the screen, they simply fall back to a plain <input> field, which is better than nothing. Side note: I’ve been told data lists have accessibility issues, so … Verdict: Whatever. Dialogs Yes, HTML can do modal and non-modal dialogs, and even alert dialogs, all thanks to the <dialog> element. Initially we needed JS to toggle their visibility, but with the help of the Popover API (see next chapter) we can now even get most of it done in plain HTML. Alas, once again there is no support in text-based browsers, so you’ll end up seeing all dialog content, as if they had their open attribute set. Consequently, there’s no awareness of a form’s method="dialog" nor a submit button’s formmethod="dialog" , so in both cases the form action is triggered. Verdict: Problematic. Popovers The Popover API is probably my favorite new feature, but only if you stick to regular web browsers. Given that dialogs are a type of popover, it’s no surprise that nothing works, and once again all popover content gets dumped onto the screen. By now I think you get the idea, so I won’t even talk about the Invoker Commands API at this point. Verdict: Most likely problematic. Inert content areas A modal dialog makes the rest of the page inert , so we don’t have to do it. But with the global inert attribute we can do this manually too, if we need to make certain parts of the DOM unreachable. Sure enough, text-based browsers will happily let you access interactive elements inside an inert content area. Verdict: Bad. Hidden content We’re now approaching something that is not new at all, the global hidden attribute has been supported for over a decade. It allows us to hide content in the same way as display: none , but directly in HTML. Adding support in text-based browsers has been discussed back in the day, but got rejected, hence it was never implemented. You’ll end up seeing all content marked as hidden . This is the primary reason why I started writing this article, and what enrages me the most. If I decide to hide content in HTML instead of CSS, I must have a very good reason, thus hidden content should not be visible in any browser! Certain progressive enhancement techniques work by hiding content in HTML and then making it visible via CSS or JS. That possibility goes out the window in text-based browsers. Verdict: Epic fail. 😠 🤬 Visually hidden content Just kidding, there’s still no native way in HTML to hide content visually , so we continue to rely on class names like .visually-hidden or .sr-only . No matter how they are named, they need to summon quite a few of lines of CSS to get things done. Whether there should be a native way is up for debate. Personally I would welcome a one-liner to achieve this, but it should remain in the domain of CSS. However, if we had a way in HTML, text-based browsers would display such visually hidden content anyway, that is certain. Verdict: To be continued. Now what? What now? Text-based browsers and modern HTML, no success story in sight. Given the progress we see in web technologies, the gap will only widen, so much so that w3m and its friends might fall into oblivion. Comments Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 8, 2026 at 19:07 It’s 2026 and text-based web browsers still do not know how to handle (not so) recent additions to HTML. cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers Marius Orcsik wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:14 I think the latest text browser is chawan , which is quite good. Nathan Knowler wrote on January 8, 2026 at 21:55 Interesting, it seems like w3m and lynx can display (declarative) shadow root content, but slots don’t work? Either that or they just don’t know how <template> elements work and are showing the content—but that doesn’t make sense since then the other light DOM content is being swallowed up. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 22:11 In reply to: @knowler.dev . Oof! That rabbit hole wasn’t even on my radar. Matthias Zöchling wrote on January 9, 2026 at 06:28 If you don’t care about text-based web browsers (I can’t blame you), this article doubles as a list of all the cool stuff that got added to HTML. Get involved Have your say on Mastodon, or simply share this article. About this article Written by Matthias Zöchling. Published on January 8, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/2026/text-based-web-browsers/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://bsky.app/profile/cssence.com/post/3mbwysezxds2r | @cssence.com on Bluesky JavaScript Required This is a heavily interactive web application, and JavaScript is required. Simple HTML interfaces are possible, but that is not what this is. Learn more about Bluesky at bsky.social and atproto.com . Post Matthias Zöchling cssence.com did:plc:iaazk4x527telb6dijs2sl74 Oof! That rabbit hole wasn’t even on my radar. 2026-01-08T22:11:28.336Z | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://cssence.com/about/ | About - CSSence.com About this site CSSence dot com Internal April 18, 2024 Definition The term CSSence is a portmanteau coined by blending the abbreviation for Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and the word essence . By adding the top level domain (TLD) .com you get the URL for the site you are looking at. However, the TLD is misleading, because there is nothing commercial here. Also, no advertisement. You are welcome. Knowing the history While some threads have been posted in as early as 2010, back then this happened on third-party sites. I launched the actual blog in 2011 on WordPress. This no longer existing predecessor came with the tagline The Essence of CSS . These days, the tagline only makes a cameo appearance in the title on the home page. The blog was conceived as—and I am quoting my old site here— […] an online magazine about CSS, [which] brings you a fresh article every month, filled with a vast amount of CSS goodness. Guess what happened. One article per month. That even worked for a little while, as enough ideas came to my mind, simply by working full-time on web projects. Although back then this translated to spending 85% of said full time in Internet Explorer. At some point however, I was no longer fast enough writing the ideas down because my attention was needed elsewhere. In hindsight, there always are a lot of elsewheres. Growing up Anyway, since the beginning I’ve been blogging about web design and development, and I continued to do so after I got my own domain . With the 2015 relaunch, the site evolved to serve as my personal hub, as you can tell by looking at the Big Table. Add a couple of redesigns, and you’ll end up with what you are looking at today. Off-center logo with the color #d34b6c for the 45° bar. The color became the default when switching to a flat design in 2014. Amidst those redesigns the site has evolved again, because I brought home all the content I published elsewhere, to keep the decentralized web alive. You too should own your own data . In addition, CSSence expanded to become my personal brand, I use this handle as my online identity for All Things Web, from CodePen to GitHub and everything very little in between. Needless to say, this site is curated by me as I’m the main author. I’ve written everything you can find here, unless stated otherwise. Disambiguation This is about CSSence the website. For @CSSence the author, see About Matt. About this page Written by Matthias Zöchling. Last revised on April 18, 2024 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/about/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://cssence.com/ | CSSence.com «The Essence of CSS» Welcome to CSSence.com Hello, I’m CSS ence Home January 10, 2026 CSSence? What is that? The person My name is Matthias, I’m also known as @CSSence. I’m a web developer, passionate about design, semantics and accessibility. And obviously CSS. I work in Vienna, Austria. About Matthias Zöchling. The website This site started as a weblog on Word­Press. As time went by, I got my own domain and turned it into a full-fledged IndieWeb hub, where all my content resides for longevity. About CSSence.com. Recent posts Latest posts Text-based web browsers How do they fare with (not so) recent additions to HTML? Essay January 8, 2026 Redesigning in the open - Without further notice The quiet way: How to not (or how not to) announce a redesign. Editorial November 7, 2025 @import ⚭ @supports How to load a stylesheet conditionally based on feature detection. Extra December 3, 2025 CSS-in-Graz meetup #7 I spoke about the last 30 years of CSS, abridged. Event June 10, 2025 Style Queries FTW! Warning: Limited availability across major browsers. Note January 1, 2026 Safeguarded hyphenation Tweaking things with hyphenate-limit-chars is (almost) possible. Link January 2, 2026 About this site Curated by Matthias Zöchling. Last revised on January 10, 2026 . Permalink: https://cssence.com/ 01 Home 02 Articles 03 Threads 04 About 05 Latest 06 Popular 07 Series 08 Archive © 2010–2026 Matthias Zöchling Imprint Webrings Elsewhere Menu Settings RSS feeds Back to top | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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Right menu Made a guide site for The Last Caretaker - my first game fan site 妙妙 妙妙 妙妙 Follow Dec 17 '25 Made a guide site for The Last Caretaker - my first game fan site # webdev # javascript # beginners # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read I built a fan site for Where Winds Meet (燕云十六声) in a weekend 妙妙 妙妙 妙妙 Follow Dec 17 '25 I built a fan site for Where Winds Meet (燕云十六声) in a weekend # webdev # nextjs # gamedev # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 1 min read NitroGen — Vision-to-Action Game AI Fabricio Viskor Fabricio Viskor Fabricio Viskor Follow Dec 21 '25 NitroGen — Vision-to-Action Game AI # gamedev # agents # deeplearning # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read I made a calculator for Roblox Fisch because the wiki was driving me crazy 妙妙 妙妙 妙妙 Follow Dec 17 '25 I made a calculator for Roblox Fisch because the wiki was driving me crazy # webdev # javascript # beginners # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building PolyScan: Free CC0 PBR Textures & 3D Models for Real Projects Poly scan Poly scan Poly scan Follow Dec 15 '25 Building PolyScan: Free CC0 PBR Textures & 3D Models for Real Projects # gamedev # unity3d # 3dmodling # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read From Algorithms to Adventures Dimi Chakarov Dimi Chakarov Dimi Chakarov Follow Dec 13 '25 From Algorithms to Adventures # iosdev # gamedev # puzzles # swift 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Designing a Symbol-Based Portal System for a Web Browser MMO Strategy Game Interstellar Empires Interstellar Empires Interstellar Empires Follow Dec 14 '25 Designing a Symbol-Based Portal System for a Web Browser MMO Strategy Game # webdev # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 3): Preparing Resource Files Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 6 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 3): Preparing Resource Files # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built a Christmas Endless Runner Game Using Only AI (with Antigravity) reddisanjeevkumar reddisanjeevkumar reddisanjeevkumar Follow Dec 29 '25 I Built a Christmas Endless Runner Game Using Only AI (with Antigravity) # showdev # gamedev # android # ai 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Porting Mistreevous to C#: A High-Performance Behavior Tree Library for Modern .NET Diego Teles Diego Teles Diego Teles Follow Dec 14 '25 Porting Mistreevous to C#: A High-Performance Behavior Tree Library for Modern .NET # dotnet # csharp # gamedev # opensource Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 Introducing the Sudoku Solver API: Generate, Solve & Verify Puzzles with Ease Aakash Giri Aakash Giri Aakash Giri Follow Dec 14 '25 🚀 Introducing the Sudoku Solver API: Generate, Solve & Verify Puzzles with Ease # sudoku # gamedev # restapi # sudoksolver 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read etcGrab Cube — My Browser-Based VR Full-Body Tracking System Sami.s Sami.s Sami.s Follow Dec 14 '25 etcGrab Cube — My Browser-Based VR Full-Body Tracking System # showdev # gamedev # javascript # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding Starter Content and Selection Mode in Unreal Engine (Day 10) Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 5 Understanding Starter Content and Selection Mode in Unreal Engine (Day 10) # beginners # devjournal # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Game Website With Zero Coding Experience (Thanks to Codex defoy defoy defoy Follow Dec 26 '25 Building a Game Website With Zero Coding Experience (Thanks to Codex # gamedev # beginners # ai # webdev Comments 1 comment 3 min read Game Dev Digest — Issue #310 - 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https://dev.to/colocodes/react-class-components-vs-function-components-23m6#State2 | React: class components vs function components - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Damian Demasi Posted on Dec 1, 2021 React: class components vs function components # webdev # javascript # beginners # react When I first started working with React, I mostly used function components, especially because I read that class components were old and outdated. But when I started working with React professionally I realised I was wrong. Class components are very much alive and kicking. So, I decided to write a sort of comparison between class components and function components to have a better understanding of their similarities and differences. Table Of Contents Class components Rendering State A common pitfall Props Lifecycle methods Function components Rendering State Props Conclusion Class components This is how a class component that makes use of state , props and render looks like: class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { name : props . name }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . state . name } </ h1 >; } } // Render ReactDOM . render ( Hello , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources in which you can find more information about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Rendering Let’s say there is a <div> somewhere in your HTML file: <div id= "root" ></div> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We can render an element in the place of the div with root id like this: const element = < h1 > Hello, world </ h1 >; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Regarding React components, we will usually be exporting a component and using it in another file: Hello.jsx import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; class Hello extends React . Component { render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } </ h1 >; } } export default Hello ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode main.js import React from ' react ' ; import ReactDOM from ' react-dom ' ; import Hello from ' ./app/Hello.jsx ' ; ReactDOM . render (< Hello />, document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And this is how a class component gets rendered on the web browser. Now, there is a difference between rendering and mounting, and Brad Westfall made a great job summarising it : "Rendering" is any time a function component gets called (or a class-based render method gets called) which returns a set of instructions for creating DOM. "Mounting" is when React "renders" the component for the first time and actually builds the initial DOM from those instructions. State A state is a JavaScript object containing information about the component's current condition. To initialise a class component state we need to use a constructor : class Hello extends React . Component { constructor () { this . state = { endOfMessage : ' ! ' }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } { this . state . endOfMessage } </ h1 >; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/rendering-elements.html https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Caution: we shouldn't modify the state directly because it will not trigger a re-render of the component: this . state . comment = ' Hello ' ; // Don't do this Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Instead, we should use the setState() method: this . setState ({ comment : ' Hello ' }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If our current state depends from the previous one, and as setState is asynchronous, we should take into account the previous state: this . setState ( function ( prevState , prevProps ) { return { counter : prevState . counter + prevProps . increment }; }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html A common pitfall If we need to set a state with nested objects , we should spread all the levels of nesting in that object: this . setState ( prevState => ({ ... prevState , someProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty , someOtherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty , anotherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty . anotherProperty , flag : false } } } })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This can become cumbersome, so the use of the [immutability-helper](https://github.com/kolodny/immutability-helper) package is recommended. Related sources about this: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43040721/how-to-update-nested-state-properties-in-react Before I knew better, I believed that setting a new object property will always preserve the ones that were not set, but that is not true for nested objects (which is kind of logical, because I would be overriding an object with another one). That situation happens when I previously spread the object and then modify one of its properties: > b = { item1 : ' a ' , item2 : { subItem1 : ' y ' , subItem2 : ' z ' }} //-> { item1: 'a', item2: {subItem1: 'y', subItem2: 'z'}} > b . item2 = {... b . item2 , subItem1 : ' modified ' } //-> { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } > b //-> { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } } > b . item2 = { subItem1 : ' modified ' } // Not OK //-> { subItem1: 'modified' } > b //-> { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified' } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But when we have nested objects we need to use multiple nested spreads, which turns the code repetitive. That's where the immutability-helper comes to help. You can find more information about this here . Props If we want to access props in the constructor , we need to call the parent class constructor by using super(props) : class Button extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); console . log ( props ); console . log ( this . props ); } // ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://overreacted.io/why-do-we-write-super-props/ Bear in mind that using props to set an initial state is an anti-pattern of React. In the past, we could have used the componentWillReceiveProps method to do so, but now it's deprecated . class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { property : this . props . name , // Not recommended, but OK if it's just used as seed data. }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } </ h1 >; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Using props to initialise a state is not an anti-patter if we make it clear that the prop is only used as seed data for the component's internally-controlled state. Related sources about this: https://sentry.io/answers/using-props-to-initialize-state/ https://reactjs.org/docs/react-component.html#unsafe_componentwillreceiveprops https://medium.com/@justintulk/react-anti-patterns-props-in-initial-state-28687846cc2e Lifecycle methods Class components don't have hooks ; they have lifecycle methods instead. render() componentDidMount() componentDidUpdate() componentWillUnmount() shouldComponentUpdate() static getDerivedStateFromProps() getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() You can learn more about lifecycle methods here: https://programmingwithmosh.com/javascript/react-lifecycle-methods/ https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Function components This is how a function component makes use of props , state and render : function Welcome ( props ) { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } </ h1 >; } // or const Welcome = ( props ) => { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } </ h1 >; } // Render const element = < Welcome name = "Sara" />; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Rendering Rendering a function component is achieved the same way as with class components: function Welcome ( props ) { return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } </ h1 >; } const element = < Welcome name = "Sara" />; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html State When it comes to the state, function components differ quite a bit from class components. We need to define an array that will have two main elements: the value of the state, and the function to update said state. We then need to assign the useState hook to that array, initialising the state in the process: import React , { useState } from ' react ' ; function Example () { // Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count" const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ); return ( < div > < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > < button onClick = { () => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The useState hook is the way function components allow us to use a component's state in a similar manner as this.state is used in class components. Remember: function components use hooks . According to the official documentation: What is a Hook? A Hook is a special function that lets you “hook into” React features. For example, useState is a Hook that lets you add React state to function components. We’ll learn other Hooks later. When would I use a Hook? If you write a function component and realize you need to add some state to it, previously you had to convert it to a class. Now you can use a Hook inside the existing function component. To read the state of the function component we can use the variable we defined when using useState in the function declaration ( count in our example). < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In class components, we had to do something like this: < p > You clicked { this . state . count } times </ p > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Every time we need to update the state, we should call the function we defined ( setCount in this case) with the values of the new state. < button onClick = { () => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Meanwhile, in class components we used the this keyword followed by the state and the property to be updated: < button onClick = { () => this . setState ({ count : this . state . count + 1 }) } > Click me </ button > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sources: https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html Props Finally, using props in function components is pretty straight forward: we just pass them as the component argument: function Avatar ( props ) { return ( < img className = "Avatar" src = { props . user . avatarUrl } alt = { props . user . name } /> ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Conclusion Deciding whether to use class components or function components will depend on the situation. As far as I know, professional environments use class components for "main" components, and function components for smaller, particular components. Although this may not be the case depending on your project. I would love to see examples of the use of class and function components in specific situations, so don't be shy of sharing them in the comments section. 🗞️ NEWSLETTER - If you want to hear about my latest articles and interesting software development content, subscribe to my newsletter . 🐦 TWITTER - Follow me on Twitter . Top comments (33) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The issue with class based components and the driving reason why the React team went towards functional components was for better abstractions. In 2013 when React came out, there was a feature called mixins (this is before JavaScript classes were possible). Mixins were a way to share code between components but fostered a lot of problems and anti-patterns. In 2015 JS got classes and 2016 React moved towards real class-based components. Everyone was excited that mixins were gone but we also lost a primitive way to share code in React. Without React offering a way to share code, the community turned towards patterns instead. With classes, if you want to share reusable code between two components, you only really have two pattern choices - higher order components (HoC's) or the "render props" pattern. HoC has several known problems. In other words, I could give you a "try to abstract this" task with classes and you just wouldn't be able to do it with HoC, it had pretty bad limitations. The render props patter was popularized later and it actually fixed all four known issues with HoC's, so a lot of react devs became a fan of this new pattern, but it had new new problems that HoC's never had. I wrote a detailed piece on this a while back gist.github.com/bradwestfall/4fa68... The reason why hooks were created was to bring functional components up to speed with class based components as far as capability (as you mentioned above) but the end goal of that was custom hooks. With a custom hook we get functional composition capabilities and this solves all six issues of Hoc and Render Props problems, although there are still some good reasons to use render props in certain situations (checkout Formik). If you want, checkout Ryan's keynote at the conference where they announced hooks youtube.com/watch?v=wXLf18DsV-I Also, the reason why classes are still around is just because the React team knew it would be a while for companies to migrate their big code bases from classes to hooks so they kept both ways around. Hope it helps someone Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, thanks so much @bradwestfall ! This is a very interesting back-story on classes and function components. I really appreciate the time you took to explain all of this. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide No problem, your article does a nice job comparing strictly from a syntax standpoint, there's just the whole code abstraction part to consider. Honestly, after teaching hooks now for 3 years, I know that hooks syntax can be harder to grasp than the class syntax, but I also know that most developers are willing to take on the more difficult hooks syntax for the tradeoff of having much better abstraction options, that's really the main idea. For real though, checkout Ryan's conference talk, it's fantastic Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Eugene Eugene Eugene Follow Pronouns He/him Joined Oct 29, 2021 • Feb 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Some people told, the argument to use class components - error boundaries, which don't have function implementation yet. (It's not my opinion, I just recently started to learn react and seeking for useful information here and there) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Follow Full-stack Web Developer, Software engineer Location Morocco Work Full-stack Web Developer Joined Jun 1, 2019 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a hot topic bro, nice done, otherwise i guess that functional components are cleaner and easy to maintain, so whatever the size of your app, we always look for better and maintainable code, so FC are better than classes any way (React point of view only) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand tanth1993 tanth1993 tanth1993 Follow Joined Jan 5, 2020 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide the only thing I like Class Component is that there is a callback in setState . I usually use it when after set loading for the page :) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Follow Web developer, tinkerer, take-aparterer (and, sometimes, put-back-togetherer) Location Melbourne, Australia Work Front End Developer at Art Processors Joined Jul 23, 2019 • Dec 3 '21 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The equivalent in functional components is the useEffect hook, which can be setup to run a function when one or more specific dependencies change. There is also a hook called useReducer which gives you the ability to perform complex actions and logic when dependencies change. Very useful for deriving properties from complex state. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Spot on! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 2 '21 • Edited on Dec 2 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am new dev in react. I am learning class component. Is that okay for me? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide When I started learning React, I saw function components first, and then class components. But I think a better approach will be learning class components first, so then, when you learn function components, you will see why they exists and the advantages they have over the class components. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Monday David S. Monday David S. Monday David S. Follow Email davidsarka242@gmail.com Joined Mar 7, 2021 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Totally agree with you Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 5 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide We need to learn first Class component and then Functional Component Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I think you are right. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Follow Joined Jul 24, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You'll need to learn both anyways, it is quite frequent to find projects that mix the two methodologies. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you Jeysson, I think it will help me lot in my react learning Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Follow Software Developer | Content Creator | AI, Tech, Programming Location London, UK Education Bachelor Degree Computer Science Work Software Developer Joined Feb 11, 2020 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice comparison I have completely converted to functional components it would be hard to go back to classes now. When I initially started to learn hooks my thoughts were the reverse. It really is that much better though. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I now have the dilemma of choosing between class or function components at my workplace... I guess that as I gain more experience I will be able to make better decisions. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That is awesome @lukeshiru ! Thanks for sharing your experience. I think that what is actually happening is that the app in which I'm working on is rather old, and function components did not exist back then. Taking into account your experience, do you think that using class components have any benefit over the function components? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sophiegrafe sophiegrafe sophiegrafe Follow Former Barmaid trained to be fullstack dev last year! Working hard to not be that Jake of all trades, master of none 😅 Education Interface3 Joined Mar 30, 2022 • Mar 30 '22 • Edited on Mar 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you very much for this, your article and the discussion that follows were a great help to clarify the subject! I will definitely go with FC but take some time to be more comfortable with the class-based approach in case of need. I have a very little observation to make regarding the way you explained useState affectation "to an array" under "State" in FC section. You wrote: "We need to define an array that will have two main elements[...] We then need to assign the useState hook to that array. [...]" When I see brackets, as a beginner, it automatically triggers the "array" reflex, but brackets on the left side of the assignment operator means destructuring assignment, here array destructuring. As I understand this, we don't assign the useState hook to an array, it's the other way around actually, we are unpacking or extracting values from an array and assigning them to variables. useState return an array of 2 values and DA allows us to avoid this kind of extra lines: const useState = useState ( initialValue ); const stateValue = useState [ 0 ]; const setStateValue = useState [ 1 ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html#... for a more complete review of this syntax: javascript.info/destructuring-assi... I found DA very useful in many situations for arrays, strings and objects. Totally worth mentioning, learning and using! Again thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great, thanks for your input! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand echoes2099 echoes2099 echoes2099 Follow Joined Jul 10, 2018 • May 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was under the impression the official stance was that class components were deprecated...as in dont create new code using these. We recently had to ditch a form library that was written with classes. The reason being is because it did not have useEffects that reacted to all changes in state (and I'm not sure if you could write the equivalent useEffect with hooks). So we were seeing bugs where dynamically injected fields could not register themselves. React hooks are OK but i wouldn't go back to a class based approach for new code Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (33 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 More from Damian Demasi The Power of Microtools: How AI and "Vibe Coding" Are Changing the Way We Build # ai # vibecoding # webdev # productivity How to Learn Python Faster and Easier with This Notion Template # python # programming # beginners # learning Learning how to code: with our special guest, Ron # webdev # beginners # programming # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/features#local-and-cloud-bucketing | Features and Functionality | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS Server-side SDKS SDK Proxy SDK Features On this page Features and Functionality DevCycle strives to ensure that all our APIs and SDKs have identical functionality (except language- or platform-specific nuances). Below is a list of all the current functionality that DevCycle supports across the SDKs. Universal Initialization Evaluating Features & Using Variables Getting All Features Getting All Variables Identifying Users / Setting Properties Tracking Events Realtime Updates Limited Custom Domains Initialization Client-Side SDKs For most client-side SDKs, the only required parameters to initialize the SDK are the SDK Key and the current user. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. The current user is determined by you, and should contain any details about the user that you require for your targeting logic. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_CLIENT_SDK_KEY>' , user ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Caching of Configurations When initialized, each client-side SDK will cache the retrieved configuration for the user. This cache will be used in scenarios where on subsequent initializations a new configuration is not available. This may be due to a lack of internet connection or a lack of connection to DevCycle. Additionally, if the SDK is interacted with before any initialization (such as attempting to read a Variable far early on in an application before initialization), the cached value will be read. If a Variable is first read from the cache and you've implemented a listener for realtime updates , once a new value is retrieved after initialization, the onUpdate function on the Variable will be triggered and return updated values. Server-Side SDKs For most server-side SDKs, the only required parameter to initialize the SDK is the SDK Key. The SDK key is unique to each Project and Environment and can be found in the DevCycle dashboard. A typical initialization call looks like this const devcycleClient = initializeDevCycle ( '<DEVCYCLE_SERVER_SDK_KEY>' ) SDKs also offer a way to wait for initialization to finish, meaning that the DevCycle configuration has been obtained and the SDK is ready to return the correct Variable values for the given user. Here is a Javascript example: // wait for client to initialize await devcycleClient . onClientInitialized ( ) Evaluating Features & Using Variables This section explains how to use retrieve the Variables of a Feature as well as use their values. For information on setting up a Feature for use, read Variables and Variations and Targeting Users Every SDK provides a method to retrieve a Variable's value. It expects to receive the unique key of the Variable, and a default value to serve in case no other value is available. A typical Variable method would look something like this: const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) Each call to this method is tracked as an "evaluation" event. These events will be shown in the DevCycle dashboard and are used to power the analytics graphs that allow you to see the effects of your Variables being used. The default value will be returned in the following scenarios: The SDK has not yet finished initializing and obtaining a configuration from DevCycle There was an error reaching the DevCycle servers and the configuration could not be obtained The Variable does not exist in DevCycle The default value's type does not align with the type of the Variable being served from DevCycle. For example, a Boolean default value will be used if the DevCycle configuration is trying to set this Variable to a String value. This preserves type safety and prevents the remote configuration from breaking your application at runtime. The SDK has finished initializing, but the user has not been targeted for a Feature that controls this Variable For more information on how the default value is used, see Variable Defaults . Evaluation Reasons When a Variable is evaluated in DevCycle, the response includes metadata explaining why a specific Variation's value was returned. This is captured in the eval object, which helps teams debug and understand Feature Flag decisions more effectively. DevCycle extends the OpenFeature Evaluation Details structure with additional reason types and optional fields for richer context. Supported SDKs SDK / Platform Minimum Version with eval metadata Android 2.5.0 Flutter 1.11.0 iOS 1.24.0 JavaScript (Web) 1.41.0 Next.js 2.17.0 NestJS 0.26.0 React 1.39.0 React Native 2.16.0 React Native (Expo) 2.16.0 Go Server v2.23.0 Java Server 2.8.0 JavaScript Server (Cloud) 1.27.0 Node.js Server (Local) 1.41.0 .NET Server (Cloud) 3.6.0 .NET Server (Local) 4.6.0 PHP Server 2.2.0 Python Server 3.12.0 Ruby Server 3.7.0 Evaluation Object Format "eval" : { "reason" : "REASON_ENUM" , "details" : "optional string" , "target_id" : "optional string" } Field Type Description reason string A required enum value indicating why a specific value was returned. details string An optional string providing extra context about the evaluation outcome. target_id string An optional identifier for the matched targeting rule or audience. Reason Types The reason field reflects the primary reason a particular value was served. Here are the possible values: Reason Description Examples of details Property DEFAULT Returned when the default value was used. This may occur due to a type mismatch, a missing configuration, or an error in evaluation logic. - Type Mismatch - User Not Targeted - (no details if unknown) TARGETING_MATCH Indicates the user matched a targeting rule or audience and was served the corresponding Variation. - Audience Match → Country AND Email AND App Version - Custom Data → full_country - Country AND Custom Data → isBetaUser SPLIT The user matched targeting rules and was bucketed into a Variation using a percentage rollout or random distribution. Implies a TARGETING_MATCH . - Rollout | Custom Data → full_country - Random Distribution | isBetaUser OVERRIDE The result was manually overridden via API/CLI override or self-targeting, typically in local development or QA. - Override OPT_IN The user explicitly opted into (or out of) a specific Variation using DevCycle’s Opt-In feature. - Opt-In ERROR An error occurred during evaluation, resulting in the default value being served. - Missing Environment config - SDK not initialized Additional Notes The details and target_id fields are included only when relevant. Not all reasons will include these fields—if no helpful context is available, they will be omitted. Getting All Features The "Get All Features" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Features that the user is currently receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "your-cool-feature" : { "key" : "your-cool-feature" , "type" : "release" , "variationKey" : "variation-on" , "variationName" : "Variation On" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "333345" } , "another-feature" : { "key" : "another-feature" , "type" : "ops" , "variationKey" : "enabled" , "variationName" : "Enabled" , "_id" : "123456" , "_variation" : "444123" } } Only Features that the User has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be returned by this function. The Feature must also be enabled for that Environment. Getting all Variables The "Get All Variables" function in an SDK will return a map of all the Variables that the user is receiving. The response is the following general format, with slight changes depending on the specifics of the SDK: { "my-feature-variable" : { "_id" : "617c19199db63239d2d17025" , "key" : "my-feature-variable" , "type" : "Boolean" , "value" : false } , "some-string-variable" : { "_id" : "61828f25c1c23bc6ae1366e9" , "key" : "some-string-variable" , "type" : "String" , "value" : "this is a string variable value" } } Only Variables in Features that the user has satisfied Targeting Rules for will be part of the response in this method. The Feature must also be enabled for the Environment this SDK is being called on. caution This method is intended to be used for debugging and analytics purposes, not as a method for retrieving the value of Variables to change code behaviour. For that purpose, we strongly recommend using the individual Variable access method described in Evaluating Features & Using Variables . Using the "Get All Variables" method instead will result in no evaluation events being tracked for individual Variables, which will not allow the use of other DevCycle Features such as Code Usage detection . Identifying a User or Setting Properties All SDKs have the concept of a user "identity" to be used for evaluating Feature Targeting Rules. The Features that are served to a user will be a function of the Targeting Rules and the user data you provide to the SDK. tip While we refer to these identities as "users", the data passed here can represent anything you want to target against. In these cases, you can use any string that makes sense as an identifier as the "user_id". The id simply needs to be consistent to ensure consistent random distributions and rollouts. The user data object that you should use across SDKs should look something like this: { "user_id" : " [email protected] " , "name" : "user 1 name" , "customData" : { "customKey" : "customValue" } , "privateCustomData" : { "privateKey" : "privateValue" } } The identification of users functions differently on Client SDKs vs. Server SDKs. Client SDK Identification Client SDKs can be initialized with a user object if the user data is known at that time. All client SDKs accept a "user" argument in their initialization function. By providing the user here, the SDK's initial configuration request will be made with that data and the correct Variable values will be available once the SDK initializes. For that reason, providing user data during initialization is recommended where possible. Identifying a user can also be accomplished later by calling the identifyUser function and providing your user data object. When this method is called, the SDK will retrieve a new configuration from the DevCycle servers corresponding to that user. A typical call to this method looks like const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } await devCycleClient . identifyUser ( user ) The identifyUser method always includes a way to wait for the operation to finish. When finished, the SDK will have the correct configuration for the given user and all Variable evaluations from that point onward will be based on the new user's data. This method is useful when user data can not be known at initialization time, or when the user's identity must be changed during the application's lifecycle. Anonymous Users info If a user id is not supplied, client-side SDKs will automatically generate an anonymous user id and assign it to the current user. Anonymous users count towards your MAUs for the month. This id will be cached and used between app sessions / website visits until a user id is supplied or reset is called. This ensures that you will not experience a rise in MAUs if the main experience of your application is in a logged-out or anonymous state. Resetting a User Client SDKs also contain a method for "resetting" a user's identity. This can be used in cases like "logging out", where there is no longer any identifiable information to pass to the SDK. In those cases, "reset" will clear all stored data and generate a new "anonymous" user ID to represent the user. Custom Data and Private Custom Data User data can also contain "custom data", which is a key-value map of any arbitrary data you want to use for targeting. The provided data can be used in Targeting Rules by creating Custom Properties in the DevCycle dashboard. Learn more about Custom Property Targeting . When setting custom properties you have a choice between keeping that data completely private or allowing for the data to be logged back to DevCycle's events database. Both options allow for the same targeting capabilities, but you should use Private Custom Data if you are looking to avoid having user data saved to any external system. With Private Custom Data, data is used solely for targeting decisions within DevCycle's Edge Workers. It is then discarded and no record is saved anywhere. With regular Custom Data, the data used for evaluation purposes is logged back to DevCycle's events database where it can be used for debugging purposes or providing guidance on evaluation reasons. Server-Side SDK Identification Unlike the Client-Side SDKs, Server-Side SDKs work in a multi-user context. Because of this, a single Identify function does not make sense. Instead, you must provide the user data to each function call when evaluating Variables. For example: const user = { user_id : 'myUser' , } const myVariableValue = devcycleClient . variableValue ( // User data user , // Variable "key" 'my-variable-key' , // Default value to use if DevCycle has no other value 'default-value' , ) In Local Bucketing mode (the default), these calls will quickly compute the Variable value locally using the currently stored DevCycle configuration, and no network calls will be made. Tracking Custom Events The Track function in the DevCycle SDKs allows you to send custom events which can be used for your own data analysis on enabled Features, and Metrics on A/B tests and experiments within the DevCycle dashboard. Here is an example of a custom event request and properties that an event may contain. event = { type : 'button_clicked' , // required field date : new Date ( ) , target : 'my_target' , value : 5 , metaData : { key : 'value' , } , } devcycleClient . track ( event ) Custom Domains When using client-side SDKs, particularly web client SDKs there is the potential for Ad Blockers and browser privacy features to block requests and third-party cookies. Custom Domains with DevCycle ensures all cookies and requests used are first-party and will not be blocked by ensuring requests are sent through your recognized domain. A DNS CNAME needs to be created to leverage this feature. Setting Up Custom Domains Custom Domains are available to those on a business or enterprise plan and require manual setup on both your end as well as DevCycle's. If you are interested in getting set up, please read more on our Custom Domains page, and reach out to [email protected] with the required details. Realtime Updates All DevCycle SDKs are capable of being notified in realtime that new configuration changes have been made in the DevCycle platform. DevCycle leverages Server-Sent Events (SSE) to notify the SDKs that a Feature (Targeting Rules, Variable values, etc.) has been updated and that they should fetch the new configuration. A connection URL is included in the config that the SDK fetches, triggering the SDK to open a connection with our SSE provider and listen for any changes in the given Environment. SDK Specifics Javascript SDK , React SDK If the user loses focus on the webpage for longer then the inactivityDelay (the default of which is set to 2 minutes, and can be configured through the options), the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect when the user opens the tab / window again (i.e. the page's visibility state = visible ). The SDK will also request a new configuration during reconnection to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. iOS SDK , Android SDK & Flutter SDK If the user backgrounds the application for some period of time, the SDK will disconnect from the SSE provider and will reconnect again when the user brings the application to the foreground. When the application is brought to the foreground the SDK will request a new configuration to receive any updates it may have missed while the realtime connection was closed. Server-Side SDKs If the server loses its connection it will be re-opened automatically after a configurable interval. Local and Cloud Bucketing Server SDKs have two modes, "Local Bucketing" and "Cloud Bucketing". Local Bucketing Local Bucketing does all targeting decisions locally inside the server running the SDK. The DevCycle configuration is downloaded upon initialization of the SDK, and all future SDK calls will determine flag values based on this data and the provided user data. This approach will guarantee instantaneous, synchronous results from the SDK. Cloud Bucketing The SDK determines flag values by making an API call for each decision, using workers at the edge which are available globally. Every function within the SDK will reach out to these edge workers and respond with extremely low latency. Cloud bucketing is required to use specific features such as EdgeDB and Feature Opt-In . If you aren't using these features, then Local Bucketing is the recommended mode. Server SDK Diagrams The following diagrams illustrate the initialization flow, and logical background processes created/managed by the SDKs. For more information on the architecture of DevCycle services and SDKs, visit the System Architecture page. Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous SDK Lifecycle Next JavaScript SDK Initialization Client-Side SDKs Server-Side SDKs Evaluating Features & Using Variables Evaluation Reasons Supported SDKs Evaluation Object Format Reason Types Getting All Features Getting all Variables Identifying a User or Setting Properties Client SDK Identification Server-Side SDK Identification Tracking Custom Events Custom Domains Realtime Updates SDK Specifics Local and Cloud Bucketing Local Bucketing Cloud Bucketing Server SDK Diagrams Initialization Flow Config Manager Event Manager DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/sdk/client-side-sdks/android/ | Android SDK | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up SDK Overview SDK Lifecycle SDK Features Client-side SDKS JavaScript SDK React SDK Next.js SDK Angular SDK iOS SDK Android SDK Installation Getting Started Usage Example App OpenFeature React Native Flutter SDK Roku SDK Server-side SDKS SDK Proxy Client-side SDKS Android SDK DevCycle Android SDK The DevCycle Android Client SDK! This SDK uses our Client SDK APIs to perform all user segmentation and bucketing for the SDK, providing fast response times using our globally distributed edge workers all around the world. Installation Installing the SDK Getting Started Initializing the SDK Usage Using the SDK Example App Try it out for yourself OpenFeature How to implement the OpenFeature Provider for Android The SDK is available as a package on MavenCentral. It is also open source and can be viewed on Github. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous OpenFeature Next Installation DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
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https://dev.to/willholmes/tailwindcss-vs-styled-components-in-reactjs-188j#useful-resources | TailwindCSS vs Styled-Components in ReactJs - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Will Holmes Posted on Jan 10, 2021 TailwindCSS vs Styled-Components in ReactJs # javascript # css # beginners # react A few days ago I posted a new blog post in which I detailed my experience with styled-components, and how it was a nice way of incorporating dynamic styling into the js domain staying away from CSS files. I later found out about yet another way to incorporate styling into your applications... that was TailwindCSS. I had seen some conversation around this before as well as a lot of videos and posts mentioning TailwindCSS but thought nothing more of it. So seeing as I had been told of it again and also wanted to try it out so I could compare my experiences. I decided to build a website utilizing Tailwind for styling. What should I know as basics? To get you started and to understand this read it's important to know that: TailwindCSS is a package full of pre-built classes to style your components however, they are so flexible that you can do anything with them! You do not need to know CSS to use TailwindCSS. TailwindCSS uses a lot of abbreviations i.e. (pb is padding-bottom), so it's important that you read the documentation and use its search function if you are ever unsure. Tailwind... more like bootstrap!? I have to say my initial impressions of Tailwind are positive. It takes a lot of the semantics of bootstrap and has almost extended them so much that you never have to use media queries in direct CSS to toggle differences in styling. Instead, you would do something like the below: < div class = "pb-10 sm:pb-12 md:pb-8 lg:pb-4" > Hello world </ div > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To those who have used styling frameworks before such as Material UI, Bootstrap, etc. You will understand the usages of these different media breakpoints ( sm, md, lg, etc. ). These are essentially saying ' When my device size is lower than small apply a padding-bottom of 10. When my device size is small (sm) or greater apply a padding-bottom of 12. When my device size is medium (md) or greater apply a padding-bottom of 8. When my device size is large (lg) or greater apply a padding-bottom of 4 '. I must say, it took me a while to really understand the technique of saying there is no 'xs' breakpoint which is what you would typically find in bootstrap for example. Simply that any device which is lower than sm inherits tailwind classes without a media breakpoint like the above 'pb-10'. But hang on... that looks like a lot of classes? That's true and it's something that did put a bit of a dampener on my view of the framework. With having so many utility classes being added on to each element it's very easy to end up with huge class property values. This can easily cause things like useless classes remaining on elements that aren't necessarily needed etc. A good package to use is the classNames package that will combine class names together. Allowing you to format your elements a little cleaner. How does TailwindCSS compare to styled-components? Something I really liked about styled-components , was how simple it made your components look. Being able to create a styled div and reference it like: const Wrapper = styled . div ` padding-bottom: 10px; @media (min-width: 768px) { padding-bottom: 20px; } ` ; const TestComponent = () => ( < Wrapper > Hello world! </ Wrapper > ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This to me, keeps component code so clean and concise allowing the components to focus on logic and not looks. You could even go one step further, and abstract your stylings out to a separate js file within your component domain. However, let's see what this looks like in TailwindCSS : const TestComponent = () => ( < div className = "pb-10 md:pb-20" > Hello World! </ div > ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode As you can see here, TailwindCSS actually reduces the number of lines of code we have to write to achieve the same goal. This is its whole intention with the utility class approach. It really does simplify writing styled elements. However, this is all well and good for our elements with only a few styles. Let's take a look at the comparisons of more heavily styled components: styled-components const Button = styled . button ` font-size: 1rem; margin: 1rem; padding: 1rem 1rem; @media (min-width: 768px) { padding: 2rem 2rem; } border-radius: 0.25rem; border: 2px solid blue; background-color: blue; color: white; ` ; const TestComponent = () => ( <> < Button > Hello world! </ Button > </> ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode TailwindCSS const TestComponent = () => ( < div className = "text-base mg-1 pt-1 pr-1 md:pt-2 md:pr-2 rounded border-solid border-2 border-light-blue-500 bg-blue-500 text-white-500" > Hello World! </ div > ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode As you can see from the above comparisons, styled-components really does take the lead now as our component has grown in styling rules. Tailwind's implementation is so verbose in classNames and without using a package like classNames it really makes our lines a lot longer than they should be. This is one of the biggest downfalls for Tailwind in my opinion. Especially if you are working on a project with multiple developers, the styled-components approach allows you to easily read what stylings the Button component has. In comparison to the Tailwind approach, you would most likely have to lookup in the docs some of those util classes to understand precise values. Compare this example to the first example. Tailwind just screamed simplicity. This follow up example just consists of complexity and a high risk of spaghetti code. It only takes multiple developers to be working on a few components at the same time for styles to be easily ruined/disrupted and then spending time removing certain util classes to find out the root cause. In comparison to the styled-components way of doing things where we still rely on our raw CSS changes it is a lot easier to manage change in my opinion. So, who takes home the trophy? Well... to be honest, I wouldn't say either of these two trumps each other. Both have their benefits and disadvantages which have been demonstrated in this article. I'd say if you are looking for a quick way to style a website or single pager with not much complexity; then TailwindCSS might be best for you. Mainly due to the amount of utility you get out of the box to style your classes. However, if you are looking for a longer-term project that can be more easily maintained. I would advise styled-components due to their more 'robust' feel to it when maintaining styles in my opinion. However, I am not an expert in either of them, I have simply just been building in both of these technologies and these are my initial thoughts. Useful Resources: TailwindCSS: https://tailwindcss.com/ https://www.tailwindtoolbox.com/ https://tailwindcomponents.com/ Styled-Components https://styled-components.com/ Thank you for reading, let me know in the comments below if you have used either of these or maybe both and how you found using them! 👇 Top comments (33) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Madza Madza Madza Follow Discussions. 💬 Tools. 🛠 Resources. 📚 All things productivity. 🎯🚀💯 Email hi@madza.dev Joined Apr 23, 2019 • Jan 10 '21 • Edited on Jan 10 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Neither for me. Tho if I have to choose, I would go for styled-components. The reason being, Tailwind is like an entirely new tool, nothing common with CSS syntax. And knowing how frequently frameworks come and go, I am not sure it's worth investing time in learning something as specific as Tailwind. Like comment: Like comment: 15 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand MohamedBechirMejri MohamedBechirMejri MohamedBechirMejri Follow Joined May 10, 2021 • Feb 5 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It took me about 30 minutes to learn Tailwind so I wouldn't say it's a waste of time. on the contrary, it saves me alot of time when I make small projects compared to regular styling. as for styled components, I don't see a big difference between that an inline styling so I'd skip it. Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Madza Madza Madza Follow Discussions. 💬 Tools. 🛠 Resources. 📚 All things productivity. 🎯🚀💯 Email hi@madza.dev Joined Apr 23, 2019 • Feb 5 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for the input! 🙏❤ Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andika Kurniawan Andika Kurniawan Andika Kurniawan Follow Location Jakarta, Indonesia Work Software Developer Joined Dec 7, 2020 • Nov 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I like this comment, I think Tailwind is really helpful for big project but we just need take time to learn it Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Holmes Will Holmes Will Holmes Follow A self taught full-stack developer since 2015, living in the UK. Email will@willholmes.dev Location England Work Full Stack Developer Joined Dec 13, 2020 • Jan 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Agreed! I think Tailwind solves a specific problem and solves it well. But it doesn't solve all the other problems very well. Personally, I feel it's always more beneficial to know how things work under the hood. Having to write CSS still enforces that practice whereas Tailwind doesn't. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Madza Madza Madza Follow Discussions. 💬 Tools. 🛠 Resources. 📚 All things productivity. 🎯🚀💯 Email hi@madza.dev Joined Apr 23, 2019 • Jan 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Currently, my favs are CSS modules or Styled JSX, depending on whether I want to style outside or inside of the component, respectively. Both are scoped and support bare CSS, which I love. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Will Holmes Will Holmes Will Holmes Follow A self taught full-stack developer since 2015, living in the UK. Email will@willholmes.dev Location England Work Full Stack Developer Joined Dec 13, 2020 • Jan 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Oooh, I'll take a look into those two at some point. Would you favour either of them against styled-components? Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Madza Madza Madza Follow Discussions. 💬 Tools. 🛠 Resources. 📚 All things productivity. 🎯🚀💯 Email hi@madza.dev Joined Apr 23, 2019 • Jan 10 '21 • Edited on Jan 10 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I like CSS modules or Styled JSX as both work well with NextJS, which I work with daily. Both have built-in support, meaning I don't have to worry about configuring anything. I prefer Styled JSX over SC, as it is more close to bare CSS, and CSS modules are not CSS-in-JS solution, so it would not be fair to compare them with SC. If you are looking for other alternatives, I would suggest looking into Svelte. It allows us to write CSS in style tags, while still working with components. A 'back-to-basics' approach, I really like. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Aghiles Lounis Aghiles Lounis Aghiles Lounis Follow Software engineer, expert in the TypeScript ecosystem. Email ghiles.aitlounis@gmail.com Location France Education Master in Data science and Bachelor in Physics Work Software Engineer and Data Scientist. Joined Dec 11, 2020 • Jul 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You don't understand how well tailwind solves the maintainability problem, you don't understand that styled-components uses css in JS, for big projects with high render frequency even with code splitting you are going in the wrong direction with styled-components, same for MaterialUI, ChakraUI....You juste don't understand that using tailwind is like writing css files, and everyone know in terms of performance nothing beat pure css of course, there is absolutely 0 disadvantage using tailwind compared to all other css frameworks, simply because tailwind is css Like comment: Like comment: 10 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Holmes Will Holmes Will Holmes Follow A self taught full-stack developer since 2015, living in the UK. Email will@willholmes.dev Location England Work Full Stack Developer Joined Dec 13, 2020 • Apr 4 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great comment, all valid points and I hope this can help people make their own informed decision further🙏🏻 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shreyas K R Shreyas K R Shreyas K R Follow Joined Jun 10, 2021 • Oct 19 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide What ?? Tailwind comes with a number of disadvantages as mentioned in the post starting from readability when stylings for a basic component increases where you'd end up having more classes. You are NOT using vanilla css btw, its a library, which has to do something in order to convert your classes to actual styles. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pat Long Pat Long Pat Long Follow Joined Dec 1, 2019 • Jan 27 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for this write-up! Nice comparison of where TailwindCSS or Style-Components might be a better option. Our team is in the early stages of a big front-end project, so choosing the right approach to styling is a key concern and your article has really added some clarity to the decision. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand KyleReemaN KyleReemaN KyleReemaN Follow Joined Jul 9, 2020 • Nov 12 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide be aware with styled components I had huge performance problems with css in js I thought it would not matter for my personal projects but even there I had really poor performance for mobile devices Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lpyexplore Lpyexplore Lpyexplore Follow Joined Mar 10, 2021 • Mar 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello! I am a front-end fan, I come from China. I just read your article and feel it's very good. You analyzed the styled component and tailwindcss rationally. Can I translate your article into Chinese and put it on the Chinese blog website Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Holmes Will Holmes Will Holmes Follow A self taught full-stack developer since 2015, living in the UK. Email will@willholmes.dev Location England Work Full Stack Developer Joined Dec 13, 2020 • Apr 8 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Of course you can! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Suprabhat Kumar Suprabhat Kumar Suprabhat Kumar Follow Full Stack Developer Email suprabhat2018@gmail.com Location India Work Full Stack Developer at DeskNow Joined Feb 11, 2021 • Jun 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You didn't talk about the page performances on using tailwind and styled-components. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cezary Tomczyk Cezary Tomczyk Cezary Tomczyk Follow Joined Feb 23, 2023 • Sep 13 '23 • Edited on Sep 13 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide My personal opinion is that Tailwind is overhyped. Software engineers started polluting HTML with a mass of CSS classes. Example: flex border w-full dark:border-matteGray rounded-2xl h-[80vh] border-lightGray overflow-hidden Which not only increases HTML size but also makes it very hard to understand what follows. Compare with: .chat-message { align-items: centerl display: flex; ... and more properties that describes the layout AND behavior; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Not to mention that there have already been preprocessors like Sass for years, and even CSS is evolving with variables and the like. Then you will have the following HTML: <div class="chat-message">Example text</div> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode It will be a long time before software engineers realize that using dozens of CSS classes leads to a jungle in which everyone will spend more time analyzing what the code does and what the author intended. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shreyas K R Shreyas K R Shreyas K R Follow Joined Jun 10, 2021 • Oct 19 '22 • Edited on Oct 19 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Even if you are following atomic design, for an atom, say a button, if it involves complex animation and styles there is no way to avoid having more classes imo. Like, say if you are making this button atom reusable and want to use some additional stylings/change stylings for the same button component, how would you go about it without adding more classes OR without using css in js via props as in SC ?? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Will Holmes Will Holmes Will Holmes Follow A self taught full-stack developer since 2015, living in the UK. Email will@willholmes.dev Location England Work Full Stack Developer Joined Dec 13, 2020 • Jan 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ahhhh I like that! Throughout building my Tailwind app I've noticed the lack of animations and have had to resort to CSS. But never thought to combine the two! I like the approach! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Al-amin Yusuf Al-amin Yusuf Al-amin Yusuf Follow I am a react js and node js enthusiastic self thought developer Email alaminyusuf131@gmail.com Location Nigeria Work Backend developer Joined Oct 28, 2019 • Jan 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like both as they can be integrated with one another using tailwind macro. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Holmes Will Holmes Will Holmes Follow A self taught full-stack developer since 2015, living in the UK. Email will@willholmes.dev Location England Work Full Stack Developer Joined Dec 13, 2020 • Jan 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Tailwind Macro!? What is that? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Al-amin Yusuf Al-amin Yusuf Al-amin Yusuf Follow I am a react js and node js enthusiastic self thought developer Email alaminyusuf131@gmail.com Location Nigeria Work Backend developer Joined Oct 28, 2019 • Jan 17 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sorry, Twin.macro I didn't even realized I typed it wrong. It a NPM pakage that gives developers the power to blend in tailwind css and styled components as well. Check out the docs npmjs.com/package/twin.macro Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Thread Thread Sébastien D. Sébastien D. Sébastien D. Follow I'm a Knowledge Management Expert, Coach, Author & Founder. I write about Knowledge Work, AI, Knowledge Management and Productivity. I teach simple systems that actually work ⚡ Location Belgium Education Who cares! :) Work Author, Coach, Founder, CTO, Indie Hacker, Lifelong learner Joined Oct 8, 2019 • Feb 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide +1, twin.macro blends both together and is IMHO a real nice library to combine with Tailwind in React apps! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Stefan Wuthrich Stefan Wuthrich Stefan Wuthrich Follow I work as CPO for a Swiss Telco/Messaging Platform Company. My real passion is developing in Golang, Vue-Nuxt/ReactJs/Angular with Redis, Nsq/RabbitMQ, ArangoDB, MongoDB and Sql Location Nomad, now in Vietnam Education 25 y of experience ;-) Work Chief Product Officer at HORISEN AG Joined Oct 6, 2018 • Jan 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide if you choose to go with TailwindCSS and React, checkout my boilerplate: github.com/altafino/react-webpack-... Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Holmes Will Holmes Will Holmes Follow A self taught full-stack developer since 2015, living in the UK. Email will@willholmes.dev Location England Work Full Stack Developer Joined Dec 13, 2020 • Jan 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice one! Looks good Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (33 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Will Holmes Follow A self taught full-stack developer since 2015, living in the UK. Location England Work Full Stack Developer Joined Dec 13, 2020 More from Will Holmes Migrating to NextJs 13 # nextjs # typescript # javascript # react Multi Nested Dynamic Routes in NextJs # nextjs # javascript # tutorial # react A UseDarkMode react hook for everyone! # javascript # webdev # nextjs # react 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://open.forem.com/privacy#c-information-collected-from-other-sources | Privacy Policy - Open Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Open Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Open Forem — A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Open Forem © 2016 - 2026. Where all the other conversations belong Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/t/jet | Jet - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # jet Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Asp Net Core - Rest API Authorization with JWT (Roles Vs Claims Vs Policy) - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Oct 18 '21 Asp Net Core - Rest API Authorization with JWT (Roles Vs Claims Vs Policy) - Step by Step # dotnet # csharp # jet # authorization 95 reactions Comments 8 comments 8 min read Oracle JET Charts smgmaldonado smgmaldonado smgmaldonado Follow May 9 '17 Oracle JET Charts # oracle # jet # apex # chart 23 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:20 |
https://dev.to/pockit_tools/the-asyncawait-pitfalls-youre-still-making-in-2026-a-complete-javascript-debugging-guide-1eb8 | The Async/Await Pitfalls You're Still Making in 2026: A Complete JavaScript Debugging Guide - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse HK Lee Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at pockit.tools The Async/Await Pitfalls You're Still Making in 2026: A Complete JavaScript Debugging Guide # javascript # asyncawait # debugging # node You've been writing async/await for years. You know how Promises work. Yet somehow, that production bug at 3 AM traced back to an async function you wrote yourself. Sound familiar? The truth is, async/await's clean syntax hides profound complexity. It makes asynchronous code look synchronous, which is precisely why we keep falling into the same traps. This guide dissects the pitfalls that still trip up developers in 2026—from subtle memory leaks to race conditions that only manifest in production. We'll go beyond the basics. This is a troubleshooting guide for developers who already know async/await but want to truly master it. The Sequential Execution Trap: Why Your Async Code Is Secretly Slow This is the most common performance killer in async code. Consider this seemingly innocent function: async function fetchUserData ( userIds ) { const users = []; for ( const id of userIds ) { const user = await fetchUser ( id ); users . push ( user ); } return users ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you have 10 users and each fetchUser takes 100ms, this function takes 1 second . But it could take 100ms if executed correctly. The Problem await pauses execution until the Promise resolves. Inside a loop, this means each request waits for the previous one to complete. We've serialized inherently parallel operations. The Solution: Promise.all async function fetchUserData ( userIds ) { const userPromises = userIds . map ( id => fetchUser ( id )); const users = await Promise . all ( userPromises ); return users ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now all requests fire simultaneously, and we wait only for the slowest one. The Nuance: When Sequential Is Correct Sometimes you need sequential execution: async function processPayments ( payments ) { const results = []; for ( const payment of payments ) { // Each payment depends on the previous balance const result = await processPayment ( payment ); results . push ( result ); } return results ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The key is intentionality . Don't accidentally serialize parallel work. The Advanced Pattern: Controlled Concurrency Promise.all isn't always the answer. If you're making 1000 API calls, you'll overwhelm the server. Use controlled concurrency: async function fetchWithConcurrency ( urls , concurrency = 5 ) { const results = []; const executing = new Set (); for ( const url of urls ) { const promise = fetch ( url ). then ( response => { executing . delete ( promise ); return response . json (); }); executing . add ( promise ); results . push ( promise ); if ( executing . size >= concurrency ) { await Promise . race ( executing ); } } return Promise . all ( results ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or use the modern Promise.withResolvers() with a semaphore pattern: class Semaphore { # queue = []; # running = 0 ; constructor ( concurrency ) { this . concurrency = concurrency ; } async acquire () { if ( this . # running >= this . concurrency ) { const { promise , resolve } = Promise . withResolvers (); this . # queue . push ( resolve ); await promise ; } this . # running ++ ; } release () { this . # running -- ; if ( this . # queue . length > 0 ) { const next = this . # queue . shift (); next (); } } async run ( fn ) { await this . acquire (); try { return await fn (); } finally { this . release (); } } } // Usage const semaphore = new Semaphore ( 5 ); const results = await Promise . all ( urls . map ( url => semaphore . run (() => fetch ( url ))) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Unhandled Rejection Catastrophe In Node.js 22+, unhandled Promise rejections terminate the process by default. This one change has crashed more production servers than any other async issue. The Silent Killer async function riskyOperation () { // This might throw const result = await fetchData (); return result ; } // DANGER: No error handling riskyOperation (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If fetchData() rejects, the error bubbles up... to nowhere. No try/catch, no .catch() , no handler. Before Node.js 15, this logged a warning. Now? Your server dies. The Detection Problem The trickiest part is that some rejections escape your code entirely: app . get ( ' /users ' , async ( req , res ) => { const users = await getUsers (); // If this throws... res . json ( users ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In Express 4.x (still widely used), this doesn't automatically send an error response. The request hangs, eventually timing out. Express 5 added async error handling, but many projects haven't migrated. The Comprehensive Solution 1. Global handlers (safety net, not primary strategy): process . on ( ' unhandledRejection ' , ( reason , promise ) => { console . error ( ' Unhandled Rejection at: ' , promise , ' reason: ' , reason ); // Log to monitoring service Sentry . captureException ( reason ); // Optionally restart gracefully }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Framework-aware error handling: // Express wrapper for async routes const asyncHandler = ( fn ) => ( req , res , next ) => { Promise . resolve ( fn ( req , res , next )). catch ( next ); }; app . get ( ' /users ' , asyncHandler ( async ( req , res ) => { const users = await getUsers (); res . json ( users ); })); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. The try/catch discipline: Every async function that's a "boundary" (API route, event handler, cron job) needs explicit error handling: async function cronJob () { try { await performScheduledTask (); } catch ( error ) { await notifyOnCall ( error ); // Don't rethrow—this is the boundary } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Forgotten .catch() on Fire-and-Forget // WRONG: Fire and forget without catch async function saveAndNotify ( data ) { await saveToDatabase ( data ); sendNotification ( data ); // Intentionally not awaited } // RIGHT: Handle potential errors async function saveAndNotify ( data ) { await saveToDatabase ( data ); sendNotification ( data ). catch ( err => { console . error ( ' Notification failed: ' , err ); }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Memory Leaks in Long-Lived Async Operations Async code can leak memory in subtle ways that don't appear until your server runs for days. The Closure Retention Problem async function processLargeFile ( filePath ) { const hugeData = await readEntireFile ( filePath ); // 500MB return async function getSlice ( start , end ) { return hugeData . slice ( start , end ); }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The returned function closes over hugeData . As long as that function exists, 500MB stays in memory—even if you only need tiny slices. The Solution: WeakRef and FinalizationRegistry async function processLargeFile ( filePath ) { let hugeData = await readEntireFile ( filePath ); const dataRef = new WeakRef ( hugeData ); hugeData = null ; // Allow GC if no one else holds it return async function getSlice ( start , end ) { const data = dataRef . deref (); if ( ! data ) { throw new Error ( ' Data has been garbage collected ' ); } return data . slice ( start , end ); }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Event Listener Leak This one is sneaky because it combines async code with event emitters: class DataProcessor { constructor () { this . eventEmitter = new EventEmitter (); } async processWithUpdates ( data ) { return new Promise (( resolve , reject ) => { const onProgress = ( progress ) => { console . log ( `Progress: ${ progress } %` ); }; const onComplete = ( result ) => { // LEAK: We never remove onProgress! resolve ( result ); }; const onError = ( error ) => { reject ( error ); }; this . eventEmitter . on ( ' progress ' , onProgress ); this . eventEmitter . on ( ' complete ' , onComplete ); this . eventEmitter . on ( ' error ' , onError ); this . startProcessing ( data ); }); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Every call adds new listeners that are never removed. After 1000 calls, you have 3000 zombie listeners. The Fix: Always Clean Up async processWithUpdates ( data ) { return new Promise (( resolve , reject ) => { const cleanup = () => { this . eventEmitter . off ( ' progress ' , onProgress ); this . eventEmitter . off ( ' complete ' , onComplete ); this . eventEmitter . off ( ' error ' , onError ); }; const onProgress = ( progress ) => { console . log ( `Progress: ${ progress } %` ); }; const onComplete = ( result ) => { cleanup (); resolve ( result ); }; const onError = ( error ) => { cleanup (); reject ( error ); }; this . eventEmitter . on ( ' progress ' , onProgress ); this . eventEmitter . on ( ' complete ' , onComplete ); this . eventEmitter . on ( ' error ' , onError ); this . startProcessing ( data ); }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The AbortController Pattern Modern JavaScript provides a cleaner way with AbortController : async function fetchWithTimeout ( url , timeoutMs = 5000 ) { const controller = new AbortController (); const timeoutId = setTimeout (() => controller . abort (), timeoutMs ); try { const response = await fetch ( url , { signal : controller . signal }); return await response . json (); } finally { clearTimeout ( timeoutId ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Race Conditions: The Hardest Bugs to Reproduce Race conditions occur when the behavior depends on the timing of async operations. They're maddening because they work in development and fail in production. The Classic: Stale State in React function UserProfile ({ userId }) { const [ user , setUser ] = useState ( null ); useEffect (() => { async function loadUser () { const userData = await fetchUser ( userId ); setUser ( userData ); // BUG: What if userId changed? } loadUser (); }, [ userId ]); return < div > { user ?. name } < /div> ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If userId changes quickly (e.g., user clicks two links rapidly), both fetches start. The first one might finish second, leaving stale data displayed. The Fix: Abort Previous Requests function UserProfile ({ userId }) { const [ user , setUser ] = useState ( null ); useEffect (() => { const controller = new AbortController (); async function loadUser () { try { const userData = await fetchUser ( userId , { signal : controller . signal }); setUser ( userData ); } catch ( error ) { if ( error . name !== ' AbortError ' ) { console . error ( ' Failed to fetch user: ' , error ); } } } loadUser (); return () => controller . abort (); }, [ userId ]); return < div > { user ?. name } < /div> ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Backend Race: Double Submission app . post ( ' /orders ' , async ( req , res ) => { const { userId , productId } = req . body ; // Check if user already ordered this product const existing = await Order . findOne ({ userId , productId , status : ' pending ' }); if ( existing ) { return res . status ( 400 ). json ({ error : ' Already ordered ' }); } // Create the order const order = await Order . create ({ userId , productId , status : ' pending ' }); res . json ( order ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If a user double-clicks the order button, two requests arrive nearly simultaneously. Both check for existing orders, both find none, both create orders. Now you have duplicates. The Fix: Optimistic Locking or Unique Constraints Database solution (preferred): // In your migration/schema Order . createIndex ({ userId : 1 , productId : 1 , status : 1 }, { unique : true }); // In your route app . post ( ' /orders ' , async ( req , res ) => { try { const order = await Order . create ({ userId : req . body . userId , productId : req . body . productId , status : ' pending ' }); res . json ( order ); } catch ( error ) { if ( error . code === 11000 ) { // MongoDB duplicate key return res . status ( 400 ). json ({ error : ' Already ordered ' }); } throw error ; } }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Application-level locking: const orderLocks = new Map (); app . post ( ' /orders ' , async ( req , res ) => { const lockKey = ` ${ req . body . userId } : ${ req . body . productId } ` ; if ( orderLocks . has ( lockKey )) { return res . status ( 429 ). json ({ error : ' Request in progress ' }); } orderLocks . set ( lockKey , true ); try { const order = await Order . create ({ userId : req . body . userId , productId : req . body . productId }); res . json ( order ); } finally { orderLocks . delete ( lockKey ); } }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Distributed Race: Multiple Servers When you have multiple server instances, in-memory locks don't work. Use Redis or database locks: import Redis from ' ioredis ' ; const redis = new Redis (); async function withDistributedLock ( key , ttlMs , fn ) { const lockKey = `lock: ${ key } ` ; const lockValue = crypto . randomUUID (); // Try to acquire lock const acquired = await redis . set ( lockKey , lockValue , ' PX ' , ttlMs , ' NX ' ); if ( ! acquired ) { throw new Error ( ' Could not acquire lock ' ); } try { return await fn (); } finally { // Only release if we still own the lock const script = ` if redis.call("get", KEYS[1]) == ARGV[1] then return redis.call("del", KEYS[1]) else return 0 end ` ; await redis . eval ( script , 1 , lockKey , lockValue ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The await in the Wrong Place Misplaced await is syntactically valid but semantically broken. The Constructor Anti-Pattern class DatabaseConnection { constructor () { // WRONG: Constructor can't be async! await this . connect (); } async connect () { this . connection = await mongodb . connect (); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is a syntax error, but developers sometimes try this pattern: class DatabaseConnection { constructor () { this . ready = this . connect (); // Starts connection } async connect () { this . connection = await mongodb . connect (); } async query ( sql ) { await this . ready ; // Wait for connection return this . connection . query ( sql ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This works but is awkward. Every method needs await this.ready . The Factory Pattern Solution class DatabaseConnection { static async create () { const instance = new DatabaseConnection (); await instance . connect (); return instance ; } async connect () { this . connection = await mongodb . connect (); } async query ( sql ) { return this . connection . query ( sql ); } } // Usage const db = await DatabaseConnection . create (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Module-Level await Gotcha Top-level await (available in ES modules) introduces subtle ordering issues: // module-a.js export const data = await fetchData (); console . log ( ' Module A loaded ' ); // module-b.js import { data } from ' ./module-a.js ' ; console . log ( ' Module B loaded, data: ' , data ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Module B waits for Module A's async initialization. This is usually fine, but circular dependencies become deadlocks: // user.js import { posts } from ' ./posts.js ' ; export const currentUser = await fetchCurrentUser (); // posts.js import { currentUser } from ' ./user.js ' ; export const posts = await fetchPosts ( currentUser . id ); // DEADLOCK Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Neither module can load because each waits for the other. The Promise.all vs Promise.allSettled Decision Choosing wrong here causes either swallowed errors or premature failures. Promise.all: Fail-Fast const results = await Promise . all ([ fetchUser ( 1 ), fetchUser ( 2 ), fetchUser ( 3 ) ]); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If any Promise rejects, Promise.all immediately rejects, and the other Promises' results are discarded. If fetching user 2 fails, you lose user 1 and 3, even if they succeeded. Promise.allSettled: Complete All const results = await Promise . allSettled ([ fetchUser ( 1 ), fetchUser ( 2 ), fetchUser ( 3 ) ]); const users = results . filter ( r => r . status === ' fulfilled ' ) . map ( r => r . value ); const errors = results . filter ( r => r . status === ' rejected ' ) . map ( r => r . reason ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Every Promise runs to completion. You get all results and all errors. When to Use Which Promise.all : When you need all results or none (atomic operations) Promise.allSettled : When partial success is acceptable (batch operations) The Hybrid: Promise.all with Individual Error Handling const results = await Promise . all ([ fetchUser ( 1 ). catch ( err => ({ error : err , id : 1 })), fetchUser ( 2 ). catch ( err => ({ error : err , id : 2 })), fetchUser ( 3 ). catch ( err => ({ error : err , id : 3 })) ]); results . forEach ( result => { if ( result . error ) { console . log ( `Failed to fetch user ${ result . id } ` ); } }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Thenable Trap Not all .then() -able objects are Promises. const notAPromise = { then ( resolve ) { resolve ( ' surprise! ' ); } }; async function test () { const result = await notAPromise ; // Works! console . log ( result ); // 'surprise!' } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode JavaScript's await accepts any "thenable"—an object with a .then() method. This can cause confusion with libraries that return custom thenables. The Library Gotcha Some ORMs return query builders that are thenables: // Knex.js const query = db ( ' users ' ). where ( ' id ' , 1 ); // This actually executes the query! const user = await query ; // So does this... twice! const user1 = await query ; const user2 = await query ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each await executes the query again. For immutable results, this wastes resources: // Build once, execute once const user = await db ( ' users ' ). where ( ' id ' , 1 ). first (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Async Generators: The Forgotten Power Tool Async generators combine iteration with async operations, perfect for processing large datasets: async function * readLargeFile ( path ) { const stream = fs . createReadStream ( path , { encoding : ' utf8 ' }); for await ( const chunk of stream ) { yield chunk ; } } // Process without loading entire file into memory for await ( const chunk of readLargeFile ( ' huge.txt ' )) { await processChunk ( chunk ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Async Iterator Protocol If you're building custom async iterables: class AsyncQueue { # items = []; # waiting = []; push ( item ) { if ( this . # waiting . length > 0 ) { const resolve = this . # waiting . shift (); resolve ({ value : item , done : false }); } else { this . # items . push ( item ); } } [ Symbol . asyncIterator ]() { return { next : () => { if ( this . # items . length > 0 ) { return Promise . resolve ({ value : this . # items . shift (), done : false }); } return new Promise ( resolve => { this . # waiting . push ( resolve ); }); } }; } } // Usage const queue = new AsyncQueue (); // Consumer ( async () => { for await ( const item of queue ) { console . log ( ' Received: ' , item ); } })(); // Producer queue . push ( ' Hello ' ); queue . push ( ' World ' ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Debugging Async Code: Practical Techniques 1. Async Stack Traces Node.js 12+ includes async stack traces by default, but in complex code, they can still be confusing. Use named functions: // Hard to debug const result = await somePromise . then ( x => x . map ( y => y . value )); // Easy to debug const result = await somePromise . then ( function extractValues ( items ) { return items . map ( function getValue ( item ) { return item . value ; }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. The Async Debugging Pattern async function debuggableOperation ( input ) { const startTime = performance . now (); const operationId = crypto . randomUUID (). slice ( 0 , 8 ); console . log ( `[ ${ operationId } ] Starting operation with input:` , input ); try { const step1Result = await step1 ( input ); console . log ( `[ ${ operationId } ] Step 1 completed:` , step1Result ); const step2Result = await step2 ( step1Result ); console . log ( `[ ${ operationId } ] Step 2 completed:` , step2Result ); const finalResult = await step3 ( step2Result ); console . log ( `[ ${ operationId } ] Operation completed in ${ performance . now () - startTime } ms` ); return finalResult ; } catch ( error ) { console . error ( `[ ${ operationId } ] Operation failed at ${ performance . now () - startTime } ms:` , error ); throw error ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Promise State Inspection You can't directly inspect a Promise's state, but you can race it: async function getPromiseState ( promise ) { const sentinel = Symbol ( ' pending ' ); const result = await Promise . race ([ promise , Promise . resolve ( sentinel ) ]); if ( result === sentinel ) { return ' pending ' ; } return ' resolved ' ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Async Hooks for Tracing Node.js's async_hooks module lets you trace async operations: import async_hooks from ' async_hooks ' ; import fs from ' fs ' ; const contexts = new Map (); const hook = async_hooks . createHook ({ init ( asyncId , type , triggerAsyncId ) { fs . writeSync ( 1 , ` ${ type } created: ${ asyncId } (triggered by ${ triggerAsyncId } )\n` ); contexts . set ( asyncId , { type , parent : triggerAsyncId }); }, destroy ( asyncId ) { contexts . delete ( asyncId ); } }); hook . enable (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Testing Async Code: Common Mistakes The Forgotten await in Tests // WRONG: Test passes even if assertion fails! it ( ' should fetch user ' , async () => { fetchUser ( 1 ). then ( user => { expect ( user . name ). toBe ( ' Alice ' ); // Never awaited }); }); // RIGHT it ( ' should fetch user ' , async () => { const user = await fetchUser ( 1 ); expect ( user . name ). toBe ( ' Alice ' ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Testing Rejections // RIGHT: Using Jest's rejects matcher it ( ' should reject invalid input ' , async () => { await expect ( fetchUser ( - 1 )). rejects . toThrow ( ' Invalid ID ' ); }); // Or with try/catch it ( ' should reject invalid input ' , async () => { try { await fetchUser ( - 1 ); fail ( ' Expected error to be thrown ' ); } catch ( error ) { expect ( error . message ). toBe ( ' Invalid ID ' ); } }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Fake Timers with Async // Fake timers can break async tests jest . useFakeTimers (); it ( ' should timeout after 5 seconds ' , async () => { const promise = fetchWithTimeout ( ' /slow ' ); // Advance timers jest . advanceTimersByTime ( 5000 ); // Must await the microtask queue await jest . runAllTimersAsync (); // Jest 29+ await expect ( promise ). rejects . toThrow ( ' Timeout ' ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Performance Implications You're Missing Microtask Queue Flooding Each await creates a microtask. In tight loops, this can delay I/O: // Floods microtask queue async function processItems ( items ) { for ( const item of items ) { await processItem ( item ); // Creates microtask } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode For CPU-intensive work interspersed with I/O, break up the work: async function processItems ( items ) { for ( let i = 0 ; i < items . length ; i ++ ) { await processItem ( items [ i ]); // Yield to I/O every 100 items if ( i % 100 === 0 ) { await new Promise ( resolve => setImmediate ( resolve )); } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode V8 Optimization and Async Functions V8 can't always optimize async functions as well as synchronous ones. For hot paths, consider: // Hot path: synchronous when possible function getValue ( cache , key ) { const cached = cache . get ( key ); if ( cached !== undefined ) { return cached ; // Sync return } return fetchValue ( key ). then ( value => { cache . set ( key , value ); return value ; }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This returns synchronously for cache hits, avoiding Promise overhead. Conclusion: The Async Mindset Mastering async/await isn't about memorizing patterns—it's about developing intuition for how asynchronous operations flow through your code. Key takeaways: Parallelize by default : Use Promise.all unless you have a reason not to Always handle errors : At every async boundary, decide who handles failures Clean up resources : Event listeners, timers, and connections don't clean themselves Race conditions are everywhere : Design for concurrent access from the start Test the unhappy path : Rejections, timeouts, and partial failures need explicit tests Measure before optimizing : Async overhead rarely matters; I/O latency usually does The bugs covered in this guide aren't theoretical—they're drawn from real production incidents. Each one looked correct at first glance. That's what makes async programming hard: the syntax hides the complexity. But complexity, once understood, becomes manageable. You now have the tools to write async code that works not just in your tests, but in production at 3 AM when you're asleep. That's the goal. Async code shouldn't be exciting. It should be boring, reliable, and correct—so you can focus on building features instead of debugging timing issues. Build with intention. Test the edge cases. And always, always handle your rejections. 🔒 Privacy First: This article was originally published on the Pockit Blog . Stop sending your data to random servers. Use Pockit.tools for secure utilities, or install the Chrome Extension to keep your files 100% private and offline. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse HK Lee Follow solo web developer Joined Dec 26, 2025 More from HK Lee Rust for JavaScript Developers: A Practical Guide to Your First 1000 Lines (2026) # rust # javascript # typescript # programminglanguages Deno 2 vs Node.js vs Bun in 2026: The Complete JavaScript Runtime Comparison # deno # node # javascript # typescript Vite vs. Webpack in 2026: A Complete Migration Guide and Deep Performance Analysis # vite # webpack # javascript # bundler 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Right menu The Anti-Framework Idea that turned into FUBARos - Clippy’s Revenge Jason C Jason C Jason C Follow Dec 13 '25 The Anti-Framework Idea that turned into FUBARos - Clippy’s Revenge # gamedev # programming # webdev # javascript 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read What LiveOps Really Is and What It Can Achieve Rodrigo Nobrega Rodrigo Nobrega Rodrigo Nobrega Follow Dec 8 '25 What LiveOps Really Is and What It Can Achieve # liveops # gamedev Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Escape Tutorial Hell (As a Beginner Game Dev) Without Becoming a “Framework Collector" Kevin Bjorvand Kevin Bjorvand Kevin Bjorvand Follow Dec 30 '25 How to Escape Tutorial Hell (As a Beginner Game Dev) Without Becoming a “Framework Collector" # gamedev # learning # productivity # beginners 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read The Unsafe Illusion: Benchmarking C# Pointers vs. Safe Arrays in Unity Furkan Kırat Furkan Kırat Furkan Kırat Follow Dec 11 '25 The Unsafe Illusion: Benchmarking C# Pointers vs. Safe Arrays in Unity # csharp # dotnet # gamedev # performance 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read I Quit My Job to Build the Game Dev Platform I Wish Existed Jonas Olofsson Jonas Olofsson Jonas Olofsson Follow Dec 30 '25 I Quit My Job to Build the Game Dev Platform I Wish Existed # gamedev # vibecoding # founder # bootstrap 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read MiniScript Road Map for 2026 JoeStrout JoeStrout JoeStrout Follow Dec 30 '25 MiniScript Road Map for 2026 # miniscript # minimicro # programming # gamedev 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Breaking Our 3D Barrier: Building a Halloween Horror Game with Kiro Mujtaba Naik Mujtaba Naik Mujtaba Naik Follow Dec 5 '25 Breaking Our 3D Barrier: Building a Halloween Horror Game with Kiro # kiro # gamedev # halloween # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read FUBAR OS: A throwback to simpler development Jason C Jason C Jason C Follow Dec 10 '25 FUBAR OS: A throwback to simpler development # webdev # programming # javascript # gamedev 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a Virtual Pet Game Where You Raise an AI Yuuichi Eguchi Yuuichi Eguchi Yuuichi Eguchi Follow Dec 6 '25 I Built a Virtual Pet Game Where You Raise an AI # webdev # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read BUBUVERSE Introduces Real-Time PvP Dice (Beta) — A Technical Look at the New GameFi Layer bubuverse bubuverse bubuverse Follow Dec 6 '25 BUBUVERSE Introduces Real-Time PvP Dice (Beta) — A Technical Look at the New GameFi Layer # webdev # ai # web3 # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read ⚡ Real-Time Multiplayer Games: How to Build Online Games That Connect Players Instantly Okoye Ndidiamaka Okoye Ndidiamaka Okoye Ndidiamaka Follow Dec 6 '25 ⚡ Real-Time Multiplayer Games: How to Build Online Games That Connect Players Instantly # interactiveweb # gamedev # webdev # uxdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Neovim Unreal Engine: P4 Support, Macro Wizards, and Context-Aware Docs! 🚀(2025/12/04) taku25 taku25 taku25 Follow Dec 4 '25 Neovim Unreal Engine: P4 Support, Macro Wizards, and Context-Aware Docs! 🚀(2025/12/04) # neovim # unrealengine # gamedev # cpp Comments Add Comment 3 min read Game Dev Digest — Issue #309 - Unity 6.3 LTS, Plus More Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Follow Dec 5 '25 Game Dev Digest — Issue #309 - Unity 6.3 LTS, Plus More # news # gamedev # unity3d # csharp Comments Add Comment 8 min read My 12-Month Journey Building 17 Browser Games (No Downloads, Just Play) Jason Guo Jason Guo Jason Guo Follow Jan 6 My 12-Month Journey Building 17 Browser Games (No Downloads, Just Play) # showdev # ai # gamedev # javascript 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read Weekly update #20 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Dec 3 '25 Weekly update #20 # devlog # gamedev # godot Comments Add Comment 1 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 1): Introduction Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 6 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 1): Introduction # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Physics Systems You Can Build in Scratch (With Working Code) ItsMyBot ItsMyBot ItsMyBot Follow Dec 2 '25 5 Physics Systems You Can Build in Scratch (With Working Code) # scratch # gamedev # tutorial # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Managing Complex State: From Dynamic Depth Charts to Tactical Game Grids wwx516 wwx516 wwx516 Follow Dec 2 '25 Managing Complex State: From Dynamic Depth Charts to Tactical Game Grids # gamedev # programming # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Solo Game Developer who uses only Free & Open Source Tools Tom Nijhof Tom Nijhof Tom Nijhof Follow Jan 4 A Solo Game Developer who uses only Free & Open Source Tools # programming # gamedev # godot # blender 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read AWS Use Cases | Enhanced Streak System for Game Portal with Leaderboards & Rewards Minoltan Issack Minoltan Issack Minoltan Issack Follow Dec 1 '25 AWS Use Cases | Enhanced Streak System for Game Portal with Leaderboards & Rewards # gamedev # serverless # aws # architecture Comments Add Comment 6 min read From a Simple JavaScript Prototype to a Full Unity WebGL Game: Rebuilding Hemi’s Chicken Hunt Tyler Johnston-Kent Tyler Johnston-Kent Tyler Johnston-Kent Follow Dec 2 '25 From a Simple JavaScript Prototype to a Full Unity WebGL Game: Rebuilding Hemi’s Chicken Hunt # gamedev # softwaredevelopment # webdev # website Comments Add Comment 3 min read Level Up! The Art of Designing Game Progression and Player Rewards Mike Sorrenti Mike Sorrenti Mike Sorrenti Follow Dec 1 '25 Level Up! The Art of Designing Game Progression and Player Rewards # design # gamedev # ux Comments Add Comment 11 min read 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 9 Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 4 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 9 # gamedev # cpp # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Robust Blackjack Engine: Key Architecture Decisions for Game Developers Bob Packer Bob Packer Bob Packer Follow Dec 1 '25 Building a Robust Blackjack Engine: Key Architecture Decisions for Game Developers # gamedev # gamechallenge # development # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Built a Deckbuilder Game Engine with Kiro: From Specs to "Slay the Spire" Michael G. Inso Michael G. Inso Michael G. Inso Follow Dec 1 '25 I Built a Deckbuilder Game Engine with Kiro: From Specs to "Slay the Spire" # kiro # gamedev # typescript # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. 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