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https://www.notion.com/zh-cn/integrations/tray | Tray.io集成|用Notion连接你的应用程序 Notion 功能 Notion AI 创造、书写、自动化 代理 处理手动任务 企业搜索 立即查找答案 AI 速记 由 AI 完美撰写 文档 简约而强大 知识库 集中管理你的知识 项目 管理任何项目 网站 即刻发布任何内容 立即开始 探索 AI 用例 了解 Notion AI 的功能 浏览市集 万能模板 查看集成 将你的应用与 Notion 连接 下载网页裁剪器 将网页保存到 Notion 试用桌面端 Notion 应用，享受更快捷的体验 下载应用 邮箱 日历 AI 企业版 价格 探索 团队 工程和产品 设计 市场营销 IT 团队规模 初创公司 中小型企业 企业版 教育 学习 帮助中心 Notion 学院 客户故事 博客 社区 伙伴项目 构建 API 模板 安全 顾问 申请演示 登录 免费获取 Notion ← 集成 Tray.io 了解更多 Overview Tray.io is a low-code automation tool that helps business teams and technologists automate business processes in one scalable platform. With the Notion integration for the Tray.io platform, product, engineering, and design teams can easily collaborate with their go-to-market teams and put Notion at the center of their company's tech stack. How to use To learn more and set up an automated Tray.io workflow that uses Notion, follow this guide . 由 Tray.io 类别 自动化 效率 功能 Workflow automation 开发者链接 网站 条款/隐私 电子邮件支持 报告问题 此处引用的所有第三方商标（包括徽标和图标）均为其各自所有者的财产。除非明确表示为 Notion 产品，Notion 不会为其他集成提供支持或维护。该集成连接的第三方产品或服务不属于 Notion 应用程序（定义见 Notion 的 主订阅协议了解更多信息 或 个人使用条款 ，如适用）。启用任何集成或使用 Notion 集成库，则表示你同意 Notion 的 集成库条款 . 更多集成 PortalWith Create Client Portal with Notion STR Desk Sync Vacation Rental data with Notion in seconds VECTOR AI Your AI Partner Emon Sync Outlook Emails to Notion Notixel Automate your data flow between Notion and Microsoft Excel. neuforms the most affordable typeform alternative to build forms 简体中文 Cookie 设置 © 2026 Notion Labs, Inc. 公司 关于我们 工作机会 安全 状态 条款和隐私 你的隐私权 下载 iOS & Android Mac & Windows 日历 网页剪裁器 资源 帮助中心 定价 博客 社区 集成 模板 合作伙伴项目 Notion适用于 企业 中小型团队 个人 探索更多 → | 2026-01-13T09:29:46 |
https://www.notion.com/es/product/notion-for-managers | Custom workflows to help manage your team better Notion Funciones IA de Notion Crea, escribe, automatiza Agentes Gestiona las tareas manuales Búsqueda Enterprise Encuentra respuestas al instante Anotador con IA Escritas a la perfección por la IA Documentos Sencillos y potentes Base de conocimiento Centraliza tus conocimientos Proyectos Gestiona cualquier proyecto Sites Publica lo que quieras sin demoras Primeros pasos Explora casos de uso de la IA Descubre todo lo que la IA de Notion puede hacer Explora Marketplace Plantillas para cada necesidad Conoce las integraciones Conecta tus apps con Notion Descarga Web Clipper Guarda páginas de la web en Notion Prueba la app de escritorio de Notion para disfrutar de una experiencia más rápida Descarga la app Mail Calendar IA Enterprise Precios Explora Equipos Desarrollo y Producto Diseño Marketing TI Tamaño del equipo Start-ups Pymes Enterprise Educación Aprende Centro de ayuda Notion Academy Historias de clientes Blog Comunidad Programas para socios Crea API Plantillas Seguridad Consultores Solicita una demo Inicia sesión Obtén Notion gratis Notion for managers Custom workflows to help manage your team better Connect the dots for your team. It’s one tool where work comes together — planning, people, meeting notes, projects, and more. Obtén Notion gratis Solicita una demo 🗺️ Manager's dashboard 🎯 Company goals 📚 Team wiki Trusted by Efficient teams keep their information accessible Fewer questions or pointless meetings — everyone saves time when each team has a home for their information, where answers are easily found. Obtén Notion gratis We have everything in one place — org structure, OKRs, everything you need to understand how the company is organized and works together. It makes a big difference. William Fong Co-founder & CTO, Boxed Less emails, meetings, and pings to get up to speed on projects Whether you want a high-level look or the project specifics, managers use Notion to customize how they see their work, surfacing relevant info in a flash. Obtén Notion gratis You can get all the information you need in one Notion project page, whether you want an overview or to dive into the details. Kip Price Director of Engineering, Codecademy Customize your tools to actually fit your team Start with a template, modify it however you want, or build and scale your own systems fast. Obtén Notion gratis Notion is the one hub where you can bring everything together, that people from all teams feel comfortable using and adding to every day. Justin Goff Gerente de producto, Duolingo Migrate without the hours of manual work We have Confluence, Google Docs, Asana, and Trello importers that make it easy to move over all your files stress-free. Obtén Notion gratis See how other managers run their teams on Notion Historia de un cliente How Match Group's decision-making framework yields delightful products Historia de un cliente Mixpanel's engineering roadmap keeps its distributed team biased towards action A workflow for every team Notion isn’t just for managers. It’s a place for all functions to come together, with custom solutions for any problem. 🎒 Product Get your work into the world quicker with user research and cross-functional projects in Notion. Descubre más 🛠 Engineering Ship features faster with sprint tasks, code guidelines, bug fixes & more, all in one place. Descubre más 🎨 Design Build a consistent design language by uniting assets, guides, and prototypes in Notion. Descubre más Try Notion today Get started for free, then add your whole team. Obtén Notion gratis Eve Warren EveWarren1 Recently got into using @NotionHQ to help break down tasks for myself and have found sharing Notion documents with my team helpful as I struggle with breaking down verbal briefs as dyslexia can mess with my memory. Often tasks can get lost in chat channels. Mathias Meyer roidrage Been working with @NotionHQ over the past couple of weeks as our new knowledge base and collaboration system (and to keep track of my own work and projects too), and it's an utter delight. Highly recommended tool for distributed teams! Shahed Khan santoshpanda Using @NotionHQ to have all meeting agenda, Collab, takeaways & connect back to okrs. Nick Franklin Nick_Franklin Love using @NotionHQ at ChartMogul 😍 they somehow managed to make internal documentation/knowledge-sharing kind of fun and satisfying! Martina Sartor design_byMarti @NotionHQ is becoming the go to tool for planning and organising mine and my team planning. Is useful especially when the team and the clients are spread around the world ;) Im looking into create templates that will help with this! Siqi Chen blader Okay @NotionHQ is dope and I’ve already ported a bunch of stuff from @coda_hq and @gsuite . 👍👍 @Confluence next. For some odd reason I want to describe it like this: @NotionHQ is like @figmadesign but for information. Nina Ramadhan ninanursita is it just me or its just notion >>>>>>>>>> confluence Ross Simmonds TheCoolestCool Here’s how Notion is coming for its competitors: they have an answer for everything. Storing your important docs in Confluence? Use Notion instead. Managing your work via project management? Notion is better. Relying on Google Docs and Evernote for note-taking? Use Notion. Jeff Shek shekkery There are so many countless times my team has run up to each other - DID YOU KNOW NOTION COULD DO THIS?!?! Thank you SO MUCH for rescuing our souls from the deep pits of JIRA soul-sucking creativity hell. @NotionHQ Sara Soueidan SaraSoueidan Wow, @NotionHQ app makes all the other notes, tasks and project organization apps I used look like apps from the cave age. I’m impressed! 🔥 Steven Schmatz schmatzarella @NotionHQ made a 10x improvement in my team's capability to store knowledge online. 🔥 Ben Burns mrbenburns_ OK folks. I don't say this lightly @NotionHQ is incredible. They beat out Dropbox Paper, Google Docs, Evernote, ToDoIst and Trello for me. I can store images, moodboards, host and share kanban boards, save code snippets... Flexible, powerful, intuitive tool. Check it out. Lauren Harcott laurenharcott #⃣ Love a #slack channel - write action items immediately after meeting 📅Always book next meeting 👀Public channels; RIP to DM's 📋My team has adopted @NotionHQ to share OKR's - great to see progress 🤓Be accountable, call out team members and celebrate together #ManagerChats Andrew Conner connerdelights We have Slack for non-persistent things. And email. Anything important is in Notion. David Flatow DaFlatow . @NotionHQ not only solved a problem for me and my team (well organized collaborative documentation/note-taking), but also fundamentally improved and transformed the way we work together. Español (Latinoamérica) Configuración de cookies © 2026 Notion Labs, Inc. Empresa Conócenos Oportunidades laborales Seguridad Estado Términos de uso y privacidad Tus derechos de privacidad Descargar iOS y Android Mac y Windows Calendario Web Clipper Recursos Centro de ayuda Precios Blog Comunidad Integraciones Plantillas Programas para socios Notion para Enterprise Pequeña empresa Personal Descubre más → | 2026-01-13T09:29:46 |
https://googleapis.github.io/js-genai/release_docs/index.html | @google/genai Preparing search index... The search index is not available @google/genai @google/genai Google Gen AI SDK for TypeScript and JavaScript Documentation: https://googleapis.github.io/js-genai/ The Google Gen AI JavaScript SDK is designed for TypeScript and JavaScript developers to build applications powered by Gemini. The SDK supports both the Gemini Developer API and Vertex AI . The Google Gen AI SDK is designed to work with Gemini 2.0+ features. Caution API Key Security: Avoid exposing API keys in client-side code. Use server-side implementations in production environments. Code Generation Generative models are often unaware of recent API and SDK updates and may suggest outdated or legacy code. We recommend using our Code Generation instructions codegen_instructions.md when generating Google Gen AI SDK code to guide your model towards using the more recent SDK features. Copy and paste the instructions into your development environment to provide the model with the necessary context. Prerequisites Node.js version 20 or later The following are required for Vertex AI users (excluding Vertex AI Studio) Select or create a Google Cloud project. Enable billing for your project . Enable the Vertex AI API . Configure authentication for your project. Install the gcloud CLI . Initialize the gcloud CLI . Create local authentication credentials for your user account: gcloud auth application-default login Copy A list of accepted authentication options are listed in GoogleAuthOptions interface of google-auth-library-node.js GitHub repo. Installation To install the SDK, run the following command: npm install @google/genai Copy Quickstart The simplest way to get started is to use an API key from Google AI Studio : import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const GEMINI_API_KEY = process . env . GEMINI_API_KEY ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: GEMINI_API_KEY }); async function main () { const response = await ai . models . generateContent ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , contents: 'Why is the sky blue?' , }); console . log ( response . text ); } main (); Copy Initialization The Google Gen AI SDK provides support for both the Google AI Studio and Vertex AI implementations of the Gemini API. Gemini Developer API For server-side applications, initialize using an API key, which can be acquired from Google AI Studio : import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: 'GEMINI_API_KEY' }); Copy Browser Caution API Key Security: Avoid exposing API keys in client-side code. Use server-side implementations in production environments. In the browser the initialization code is identical: import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: 'GEMINI_API_KEY' }); Copy Vertex AI Sample code for VertexAI initialization: import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ vertexai: true , project: 'your_project' , location: 'your_location' , }); Copy (Optional) (NodeJS only) Using environment variables: For NodeJS environments, you can create a client by configuring the necessary environment variables. Configuration setup instructions depends on whether you're using the Gemini Developer API or the Gemini API in Vertex AI. Gemini Developer API: Set GOOGLE_API_KEY as shown below: export GOOGLE_API_KEY = 'your-api-key' Copy Gemini API on Vertex AI: Set GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI , GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT and GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION , as shown below: export GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI = true export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT = 'your-project-id' export GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION = 'us-central1' Copy import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI (); Copy API Selection By default, the SDK uses the beta API endpoints provided by Google to support preview features in the APIs. The stable API endpoints can be selected by setting the API version to v1 . To set the API version use apiVersion . For example, to set the API version to v1 for Vertex AI: const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ vertexai: true , project: 'your_project' , location: 'your_location' , apiVersion: 'v1' }); Copy To set the API version to v1alpha for the Gemini Developer API: const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: 'GEMINI_API_KEY' , apiVersion: 'v1alpha' }); Copy GoogleGenAI overview All API features are accessed through an instance of the GoogleGenAI classes. The submodules bundle together related API methods: ai.models : Use models to query models ( generateContent , generateImages , ...), or examine their metadata. ai.caches : Create and manage caches to reduce costs when repeatedly using the same large prompt prefix. ai.chats : Create local stateful chat objects to simplify multi turn interactions. ai.files : Upload files to the API and reference them in your prompts. This reduces bandwidth if you use a file many times, and handles files too large to fit inline with your prompt. ai.live : Start a live session for real time interaction, allows text + audio + video input, and text or audio output. Samples More samples can be found in the github samples directory . Streaming For quicker, more responsive API interactions use the generateContentStream method which yields chunks as they're generated: import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const GEMINI_API_KEY = process . env . GEMINI_API_KEY ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: GEMINI_API_KEY }); async function main () { const response = await ai . models . generateContentStream ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , contents: 'Write a 100-word poem.' , }); for await ( const chunk of response ) { console . log ( chunk . text ); } } main (); Copy Function Calling To let Gemini to interact with external systems, you can provide functionDeclaration objects as tools . To use these tools it's a 4 step Declare the function name, description, and parametersJsonSchema Call generateContent with function calling enabled Use the returned FunctionCall parameters to call your actual function Send the result back to the model (with history, easier in ai.chat ) as a FunctionResponse import { GoogleGenAI , FunctionCallingConfigMode , FunctionDeclaration , Type } from '@google/genai' ; const GEMINI_API_KEY = process . env . GEMINI_API_KEY ; async function main () { const controlLightDeclaration : FunctionDeclaration = { name: 'controlLight' , parametersJsonSchema: { type: 'object' , properties: { brightness: { type: 'number' , }, colorTemperature: { type: 'string' , }, }, required: [ 'brightness' , 'colorTemperature' ], }, }; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: GEMINI_API_KEY }); const response = await ai . models . generateContent ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , contents: 'Dim the lights so the room feels cozy and warm.' , config: { toolConfig: { functionCallingConfig: { // Force it to call any function mode: FunctionCallingConfigMode . ANY , allowedFunctionNames: [ 'controlLight' ], } }, tools: [{ functionDeclarations: [ controlLightDeclaration ]}] } }); console . log ( response . functionCalls ); } main (); Copy Model Context Protocol (MCP) support (experimental) Built-in MCP support is an experimental feature. You can pass a local MCP server as a tool directly. import { GoogleGenAI , FunctionCallingConfigMode , mcpToTool } from '@google/genai' ; import { Client } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js" ; import { StdioClientTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/stdio.js" ; // Create server parameters for stdio connection const serverParams = new StdioClientTransport ({ command: "npx" , // Executable args: [ "-y" , "@philschmid/weather-mcp" ] // MCP Server }); const client = new Client ( { name: "example-client" , version: "1.0.0" } ); // Configure the client const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({}); // Initialize the connection between client and server await client . connect ( serverParams ); // Send request to the model with MCP tools const response = await ai . models . generateContent ({ model: "gemini-2.5-flash" , contents: `What is the weather in London in ${ new Date (). toLocaleDateString () } ?` , config: { tools: [ mcpToTool ( client )], // uses the session, will automatically call the tool using automatic function calling }, }); console . log ( response . text ); // Close the connection await client . close (); Copy Generate Content How to structure contents argument for generateContent The SDK allows you to specify the following types in the contents parameter: Content Content : The SDK will wrap the singular Content instance in an array which contains only the given content instance Content[] : No transformation happens Part Parts will be aggregated on a singular Content, with role 'user'. Part | string : The SDK will wrap the string or Part in a Content instance with role 'user'. Part[] | string[] : The SDK will wrap the full provided list into a single Content with role 'user'. NOTE: This doesn't apply to FunctionCall and FunctionResponse parts, if you are specifying those, you need to explicitly provide the full Content[] structure making it explicit which Parts are 'spoken' by the model, or the user. The SDK will throw an exception if you try this. Error Handling To handle errors raised by the API, the SDK provides this ApiError class. import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const GEMINI_API_KEY = process . env . GEMINI_API_KEY ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: GEMINI_API_KEY }); async function main () { await ai . models . generateContent ({ model: 'non-existent-model' , contents: 'Write a 100-word poem.' , }). catch (( e ) => { console . error ( 'error name: ' , e . name ); console . error ( 'error message: ' , e . message ); console . error ( 'error status: ' , e . status ); }); } main (); Copy Interactions (Preview) Warning: The Interactions API is in Beta . This is a preview of an experimental feature. Features and schemas are subject to breaking changes . The Interactions API is a unified interface for interacting with Gemini models and agents. It simplifies state management, tool orchestration, and long-running tasks. See the documentation site for more details. Basic Interaction const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'Hello, how are you?' , }); console . debug ( interaction ); Copy Stateful Conversation The Interactions API supports server-side state management. You can continue a conversation by referencing the previous_interaction_id . // 1. First turn const interaction1 = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'Hi, my name is Amir.' , }); console . debug ( interaction1 ); // 2. Second turn (passing previous_interaction_id) const interaction2 = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'What is my name?' , previous_interaction_id: interaction1 . id , }); console . debug ( interaction2 ); Copy Agents (Deep Research) You can use specialized agents like deep-research-pro-preview-12-2025 for complex tasks. function sleep ( ms : number ): Promise < void > { return new Promise ( resolve => setTimeout ( resolve , ms )); } // 1. Start the Deep Research Agent const initialInteraction = await ai . interactions . create ({ input: 'Research the history of the Google TPUs with a focus on 2025 and 2026.' , agent: 'deep-research-pro-preview-12-2025' , background: true , }); console . log ( `Research started. Interaction ID: ${ initialInteraction . id } ` ); // 2. Poll for results while ( true ) { const interaction = await ai . interactions . get ( initialInteraction . id ); console . log ( `Status: ${ interaction . status } ` ); if ( interaction . status === 'completed' ) { console . debug ( ' \n Final Report: \n ' , interaction . outputs ); break ; } else if ([ 'failed' , 'cancelled' ]. includes ( interaction . status )) { console . log ( `Failed with status: ${ interaction . status } ` ); break ; } await sleep ( 10000 ); // Sleep for 10 seconds } Copy Multimodal Input You can provide multimodal data (text, images, audio, etc.) in the input list. import base64 // Assuming you have a base64 string // const base64Image = ...; const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model : 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input : [ { type : 'text' , text : 'Describe the image.' }, { type : 'image' , data : base64Image , mime_type : 'image/png' }, ], }); console . debug ( interaction ); Copy Function Calling You can define custom functions for the model to use. The Interactions API handles the tool selection, and you provide the execution result back to the model. // 1. Define the tool const getWeather = ( location : string ) => { /* Gets the weather for a given location. */ return `The weather in ${ location } is sunny.` ; }; // 2. Send the request with tools let interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'What is the weather in Mountain View, CA?' , tools: [ { type: 'function' , name: 'get_weather' , description: 'Gets the weather for a given location.' , parameters: { type: 'object' , properties: { location: { type: 'string' , description: 'The city and state, e.g. San Francisco, CA' , }, }, required: [ 'location' ], }, }, ], }); // 3. Handle the tool call for ( const output of interaction . outputs !) { if ( output . type === 'function_call' ) { console . log ( `Tool Call: ${ output . name } ( ${ JSON . stringify ( output . arguments ) } )` ); // Execute your actual function here // Note: ensure arguments match your function signature const result = getWeather ( JSON . stringify ( output . arguments . location )); // Send result back to the model interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , previous_interaction_id: interaction . id , input: [ { type: 'function_result' , name: output . name , call_id: output . id , result: result , }, ], }); console . debug ( `Response: ${ JSON . stringify ( interaction ) } ` ); } } Copy Built-in Tools You can also use Google's built-in tools, such as Google Search or Code Execution . Grounding with Google Search const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'Who won the last Super Bowl' , tools: [{ type: 'google_search' }], }); console . debug ( interaction ); Copy Code Execution const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'Calculate the 50th Fibonacci number.' , tools: [{ type: 'code_execution' }], }); console . debug ( interaction ); Copy Multimodal Output The Interactions API can generate multimodal outputs, such as images. You must specify the response_modalities . import * as fs from 'fs' ; const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-3-pro-image-preview' , input: 'Generate an image of a futuristic city.' , response_modalities: [ 'image' ], }); for ( const output of interaction . outputs !) { if ( output . type === 'image' ) { console . log ( `Generated image with mime_type: ${ output . mime_type } ` ); // Save the image fs . writeFileSync ( 'generated_city.png' , Buffer . from ( output . data !, 'base64' )); } } Copy How is this different from the other Google AI SDKs This SDK ( @google/genai ) is Google Deepmind’s "vanilla" SDK for its generative AI offerings, and is where Google Deepmind adds new AI features. Models hosted either on the Vertex AI platform or the Gemini Developer platform are accessible through this SDK. Other SDKs may be offering additional AI frameworks on top of this SDK, or may be targeting specific project environments (like Firebase). The @google/generative_language and @google-cloud/vertexai SDKs are previous iterations of this SDK and are no longer receiving new Gemini 2.0+ features. Settings Theme OS Light Dark On This Page Google Gen AI SDK for Type Script and Java Script Code Generation Prerequisites The following are required for Vertex AI users (excluding Vertex AI Studio) Installation Quickstart Initialization Gemini Developer API Browser Vertex AI ( Optional) ( NodeJS only) Using environment variables: API Selection Google GenAI overview Samples Streaming Function Calling Model Context Protocol (MCP) support (experimental) Generate Content How to structure contents argument for generate Content Content Part Error Handling Interactions ( Preview) Basic Interaction Stateful Conversation Agents ( Deep Research) Multimodal Input Function Calling Built- in Tools Grounding with Google Search Code Execution Multimodal Output How is this different from the other Google AI SDKs @google/genai Loading... 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https://www.atlassian.com/ja/software/jira/service-management/enterprise | Jira Service Management Cloud Enterprise | アトラシアン コンテンツにスキップ 機能 価格 ソリューション ユース・ケース別 IT サポート IT オペレーション ビジネス・チーム カスタマー・サービス 人事 機能別 小規模チーム Premium Enterprise 業界別 テクノロジー & 通信 金融サービス 小売業 製造 リソース タイプ別 ITSM ガイド その他のリソース 表示を増やす 無料で入手する 無料で入手する 戻る 無料で入手する 機能 価格 ソリューション リソース サインイン ユース・ケース別 IT サポート IT オペレーション ビジネス・チーム カスタマー・サービス 人事 機能別 小規模チーム Premium Enterprise 業界別 テクノロジー & 通信 金融サービス 小売業 製造 タイプ別 ITSM ガイド その他のリソース 無料で入手する 機能 価格 ソリューション リソース サインイン ユース・ケース別 IT サポート IT オペレーション ビジネス・チーム カスタマー・サービス 人事 機能別 小規模チーム Premium Enterprise 業界別 テクノロジー & 通信 金融サービス 小売業 製造 タイプ別 ITSM ガイド その他のリソース Jira Service Management は、Service Collection の一部としてこれまで以上に強力になりました。Rovo、アセット、そして新しい Customer Service Management アプリで、優れたサービス エクスペリエンスを実現しましょう。 今すぐ試す Jira Service Management の可能性をさらに広げる Jira Service Management Enterprise は当社の最先端のクラウド プランです。安全で効果的なチームワークを大規模に実現します。 お問い合わせ 企業の拡大を企業機会に変える Jira Service Management Enterprise で高度なセキュリティ、拡張性、分析、コンプライアンスを実現しましょう。 セキュリティ 拡張性 分析機能 コンプライアンス ユーザーをシームレスに認証する Guard Standard で、可視性、監査、ID およびアクセス管理を一箇所にまとめます。 ユーザー管理を統合する 複数の ID プロバイダーを接続してユーザー管理を自動化し、さまざまな部署や地域を効率よく管理できます。 シャドー IT を今すぐ止める アプリ リクエストを使用して、新しいサイトに関するリクエストを確認して承認します。 価格と機能を比較する リソース Atlassian Guard の詳細を見る Guard によって Atlassian Cloud 全体のセキュリティと可視性を一箇所にまとめる方法をご覧ください。 詳細を見る 実際の Cloud Enterprise セキュリティを見る Cloud Enterprise のセキュリティ管理でリスクを軽減する方法をご覧ください。 ウェビナーを見る Cloud Enterprise の概要を知る シャドー IT 管理などの Cloud Enterprise 機能をご覧ください。 デモを見る 進化するフットプリントを最適化する 他のワークフローに影響を与えずに、新しいチームや部署のために複数のサイトを設定します。 組織をシームレスに管理する 一箇所にまとめられた管理と請求でユーザーと製品を管理でき、支払いは製品ごと各ユーザーについて 1 回で済みます。 変更管理プロセスを改善する 1 つのサイトで複数のサンドボックスを使用できるので、変更管理と並行テストをより安全に、業界標準に従って行えます。 価格と機能を比較する リソース Cloud Enterprise の詳細 Cloud Enterprise が組織の拡張にどのように役立つかをご覧ください。 ガイドをダウンロード マルチサイト アーキテクチャの詳細を見る 顧客が複数のサイトを利用して、柔軟性と管理を実現させている方法をご覧ください 電子書籍を入手する 実際のアトラシアンの管理を見る Cloud Enterprise での拡張コントロールのデモをご覧ください。 デモを見る ツールチェーン全体でデータを統合する Atlassian Data Lake でファーストパーティとサードパーティの開発者データを統合できます。 データ主導の意思決定を強化する 変更、インシデント、リクエスト管理のメトリックを監視してサービス ブロッカーを減らし、AI による洞察に基づいて対応できます。 Jira Service Management データをさらに強力に アトラシアンのデータを自分の環境やビジネス インテリジェンス ツールに取り入れます。 価格と機能を比較する リソース 規模に応じた意思決定を迅速化する すぐに使えるテンプレートとカスタム データ分析でデータを視覚化します。 詳細を見る DISH Network が Cloud Enterprise で成功した方法をご覧ください お客様と似たチームが Atlassian Analytics を活用して価値を引き出している方法をご確認ください。 録画を見る 意思決定をレベルアップする方法を学ぶ Atlassian Analytics でアクションにつながるインサイトを抽出し、コラボレーションを改善し、成果を上げましょう。 ウェビナーを見る グローバルなコンプライアンス環境を切り抜ける 地域や業界特有のコンプライアンス基準に従い、自信を持って新しい市場に参入できます。 価格と機能を比較する リソース Cloud Enterprise をさらに詳しく見る Cloud Enterprise の特徴の詳細をご確認ください。 ガイドをダウンロード Trust Center の詳細を見る コンプライアンスに対するアトラシアンのアプローチをご確認ください。 詳細を見る Finoa が Cloud Enterprise を選んだ理由を見る Finoa が Cloud Enterprise を利用してコンプライアンス基準をどのように遵守しているかをご覧ください。 この事例を読む 高度なサポートにより迅速に対応 シニア サポート エージェント 年 中無休のサポート 電話サポート 重大な課題には 30 分以内に対応 Fortune 500 企業の 80% 以上から信頼されています すべてのお客様事例を調べる “ Jira Service Management 内の自動化された通知、SLA モニタリング、プロアクティブなアラートはすべて、Riverty がカスタマー サポート プロセスをさらに改善するのに役立っています。 ” Andrei Tuch アトラシアン製品所有者 Riverty のストーリーを読む “ Atlassian Cloud に一元化してガバナンスを導入することで、ツールにかかる費用を年間 250 万ドル節約できることがわかりました。これは年間 36% のコスト削減になります。このプロセスには、ツール間で重複するアカウントを削減し、ガバナンスを強化することが含まれます。 ” Emily Novak デジタル ワークスペース & ソリューション、プロダクト マネージャー Rivian のストーリーを読む “ 追加費用なしで複数のサイトを作成することで、セキュリティ上の理由からデータを分離して、同じソリューションで複数のユース ケースに対応できます。これは、アプリケーシ ョン ランドスケープを調整するという当社の考えと完全に一致しています。 ” Radoslav Danchev コラボレーション、ワークプレイス、サポート担当副社長 Software AG のストーリーを読む 高度なセキュリティが必要ですか? Atlassian Guard Premium ではセキュリティを一層強化しているため、脅威がインシデントになる前に阻止できます。 Atlassian Guard Premium の詳細を見る Enterprise を導入するには、時期が早すぎますか？ Jira Service Management Premium では、Enterprise のようなスケーラビリティや制御なしで、資産管理や高度なインシデント管理などの機能を利用できます。 Premium の詳細を見る Jira Service Management Enterprise で競争上の優位性を高めましょう お問い合わせ 会社概要 アトラシアンで働く イベント ブログ 投資家向け情報 アトラシアン基金 プレスキット お問い合わせ 製品 Rovo Jira Jira Align Jira Service Management Confluence Loom Trello Bitbucket すべての製品を見る リソース 技術サポート 購入とライセンス アトラシアン コミュニティ ナレッジ ベース Marketplace マイ・アカウント サポートを依頼する 学ぶ パートナー トレーニングと認定資格 ドキュメント 開発者向けリソース エンタープライズ・サービス すべてのリソースを見る Copyright © 2026 Atlassian プライバシー ポリシー データ収集時の通知 利用規約 サイト管理者情報 日本語 ▾ | 2026-01-13T09:29:46 |
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https://googleapis.github.io/dotnet-genai/api/index.html | API Reference | Google GenAI .NET SDK Table of Contents API Reference This section contains the auto-generated API reference documentation for the Google GenAI .NET SDK. Use the navigation on the left to browse through the available namespaces and classes. Edit this page Made with docfx | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://www.atlassian.com/zh/software/compass/pricing | Compass - 定价 | Atlassian 跳至内容 功能 定价 展开 + 免费获取 免费获取 返回 免费获取 功能 定价 登录 免费获取 功能 定价 登录 通过简单、透明的定价扩展您的内部开发人员平台 团队规模： 个用户 请求付款： 每月 每年 最多可节省 17% Free 适用于希望启动内部开发人员平台的小型团队 $0 立即获取 包括： 最多 3 个完全权限用户，无限量基本用户 完全权限用户是 Compass 中可计费的付费用户，可使用其站点计划的所有功能。 基本用户需要一个免费的 Atlassian 帐户。无论其站点计划如何，他们都可以访问为基本用户角色提供的一组基本功能。 提供无限量服务的软件组件目录 对组织的软件组件进行编目，将分散的信息和团队集中到一个地方。 浏览您的软件体系结构，跟踪您的组件和它们之间的关系、拥有它们的团队以及支持这些组件的工具和实践—不仅是为了保持它们的运行，也是为了改进它们。 运行状况记分卡和指标 跟踪软件运行状况指标，应用安全和运行状况记分卡，以便改善开发人员的体验。 3 个自定义字段和记分卡 自定义记分卡（应用于某个组成部分以衡量其运行状况的标准） 应用和集成 将 Compass 与您正在使用的其他应用集成。 了解更多 。 Standard 适用于希望改善开发人员体验和运营就绪性的成长型团队 $7.67 每用户每月 开始免费试用 Free 版中的所有内容外加： 最多 35000 个完全权限用户，无限量基本用户 完全权限用户是 Compass 中可计费的付费用户，可使用其站点计划的所有功能。 基本用户需要一个免费的 Atlassian 帐户。无论其站点计划如何，他们都可以访问为基本用户角色提供的一组基本功能。 3 种自定义组件类型、50 个自定义字段和记分卡、100 个自定义指标 对组件进行描述和分类，自定义记分卡（应用于组件的标准，用于衡量其运行状况），并创建新的指标，以满足团队的需求。 运营 在 Compass 中管理待命值班表并响应来自 150 多个集成的警报。通过受影响的组件发送警报，并从全面的软件目录中获取丰富的上下文信息，从而更快地解决问题。 数据保留一年 在 Compass 中访问您的工具链数据，最长可达一年。这包括指标、事件和记分卡分数。目录数据不受限制。 朝九晚五区域支持 Cloud 支持团队在 2 小时内对关键事务做出响应。 推荐 Premium 适用于希望利用先进的合规性、支持和数据功能扩展 IDP 的大型组织 $23.96 每用户每月 开始免费试用 Standard 版中的所有内容外加： 最多 35000 个完全权限用户，无限量基本用户 完全权限用户是 Compass 中可计费的付费用户，可使用其站点计划的所有功能。 基本用户需要一个免费的 Atlassian 帐户。无论其站点计划如何，他们都可以访问为基本用户角色提供的一组基本功能。 14 种自定义组件类型、100 个自定义字段和记分卡、200 个自定义指标 对组件进行描述和分类，自定义记分卡（应用于组件的标准，用于衡量其运行状况），并创建新的指标，以满足团队的需求。 增强的操作 先进的集成和上报策略、警报和通知策略、语音通知以及对可观察性工具的心跳监控。 数据保留两年 在 Compass 中访问您的工具链数据，最长可达一年。这包括指标、事件和记分卡分数。目录数据不受限制。 承诺 99.9% 正常运行时间的 SLA SLA 承诺全天候 99.9% 的正常运行时间，并通过服务等级积分提供费用支持。 为重大问题提供全天候支持 Cloud 支持团队在 1 小时内对关键事务做出响应。 IP 允许列表 只允许受信任的 IP 段访问站点，从而提升团队的安全性。 权限 通过限制只有需要者才能访问关键操作，大规模维护组件目录的完整性。 功能比较 Free Standard Premium 个用户 每个站点的完全权限用户限制 这是您可以添加到 Compass 站点的完整用户数上限（每个计划包含一个站点）。完整用户是指获得许可，可以访问 Compass 站点计划所有可用功能的用户。查看用户权限的 完整列表 。 Free 三个完全权限用户 Standard 35000 个完全权限用户 Premium 35000 个完全权限用户 基本用户数量 基本用户需要一个免费的 Atlassian 帐户。无论其 Compass 站点计划如何，他们都可以访问为其角色提供的一组基本功能。查看用户权限的 完整列表 。 Free 无限量 Standard 无限量 Premium 无限量 目录 组件创建 通过 手动创建组件、使用 API 或 从工具链中的关联工具导入 ，开始构建软件目录。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 组件所有权管理 通过为组件分配负责人团队，鼓励问责并简化沟通。 了解如何 管理组件所有权。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 自定义组件类型 配置您的目录以满足组织的确切需求。 Free 无 Standard 三 Premium 14 动态订阅源 从您的工具链中获取实时组件事件，并长期予以跟踪。 详细了解 动态订阅源。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 依赖关系 定义组件之间的关系，并确定它们对彼此的影响。 详细了解 依赖关系。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 配置为代码 在 YAML 配置文件中管理和更新组件以及您的代码。 了解 有关配置即代码的更多信息。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 公告 分享即将发布的资讯或变更，随时了解可能影响您的组件的公告。 了解 有关公告的更多信息。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 权限 权限策略通过限制只有需要者才能访问关键操作，帮助您大规模维护组件目录的完整性。 Free Standard Premium checked 运营 警报和待命管理 在统一界面中实现无缝警报和待命值班安排。通过组件目录旁的警报，减少上下文切换。通过电子邮件、短信和移动应用等多种通知选项获取通知 Free Standard checked Premium checked 警报数据保留 在自动删除之前，您的警报数据在系统中的保留时间。 Free 1 个月 Standard 一年 Premium 3 年 监控和 Slack 集成 通过 150 多个集成，与您所选择的监控/可观察性工具进行集成，并为您的工程师提供多种通知选项，如电子邮件、短信、移动应用和 Slack Free Standard checked Premium checked 警报和通知策略 在创建时自动修改警报并附加信息。设置团队范围的策略，以按警报类型延迟或抑制通知。 Free Standard Premium checked 警报报告 访问历史警报和通知报告，确定成功领域和改进机会。深入了解您的 SLA 以及待命工作量的分配情况。 Free Standard Premium checked 高级配置 语音通知、自定义角色、基于角色的通知、与 Jira 事务同步以及对可观察性工具的心跳监控。 Free Standard Premium checked 应用 第一方和第三方应用程序 无缝关联 Compass 与您使用的工具。自定义产品 UI，并在组件、团队或全局级别构建新功能。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Atlassian Marketplace 应用 Atlassian Marketplace 是一个供 Atlassian 客户发现、试用和购买 Atlassian 产品应用的平台。您可以使用应用来自定义和扩展 Atlassian 产品。Marketplace 提供由 Atlassian 和第三方开发人员开发的应用。 了解更多 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 团队和运行状况 团队管理 在您的软件分布式架构中创建和发现团队。分配构建、维护和运行组件的责任，并推动打造出色软件的最佳实践。 详细了解如何 在 Compass 中使用团队。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 团队仪表板 通过集中式团队仪表板查找团队信息，查看和管理组件所有权，并执行与团队相关的职能。 了解 有关团队仪表板的更多信息。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 预定义指标 收集数据点，帮助您通过 指标 跟踪和评估流程、产品和团队的表现。使用我们的 预定义指标 来影响和改进您的 DevOps 实践。 Free checked Standard checked Premium checked 记分卡 大规模编纂开发和运营最佳实践。赋予团队自主权，同时确保维护安全性、合规性和可靠性最佳实践。在我们内置记分卡的指引下，开始密切关注运行状况。 详细了解 记分卡。 Free 三 Standard 50 Premium 100 自定义指标 创建 自定义指标 ，使用对您有价值的数据来跟踪和评估您的流程、产品和团队的表现。 Free 三 Standard 100 Premium 200 支持和存储 支持 Free 计划支持访问 Atlassian 社区中的自助资源，而 Standard 计划则提供在营业时间期间的支持（ 查看适用于您所在时区的时间 ）。 详细了解 支持。 Free Atlassian 社区 Standard 营业时间支持 Premium 全天候 Premium 支持 存储 在 Compass 中针对指定时间段访问您的工具链数据。这包括指标、事件和记分卡分数，两种计划在目录数据方面均无限制。 Free Standard 数据保留一年 Premium 数据保留一个月 SLA Free Standard Premium 99.9% 管理员控制功能 IP 允许列表 只允许受信任的 IP 段访问站点，从而提升团队的安全性。 Free Standard Premium checked Atlassian Guard Standard（SSO、SCIM、Active Directory 同步） 强制执行单一登录、外部用户安全、移动应用管理、组织洞察信息、管理员启动的审核日志。 Free 需要订阅 Atlassian Guard Standard Standard 需要订阅 Atlassian Guard Standard Premium 需要订阅 Atlassian Guard Standard 保护您的任务关键型数据 添加 Atlassian Guard，增强 Atlassian Cloud 产品的安全性和可见性。设置主动安全策略，快速检测可疑行为，并根据建议的补救步骤采取行动，以保护您最有价值的工作。此外，通过 Cloud Enterprise 计划，您还将获得多个身份提供程序 (IdP) 和 Atlassian Guard Standard 支持。 Learn more 获取更多细节 完整用户和基本用户的定义 完整用户 可在 Compass 中访问其站点计划中的所有功能，是需收费的付费用户。 基本用户 需要一个免费的 Atlassian 帐户。无论其站点计划如何，他们都可以访问为基本用户角色提供的一组基本功能。 请 查看 Compass 中每个角色所拥有的权限的完整明细 。 产品管理员的定义 产品管理员是 Compass 中的完整用户（需收费的付费用户）。他们可以访问其站点计划中的所有可用功能，以及额外的管理功能，例如安装和配置应用。 其他 Atlassian 产品集成 Free 和 Standard 计划都包括与以下 Atlassian 产品的集成：Jira、Jira Service Management、Bitbucket 和 Opsgenie。 Jira： 通过从关联到 Jira 的存储库中 导入组件 ，发现和构建软件目录。 将组件与 Jira 事务关联起来 ，以跟踪软件体系结构上的相应工作、确定其优先顺序并加以完成 Jira Service Management： 通过从 Jira Service Management 导入服务作为 Compass 组件，发现和构建您的软件目录。通过关联 Jira Service Management 和 Compass 中的服务记录，全面了解您的服务并进行有意义的事件调查。 Bitbucket ：通过从存储库导入组件来发现和构建您的软件目录。使用配置即代码，通过外部工具自动管理组件。在 Compass 的统一位置查看工具链中的组件数据。 了解 有关与 Bitbucket Cloud 集成的更多信息。 Opsgenie ：在 Compass 内的一个统一位置查看组件的待命信息，并将事件和指标可视化。 了解 有关与 OpsGenie 集成的更多信息。 订阅计划和免费试用期 Free 计划 在每个站点可支持不限数量的基本用户，免费支持最多三个完整用户，无需绑定信用卡。 如果您想添加三个以上的完全权限用户或获取更多功能、支持和存储空间，则可注册我们的 Standard 计划，获得 14 天免费试用，或在站点的“管理订阅”部分升级到 Standard 计划。在 14 天免费试用期间，无需提供任何付款信息。在您首次付款之前，无需提供任何付款信息。可随时取消。 在免费试用期间，我们将发送提醒，以提醒您更新付款详细信息以确保服务不间断，或选择降级到 Free 套餐。 如果您对购买的商品不满意，我们提供 30 天退款保证。 付款信息 您可以通过信用卡（MasterCard、Visa 或 American Express）支付订阅费用。Compass 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https://www.linkedin.com/products/yoodli-ai-roleplays/?trk=products_details_guest_similar_products_section_similar_products_section_product_link_result-card_full-click#main-content | Yoodli AI Roleplays | LinkedIn Skip to main content LinkedIn Yoodli AI Roleplays in Asan Expand search This button displays the currently selected search type. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. Jobs People Learning Clear text Clear text Clear text Clear text Clear text Join now Sign in Yoodli AI Roleplays AI-Powered Coaching Software by Yoodli AI Roleplays See who's skilled in this Add as skill Learn more Report this product About Trusted by Fortune 100 companies, Yoodli helps teams ramp faster, win more deals, and communicate with confidence in their most critical conversations. As an AI-powered roleplay simulator, Yoodli supports training across sales, leadership, and customer engagement—delivering private, real-time, judgment-free coaching at scale. Teams can rehearse discovery calls, objection handling, negotiations, presentations, interviews, or feedback conversations anytime, anywhere. Yoodli provides instant feedback on clarity, confidence, and delivery, plus progress tracking to measure growth across teams. Leaders gain scalable, data-driven insights to identify strengths and coach where it matters most—ensuring practice translates into measurable results. Media Products media viewer No more previous content Yoodli AI Roleplays Yoodli is a generative AI communication coach that allows you to provide training simulations across sales, leadership, customer engagement, and presentations—delivering private, real-time, judgment-free coaching at scale. It’s being used by organizations such as Google, Korn Ferry, Spencer Stuart, Dale Carnegie, and others to reduce ramp and increase seller attainment. Step into the batting cage Get unlimited reps with realistic AI simulations that mimic real-world scenarios. Coaching on your highlight reel Break down your performance with instant insights on what to double down on and what to improve. Fine-tune your swing Focus on specific parts of your pitch like your opener, close, and discovery - until it feels effortless. No more next content Similar products LinkedIn Learning AI-powered Coaching LinkedIn Learning AI-powered Coaching AI-Powered Coaching Software LinkedIn Interview Prep AI LinkedIn Interview Prep AI AI-Powered Coaching Software AI Resume Builder AI Resume Builder AI-Powered Coaching Software CoachHub - The digital coaching platform CoachHub - The digital coaching platform AI-Powered Coaching Software MOBILITY MOBILITY AI-Powered Coaching Software Exponent Practice Exponent Practice AI-Powered Coaching Software Sign in to see more Show more Show less LinkedIn © 2026 About Accessibility User Agreement Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Brand Policy Guest Controls Community Guidelines English (English) Language | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://googleapis.github.io/dotnet-genai/index.html | | Google GenAI .NET SDK Google Gen AI .NET SDK provides an interface for developers to integrate Google's generative models into their .NET applications. It supports the Gemini Developer API and Vertex AI APIs. Supported .NET version This library is built for net8.0 and netstandard2.0. Full API Reference The full API reference is hosted in the dedicated GitHub Page Install In your dotnet project directory, type the the following command dotnet add package Google.GenAI Imports using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; Create a client Please run one of the following code blocks to create a client for different services ( Gemini Developer API or Vertex AI ). using Google.GenAI; // Only run this block for Gemini Developer API var client = new Client(apiKey: apiKey); using Google.GenAI; // only run this block for Vertex AI API client = new Client( project: project, location: location, vertexAI: true ) (Optional) Using environment variables: You can create a client by configuring the necessary environment variables. Configuration setup instructions depends on whether you're using the Gemini Developer API or the Gemini API in Vertex AI. Gemini Developer API: Set the GOOGLE_API_KEY . It will automatically be picked up by the client. export GEMINI_API_KEY='your-api-key' Gemini API on Vertex AI: Set GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI , GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT and GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION , as shown below: export GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI=true export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT='your-project-id' export GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION='us-central1' using Google.GenAI; client = new Client(); Types Parameter types are specified in the Google.GenAI.Types namespace. Models The client.Models module exposes model inferencing. See Create a client section above to initialize a client. Generate Content With simple text content using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateContentSimpleText { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var response = await client.Models.GenerateContentAsync( model: "gemini-2.0-flash", contents: "why is the sky blue?" ); Console.WriteLine(response.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0].Text); } } System Instructions and Other Configs The output of the model can be influenced by several optional settings available in GenerateContentAsync's config parameter. For example, to make a model more deterministic, lowering the Temperature parameter reduces randomness, with values near 0 minimizing variability. Capabilities and parameter defaults for each model is shown in the Vertex AI docs and Gemini API docs respectively. using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateContentWithConfig { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var generateContentConfig = new GenerateContentConfig { SystemInstruction = new Content { Parts = new List<Part> { new Part {Text = "I say high you say low."} } }, Temperature = 0.1, MaxOutputTokens = 3 }; var response = await client.Models.GenerateContentAsync( model: "gemini-2.0-flash", contents: "high", config: generateContentConfig ); Console.WriteLine(response.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0].Text); } } Safety Settings using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; class GenerateContentWithSafetySettings { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var safetySettings = new List<SafetySetting> { new SafetySetting { Category = HarmCategory.HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH, Threshold = HarmBlockThreshold.BLOCK_LOW_AND_ABOVE } }; var generateContentConfig = new GenerateContentConfig { SafetySettings = new List<SafetySetting>(safetySettings) }; var response = await client.Models.GenerateContentAsync( model: "gemini-2.0-flash", contents: "say something hateful", config: generateContentConfig ); Console.WriteLine(response.Candidates[0].SafetyRatings); } } Json response scehema However you define your schema, don't duplicate it in your input prompt, including by giving examples of expected JSON output. If you do, the generated output might be lower in quality. using System.Threading.Tasks; using Goolge.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateContentWithJsonSchema { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // define the response schema you desire Schema countryInfo = new Schema { Properties = new Dictionary<string, Schema> { { "title", new Schema { Type = Type.STRING, Title = "Title" } }, { "population", new Schema { Type = Type.INTEGER, Title = "Population" } }, { "capital", new Schema { Type = Type.STRING, Title = "Capital" } }, { "continent", new Schema { Type = Type.STRING, Title = "Continent" } }, { "language", new Schema { Type = Type.STRING, Title = "Language" } } }, PropertyOrdering = new List<string> { "title", "population", "capital", "continent", "language" }, Required = new List<string> { "title", "population", "capital", "continent", "language" }, Title = "CountryInfo", Type = Type.OBJECT }; var response = await client.Models.GenerateContentAsync( model: "gemini-2.0-flash", contents: "Give me information about Australia", config: new GenerateContentConfig { ResponseMimeType = "application/json", ResponseSchema = countryInfo } ); string text = response.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0].Text; var parsedText = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, object>>(text); Console.WriteLine(parsedText); } } Generate Content Stream The usage of GenerateContentStreamAsync is similar to GenerateContentAsync, this section shows one simple example to showcase the nuance in the usage. using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; class GenerateContentStreamSimpleText { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); await foreach (var chunk in client.Models.GenerateContentStreamAsync( model: "gemini-2.0-flash", contents: "why is the sky blue?" )) { Console.WriteLine(chunk.Candidates[0].Content.Parts[0].Text); } } } IChatClient Microsoft.Extensions.AI provides abstractions and exchange types for working with AI services. The Google.GenAI library includes an implementation of the IChatClient interface to enable easy integration with applications that use these abstractions. using Google.GenAI; using Microsoft.Extensions.AI; using System.ComponentModel // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. IChatClient chatClient = new Client().AsIChatClient("gemini-2.0-flash") .AsBuilder() .UseFunctionInvocation() .UseOpenTelemetry() .Build(); ChatOptions options = new() { Tools = [AIFunctionFactory.Create(([Description("The name of the person whose age is to be retrieved")] string personName) => personName switch { "Alice" => 30, "Bob" => 25, _ => 35 }, "get_person_age", "Gets the age of the specified person"); }; await foreach (var update in chatClient.GetStreamingResponseAsync("How much older is Alice than Bob?", options)) { Console.Write(update); } Generate Images using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateImagesSimple { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var generateImagesConfig = new GenerateImagesConfig { NumberOfImages = 1, AspectRatio = "1:1", SafetyFilterLevel = SafetyFilterLevel.BLOCK_LOW_AND_ABOVE, PersonGeneration = PersonGeneration.DONT_ALLOW, IncludeSafetyAttributes = true, IncludeRaiReason = true, OutputMimeType = "image/jpeg", }; var response = await client.Models.GenerateImagesAsync( model: "imagen-4.0-generate-001", prompt: "Red skateboard", config: generateImagesConfig ); // Do something with the generated image var image = response.GeneratedImages.First().Image; } } Upscale Image Upscaling an image is only supported on the Vertex AI client. using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class UpscaleImageSimple { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var upscaleImageConfig = new UpscaleImageConfig { OutputMimeType = "image/jpeg", EnhanceInputImage = true }; var image; // Image to upscale here var response = await client.Models.UpscaleImageAsync( model: modelName, image: image, upscaleFactor: "x2", config: upscaleImageConfig); // Do something with the generated image var image = response.GeneratedImages.First().Image; } } Edit Image Edit image uses a separate model from generate and upscale. Edit image is only supported in the Vertex AI client. using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class EditImageSimple { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); List<IReferenceImage> referenceImages = new List<IReferenceImage>(); // Raw reference image var rawReferenceImage = new RawReferenceImage { ReferenceImage = Image.FromFile("path/to/file", "image/png"), ReferenceId = 1, }; referenceImages.Add(rawReferenceImage); // Mask reference image, generated by model var maskReferenceImage = new MaskReferenceImage { ReferenceId = 2, Config = new MaskReferenceConfig { MaskMode = MaskReferenceMode.MASK_MODE_BACKGROUND, MaskDilation = 0.06, } }; referenceImages.Add(maskReferenceImage); var editImageConfig = new EditImageConfig { EditMode = EditMode.EDIT_MODE_INPAINT_INSERTION, NumberOfImages = 1, OutputMimeType = "image/jpeg", }; var editImageResponse = await client.Models.EditImageAsync( model: "imagen-3.0-capability-001", prompt: "Change the colors of [1] using the mask [2]", referenceImages: referenceImages, config: editImageConfig); // Do something with the generated image var image = editImageResponse.GeneratedImages.First().Image; } } Segment Image Segment image is only supported in the Vertex AI client. using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class SegmentImageSimple { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var segmentImageConfig = new SegmentImageConfig { Mode = SegmentMode.BACKGROUND, MaxPredictions = 1, }; var segmentImageResponse = await client.Models.SegmentImageAsync( model: modelName, source: new SegmentImageSource { Image = Image.FromFile("path/to/image.png", "image/png"), }, config: segmentImageConfig); // Do something with the generated mask var mask = segmentImageResponse.GeneratedMasks.First().Mask; } } Generate Videos Generated videos can be either be returned by the API as bytes or a GCS URI for Vertex. For Gemini Developer API, only a Files URI can be returned. For Gemini, generated videos can be downloaded to a local file as follows: await client.Files.DownloadToFileAsync( generatedVideo: operation.Response.GeneratedVideos.First(), outputPath: "video.mp4" ); Generate Videos (From Text) using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateVideosFromText { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var source = new GenerateVideosSource { Prompt = "Man with a dog", }; var config = new GenerateVideosConfig { NumberOfVideos = 1, }; var operation = await client.Models.GenerateVideosAsync( model: "veo-3.1-generate-preview", source: source, config: config); while (operation.Done != true) { try { await Task.Delay(10000); operation = await client.Operations.GetAsync(operation, null); } catch (TaskCanceledException) { System.Console.WriteLine("Task was cancelled while waiting."); break; } } // Do something with the generated video var video = operation.Response.GeneratedVideos.First().Video; } } Generate Videos (From Image) using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateVideosFromText { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var source = new GenerateVideosSource { // Prompt is optional if Image is provided Prompt = "Man with a dog", Image = Image.FromFile("images/man.png"), }; var config = new GenerateVideosConfig { NumberOfVideos = 1, }; var operation = await client.Models.GenerateVideosAsync( model: "veo-3.1-generate-preview", source: source, config: config); while (operation.Done != true) { try { await Task.Delay(10000); operation = await client.Operations.GetAsync(operation, null); } catch (TaskCanceledException) { System.Console.WriteLine("Task was cancelled while waiting."); break; } } // Do something with the generated video var video = operation.Response.GeneratedVideos.First().Video; } } Generate Videos (Frame Interpolation) using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateVideosFrameInterpolation { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var source = new GenerateVideosSource { Prompt = "At the park", Image = Image.FromFile("images/man.jpg"), }; var config = new GenerateVideosConfig { NumberOfVideos = 1, LastFrame = Image.FromFile("images/dog.jpg"), }; var operation = await client.Models.GenerateVideosAsync( model: "veo-3.1-generate-preview", source: source, config: config); while (operation.Done != true) { try { await Task.Delay(10000); operation = await client.Operations.GetAsync(operation, null); } catch (TaskCanceledException) { System.Console.WriteLine("Task was cancelled while waiting."); break; } } // Do something with the generated video var video = operation.Response.GeneratedVideos.First().Video; } } Generate Videos (From Reference Images) using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateVideosReferenceImages{ public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var source = new GenerateVideosSource { Prompt = "Chirping birds in a colorful forest", }; List<VideoGenerationReferenceImage> referenceImages = new List<VideoGenerationReferenceImage>(); referenceImages.Add(new VideoGenerationReferenceImage { Image = Image.FromFile("images/man.jpg"), ReferenceType = VideoGenerationReferenceType.ASSET, }); var config = new GenerateVideosConfig { NumberOfVideos = 1, ReferenceImages = referenceImages, }; var operation = await client.Models.GenerateVideosAsync( model: "veo-3.1-generate-preview", source: source, config: config); while (operation.Done != true) { try { await Task.Delay(10000); operation = await client.Operations.GetAsync(operation, null); } catch (TaskCanceledException) { System.Console.WriteLine("Task was cancelled while waiting."); break; } } // Do something with the generated video var video = operation.Response.GeneratedVideos.First().Video; } } Generate Videos (From Video) Gemini Developer API only accepts previously generated videos. Vertex accepts a Video from GCS URI. using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GenerateVideosFromVideo { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var source1 = new GenerateVideosSource { Prompt = "Man with a dog", }; var operation1 = await client.Models.GenerateVideosAsync( model: modelName, source: source1, config: new GenerateVideosConfig{ NumberOfVideos = 1, }); while (operation1.Done != true) { try { await Task.Delay(10000); operation1 = await client.Operations.GetAsync(operation1, null); } catch (TaskCanceledException) { System.Console.WriteLine("Task was cancelled while waiting."); break; } } var source2 = new GenerateVideosSource { Prompt = "Driving through a tunnel.", Video = operation1.Response.GeneratedVideos.First().Video, }; var operation2 = await client.Models.GenerateVideosAsync( model: "veo-3.1-generate-preview", source: source2, config: new GenerateVideosConfig{ NumberOfVideos = 1, }); while (operation2.Done != true) { try { await Task.Delay(10000); operation2 = await client.Operations.GetAsync(operation2, null); } catch (TaskCanceledException) { System.Console.WriteLine("Task was cancelled while waiting."); break; } } // Do something with the generated video var video = operation2.Response.GeneratedVideos.First().Video; } } Edit Video Editing a video is only available on Vertex using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class EditVideoOutpaint { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var source = new GenerateVideosSource { Prompt = "A mountain landscape", Video = new Video { Uri = "gs://bucket/inputs/editing_demo.mp4", MimeType = "video/mp4", }, }; var config = new GenerateVideosConfig { OutputGcsUri = outputGcsUri, AspectRatio = "16:9", Mask = new VideoGenerationMask { Image = new Image { GcsUri = "gs://bucket/inputs/video_outpaint_mask.png", MimeType = "image/png", }, MaskMode = VideoGenerationMaskMode.OUTPAINT, }, }; var operation = await vertexClient.Models.GenerateVideosAsync( model: "veo-2.0-generate-exp", source: source, config: config); while (operation.Done != true) { try { await Task.Delay(10000); operation = await vertexClient.Operations.GetAsync(operation, null); } catch (TaskCanceledException) { System.Console.WriteLine("Task was cancelled while waiting."); break; } } var video = operation.Response.GeneratedVideos.First().Video; } } Count Tokens using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CountTokensExample { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var response = await client.Models.CountTokensAsync( model: "gemini-2.0-flash", contents: "What is the capital of France?" ); Console.Writeline(response.TotalTokens); } } Compute Tokens using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class ComputeTokensExample { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var response = await client.Models.ComputeTokensAsync( model: "gemini-2.0-flash", contents: "What is the capital of France?" ); Console.Writeline(response.TokensInfo); } } Embed Content using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class EmbedContentExample { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var response = await client.Models.EmbedContentAsync( model: "text-embedding-004", contents: "What is the capital of France?" ); Console.WriteLine(response.Embeddings[0].Values); } } Get Model using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GetModelExample { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // get a base model var baseModelResponse = await client.Models.GetAsync( model: "gemini-2.5-flash" ); // get a tuned model var tunedModelResponse = await client.Models.GetAsync( model: "models/your-tuned-model" ); } } Update Model using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class UpdateModelExample { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var response = await client.Models.UpdateAsync( model: "models/your-tuned-model", config: new UpdateModelConfig { Description = "updated model description" } ); Console.WriteLine(response.Description); } } Delete Model using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class DeleteModelExample { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); await client.Models.DeleteAsync( model: "models/your-tuned-model" ); } } List Models The ListAsync method returns a Pager object that allows you to iterate through pages of models. If QueryBase is set to true (the default) in ListModelsConfig , it lists base models; otherwise, it lists tuned models. using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class ListModelsExample { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // List base models with default settings Console.WriteLine("Base Models:"); var pager = await client.Models.ListAsync(); await foreach(var model in pager) { Console.WriteLine(model.Name); } // List tuned models with a page size of 10 Console.WriteLine("Tuned Models:"); var config = new ListModelsConfig { QueryBase = false, PageSize = 10 }; var tunedModelsPager = await client.Models.ListAsync(config); await foreach(var model in tunedModelsPager) { Console.WriteLine(model.Name); } } } Batches The client.Batches module can be used to manage batch jobs. See Create a client section above to initialize a client. Create Batch Job Batch jobs can be created from GCS URIs or BigQuery URIs when using Vertex AI, or from Files or Inlined Requests when using the Gemini API. With GCS URI (Vertex AI only) using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateBatchWithGcs { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up for Vertex AI in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var src = new BatchJobSource { GcsUri = new List<string> { "gs://unified-genai-tests/batches/input/generate_content_requests.jsonl" }, Format = "jsonl" }; var config = new CreateBatchJobConfig { DisplayName = "test_batch_gcs", Dest = new BatchJobDestination { GcsUri = "gs://unified-genai-tests/batches/output", Format = "jsonl" } }; var response = await client.Batches.CreateAsync("gemini-2.5-flash", src, config); Console.WriteLine($"Created Vertex AI batch job: {response.Name}"); } } With BigQuery URI (Vertex AI only) using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateBatchWithBigQuery { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up for Vertex AI in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var src = new BatchJobSource { BigqueryUri = "bq://storage-samples.generative_ai.batch_requests_for_multimodal_input", Format = "bigquery" }; var config = new CreateBatchJobConfig { DisplayName = "test_batch_bigquery", Dest = new BatchJobDestination { BigqueryUri = "bq://REDACTED.unified_genai_tests_batches.generate_content_output", Format = "bigquery" } }; var response = await client.Batches.CreateAsync("gemini-2.5-flash", src, config); Console.WriteLine($"Created Vertex AI batch job: {response.Name}"); } } With Inlined Requests (Gemini API only) using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateBatchWithInlinedRequests { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up for Gemini API in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var safetySettings = new List<SafetySetting> { new SafetySetting { Category = HarmCategory.HARM_CATEGORY_HATE_SPEECH, Threshold = HarmBlockThreshold.BLOCK_ONLY_HIGH } }; var inlineRequest = new InlinedRequest { Contents = new List<Content> { new Content { Parts = new List<Part> { new Part { Text = "Hello!" } }, Role = "user" } }, Metadata = new Dictionary<string, string> { { "key", "request-1" } }, Config = new GenerateContentConfig { SafetySettings = safetySettings } }; var src = new BatchJobSource { InlinedRequests = new List<InlinedRequest> { inlineRequest } }; var config = new CreateBatchJobConfig { DisplayName = "test_batch_inlined" }; var response = await client.Batches.CreateAsync("gemini-2.5-flash", src, config); Console.WriteLine($"Created Gemini API batch job: {response.Name}"); } } With File Name (Gemini API only) using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateBatchWithFile { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up for Gemini API in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var src = new BatchJobSource { FileName = "files/your-file-id" }; var config = new CreateBatchJobConfig { DisplayName = "test_batch_file" }; var response = await client.Batches.CreateAsync("gemini-2.5-flash", src, config); Console.WriteLine($"Created Gemini API batch job: {response.Name}"); } } Create Embedding Batch Job Embedding batch jobs are only supported in Gemini API, from Files or Inlined Requests. With Inlined Requests (Gemini API only) using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateEmbeddingBatchWithInlinedRequests { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up for Gemini API in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var src = new EmbeddingsBatchJobSource { InlinedRequests = new EmbedContentBatch { Config = new EmbedContentConfig { OutputDimensionality = 64 }, Contents = new List<Content> { new Content { Parts = new List<Part> { new Part { Text = "1" } } }, new Content { Parts = new List<Part> { new Part { Text = "2" } } }, new Content { Parts = new List<Part> { new Part { Text = "3" } } }, } } }; var config = new CreateEmbeddingsBatchJobConfig { DisplayName = "test_batch_embedding_inlined" }; var response = await client.Batches.CreateEmbeddingsAsync("gemini-embedding-001", src, config); Console.WriteLine($"Created Gemini API embedding batch job: {response.Name}"); } } With File Name (Gemini API only) using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateEmbeddingBatchWithFile { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up for Gemini API in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var src = new EmbeddingsBatchJobSource { FileName = "files/your-file-id", }; var config = new CreateEmbeddingsBatchJobConfig { DisplayName = "test_batch_embedding_file" }; var response = await client.Batches.CreateEmbeddingsAsync("gemini-embedding-001", src, config); Console.WriteLine($"Created Gemini API embedding batch job: {response.Name}"); } } Get Batch Job using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GetBatchJob { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // Use a batch job name from a previously created batch job. var batchJob = await client.Batches.GetAsync(name: "batches/your-batch-job-name"); Console.WriteLine($"Batch job name: {batchJob.Name}, State: {batchJob.State}"); } } Cancel Batch Job using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CancelBatchJob { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // Use a batch job name from a previously created batch job. await client.Batches.CancelAsync(name: "batches/your-batch-job-name"); Console.WriteLine("Batch job cancelled."); } } List Batch Jobs using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class ListBatchJobs { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var pager = await client.Batches.ListAsync(new ListBatchJobsConfig { PageSize = 10 }); await foreach(var job in pager) { Console.WriteLine($"Batch job name: {job.Name}, State: {job.State}"); } } } Delete Batch Job using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class DeleteBatchJob { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // Use a batch job name from a previously created batch job. await client.Batches.DeleteAsync(name: "batches/your-batch-job-name"); Console.WriteLine("Batch job deleted."); } } Caches The client.Caches module can be used to manage cached content. See Create a client section above to initialize a client. Create Cache Cacheable content can be created from Google Cloud Storage URIs when using Vertex AI, or from File URIs when using the Gemini API. using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateCache { public static async Task main() { // Example for Vertex AI with GCS URIs: var vertexClient = new Client(project: project, location: location, vertexAI: true); var vertexConfig = new CreateCachedContentConfig { Contents = new List<Content> { new Content { Role = "user", Parts = new List<Part> { new Part { FileData = new FileData { FileUri = "gs://cloud-samples-data/generative-ai/pdf/2312.11805v3.pdf", MimeType = "application/pdf" } }, new Part { FileData = new FileData { FileUri = "gs://cloud-samples-data/generative-ai/pdf/2403.05530.pdf", MimeType = "application/pdf" } } } } }, DisplayName = "my-vertex-cache", Ttl = "600s" }; var vertexResponse = await vertexClient.Caches.CreateAsync(model: "gemini-2.5-flash", config: vertexConfig); Console.WriteLine($"Created Vertex AI cache: {vertexResponse.Name}"); // Example for Gemini API with File URIs: var geminiClient = new Client(apiKey: apiKey); var geminiConfig = new CreateCachedContentConfig { Contents = new List<Content> { new Content { Role = "user", Parts = new List<Part> { new Part { FileData = new FileData { FileUri = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta/files/file-id", MimeType = "application/pdf" } } } } }, DisplayName = "my-gemini-cache", Ttl = "600s" }; var geminiResponse = await geminiClient.Caches.CreateAsync(model: "gemini-2.5-flash", config: geminiConfig); Console.WriteLine($"Created Gemini API cache: {geminiResponse.Name}"); } } Get Cache using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class GetCache { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // Use a cache name from a previously created cache. var cachedContent = await client.Caches.GetAsync(name: "cachedContents/your-cache-name", config: null); Console.WriteLine($"Cache name: {cachedContent.Name}, DisplayName: {cachedContent.DisplayName}"); } } Update Cache using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class UpdateCache { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var updateConfig = new UpdateCachedContentConfig { Ttl = "1200s" }; // Use a cache name from a previously created cache. var cachedContent = await client.Caches.UpdateAsync(name: "cachedContents/your-cache-name", config: updateConfig); Console.WriteLine($"Cache updated. New expiration time: {cachedContent.ExpireTime}"); } } Delete Cache using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class DeleteCache { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // Use a cache name from a previously created cache. await client.Caches.DeleteAsync(name: "cachedContents/your-cache-name", config: null); Console.WriteLine("Cache deleted."); } } List Caches using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class ListCaches { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var pager = await client.Caches.ListAsync(new ListCachedContentConfig { PageSize = 10 }); await foreach(var cache in pager) { Console.WriteLine($"Cache name: {cache.Name}, DisplayName: {cache.DisplayName}"); } } } Tunings The client.Tunings module exposes model tuning. See Create a client section above to initialize a client. Create Tuning Job (Vertex Only) With simple training data using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateTuningJobSimple { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(vertexAI: true); var trainingDataset = new TuningDataset { GcsUri = "gs://cloud-samples-data/ai-platform/generative_ai/gemini-2_0/text/sft_train_data.jsonl" }; var tuningJob = await client.Tunings.TuneAsync( baseModel: "gemini-2.5-flash", trainingDataset: trainingDataset, ); Console.WriteLine(tuningJob.State); } } Hyperparameters and Other Configs The tuning job can be configured by several optional settings available in Tune's config parameter. For example, we can configure the number of epochs to train for, or specify a validation dataset. using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CreateTuningJobWithConfig { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(vertexAI: true); var trainingDataset = new TuningDataset { GcsUri = "gs://cloud-samples-data/ai-platform/generative_ai/gemini-2_0/text/sft_train_data.jsonl" }; var validationDataset = new TuningValidationDataset { GcsUri = "gs://cloud-samples-data/ai-platform/generative_ai/gemini-2_0/text/sft_validation_data.jsonl" }; var config = new CreateTuningJobConfig { TunedModelDisplayName = "Tuned Model", EpochCount = 3, LearningRateMultiplier = 0.5, ValidationDataset = validationDataset, }; var tuningJob = await client.Tunings.TuneAsync( baseModel: "gemini-2.5-flash", trainingDataset: trainingDataset, config: config, ); Console.WriteLine(tuningJob.State); } } Preference Tuning You can perform preference tuning by setting Method to TuningMethod.PREFERENCE_TUNING in CreateTuningJobConfig . using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class PreferenceTuningJob { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(vertexAI: true); var trainingDataset = new TuningDataset { GcsUri = "gs://cloud-samples-data/ai-platform/generative_ai/gemini-1_5/text/sft_train_data.jsonl" }; var config = new CreateTuningJobConfig { TunedModelDisplayName = "Tuned Model", Method = TuningMethod.PREFERENCE_TUNING, EpochCount = 1, }; var tuningJob = await client.Tunings.TuneAsync( baseModel: "gemini-2.5-flash", trainingDataset: trainingDataset, config: config, ); Console.WriteLine(tuningJob.State); } } Continuous Tuning You can perform continuous tuning on a previously tuned model by passing the tuned model's resource name as the baseModel parameter. using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class ContinuousTuningJob { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(vertexAI: true); var trainingDataset = new TuningDataset { GcsUri = "gs://cloud-samples-data/ai-platform/generative_ai/gemini-2_0/text/sft_train_data.jsonl" }; // Continuously tune a previously tuned model by passing in its resource name. var tunedModelResourceName = "models/your-tuned-model"; var tuningJob = await client.Tunings.TuneAsync( baseModel: tunedModelResourceName, trainingDataset: trainingDataset, ); Console.WriteLine(tuningJob.State); } } Cancel Tuning Job using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class CancelTuningJobExample { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); // The tuning job resource name to cancel, retrieved from a created tuning job. var tuningJobResourceName = "tuningJobs/your-tuning-job"; await client.Tunings.CancelAsync(tuningJobResourceName); } } List Tuning Jobs using System.Threading.Tasks; using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class ListTuningJobs { public static async Task main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(); var pager = await client.Tunings.ListAsync(new ListTuningJobsConfig { PageSize = 2 }); await foreach(var tuningJob in pager) { Console.WriteLine($"Tuning job name: {tuningJob.Name}, State: {tuningJob.State}"); } } } Files (Gemini API only) The Files feature are only supported for the Gemini API. Upload File using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class Files { public static async Task Main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(vertexAI: false); // uploading from local file path var uploadResponse1 = await client.Files.UploadAsync(filtePath: "path/to/your/file.png"); Console.WriteLine($"Gemini API Files Upload Response: {uploadResponse1}"); // uploading from bytes // using this fileBytes variable for demo purpose only byte[] fileBytes = await System.IO.File.ReadAllBytesAsync("path/to/your/file.png"); var uploadResponse2 = await geminiClient.Files.UploadAsync( bytes: fileBytes, fileName: "file.png" ); Console.WriteLine($"Gemini API Files Upload Response: {uploadResponse2}"); } } Get File using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class Files { public static async Task Main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(vertexAI: false); // usually, pattern is similar to this example "files/s0pa54alni6w" string fileName = "files/randomID"; var getResponse = await client.Files.GetAsync(name: fileName); Console.WriteLine($"Gemini API Files Get Response: {getResponse}"); } } Delete File using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class Files { public static async Task Main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(vertexAI: false); // usually, pattern is similar to this example "files/s0pa54alni6w" string fileName = "files/randomID"; var deleteResponse = await client.Files.DeleteAsync(name: fileName); Console.WriteLine($"Gemini API Files Delete Response: {deleteResponse}"); } } List File using Google.GenAI; using Google.GenAI.Types; public class Files { public static async Task Main() { // assuming credentials are set up in environment variables as instructed above. var client = new Client(vertexAI: false); var pager = await client.Files.ListAsync(); await foreach(var page in pager) { Console.WriteLine($"Gemini API Files List Response page: {page}"); } } } Edit this page Made with docfx | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://rightsback.org/faq/#I_don.E2.80.99t_know_the_exact_dates.2C_what_do_I_fill_in_for_these_questions.3F | FAQ | Termination of Transfer You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser . Termination of Transfer Skip to content Toggle navigation Intro About Overview Useful Documents Glossary FAQ Start the Tool! FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1 Questions About the Law 1.1 What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? 1.2 How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? 1.3 How does getting back the copyright help authors? 1.4 What kinds of agreements can be terminated? 1.5 What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? 1.6 The author created the work with another person or a group of people. Does the termination provision still work for that one author? 1.7 The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? 1.8 What is the effect of terminating an agreement? 1.9 So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? 1.10 What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? 2 Questions About The Tool 2.1 What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? 2.2 Can users just test out the tool? 2.3 Can users restart the tool from a previous session? 2.4 Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? 2.5 A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.6 A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.7 A user completes the tool and it says that there may be a termination right at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? 2.8 The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire”; what does this mean? 2.9 If the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? 2.10 Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? 2.11 How does the tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? 3 Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance 4 Have a question that is not answered here? Questions About the Law What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? The termination of transfers provisions are sections of the U.S. Copyright Act that give an author (and in some instances their family members or representatives), a statutory process by which they can get back their rights to a copyright protected work that has been sold or licensed away to another entity. Copyright law protects creative expressions—such as books, films, music, arts, computer software, websites, and computer games. Copyright grants the creator of these works exclusive rights to control (subject to important exceptions like the U.S. doctrine of fair use) certain activities in relation to their work, such as copying, adapting, distributing, performing it. Control of these exclusive rights can be valuable—an author of a book can grant a publisher the exclusive right to publish the book in exchange for an advance and royalties on the sale of copies; the same author can also grant a filmmaker the right to adapt the book into a film based on the book (again for a fee), and license someone else to adapt the book by translating it into other languages (also for license fees, and possibly royalties). An issue arises, however, if an author sells or licenses their copyright before they or their work are well-known. Authors at the start of their careers may not be as sophisticated in their negotiating skills, which means that they might sell or license their copyright for much less than it is ultimately worth. The commercial windfall of a successful work is then enjoyed by the entity that exploits those rights, not the original author. This is where the termination of transfers provisions come in. The U.S. Congress decided that it was important to provide a mechanism under which rights that have been previously sold or licensed could be returned to the original author or their family members. So the termination of transfers provisions were enacted to, in the words of the U.S. Congress, safeguard “authors against unremunerative transfers,” which is necessary because “of the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting from the impossibility of determining a work’s prior value until it has been exploited.” It is important to distinguish between these termination of transfers provisions and the regular termination provisions that exist in many contracts. The termination of transfers provisions are a statutory mechanism that applies to transfers of right that are permanent (such as a sale of copyright ownership) or transfers that are long-term (such as a lengthy exclusive license). If an author has entered into an agreement that is for a short period or includes contractual termination provisions that easily allow the author to get back rights that were licensed to someone else, then in many cases it will be preferable for the author to exercise his or her contractual rights, rather than go through the statutory termination of transfers process. How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? The general process for terminating agreements involves the following steps: Confirm that the agreement falls into one of the categories of agreements that can be terminated (for more details, see What kinds of agreements can be terminated? and What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? below); Confirm who is authorized to terminate the agreement (e.g., an author, joint authors, an author’s successors, an author’s authorized representatives—see I am not the original author or artist; can I still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? below for more details); Calculate when the “termination window” (see the glossary ) arises (this is a five-year period during which the agreement can be terminated); Calculate the “notice window” (see the glossary ) (this is the period during which a termination notice can be served) which is a period no more than ten years before the “termination window” arises and not less than two years before the “termination window” closes; Serve a valid and proper termination notice by the person(s) authorized to terminate the agreement during the “notice window,” identifying a date within the “termination window” as the date on which the agreement will terminate, among other things (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to provide notice of termination to rightsholders); Submit a copy of the termination notice, fee, and Form TCS to the U.S. Copyright Office (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to record the termination with the U.S. Copyright Office); Wait for the “termination date” to arrive when the rights revert back to the author. If this sounds complex and like a lot of work—it is. And this process is further complicated by the fact that important details for following this process differ depending on whether the agreement is dated before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978 (for an explanation of why these dates matter, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). This tool was created by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons to simplify this procedure (as we explain in describing how the tool works at What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? below) and make it more author-friendly and accessible. To date, there have not been many attempts by authors to terminate agreements, even though their copyright grants may qualify for termination. Authors Alliance and Creative Commons are providing this tool to make it easier for authors and their successors to know if they may be eligible to terminate agreements in the hope that more will exercise their termination rights. How does getting back the copyright help authors? Getting the copyright grants back under the termination of transfer provisions can assist authors in two ways. First, after an author serves a valid termination notice on the person to whom the author sold or licensed his or her rights (“grantee”), the grantee may enter into a new and better arrangement with the author to maintain the use of those rights after the termination takes effect. The author can try to do a better deal. The ability to terminate the agreement should give the author some additional bargaining leverage in negotiations. Also, because the market will have developed and the author will be able to see how successful his or her work has been, he or she can use this important information in the subsequent negotiations. Secondly, the author regains control of his or her rights. The author can then do as he or she wishes with them, including entering into new agreements and relationships in relation to his or her work with a (hopefully) stronger bargaining position. The author may also consider making terminated works that have outlived their commercial life but are nonetheless historically and culturally valuable available to the public on open terms. What kinds of agreements can be terminated? For an agreement to be capable of termination, it needs to be a certain type of agreement. In addition, for agreements dated after January 1, 1978, the agreement must last for more than 35 years (for more information about why this date is important, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). However, there are several exceptions of agreements or transfers involving copyright that cannot be terminated. These are discussed more in the next question, ( What kinds of agreements can be terminated? ). The types of agreements that can be terminated include: A transfer of ownership of copyright of either the whole copyright or of specific rights in copyright. This is often referred to as an “assignment;” An exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as an exclusive license to publish a book; A non-exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as a non-exclusive license to play a song on the radio; A mortgage or other security on copyright; And, in the words of the U.S. Copyright Act, “any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in copyright.” All of these agreements—with the exception of non-exclusive licenses—must be in writing, so if an author has a copy of an agreement, then he or she should be able to identify what type of transfer it is by reviewing the agreement. To learn more about where to find out details about the type of agreement, check out our List of Useful Documents . One additional requirement applies to agreements entered into after January 1, 1978 to be terminable: The agreements must continue for more than 35 years. If a post-1978 agreement runs for a period of less than 35 years, then it cannot be terminated because the earliest termination window that arises for a post-1978 agreement is 35 years after the date of the agreement (or from the date of publication of the work if the agreement includes the right of publication). Consequently, authors should ensure that they obtain proper legal advice if publishers or other organizations wishing to exploit their rights try to enter into multiple, rolling agreements for less than 35 years; or if a publisher seeks to get them to agree to voluntarily terminate an agreement that lasts for 35 years or more, and enter into a new one that lasts for the same or a shorter period of time. To learn more about why there is a difference between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make a distinction between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Finally, to qualify for termination, an agreement must not fall into one of the excluded categories. These are discussed in the next question, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? There are four kinds of agreement that cannot be terminated under the termination of transfer provisions: a transfer of rights that occurs by reason of the work being a “work made for hire;” a transfer of rights in a will; post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author; and certain grants of “common law copyright.” (1) Works made for hire Under the U.S. Copyright Act, copyrighted works that qualify as “works made for hire” are subject to special rules that govern who becomes the first owner of copyright in a work. For regular works, the person who creates the work becomes the first owner of copyright. However, for “works made for hire” either the employer or person who commissioned the work becomes the first owner of copyright. Neither of these transfers of rights from the author to the employer or commissioning party, which occur by operation of the Copyright Act, nor any subsequent agreements entered into by the employer or commissioning party in relation to the work, may be challenged by the author or their family members. A copyrighted work qualifies as a “work made for hire” in two circumstances. The first is when the work is created in the course of the author’s employment. To learn more about when a work is created in the circumstances of employment, see our explanation of this concept in the glossary . The second is when a work is specially commissioned or ordered ( see an explanation of that concept in our glossary ). In certain circumstances, copyright ownership in a specially commissioned work may transfer to the person who specially commissions the work, not the author. The rules governing the specially commissioned category of “works made for hire” changed in 1978. To learn more about the reason for the distinction between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Prior to 1978, the courts looked to what the parties intended to see if copyright ownership should pass from the creator to the commissioning party. For the most part, courts assumed that the parties did intend copyright ownership to be transferred; consequently, in the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, it is highly likely that copyright in a commissioned work will be owned by the party who commissions the work. There does not have to be any written agreement for copyright to transfer for pre-1978 commissioned works, although obviously if there is an agreement, it can provide evidence of the parties’ intent. For post-1978 agreements, there are three requirements for a work to qualify as a “work made for hire.” The work must be specially commissioned and come within one of specifically provided categories, and there must be a written agreement signed by both parties agreeing that the work will be a “work made for hire.” The nine categories of work that can qualify are: A contribution to a collective work; A part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; A translation; A supplementary work; A compilation; An instructional text; A test; Answer material for a test; and An atlas. The terms “compilation,” “collective work,” “instructional text or graphics,” “motion picture or other audiovisual work,” and “supplementary work” are explained a little more in the glossary . (2) Transfers by will As a property interest, the rights that a person enjoys in a copyrighted work can pass, when an individual author or copyright owner dies, by will or by the laws of the applicable state regarding intestate succession. If the transfer of rights that is contested is a transfer that occurred in a will, the termination of transfer provisions cannot be utilized to have the rights revert. So, for example, if when an author dies they leave the rights to their copyright to a friend, a surviving wife or child of the author will not be able to cancel the gift of copyright to the friend because it occurred in the author’s will. (3) Post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author Agreements executed after January 1, 1978 can only be terminated if they were signed by the author. This is different from agreements executed before January 1, 1978, which can be terminated if they were signed by the author or the author’s successor renewal claimants (usually family members ). The reason for the broader category of agreements that are terminable prior to 1978 is because U.S. copyright law that governed prior to 1978 recognized the ability of an author’s relative to sign away a future interest they may obtain in the author’s copyright. For more information about the reason behind the distinction made between agreements entered into before 1978 and after 1978, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. (4) Certain Grants of Common Law Copyright This is a very technical exception to the termination of transfer provisions that is unlikely to apply to the majority of agreements. Under U.S. copyright law prior to 1978, copyright was secured by registering for an initial term of copyright protection and then renewing the copyright registration prior to the expiry of the initial term for a second term. The termination of transfer provisions only grant the right to terminate agreements entered into prior to 1978 if those agreements related to a renewal copyright interest (i.e., a grant in relation to a work in its second copyright term). Because of this limited application of the pre-1978 termination provisions, agreements that do not relate to the renewal copyright interest may not be capable of being terminated. The copyright interest to which such agreements will relate is known as a common law copyright (i.e., the copyright arises by virtue of common law as distinct to statute). An example of a pre-1978 agreement that would not be able to be terminated is an agreement that relates to the original copyright term, or a pre-1978 agreement that relates to an unpublished work. (Prior to 1978, a work was protected by U.S. state law (as distinct from U.S. federal law) from creation until publication; upon publication it either had to be registered to secure copyright protection, or else it fell into the public domain). To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The author created work with another person or a group of people. Do the termination provisions still work for that one author? Yes, if the author created a work he or she can still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. However, the rules about how that happens vary depending on whether the agreement the author is seeking to terminate was entered into before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978. To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, check out Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. For pre-1978 agreements, any joint author who executed an agreement can terminate that agreement. However, the termination is effective only to the extent of that joint author’s interest. In other words, if three authors—Alejandra, Benito and Carlos—create a work and then grant an exclusive license to Company Domingo, Alejandra can, if she wishes, terminate the exclusive license. Company Domingo will still enjoy the rights it obtained from Benito and Carlos but now exercises them together with Alejandra (transforming the exclusive license a non-exclusive license in the process). By contrast, post-1978 agreements operate on a majority rule. This means that if the author seeking termination is a joint author of a work, that author needs to have a majority of joint authors who executed the post-1978 agreement join him or her in terminating it. Note that the majority is counted in relation to the authors who executed the grant (not the majority of the total authors of the work). This means that if there were seven joint authors of the work but only five of them got together to sign the agreement, the majority requirement would be satisfied when three of those five exercised their termination right. Also note that the effect of such a termination would be that the entire agreement would be over. It would not cease only with respect to the three who exercised their termination rights and continue in relation of the two of them who did not (which is the opposite of what happens in relation to pre-1978 agreements for jointly authored works). Of course, if one of the authors with whom the author created the work is no longer living, their “termination interest” (i.e., the right that author holds to be able to terminate an agreement) may be exercised by those of their surviving family members who are recognized by the termination provisions. Read more about which surviving family members are recognized in the next question ( The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? ). To understand more about why there are differences in the treatment of pre- and post-1978 agreements, read Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? The answer to this question depends on two things: firstly, whether the author who created the work is still living; and secondly, on who signed the original agreement that is subject to termination. If the author is no longer living and they are the person who signed the agreement that someone is seeking to terminate, then the answer is yes (subject to certain conditions). To briefly explain: If the original author is no longer living but transferred or licensed away their rights during their lifetime, the law recognizes the right of certain family members to terminate agreements entered into by the author. Those family members who may be eligible to exercise such a “termination right” are: An author’s surviving spouse: S/he owns the entire termination interest if there are no surviving children or grandchildren. If there are surviving children or grandchildren, then the surviving spouse owns one-half of the termination interest with children or, if one of the children is no longer living, any grandchildren sharing the deceased children’s interest. An author’s surviving children: Own the entire termination interest equally divided among them if there is no surviving spouse. If there is a surviving spouse, they enjoy a one-half termination interest equally divided among them. An author’s surviving grandchildren: If one of the author’s children is not still living at the time the author dies, then any surviving children of that child enjoy that child’s termination interest in equal shares. The entitlement to exercise a termination right is governed by two majority rules. The first majority rule requires that those surviving family members who are entitled to terminate an agreement, must do so by majority action. The majority is calculated on a “per stirpes” basis according to the rules set out by the termination of transfer provisions. The second majority rule applies to the exercise of the interest of any grandchildren (if relevant). The termination of transfer provisions state that the termination interest of the grandchildren may only be exercised by a majority of them. To give some examples of the two majority rules in operation: if the author is no longer living but is survived by their spouse and two children, then a majority of the surviving spouse (given s/he owns one-half of the interest) and one surviving child is needed to terminate. However, if there the author’s spouse does not outlive the author, then the termination interest must be exercised by a majority of the surviving children; but if one of two children has predeceased the author and the child who predeceased the author has three children (which are the author’s surviving grandchildren), then the agreement of at least two of the three grandchildren is needed in order to be able to terminate the agreement. If there is no surviving spouse nor any surviving children or grandchildren, then the author’s executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee (see the glossary for an explanation of these terms) may exercise the termination right. If an agreement was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated after 1978, then the answer is no. For post-1978 agreements only those executed by the author can be terminated. If the agreement to be terminated was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated before 1978, then the answer depends on who executed the grant. For agreements entered into prior to 1978, agreements that were signed by the author’s surviving spouse, children, executors or next of kin (see the glossary ) may be terminated but only by the surviving person who executed the agreement. So, for example, if, after the author died, the author’s spouse signed in 1970 a 50-year exclusive license, then the author’s spouse can terminate this transfer under the termination provisions but the author’s children cannot (because they did not sign the transfer). If the spouse and the author’s two children signed the pre-1978 agreement, then all three are required (or least, all of those who are still living when the right to terminate matures). The best way to think of this (if it’s not too much of a mouthful) is that non-author signed pre-1978 grants can only be terminated by the surviving majority of those who signed the agreement initially. What is the effect of terminating an agreement? If an agreement is successfully terminated, then all of the rights that were granted by that agreement revert back to the author or, if the author is no longer living, the rights revert back proportionally to those successors who were entitled to terminate. But the reversion of rights is subject to three important limitations that we explain in the next question, So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? Not quite – in short, the author gets all of the rights back that were transferred under the terminated agreement as they apply in the United States, and subject to the “derivative works” exception. Let us explain each of these limitations a little more. “You-only-get-back-what-you-gave-away” limitation – only those rights that were transferred or licensed away under the agreement will revert. This means that if the author entered into one license for the publication of a book and a separate license for the production of a movie, when the author terminates the book publication agreement, the author will get only these publication rights back. To get the movie rights back, the author needs to see about terminating the movie agreement. Also remember that the termination only takes effect with respect to the copyright interest in the agreement. Some agreements may include permissions with respect to other, non-copyrightable interests, such as ideas for storylines or titles of a work; these are not covered by a successful termination notice. “U.S.-only limitation” – This means that the termination only has effect in relation to uses within the United States. The termination provisions specifically state that they do not affect rights arising under foreign (copyright) laws. Consequently, if the author signed an agreement that granted worldwide rights, he or she will get back only the ability to exercise those rights in the United States. “Derivative works” exception – although a successful termination causes all of the rights to revert, this will not affect exploitation of derivative works created during the lifetime of the agreement, even after that agreement has been terminated. Once the agreement has been terminated, the grantee ( see the glossary ) may continue after termination to utilize “derivative works prepared under authority of the grant before its termination…[consistent with] the term of the grant” (to quote from the U.S. Copyright Act). This means that if, for example, an author granted a company a 50-year exclusive license to create a movie based on the author’s novel, that company can continue to use and exploit the movie even after the author successfully terminates the exclusive license. The company may not prepare a new movie based on the novel; it may only continue to use the existing movie that it created when the exclusive license was still current. What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? An author can still terminate his or her rights, even if the agreement that says that he or she is not allowed to terminate, or to take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. The termination of transfer provisions specifically state that an agreement or transfer can be terminated regardless of any agreement to the contrary. In one instance, a court invalidated an agreement that sought to claim that a work was a “work made for hire” (which falls outside the termination provisions – see above, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? , for an explanation of “works made for hire”). So if the agreement the author is seeking to terminate includes anything that tries to get the author to agree not to exercise his or her rights under Section 203, 304(c) or 304(d) of the U.S. Copyright Act (or otherwise seeks to limit an author’s rights under the termination of transfer provisions), the author should not be disheartened. He or she should still investigate whether it is possible to terminate the agreement or transfer. If an author signed up to an agreement after 1978 that continues for more than 35 years, and he or she then voluntarily voids or withdraws from the existing agreement before the 35-year period is up and enters into a new agreement, the termination calculation has to be made afresh. An author cannot carry a termination right from one agreement to a new agreement that he or she voluntarily enters into. Authors should obtain proper legal advice before signing any new agreements that cover rights that they have already licensed to ensure that they do not unwittingly jeopardize their termination rights. Questions About The Tool What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? This tool is designed to do two things to make it easier for an author to navigate the termination of transfer provisions – (1) to educate users on copyright laws about termination of transfer by roughly estimating, based on hypothetical scenarios, whether and when a work may be eligible for termination; and (2) assist with information gathering. Notice and termination window calculation tool – As we explain above in How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? , two key parts of being able to successfully terminate an agreement are correctly identifying when the person seeking termination can serve the notice that he or she wishes to terminate (which is during the “notice window” (see the glossary ). In that notice, the person seeking termination must then nominate a date that falls within the correct period during which the agreement can be terminated (known as the “termination window” (see the glossary ). The notice window is calculated relative to when the termination window is open. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright after 1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 56 years from the date copyright is secured or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright from 1923-1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 75 years from the date copyright is secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For post-1978 agreements, the 5-year termination window period begins 35 years from the date of agreement or, if the agreement includes the right of publication, 35 years from the date of publication or 40 years from the date of execution of the agreement, whichever occurs first. (To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below.) This sounds confusing to us, and we thought it might sound confusing to others, too. So we built this tool to help authors understand how to do the calculations. The tool asks questions about information necessary to calculate these windows and, if the information is accurate and the author seeking termination has a termination right, the information sheet provided once the tool is completed will set out the likely notice window and termination window. Information gathering – the tool also helps people seeking termination to gather information that can be relevant and useful when trying to terminate an agreement. Details about who can terminate, their relationship to the author or artist, the title of the work, the copyright registration number, and the original and current grantee ( see glossary ) are useful pieces of information for a lawyer who assists with the exercise of a termination right. In some cases, this information can be helpful in calculating whether a termination right exists; in others, it is information that needs to be included in the termination notice. This tool is in no way a substitute for authors doing their own investigation and research, or finding their own legal team to assist in identifying whether they have a termination right and then using it to get back their rights. Can users just test out the tool? Be our guest! Creative Commons and Authors Alliance do not keep any records of anyone’s use of the tool, so users can test out the tool as many times as they wish. Can users restart the tool from a previous session? The termination of transfer tool does not save any information nor record any of the information that users input, so users need to start each session from the start and work their way through each question until they get a result. Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? The tool makes distinctions between agreements that were made before 1978 and after 1978 because the law does. Effective January 1, 1978, U.S. copyright law changed dramatically. A key component of this change was that U.S. copyright law changed from being an “opt-in” system to being an “opt-out” system. Before 1978, to own a copyright in the U.S., a creator had to register their works in order to receive copyright protection, and that copyright protection was then limited to an initial term of 28 years. Prior to the expiry of the initial term, a copyright owner could then renew their copyright for a further 28-year term. But from 1978 on, U.S. copyright law changed so that a creator automatically secured copyright protection when they created an original work and recorded it in some tangible form. Registration was no longer necessary. Also, the term of copyright was extended to life of the author plus 50 years; there was no need to renew copyright. However, in Congress’ view the renewal provision had served as a valuable tool in helping authors and artists renegotiate any agreements or transfers they had entered into during the initial copyright term, with the benefit of the knowledge as to how popular and valuable their works had been. The belief was that this knowledge assisted authors to negotiate more favorable terms during the renewal term. With the abolition of the renewal system, Congress sought to create a new mechanism to “safeguard authors and artists against unremunerative transfers” (in the words of Congress). The termination of transfer provisions are intended to be that mechanism—provisions which give authors a second chance at negotiating agreements or transfers they signed, possibly early in their career, before they knew their work’s true value (which can generally only be determined once the work has been exploited). However, because U.S. copyright law was very different before 1978 and after 1978, the termination of transfer provisions function very differently depending on whether the agreement in question was entered into before 1978 or after 1978. Because the law makes this distinction, the tool has to make this seemingly arbitrary distinction as well. A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If the tool indicates that a work with the characteristics provided may have its copyright agreement terminated, it will then provide an information sheet (in PDF format). This information sheet lists the user-inputted information and whether a work with those characteristics would be terminable. There are a couple of caveats on any results from the tool. The tool is only as good as the information put into it. So if the author was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or is open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Always remember that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right that means it is a possibility, not a certainty. Remember too that identifying that an author may have a termination right is just the first step. There are many more steps to actually exercising and getting the rights back. Refer to the Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to (1) provide notice(s) of termination to rightsholders and (2) submit the required information to the U.S. Copyright Office to effectuate the termination. As we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, authors should always consult with a lawyer. A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If information the user plugs into the tool gives a result that suggests that a transfer of a work with those characteristics is unlikely, this is not necessarily a cause for despair. Remember, the tool is merely educational can only provide answers to hypothetical scenarios based on the information provided. It is possible that the information provided is not accurate—for example, it may be that answers led the tool to conclude that a work with the characteristics provided was a “work made for hire” when it is not. For more information about “works made for hire” see What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? above. So if the tool says that it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, double check the information and investigate some of the details surrounding the information asked by the tool. If, after checking the information, the tool still says it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, recall that the tool is not exact, and copyright termination provisions are complex. The only definite way to know whether an author has a termination right or not is to consult with a lawyer. Authors should take the material gathered in preparation for completing the tool to a lawyer for review and advice. U.S.-based authors may be able to find a volunteer lawyer who can assist on this site: http://www.starvingartistslaw.com/help/volunteer lawyers.htm . A user completes the tool and it says that the work may be terminable at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? If the tool says that a work with the characteristics provided is likely terminable at some date in the future, this means that—based on the information provided—it is possible that the author of such works has the right to terminate an agreement or transfer, but that right does not arise until some future date. Because the tool calculates dates by years (and not by months and days – see if the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? below) the author in such situations should start reinvestigating termination prospects well before the year identified by the tool commences. Authors in this position have several options at this stage. The author can consult a lawyer to double check if he or she may have a termination right and, if so, when it arises; or he or she can wait until closer to the date given by the tool and reinvestigate termination prospects then. One very important caveat is that any termination right the author enjoys may change as circumstances develop and change in the future. Examples of events that may change the outcome include if the author dies, if any of their immediate family dies, or if a new agreement or transfer is negotiated. So it is always important to stay up-to-date in all circumstances that may be relevant to the author’s termination prospects and to reevaluate these on an ongoing basis. Remember that the tool is merely educational and is only as comprehensive as the hypothetical provided. So if the user was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Remember also that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right at some date in the future that means it is a possibility, not a certainty that such a right will arise. Also, we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, an author should always consult with a lawyer before relying on anything the tool generates. The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire,” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire.” What does this mean? There may two explanations as to why the agreement says a work is a “work made for hire,” but the work does not seem to fall into one of the categories listed in the tool. The first explanation may be that the author may have misinterpreted the legal classification of the nature of the work in question. For example, it may qualify under the law as a compilation or a contribution to a collective work or a supplementary work, even though this doesn’t seem intuitive or obvious to anyone who isn’t intimately familiar with the law in this area. In that case, the user may want to investigate this issue further, answer the tool as though the work is not a “work made for hire,” or consult a lawyer. The second explanation may be that the grantee ( see glossary ) may have included a statement in the agreement asserting that the work was a “work made for hire” just in case they could take advantage of these provisions, even though they are not able to do so. One of the benefits of the “work made for hire” provisions is that they remove a work from the termination of transfer provisions, and so the grantee has the benefit of the rights for as long as they can negotiate under the agreement. This is one of the reasons many grantees try to characterize an agreement as a “work made for hire” when it may not be. To illustrate how contentious the issue of “works made for hire” can be, it is interesting to observe that sound recordings are notably absent from the categories of works that qualify as “works made for hire.” Record companies tried unsuccessfully to lobby the U.S. Congress on several occasions to have sound recordings included as a category in the “work made for hire” provisions. In anticipation of being successful in their lobbying efforts, many recording contracts refer to the works artists create as “works made for hire” even though they are not. Of course, some sound recordings may otherwise qualify as a “work made for hire” by being a contribution to a collective work, a compilation, or an employee created work; but if this is not the case, then the tool should be completed as though the sound recording is not a “work made for hire.” If a user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? The tool only requires that the author input details of the year in which a relevant event occurred. It does not ask for the month or the day. The reason for this is that we have designed the tool to be as inclusive as possible, so that where there is a choice between whether to calculate that a person may have a termination right or may not have a termination right, the tool errs on the side of assuming that a termination right may exist. The actual periods for any “notice window” or “termination window” will ultimately have to be calculated down to the year, month and day, but for the purposes of the tool, we felt it was more user-friendly and gave sufficient guidance at this preliminary stage of the termination process to base it on the year. If exact dates, including the month and year, are known, it will be handy for consulting with a lawyer. If the exact year is uncertain, try running the tool using each different year to see if there is a different result occurs for any year. Authors who are unsure about exact dates should seek advice from a lawyer. A user who does not even know an approximate time period for a relevant event will need to do some more digging for relevant information. The termination of transfer provisions are very date-specific so this is vital information for determining if a termination right exists. Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? Yes, even if a user is not based in the U.S., he or she can still use this tool to learn about U.S. laws about copyright termination of transfer—but remember that the tool is only useful to learn about U.S. law. Also remember that, as explained above in So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? , the termination of transfer provisions only take effect with respect to use within the U.S. This means that the agreement or transfer an author is seeking to terminate must relate to a territory that includes the U.S., whether it’s U.S. only, North America or worldwide. How does the Termination of Transfer Tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? Where there is ambiguity in the statute, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows existing guidance issued by the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, when grant was made before 1978 and the work was not created until after January 1, 1978 (so-called “gap grants”), the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the recommendation of the Copyright Office that § 203 should govern the termination and the termination window should start 35 years from the post-1978 creation date (or 40 years if the publication rights were included). Similarly, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the Copyright Office’s guidance on the date by which copyright must have been first secured to be eligible for a new termination right under § 304(d) (October 26, 1939). Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance For more information about Creative Commons, check out our website http://creativecommons.org/ . For more information about Authors Alliance, check out our website at http://authorsalliance.org . Have a question that is not answered here? Feel free to send questions to us at info@rightsback.org . Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright 2017 Authors Alliance and Creative Commons. Site content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Termination of Transfer tool code is licensed under the AGPL 3.0+ . | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://lists.linux.org.au/mailman/listinfo/eo-announce | eo-announce Info Page eo-announce -- Everything Open Announcements About eo-announce English (USA) A low traffic list for announcements relating to the Everything Open conference. Notifications regarding Call for Sessions, ticket sales and other press releases are generally posted here. To see the collection of prior postings to the list, visit the eo-announce Archives . Using eo-announce To post a message to all the list members, send email to eo-announce@lists.linux.org.au . You can subscribe to the list, or change your existing subscription, in the sections below. Subscribing to eo-announce Subscribe to eo-announce by filling out the following form. You will be sent email requesting confirmation, to prevent others from gratuitously subscribing you. Once confirmation is received, your request will be held for approval by the list moderator. You will be notified of the moderator's decision by email. This is also a hidden list, which means that the list of members is available only to the list administrator. Your email address: Your name (optional): You may enter a privacy password below. This provides only mild security, but should prevent others from messing with your subscription. Do not use a valuable password as it will occasionally be emailed back to you in cleartext. If you choose not to enter a password, one will be automatically generated for you, and it will be sent to you once you've confirmed your subscription. You can always request a mail-back of your password when you edit your personal options. Pick a password: Reenter password to confirm: Which language do you prefer to display your messages? English (USA) Would you like to receive list mail batched in a daily digest? No Yes --> eo-announce Subscribers ( The subscribers list is only available to the list administrator. ) Enter your admin address and password to visit the subscribers list: Admin address: Password: To unsubscribe from eo-announce, get a password reminder, or change your subscription options enter your subscription email address: If you leave the field blank, you will be prompted for your email address eo-announce list run by eo-announce-owner at lists.linux.org.au eo-announce administrative interface (requires authorization) Overview of all lists.linux.org.au mailing lists version 2.1.30 | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://2026.everythingopen.au/news/keir-winesmith/ | Everything Open 2026 | Keynote: Keir Winesmith About About Everything Open Location Contact News Attend Dashboard Tickets Volunteer Accommodation Transport Financial Assistance Shirts and Swag Why should employees attend? Code of Conduct Terms and Conditions Programme Overview Schedule Events Proposals Sponsors Dashboard Keynote: Keir Winesmith October 27, 2025 Announcing Dr. Keir Winesmith as a keynote for Everything Open 2026! Dr. Keir Winesmith (Supplied) We are pleased to announce Dr. Keir Winesmith will be presenting a keynote at Everything Open in Canberra. About Dr. Keir Winesmith Dr. Keir Winesmith is Chief Digital Officer at the National Film & Sound Archive of Australia. He is a leader and strategist, focused on the intersection of digital and culture. He has experience across the GLAMR sector with roles at the National Gallery of Australia, museums on three continents, multiple universities, and as an artist residency at the State Library of Queensland. Keir holds a Ph.D. in new media and speaks frequently at international conferences and symposia. He convened Fantastic Futures 2024, the international conference on AI for Libraries, Archives and Museums, he was featured in Fast Company’s 100 Most Innovative People in Business, and co-authored The Digital Future of Museums with Dr. Suse Anderson in 2020. Buy your ticket Prices and inclusions are available on our tickets page . Please remember that all attendees need to abide by our Code of Conduct . If you have questions please contact the Organising Team via email at contact at everythingopen.au. Stay in the know Hashtags: #EverythingOpen #EO2026 Mastodon: fosstodon.org/@EverythingOpen X (Twitter): @everythingopen Bluesky: EverythingOpen.au LinkedIn: Everything Open Facebook: EverythingOpenConference YouTube: EverythingOpen Instagram: EverythingOpen Announce mailing list: Everything Open Announce Everything Open 2026 21-23 January 2026 University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia Timezone: AEDT - UTC+11 Brought to you by Back to top © 2025 Everything Open and Linux Australia Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Colophon | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://developers.google.com/terms/api-services-user-data-policy#additional_requirements_for_specific_api_scopes | Google API Services User Data Policy | Google for Developers Skip to main content / English Deutsch Español Français Indonesia Português – Brasil Русский 中文 – 简体 日本語 한국어 Sign in Guides Google APIs Terms of Service Google API Services User Data Policy Site Terms of Service Site Policies Google API Services User Data Policy Stay organized with collections Save and categorize content based on your preferences. Last updated February 15, 2024 Google API Services, including Google Sign-In, are part of an authentication and authorization framework that gives you, the developer, the ability to connect directly with Google users when you would like to request access to Google user data. The policy below, as well as the Google APIs Terms of Service , govern the use of Google API Services when you request access to Google user data. Please check back from time to time as these policies are occasionally updated. Accurately represent your identity and intent If you wish to access Google user data you must provide Google users and Google with clear and accurate information regarding your use of Google API Services. This includes, without limitation, requirements to accurately represent: Who is requesting Google user data? All permission requests must accurately represent the identity of the application that seeks access to user data. If you have obtained authorized client credentials to access Google API Services, keep these credentials confidential. What data are you requesting? You must provide clear and accurate information explaining the types of data being requested. In addition, if you plan to access or use a type of user data that was not originally disclosed in your privacy policy (or in-product disclosures) when a Google user initially authorized access, you must update your privacy policy and prompt the user to consent to any changes before you may access that data. Why are you requesting Google user data? Be honest and transparent with users when you explain the purpose for which your application requests user data. If your application requests data for one reason but the data will also be utilized for a secondary purpose, you must notify Google users of both use cases. As a general matter, users should be able to readily understand the value of providing the data that your application requests, as well as the consequences of sharing that data with your application. Be transparent about the data you access with clear and prominent privacy disclosures You must publish a privacy policy that fully documents how your application interacts with user data. You must list the privacy policy URL in your OAuth client configuration when your application is made available to the public. Your Privacy Policy and all in-product privacy notifications should be accurate, comprehensive, and easily accessible . Your privacy policy and in-product privacy notifications must thoroughly disclose the manner in which your application accesses, uses, stores, or shares Google user data. Your use of Google user data must be limited to the practices explicitly disclosed in your published privacy policy, but you should consider the use of additional in- product notifications to ensure that users understand how your application will handle user data. If you change the way your application uses Google user data, you must notify users and prompt them to consent to an updated privacy policy before you make use of Google user data in a new way or for a different purpose than originally disclosed. Disclosures about data use should be prominent and timely . Your privacy policy and any in-product notifications regarding data use should be prominently displayed in your application interface so that users can find this information easily. Where possible, disclosures about data use should be timely and shown in context. Request the minimum relevant permissions Permission requests should make sense to users, and should be limited to the critical information necessary to implement your application. Don't request access to information that you don't need . Only request access to the permissions necessary to implement your application's features or services. If your application does not require access to specific permissions, then you must not request access to these permissions. Don't attempt to "future proof" your access to user data by requesting access to information that might benefit services or features that have not yet been implemented. Request permissions in context where possible . Only request access to user data in context (via incremental auth) whenever you can, so that users understand why you need the data. Deceptive or unauthorized use of Google API Services is prohibited You are strictly prohibited from engaging in any activity that may deceive users or Google about your use of Google API Services. This includes without limitation the following requirements: Do not misrepresent what data is collected or what you do with Google user data . Be up front with users so that they can make an informed decision to grant authorization. You must disclose all user data that you access, use, store, delete, or share, as well as any actions you take on a user's behalf. You are not permitted to access, aggregate, or analyze Google user data if the data will be displayed, sold, or otherwise distributed to a third party conducting surveillance. Overall there should be no surprises for Google users: hidden features, services, or actions that are inconsistent with the marketed purpose of your application may lead Google to suspend your ability to access Google API Services. Do not mislead Google about an application's operating environment . You must accurately represent the environment in which the authentication page appears. For example, don't claim to be an Android application in the user agent header if your application is running on iOS, or represent that your application's authentication page is rendered in a desktop browser if instead the authentication page is rendered in an embedded web view. Do not use undocumented APIs without express permission . Don't reverse engineer undocumented Google API Services or otherwise attempt to derive or use the underlying source code of undocumented Google API Services. You may only access data from Google API Services according to the means stipulated in the official documentation of that API Service, as provided on Google's Developer Page . Do not make false or misleading statements about any entities that have allegedly authorized or managed your application . You must accurately represent the company, organization, or other authority that manages your application. Making false representations about client credentials to Google or Google users is grounds for suspension. Child-directed apps The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, or COPPA , applies to websites, apps, and services directed to children under the age of 13 and general audience apps, websites, or services with users known to be under the age of 13. While child-directed apps may use some Google services , developers are responsible for using these services according to their obligations under the law. Please review the FTC's guidance on COPPA (including information about the differences between mixed audience apps and apps directed primarily to children from the FTC's website ) and consult with your own legal counsel. Child-directed apps : If your application is directed primarily at children, it should not use Google Sign-In or any other Google API Service that accesses data associated with a Google Account. This restriction includes Google Play Games Services and any other Google API Service using the OAuth technology for authentication and authorization. Mixed audience apps : Applications that are mixed audience shouldn't require users to sign in to a Google Account, but can offer, for example, Google Sign-In or Google Play Games Services as an optional feature. In these cases, users must be able to access the application in its entirety without signing into a Google Account. Maintain a secure operating environment We expect all user data is secure in transit and at rest. Take reasonable and appropriate steps to protect all applications or systems that make use of Google API Service and any data derived from it against unauthorized or unlawful access, use, destruction, loss, alteration, or disclosure. Additional Requirements for Specific API Scopes Certain Google OAuth API Scopes (the " Sensitive and Restricted Scopes") are subject to additional requirements that can be found in each product's User Data and Developer Policy or the Google Developer Page . More information about the requirements to obtain (or keep) access to these scopes is also available in the OAuth Application Verification FAQ . Note: If your app is only used by users within your own domain, then these requirements do not apply. Google Workspace can control access to connected applications via allowlisting . Learn more about best practices for managing your enterprise OAuth ecosystem. Unless stated otherwise in the product's User Data and Developer Policy, additional requirements include: Appropriate Access: Developers may only request access to the scopes for a permitted Application Type described by the product. Such application types can be found under an Appropriate Access heading in the product specific policy or the product's Google Developer Page . Limited Use: Your use of data obtained via the product's specified scopes must comply with the below requirements. These requirements apply to the raw data obtained from the scopes and data aggregated, anonymized, or derived from them. Limit your use of data to providing or improving user-facing features that are prominent in the requesting application's user interface; Transfers of data are not allowed, except: To provide or improve your appropriate access or user-facing features that are visible and prominent in the requesting application's user interface and only with the user's consent; For security purposes (for example, investigating abuse); To comply with applicable laws; or, As part of a merger, acquisition, or sale of assets of the developer after obtaining explicit prior consent from the user. Don't allow humans to read the data, unless: You first obtained the user's affirmative agreement to view specific messages, files, or other data, with the limited exception of use cases approved by Google under additional terms applicable to the Nest Device Access program; It is necessary for security purposes (for example, investigating a bug or abuse); It is necessary to comply with applicable law; or The data (including derivations) is aggregated and used for internal operations in accordance with applicable privacy and other jurisdictional legal requirements. All other transfers, uses, or sales of user data are prohibited, including: Transferring or selling user data to third parties like advertising platforms, data brokers, or any information resellers. Transferring, selling, or using user data for serving ads, including retargeting, personalized or interest-based advertising. Transferring, selling, or using user data to determine credit-worthiness or for lending purposes. You must ensure that your employees, agents, contractors, and successors comply with this Google API Services User Data Policy. Secure Data Handling: Applications accessing the product specified scopes (the " Sensitive and Restricted Scopes") must demonstrate that they adhere to certain security practices. Depending on the API being accessed and number of user grants or users, applications must pass an annual security assessment and obtain a Letter of Assessment from a Google-designated third party. More information about the assessment requirements to obtain or keep access to the scopes is also available in the OAuth Application Verification FAQ and the product's Google Developer Page . Enforcement You must access Google API Services in accordance with the Google APIs Terms of Service . If you are found to be out of compliance with the Google APIs Terms of Service , this Google API Services: User Data Policy, or any Google product policies that are applicable to the Google API Service you are using, Google may revoke or suspend your access to Google API Services and other Google products and services if you are found in violation of other product policies, terms of service, or other guidelines. Your access to Google API Services may also be revoked if your application enables end-users or other parties to violate the Google APIs Terms of Service and/or Google policies. Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License , and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License . For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies . Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. [[["Easy to understand","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Solved my problem","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Other","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Missing the information I need","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["Too complicated / too many steps","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["Out of date","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["Samples / code issue","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["Other","otherDown","thumb-down"]],[],[],["Developers using Google API Services must accurately represent their identity, requested data, and purpose to users and Google. Transparency via clear privacy policies and in-app notifications is required. Only necessary permissions should be requested, and deceptive practices are forbidden. Child-directed apps face specific restrictions. Sensitive data requires adherence to limited use, secure handling, and access requirements, including security assessments. Violations may result in access revocation. All users are expected to adhere to the Google APIs Terms of Service.\n"]] Connect Blog Bluesky Instagram LinkedIn X (Twitter) YouTube Programs Google Developer Program Google Developer Groups Google Developer Experts Accelerators Google Cloud & NVIDIA Developer consoles Google API Console Google Cloud Platform Console Google Play Console Firebase Console Actions on Google Console Cast SDK Developer Console Chrome Web Store Dashboard Google Home Developer Console Android Chrome Firebase Google Cloud Platform Google AI All products Terms Privacy Manage cookies English Deutsch Español Français Indonesia Português – Brasil Русский 中文 – 简体 日本語 한국어 | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://www.atlassian.com/software/compass/pricing | Compass - Pricing | Atlassian Skip to content Features Pricing More + Get it Free Get it Free Back Get it Free Features Pricing Sign in Get it Free Features Pricing Sign in Scale your Internal Developer Platform with simple, transparent pricing Team Size: users Bill me: Monthly Annually SAVE UP TO 17% Free For small teams looking to kickstart their Internal Developer Platform $0 Get it now Includes: Up to 3 full users, unlimited basic users Full users are billable, paid users in Compass who have access to all features available for their site's plan. Basic users need a free Atlassian account. They have access to a basic set of features listed for the basic user role, regardless of their site’s plan. Software component catalog with unlimited services Catalog your organization’s software components and bring dispersed information and teams together all in one place. Navigate your software architecture, track your components and the relationships between them, the teams that own them, and the tools and practices that power those components – not only to keep them running but also to improve them. Health scorecards and metrics Track software health metrics, apply security and health scorecards to improve the developer experience. 3 custom fields and scorecards Customize scorecards (Criteria applied to a component to measure its health) Apps and integrations Integrate Compass with other apps you’re already using. Learn more . Standard For growing teams looking to improve their developer experience and operational readiness $7.67 per user / month Start free trial Everything from Free plus: Up to 35,000 full users, unlimited basic users Full users are billable, paid users in Compass who have access to all features available for their site's plan. Basic users need a free Atlassian account. They have access to a basic set of features listed for the basic user role, regardless of their site’s plan. 3 custom component types, 50 custom fields and scorecards, 100 custom metrics Describe and classify components, customize scorecards (criteria applied to a component to measure its health), and create new metrics to fit your team’s needs. Operations Manage on-call schedules and respond to alerts from more than 150 integrations, all within Compass. Route alerts by affected component and get to resolution faster with context-rich information from your comprehensive software catalog. One year of data retention Access your toolchain data in Compass for up to one year. This includes metrics, events, and scorecard scores. Catalog data is unlimited. 9/5 regional support 2-hr response time for critical issues from Cloud support team. Recommended Premium For large orgs looking to scale their IDP with advanced compliance, support, and data features $23.96 per user / month Start free trial Everything from Standard plus: Up to 35,000 full users, unlimited basic users Full users are billable, paid users in Compass who have access to all features available for their site's plan. Basic users need a free Atlassian account. They have access to a basic set of features listed for the basic user role, regardless of their site’s plan. 14 custom component types, 100 custom fields and scorecards, 200 custom metrics Describe and classify components, customize scorecards (criteria applied to a component to measure its health), and create new metrics to fit your team’s needs. Enhanced operations Advanced integrations and escalation policies, alert and notification policies, voice notifications, and heartbeat monitoring for your observability tools. Two years of data retention Access your toolchain data in Compass for up to one year. This includes metrics, events, and scorecard scores. Catalog data is unlimited. 99.9% uptime SLA Around the clock 99.9% uptime SLA, financially backed with service level credits. 24/7 support for critical issues 1-hr response time for critical issues from Cloud support team. IP Allowlisting Bolster your team’s security by limiting your site access to trusted IP ranges. Permissions Maintain the integrity of your component catalog at scale by restricting access to critical actions to only those who need it. Compare features Free Standard Premium Users Full users limit per site This is the maximum number of full users you can add to your Compass site (you get one site per plan). Full users are licensed users who get access to all features included in the plan their Compass site is on. See a full list of user permissions. Free Three full users Standard 35,000 full users Premium 35,000 full users Number of basic users Basic users need a free Atlassian account. They have access to a basic set of features listed for their role, regardless of the plan their Compass site is on. See a full list of user permissions. Free Unlimited Standard Unlimited Premium Unlimited Catalog Component creation Get started building your software catalog by creating components manually, using the API , or by importing from connected tools in your toolchain. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Component ownership management Encourage accountability and make communication easier by assigning owner teams to components. Learn how to manage component ownership. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Custom component types Configure your catalog to meet your organization's exact needs. Free None Standard Three Premium 14 Activity feed Get real-time component events from your toolchain, and track those events over time. Learn more about the activity feed. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Dependencies Define relationships between components, and identify their impact on each other. Learn more about dependencies. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Configuration as code Manage and update components from a YAML configuration file alongside your code. Learn more about configuration as code. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Announcements Share upcoming news or changes, and stay updated with announcements that may affect your components. Learn more about announcements. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Permissions Permission policies help you maintain the integrity of your component catalog at scale by restricting access to critical actions to only those who need it. Free Standard Premium checked Operations Alerts and on-call management Seamless alerting and on-call scheduling in a unified interface. Less context switching with alerts alongside your component catalog. Get notified through a variety of notification options like email, SMS, and mobile app Free Standard checked Premium checked Alert data retention Duration for which your alert data will be retained in the system prior to automatic deletion. Free 1 month Standard 1 year Premium 3 years Monitoring and Slack integrations Integrate with a monitoring/observability tool of your choice with over 150 integrations and give your engineers a wide variety of notification options like email, SMS, mobile app, and Slack Free Standard checked Premium checked Alert and notification policies Automatically modify alerts and append information as they’re created. Set team-wide policies to delay or suppress notifications by alert type. Free Standard Premium checked Alert reports Access historical alert and notification reports and identify areas of success and opportunities for improvement. Get insights on your SLAs and how on-call workloads are distributed. Free Standard Premium checked Advanced configurations Voice notifications, custom roles, role-based notifications, synchronization with Jira issues, and heartbeat monitoring of your observability tools. Free Standard Premium checked Apps First- and third-party apps Seamlessly connect Compass to the tools you use. Customize the product user interface and build new capabilities at the component, team, or global level. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Atlassian Marketplace apps The Atlassian Marketplace is a platform for Atlassian customers to discover, try, and buy apps for Atlassian products. You can use apps to customize and extend your Atlassian product. The Marketplace offers apps developed by both Atlassian and third-party developers. Learn more Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Teams and health Team management Create and discover teams across your software distributed architecture. Assign responsibility toward building, maintaining, and functioning of components and to drive best practices that make great software. Learn more about using teams in Compass. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Team dashboard Find your team’s information, view and manage component ownership, and perform team-related functions from a centralized team dashboard. Learn more about team dashboards. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Predefined metrics Collect data points that help you track and assess the performance of your processes, products, and teams with metrics . Use our predefined metrics to influence and improve your DevOps practices. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Scorecards Codify development and operational best practices at scale. Give teams autonomy while ensuring security, compliance, and reliability best practices are maintained. Get started on the health journey with guidance from our built-in scorecards. Learn more about scorecards. Free Three Standard 50 Premium 100 Custom metrics Create custom metrics to track and assess performance of your processes, products, and teams with data that’s valuable to you. Free Three Standard 100 Premium 200 Support and storage Support The Free plan provides access to self-help resources in the Atlassian Community while the Standard plan includes support during business hours ( see which hours apply to your time zone). Learn more about support. Free Atlassian Community Standard Business hours support Premium 24/7 Premium support Storage Access your toolchain data in Compass for a designated amount of time. This includes metrics, events, and scorecard scores, while catalog data is unlimited on both plans. Free Standard One year of data retention Premium One month of data retention SLA Free Standard Premium 99.9% Admin controls IP allowlisting Bolster your team’s security by limiting your site access to trusted IP ranges. Free Standard Premium checked Atlassian Guard Standard (SSO, SCIM, Active Directory Sync) Enforced single sign-on, external user security, mobile app management, org insights, admin-initiated audit logs. Free Requires Atlassian Guard Standard subscription Standard Requires Atlassian Guard Standard subscription Premium Requires Atlassian Guard Standard subscription Safeguard your mission-critical data Add Atlassian Guard for enhanced security and visibility across your Atlassian cloud products. Set proactive security policies, quickly detect suspicious behavior, and take action with suggested remediation steps to protect your most valuable work. Additionally, with a Cloud Enterprise plan, you get support for multiple identity providers (IdPs) and Atlassian Guard Standard. Learn more Get more details Definitions of full user and basic user Full users are billable, paid users in Compass who have access to all features available for their site’s plan. Basic users need a free Atlassian account. They have access to a basic set of features listed for the basic user role, regardless of their site’s plan. See a full breakdown of permissions each role has in Compass. Definition of product admin Product admins are full users (billable, paid users) in Compass. They have access to all features available for their site's plan, plus extra administrative capabilities such as installing and configuring apps. Integrations with other Atlassian products Both the Free and Standard plans include integrations with the following Atlassian products: Jira, Jira Service Management, Bitbucket, and Opsgenie. Jira: Discover and build your software catalog by importing components from repositories linked to Jira. Link components with Jira issues to track, prioritize, and complete the right work on your software architecture Jira Service Management: Discover and build your software catalog by importing services from Jira Service Management as Compass components. Get a holistic view of your service and make meaningful incident investigations by linking service records in Jira Service Management and Compass. Bitbucket: Discover and build your software catalog by importing components from repositories. Automate component management from external tools with configuration as code. View component data from your toolchain at a unified location in Compass. Learn more about integrating with Bitbucket Cloud. Opsgenie: View your component’s on-call information, and visualize incident events and metrics all in a unified place in Compass. Learn more about integrating with OpsGenie. Subscription plans & free trial period The Free plan allows up to unlimited basic users per site and up to three full users for free, no credit card required. If you want to add more than three full users or get access to more features, support, and storage, you can sign up for a 14-day free trial of our Standard plan or upgrade to our Standard plan in the ‘Manage subscription' section of your site. No payment information is required during the 14-day free trial. No payment information is required until your first payment. Cancel any time. During your free trial, we’ll send reminders to update your payment details to ensure uninterrupted service, or choose to downgrade to the Free plan yourself. If you’re unsatisfied with your purchase, we offer a 30–day money–back guarantee. Payment info You can pay your subscription by credit card (MasterCard, Visa, or American Express). Subscriptions to Compass are currently only available as monthly payments. We plan to offer annual subscriptions in the future. At this time, we’re only accepting payment for Compass in US dollars. We plan to accept other currencies in the future. About cloud or self-managed options Compass is only available on Cloud , meaning we don’t offer Data Center options with your subscription. How to invite users Site admins can activate Compass for all users. When Compass is active, all users on your site can find Compass with the app switcher. Learn more about inviting users to Compass. Questions? We got answers. Read our full list of common questions and answers for general cloud pricing and licensing or specific Compass pricing and licensing. 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https://googleapis.github.io/js-genai/release_docs/index.html | @google/genai Preparing search index... The search index is not available @google/genai @google/genai Google Gen AI SDK for TypeScript and JavaScript Documentation: https://googleapis.github.io/js-genai/ The Google Gen AI JavaScript SDK is designed for TypeScript and JavaScript developers to build applications powered by Gemini. The SDK supports both the Gemini Developer API and Vertex AI . The Google Gen AI SDK is designed to work with Gemini 2.0+ features. Caution API Key Security: Avoid exposing API keys in client-side code. Use server-side implementations in production environments. Code Generation Generative models are often unaware of recent API and SDK updates and may suggest outdated or legacy code. We recommend using our Code Generation instructions codegen_instructions.md when generating Google Gen AI SDK code to guide your model towards using the more recent SDK features. Copy and paste the instructions into your development environment to provide the model with the necessary context. Prerequisites Node.js version 20 or later The following are required for Vertex AI users (excluding Vertex AI Studio) Select or create a Google Cloud project. Enable billing for your project . Enable the Vertex AI API . Configure authentication for your project. Install the gcloud CLI . Initialize the gcloud CLI . Create local authentication credentials for your user account: gcloud auth application-default login Copy A list of accepted authentication options are listed in GoogleAuthOptions interface of google-auth-library-node.js GitHub repo. Installation To install the SDK, run the following command: npm install @google/genai Copy Quickstart The simplest way to get started is to use an API key from Google AI Studio : import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const GEMINI_API_KEY = process . env . GEMINI_API_KEY ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: GEMINI_API_KEY }); async function main () { const response = await ai . models . generateContent ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , contents: 'Why is the sky blue?' , }); console . log ( response . text ); } main (); Copy Initialization The Google Gen AI SDK provides support for both the Google AI Studio and Vertex AI implementations of the Gemini API. Gemini Developer API For server-side applications, initialize using an API key, which can be acquired from Google AI Studio : import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: 'GEMINI_API_KEY' }); Copy Browser Caution API Key Security: Avoid exposing API keys in client-side code. Use server-side implementations in production environments. In the browser the initialization code is identical: import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: 'GEMINI_API_KEY' }); Copy Vertex AI Sample code for VertexAI initialization: import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ vertexai: true , project: 'your_project' , location: 'your_location' , }); Copy (Optional) (NodeJS only) Using environment variables: For NodeJS environments, you can create a client by configuring the necessary environment variables. Configuration setup instructions depends on whether you're using the Gemini Developer API or the Gemini API in Vertex AI. Gemini Developer API: Set GOOGLE_API_KEY as shown below: export GOOGLE_API_KEY = 'your-api-key' Copy Gemini API on Vertex AI: Set GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI , GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT and GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION , as shown below: export GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI = true export GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT = 'your-project-id' export GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION = 'us-central1' Copy import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI (); Copy API Selection By default, the SDK uses the beta API endpoints provided by Google to support preview features in the APIs. The stable API endpoints can be selected by setting the API version to v1 . To set the API version use apiVersion . For example, to set the API version to v1 for Vertex AI: const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ vertexai: true , project: 'your_project' , location: 'your_location' , apiVersion: 'v1' }); Copy To set the API version to v1alpha for the Gemini Developer API: const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: 'GEMINI_API_KEY' , apiVersion: 'v1alpha' }); Copy GoogleGenAI overview All API features are accessed through an instance of the GoogleGenAI classes. The submodules bundle together related API methods: ai.models : Use models to query models ( generateContent , generateImages , ...), or examine their metadata. ai.caches : Create and manage caches to reduce costs when repeatedly using the same large prompt prefix. ai.chats : Create local stateful chat objects to simplify multi turn interactions. ai.files : Upload files to the API and reference them in your prompts. This reduces bandwidth if you use a file many times, and handles files too large to fit inline with your prompt. ai.live : Start a live session for real time interaction, allows text + audio + video input, and text or audio output. Samples More samples can be found in the github samples directory . Streaming For quicker, more responsive API interactions use the generateContentStream method which yields chunks as they're generated: import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const GEMINI_API_KEY = process . env . GEMINI_API_KEY ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: GEMINI_API_KEY }); async function main () { const response = await ai . models . generateContentStream ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , contents: 'Write a 100-word poem.' , }); for await ( const chunk of response ) { console . log ( chunk . text ); } } main (); Copy Function Calling To let Gemini to interact with external systems, you can provide functionDeclaration objects as tools . To use these tools it's a 4 step Declare the function name, description, and parametersJsonSchema Call generateContent with function calling enabled Use the returned FunctionCall parameters to call your actual function Send the result back to the model (with history, easier in ai.chat ) as a FunctionResponse import { GoogleGenAI , FunctionCallingConfigMode , FunctionDeclaration , Type } from '@google/genai' ; const GEMINI_API_KEY = process . env . GEMINI_API_KEY ; async function main () { const controlLightDeclaration : FunctionDeclaration = { name: 'controlLight' , parametersJsonSchema: { type: 'object' , properties: { brightness: { type: 'number' , }, colorTemperature: { type: 'string' , }, }, required: [ 'brightness' , 'colorTemperature' ], }, }; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: GEMINI_API_KEY }); const response = await ai . models . generateContent ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , contents: 'Dim the lights so the room feels cozy and warm.' , config: { toolConfig: { functionCallingConfig: { // Force it to call any function mode: FunctionCallingConfigMode . ANY , allowedFunctionNames: [ 'controlLight' ], } }, tools: [{ functionDeclarations: [ controlLightDeclaration ]}] } }); console . log ( response . functionCalls ); } main (); Copy Model Context Protocol (MCP) support (experimental) Built-in MCP support is an experimental feature. You can pass a local MCP server as a tool directly. import { GoogleGenAI , FunctionCallingConfigMode , mcpToTool } from '@google/genai' ; import { Client } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js" ; import { StdioClientTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/stdio.js" ; // Create server parameters for stdio connection const serverParams = new StdioClientTransport ({ command: "npx" , // Executable args: [ "-y" , "@philschmid/weather-mcp" ] // MCP Server }); const client = new Client ( { name: "example-client" , version: "1.0.0" } ); // Configure the client const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({}); // Initialize the connection between client and server await client . connect ( serverParams ); // Send request to the model with MCP tools const response = await ai . models . generateContent ({ model: "gemini-2.5-flash" , contents: `What is the weather in London in ${ new Date (). toLocaleDateString () } ?` , config: { tools: [ mcpToTool ( client )], // uses the session, will automatically call the tool using automatic function calling }, }); console . log ( response . text ); // Close the connection await client . close (); Copy Generate Content How to structure contents argument for generateContent The SDK allows you to specify the following types in the contents parameter: Content Content : The SDK will wrap the singular Content instance in an array which contains only the given content instance Content[] : No transformation happens Part Parts will be aggregated on a singular Content, with role 'user'. Part | string : The SDK will wrap the string or Part in a Content instance with role 'user'. Part[] | string[] : The SDK will wrap the full provided list into a single Content with role 'user'. NOTE: This doesn't apply to FunctionCall and FunctionResponse parts, if you are specifying those, you need to explicitly provide the full Content[] structure making it explicit which Parts are 'spoken' by the model, or the user. The SDK will throw an exception if you try this. Error Handling To handle errors raised by the API, the SDK provides this ApiError class. import { GoogleGenAI } from '@google/genai' ; const GEMINI_API_KEY = process . env . GEMINI_API_KEY ; const ai = new GoogleGenAI ({ apiKey: GEMINI_API_KEY }); async function main () { await ai . models . generateContent ({ model: 'non-existent-model' , contents: 'Write a 100-word poem.' , }). catch (( e ) => { console . error ( 'error name: ' , e . name ); console . error ( 'error message: ' , e . message ); console . error ( 'error status: ' , e . status ); }); } main (); Copy Interactions (Preview) Warning: The Interactions API is in Beta . This is a preview of an experimental feature. Features and schemas are subject to breaking changes . The Interactions API is a unified interface for interacting with Gemini models and agents. It simplifies state management, tool orchestration, and long-running tasks. See the documentation site for more details. Basic Interaction const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'Hello, how are you?' , }); console . debug ( interaction ); Copy Stateful Conversation The Interactions API supports server-side state management. You can continue a conversation by referencing the previous_interaction_id . // 1. First turn const interaction1 = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'Hi, my name is Amir.' , }); console . debug ( interaction1 ); // 2. Second turn (passing previous_interaction_id) const interaction2 = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'What is my name?' , previous_interaction_id: interaction1 . id , }); console . debug ( interaction2 ); Copy Agents (Deep Research) You can use specialized agents like deep-research-pro-preview-12-2025 for complex tasks. function sleep ( ms : number ): Promise < void > { return new Promise ( resolve => setTimeout ( resolve , ms )); } // 1. Start the Deep Research Agent const initialInteraction = await ai . interactions . create ({ input: 'Research the history of the Google TPUs with a focus on 2025 and 2026.' , agent: 'deep-research-pro-preview-12-2025' , background: true , }); console . log ( `Research started. Interaction ID: ${ initialInteraction . id } ` ); // 2. Poll for results while ( true ) { const interaction = await ai . interactions . get ( initialInteraction . id ); console . log ( `Status: ${ interaction . status } ` ); if ( interaction . status === 'completed' ) { console . debug ( ' \n Final Report: \n ' , interaction . outputs ); break ; } else if ([ 'failed' , 'cancelled' ]. includes ( interaction . status )) { console . log ( `Failed with status: ${ interaction . status } ` ); break ; } await sleep ( 10000 ); // Sleep for 10 seconds } Copy Multimodal Input You can provide multimodal data (text, images, audio, etc.) in the input list. import base64 // Assuming you have a base64 string // const base64Image = ...; const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model : 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input : [ { type : 'text' , text : 'Describe the image.' }, { type : 'image' , data : base64Image , mime_type : 'image/png' }, ], }); console . debug ( interaction ); Copy Function Calling You can define custom functions for the model to use. The Interactions API handles the tool selection, and you provide the execution result back to the model. // 1. Define the tool const getWeather = ( location : string ) => { /* Gets the weather for a given location. */ return `The weather in ${ location } is sunny.` ; }; // 2. Send the request with tools let interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'What is the weather in Mountain View, CA?' , tools: [ { type: 'function' , name: 'get_weather' , description: 'Gets the weather for a given location.' , parameters: { type: 'object' , properties: { location: { type: 'string' , description: 'The city and state, e.g. San Francisco, CA' , }, }, required: [ 'location' ], }, }, ], }); // 3. Handle the tool call for ( const output of interaction . outputs !) { if ( output . type === 'function_call' ) { console . log ( `Tool Call: ${ output . name } ( ${ JSON . stringify ( output . arguments ) } )` ); // Execute your actual function here // Note: ensure arguments match your function signature const result = getWeather ( JSON . stringify ( output . arguments . location )); // Send result back to the model interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , previous_interaction_id: interaction . id , input: [ { type: 'function_result' , name: output . name , call_id: output . id , result: result , }, ], }); console . debug ( `Response: ${ JSON . stringify ( interaction ) } ` ); } } Copy Built-in Tools You can also use Google's built-in tools, such as Google Search or Code Execution . Grounding with Google Search const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'Who won the last Super Bowl' , tools: [{ type: 'google_search' }], }); console . debug ( interaction ); Copy Code Execution const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-2.5-flash' , input: 'Calculate the 50th Fibonacci number.' , tools: [{ type: 'code_execution' }], }); console . debug ( interaction ); Copy Multimodal Output The Interactions API can generate multimodal outputs, such as images. You must specify the response_modalities . import * as fs from 'fs' ; const interaction = await ai . interactions . create ({ model: 'gemini-3-pro-image-preview' , input: 'Generate an image of a futuristic city.' , response_modalities: [ 'image' ], }); for ( const output of interaction . outputs !) { if ( output . type === 'image' ) { console . log ( `Generated image with mime_type: ${ output . mime_type } ` ); // Save the image fs . writeFileSync ( 'generated_city.png' , Buffer . from ( output . data !, 'base64' )); } } Copy How is this different from the other Google AI SDKs This SDK ( @google/genai ) is Google Deepmind’s "vanilla" SDK for its generative AI offerings, and is where Google Deepmind adds new AI features. Models hosted either on the Vertex AI platform or the Gemini Developer platform are accessible through this SDK. Other SDKs may be offering additional AI frameworks on top of this SDK, or may be targeting specific project environments (like Firebase). The @google/generative_language and @google-cloud/vertexai SDKs are previous iterations of this SDK and are no longer receiving new Gemini 2.0+ features. Settings Theme OS Light Dark On This Page Google Gen AI SDK for Type Script and Java Script Code Generation Prerequisites The following are required for Vertex AI users (excluding Vertex AI Studio) Installation Quickstart Initialization Gemini Developer API Browser Vertex AI ( Optional) ( NodeJS only) Using environment variables: API Selection Google GenAI overview Samples Streaming Function Calling Model Context Protocol (MCP) support (experimental) Generate Content How to structure contents argument for generate Content Content Part Error Handling Interactions ( Preview) Basic Interaction Stateful Conversation Agents ( Deep Research) Multimodal Input Function Calling Built- in Tools Grounding with Google Search Code Execution Multimodal Output How is this different from the other Google AI SDKs @google/genai Loading... 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https://rightsback.org/faq/#How_do_the_termination_of_transfer_provisions_operate.3F | FAQ | Termination of Transfer You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser . Termination of Transfer Skip to content Toggle navigation Intro About Overview Useful Documents Glossary FAQ Start the Tool! FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1 Questions About the Law 1.1 What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? 1.2 How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? 1.3 How does getting back the copyright help authors? 1.4 What kinds of agreements can be terminated? 1.5 What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? 1.6 The author created the work with another person or a group of people. Does the termination provision still work for that one author? 1.7 The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? 1.8 What is the effect of terminating an agreement? 1.9 So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? 1.10 What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? 2 Questions About The Tool 2.1 What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? 2.2 Can users just test out the tool? 2.3 Can users restart the tool from a previous session? 2.4 Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? 2.5 A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.6 A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.7 A user completes the tool and it says that there may be a termination right at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? 2.8 The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire”; what does this mean? 2.9 If the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? 2.10 Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? 2.11 How does the tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? 3 Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance 4 Have a question that is not answered here? Questions About the Law What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? The termination of transfers provisions are sections of the U.S. Copyright Act that give an author (and in some instances their family members or representatives), a statutory process by which they can get back their rights to a copyright protected work that has been sold or licensed away to another entity. Copyright law protects creative expressions—such as books, films, music, arts, computer software, websites, and computer games. Copyright grants the creator of these works exclusive rights to control (subject to important exceptions like the U.S. doctrine of fair use) certain activities in relation to their work, such as copying, adapting, distributing, performing it. Control of these exclusive rights can be valuable—an author of a book can grant a publisher the exclusive right to publish the book in exchange for an advance and royalties on the sale of copies; the same author can also grant a filmmaker the right to adapt the book into a film based on the book (again for a fee), and license someone else to adapt the book by translating it into other languages (also for license fees, and possibly royalties). An issue arises, however, if an author sells or licenses their copyright before they or their work are well-known. Authors at the start of their careers may not be as sophisticated in their negotiating skills, which means that they might sell or license their copyright for much less than it is ultimately worth. The commercial windfall of a successful work is then enjoyed by the entity that exploits those rights, not the original author. This is where the termination of transfers provisions come in. The U.S. Congress decided that it was important to provide a mechanism under which rights that have been previously sold or licensed could be returned to the original author or their family members. So the termination of transfers provisions were enacted to, in the words of the U.S. Congress, safeguard “authors against unremunerative transfers,” which is necessary because “of the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting from the impossibility of determining a work’s prior value until it has been exploited.” It is important to distinguish between these termination of transfers provisions and the regular termination provisions that exist in many contracts. The termination of transfers provisions are a statutory mechanism that applies to transfers of right that are permanent (such as a sale of copyright ownership) or transfers that are long-term (such as a lengthy exclusive license). If an author has entered into an agreement that is for a short period or includes contractual termination provisions that easily allow the author to get back rights that were licensed to someone else, then in many cases it will be preferable for the author to exercise his or her contractual rights, rather than go through the statutory termination of transfers process. How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? The general process for terminating agreements involves the following steps: Confirm that the agreement falls into one of the categories of agreements that can be terminated (for more details, see What kinds of agreements can be terminated? and What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? below); Confirm who is authorized to terminate the agreement (e.g., an author, joint authors, an author’s successors, an author’s authorized representatives—see I am not the original author or artist; can I still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? below for more details); Calculate when the “termination window” (see the glossary ) arises (this is a five-year period during which the agreement can be terminated); Calculate the “notice window” (see the glossary ) (this is the period during which a termination notice can be served) which is a period no more than ten years before the “termination window” arises and not less than two years before the “termination window” closes; Serve a valid and proper termination notice by the person(s) authorized to terminate the agreement during the “notice window,” identifying a date within the “termination window” as the date on which the agreement will terminate, among other things (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to provide notice of termination to rightsholders); Submit a copy of the termination notice, fee, and Form TCS to the U.S. Copyright Office (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to record the termination with the U.S. Copyright Office); Wait for the “termination date” to arrive when the rights revert back to the author. If this sounds complex and like a lot of work—it is. And this process is further complicated by the fact that important details for following this process differ depending on whether the agreement is dated before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978 (for an explanation of why these dates matter, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). This tool was created by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons to simplify this procedure (as we explain in describing how the tool works at What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? below) and make it more author-friendly and accessible. To date, there have not been many attempts by authors to terminate agreements, even though their copyright grants may qualify for termination. Authors Alliance and Creative Commons are providing this tool to make it easier for authors and their successors to know if they may be eligible to terminate agreements in the hope that more will exercise their termination rights. How does getting back the copyright help authors? Getting the copyright grants back under the termination of transfer provisions can assist authors in two ways. First, after an author serves a valid termination notice on the person to whom the author sold or licensed his or her rights (“grantee”), the grantee may enter into a new and better arrangement with the author to maintain the use of those rights after the termination takes effect. The author can try to do a better deal. The ability to terminate the agreement should give the author some additional bargaining leverage in negotiations. Also, because the market will have developed and the author will be able to see how successful his or her work has been, he or she can use this important information in the subsequent negotiations. Secondly, the author regains control of his or her rights. The author can then do as he or she wishes with them, including entering into new agreements and relationships in relation to his or her work with a (hopefully) stronger bargaining position. The author may also consider making terminated works that have outlived their commercial life but are nonetheless historically and culturally valuable available to the public on open terms. What kinds of agreements can be terminated? For an agreement to be capable of termination, it needs to be a certain type of agreement. In addition, for agreements dated after January 1, 1978, the agreement must last for more than 35 years (for more information about why this date is important, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). However, there are several exceptions of agreements or transfers involving copyright that cannot be terminated. These are discussed more in the next question, ( What kinds of agreements can be terminated? ). The types of agreements that can be terminated include: A transfer of ownership of copyright of either the whole copyright or of specific rights in copyright. This is often referred to as an “assignment;” An exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as an exclusive license to publish a book; A non-exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as a non-exclusive license to play a song on the radio; A mortgage or other security on copyright; And, in the words of the U.S. Copyright Act, “any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in copyright.” All of these agreements—with the exception of non-exclusive licenses—must be in writing, so if an author has a copy of an agreement, then he or she should be able to identify what type of transfer it is by reviewing the agreement. To learn more about where to find out details about the type of agreement, check out our List of Useful Documents . One additional requirement applies to agreements entered into after January 1, 1978 to be terminable: The agreements must continue for more than 35 years. If a post-1978 agreement runs for a period of less than 35 years, then it cannot be terminated because the earliest termination window that arises for a post-1978 agreement is 35 years after the date of the agreement (or from the date of publication of the work if the agreement includes the right of publication). Consequently, authors should ensure that they obtain proper legal advice if publishers or other organizations wishing to exploit their rights try to enter into multiple, rolling agreements for less than 35 years; or if a publisher seeks to get them to agree to voluntarily terminate an agreement that lasts for 35 years or more, and enter into a new one that lasts for the same or a shorter period of time. To learn more about why there is a difference between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make a distinction between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Finally, to qualify for termination, an agreement must not fall into one of the excluded categories. These are discussed in the next question, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? There are four kinds of agreement that cannot be terminated under the termination of transfer provisions: a transfer of rights that occurs by reason of the work being a “work made for hire;” a transfer of rights in a will; post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author; and certain grants of “common law copyright.” (1) Works made for hire Under the U.S. Copyright Act, copyrighted works that qualify as “works made for hire” are subject to special rules that govern who becomes the first owner of copyright in a work. For regular works, the person who creates the work becomes the first owner of copyright. However, for “works made for hire” either the employer or person who commissioned the work becomes the first owner of copyright. Neither of these transfers of rights from the author to the employer or commissioning party, which occur by operation of the Copyright Act, nor any subsequent agreements entered into by the employer or commissioning party in relation to the work, may be challenged by the author or their family members. A copyrighted work qualifies as a “work made for hire” in two circumstances. The first is when the work is created in the course of the author’s employment. To learn more about when a work is created in the circumstances of employment, see our explanation of this concept in the glossary . The second is when a work is specially commissioned or ordered ( see an explanation of that concept in our glossary ). In certain circumstances, copyright ownership in a specially commissioned work may transfer to the person who specially commissions the work, not the author. The rules governing the specially commissioned category of “works made for hire” changed in 1978. To learn more about the reason for the distinction between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Prior to 1978, the courts looked to what the parties intended to see if copyright ownership should pass from the creator to the commissioning party. For the most part, courts assumed that the parties did intend copyright ownership to be transferred; consequently, in the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, it is highly likely that copyright in a commissioned work will be owned by the party who commissions the work. There does not have to be any written agreement for copyright to transfer for pre-1978 commissioned works, although obviously if there is an agreement, it can provide evidence of the parties’ intent. For post-1978 agreements, there are three requirements for a work to qualify as a “work made for hire.” The work must be specially commissioned and come within one of specifically provided categories, and there must be a written agreement signed by both parties agreeing that the work will be a “work made for hire.” The nine categories of work that can qualify are: A contribution to a collective work; A part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; A translation; A supplementary work; A compilation; An instructional text; A test; Answer material for a test; and An atlas. The terms “compilation,” “collective work,” “instructional text or graphics,” “motion picture or other audiovisual work,” and “supplementary work” are explained a little more in the glossary . (2) Transfers by will As a property interest, the rights that a person enjoys in a copyrighted work can pass, when an individual author or copyright owner dies, by will or by the laws of the applicable state regarding intestate succession. If the transfer of rights that is contested is a transfer that occurred in a will, the termination of transfer provisions cannot be utilized to have the rights revert. So, for example, if when an author dies they leave the rights to their copyright to a friend, a surviving wife or child of the author will not be able to cancel the gift of copyright to the friend because it occurred in the author’s will. (3) Post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author Agreements executed after January 1, 1978 can only be terminated if they were signed by the author. This is different from agreements executed before January 1, 1978, which can be terminated if they were signed by the author or the author’s successor renewal claimants (usually family members ). The reason for the broader category of agreements that are terminable prior to 1978 is because U.S. copyright law that governed prior to 1978 recognized the ability of an author’s relative to sign away a future interest they may obtain in the author’s copyright. For more information about the reason behind the distinction made between agreements entered into before 1978 and after 1978, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. (4) Certain Grants of Common Law Copyright This is a very technical exception to the termination of transfer provisions that is unlikely to apply to the majority of agreements. Under U.S. copyright law prior to 1978, copyright was secured by registering for an initial term of copyright protection and then renewing the copyright registration prior to the expiry of the initial term for a second term. The termination of transfer provisions only grant the right to terminate agreements entered into prior to 1978 if those agreements related to a renewal copyright interest (i.e., a grant in relation to a work in its second copyright term). Because of this limited application of the pre-1978 termination provisions, agreements that do not relate to the renewal copyright interest may not be capable of being terminated. The copyright interest to which such agreements will relate is known as a common law copyright (i.e., the copyright arises by virtue of common law as distinct to statute). An example of a pre-1978 agreement that would not be able to be terminated is an agreement that relates to the original copyright term, or a pre-1978 agreement that relates to an unpublished work. (Prior to 1978, a work was protected by U.S. state law (as distinct from U.S. federal law) from creation until publication; upon publication it either had to be registered to secure copyright protection, or else it fell into the public domain). To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The author created work with another person or a group of people. Do the termination provisions still work for that one author? Yes, if the author created a work he or she can still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. However, the rules about how that happens vary depending on whether the agreement the author is seeking to terminate was entered into before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978. To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, check out Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. For pre-1978 agreements, any joint author who executed an agreement can terminate that agreement. However, the termination is effective only to the extent of that joint author’s interest. In other words, if three authors—Alejandra, Benito and Carlos—create a work and then grant an exclusive license to Company Domingo, Alejandra can, if she wishes, terminate the exclusive license. Company Domingo will still enjoy the rights it obtained from Benito and Carlos but now exercises them together with Alejandra (transforming the exclusive license a non-exclusive license in the process). By contrast, post-1978 agreements operate on a majority rule. This means that if the author seeking termination is a joint author of a work, that author needs to have a majority of joint authors who executed the post-1978 agreement join him or her in terminating it. Note that the majority is counted in relation to the authors who executed the grant (not the majority of the total authors of the work). This means that if there were seven joint authors of the work but only five of them got together to sign the agreement, the majority requirement would be satisfied when three of those five exercised their termination right. Also note that the effect of such a termination would be that the entire agreement would be over. It would not cease only with respect to the three who exercised their termination rights and continue in relation of the two of them who did not (which is the opposite of what happens in relation to pre-1978 agreements for jointly authored works). Of course, if one of the authors with whom the author created the work is no longer living, their “termination interest” (i.e., the right that author holds to be able to terminate an agreement) may be exercised by those of their surviving family members who are recognized by the termination provisions. Read more about which surviving family members are recognized in the next question ( The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? ). To understand more about why there are differences in the treatment of pre- and post-1978 agreements, read Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? The answer to this question depends on two things: firstly, whether the author who created the work is still living; and secondly, on who signed the original agreement that is subject to termination. If the author is no longer living and they are the person who signed the agreement that someone is seeking to terminate, then the answer is yes (subject to certain conditions). To briefly explain: If the original author is no longer living but transferred or licensed away their rights during their lifetime, the law recognizes the right of certain family members to terminate agreements entered into by the author. Those family members who may be eligible to exercise such a “termination right” are: An author’s surviving spouse: S/he owns the entire termination interest if there are no surviving children or grandchildren. If there are surviving children or grandchildren, then the surviving spouse owns one-half of the termination interest with children or, if one of the children is no longer living, any grandchildren sharing the deceased children’s interest. An author’s surviving children: Own the entire termination interest equally divided among them if there is no surviving spouse. If there is a surviving spouse, they enjoy a one-half termination interest equally divided among them. An author’s surviving grandchildren: If one of the author’s children is not still living at the time the author dies, then any surviving children of that child enjoy that child’s termination interest in equal shares. The entitlement to exercise a termination right is governed by two majority rules. The first majority rule requires that those surviving family members who are entitled to terminate an agreement, must do so by majority action. The majority is calculated on a “per stirpes” basis according to the rules set out by the termination of transfer provisions. The second majority rule applies to the exercise of the interest of any grandchildren (if relevant). The termination of transfer provisions state that the termination interest of the grandchildren may only be exercised by a majority of them. To give some examples of the two majority rules in operation: if the author is no longer living but is survived by their spouse and two children, then a majority of the surviving spouse (given s/he owns one-half of the interest) and one surviving child is needed to terminate. However, if there the author’s spouse does not outlive the author, then the termination interest must be exercised by a majority of the surviving children; but if one of two children has predeceased the author and the child who predeceased the author has three children (which are the author’s surviving grandchildren), then the agreement of at least two of the three grandchildren is needed in order to be able to terminate the agreement. If there is no surviving spouse nor any surviving children or grandchildren, then the author’s executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee (see the glossary for an explanation of these terms) may exercise the termination right. If an agreement was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated after 1978, then the answer is no. For post-1978 agreements only those executed by the author can be terminated. If the agreement to be terminated was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated before 1978, then the answer depends on who executed the grant. For agreements entered into prior to 1978, agreements that were signed by the author’s surviving spouse, children, executors or next of kin (see the glossary ) may be terminated but only by the surviving person who executed the agreement. So, for example, if, after the author died, the author’s spouse signed in 1970 a 50-year exclusive license, then the author’s spouse can terminate this transfer under the termination provisions but the author’s children cannot (because they did not sign the transfer). If the spouse and the author’s two children signed the pre-1978 agreement, then all three are required (or least, all of those who are still living when the right to terminate matures). The best way to think of this (if it’s not too much of a mouthful) is that non-author signed pre-1978 grants can only be terminated by the surviving majority of those who signed the agreement initially. What is the effect of terminating an agreement? If an agreement is successfully terminated, then all of the rights that were granted by that agreement revert back to the author or, if the author is no longer living, the rights revert back proportionally to those successors who were entitled to terminate. But the reversion of rights is subject to three important limitations that we explain in the next question, So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? Not quite – in short, the author gets all of the rights back that were transferred under the terminated agreement as they apply in the United States, and subject to the “derivative works” exception. Let us explain each of these limitations a little more. “You-only-get-back-what-you-gave-away” limitation – only those rights that were transferred or licensed away under the agreement will revert. This means that if the author entered into one license for the publication of a book and a separate license for the production of a movie, when the author terminates the book publication agreement, the author will get only these publication rights back. To get the movie rights back, the author needs to see about terminating the movie agreement. Also remember that the termination only takes effect with respect to the copyright interest in the agreement. Some agreements may include permissions with respect to other, non-copyrightable interests, such as ideas for storylines or titles of a work; these are not covered by a successful termination notice. “U.S.-only limitation” – This means that the termination only has effect in relation to uses within the United States. The termination provisions specifically state that they do not affect rights arising under foreign (copyright) laws. Consequently, if the author signed an agreement that granted worldwide rights, he or she will get back only the ability to exercise those rights in the United States. “Derivative works” exception – although a successful termination causes all of the rights to revert, this will not affect exploitation of derivative works created during the lifetime of the agreement, even after that agreement has been terminated. Once the agreement has been terminated, the grantee ( see the glossary ) may continue after termination to utilize “derivative works prepared under authority of the grant before its termination…[consistent with] the term of the grant” (to quote from the U.S. Copyright Act). This means that if, for example, an author granted a company a 50-year exclusive license to create a movie based on the author’s novel, that company can continue to use and exploit the movie even after the author successfully terminates the exclusive license. The company may not prepare a new movie based on the novel; it may only continue to use the existing movie that it created when the exclusive license was still current. What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? An author can still terminate his or her rights, even if the agreement that says that he or she is not allowed to terminate, or to take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. The termination of transfer provisions specifically state that an agreement or transfer can be terminated regardless of any agreement to the contrary. In one instance, a court invalidated an agreement that sought to claim that a work was a “work made for hire” (which falls outside the termination provisions – see above, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? , for an explanation of “works made for hire”). So if the agreement the author is seeking to terminate includes anything that tries to get the author to agree not to exercise his or her rights under Section 203, 304(c) or 304(d) of the U.S. Copyright Act (or otherwise seeks to limit an author’s rights under the termination of transfer provisions), the author should not be disheartened. He or she should still investigate whether it is possible to terminate the agreement or transfer. If an author signed up to an agreement after 1978 that continues for more than 35 years, and he or she then voluntarily voids or withdraws from the existing agreement before the 35-year period is up and enters into a new agreement, the termination calculation has to be made afresh. An author cannot carry a termination right from one agreement to a new agreement that he or she voluntarily enters into. Authors should obtain proper legal advice before signing any new agreements that cover rights that they have already licensed to ensure that they do not unwittingly jeopardize their termination rights. Questions About The Tool What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? This tool is designed to do two things to make it easier for an author to navigate the termination of transfer provisions – (1) to educate users on copyright laws about termination of transfer by roughly estimating, based on hypothetical scenarios, whether and when a work may be eligible for termination; and (2) assist with information gathering. Notice and termination window calculation tool – As we explain above in How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? , two key parts of being able to successfully terminate an agreement are correctly identifying when the person seeking termination can serve the notice that he or she wishes to terminate (which is during the “notice window” (see the glossary ). In that notice, the person seeking termination must then nominate a date that falls within the correct period during which the agreement can be terminated (known as the “termination window” (see the glossary ). The notice window is calculated relative to when the termination window is open. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright after 1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 56 years from the date copyright is secured or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright from 1923-1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 75 years from the date copyright is secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For post-1978 agreements, the 5-year termination window period begins 35 years from the date of agreement or, if the agreement includes the right of publication, 35 years from the date of publication or 40 years from the date of execution of the agreement, whichever occurs first. (To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below.) This sounds confusing to us, and we thought it might sound confusing to others, too. So we built this tool to help authors understand how to do the calculations. The tool asks questions about information necessary to calculate these windows and, if the information is accurate and the author seeking termination has a termination right, the information sheet provided once the tool is completed will set out the likely notice window and termination window. Information gathering – the tool also helps people seeking termination to gather information that can be relevant and useful when trying to terminate an agreement. Details about who can terminate, their relationship to the author or artist, the title of the work, the copyright registration number, and the original and current grantee ( see glossary ) are useful pieces of information for a lawyer who assists with the exercise of a termination right. In some cases, this information can be helpful in calculating whether a termination right exists; in others, it is information that needs to be included in the termination notice. This tool is in no way a substitute for authors doing their own investigation and research, or finding their own legal team to assist in identifying whether they have a termination right and then using it to get back their rights. Can users just test out the tool? Be our guest! Creative Commons and Authors Alliance do not keep any records of anyone’s use of the tool, so users can test out the tool as many times as they wish. Can users restart the tool from a previous session? The termination of transfer tool does not save any information nor record any of the information that users input, so users need to start each session from the start and work their way through each question until they get a result. Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? The tool makes distinctions between agreements that were made before 1978 and after 1978 because the law does. Effective January 1, 1978, U.S. copyright law changed dramatically. A key component of this change was that U.S. copyright law changed from being an “opt-in” system to being an “opt-out” system. Before 1978, to own a copyright in the U.S., a creator had to register their works in order to receive copyright protection, and that copyright protection was then limited to an initial term of 28 years. Prior to the expiry of the initial term, a copyright owner could then renew their copyright for a further 28-year term. But from 1978 on, U.S. copyright law changed so that a creator automatically secured copyright protection when they created an original work and recorded it in some tangible form. Registration was no longer necessary. Also, the term of copyright was extended to life of the author plus 50 years; there was no need to renew copyright. However, in Congress’ view the renewal provision had served as a valuable tool in helping authors and artists renegotiate any agreements or transfers they had entered into during the initial copyright term, with the benefit of the knowledge as to how popular and valuable their works had been. The belief was that this knowledge assisted authors to negotiate more favorable terms during the renewal term. With the abolition of the renewal system, Congress sought to create a new mechanism to “safeguard authors and artists against unremunerative transfers” (in the words of Congress). The termination of transfer provisions are intended to be that mechanism—provisions which give authors a second chance at negotiating agreements or transfers they signed, possibly early in their career, before they knew their work’s true value (which can generally only be determined once the work has been exploited). However, because U.S. copyright law was very different before 1978 and after 1978, the termination of transfer provisions function very differently depending on whether the agreement in question was entered into before 1978 or after 1978. Because the law makes this distinction, the tool has to make this seemingly arbitrary distinction as well. A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If the tool indicates that a work with the characteristics provided may have its copyright agreement terminated, it will then provide an information sheet (in PDF format). This information sheet lists the user-inputted information and whether a work with those characteristics would be terminable. There are a couple of caveats on any results from the tool. The tool is only as good as the information put into it. So if the author was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or is open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Always remember that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right that means it is a possibility, not a certainty. Remember too that identifying that an author may have a termination right is just the first step. There are many more steps to actually exercising and getting the rights back. Refer to the Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to (1) provide notice(s) of termination to rightsholders and (2) submit the required information to the U.S. Copyright Office to effectuate the termination. As we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, authors should always consult with a lawyer. A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If information the user plugs into the tool gives a result that suggests that a transfer of a work with those characteristics is unlikely, this is not necessarily a cause for despair. Remember, the tool is merely educational can only provide answers to hypothetical scenarios based on the information provided. It is possible that the information provided is not accurate—for example, it may be that answers led the tool to conclude that a work with the characteristics provided was a “work made for hire” when it is not. For more information about “works made for hire” see What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? above. So if the tool says that it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, double check the information and investigate some of the details surrounding the information asked by the tool. If, after checking the information, the tool still says it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, recall that the tool is not exact, and copyright termination provisions are complex. The only definite way to know whether an author has a termination right or not is to consult with a lawyer. Authors should take the material gathered in preparation for completing the tool to a lawyer for review and advice. U.S.-based authors may be able to find a volunteer lawyer who can assist on this site: http://www.starvingartistslaw.com/help/volunteer lawyers.htm . A user completes the tool and it says that the work may be terminable at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? If the tool says that a work with the characteristics provided is likely terminable at some date in the future, this means that—based on the information provided—it is possible that the author of such works has the right to terminate an agreement or transfer, but that right does not arise until some future date. Because the tool calculates dates by years (and not by months and days – see if the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? below) the author in such situations should start reinvestigating termination prospects well before the year identified by the tool commences. Authors in this position have several options at this stage. The author can consult a lawyer to double check if he or she may have a termination right and, if so, when it arises; or he or she can wait until closer to the date given by the tool and reinvestigate termination prospects then. One very important caveat is that any termination right the author enjoys may change as circumstances develop and change in the future. Examples of events that may change the outcome include if the author dies, if any of their immediate family dies, or if a new agreement or transfer is negotiated. So it is always important to stay up-to-date in all circumstances that may be relevant to the author’s termination prospects and to reevaluate these on an ongoing basis. Remember that the tool is merely educational and is only as comprehensive as the hypothetical provided. So if the user was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Remember also that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right at some date in the future that means it is a possibility, not a certainty that such a right will arise. Also, we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, an author should always consult with a lawyer before relying on anything the tool generates. The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire,” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire.” What does this mean? There may two explanations as to why the agreement says a work is a “work made for hire,” but the work does not seem to fall into one of the categories listed in the tool. The first explanation may be that the author may have misinterpreted the legal classification of the nature of the work in question. For example, it may qualify under the law as a compilation or a contribution to a collective work or a supplementary work, even though this doesn’t seem intuitive or obvious to anyone who isn’t intimately familiar with the law in this area. In that case, the user may want to investigate this issue further, answer the tool as though the work is not a “work made for hire,” or consult a lawyer. The second explanation may be that the grantee ( see glossary ) may have included a statement in the agreement asserting that the work was a “work made for hire” just in case they could take advantage of these provisions, even though they are not able to do so. One of the benefits of the “work made for hire” provisions is that they remove a work from the termination of transfer provisions, and so the grantee has the benefit of the rights for as long as they can negotiate under the agreement. This is one of the reasons many grantees try to characterize an agreement as a “work made for hire” when it may not be. To illustrate how contentious the issue of “works made for hire” can be, it is interesting to observe that sound recordings are notably absent from the categories of works that qualify as “works made for hire.” Record companies tried unsuccessfully to lobby the U.S. Congress on several occasions to have sound recordings included as a category in the “work made for hire” provisions. In anticipation of being successful in their lobbying efforts, many recording contracts refer to the works artists create as “works made for hire” even though they are not. Of course, some sound recordings may otherwise qualify as a “work made for hire” by being a contribution to a collective work, a compilation, or an employee created work; but if this is not the case, then the tool should be completed as though the sound recording is not a “work made for hire.” If a user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? The tool only requires that the author input details of the year in which a relevant event occurred. It does not ask for the month or the day. The reason for this is that we have designed the tool to be as inclusive as possible, so that where there is a choice between whether to calculate that a person may have a termination right or may not have a termination right, the tool errs on the side of assuming that a termination right may exist. The actual periods for any “notice window” or “termination window” will ultimately have to be calculated down to the year, month and day, but for the purposes of the tool, we felt it was more user-friendly and gave sufficient guidance at this preliminary stage of the termination process to base it on the year. If exact dates, including the month and year, are known, it will be handy for consulting with a lawyer. If the exact year is uncertain, try running the tool using each different year to see if there is a different result occurs for any year. Authors who are unsure about exact dates should seek advice from a lawyer. A user who does not even know an approximate time period for a relevant event will need to do some more digging for relevant information. The termination of transfer provisions are very date-specific so this is vital information for determining if a termination right exists. Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? Yes, even if a user is not based in the U.S., he or she can still use this tool to learn about U.S. laws about copyright termination of transfer—but remember that the tool is only useful to learn about U.S. law. Also remember that, as explained above in So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? , the termination of transfer provisions only take effect with respect to use within the U.S. This means that the agreement or transfer an author is seeking to terminate must relate to a territory that includes the U.S., whether it’s U.S. only, North America or worldwide. How does the Termination of Transfer Tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? Where there is ambiguity in the statute, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows existing guidance issued by the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, when grant was made before 1978 and the work was not created until after January 1, 1978 (so-called “gap grants”), the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the recommendation of the Copyright Office that § 203 should govern the termination and the termination window should start 35 years from the post-1978 creation date (or 40 years if the publication rights were included). Similarly, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the Copyright Office’s guidance on the date by which copyright must have been first secured to be eligible for a new termination right under § 304(d) (October 26, 1939). Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance For more information about Creative Commons, check out our website http://creativecommons.org/ . For more information about Authors Alliance, check out our website at http://authorsalliance.org . Have a question that is not answered here? Feel free to send questions to us at info@rightsback.org . Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright 2017 Authors Alliance and Creative Commons. Site content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Termination of Transfer tool code is licensed under the AGPL 3.0+ . | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://rightsback.org/faq/#Why_does_the_tool_make_distinctions_between_things_that_happened_before_January_1.2C_1978_and_after_January_1.2C_1978.3F | FAQ | Termination of Transfer You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser . Termination of Transfer Skip to content Toggle navigation Intro About Overview Useful Documents Glossary FAQ Start the Tool! FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1 Questions About the Law 1.1 What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? 1.2 How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? 1.3 How does getting back the copyright help authors? 1.4 What kinds of agreements can be terminated? 1.5 What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? 1.6 The author created the work with another person or a group of people. Does the termination provision still work for that one author? 1.7 The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? 1.8 What is the effect of terminating an agreement? 1.9 So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? 1.10 What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? 2 Questions About The Tool 2.1 What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? 2.2 Can users just test out the tool? 2.3 Can users restart the tool from a previous session? 2.4 Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? 2.5 A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.6 A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.7 A user completes the tool and it says that there may be a termination right at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? 2.8 The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire”; what does this mean? 2.9 If the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? 2.10 Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? 2.11 How does the tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? 3 Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance 4 Have a question that is not answered here? Questions About the Law What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? The termination of transfers provisions are sections of the U.S. Copyright Act that give an author (and in some instances their family members or representatives), a statutory process by which they can get back their rights to a copyright protected work that has been sold or licensed away to another entity. Copyright law protects creative expressions—such as books, films, music, arts, computer software, websites, and computer games. Copyright grants the creator of these works exclusive rights to control (subject to important exceptions like the U.S. doctrine of fair use) certain activities in relation to their work, such as copying, adapting, distributing, performing it. Control of these exclusive rights can be valuable—an author of a book can grant a publisher the exclusive right to publish the book in exchange for an advance and royalties on the sale of copies; the same author can also grant a filmmaker the right to adapt the book into a film based on the book (again for a fee), and license someone else to adapt the book by translating it into other languages (also for license fees, and possibly royalties). An issue arises, however, if an author sells or licenses their copyright before they or their work are well-known. Authors at the start of their careers may not be as sophisticated in their negotiating skills, which means that they might sell or license their copyright for much less than it is ultimately worth. The commercial windfall of a successful work is then enjoyed by the entity that exploits those rights, not the original author. This is where the termination of transfers provisions come in. The U.S. Congress decided that it was important to provide a mechanism under which rights that have been previously sold or licensed could be returned to the original author or their family members. So the termination of transfers provisions were enacted to, in the words of the U.S. Congress, safeguard “authors against unremunerative transfers,” which is necessary because “of the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting from the impossibility of determining a work’s prior value until it has been exploited.” It is important to distinguish between these termination of transfers provisions and the regular termination provisions that exist in many contracts. The termination of transfers provisions are a statutory mechanism that applies to transfers of right that are permanent (such as a sale of copyright ownership) or transfers that are long-term (such as a lengthy exclusive license). If an author has entered into an agreement that is for a short period or includes contractual termination provisions that easily allow the author to get back rights that were licensed to someone else, then in many cases it will be preferable for the author to exercise his or her contractual rights, rather than go through the statutory termination of transfers process. How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? The general process for terminating agreements involves the following steps: Confirm that the agreement falls into one of the categories of agreements that can be terminated (for more details, see What kinds of agreements can be terminated? and What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? below); Confirm who is authorized to terminate the agreement (e.g., an author, joint authors, an author’s successors, an author’s authorized representatives—see I am not the original author or artist; can I still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? below for more details); Calculate when the “termination window” (see the glossary ) arises (this is a five-year period during which the agreement can be terminated); Calculate the “notice window” (see the glossary ) (this is the period during which a termination notice can be served) which is a period no more than ten years before the “termination window” arises and not less than two years before the “termination window” closes; Serve a valid and proper termination notice by the person(s) authorized to terminate the agreement during the “notice window,” identifying a date within the “termination window” as the date on which the agreement will terminate, among other things (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to provide notice of termination to rightsholders); Submit a copy of the termination notice, fee, and Form TCS to the U.S. Copyright Office (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to record the termination with the U.S. Copyright Office); Wait for the “termination date” to arrive when the rights revert back to the author. If this sounds complex and like a lot of work—it is. And this process is further complicated by the fact that important details for following this process differ depending on whether the agreement is dated before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978 (for an explanation of why these dates matter, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). This tool was created by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons to simplify this procedure (as we explain in describing how the tool works at What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? below) and make it more author-friendly and accessible. To date, there have not been many attempts by authors to terminate agreements, even though their copyright grants may qualify for termination. Authors Alliance and Creative Commons are providing this tool to make it easier for authors and their successors to know if they may be eligible to terminate agreements in the hope that more will exercise their termination rights. How does getting back the copyright help authors? Getting the copyright grants back under the termination of transfer provisions can assist authors in two ways. First, after an author serves a valid termination notice on the person to whom the author sold or licensed his or her rights (“grantee”), the grantee may enter into a new and better arrangement with the author to maintain the use of those rights after the termination takes effect. The author can try to do a better deal. The ability to terminate the agreement should give the author some additional bargaining leverage in negotiations. Also, because the market will have developed and the author will be able to see how successful his or her work has been, he or she can use this important information in the subsequent negotiations. Secondly, the author regains control of his or her rights. The author can then do as he or she wishes with them, including entering into new agreements and relationships in relation to his or her work with a (hopefully) stronger bargaining position. The author may also consider making terminated works that have outlived their commercial life but are nonetheless historically and culturally valuable available to the public on open terms. What kinds of agreements can be terminated? For an agreement to be capable of termination, it needs to be a certain type of agreement. In addition, for agreements dated after January 1, 1978, the agreement must last for more than 35 years (for more information about why this date is important, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). However, there are several exceptions of agreements or transfers involving copyright that cannot be terminated. These are discussed more in the next question, ( What kinds of agreements can be terminated? ). The types of agreements that can be terminated include: A transfer of ownership of copyright of either the whole copyright or of specific rights in copyright. This is often referred to as an “assignment;” An exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as an exclusive license to publish a book; A non-exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as a non-exclusive license to play a song on the radio; A mortgage or other security on copyright; And, in the words of the U.S. Copyright Act, “any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in copyright.” All of these agreements—with the exception of non-exclusive licenses—must be in writing, so if an author has a copy of an agreement, then he or she should be able to identify what type of transfer it is by reviewing the agreement. To learn more about where to find out details about the type of agreement, check out our List of Useful Documents . One additional requirement applies to agreements entered into after January 1, 1978 to be terminable: The agreements must continue for more than 35 years. If a post-1978 agreement runs for a period of less than 35 years, then it cannot be terminated because the earliest termination window that arises for a post-1978 agreement is 35 years after the date of the agreement (or from the date of publication of the work if the agreement includes the right of publication). Consequently, authors should ensure that they obtain proper legal advice if publishers or other organizations wishing to exploit their rights try to enter into multiple, rolling agreements for less than 35 years; or if a publisher seeks to get them to agree to voluntarily terminate an agreement that lasts for 35 years or more, and enter into a new one that lasts for the same or a shorter period of time. To learn more about why there is a difference between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make a distinction between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Finally, to qualify for termination, an agreement must not fall into one of the excluded categories. These are discussed in the next question, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? There are four kinds of agreement that cannot be terminated under the termination of transfer provisions: a transfer of rights that occurs by reason of the work being a “work made for hire;” a transfer of rights in a will; post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author; and certain grants of “common law copyright.” (1) Works made for hire Under the U.S. Copyright Act, copyrighted works that qualify as “works made for hire” are subject to special rules that govern who becomes the first owner of copyright in a work. For regular works, the person who creates the work becomes the first owner of copyright. However, for “works made for hire” either the employer or person who commissioned the work becomes the first owner of copyright. Neither of these transfers of rights from the author to the employer or commissioning party, which occur by operation of the Copyright Act, nor any subsequent agreements entered into by the employer or commissioning party in relation to the work, may be challenged by the author or their family members. A copyrighted work qualifies as a “work made for hire” in two circumstances. The first is when the work is created in the course of the author’s employment. To learn more about when a work is created in the circumstances of employment, see our explanation of this concept in the glossary . The second is when a work is specially commissioned or ordered ( see an explanation of that concept in our glossary ). In certain circumstances, copyright ownership in a specially commissioned work may transfer to the person who specially commissions the work, not the author. The rules governing the specially commissioned category of “works made for hire” changed in 1978. To learn more about the reason for the distinction between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Prior to 1978, the courts looked to what the parties intended to see if copyright ownership should pass from the creator to the commissioning party. For the most part, courts assumed that the parties did intend copyright ownership to be transferred; consequently, in the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, it is highly likely that copyright in a commissioned work will be owned by the party who commissions the work. There does not have to be any written agreement for copyright to transfer for pre-1978 commissioned works, although obviously if there is an agreement, it can provide evidence of the parties’ intent. For post-1978 agreements, there are three requirements for a work to qualify as a “work made for hire.” The work must be specially commissioned and come within one of specifically provided categories, and there must be a written agreement signed by both parties agreeing that the work will be a “work made for hire.” The nine categories of work that can qualify are: A contribution to a collective work; A part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; A translation; A supplementary work; A compilation; An instructional text; A test; Answer material for a test; and An atlas. The terms “compilation,” “collective work,” “instructional text or graphics,” “motion picture or other audiovisual work,” and “supplementary work” are explained a little more in the glossary . (2) Transfers by will As a property interest, the rights that a person enjoys in a copyrighted work can pass, when an individual author or copyright owner dies, by will or by the laws of the applicable state regarding intestate succession. If the transfer of rights that is contested is a transfer that occurred in a will, the termination of transfer provisions cannot be utilized to have the rights revert. So, for example, if when an author dies they leave the rights to their copyright to a friend, a surviving wife or child of the author will not be able to cancel the gift of copyright to the friend because it occurred in the author’s will. (3) Post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author Agreements executed after January 1, 1978 can only be terminated if they were signed by the author. This is different from agreements executed before January 1, 1978, which can be terminated if they were signed by the author or the author’s successor renewal claimants (usually family members ). The reason for the broader category of agreements that are terminable prior to 1978 is because U.S. copyright law that governed prior to 1978 recognized the ability of an author’s relative to sign away a future interest they may obtain in the author’s copyright. For more information about the reason behind the distinction made between agreements entered into before 1978 and after 1978, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. (4) Certain Grants of Common Law Copyright This is a very technical exception to the termination of transfer provisions that is unlikely to apply to the majority of agreements. Under U.S. copyright law prior to 1978, copyright was secured by registering for an initial term of copyright protection and then renewing the copyright registration prior to the expiry of the initial term for a second term. The termination of transfer provisions only grant the right to terminate agreements entered into prior to 1978 if those agreements related to a renewal copyright interest (i.e., a grant in relation to a work in its second copyright term). Because of this limited application of the pre-1978 termination provisions, agreements that do not relate to the renewal copyright interest may not be capable of being terminated. The copyright interest to which such agreements will relate is known as a common law copyright (i.e., the copyright arises by virtue of common law as distinct to statute). An example of a pre-1978 agreement that would not be able to be terminated is an agreement that relates to the original copyright term, or a pre-1978 agreement that relates to an unpublished work. (Prior to 1978, a work was protected by U.S. state law (as distinct from U.S. federal law) from creation until publication; upon publication it either had to be registered to secure copyright protection, or else it fell into the public domain). To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The author created work with another person or a group of people. Do the termination provisions still work for that one author? Yes, if the author created a work he or she can still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. However, the rules about how that happens vary depending on whether the agreement the author is seeking to terminate was entered into before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978. To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, check out Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. For pre-1978 agreements, any joint author who executed an agreement can terminate that agreement. However, the termination is effective only to the extent of that joint author’s interest. In other words, if three authors—Alejandra, Benito and Carlos—create a work and then grant an exclusive license to Company Domingo, Alejandra can, if she wishes, terminate the exclusive license. Company Domingo will still enjoy the rights it obtained from Benito and Carlos but now exercises them together with Alejandra (transforming the exclusive license a non-exclusive license in the process). By contrast, post-1978 agreements operate on a majority rule. This means that if the author seeking termination is a joint author of a work, that author needs to have a majority of joint authors who executed the post-1978 agreement join him or her in terminating it. Note that the majority is counted in relation to the authors who executed the grant (not the majority of the total authors of the work). This means that if there were seven joint authors of the work but only five of them got together to sign the agreement, the majority requirement would be satisfied when three of those five exercised their termination right. Also note that the effect of such a termination would be that the entire agreement would be over. It would not cease only with respect to the three who exercised their termination rights and continue in relation of the two of them who did not (which is the opposite of what happens in relation to pre-1978 agreements for jointly authored works). Of course, if one of the authors with whom the author created the work is no longer living, their “termination interest” (i.e., the right that author holds to be able to terminate an agreement) may be exercised by those of their surviving family members who are recognized by the termination provisions. Read more about which surviving family members are recognized in the next question ( The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? ). To understand more about why there are differences in the treatment of pre- and post-1978 agreements, read Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? The answer to this question depends on two things: firstly, whether the author who created the work is still living; and secondly, on who signed the original agreement that is subject to termination. If the author is no longer living and they are the person who signed the agreement that someone is seeking to terminate, then the answer is yes (subject to certain conditions). To briefly explain: If the original author is no longer living but transferred or licensed away their rights during their lifetime, the law recognizes the right of certain family members to terminate agreements entered into by the author. Those family members who may be eligible to exercise such a “termination right” are: An author’s surviving spouse: S/he owns the entire termination interest if there are no surviving children or grandchildren. If there are surviving children or grandchildren, then the surviving spouse owns one-half of the termination interest with children or, if one of the children is no longer living, any grandchildren sharing the deceased children’s interest. An author’s surviving children: Own the entire termination interest equally divided among them if there is no surviving spouse. If there is a surviving spouse, they enjoy a one-half termination interest equally divided among them. An author’s surviving grandchildren: If one of the author’s children is not still living at the time the author dies, then any surviving children of that child enjoy that child’s termination interest in equal shares. The entitlement to exercise a termination right is governed by two majority rules. The first majority rule requires that those surviving family members who are entitled to terminate an agreement, must do so by majority action. The majority is calculated on a “per stirpes” basis according to the rules set out by the termination of transfer provisions. The second majority rule applies to the exercise of the interest of any grandchildren (if relevant). The termination of transfer provisions state that the termination interest of the grandchildren may only be exercised by a majority of them. To give some examples of the two majority rules in operation: if the author is no longer living but is survived by their spouse and two children, then a majority of the surviving spouse (given s/he owns one-half of the interest) and one surviving child is needed to terminate. However, if there the author’s spouse does not outlive the author, then the termination interest must be exercised by a majority of the surviving children; but if one of two children has predeceased the author and the child who predeceased the author has three children (which are the author’s surviving grandchildren), then the agreement of at least two of the three grandchildren is needed in order to be able to terminate the agreement. If there is no surviving spouse nor any surviving children or grandchildren, then the author’s executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee (see the glossary for an explanation of these terms) may exercise the termination right. If an agreement was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated after 1978, then the answer is no. For post-1978 agreements only those executed by the author can be terminated. If the agreement to be terminated was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated before 1978, then the answer depends on who executed the grant. For agreements entered into prior to 1978, agreements that were signed by the author’s surviving spouse, children, executors or next of kin (see the glossary ) may be terminated but only by the surviving person who executed the agreement. So, for example, if, after the author died, the author’s spouse signed in 1970 a 50-year exclusive license, then the author’s spouse can terminate this transfer under the termination provisions but the author’s children cannot (because they did not sign the transfer). If the spouse and the author’s two children signed the pre-1978 agreement, then all three are required (or least, all of those who are still living when the right to terminate matures). The best way to think of this (if it’s not too much of a mouthful) is that non-author signed pre-1978 grants can only be terminated by the surviving majority of those who signed the agreement initially. What is the effect of terminating an agreement? If an agreement is successfully terminated, then all of the rights that were granted by that agreement revert back to the author or, if the author is no longer living, the rights revert back proportionally to those successors who were entitled to terminate. But the reversion of rights is subject to three important limitations that we explain in the next question, So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? Not quite – in short, the author gets all of the rights back that were transferred under the terminated agreement as they apply in the United States, and subject to the “derivative works” exception. Let us explain each of these limitations a little more. “You-only-get-back-what-you-gave-away” limitation – only those rights that were transferred or licensed away under the agreement will revert. This means that if the author entered into one license for the publication of a book and a separate license for the production of a movie, when the author terminates the book publication agreement, the author will get only these publication rights back. To get the movie rights back, the author needs to see about terminating the movie agreement. Also remember that the termination only takes effect with respect to the copyright interest in the agreement. Some agreements may include permissions with respect to other, non-copyrightable interests, such as ideas for storylines or titles of a work; these are not covered by a successful termination notice. “U.S.-only limitation” – This means that the termination only has effect in relation to uses within the United States. The termination provisions specifically state that they do not affect rights arising under foreign (copyright) laws. Consequently, if the author signed an agreement that granted worldwide rights, he or she will get back only the ability to exercise those rights in the United States. “Derivative works” exception – although a successful termination causes all of the rights to revert, this will not affect exploitation of derivative works created during the lifetime of the agreement, even after that agreement has been terminated. Once the agreement has been terminated, the grantee ( see the glossary ) may continue after termination to utilize “derivative works prepared under authority of the grant before its termination…[consistent with] the term of the grant” (to quote from the U.S. Copyright Act). This means that if, for example, an author granted a company a 50-year exclusive license to create a movie based on the author’s novel, that company can continue to use and exploit the movie even after the author successfully terminates the exclusive license. The company may not prepare a new movie based on the novel; it may only continue to use the existing movie that it created when the exclusive license was still current. What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? An author can still terminate his or her rights, even if the agreement that says that he or she is not allowed to terminate, or to take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. The termination of transfer provisions specifically state that an agreement or transfer can be terminated regardless of any agreement to the contrary. In one instance, a court invalidated an agreement that sought to claim that a work was a “work made for hire” (which falls outside the termination provisions – see above, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? , for an explanation of “works made for hire”). So if the agreement the author is seeking to terminate includes anything that tries to get the author to agree not to exercise his or her rights under Section 203, 304(c) or 304(d) of the U.S. Copyright Act (or otherwise seeks to limit an author’s rights under the termination of transfer provisions), the author should not be disheartened. He or she should still investigate whether it is possible to terminate the agreement or transfer. If an author signed up to an agreement after 1978 that continues for more than 35 years, and he or she then voluntarily voids or withdraws from the existing agreement before the 35-year period is up and enters into a new agreement, the termination calculation has to be made afresh. An author cannot carry a termination right from one agreement to a new agreement that he or she voluntarily enters into. Authors should obtain proper legal advice before signing any new agreements that cover rights that they have already licensed to ensure that they do not unwittingly jeopardize their termination rights. Questions About The Tool What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? This tool is designed to do two things to make it easier for an author to navigate the termination of transfer provisions – (1) to educate users on copyright laws about termination of transfer by roughly estimating, based on hypothetical scenarios, whether and when a work may be eligible for termination; and (2) assist with information gathering. Notice and termination window calculation tool – As we explain above in How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? , two key parts of being able to successfully terminate an agreement are correctly identifying when the person seeking termination can serve the notice that he or she wishes to terminate (which is during the “notice window” (see the glossary ). In that notice, the person seeking termination must then nominate a date that falls within the correct period during which the agreement can be terminated (known as the “termination window” (see the glossary ). The notice window is calculated relative to when the termination window is open. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright after 1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 56 years from the date copyright is secured or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright from 1923-1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 75 years from the date copyright is secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For post-1978 agreements, the 5-year termination window period begins 35 years from the date of agreement or, if the agreement includes the right of publication, 35 years from the date of publication or 40 years from the date of execution of the agreement, whichever occurs first. (To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below.) This sounds confusing to us, and we thought it might sound confusing to others, too. So we built this tool to help authors understand how to do the calculations. The tool asks questions about information necessary to calculate these windows and, if the information is accurate and the author seeking termination has a termination right, the information sheet provided once the tool is completed will set out the likely notice window and termination window. Information gathering – the tool also helps people seeking termination to gather information that can be relevant and useful when trying to terminate an agreement. Details about who can terminate, their relationship to the author or artist, the title of the work, the copyright registration number, and the original and current grantee ( see glossary ) are useful pieces of information for a lawyer who assists with the exercise of a termination right. In some cases, this information can be helpful in calculating whether a termination right exists; in others, it is information that needs to be included in the termination notice. This tool is in no way a substitute for authors doing their own investigation and research, or finding their own legal team to assist in identifying whether they have a termination right and then using it to get back their rights. Can users just test out the tool? Be our guest! Creative Commons and Authors Alliance do not keep any records of anyone’s use of the tool, so users can test out the tool as many times as they wish. Can users restart the tool from a previous session? The termination of transfer tool does not save any information nor record any of the information that users input, so users need to start each session from the start and work their way through each question until they get a result. Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? The tool makes distinctions between agreements that were made before 1978 and after 1978 because the law does. Effective January 1, 1978, U.S. copyright law changed dramatically. A key component of this change was that U.S. copyright law changed from being an “opt-in” system to being an “opt-out” system. Before 1978, to own a copyright in the U.S., a creator had to register their works in order to receive copyright protection, and that copyright protection was then limited to an initial term of 28 years. Prior to the expiry of the initial term, a copyright owner could then renew their copyright for a further 28-year term. But from 1978 on, U.S. copyright law changed so that a creator automatically secured copyright protection when they created an original work and recorded it in some tangible form. Registration was no longer necessary. Also, the term of copyright was extended to life of the author plus 50 years; there was no need to renew copyright. However, in Congress’ view the renewal provision had served as a valuable tool in helping authors and artists renegotiate any agreements or transfers they had entered into during the initial copyright term, with the benefit of the knowledge as to how popular and valuable their works had been. The belief was that this knowledge assisted authors to negotiate more favorable terms during the renewal term. With the abolition of the renewal system, Congress sought to create a new mechanism to “safeguard authors and artists against unremunerative transfers” (in the words of Congress). The termination of transfer provisions are intended to be that mechanism—provisions which give authors a second chance at negotiating agreements or transfers they signed, possibly early in their career, before they knew their work’s true value (which can generally only be determined once the work has been exploited). However, because U.S. copyright law was very different before 1978 and after 1978, the termination of transfer provisions function very differently depending on whether the agreement in question was entered into before 1978 or after 1978. Because the law makes this distinction, the tool has to make this seemingly arbitrary distinction as well. A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If the tool indicates that a work with the characteristics provided may have its copyright agreement terminated, it will then provide an information sheet (in PDF format). This information sheet lists the user-inputted information and whether a work with those characteristics would be terminable. There are a couple of caveats on any results from the tool. The tool is only as good as the information put into it. So if the author was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or is open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Always remember that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right that means it is a possibility, not a certainty. Remember too that identifying that an author may have a termination right is just the first step. There are many more steps to actually exercising and getting the rights back. Refer to the Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to (1) provide notice(s) of termination to rightsholders and (2) submit the required information to the U.S. Copyright Office to effectuate the termination. As we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, authors should always consult with a lawyer. A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If information the user plugs into the tool gives a result that suggests that a transfer of a work with those characteristics is unlikely, this is not necessarily a cause for despair. Remember, the tool is merely educational can only provide answers to hypothetical scenarios based on the information provided. It is possible that the information provided is not accurate—for example, it may be that answers led the tool to conclude that a work with the characteristics provided was a “work made for hire” when it is not. For more information about “works made for hire” see What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? above. So if the tool says that it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, double check the information and investigate some of the details surrounding the information asked by the tool. If, after checking the information, the tool still says it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, recall that the tool is not exact, and copyright termination provisions are complex. The only definite way to know whether an author has a termination right or not is to consult with a lawyer. Authors should take the material gathered in preparation for completing the tool to a lawyer for review and advice. U.S.-based authors may be able to find a volunteer lawyer who can assist on this site: http://www.starvingartistslaw.com/help/volunteer lawyers.htm . A user completes the tool and it says that the work may be terminable at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? If the tool says that a work with the characteristics provided is likely terminable at some date in the future, this means that—based on the information provided—it is possible that the author of such works has the right to terminate an agreement or transfer, but that right does not arise until some future date. Because the tool calculates dates by years (and not by months and days – see if the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? below) the author in such situations should start reinvestigating termination prospects well before the year identified by the tool commences. Authors in this position have several options at this stage. The author can consult a lawyer to double check if he or she may have a termination right and, if so, when it arises; or he or she can wait until closer to the date given by the tool and reinvestigate termination prospects then. One very important caveat is that any termination right the author enjoys may change as circumstances develop and change in the future. Examples of events that may change the outcome include if the author dies, if any of their immediate family dies, or if a new agreement or transfer is negotiated. So it is always important to stay up-to-date in all circumstances that may be relevant to the author’s termination prospects and to reevaluate these on an ongoing basis. Remember that the tool is merely educational and is only as comprehensive as the hypothetical provided. So if the user was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Remember also that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right at some date in the future that means it is a possibility, not a certainty that such a right will arise. Also, we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, an author should always consult with a lawyer before relying on anything the tool generates. The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire,” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire.” What does this mean? There may two explanations as to why the agreement says a work is a “work made for hire,” but the work does not seem to fall into one of the categories listed in the tool. The first explanation may be that the author may have misinterpreted the legal classification of the nature of the work in question. For example, it may qualify under the law as a compilation or a contribution to a collective work or a supplementary work, even though this doesn’t seem intuitive or obvious to anyone who isn’t intimately familiar with the law in this area. In that case, the user may want to investigate this issue further, answer the tool as though the work is not a “work made for hire,” or consult a lawyer. The second explanation may be that the grantee ( see glossary ) may have included a statement in the agreement asserting that the work was a “work made for hire” just in case they could take advantage of these provisions, even though they are not able to do so. One of the benefits of the “work made for hire” provisions is that they remove a work from the termination of transfer provisions, and so the grantee has the benefit of the rights for as long as they can negotiate under the agreement. This is one of the reasons many grantees try to characterize an agreement as a “work made for hire” when it may not be. To illustrate how contentious the issue of “works made for hire” can be, it is interesting to observe that sound recordings are notably absent from the categories of works that qualify as “works made for hire.” Record companies tried unsuccessfully to lobby the U.S. Congress on several occasions to have sound recordings included as a category in the “work made for hire” provisions. In anticipation of being successful in their lobbying efforts, many recording contracts refer to the works artists create as “works made for hire” even though they are not. Of course, some sound recordings may otherwise qualify as a “work made for hire” by being a contribution to a collective work, a compilation, or an employee created work; but if this is not the case, then the tool should be completed as though the sound recording is not a “work made for hire.” If a user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? The tool only requires that the author input details of the year in which a relevant event occurred. It does not ask for the month or the day. The reason for this is that we have designed the tool to be as inclusive as possible, so that where there is a choice between whether to calculate that a person may have a termination right or may not have a termination right, the tool errs on the side of assuming that a termination right may exist. The actual periods for any “notice window” or “termination window” will ultimately have to be calculated down to the year, month and day, but for the purposes of the tool, we felt it was more user-friendly and gave sufficient guidance at this preliminary stage of the termination process to base it on the year. If exact dates, including the month and year, are known, it will be handy for consulting with a lawyer. If the exact year is uncertain, try running the tool using each different year to see if there is a different result occurs for any year. Authors who are unsure about exact dates should seek advice from a lawyer. A user who does not even know an approximate time period for a relevant event will need to do some more digging for relevant information. The termination of transfer provisions are very date-specific so this is vital information for determining if a termination right exists. Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? Yes, even if a user is not based in the U.S., he or she can still use this tool to learn about U.S. laws about copyright termination of transfer—but remember that the tool is only useful to learn about U.S. law. Also remember that, as explained above in So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? , the termination of transfer provisions only take effect with respect to use within the U.S. This means that the agreement or transfer an author is seeking to terminate must relate to a territory that includes the U.S., whether it’s U.S. only, North America or worldwide. How does the Termination of Transfer Tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? Where there is ambiguity in the statute, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows existing guidance issued by the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, when grant was made before 1978 and the work was not created until after January 1, 1978 (so-called “gap grants”), the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the recommendation of the Copyright Office that § 203 should govern the termination and the termination window should start 35 years from the post-1978 creation date (or 40 years if the publication rights were included). Similarly, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the Copyright Office’s guidance on the date by which copyright must have been first secured to be eligible for a new termination right under § 304(d) (October 26, 1939). Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance For more information about Creative Commons, check out our website http://creativecommons.org/ . For more information about Authors Alliance, check out our website at http://authorsalliance.org . Have a question that is not answered here? Feel free to send questions to us at info@rightsback.org . Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright 2017 Authors Alliance and Creative Commons. Site content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Termination of Transfer tool code is licensed under the AGPL 3.0+ . | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://rightsback.org/faq/#What_kinds_of_agreements_cannot_be_terminated.3F | FAQ | Termination of Transfer You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser . Termination of Transfer Skip to content Toggle navigation Intro About Overview Useful Documents Glossary FAQ Start the Tool! FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1 Questions About the Law 1.1 What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? 1.2 How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? 1.3 How does getting back the copyright help authors? 1.4 What kinds of agreements can be terminated? 1.5 What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? 1.6 The author created the work with another person or a group of people. Does the termination provision still work for that one author? 1.7 The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? 1.8 What is the effect of terminating an agreement? 1.9 So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? 1.10 What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? 2 Questions About The Tool 2.1 What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? 2.2 Can users just test out the tool? 2.3 Can users restart the tool from a previous session? 2.4 Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? 2.5 A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.6 A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.7 A user completes the tool and it says that there may be a termination right at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? 2.8 The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire”; what does this mean? 2.9 If the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? 2.10 Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? 2.11 How does the tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? 3 Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance 4 Have a question that is not answered here? Questions About the Law What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? The termination of transfers provisions are sections of the U.S. Copyright Act that give an author (and in some instances their family members or representatives), a statutory process by which they can get back their rights to a copyright protected work that has been sold or licensed away to another entity. Copyright law protects creative expressions—such as books, films, music, arts, computer software, websites, and computer games. Copyright grants the creator of these works exclusive rights to control (subject to important exceptions like the U.S. doctrine of fair use) certain activities in relation to their work, such as copying, adapting, distributing, performing it. Control of these exclusive rights can be valuable—an author of a book can grant a publisher the exclusive right to publish the book in exchange for an advance and royalties on the sale of copies; the same author can also grant a filmmaker the right to adapt the book into a film based on the book (again for a fee), and license someone else to adapt the book by translating it into other languages (also for license fees, and possibly royalties). An issue arises, however, if an author sells or licenses their copyright before they or their work are well-known. Authors at the start of their careers may not be as sophisticated in their negotiating skills, which means that they might sell or license their copyright for much less than it is ultimately worth. The commercial windfall of a successful work is then enjoyed by the entity that exploits those rights, not the original author. This is where the termination of transfers provisions come in. The U.S. Congress decided that it was important to provide a mechanism under which rights that have been previously sold or licensed could be returned to the original author or their family members. So the termination of transfers provisions were enacted to, in the words of the U.S. Congress, safeguard “authors against unremunerative transfers,” which is necessary because “of the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting from the impossibility of determining a work’s prior value until it has been exploited.” It is important to distinguish between these termination of transfers provisions and the regular termination provisions that exist in many contracts. The termination of transfers provisions are a statutory mechanism that applies to transfers of right that are permanent (such as a sale of copyright ownership) or transfers that are long-term (such as a lengthy exclusive license). If an author has entered into an agreement that is for a short period or includes contractual termination provisions that easily allow the author to get back rights that were licensed to someone else, then in many cases it will be preferable for the author to exercise his or her contractual rights, rather than go through the statutory termination of transfers process. How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? The general process for terminating agreements involves the following steps: Confirm that the agreement falls into one of the categories of agreements that can be terminated (for more details, see What kinds of agreements can be terminated? and What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? below); Confirm who is authorized to terminate the agreement (e.g., an author, joint authors, an author’s successors, an author’s authorized representatives—see I am not the original author or artist; can I still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? below for more details); Calculate when the “termination window” (see the glossary ) arises (this is a five-year period during which the agreement can be terminated); Calculate the “notice window” (see the glossary ) (this is the period during which a termination notice can be served) which is a period no more than ten years before the “termination window” arises and not less than two years before the “termination window” closes; Serve a valid and proper termination notice by the person(s) authorized to terminate the agreement during the “notice window,” identifying a date within the “termination window” as the date on which the agreement will terminate, among other things (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to provide notice of termination to rightsholders); Submit a copy of the termination notice, fee, and Form TCS to the U.S. Copyright Office (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to record the termination with the U.S. Copyright Office); Wait for the “termination date” to arrive when the rights revert back to the author. If this sounds complex and like a lot of work—it is. And this process is further complicated by the fact that important details for following this process differ depending on whether the agreement is dated before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978 (for an explanation of why these dates matter, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). This tool was created by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons to simplify this procedure (as we explain in describing how the tool works at What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? below) and make it more author-friendly and accessible. To date, there have not been many attempts by authors to terminate agreements, even though their copyright grants may qualify for termination. Authors Alliance and Creative Commons are providing this tool to make it easier for authors and their successors to know if they may be eligible to terminate agreements in the hope that more will exercise their termination rights. How does getting back the copyright help authors? Getting the copyright grants back under the termination of transfer provisions can assist authors in two ways. First, after an author serves a valid termination notice on the person to whom the author sold or licensed his or her rights (“grantee”), the grantee may enter into a new and better arrangement with the author to maintain the use of those rights after the termination takes effect. The author can try to do a better deal. The ability to terminate the agreement should give the author some additional bargaining leverage in negotiations. Also, because the market will have developed and the author will be able to see how successful his or her work has been, he or she can use this important information in the subsequent negotiations. Secondly, the author regains control of his or her rights. The author can then do as he or she wishes with them, including entering into new agreements and relationships in relation to his or her work with a (hopefully) stronger bargaining position. The author may also consider making terminated works that have outlived their commercial life but are nonetheless historically and culturally valuable available to the public on open terms. What kinds of agreements can be terminated? For an agreement to be capable of termination, it needs to be a certain type of agreement. In addition, for agreements dated after January 1, 1978, the agreement must last for more than 35 years (for more information about why this date is important, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). However, there are several exceptions of agreements or transfers involving copyright that cannot be terminated. These are discussed more in the next question, ( What kinds of agreements can be terminated? ). The types of agreements that can be terminated include: A transfer of ownership of copyright of either the whole copyright or of specific rights in copyright. This is often referred to as an “assignment;” An exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as an exclusive license to publish a book; A non-exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as a non-exclusive license to play a song on the radio; A mortgage or other security on copyright; And, in the words of the U.S. Copyright Act, “any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in copyright.” All of these agreements—with the exception of non-exclusive licenses—must be in writing, so if an author has a copy of an agreement, then he or she should be able to identify what type of transfer it is by reviewing the agreement. To learn more about where to find out details about the type of agreement, check out our List of Useful Documents . One additional requirement applies to agreements entered into after January 1, 1978 to be terminable: The agreements must continue for more than 35 years. If a post-1978 agreement runs for a period of less than 35 years, then it cannot be terminated because the earliest termination window that arises for a post-1978 agreement is 35 years after the date of the agreement (or from the date of publication of the work if the agreement includes the right of publication). Consequently, authors should ensure that they obtain proper legal advice if publishers or other organizations wishing to exploit their rights try to enter into multiple, rolling agreements for less than 35 years; or if a publisher seeks to get them to agree to voluntarily terminate an agreement that lasts for 35 years or more, and enter into a new one that lasts for the same or a shorter period of time. To learn more about why there is a difference between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make a distinction between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Finally, to qualify for termination, an agreement must not fall into one of the excluded categories. These are discussed in the next question, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? There are four kinds of agreement that cannot be terminated under the termination of transfer provisions: a transfer of rights that occurs by reason of the work being a “work made for hire;” a transfer of rights in a will; post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author; and certain grants of “common law copyright.” (1) Works made for hire Under the U.S. Copyright Act, copyrighted works that qualify as “works made for hire” are subject to special rules that govern who becomes the first owner of copyright in a work. For regular works, the person who creates the work becomes the first owner of copyright. However, for “works made for hire” either the employer or person who commissioned the work becomes the first owner of copyright. Neither of these transfers of rights from the author to the employer or commissioning party, which occur by operation of the Copyright Act, nor any subsequent agreements entered into by the employer or commissioning party in relation to the work, may be challenged by the author or their family members. A copyrighted work qualifies as a “work made for hire” in two circumstances. The first is when the work is created in the course of the author’s employment. To learn more about when a work is created in the circumstances of employment, see our explanation of this concept in the glossary . The second is when a work is specially commissioned or ordered ( see an explanation of that concept in our glossary ). In certain circumstances, copyright ownership in a specially commissioned work may transfer to the person who specially commissions the work, not the author. The rules governing the specially commissioned category of “works made for hire” changed in 1978. To learn more about the reason for the distinction between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Prior to 1978, the courts looked to what the parties intended to see if copyright ownership should pass from the creator to the commissioning party. For the most part, courts assumed that the parties did intend copyright ownership to be transferred; consequently, in the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, it is highly likely that copyright in a commissioned work will be owned by the party who commissions the work. There does not have to be any written agreement for copyright to transfer for pre-1978 commissioned works, although obviously if there is an agreement, it can provide evidence of the parties’ intent. For post-1978 agreements, there are three requirements for a work to qualify as a “work made for hire.” The work must be specially commissioned and come within one of specifically provided categories, and there must be a written agreement signed by both parties agreeing that the work will be a “work made for hire.” The nine categories of work that can qualify are: A contribution to a collective work; A part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; A translation; A supplementary work; A compilation; An instructional text; A test; Answer material for a test; and An atlas. The terms “compilation,” “collective work,” “instructional text or graphics,” “motion picture or other audiovisual work,” and “supplementary work” are explained a little more in the glossary . (2) Transfers by will As a property interest, the rights that a person enjoys in a copyrighted work can pass, when an individual author or copyright owner dies, by will or by the laws of the applicable state regarding intestate succession. If the transfer of rights that is contested is a transfer that occurred in a will, the termination of transfer provisions cannot be utilized to have the rights revert. So, for example, if when an author dies they leave the rights to their copyright to a friend, a surviving wife or child of the author will not be able to cancel the gift of copyright to the friend because it occurred in the author’s will. (3) Post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author Agreements executed after January 1, 1978 can only be terminated if they were signed by the author. This is different from agreements executed before January 1, 1978, which can be terminated if they were signed by the author or the author’s successor renewal claimants (usually family members ). The reason for the broader category of agreements that are terminable prior to 1978 is because U.S. copyright law that governed prior to 1978 recognized the ability of an author’s relative to sign away a future interest they may obtain in the author’s copyright. For more information about the reason behind the distinction made between agreements entered into before 1978 and after 1978, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. (4) Certain Grants of Common Law Copyright This is a very technical exception to the termination of transfer provisions that is unlikely to apply to the majority of agreements. Under U.S. copyright law prior to 1978, copyright was secured by registering for an initial term of copyright protection and then renewing the copyright registration prior to the expiry of the initial term for a second term. The termination of transfer provisions only grant the right to terminate agreements entered into prior to 1978 if those agreements related to a renewal copyright interest (i.e., a grant in relation to a work in its second copyright term). Because of this limited application of the pre-1978 termination provisions, agreements that do not relate to the renewal copyright interest may not be capable of being terminated. The copyright interest to which such agreements will relate is known as a common law copyright (i.e., the copyright arises by virtue of common law as distinct to statute). An example of a pre-1978 agreement that would not be able to be terminated is an agreement that relates to the original copyright term, or a pre-1978 agreement that relates to an unpublished work. (Prior to 1978, a work was protected by U.S. state law (as distinct from U.S. federal law) from creation until publication; upon publication it either had to be registered to secure copyright protection, or else it fell into the public domain). To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The author created work with another person or a group of people. Do the termination provisions still work for that one author? Yes, if the author created a work he or she can still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. However, the rules about how that happens vary depending on whether the agreement the author is seeking to terminate was entered into before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978. To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, check out Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. For pre-1978 agreements, any joint author who executed an agreement can terminate that agreement. However, the termination is effective only to the extent of that joint author’s interest. In other words, if three authors—Alejandra, Benito and Carlos—create a work and then grant an exclusive license to Company Domingo, Alejandra can, if she wishes, terminate the exclusive license. Company Domingo will still enjoy the rights it obtained from Benito and Carlos but now exercises them together with Alejandra (transforming the exclusive license a non-exclusive license in the process). By contrast, post-1978 agreements operate on a majority rule. This means that if the author seeking termination is a joint author of a work, that author needs to have a majority of joint authors who executed the post-1978 agreement join him or her in terminating it. Note that the majority is counted in relation to the authors who executed the grant (not the majority of the total authors of the work). This means that if there were seven joint authors of the work but only five of them got together to sign the agreement, the majority requirement would be satisfied when three of those five exercised their termination right. Also note that the effect of such a termination would be that the entire agreement would be over. It would not cease only with respect to the three who exercised their termination rights and continue in relation of the two of them who did not (which is the opposite of what happens in relation to pre-1978 agreements for jointly authored works). Of course, if one of the authors with whom the author created the work is no longer living, their “termination interest” (i.e., the right that author holds to be able to terminate an agreement) may be exercised by those of their surviving family members who are recognized by the termination provisions. Read more about which surviving family members are recognized in the next question ( The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? ). To understand more about why there are differences in the treatment of pre- and post-1978 agreements, read Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? The answer to this question depends on two things: firstly, whether the author who created the work is still living; and secondly, on who signed the original agreement that is subject to termination. If the author is no longer living and they are the person who signed the agreement that someone is seeking to terminate, then the answer is yes (subject to certain conditions). To briefly explain: If the original author is no longer living but transferred or licensed away their rights during their lifetime, the law recognizes the right of certain family members to terminate agreements entered into by the author. Those family members who may be eligible to exercise such a “termination right” are: An author’s surviving spouse: S/he owns the entire termination interest if there are no surviving children or grandchildren. If there are surviving children or grandchildren, then the surviving spouse owns one-half of the termination interest with children or, if one of the children is no longer living, any grandchildren sharing the deceased children’s interest. An author’s surviving children: Own the entire termination interest equally divided among them if there is no surviving spouse. If there is a surviving spouse, they enjoy a one-half termination interest equally divided among them. An author’s surviving grandchildren: If one of the author’s children is not still living at the time the author dies, then any surviving children of that child enjoy that child’s termination interest in equal shares. The entitlement to exercise a termination right is governed by two majority rules. The first majority rule requires that those surviving family members who are entitled to terminate an agreement, must do so by majority action. The majority is calculated on a “per stirpes” basis according to the rules set out by the termination of transfer provisions. The second majority rule applies to the exercise of the interest of any grandchildren (if relevant). The termination of transfer provisions state that the termination interest of the grandchildren may only be exercised by a majority of them. To give some examples of the two majority rules in operation: if the author is no longer living but is survived by their spouse and two children, then a majority of the surviving spouse (given s/he owns one-half of the interest) and one surviving child is needed to terminate. However, if there the author’s spouse does not outlive the author, then the termination interest must be exercised by a majority of the surviving children; but if one of two children has predeceased the author and the child who predeceased the author has three children (which are the author’s surviving grandchildren), then the agreement of at least two of the three grandchildren is needed in order to be able to terminate the agreement. If there is no surviving spouse nor any surviving children or grandchildren, then the author’s executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee (see the glossary for an explanation of these terms) may exercise the termination right. If an agreement was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated after 1978, then the answer is no. For post-1978 agreements only those executed by the author can be terminated. If the agreement to be terminated was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated before 1978, then the answer depends on who executed the grant. For agreements entered into prior to 1978, agreements that were signed by the author’s surviving spouse, children, executors or next of kin (see the glossary ) may be terminated but only by the surviving person who executed the agreement. So, for example, if, after the author died, the author’s spouse signed in 1970 a 50-year exclusive license, then the author’s spouse can terminate this transfer under the termination provisions but the author’s children cannot (because they did not sign the transfer). If the spouse and the author’s two children signed the pre-1978 agreement, then all three are required (or least, all of those who are still living when the right to terminate matures). The best way to think of this (if it’s not too much of a mouthful) is that non-author signed pre-1978 grants can only be terminated by the surviving majority of those who signed the agreement initially. What is the effect of terminating an agreement? If an agreement is successfully terminated, then all of the rights that were granted by that agreement revert back to the author or, if the author is no longer living, the rights revert back proportionally to those successors who were entitled to terminate. But the reversion of rights is subject to three important limitations that we explain in the next question, So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? Not quite – in short, the author gets all of the rights back that were transferred under the terminated agreement as they apply in the United States, and subject to the “derivative works” exception. Let us explain each of these limitations a little more. “You-only-get-back-what-you-gave-away” limitation – only those rights that were transferred or licensed away under the agreement will revert. This means that if the author entered into one license for the publication of a book and a separate license for the production of a movie, when the author terminates the book publication agreement, the author will get only these publication rights back. To get the movie rights back, the author needs to see about terminating the movie agreement. Also remember that the termination only takes effect with respect to the copyright interest in the agreement. Some agreements may include permissions with respect to other, non-copyrightable interests, such as ideas for storylines or titles of a work; these are not covered by a successful termination notice. “U.S.-only limitation” – This means that the termination only has effect in relation to uses within the United States. The termination provisions specifically state that they do not affect rights arising under foreign (copyright) laws. Consequently, if the author signed an agreement that granted worldwide rights, he or she will get back only the ability to exercise those rights in the United States. “Derivative works” exception – although a successful termination causes all of the rights to revert, this will not affect exploitation of derivative works created during the lifetime of the agreement, even after that agreement has been terminated. Once the agreement has been terminated, the grantee ( see the glossary ) may continue after termination to utilize “derivative works prepared under authority of the grant before its termination…[consistent with] the term of the grant” (to quote from the U.S. Copyright Act). This means that if, for example, an author granted a company a 50-year exclusive license to create a movie based on the author’s novel, that company can continue to use and exploit the movie even after the author successfully terminates the exclusive license. The company may not prepare a new movie based on the novel; it may only continue to use the existing movie that it created when the exclusive license was still current. What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? An author can still terminate his or her rights, even if the agreement that says that he or she is not allowed to terminate, or to take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. The termination of transfer provisions specifically state that an agreement or transfer can be terminated regardless of any agreement to the contrary. In one instance, a court invalidated an agreement that sought to claim that a work was a “work made for hire” (which falls outside the termination provisions – see above, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? , for an explanation of “works made for hire”). So if the agreement the author is seeking to terminate includes anything that tries to get the author to agree not to exercise his or her rights under Section 203, 304(c) or 304(d) of the U.S. Copyright Act (or otherwise seeks to limit an author’s rights under the termination of transfer provisions), the author should not be disheartened. He or she should still investigate whether it is possible to terminate the agreement or transfer. If an author signed up to an agreement after 1978 that continues for more than 35 years, and he or she then voluntarily voids or withdraws from the existing agreement before the 35-year period is up and enters into a new agreement, the termination calculation has to be made afresh. An author cannot carry a termination right from one agreement to a new agreement that he or she voluntarily enters into. Authors should obtain proper legal advice before signing any new agreements that cover rights that they have already licensed to ensure that they do not unwittingly jeopardize their termination rights. Questions About The Tool What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? This tool is designed to do two things to make it easier for an author to navigate the termination of transfer provisions – (1) to educate users on copyright laws about termination of transfer by roughly estimating, based on hypothetical scenarios, whether and when a work may be eligible for termination; and (2) assist with information gathering. Notice and termination window calculation tool – As we explain above in How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? , two key parts of being able to successfully terminate an agreement are correctly identifying when the person seeking termination can serve the notice that he or she wishes to terminate (which is during the “notice window” (see the glossary ). In that notice, the person seeking termination must then nominate a date that falls within the correct period during which the agreement can be terminated (known as the “termination window” (see the glossary ). The notice window is calculated relative to when the termination window is open. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright after 1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 56 years from the date copyright is secured or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright from 1923-1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 75 years from the date copyright is secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For post-1978 agreements, the 5-year termination window period begins 35 years from the date of agreement or, if the agreement includes the right of publication, 35 years from the date of publication or 40 years from the date of execution of the agreement, whichever occurs first. (To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below.) This sounds confusing to us, and we thought it might sound confusing to others, too. So we built this tool to help authors understand how to do the calculations. The tool asks questions about information necessary to calculate these windows and, if the information is accurate and the author seeking termination has a termination right, the information sheet provided once the tool is completed will set out the likely notice window and termination window. Information gathering – the tool also helps people seeking termination to gather information that can be relevant and useful when trying to terminate an agreement. Details about who can terminate, their relationship to the author or artist, the title of the work, the copyright registration number, and the original and current grantee ( see glossary ) are useful pieces of information for a lawyer who assists with the exercise of a termination right. In some cases, this information can be helpful in calculating whether a termination right exists; in others, it is information that needs to be included in the termination notice. This tool is in no way a substitute for authors doing their own investigation and research, or finding their own legal team to assist in identifying whether they have a termination right and then using it to get back their rights. Can users just test out the tool? Be our guest! Creative Commons and Authors Alliance do not keep any records of anyone’s use of the tool, so users can test out the tool as many times as they wish. Can users restart the tool from a previous session? The termination of transfer tool does not save any information nor record any of the information that users input, so users need to start each session from the start and work their way through each question until they get a result. Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? The tool makes distinctions between agreements that were made before 1978 and after 1978 because the law does. Effective January 1, 1978, U.S. copyright law changed dramatically. A key component of this change was that U.S. copyright law changed from being an “opt-in” system to being an “opt-out” system. Before 1978, to own a copyright in the U.S., a creator had to register their works in order to receive copyright protection, and that copyright protection was then limited to an initial term of 28 years. Prior to the expiry of the initial term, a copyright owner could then renew their copyright for a further 28-year term. But from 1978 on, U.S. copyright law changed so that a creator automatically secured copyright protection when they created an original work and recorded it in some tangible form. Registration was no longer necessary. Also, the term of copyright was extended to life of the author plus 50 years; there was no need to renew copyright. However, in Congress’ view the renewal provision had served as a valuable tool in helping authors and artists renegotiate any agreements or transfers they had entered into during the initial copyright term, with the benefit of the knowledge as to how popular and valuable their works had been. The belief was that this knowledge assisted authors to negotiate more favorable terms during the renewal term. With the abolition of the renewal system, Congress sought to create a new mechanism to “safeguard authors and artists against unremunerative transfers” (in the words of Congress). The termination of transfer provisions are intended to be that mechanism—provisions which give authors a second chance at negotiating agreements or transfers they signed, possibly early in their career, before they knew their work’s true value (which can generally only be determined once the work has been exploited). However, because U.S. copyright law was very different before 1978 and after 1978, the termination of transfer provisions function very differently depending on whether the agreement in question was entered into before 1978 or after 1978. Because the law makes this distinction, the tool has to make this seemingly arbitrary distinction as well. A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If the tool indicates that a work with the characteristics provided may have its copyright agreement terminated, it will then provide an information sheet (in PDF format). This information sheet lists the user-inputted information and whether a work with those characteristics would be terminable. There are a couple of caveats on any results from the tool. The tool is only as good as the information put into it. So if the author was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or is open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Always remember that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right that means it is a possibility, not a certainty. Remember too that identifying that an author may have a termination right is just the first step. There are many more steps to actually exercising and getting the rights back. Refer to the Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to (1) provide notice(s) of termination to rightsholders and (2) submit the required information to the U.S. Copyright Office to effectuate the termination. As we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, authors should always consult with a lawyer. A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If information the user plugs into the tool gives a result that suggests that a transfer of a work with those characteristics is unlikely, this is not necessarily a cause for despair. Remember, the tool is merely educational can only provide answers to hypothetical scenarios based on the information provided. It is possible that the information provided is not accurate—for example, it may be that answers led the tool to conclude that a work with the characteristics provided was a “work made for hire” when it is not. For more information about “works made for hire” see What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? above. So if the tool says that it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, double check the information and investigate some of the details surrounding the information asked by the tool. If, after checking the information, the tool still says it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, recall that the tool is not exact, and copyright termination provisions are complex. The only definite way to know whether an author has a termination right or not is to consult with a lawyer. Authors should take the material gathered in preparation for completing the tool to a lawyer for review and advice. U.S.-based authors may be able to find a volunteer lawyer who can assist on this site: http://www.starvingartistslaw.com/help/volunteer lawyers.htm . A user completes the tool and it says that the work may be terminable at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? If the tool says that a work with the characteristics provided is likely terminable at some date in the future, this means that—based on the information provided—it is possible that the author of such works has the right to terminate an agreement or transfer, but that right does not arise until some future date. Because the tool calculates dates by years (and not by months and days – see if the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? below) the author in such situations should start reinvestigating termination prospects well before the year identified by the tool commences. Authors in this position have several options at this stage. The author can consult a lawyer to double check if he or she may have a termination right and, if so, when it arises; or he or she can wait until closer to the date given by the tool and reinvestigate termination prospects then. One very important caveat is that any termination right the author enjoys may change as circumstances develop and change in the future. Examples of events that may change the outcome include if the author dies, if any of their immediate family dies, or if a new agreement or transfer is negotiated. So it is always important to stay up-to-date in all circumstances that may be relevant to the author’s termination prospects and to reevaluate these on an ongoing basis. Remember that the tool is merely educational and is only as comprehensive as the hypothetical provided. So if the user was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Remember also that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right at some date in the future that means it is a possibility, not a certainty that such a right will arise. Also, we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, an author should always consult with a lawyer before relying on anything the tool generates. The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire,” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire.” What does this mean? There may two explanations as to why the agreement says a work is a “work made for hire,” but the work does not seem to fall into one of the categories listed in the tool. The first explanation may be that the author may have misinterpreted the legal classification of the nature of the work in question. For example, it may qualify under the law as a compilation or a contribution to a collective work or a supplementary work, even though this doesn’t seem intuitive or obvious to anyone who isn’t intimately familiar with the law in this area. In that case, the user may want to investigate this issue further, answer the tool as though the work is not a “work made for hire,” or consult a lawyer. The second explanation may be that the grantee ( see glossary ) may have included a statement in the agreement asserting that the work was a “work made for hire” just in case they could take advantage of these provisions, even though they are not able to do so. One of the benefits of the “work made for hire” provisions is that they remove a work from the termination of transfer provisions, and so the grantee has the benefit of the rights for as long as they can negotiate under the agreement. This is one of the reasons many grantees try to characterize an agreement as a “work made for hire” when it may not be. To illustrate how contentious the issue of “works made for hire” can be, it is interesting to observe that sound recordings are notably absent from the categories of works that qualify as “works made for hire.” Record companies tried unsuccessfully to lobby the U.S. Congress on several occasions to have sound recordings included as a category in the “work made for hire” provisions. In anticipation of being successful in their lobbying efforts, many recording contracts refer to the works artists create as “works made for hire” even though they are not. Of course, some sound recordings may otherwise qualify as a “work made for hire” by being a contribution to a collective work, a compilation, or an employee created work; but if this is not the case, then the tool should be completed as though the sound recording is not a “work made for hire.” If a user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? The tool only requires that the author input details of the year in which a relevant event occurred. It does not ask for the month or the day. The reason for this is that we have designed the tool to be as inclusive as possible, so that where there is a choice between whether to calculate that a person may have a termination right or may not have a termination right, the tool errs on the side of assuming that a termination right may exist. The actual periods for any “notice window” or “termination window” will ultimately have to be calculated down to the year, month and day, but for the purposes of the tool, we felt it was more user-friendly and gave sufficient guidance at this preliminary stage of the termination process to base it on the year. If exact dates, including the month and year, are known, it will be handy for consulting with a lawyer. If the exact year is uncertain, try running the tool using each different year to see if there is a different result occurs for any year. Authors who are unsure about exact dates should seek advice from a lawyer. A user who does not even know an approximate time period for a relevant event will need to do some more digging for relevant information. The termination of transfer provisions are very date-specific so this is vital information for determining if a termination right exists. Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? Yes, even if a user is not based in the U.S., he or she can still use this tool to learn about U.S. laws about copyright termination of transfer—but remember that the tool is only useful to learn about U.S. law. Also remember that, as explained above in So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? , the termination of transfer provisions only take effect with respect to use within the U.S. This means that the agreement or transfer an author is seeking to terminate must relate to a territory that includes the U.S., whether it’s U.S. only, North America or worldwide. How does the Termination of Transfer Tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? Where there is ambiguity in the statute, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows existing guidance issued by the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, when grant was made before 1978 and the work was not created until after January 1, 1978 (so-called “gap grants”), the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the recommendation of the Copyright Office that § 203 should govern the termination and the termination window should start 35 years from the post-1978 creation date (or 40 years if the publication rights were included). Similarly, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the Copyright Office’s guidance on the date by which copyright must have been first secured to be eligible for a new termination right under § 304(d) (October 26, 1939). Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance For more information about Creative Commons, check out our website http://creativecommons.org/ . For more information about Authors Alliance, check out our website at http://authorsalliance.org . Have a question that is not answered here? Feel free to send questions to us at info@rightsback.org . 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https://rightsback.org/faq/#What_kinds_of_agreements_cannot_be_terminated.3F | FAQ | Termination of Transfer You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser . Termination of Transfer Skip to content Toggle navigation Intro About Overview Useful Documents Glossary FAQ Start the Tool! FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1 Questions About the Law 1.1 What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? 1.2 How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? 1.3 How does getting back the copyright help authors? 1.4 What kinds of agreements can be terminated? 1.5 What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? 1.6 The author created the work with another person or a group of people. Does the termination provision still work for that one author? 1.7 The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? 1.8 What is the effect of terminating an agreement? 1.9 So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? 1.10 What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? 2 Questions About The Tool 2.1 What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? 2.2 Can users just test out the tool? 2.3 Can users restart the tool from a previous session? 2.4 Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? 2.5 A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.6 A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.7 A user completes the tool and it says that there may be a termination right at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? 2.8 The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire”; what does this mean? 2.9 If the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? 2.10 Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? 2.11 How does the tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? 3 Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance 4 Have a question that is not answered here? Questions About the Law What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? The termination of transfers provisions are sections of the U.S. Copyright Act that give an author (and in some instances their family members or representatives), a statutory process by which they can get back their rights to a copyright protected work that has been sold or licensed away to another entity. Copyright law protects creative expressions—such as books, films, music, arts, computer software, websites, and computer games. Copyright grants the creator of these works exclusive rights to control (subject to important exceptions like the U.S. doctrine of fair use) certain activities in relation to their work, such as copying, adapting, distributing, performing it. Control of these exclusive rights can be valuable—an author of a book can grant a publisher the exclusive right to publish the book in exchange for an advance and royalties on the sale of copies; the same author can also grant a filmmaker the right to adapt the book into a film based on the book (again for a fee), and license someone else to adapt the book by translating it into other languages (also for license fees, and possibly royalties). An issue arises, however, if an author sells or licenses their copyright before they or their work are well-known. Authors at the start of their careers may not be as sophisticated in their negotiating skills, which means that they might sell or license their copyright for much less than it is ultimately worth. The commercial windfall of a successful work is then enjoyed by the entity that exploits those rights, not the original author. This is where the termination of transfers provisions come in. The U.S. Congress decided that it was important to provide a mechanism under which rights that have been previously sold or licensed could be returned to the original author or their family members. So the termination of transfers provisions were enacted to, in the words of the U.S. Congress, safeguard “authors against unremunerative transfers,” which is necessary because “of the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting from the impossibility of determining a work’s prior value until it has been exploited.” It is important to distinguish between these termination of transfers provisions and the regular termination provisions that exist in many contracts. The termination of transfers provisions are a statutory mechanism that applies to transfers of right that are permanent (such as a sale of copyright ownership) or transfers that are long-term (such as a lengthy exclusive license). If an author has entered into an agreement that is for a short period or includes contractual termination provisions that easily allow the author to get back rights that were licensed to someone else, then in many cases it will be preferable for the author to exercise his or her contractual rights, rather than go through the statutory termination of transfers process. How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? The general process for terminating agreements involves the following steps: Confirm that the agreement falls into one of the categories of agreements that can be terminated (for more details, see What kinds of agreements can be terminated? and What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? below); Confirm who is authorized to terminate the agreement (e.g., an author, joint authors, an author’s successors, an author’s authorized representatives—see I am not the original author or artist; can I still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? below for more details); Calculate when the “termination window” (see the glossary ) arises (this is a five-year period during which the agreement can be terminated); Calculate the “notice window” (see the glossary ) (this is the period during which a termination notice can be served) which is a period no more than ten years before the “termination window” arises and not less than two years before the “termination window” closes; Serve a valid and proper termination notice by the person(s) authorized to terminate the agreement during the “notice window,” identifying a date within the “termination window” as the date on which the agreement will terminate, among other things (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to provide notice of termination to rightsholders); Submit a copy of the termination notice, fee, and Form TCS to the U.S. Copyright Office (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to record the termination with the U.S. Copyright Office); Wait for the “termination date” to arrive when the rights revert back to the author. If this sounds complex and like a lot of work—it is. And this process is further complicated by the fact that important details for following this process differ depending on whether the agreement is dated before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978 (for an explanation of why these dates matter, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). This tool was created by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons to simplify this procedure (as we explain in describing how the tool works at What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? below) and make it more author-friendly and accessible. To date, there have not been many attempts by authors to terminate agreements, even though their copyright grants may qualify for termination. Authors Alliance and Creative Commons are providing this tool to make it easier for authors and their successors to know if they may be eligible to terminate agreements in the hope that more will exercise their termination rights. How does getting back the copyright help authors? Getting the copyright grants back under the termination of transfer provisions can assist authors in two ways. First, after an author serves a valid termination notice on the person to whom the author sold or licensed his or her rights (“grantee”), the grantee may enter into a new and better arrangement with the author to maintain the use of those rights after the termination takes effect. The author can try to do a better deal. The ability to terminate the agreement should give the author some additional bargaining leverage in negotiations. Also, because the market will have developed and the author will be able to see how successful his or her work has been, he or she can use this important information in the subsequent negotiations. Secondly, the author regains control of his or her rights. The author can then do as he or she wishes with them, including entering into new agreements and relationships in relation to his or her work with a (hopefully) stronger bargaining position. The author may also consider making terminated works that have outlived their commercial life but are nonetheless historically and culturally valuable available to the public on open terms. What kinds of agreements can be terminated? For an agreement to be capable of termination, it needs to be a certain type of agreement. In addition, for agreements dated after January 1, 1978, the agreement must last for more than 35 years (for more information about why this date is important, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). However, there are several exceptions of agreements or transfers involving copyright that cannot be terminated. These are discussed more in the next question, ( What kinds of agreements can be terminated? ). The types of agreements that can be terminated include: A transfer of ownership of copyright of either the whole copyright or of specific rights in copyright. This is often referred to as an “assignment;” An exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as an exclusive license to publish a book; A non-exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as a non-exclusive license to play a song on the radio; A mortgage or other security on copyright; And, in the words of the U.S. Copyright Act, “any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in copyright.” All of these agreements—with the exception of non-exclusive licenses—must be in writing, so if an author has a copy of an agreement, then he or she should be able to identify what type of transfer it is by reviewing the agreement. To learn more about where to find out details about the type of agreement, check out our List of Useful Documents . One additional requirement applies to agreements entered into after January 1, 1978 to be terminable: The agreements must continue for more than 35 years. If a post-1978 agreement runs for a period of less than 35 years, then it cannot be terminated because the earliest termination window that arises for a post-1978 agreement is 35 years after the date of the agreement (or from the date of publication of the work if the agreement includes the right of publication). Consequently, authors should ensure that they obtain proper legal advice if publishers or other organizations wishing to exploit their rights try to enter into multiple, rolling agreements for less than 35 years; or if a publisher seeks to get them to agree to voluntarily terminate an agreement that lasts for 35 years or more, and enter into a new one that lasts for the same or a shorter period of time. To learn more about why there is a difference between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make a distinction between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Finally, to qualify for termination, an agreement must not fall into one of the excluded categories. These are discussed in the next question, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? There are four kinds of agreement that cannot be terminated under the termination of transfer provisions: a transfer of rights that occurs by reason of the work being a “work made for hire;” a transfer of rights in a will; post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author; and certain grants of “common law copyright.” (1) Works made for hire Under the U.S. Copyright Act, copyrighted works that qualify as “works made for hire” are subject to special rules that govern who becomes the first owner of copyright in a work. For regular works, the person who creates the work becomes the first owner of copyright. However, for “works made for hire” either the employer or person who commissioned the work becomes the first owner of copyright. Neither of these transfers of rights from the author to the employer or commissioning party, which occur by operation of the Copyright Act, nor any subsequent agreements entered into by the employer or commissioning party in relation to the work, may be challenged by the author or their family members. A copyrighted work qualifies as a “work made for hire” in two circumstances. The first is when the work is created in the course of the author’s employment. To learn more about when a work is created in the circumstances of employment, see our explanation of this concept in the glossary . The second is when a work is specially commissioned or ordered ( see an explanation of that concept in our glossary ). In certain circumstances, copyright ownership in a specially commissioned work may transfer to the person who specially commissions the work, not the author. The rules governing the specially commissioned category of “works made for hire” changed in 1978. To learn more about the reason for the distinction between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Prior to 1978, the courts looked to what the parties intended to see if copyright ownership should pass from the creator to the commissioning party. For the most part, courts assumed that the parties did intend copyright ownership to be transferred; consequently, in the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, it is highly likely that copyright in a commissioned work will be owned by the party who commissions the work. There does not have to be any written agreement for copyright to transfer for pre-1978 commissioned works, although obviously if there is an agreement, it can provide evidence of the parties’ intent. For post-1978 agreements, there are three requirements for a work to qualify as a “work made for hire.” The work must be specially commissioned and come within one of specifically provided categories, and there must be a written agreement signed by both parties agreeing that the work will be a “work made for hire.” The nine categories of work that can qualify are: A contribution to a collective work; A part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; A translation; A supplementary work; A compilation; An instructional text; A test; Answer material for a test; and An atlas. The terms “compilation,” “collective work,” “instructional text or graphics,” “motion picture or other audiovisual work,” and “supplementary work” are explained a little more in the glossary . (2) Transfers by will As a property interest, the rights that a person enjoys in a copyrighted work can pass, when an individual author or copyright owner dies, by will or by the laws of the applicable state regarding intestate succession. If the transfer of rights that is contested is a transfer that occurred in a will, the termination of transfer provisions cannot be utilized to have the rights revert. So, for example, if when an author dies they leave the rights to their copyright to a friend, a surviving wife or child of the author will not be able to cancel the gift of copyright to the friend because it occurred in the author’s will. (3) Post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author Agreements executed after January 1, 1978 can only be terminated if they were signed by the author. This is different from agreements executed before January 1, 1978, which can be terminated if they were signed by the author or the author’s successor renewal claimants (usually family members ). The reason for the broader category of agreements that are terminable prior to 1978 is because U.S. copyright law that governed prior to 1978 recognized the ability of an author’s relative to sign away a future interest they may obtain in the author’s copyright. For more information about the reason behind the distinction made between agreements entered into before 1978 and after 1978, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. (4) Certain Grants of Common Law Copyright This is a very technical exception to the termination of transfer provisions that is unlikely to apply to the majority of agreements. Under U.S. copyright law prior to 1978, copyright was secured by registering for an initial term of copyright protection and then renewing the copyright registration prior to the expiry of the initial term for a second term. The termination of transfer provisions only grant the right to terminate agreements entered into prior to 1978 if those agreements related to a renewal copyright interest (i.e., a grant in relation to a work in its second copyright term). Because of this limited application of the pre-1978 termination provisions, agreements that do not relate to the renewal copyright interest may not be capable of being terminated. The copyright interest to which such agreements will relate is known as a common law copyright (i.e., the copyright arises by virtue of common law as distinct to statute). An example of a pre-1978 agreement that would not be able to be terminated is an agreement that relates to the original copyright term, or a pre-1978 agreement that relates to an unpublished work. (Prior to 1978, a work was protected by U.S. state law (as distinct from U.S. federal law) from creation until publication; upon publication it either had to be registered to secure copyright protection, or else it fell into the public domain). To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The author created work with another person or a group of people. Do the termination provisions still work for that one author? Yes, if the author created a work he or she can still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. However, the rules about how that happens vary depending on whether the agreement the author is seeking to terminate was entered into before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978. To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, check out Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. For pre-1978 agreements, any joint author who executed an agreement can terminate that agreement. However, the termination is effective only to the extent of that joint author’s interest. In other words, if three authors—Alejandra, Benito and Carlos—create a work and then grant an exclusive license to Company Domingo, Alejandra can, if she wishes, terminate the exclusive license. Company Domingo will still enjoy the rights it obtained from Benito and Carlos but now exercises them together with Alejandra (transforming the exclusive license a non-exclusive license in the process). By contrast, post-1978 agreements operate on a majority rule. This means that if the author seeking termination is a joint author of a work, that author needs to have a majority of joint authors who executed the post-1978 agreement join him or her in terminating it. Note that the majority is counted in relation to the authors who executed the grant (not the majority of the total authors of the work). This means that if there were seven joint authors of the work but only five of them got together to sign the agreement, the majority requirement would be satisfied when three of those five exercised their termination right. Also note that the effect of such a termination would be that the entire agreement would be over. It would not cease only with respect to the three who exercised their termination rights and continue in relation of the two of them who did not (which is the opposite of what happens in relation to pre-1978 agreements for jointly authored works). Of course, if one of the authors with whom the author created the work is no longer living, their “termination interest” (i.e., the right that author holds to be able to terminate an agreement) may be exercised by those of their surviving family members who are recognized by the termination provisions. Read more about which surviving family members are recognized in the next question ( The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? ). To understand more about why there are differences in the treatment of pre- and post-1978 agreements, read Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? The answer to this question depends on two things: firstly, whether the author who created the work is still living; and secondly, on who signed the original agreement that is subject to termination. If the author is no longer living and they are the person who signed the agreement that someone is seeking to terminate, then the answer is yes (subject to certain conditions). To briefly explain: If the original author is no longer living but transferred or licensed away their rights during their lifetime, the law recognizes the right of certain family members to terminate agreements entered into by the author. Those family members who may be eligible to exercise such a “termination right” are: An author’s surviving spouse: S/he owns the entire termination interest if there are no surviving children or grandchildren. If there are surviving children or grandchildren, then the surviving spouse owns one-half of the termination interest with children or, if one of the children is no longer living, any grandchildren sharing the deceased children’s interest. An author’s surviving children: Own the entire termination interest equally divided among them if there is no surviving spouse. If there is a surviving spouse, they enjoy a one-half termination interest equally divided among them. An author’s surviving grandchildren: If one of the author’s children is not still living at the time the author dies, then any surviving children of that child enjoy that child’s termination interest in equal shares. The entitlement to exercise a termination right is governed by two majority rules. The first majority rule requires that those surviving family members who are entitled to terminate an agreement, must do so by majority action. The majority is calculated on a “per stirpes” basis according to the rules set out by the termination of transfer provisions. The second majority rule applies to the exercise of the interest of any grandchildren (if relevant). The termination of transfer provisions state that the termination interest of the grandchildren may only be exercised by a majority of them. To give some examples of the two majority rules in operation: if the author is no longer living but is survived by their spouse and two children, then a majority of the surviving spouse (given s/he owns one-half of the interest) and one surviving child is needed to terminate. However, if there the author’s spouse does not outlive the author, then the termination interest must be exercised by a majority of the surviving children; but if one of two children has predeceased the author and the child who predeceased the author has three children (which are the author’s surviving grandchildren), then the agreement of at least two of the three grandchildren is needed in order to be able to terminate the agreement. If there is no surviving spouse nor any surviving children or grandchildren, then the author’s executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee (see the glossary for an explanation of these terms) may exercise the termination right. If an agreement was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated after 1978, then the answer is no. For post-1978 agreements only those executed by the author can be terminated. If the agreement to be terminated was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated before 1978, then the answer depends on who executed the grant. For agreements entered into prior to 1978, agreements that were signed by the author’s surviving spouse, children, executors or next of kin (see the glossary ) may be terminated but only by the surviving person who executed the agreement. So, for example, if, after the author died, the author’s spouse signed in 1970 a 50-year exclusive license, then the author’s spouse can terminate this transfer under the termination provisions but the author’s children cannot (because they did not sign the transfer). If the spouse and the author’s two children signed the pre-1978 agreement, then all three are required (or least, all of those who are still living when the right to terminate matures). The best way to think of this (if it’s not too much of a mouthful) is that non-author signed pre-1978 grants can only be terminated by the surviving majority of those who signed the agreement initially. What is the effect of terminating an agreement? If an agreement is successfully terminated, then all of the rights that were granted by that agreement revert back to the author or, if the author is no longer living, the rights revert back proportionally to those successors who were entitled to terminate. But the reversion of rights is subject to three important limitations that we explain in the next question, So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? Not quite – in short, the author gets all of the rights back that were transferred under the terminated agreement as they apply in the United States, and subject to the “derivative works” exception. Let us explain each of these limitations a little more. “You-only-get-back-what-you-gave-away” limitation – only those rights that were transferred or licensed away under the agreement will revert. This means that if the author entered into one license for the publication of a book and a separate license for the production of a movie, when the author terminates the book publication agreement, the author will get only these publication rights back. To get the movie rights back, the author needs to see about terminating the movie agreement. Also remember that the termination only takes effect with respect to the copyright interest in the agreement. Some agreements may include permissions with respect to other, non-copyrightable interests, such as ideas for storylines or titles of a work; these are not covered by a successful termination notice. “U.S.-only limitation” – This means that the termination only has effect in relation to uses within the United States. The termination provisions specifically state that they do not affect rights arising under foreign (copyright) laws. Consequently, if the author signed an agreement that granted worldwide rights, he or she will get back only the ability to exercise those rights in the United States. “Derivative works” exception – although a successful termination causes all of the rights to revert, this will not affect exploitation of derivative works created during the lifetime of the agreement, even after that agreement has been terminated. Once the agreement has been terminated, the grantee ( see the glossary ) may continue after termination to utilize “derivative works prepared under authority of the grant before its termination…[consistent with] the term of the grant” (to quote from the U.S. Copyright Act). This means that if, for example, an author granted a company a 50-year exclusive license to create a movie based on the author’s novel, that company can continue to use and exploit the movie even after the author successfully terminates the exclusive license. The company may not prepare a new movie based on the novel; it may only continue to use the existing movie that it created when the exclusive license was still current. What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? An author can still terminate his or her rights, even if the agreement that says that he or she is not allowed to terminate, or to take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. The termination of transfer provisions specifically state that an agreement or transfer can be terminated regardless of any agreement to the contrary. In one instance, a court invalidated an agreement that sought to claim that a work was a “work made for hire” (which falls outside the termination provisions – see above, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? , for an explanation of “works made for hire”). So if the agreement the author is seeking to terminate includes anything that tries to get the author to agree not to exercise his or her rights under Section 203, 304(c) or 304(d) of the U.S. Copyright Act (or otherwise seeks to limit an author’s rights under the termination of transfer provisions), the author should not be disheartened. He or she should still investigate whether it is possible to terminate the agreement or transfer. If an author signed up to an agreement after 1978 that continues for more than 35 years, and he or she then voluntarily voids or withdraws from the existing agreement before the 35-year period is up and enters into a new agreement, the termination calculation has to be made afresh. An author cannot carry a termination right from one agreement to a new agreement that he or she voluntarily enters into. Authors should obtain proper legal advice before signing any new agreements that cover rights that they have already licensed to ensure that they do not unwittingly jeopardize their termination rights. Questions About The Tool What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? This tool is designed to do two things to make it easier for an author to navigate the termination of transfer provisions – (1) to educate users on copyright laws about termination of transfer by roughly estimating, based on hypothetical scenarios, whether and when a work may be eligible for termination; and (2) assist with information gathering. Notice and termination window calculation tool – As we explain above in How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? , two key parts of being able to successfully terminate an agreement are correctly identifying when the person seeking termination can serve the notice that he or she wishes to terminate (which is during the “notice window” (see the glossary ). In that notice, the person seeking termination must then nominate a date that falls within the correct period during which the agreement can be terminated (known as the “termination window” (see the glossary ). The notice window is calculated relative to when the termination window is open. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright after 1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 56 years from the date copyright is secured or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright from 1923-1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 75 years from the date copyright is secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For post-1978 agreements, the 5-year termination window period begins 35 years from the date of agreement or, if the agreement includes the right of publication, 35 years from the date of publication or 40 years from the date of execution of the agreement, whichever occurs first. (To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below.) This sounds confusing to us, and we thought it might sound confusing to others, too. So we built this tool to help authors understand how to do the calculations. The tool asks questions about information necessary to calculate these windows and, if the information is accurate and the author seeking termination has a termination right, the information sheet provided once the tool is completed will set out the likely notice window and termination window. Information gathering – the tool also helps people seeking termination to gather information that can be relevant and useful when trying to terminate an agreement. Details about who can terminate, their relationship to the author or artist, the title of the work, the copyright registration number, and the original and current grantee ( see glossary ) are useful pieces of information for a lawyer who assists with the exercise of a termination right. In some cases, this information can be helpful in calculating whether a termination right exists; in others, it is information that needs to be included in the termination notice. This tool is in no way a substitute for authors doing their own investigation and research, or finding their own legal team to assist in identifying whether they have a termination right and then using it to get back their rights. Can users just test out the tool? Be our guest! Creative Commons and Authors Alliance do not keep any records of anyone’s use of the tool, so users can test out the tool as many times as they wish. Can users restart the tool from a previous session? The termination of transfer tool does not save any information nor record any of the information that users input, so users need to start each session from the start and work their way through each question until they get a result. Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? The tool makes distinctions between agreements that were made before 1978 and after 1978 because the law does. Effective January 1, 1978, U.S. copyright law changed dramatically. A key component of this change was that U.S. copyright law changed from being an “opt-in” system to being an “opt-out” system. Before 1978, to own a copyright in the U.S., a creator had to register their works in order to receive copyright protection, and that copyright protection was then limited to an initial term of 28 years. Prior to the expiry of the initial term, a copyright owner could then renew their copyright for a further 28-year term. But from 1978 on, U.S. copyright law changed so that a creator automatically secured copyright protection when they created an original work and recorded it in some tangible form. Registration was no longer necessary. Also, the term of copyright was extended to life of the author plus 50 years; there was no need to renew copyright. However, in Congress’ view the renewal provision had served as a valuable tool in helping authors and artists renegotiate any agreements or transfers they had entered into during the initial copyright term, with the benefit of the knowledge as to how popular and valuable their works had been. The belief was that this knowledge assisted authors to negotiate more favorable terms during the renewal term. With the abolition of the renewal system, Congress sought to create a new mechanism to “safeguard authors and artists against unremunerative transfers” (in the words of Congress). The termination of transfer provisions are intended to be that mechanism—provisions which give authors a second chance at negotiating agreements or transfers they signed, possibly early in their career, before they knew their work’s true value (which can generally only be determined once the work has been exploited). However, because U.S. copyright law was very different before 1978 and after 1978, the termination of transfer provisions function very differently depending on whether the agreement in question was entered into before 1978 or after 1978. Because the law makes this distinction, the tool has to make this seemingly arbitrary distinction as well. A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If the tool indicates that a work with the characteristics provided may have its copyright agreement terminated, it will then provide an information sheet (in PDF format). This information sheet lists the user-inputted information and whether a work with those characteristics would be terminable. There are a couple of caveats on any results from the tool. The tool is only as good as the information put into it. So if the author was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or is open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Always remember that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right that means it is a possibility, not a certainty. Remember too that identifying that an author may have a termination right is just the first step. There are many more steps to actually exercising and getting the rights back. Refer to the Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to (1) provide notice(s) of termination to rightsholders and (2) submit the required information to the U.S. Copyright Office to effectuate the termination. As we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, authors should always consult with a lawyer. A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If information the user plugs into the tool gives a result that suggests that a transfer of a work with those characteristics is unlikely, this is not necessarily a cause for despair. Remember, the tool is merely educational can only provide answers to hypothetical scenarios based on the information provided. It is possible that the information provided is not accurate—for example, it may be that answers led the tool to conclude that a work with the characteristics provided was a “work made for hire” when it is not. For more information about “works made for hire” see What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? above. So if the tool says that it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, double check the information and investigate some of the details surrounding the information asked by the tool. If, after checking the information, the tool still says it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, recall that the tool is not exact, and copyright termination provisions are complex. The only definite way to know whether an author has a termination right or not is to consult with a lawyer. Authors should take the material gathered in preparation for completing the tool to a lawyer for review and advice. U.S.-based authors may be able to find a volunteer lawyer who can assist on this site: http://www.starvingartistslaw.com/help/volunteer lawyers.htm . A user completes the tool and it says that the work may be terminable at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? If the tool says that a work with the characteristics provided is likely terminable at some date in the future, this means that—based on the information provided—it is possible that the author of such works has the right to terminate an agreement or transfer, but that right does not arise until some future date. Because the tool calculates dates by years (and not by months and days – see if the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? below) the author in such situations should start reinvestigating termination prospects well before the year identified by the tool commences. Authors in this position have several options at this stage. The author can consult a lawyer to double check if he or she may have a termination right and, if so, when it arises; or he or she can wait until closer to the date given by the tool and reinvestigate termination prospects then. One very important caveat is that any termination right the author enjoys may change as circumstances develop and change in the future. Examples of events that may change the outcome include if the author dies, if any of their immediate family dies, or if a new agreement or transfer is negotiated. So it is always important to stay up-to-date in all circumstances that may be relevant to the author’s termination prospects and to reevaluate these on an ongoing basis. Remember that the tool is merely educational and is only as comprehensive as the hypothetical provided. So if the user was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Remember also that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right at some date in the future that means it is a possibility, not a certainty that such a right will arise. Also, we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, an author should always consult with a lawyer before relying on anything the tool generates. The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire,” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire.” What does this mean? There may two explanations as to why the agreement says a work is a “work made for hire,” but the work does not seem to fall into one of the categories listed in the tool. The first explanation may be that the author may have misinterpreted the legal classification of the nature of the work in question. For example, it may qualify under the law as a compilation or a contribution to a collective work or a supplementary work, even though this doesn’t seem intuitive or obvious to anyone who isn’t intimately familiar with the law in this area. In that case, the user may want to investigate this issue further, answer the tool as though the work is not a “work made for hire,” or consult a lawyer. The second explanation may be that the grantee ( see glossary ) may have included a statement in the agreement asserting that the work was a “work made for hire” just in case they could take advantage of these provisions, even though they are not able to do so. One of the benefits of the “work made for hire” provisions is that they remove a work from the termination of transfer provisions, and so the grantee has the benefit of the rights for as long as they can negotiate under the agreement. This is one of the reasons many grantees try to characterize an agreement as a “work made for hire” when it may not be. To illustrate how contentious the issue of “works made for hire” can be, it is interesting to observe that sound recordings are notably absent from the categories of works that qualify as “works made for hire.” Record companies tried unsuccessfully to lobby the U.S. Congress on several occasions to have sound recordings included as a category in the “work made for hire” provisions. In anticipation of being successful in their lobbying efforts, many recording contracts refer to the works artists create as “works made for hire” even though they are not. Of course, some sound recordings may otherwise qualify as a “work made for hire” by being a contribution to a collective work, a compilation, or an employee created work; but if this is not the case, then the tool should be completed as though the sound recording is not a “work made for hire.” If a user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? The tool only requires that the author input details of the year in which a relevant event occurred. It does not ask for the month or the day. The reason for this is that we have designed the tool to be as inclusive as possible, so that where there is a choice between whether to calculate that a person may have a termination right or may not have a termination right, the tool errs on the side of assuming that a termination right may exist. The actual periods for any “notice window” or “termination window” will ultimately have to be calculated down to the year, month and day, but for the purposes of the tool, we felt it was more user-friendly and gave sufficient guidance at this preliminary stage of the termination process to base it on the year. If exact dates, including the month and year, are known, it will be handy for consulting with a lawyer. If the exact year is uncertain, try running the tool using each different year to see if there is a different result occurs for any year. Authors who are unsure about exact dates should seek advice from a lawyer. A user who does not even know an approximate time period for a relevant event will need to do some more digging for relevant information. The termination of transfer provisions are very date-specific so this is vital information for determining if a termination right exists. Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? Yes, even if a user is not based in the U.S., he or she can still use this tool to learn about U.S. laws about copyright termination of transfer—but remember that the tool is only useful to learn about U.S. law. Also remember that, as explained above in So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? , the termination of transfer provisions only take effect with respect to use within the U.S. This means that the agreement or transfer an author is seeking to terminate must relate to a territory that includes the U.S., whether it’s U.S. only, North America or worldwide. How does the Termination of Transfer Tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? Where there is ambiguity in the statute, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows existing guidance issued by the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, when grant was made before 1978 and the work was not created until after January 1, 1978 (so-called “gap grants”), the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the recommendation of the Copyright Office that § 203 should govern the termination and the termination window should start 35 years from the post-1978 creation date (or 40 years if the publication rights were included). Similarly, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the Copyright Office’s guidance on the date by which copyright must have been first secured to be eligible for a new termination right under § 304(d) (October 26, 1939). Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance For more information about Creative Commons, check out our website http://creativecommons.org/ . For more information about Authors Alliance, check out our website at http://authorsalliance.org . Have a question that is not answered here? Feel free to send questions to us at info@rightsback.org . Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright 2017 Authors Alliance and Creative Commons. Site content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Termination of Transfer tool code is licensed under the AGPL 3.0+ . | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://rightsback.org/faq/#Why_does_the_tool_make_distinctions_between_things_that_happened_before_January_1.2C_1978_and_after_January_1.2C_1978.3F | FAQ | Termination of Transfer You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser . Termination of Transfer Skip to content Toggle navigation Intro About Overview Useful Documents Glossary FAQ Start the Tool! FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1 Questions About the Law 1.1 What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? 1.2 How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? 1.3 How does getting back the copyright help authors? 1.4 What kinds of agreements can be terminated? 1.5 What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? 1.6 The author created the work with another person or a group of people. Does the termination provision still work for that one author? 1.7 The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? 1.8 What is the effect of terminating an agreement? 1.9 So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? 1.10 What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? 2 Questions About The Tool 2.1 What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? 2.2 Can users just test out the tool? 2.3 Can users restart the tool from a previous session? 2.4 Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? 2.5 A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.6 A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.7 A user completes the tool and it says that there may be a termination right at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? 2.8 The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire”; what does this mean? 2.9 If the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? 2.10 Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? 2.11 How does the tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? 3 Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance 4 Have a question that is not answered here? Questions About the Law What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? The termination of transfers provisions are sections of the U.S. Copyright Act that give an author (and in some instances their family members or representatives), a statutory process by which they can get back their rights to a copyright protected work that has been sold or licensed away to another entity. Copyright law protects creative expressions—such as books, films, music, arts, computer software, websites, and computer games. Copyright grants the creator of these works exclusive rights to control (subject to important exceptions like the U.S. doctrine of fair use) certain activities in relation to their work, such as copying, adapting, distributing, performing it. Control of these exclusive rights can be valuable—an author of a book can grant a publisher the exclusive right to publish the book in exchange for an advance and royalties on the sale of copies; the same author can also grant a filmmaker the right to adapt the book into a film based on the book (again for a fee), and license someone else to adapt the book by translating it into other languages (also for license fees, and possibly royalties). An issue arises, however, if an author sells or licenses their copyright before they or their work are well-known. Authors at the start of their careers may not be as sophisticated in their negotiating skills, which means that they might sell or license their copyright for much less than it is ultimately worth. The commercial windfall of a successful work is then enjoyed by the entity that exploits those rights, not the original author. This is where the termination of transfers provisions come in. The U.S. Congress decided that it was important to provide a mechanism under which rights that have been previously sold or licensed could be returned to the original author or their family members. So the termination of transfers provisions were enacted to, in the words of the U.S. Congress, safeguard “authors against unremunerative transfers,” which is necessary because “of the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting from the impossibility of determining a work’s prior value until it has been exploited.” It is important to distinguish between these termination of transfers provisions and the regular termination provisions that exist in many contracts. The termination of transfers provisions are a statutory mechanism that applies to transfers of right that are permanent (such as a sale of copyright ownership) or transfers that are long-term (such as a lengthy exclusive license). If an author has entered into an agreement that is for a short period or includes contractual termination provisions that easily allow the author to get back rights that were licensed to someone else, then in many cases it will be preferable for the author to exercise his or her contractual rights, rather than go through the statutory termination of transfers process. How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? The general process for terminating agreements involves the following steps: Confirm that the agreement falls into one of the categories of agreements that can be terminated (for more details, see What kinds of agreements can be terminated? and What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? below); Confirm who is authorized to terminate the agreement (e.g., an author, joint authors, an author’s successors, an author’s authorized representatives—see I am not the original author or artist; can I still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? below for more details); Calculate when the “termination window” (see the glossary ) arises (this is a five-year period during which the agreement can be terminated); Calculate the “notice window” (see the glossary ) (this is the period during which a termination notice can be served) which is a period no more than ten years before the “termination window” arises and not less than two years before the “termination window” closes; Serve a valid and proper termination notice by the person(s) authorized to terminate the agreement during the “notice window,” identifying a date within the “termination window” as the date on which the agreement will terminate, among other things (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to provide notice of termination to rightsholders); Submit a copy of the termination notice, fee, and Form TCS to the U.S. Copyright Office (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to record the termination with the U.S. Copyright Office); Wait for the “termination date” to arrive when the rights revert back to the author. If this sounds complex and like a lot of work—it is. And this process is further complicated by the fact that important details for following this process differ depending on whether the agreement is dated before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978 (for an explanation of why these dates matter, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). This tool was created by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons to simplify this procedure (as we explain in describing how the tool works at What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? below) and make it more author-friendly and accessible. To date, there have not been many attempts by authors to terminate agreements, even though their copyright grants may qualify for termination. Authors Alliance and Creative Commons are providing this tool to make it easier for authors and their successors to know if they may be eligible to terminate agreements in the hope that more will exercise their termination rights. How does getting back the copyright help authors? Getting the copyright grants back under the termination of transfer provisions can assist authors in two ways. First, after an author serves a valid termination notice on the person to whom the author sold or licensed his or her rights (“grantee”), the grantee may enter into a new and better arrangement with the author to maintain the use of those rights after the termination takes effect. The author can try to do a better deal. The ability to terminate the agreement should give the author some additional bargaining leverage in negotiations. Also, because the market will have developed and the author will be able to see how successful his or her work has been, he or she can use this important information in the subsequent negotiations. Secondly, the author regains control of his or her rights. The author can then do as he or she wishes with them, including entering into new agreements and relationships in relation to his or her work with a (hopefully) stronger bargaining position. The author may also consider making terminated works that have outlived their commercial life but are nonetheless historically and culturally valuable available to the public on open terms. What kinds of agreements can be terminated? For an agreement to be capable of termination, it needs to be a certain type of agreement. In addition, for agreements dated after January 1, 1978, the agreement must last for more than 35 years (for more information about why this date is important, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). However, there are several exceptions of agreements or transfers involving copyright that cannot be terminated. These are discussed more in the next question, ( What kinds of agreements can be terminated? ). The types of agreements that can be terminated include: A transfer of ownership of copyright of either the whole copyright or of specific rights in copyright. This is often referred to as an “assignment;” An exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as an exclusive license to publish a book; A non-exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as a non-exclusive license to play a song on the radio; A mortgage or other security on copyright; And, in the words of the U.S. Copyright Act, “any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in copyright.” All of these agreements—with the exception of non-exclusive licenses—must be in writing, so if an author has a copy of an agreement, then he or she should be able to identify what type of transfer it is by reviewing the agreement. To learn more about where to find out details about the type of agreement, check out our List of Useful Documents . One additional requirement applies to agreements entered into after January 1, 1978 to be terminable: The agreements must continue for more than 35 years. If a post-1978 agreement runs for a period of less than 35 years, then it cannot be terminated because the earliest termination window that arises for a post-1978 agreement is 35 years after the date of the agreement (or from the date of publication of the work if the agreement includes the right of publication). Consequently, authors should ensure that they obtain proper legal advice if publishers or other organizations wishing to exploit their rights try to enter into multiple, rolling agreements for less than 35 years; or if a publisher seeks to get them to agree to voluntarily terminate an agreement that lasts for 35 years or more, and enter into a new one that lasts for the same or a shorter period of time. To learn more about why there is a difference between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make a distinction between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Finally, to qualify for termination, an agreement must not fall into one of the excluded categories. These are discussed in the next question, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? There are four kinds of agreement that cannot be terminated under the termination of transfer provisions: a transfer of rights that occurs by reason of the work being a “work made for hire;” a transfer of rights in a will; post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author; and certain grants of “common law copyright.” (1) Works made for hire Under the U.S. Copyright Act, copyrighted works that qualify as “works made for hire” are subject to special rules that govern who becomes the first owner of copyright in a work. For regular works, the person who creates the work becomes the first owner of copyright. However, for “works made for hire” either the employer or person who commissioned the work becomes the first owner of copyright. Neither of these transfers of rights from the author to the employer or commissioning party, which occur by operation of the Copyright Act, nor any subsequent agreements entered into by the employer or commissioning party in relation to the work, may be challenged by the author or their family members. A copyrighted work qualifies as a “work made for hire” in two circumstances. The first is when the work is created in the course of the author’s employment. To learn more about when a work is created in the circumstances of employment, see our explanation of this concept in the glossary . The second is when a work is specially commissioned or ordered ( see an explanation of that concept in our glossary ). In certain circumstances, copyright ownership in a specially commissioned work may transfer to the person who specially commissions the work, not the author. The rules governing the specially commissioned category of “works made for hire” changed in 1978. To learn more about the reason for the distinction between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Prior to 1978, the courts looked to what the parties intended to see if copyright ownership should pass from the creator to the commissioning party. For the most part, courts assumed that the parties did intend copyright ownership to be transferred; consequently, in the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, it is highly likely that copyright in a commissioned work will be owned by the party who commissions the work. There does not have to be any written agreement for copyright to transfer for pre-1978 commissioned works, although obviously if there is an agreement, it can provide evidence of the parties’ intent. For post-1978 agreements, there are three requirements for a work to qualify as a “work made for hire.” The work must be specially commissioned and come within one of specifically provided categories, and there must be a written agreement signed by both parties agreeing that the work will be a “work made for hire.” The nine categories of work that can qualify are: A contribution to a collective work; A part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; A translation; A supplementary work; A compilation; An instructional text; A test; Answer material for a test; and An atlas. The terms “compilation,” “collective work,” “instructional text or graphics,” “motion picture or other audiovisual work,” and “supplementary work” are explained a little more in the glossary . (2) Transfers by will As a property interest, the rights that a person enjoys in a copyrighted work can pass, when an individual author or copyright owner dies, by will or by the laws of the applicable state regarding intestate succession. If the transfer of rights that is contested is a transfer that occurred in a will, the termination of transfer provisions cannot be utilized to have the rights revert. So, for example, if when an author dies they leave the rights to their copyright to a friend, a surviving wife or child of the author will not be able to cancel the gift of copyright to the friend because it occurred in the author’s will. (3) Post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author Agreements executed after January 1, 1978 can only be terminated if they were signed by the author. This is different from agreements executed before January 1, 1978, which can be terminated if they were signed by the author or the author’s successor renewal claimants (usually family members ). The reason for the broader category of agreements that are terminable prior to 1978 is because U.S. copyright law that governed prior to 1978 recognized the ability of an author’s relative to sign away a future interest they may obtain in the author’s copyright. For more information about the reason behind the distinction made between agreements entered into before 1978 and after 1978, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. (4) Certain Grants of Common Law Copyright This is a very technical exception to the termination of transfer provisions that is unlikely to apply to the majority of agreements. Under U.S. copyright law prior to 1978, copyright was secured by registering for an initial term of copyright protection and then renewing the copyright registration prior to the expiry of the initial term for a second term. The termination of transfer provisions only grant the right to terminate agreements entered into prior to 1978 if those agreements related to a renewal copyright interest (i.e., a grant in relation to a work in its second copyright term). Because of this limited application of the pre-1978 termination provisions, agreements that do not relate to the renewal copyright interest may not be capable of being terminated. The copyright interest to which such agreements will relate is known as a common law copyright (i.e., the copyright arises by virtue of common law as distinct to statute). An example of a pre-1978 agreement that would not be able to be terminated is an agreement that relates to the original copyright term, or a pre-1978 agreement that relates to an unpublished work. (Prior to 1978, a work was protected by U.S. state law (as distinct from U.S. federal law) from creation until publication; upon publication it either had to be registered to secure copyright protection, or else it fell into the public domain). To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The author created work with another person or a group of people. Do the termination provisions still work for that one author? Yes, if the author created a work he or she can still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. However, the rules about how that happens vary depending on whether the agreement the author is seeking to terminate was entered into before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978. To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, check out Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. For pre-1978 agreements, any joint author who executed an agreement can terminate that agreement. However, the termination is effective only to the extent of that joint author’s interest. In other words, if three authors—Alejandra, Benito and Carlos—create a work and then grant an exclusive license to Company Domingo, Alejandra can, if she wishes, terminate the exclusive license. Company Domingo will still enjoy the rights it obtained from Benito and Carlos but now exercises them together with Alejandra (transforming the exclusive license a non-exclusive license in the process). By contrast, post-1978 agreements operate on a majority rule. This means that if the author seeking termination is a joint author of a work, that author needs to have a majority of joint authors who executed the post-1978 agreement join him or her in terminating it. Note that the majority is counted in relation to the authors who executed the grant (not the majority of the total authors of the work). This means that if there were seven joint authors of the work but only five of them got together to sign the agreement, the majority requirement would be satisfied when three of those five exercised their termination right. Also note that the effect of such a termination would be that the entire agreement would be over. It would not cease only with respect to the three who exercised their termination rights and continue in relation of the two of them who did not (which is the opposite of what happens in relation to pre-1978 agreements for jointly authored works). Of course, if one of the authors with whom the author created the work is no longer living, their “termination interest” (i.e., the right that author holds to be able to terminate an agreement) may be exercised by those of their surviving family members who are recognized by the termination provisions. Read more about which surviving family members are recognized in the next question ( The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? ). To understand more about why there are differences in the treatment of pre- and post-1978 agreements, read Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? The answer to this question depends on two things: firstly, whether the author who created the work is still living; and secondly, on who signed the original agreement that is subject to termination. If the author is no longer living and they are the person who signed the agreement that someone is seeking to terminate, then the answer is yes (subject to certain conditions). To briefly explain: If the original author is no longer living but transferred or licensed away their rights during their lifetime, the law recognizes the right of certain family members to terminate agreements entered into by the author. Those family members who may be eligible to exercise such a “termination right” are: An author’s surviving spouse: S/he owns the entire termination interest if there are no surviving children or grandchildren. If there are surviving children or grandchildren, then the surviving spouse owns one-half of the termination interest with children or, if one of the children is no longer living, any grandchildren sharing the deceased children’s interest. An author’s surviving children: Own the entire termination interest equally divided among them if there is no surviving spouse. If there is a surviving spouse, they enjoy a one-half termination interest equally divided among them. An author’s surviving grandchildren: If one of the author’s children is not still living at the time the author dies, then any surviving children of that child enjoy that child’s termination interest in equal shares. The entitlement to exercise a termination right is governed by two majority rules. The first majority rule requires that those surviving family members who are entitled to terminate an agreement, must do so by majority action. The majority is calculated on a “per stirpes” basis according to the rules set out by the termination of transfer provisions. The second majority rule applies to the exercise of the interest of any grandchildren (if relevant). The termination of transfer provisions state that the termination interest of the grandchildren may only be exercised by a majority of them. To give some examples of the two majority rules in operation: if the author is no longer living but is survived by their spouse and two children, then a majority of the surviving spouse (given s/he owns one-half of the interest) and one surviving child is needed to terminate. However, if there the author’s spouse does not outlive the author, then the termination interest must be exercised by a majority of the surviving children; but if one of two children has predeceased the author and the child who predeceased the author has three children (which are the author’s surviving grandchildren), then the agreement of at least two of the three grandchildren is needed in order to be able to terminate the agreement. If there is no surviving spouse nor any surviving children or grandchildren, then the author’s executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee (see the glossary for an explanation of these terms) may exercise the termination right. If an agreement was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated after 1978, then the answer is no. For post-1978 agreements only those executed by the author can be terminated. If the agreement to be terminated was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated before 1978, then the answer depends on who executed the grant. For agreements entered into prior to 1978, agreements that were signed by the author’s surviving spouse, children, executors or next of kin (see the glossary ) may be terminated but only by the surviving person who executed the agreement. So, for example, if, after the author died, the author’s spouse signed in 1970 a 50-year exclusive license, then the author’s spouse can terminate this transfer under the termination provisions but the author’s children cannot (because they did not sign the transfer). If the spouse and the author’s two children signed the pre-1978 agreement, then all three are required (or least, all of those who are still living when the right to terminate matures). The best way to think of this (if it’s not too much of a mouthful) is that non-author signed pre-1978 grants can only be terminated by the surviving majority of those who signed the agreement initially. What is the effect of terminating an agreement? If an agreement is successfully terminated, then all of the rights that were granted by that agreement revert back to the author or, if the author is no longer living, the rights revert back proportionally to those successors who were entitled to terminate. But the reversion of rights is subject to three important limitations that we explain in the next question, So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? Not quite – in short, the author gets all of the rights back that were transferred under the terminated agreement as they apply in the United States, and subject to the “derivative works” exception. Let us explain each of these limitations a little more. “You-only-get-back-what-you-gave-away” limitation – only those rights that were transferred or licensed away under the agreement will revert. This means that if the author entered into one license for the publication of a book and a separate license for the production of a movie, when the author terminates the book publication agreement, the author will get only these publication rights back. To get the movie rights back, the author needs to see about terminating the movie agreement. Also remember that the termination only takes effect with respect to the copyright interest in the agreement. Some agreements may include permissions with respect to other, non-copyrightable interests, such as ideas for storylines or titles of a work; these are not covered by a successful termination notice. “U.S.-only limitation” – This means that the termination only has effect in relation to uses within the United States. The termination provisions specifically state that they do not affect rights arising under foreign (copyright) laws. Consequently, if the author signed an agreement that granted worldwide rights, he or she will get back only the ability to exercise those rights in the United States. “Derivative works” exception – although a successful termination causes all of the rights to revert, this will not affect exploitation of derivative works created during the lifetime of the agreement, even after that agreement has been terminated. Once the agreement has been terminated, the grantee ( see the glossary ) may continue after termination to utilize “derivative works prepared under authority of the grant before its termination…[consistent with] the term of the grant” (to quote from the U.S. Copyright Act). This means that if, for example, an author granted a company a 50-year exclusive license to create a movie based on the author’s novel, that company can continue to use and exploit the movie even after the author successfully terminates the exclusive license. The company may not prepare a new movie based on the novel; it may only continue to use the existing movie that it created when the exclusive license was still current. What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? An author can still terminate his or her rights, even if the agreement that says that he or she is not allowed to terminate, or to take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. The termination of transfer provisions specifically state that an agreement or transfer can be terminated regardless of any agreement to the contrary. In one instance, a court invalidated an agreement that sought to claim that a work was a “work made for hire” (which falls outside the termination provisions – see above, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? , for an explanation of “works made for hire”). So if the agreement the author is seeking to terminate includes anything that tries to get the author to agree not to exercise his or her rights under Section 203, 304(c) or 304(d) of the U.S. Copyright Act (or otherwise seeks to limit an author’s rights under the termination of transfer provisions), the author should not be disheartened. He or she should still investigate whether it is possible to terminate the agreement or transfer. If an author signed up to an agreement after 1978 that continues for more than 35 years, and he or she then voluntarily voids or withdraws from the existing agreement before the 35-year period is up and enters into a new agreement, the termination calculation has to be made afresh. An author cannot carry a termination right from one agreement to a new agreement that he or she voluntarily enters into. Authors should obtain proper legal advice before signing any new agreements that cover rights that they have already licensed to ensure that they do not unwittingly jeopardize their termination rights. Questions About The Tool What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? This tool is designed to do two things to make it easier for an author to navigate the termination of transfer provisions – (1) to educate users on copyright laws about termination of transfer by roughly estimating, based on hypothetical scenarios, whether and when a work may be eligible for termination; and (2) assist with information gathering. Notice and termination window calculation tool – As we explain above in How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? , two key parts of being able to successfully terminate an agreement are correctly identifying when the person seeking termination can serve the notice that he or she wishes to terminate (which is during the “notice window” (see the glossary ). In that notice, the person seeking termination must then nominate a date that falls within the correct period during which the agreement can be terminated (known as the “termination window” (see the glossary ). The notice window is calculated relative to when the termination window is open. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright after 1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 56 years from the date copyright is secured or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright from 1923-1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 75 years from the date copyright is secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For post-1978 agreements, the 5-year termination window period begins 35 years from the date of agreement or, if the agreement includes the right of publication, 35 years from the date of publication or 40 years from the date of execution of the agreement, whichever occurs first. (To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below.) This sounds confusing to us, and we thought it might sound confusing to others, too. So we built this tool to help authors understand how to do the calculations. The tool asks questions about information necessary to calculate these windows and, if the information is accurate and the author seeking termination has a termination right, the information sheet provided once the tool is completed will set out the likely notice window and termination window. Information gathering – the tool also helps people seeking termination to gather information that can be relevant and useful when trying to terminate an agreement. Details about who can terminate, their relationship to the author or artist, the title of the work, the copyright registration number, and the original and current grantee ( see glossary ) are useful pieces of information for a lawyer who assists with the exercise of a termination right. In some cases, this information can be helpful in calculating whether a termination right exists; in others, it is information that needs to be included in the termination notice. This tool is in no way a substitute for authors doing their own investigation and research, or finding their own legal team to assist in identifying whether they have a termination right and then using it to get back their rights. Can users just test out the tool? Be our guest! Creative Commons and Authors Alliance do not keep any records of anyone’s use of the tool, so users can test out the tool as many times as they wish. Can users restart the tool from a previous session? The termination of transfer tool does not save any information nor record any of the information that users input, so users need to start each session from the start and work their way through each question until they get a result. Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? The tool makes distinctions between agreements that were made before 1978 and after 1978 because the law does. Effective January 1, 1978, U.S. copyright law changed dramatically. A key component of this change was that U.S. copyright law changed from being an “opt-in” system to being an “opt-out” system. Before 1978, to own a copyright in the U.S., a creator had to register their works in order to receive copyright protection, and that copyright protection was then limited to an initial term of 28 years. Prior to the expiry of the initial term, a copyright owner could then renew their copyright for a further 28-year term. But from 1978 on, U.S. copyright law changed so that a creator automatically secured copyright protection when they created an original work and recorded it in some tangible form. Registration was no longer necessary. Also, the term of copyright was extended to life of the author plus 50 years; there was no need to renew copyright. However, in Congress’ view the renewal provision had served as a valuable tool in helping authors and artists renegotiate any agreements or transfers they had entered into during the initial copyright term, with the benefit of the knowledge as to how popular and valuable their works had been. The belief was that this knowledge assisted authors to negotiate more favorable terms during the renewal term. With the abolition of the renewal system, Congress sought to create a new mechanism to “safeguard authors and artists against unremunerative transfers” (in the words of Congress). The termination of transfer provisions are intended to be that mechanism—provisions which give authors a second chance at negotiating agreements or transfers they signed, possibly early in their career, before they knew their work’s true value (which can generally only be determined once the work has been exploited). However, because U.S. copyright law was very different before 1978 and after 1978, the termination of transfer provisions function very differently depending on whether the agreement in question was entered into before 1978 or after 1978. Because the law makes this distinction, the tool has to make this seemingly arbitrary distinction as well. A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If the tool indicates that a work with the characteristics provided may have its copyright agreement terminated, it will then provide an information sheet (in PDF format). This information sheet lists the user-inputted information and whether a work with those characteristics would be terminable. There are a couple of caveats on any results from the tool. The tool is only as good as the information put into it. So if the author was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or is open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Always remember that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right that means it is a possibility, not a certainty. Remember too that identifying that an author may have a termination right is just the first step. There are many more steps to actually exercising and getting the rights back. Refer to the Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to (1) provide notice(s) of termination to rightsholders and (2) submit the required information to the U.S. Copyright Office to effectuate the termination. As we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, authors should always consult with a lawyer. A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If information the user plugs into the tool gives a result that suggests that a transfer of a work with those characteristics is unlikely, this is not necessarily a cause for despair. Remember, the tool is merely educational can only provide answers to hypothetical scenarios based on the information provided. It is possible that the information provided is not accurate—for example, it may be that answers led the tool to conclude that a work with the characteristics provided was a “work made for hire” when it is not. For more information about “works made for hire” see What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? above. So if the tool says that it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, double check the information and investigate some of the details surrounding the information asked by the tool. If, after checking the information, the tool still says it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, recall that the tool is not exact, and copyright termination provisions are complex. The only definite way to know whether an author has a termination right or not is to consult with a lawyer. Authors should take the material gathered in preparation for completing the tool to a lawyer for review and advice. U.S.-based authors may be able to find a volunteer lawyer who can assist on this site: http://www.starvingartistslaw.com/help/volunteer lawyers.htm . A user completes the tool and it says that the work may be terminable at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? If the tool says that a work with the characteristics provided is likely terminable at some date in the future, this means that—based on the information provided—it is possible that the author of such works has the right to terminate an agreement or transfer, but that right does not arise until some future date. Because the tool calculates dates by years (and not by months and days – see if the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? below) the author in such situations should start reinvestigating termination prospects well before the year identified by the tool commences. Authors in this position have several options at this stage. The author can consult a lawyer to double check if he or she may have a termination right and, if so, when it arises; or he or she can wait until closer to the date given by the tool and reinvestigate termination prospects then. One very important caveat is that any termination right the author enjoys may change as circumstances develop and change in the future. Examples of events that may change the outcome include if the author dies, if any of their immediate family dies, or if a new agreement or transfer is negotiated. So it is always important to stay up-to-date in all circumstances that may be relevant to the author’s termination prospects and to reevaluate these on an ongoing basis. Remember that the tool is merely educational and is only as comprehensive as the hypothetical provided. So if the user was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Remember also that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right at some date in the future that means it is a possibility, not a certainty that such a right will arise. Also, we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, an author should always consult with a lawyer before relying on anything the tool generates. The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire,” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire.” What does this mean? There may two explanations as to why the agreement says a work is a “work made for hire,” but the work does not seem to fall into one of the categories listed in the tool. The first explanation may be that the author may have misinterpreted the legal classification of the nature of the work in question. For example, it may qualify under the law as a compilation or a contribution to a collective work or a supplementary work, even though this doesn’t seem intuitive or obvious to anyone who isn’t intimately familiar with the law in this area. In that case, the user may want to investigate this issue further, answer the tool as though the work is not a “work made for hire,” or consult a lawyer. The second explanation may be that the grantee ( see glossary ) may have included a statement in the agreement asserting that the work was a “work made for hire” just in case they could take advantage of these provisions, even though they are not able to do so. One of the benefits of the “work made for hire” provisions is that they remove a work from the termination of transfer provisions, and so the grantee has the benefit of the rights for as long as they can negotiate under the agreement. This is one of the reasons many grantees try to characterize an agreement as a “work made for hire” when it may not be. To illustrate how contentious the issue of “works made for hire” can be, it is interesting to observe that sound recordings are notably absent from the categories of works that qualify as “works made for hire.” Record companies tried unsuccessfully to lobby the U.S. Congress on several occasions to have sound recordings included as a category in the “work made for hire” provisions. In anticipation of being successful in their lobbying efforts, many recording contracts refer to the works artists create as “works made for hire” even though they are not. Of course, some sound recordings may otherwise qualify as a “work made for hire” by being a contribution to a collective work, a compilation, or an employee created work; but if this is not the case, then the tool should be completed as though the sound recording is not a “work made for hire.” If a user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? The tool only requires that the author input details of the year in which a relevant event occurred. It does not ask for the month or the day. The reason for this is that we have designed the tool to be as inclusive as possible, so that where there is a choice between whether to calculate that a person may have a termination right or may not have a termination right, the tool errs on the side of assuming that a termination right may exist. The actual periods for any “notice window” or “termination window” will ultimately have to be calculated down to the year, month and day, but for the purposes of the tool, we felt it was more user-friendly and gave sufficient guidance at this preliminary stage of the termination process to base it on the year. If exact dates, including the month and year, are known, it will be handy for consulting with a lawyer. If the exact year is uncertain, try running the tool using each different year to see if there is a different result occurs for any year. Authors who are unsure about exact dates should seek advice from a lawyer. A user who does not even know an approximate time period for a relevant event will need to do some more digging for relevant information. The termination of transfer provisions are very date-specific so this is vital information for determining if a termination right exists. Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? Yes, even if a user is not based in the U.S., he or she can still use this tool to learn about U.S. laws about copyright termination of transfer—but remember that the tool is only useful to learn about U.S. law. Also remember that, as explained above in So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? , the termination of transfer provisions only take effect with respect to use within the U.S. This means that the agreement or transfer an author is seeking to terminate must relate to a territory that includes the U.S., whether it’s U.S. only, North America or worldwide. How does the Termination of Transfer Tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? Where there is ambiguity in the statute, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows existing guidance issued by the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, when grant was made before 1978 and the work was not created until after January 1, 1978 (so-called “gap grants”), the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the recommendation of the Copyright Office that § 203 should govern the termination and the termination window should start 35 years from the post-1978 creation date (or 40 years if the publication rights were included). Similarly, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the Copyright Office’s guidance on the date by which copyright must have been first secured to be eligible for a new termination right under § 304(d) (October 26, 1939). Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance For more information about Creative Commons, check out our website http://creativecommons.org/ . For more information about Authors Alliance, check out our website at http://authorsalliance.org . Have a question that is not answered here? Feel free to send questions to us at info@rightsback.org . Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright 2017 Authors Alliance and Creative Commons. Site content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Termination of Transfer tool code is licensed under the AGPL 3.0+ . | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://rightsback.org/faq/#Why_does_the_tool_make_distinctions_between_things_that_happened_before_January_1.2C_1978_and_after_January_1.2C_1978.3F | FAQ | Termination of Transfer You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser . Termination of Transfer Skip to content Toggle navigation Intro About Overview Useful Documents Glossary FAQ Start the Tool! FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1 Questions About the Law 1.1 What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? 1.2 How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? 1.3 How does getting back the copyright help authors? 1.4 What kinds of agreements can be terminated? 1.5 What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? 1.6 The author created the work with another person or a group of people. Does the termination provision still work for that one author? 1.7 The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? 1.8 What is the effect of terminating an agreement? 1.9 So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? 1.10 What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? 2 Questions About The Tool 2.1 What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? 2.2 Can users just test out the tool? 2.3 Can users restart the tool from a previous session? 2.4 Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? 2.5 A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.6 A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.7 A user completes the tool and it says that there may be a termination right at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? 2.8 The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire”; what does this mean? 2.9 If the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? 2.10 Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? 2.11 How does the tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? 3 Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance 4 Have a question that is not answered here? Questions About the Law What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? The termination of transfers provisions are sections of the U.S. Copyright Act that give an author (and in some instances their family members or representatives), a statutory process by which they can get back their rights to a copyright protected work that has been sold or licensed away to another entity. Copyright law protects creative expressions—such as books, films, music, arts, computer software, websites, and computer games. Copyright grants the creator of these works exclusive rights to control (subject to important exceptions like the U.S. doctrine of fair use) certain activities in relation to their work, such as copying, adapting, distributing, performing it. Control of these exclusive rights can be valuable—an author of a book can grant a publisher the exclusive right to publish the book in exchange for an advance and royalties on the sale of copies; the same author can also grant a filmmaker the right to adapt the book into a film based on the book (again for a fee), and license someone else to adapt the book by translating it into other languages (also for license fees, and possibly royalties). An issue arises, however, if an author sells or licenses their copyright before they or their work are well-known. Authors at the start of their careers may not be as sophisticated in their negotiating skills, which means that they might sell or license their copyright for much less than it is ultimately worth. The commercial windfall of a successful work is then enjoyed by the entity that exploits those rights, not the original author. This is where the termination of transfers provisions come in. The U.S. Congress decided that it was important to provide a mechanism under which rights that have been previously sold or licensed could be returned to the original author or their family members. So the termination of transfers provisions were enacted to, in the words of the U.S. Congress, safeguard “authors against unremunerative transfers,” which is necessary because “of the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting from the impossibility of determining a work’s prior value until it has been exploited.” It is important to distinguish between these termination of transfers provisions and the regular termination provisions that exist in many contracts. The termination of transfers provisions are a statutory mechanism that applies to transfers of right that are permanent (such as a sale of copyright ownership) or transfers that are long-term (such as a lengthy exclusive license). If an author has entered into an agreement that is for a short period or includes contractual termination provisions that easily allow the author to get back rights that were licensed to someone else, then in many cases it will be preferable for the author to exercise his or her contractual rights, rather than go through the statutory termination of transfers process. How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? The general process for terminating agreements involves the following steps: Confirm that the agreement falls into one of the categories of agreements that can be terminated (for more details, see What kinds of agreements can be terminated? and What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? below); Confirm who is authorized to terminate the agreement (e.g., an author, joint authors, an author’s successors, an author’s authorized representatives—see I am not the original author or artist; can I still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? below for more details); Calculate when the “termination window” (see the glossary ) arises (this is a five-year period during which the agreement can be terminated); Calculate the “notice window” (see the glossary ) (this is the period during which a termination notice can be served) which is a period no more than ten years before the “termination window” arises and not less than two years before the “termination window” closes; Serve a valid and proper termination notice by the person(s) authorized to terminate the agreement during the “notice window,” identifying a date within the “termination window” as the date on which the agreement will terminate, among other things (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to provide notice of termination to rightsholders); Submit a copy of the termination notice, fee, and Form TCS to the U.S. Copyright Office (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to record the termination with the U.S. Copyright Office); Wait for the “termination date” to arrive when the rights revert back to the author. If this sounds complex and like a lot of work—it is. And this process is further complicated by the fact that important details for following this process differ depending on whether the agreement is dated before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978 (for an explanation of why these dates matter, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). This tool was created by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons to simplify this procedure (as we explain in describing how the tool works at What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? below) and make it more author-friendly and accessible. To date, there have not been many attempts by authors to terminate agreements, even though their copyright grants may qualify for termination. Authors Alliance and Creative Commons are providing this tool to make it easier for authors and their successors to know if they may be eligible to terminate agreements in the hope that more will exercise their termination rights. How does getting back the copyright help authors? Getting the copyright grants back under the termination of transfer provisions can assist authors in two ways. First, after an author serves a valid termination notice on the person to whom the author sold or licensed his or her rights (“grantee”), the grantee may enter into a new and better arrangement with the author to maintain the use of those rights after the termination takes effect. The author can try to do a better deal. The ability to terminate the agreement should give the author some additional bargaining leverage in negotiations. Also, because the market will have developed and the author will be able to see how successful his or her work has been, he or she can use this important information in the subsequent negotiations. Secondly, the author regains control of his or her rights. The author can then do as he or she wishes with them, including entering into new agreements and relationships in relation to his or her work with a (hopefully) stronger bargaining position. The author may also consider making terminated works that have outlived their commercial life but are nonetheless historically and culturally valuable available to the public on open terms. What kinds of agreements can be terminated? For an agreement to be capable of termination, it needs to be a certain type of agreement. In addition, for agreements dated after January 1, 1978, the agreement must last for more than 35 years (for more information about why this date is important, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). However, there are several exceptions of agreements or transfers involving copyright that cannot be terminated. These are discussed more in the next question, ( What kinds of agreements can be terminated? ). The types of agreements that can be terminated include: A transfer of ownership of copyright of either the whole copyright or of specific rights in copyright. This is often referred to as an “assignment;” An exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as an exclusive license to publish a book; A non-exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as a non-exclusive license to play a song on the radio; A mortgage or other security on copyright; And, in the words of the U.S. Copyright Act, “any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in copyright.” All of these agreements—with the exception of non-exclusive licenses—must be in writing, so if an author has a copy of an agreement, then he or she should be able to identify what type of transfer it is by reviewing the agreement. To learn more about where to find out details about the type of agreement, check out our List of Useful Documents . One additional requirement applies to agreements entered into after January 1, 1978 to be terminable: The agreements must continue for more than 35 years. If a post-1978 agreement runs for a period of less than 35 years, then it cannot be terminated because the earliest termination window that arises for a post-1978 agreement is 35 years after the date of the agreement (or from the date of publication of the work if the agreement includes the right of publication). Consequently, authors should ensure that they obtain proper legal advice if publishers or other organizations wishing to exploit their rights try to enter into multiple, rolling agreements for less than 35 years; or if a publisher seeks to get them to agree to voluntarily terminate an agreement that lasts for 35 years or more, and enter into a new one that lasts for the same or a shorter period of time. To learn more about why there is a difference between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make a distinction between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Finally, to qualify for termination, an agreement must not fall into one of the excluded categories. These are discussed in the next question, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? There are four kinds of agreement that cannot be terminated under the termination of transfer provisions: a transfer of rights that occurs by reason of the work being a “work made for hire;” a transfer of rights in a will; post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author; and certain grants of “common law copyright.” (1) Works made for hire Under the U.S. Copyright Act, copyrighted works that qualify as “works made for hire” are subject to special rules that govern who becomes the first owner of copyright in a work. For regular works, the person who creates the work becomes the first owner of copyright. However, for “works made for hire” either the employer or person who commissioned the work becomes the first owner of copyright. Neither of these transfers of rights from the author to the employer or commissioning party, which occur by operation of the Copyright Act, nor any subsequent agreements entered into by the employer or commissioning party in relation to the work, may be challenged by the author or their family members. A copyrighted work qualifies as a “work made for hire” in two circumstances. The first is when the work is created in the course of the author’s employment. To learn more about when a work is created in the circumstances of employment, see our explanation of this concept in the glossary . The second is when a work is specially commissioned or ordered ( see an explanation of that concept in our glossary ). In certain circumstances, copyright ownership in a specially commissioned work may transfer to the person who specially commissions the work, not the author. The rules governing the specially commissioned category of “works made for hire” changed in 1978. To learn more about the reason for the distinction between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Prior to 1978, the courts looked to what the parties intended to see if copyright ownership should pass from the creator to the commissioning party. For the most part, courts assumed that the parties did intend copyright ownership to be transferred; consequently, in the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, it is highly likely that copyright in a commissioned work will be owned by the party who commissions the work. There does not have to be any written agreement for copyright to transfer for pre-1978 commissioned works, although obviously if there is an agreement, it can provide evidence of the parties’ intent. For post-1978 agreements, there are three requirements for a work to qualify as a “work made for hire.” The work must be specially commissioned and come within one of specifically provided categories, and there must be a written agreement signed by both parties agreeing that the work will be a “work made for hire.” The nine categories of work that can qualify are: A contribution to a collective work; A part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; A translation; A supplementary work; A compilation; An instructional text; A test; Answer material for a test; and An atlas. The terms “compilation,” “collective work,” “instructional text or graphics,” “motion picture or other audiovisual work,” and “supplementary work” are explained a little more in the glossary . (2) Transfers by will As a property interest, the rights that a person enjoys in a copyrighted work can pass, when an individual author or copyright owner dies, by will or by the laws of the applicable state regarding intestate succession. If the transfer of rights that is contested is a transfer that occurred in a will, the termination of transfer provisions cannot be utilized to have the rights revert. So, for example, if when an author dies they leave the rights to their copyright to a friend, a surviving wife or child of the author will not be able to cancel the gift of copyright to the friend because it occurred in the author’s will. (3) Post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author Agreements executed after January 1, 1978 can only be terminated if they were signed by the author. This is different from agreements executed before January 1, 1978, which can be terminated if they were signed by the author or the author’s successor renewal claimants (usually family members ). The reason for the broader category of agreements that are terminable prior to 1978 is because U.S. copyright law that governed prior to 1978 recognized the ability of an author’s relative to sign away a future interest they may obtain in the author’s copyright. For more information about the reason behind the distinction made between agreements entered into before 1978 and after 1978, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. (4) Certain Grants of Common Law Copyright This is a very technical exception to the termination of transfer provisions that is unlikely to apply to the majority of agreements. Under U.S. copyright law prior to 1978, copyright was secured by registering for an initial term of copyright protection and then renewing the copyright registration prior to the expiry of the initial term for a second term. The termination of transfer provisions only grant the right to terminate agreements entered into prior to 1978 if those agreements related to a renewal copyright interest (i.e., a grant in relation to a work in its second copyright term). Because of this limited application of the pre-1978 termination provisions, agreements that do not relate to the renewal copyright interest may not be capable of being terminated. The copyright interest to which such agreements will relate is known as a common law copyright (i.e., the copyright arises by virtue of common law as distinct to statute). An example of a pre-1978 agreement that would not be able to be terminated is an agreement that relates to the original copyright term, or a pre-1978 agreement that relates to an unpublished work. (Prior to 1978, a work was protected by U.S. state law (as distinct from U.S. federal law) from creation until publication; upon publication it either had to be registered to secure copyright protection, or else it fell into the public domain). To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The author created work with another person or a group of people. Do the termination provisions still work for that one author? Yes, if the author created a work he or she can still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. However, the rules about how that happens vary depending on whether the agreement the author is seeking to terminate was entered into before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978. To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, check out Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. For pre-1978 agreements, any joint author who executed an agreement can terminate that agreement. However, the termination is effective only to the extent of that joint author’s interest. In other words, if three authors—Alejandra, Benito and Carlos—create a work and then grant an exclusive license to Company Domingo, Alejandra can, if she wishes, terminate the exclusive license. Company Domingo will still enjoy the rights it obtained from Benito and Carlos but now exercises them together with Alejandra (transforming the exclusive license a non-exclusive license in the process). By contrast, post-1978 agreements operate on a majority rule. This means that if the author seeking termination is a joint author of a work, that author needs to have a majority of joint authors who executed the post-1978 agreement join him or her in terminating it. Note that the majority is counted in relation to the authors who executed the grant (not the majority of the total authors of the work). This means that if there were seven joint authors of the work but only five of them got together to sign the agreement, the majority requirement would be satisfied when three of those five exercised their termination right. Also note that the effect of such a termination would be that the entire agreement would be over. It would not cease only with respect to the three who exercised their termination rights and continue in relation of the two of them who did not (which is the opposite of what happens in relation to pre-1978 agreements for jointly authored works). Of course, if one of the authors with whom the author created the work is no longer living, their “termination interest” (i.e., the right that author holds to be able to terminate an agreement) may be exercised by those of their surviving family members who are recognized by the termination provisions. Read more about which surviving family members are recognized in the next question ( The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? ). To understand more about why there are differences in the treatment of pre- and post-1978 agreements, read Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? The answer to this question depends on two things: firstly, whether the author who created the work is still living; and secondly, on who signed the original agreement that is subject to termination. If the author is no longer living and they are the person who signed the agreement that someone is seeking to terminate, then the answer is yes (subject to certain conditions). To briefly explain: If the original author is no longer living but transferred or licensed away their rights during their lifetime, the law recognizes the right of certain family members to terminate agreements entered into by the author. Those family members who may be eligible to exercise such a “termination right” are: An author’s surviving spouse: S/he owns the entire termination interest if there are no surviving children or grandchildren. If there are surviving children or grandchildren, then the surviving spouse owns one-half of the termination interest with children or, if one of the children is no longer living, any grandchildren sharing the deceased children’s interest. An author’s surviving children: Own the entire termination interest equally divided among them if there is no surviving spouse. If there is a surviving spouse, they enjoy a one-half termination interest equally divided among them. An author’s surviving grandchildren: If one of the author’s children is not still living at the time the author dies, then any surviving children of that child enjoy that child’s termination interest in equal shares. The entitlement to exercise a termination right is governed by two majority rules. The first majority rule requires that those surviving family members who are entitled to terminate an agreement, must do so by majority action. The majority is calculated on a “per stirpes” basis according to the rules set out by the termination of transfer provisions. The second majority rule applies to the exercise of the interest of any grandchildren (if relevant). The termination of transfer provisions state that the termination interest of the grandchildren may only be exercised by a majority of them. To give some examples of the two majority rules in operation: if the author is no longer living but is survived by their spouse and two children, then a majority of the surviving spouse (given s/he owns one-half of the interest) and one surviving child is needed to terminate. However, if there the author’s spouse does not outlive the author, then the termination interest must be exercised by a majority of the surviving children; but if one of two children has predeceased the author and the child who predeceased the author has three children (which are the author’s surviving grandchildren), then the agreement of at least two of the three grandchildren is needed in order to be able to terminate the agreement. If there is no surviving spouse nor any surviving children or grandchildren, then the author’s executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee (see the glossary for an explanation of these terms) may exercise the termination right. If an agreement was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated after 1978, then the answer is no. For post-1978 agreements only those executed by the author can be terminated. If the agreement to be terminated was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated before 1978, then the answer depends on who executed the grant. For agreements entered into prior to 1978, agreements that were signed by the author’s surviving spouse, children, executors or next of kin (see the glossary ) may be terminated but only by the surviving person who executed the agreement. So, for example, if, after the author died, the author’s spouse signed in 1970 a 50-year exclusive license, then the author’s spouse can terminate this transfer under the termination provisions but the author’s children cannot (because they did not sign the transfer). If the spouse and the author’s two children signed the pre-1978 agreement, then all three are required (or least, all of those who are still living when the right to terminate matures). The best way to think of this (if it’s not too much of a mouthful) is that non-author signed pre-1978 grants can only be terminated by the surviving majority of those who signed the agreement initially. What is the effect of terminating an agreement? If an agreement is successfully terminated, then all of the rights that were granted by that agreement revert back to the author or, if the author is no longer living, the rights revert back proportionally to those successors who were entitled to terminate. But the reversion of rights is subject to three important limitations that we explain in the next question, So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? Not quite – in short, the author gets all of the rights back that were transferred under the terminated agreement as they apply in the United States, and subject to the “derivative works” exception. Let us explain each of these limitations a little more. “You-only-get-back-what-you-gave-away” limitation – only those rights that were transferred or licensed away under the agreement will revert. This means that if the author entered into one license for the publication of a book and a separate license for the production of a movie, when the author terminates the book publication agreement, the author will get only these publication rights back. To get the movie rights back, the author needs to see about terminating the movie agreement. Also remember that the termination only takes effect with respect to the copyright interest in the agreement. Some agreements may include permissions with respect to other, non-copyrightable interests, such as ideas for storylines or titles of a work; these are not covered by a successful termination notice. “U.S.-only limitation” – This means that the termination only has effect in relation to uses within the United States. The termination provisions specifically state that they do not affect rights arising under foreign (copyright) laws. Consequently, if the author signed an agreement that granted worldwide rights, he or she will get back only the ability to exercise those rights in the United States. “Derivative works” exception – although a successful termination causes all of the rights to revert, this will not affect exploitation of derivative works created during the lifetime of the agreement, even after that agreement has been terminated. Once the agreement has been terminated, the grantee ( see the glossary ) may continue after termination to utilize “derivative works prepared under authority of the grant before its termination…[consistent with] the term of the grant” (to quote from the U.S. Copyright Act). This means that if, for example, an author granted a company a 50-year exclusive license to create a movie based on the author’s novel, that company can continue to use and exploit the movie even after the author successfully terminates the exclusive license. The company may not prepare a new movie based on the novel; it may only continue to use the existing movie that it created when the exclusive license was still current. What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? An author can still terminate his or her rights, even if the agreement that says that he or she is not allowed to terminate, or to take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. The termination of transfer provisions specifically state that an agreement or transfer can be terminated regardless of any agreement to the contrary. In one instance, a court invalidated an agreement that sought to claim that a work was a “work made for hire” (which falls outside the termination provisions – see above, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? , for an explanation of “works made for hire”). So if the agreement the author is seeking to terminate includes anything that tries to get the author to agree not to exercise his or her rights under Section 203, 304(c) or 304(d) of the U.S. Copyright Act (or otherwise seeks to limit an author’s rights under the termination of transfer provisions), the author should not be disheartened. He or she should still investigate whether it is possible to terminate the agreement or transfer. If an author signed up to an agreement after 1978 that continues for more than 35 years, and he or she then voluntarily voids or withdraws from the existing agreement before the 35-year period is up and enters into a new agreement, the termination calculation has to be made afresh. An author cannot carry a termination right from one agreement to a new agreement that he or she voluntarily enters into. Authors should obtain proper legal advice before signing any new agreements that cover rights that they have already licensed to ensure that they do not unwittingly jeopardize their termination rights. Questions About The Tool What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? This tool is designed to do two things to make it easier for an author to navigate the termination of transfer provisions – (1) to educate users on copyright laws about termination of transfer by roughly estimating, based on hypothetical scenarios, whether and when a work may be eligible for termination; and (2) assist with information gathering. Notice and termination window calculation tool – As we explain above in How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? , two key parts of being able to successfully terminate an agreement are correctly identifying when the person seeking termination can serve the notice that he or she wishes to terminate (which is during the “notice window” (see the glossary ). In that notice, the person seeking termination must then nominate a date that falls within the correct period during which the agreement can be terminated (known as the “termination window” (see the glossary ). The notice window is calculated relative to when the termination window is open. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright after 1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 56 years from the date copyright is secured or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright from 1923-1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 75 years from the date copyright is secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For post-1978 agreements, the 5-year termination window period begins 35 years from the date of agreement or, if the agreement includes the right of publication, 35 years from the date of publication or 40 years from the date of execution of the agreement, whichever occurs first. (To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below.) This sounds confusing to us, and we thought it might sound confusing to others, too. So we built this tool to help authors understand how to do the calculations. The tool asks questions about information necessary to calculate these windows and, if the information is accurate and the author seeking termination has a termination right, the information sheet provided once the tool is completed will set out the likely notice window and termination window. Information gathering – the tool also helps people seeking termination to gather information that can be relevant and useful when trying to terminate an agreement. Details about who can terminate, their relationship to the author or artist, the title of the work, the copyright registration number, and the original and current grantee ( see glossary ) are useful pieces of information for a lawyer who assists with the exercise of a termination right. In some cases, this information can be helpful in calculating whether a termination right exists; in others, it is information that needs to be included in the termination notice. This tool is in no way a substitute for authors doing their own investigation and research, or finding their own legal team to assist in identifying whether they have a termination right and then using it to get back their rights. Can users just test out the tool? Be our guest! Creative Commons and Authors Alliance do not keep any records of anyone’s use of the tool, so users can test out the tool as many times as they wish. Can users restart the tool from a previous session? The termination of transfer tool does not save any information nor record any of the information that users input, so users need to start each session from the start and work their way through each question until they get a result. Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? The tool makes distinctions between agreements that were made before 1978 and after 1978 because the law does. Effective January 1, 1978, U.S. copyright law changed dramatically. A key component of this change was that U.S. copyright law changed from being an “opt-in” system to being an “opt-out” system. Before 1978, to own a copyright in the U.S., a creator had to register their works in order to receive copyright protection, and that copyright protection was then limited to an initial term of 28 years. Prior to the expiry of the initial term, a copyright owner could then renew their copyright for a further 28-year term. But from 1978 on, U.S. copyright law changed so that a creator automatically secured copyright protection when they created an original work and recorded it in some tangible form. Registration was no longer necessary. Also, the term of copyright was extended to life of the author plus 50 years; there was no need to renew copyright. However, in Congress’ view the renewal provision had served as a valuable tool in helping authors and artists renegotiate any agreements or transfers they had entered into during the initial copyright term, with the benefit of the knowledge as to how popular and valuable their works had been. The belief was that this knowledge assisted authors to negotiate more favorable terms during the renewal term. With the abolition of the renewal system, Congress sought to create a new mechanism to “safeguard authors and artists against unremunerative transfers” (in the words of Congress). The termination of transfer provisions are intended to be that mechanism—provisions which give authors a second chance at negotiating agreements or transfers they signed, possibly early in their career, before they knew their work’s true value (which can generally only be determined once the work has been exploited). However, because U.S. copyright law was very different before 1978 and after 1978, the termination of transfer provisions function very differently depending on whether the agreement in question was entered into before 1978 or after 1978. Because the law makes this distinction, the tool has to make this seemingly arbitrary distinction as well. A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If the tool indicates that a work with the characteristics provided may have its copyright agreement terminated, it will then provide an information sheet (in PDF format). This information sheet lists the user-inputted information and whether a work with those characteristics would be terminable. There are a couple of caveats on any results from the tool. The tool is only as good as the information put into it. So if the author was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or is open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Always remember that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right that means it is a possibility, not a certainty. Remember too that identifying that an author may have a termination right is just the first step. There are many more steps to actually exercising and getting the rights back. Refer to the Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to (1) provide notice(s) of termination to rightsholders and (2) submit the required information to the U.S. Copyright Office to effectuate the termination. As we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, authors should always consult with a lawyer. A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If information the user plugs into the tool gives a result that suggests that a transfer of a work with those characteristics is unlikely, this is not necessarily a cause for despair. Remember, the tool is merely educational can only provide answers to hypothetical scenarios based on the information provided. It is possible that the information provided is not accurate—for example, it may be that answers led the tool to conclude that a work with the characteristics provided was a “work made for hire” when it is not. For more information about “works made for hire” see What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? above. So if the tool says that it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, double check the information and investigate some of the details surrounding the information asked by the tool. If, after checking the information, the tool still says it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, recall that the tool is not exact, and copyright termination provisions are complex. The only definite way to know whether an author has a termination right or not is to consult with a lawyer. Authors should take the material gathered in preparation for completing the tool to a lawyer for review and advice. U.S.-based authors may be able to find a volunteer lawyer who can assist on this site: http://www.starvingartistslaw.com/help/volunteer lawyers.htm . A user completes the tool and it says that the work may be terminable at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? If the tool says that a work with the characteristics provided is likely terminable at some date in the future, this means that—based on the information provided—it is possible that the author of such works has the right to terminate an agreement or transfer, but that right does not arise until some future date. Because the tool calculates dates by years (and not by months and days – see if the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? below) the author in such situations should start reinvestigating termination prospects well before the year identified by the tool commences. Authors in this position have several options at this stage. The author can consult a lawyer to double check if he or she may have a termination right and, if so, when it arises; or he or she can wait until closer to the date given by the tool and reinvestigate termination prospects then. One very important caveat is that any termination right the author enjoys may change as circumstances develop and change in the future. Examples of events that may change the outcome include if the author dies, if any of their immediate family dies, or if a new agreement or transfer is negotiated. So it is always important to stay up-to-date in all circumstances that may be relevant to the author’s termination prospects and to reevaluate these on an ongoing basis. Remember that the tool is merely educational and is only as comprehensive as the hypothetical provided. So if the user was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Remember also that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right at some date in the future that means it is a possibility, not a certainty that such a right will arise. Also, we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, an author should always consult with a lawyer before relying on anything the tool generates. The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire,” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire.” What does this mean? There may two explanations as to why the agreement says a work is a “work made for hire,” but the work does not seem to fall into one of the categories listed in the tool. The first explanation may be that the author may have misinterpreted the legal classification of the nature of the work in question. For example, it may qualify under the law as a compilation or a contribution to a collective work or a supplementary work, even though this doesn’t seem intuitive or obvious to anyone who isn’t intimately familiar with the law in this area. In that case, the user may want to investigate this issue further, answer the tool as though the work is not a “work made for hire,” or consult a lawyer. The second explanation may be that the grantee ( see glossary ) may have included a statement in the agreement asserting that the work was a “work made for hire” just in case they could take advantage of these provisions, even though they are not able to do so. One of the benefits of the “work made for hire” provisions is that they remove a work from the termination of transfer provisions, and so the grantee has the benefit of the rights for as long as they can negotiate under the agreement. This is one of the reasons many grantees try to characterize an agreement as a “work made for hire” when it may not be. To illustrate how contentious the issue of “works made for hire” can be, it is interesting to observe that sound recordings are notably absent from the categories of works that qualify as “works made for hire.” Record companies tried unsuccessfully to lobby the U.S. Congress on several occasions to have sound recordings included as a category in the “work made for hire” provisions. In anticipation of being successful in their lobbying efforts, many recording contracts refer to the works artists create as “works made for hire” even though they are not. Of course, some sound recordings may otherwise qualify as a “work made for hire” by being a contribution to a collective work, a compilation, or an employee created work; but if this is not the case, then the tool should be completed as though the sound recording is not a “work made for hire.” If a user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? The tool only requires that the author input details of the year in which a relevant event occurred. It does not ask for the month or the day. The reason for this is that we have designed the tool to be as inclusive as possible, so that where there is a choice between whether to calculate that a person may have a termination right or may not have a termination right, the tool errs on the side of assuming that a termination right may exist. The actual periods for any “notice window” or “termination window” will ultimately have to be calculated down to the year, month and day, but for the purposes of the tool, we felt it was more user-friendly and gave sufficient guidance at this preliminary stage of the termination process to base it on the year. If exact dates, including the month and year, are known, it will be handy for consulting with a lawyer. If the exact year is uncertain, try running the tool using each different year to see if there is a different result occurs for any year. Authors who are unsure about exact dates should seek advice from a lawyer. A user who does not even know an approximate time period for a relevant event will need to do some more digging for relevant information. The termination of transfer provisions are very date-specific so this is vital information for determining if a termination right exists. Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? Yes, even if a user is not based in the U.S., he or she can still use this tool to learn about U.S. laws about copyright termination of transfer—but remember that the tool is only useful to learn about U.S. law. Also remember that, as explained above in So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? , the termination of transfer provisions only take effect with respect to use within the U.S. This means that the agreement or transfer an author is seeking to terminate must relate to a territory that includes the U.S., whether it’s U.S. only, North America or worldwide. How does the Termination of Transfer Tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? Where there is ambiguity in the statute, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows existing guidance issued by the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, when grant was made before 1978 and the work was not created until after January 1, 1978 (so-called “gap grants”), the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the recommendation of the Copyright Office that § 203 should govern the termination and the termination window should start 35 years from the post-1978 creation date (or 40 years if the publication rights were included). Similarly, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the Copyright Office’s guidance on the date by which copyright must have been first secured to be eligible for a new termination right under § 304(d) (October 26, 1939). Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance For more information about Creative Commons, check out our website http://creativecommons.org/ . For more information about Authors Alliance, check out our website at http://authorsalliance.org . Have a question that is not answered here? Feel free to send questions to us at info@rightsback.org . Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright 2017 Authors Alliance and Creative Commons. Site content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Termination of Transfer tool code is licensed under the AGPL 3.0+ . | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://www.atlassian.com/it/software/compass/pricing | Compass - Prezzi | Atlassian Passa ai contenuti Funzioni Prezzi Più + Provalo gratis Provalo gratis Indietro Provalo gratis Funzioni Prezzi Accedi Provalo gratis Funzioni Prezzi Accedi Fai crescere la tua piattaforma interna per sviluppatori con prezzi contenuti e trasparenti Dimensione del team: utenti Inviami la fattura: Mensile Annualmente RISPARMIA FINO AL 17% Free Per piccoli team che vogliono dare il via alla propria piattaforma interna per sviluppatori $0 Scaricalo ora Include: Fino a 3 utenti completi, utenti di base illimitati Gli utenti completi sono utenti fatturabili e a pagamento in Compass che hanno accesso a tutte le funzioni disponibili per il piano del loro sito. Gli utenti di base hanno bisogno di un account Atlassian gratis. Hanno accesso a un set base di funzionalità elencate per il ruolo utente di base, indipendentemente dal piano del loro sito. Catalogo dei componenti software con servizi illimitati Cataloga i componenti software della tua organizzazione e riunisci informazioni e team dispersi in un unico posto. Esplora la tua architettura software e monitora i tuoi componenti e le relazioni tra loro, i team che ne sono responsabili e gli strumenti e le pratiche che potenziano tali componenti, non solo per mantenerli in funzione ma anche per migliorarli. Scorecard e metriche d'integrità Monitora le metriche sull'integrità del software e applica le scorecard di sicurezza e integrità per migliorare l'esperienza di sviluppo. 3 campi e scorecard personalizzati Personalizza le scorecard (criteri applicati a un componente per misurarne lo stato) App e integrazioni Integra Compass con altre app che stai già utilizzando. Scopri di più . Standard Per team in crescita che desiderano migliorare l'esperienza degli sviluppatori e la prontezza operativa $7.67 per utente/mese Inizia la prova gratuita Tutte le funzioni di Free più: Fino a 35.000 utenti completi, utenti di base illimitati Gli utenti completi sono utenti fatturabili e a pagamento in Compass che hanno accesso a tutte le funzioni disponibili per il piano del loro sito. Gli utenti di base hanno bisogno di un account Atlassian gratis. Hanno accesso a un set base di funzionalità elencate per il ruolo utente di base, indipendentemente dal piano del loro sito. 3 tipi di componenti personalizzati, 50 campi e scorecard personalizzati, 100 metriche personalizzate Descrivi e classifica i componenti, personalizza le scorecard (criteri applicati a un componente per misurarne l'integrità) e crea nuove metriche per soddisfare le esigenze del tuo team. Operazioni Gestisci i programmi di reperibilità e rispondi agli avvisi di oltre 150 integrazioni, il tutto all'interno di Compass. Indirizza gli avvisi in base al componente interessato e risolvili più rapidamente con informazioni contestuali reperibili nel catalogo software completo. Un anno di conservazione dei dati Accedi ai dati della tua toolchain in Compass per un massimo di un anno. Sono inclusi metriche, eventi e punteggi delle scorecard. I dati del catalogo sono illimitati. Assistenza regionale dalle 9:00 alle 17:00 Tempo di risposta di 2 ore per i ticket critici da parte del team di assistenza Cloud. Consigliati Premium Per organizzazioni di grandi dimensioni che desiderano ampliare la propria piattaforma interna per sviluppatori con funzioni avanzate di conformità, assistenza e dati $23.96 per utente/mese Inizia la prova gratuita Tutte le funzioni di Standard più: Fino a 35.000 utenti completi, utenti di base illimitati Gli utenti completi sono utenti fatturabili e a pagamento in Compass che hanno accesso a tutte le funzioni disponibili per il piano del loro sito. Gli utenti di base hanno bisogno di un account Atlassian gratis. Hanno accesso a un set base di funzionalità elencate per il ruolo utente di base, indipendentemente dal piano del loro sito. 14 tipi di componenti personalizzati, 100 campi e scorecard personalizzati, 200 metriche personalizzate Descrivi e classifica i componenti, personalizza le scorecard (criteri applicati a un componente per misurarne l'integrità) e crea nuove metriche per soddisfare le esigenze del tuo team. Operazioni migliorate Integrazioni avanzate e criteri di escalation, di avvisi e notifiche, notifiche vocali e heartbeat monitoring per i tuoi strumenti di osservabilità. Due anni di conservazione dei dati Accedi ai dati della tua toolchain in Compass per un massimo di un anno. Sono inclusi metriche, eventi e punteggi delle scorecard. I dati del catalogo sono illimitati. SLA con disponibilità al 99,9% SLA con disponibilità al 99,9% supportato finanziariamente da crediti sul livello di servizio. Assistenza 24 ore su 24, 7 giorni su 7 per i ticket critici Tempo di risposta di 1 ora per i ticket critici da parte del team di assistenza Cloud. Elenco IP consentiti Rafforza la sicurezza del tuo team limitando l'accesso al tuo sito a intervalli IP affidabili. Autorizzazioni Mantieni l'integrità del tuo catalogo dei componenti su larga scala, limitando l'accesso alle azioni critiche solo a chi ne ha effettivamente bisogno. Confronta le funzionalità Free Standard Premium utenti Limite di utenti completi per sito Questo è il numero massimo di utenti completi che puoi aggiungere al tuo sito Compass (ottieni un sito per piano). Gli utenti completi sono utenti con licenza che hanno accesso a tutte le funzionalità incluse nel piano scelto per il loro sito Compass. Vedi l'elenco completo delle autorizzazioni degli utenti. Free Tre utenti completi Standard 35.000 utenti completi Premium 35.000 utenti completi Numero di utenti di base Gli utenti di base hanno bisogno di un account Atlassian gratis. Hanno accesso a un set base di funzionalità elencate per il loro ruolo, indipendentemente dal piano scelto per il loro sito Compass. Vedi l'elenco completo delle autorizzazioni degli utenti. Free Senza limiti Standard Senza limiti Premium Senza limiti Catalogo Creazione di componenti Inizia a realizzare il tuo catalogo software creando i componenti manualmente, utilizzando l'API , o effettuando l' importazione da strumenti connessi nella tua toolchain. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Gestione della proprietà dei componenti Incoraggia la responsabilità e semplifica la comunicazione assegnando team proprietari ai componenti. Scopri come gestire la proprietà dei componenti. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Tipi di componenti personalizzati Configura il catalogo per soddisfare le esigenze specifiche della tua organizzazione. Free Nessuno Standard Tre Premium 14 feed attività Ottieni gli eventi dei componenti in tempo reale dalla tua toolchain e monitora questi eventi nel tempo. Scopri di più sul feed attività. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Dipendenze Definisci le relazioni tra i componenti e identifica il loro impatto reciproco. Scopri di più sulle dipendenze. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Configurazione sotto forma di codice Gestisci e aggiorna i componenti da un file di configurazione YAML insieme al tuo codice. Scopri di più sulla Configuration as Code. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Annunci Condividi novità o modifiche imminenti e non perderti alcun aggiornamento sugli annunci che potrebbero avere un impatto sui tuoi componenti. Scopri di più sugli annunci. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Autorizzazioni Le policy di autorizzazione aiutano a mantenere l'integrità del tuo catalogo dei componenti su larga scala, limitando l'accesso alle azioni critiche solo a chi ne ha effettivamente bisogno. Free Standard Premium checked Operazioni Gestione avvisi e reperibilità Sistema di avvisi e programmazione della reperibilità perfettamente integrati in un'interfaccia unificata. Meno passaggi da un contesto all'altro con avvisi insieme al catalogo dei componenti. Ricevi notifiche tramite diverse opzioni di notifica quali e-mail, SMS e app per dispositivi mobili Free Standard checked Premium checked Conservazione dei dati degli avvisi Periodo di tempo in cui i dati degli avvisi ricevuti vengono conservati nel sistema prima della cancellazione automatica. Free 1 mese Standard 1 anno Premium 3 anni Monitoraggio e integrazioni Slack Integra uno strumento di monitoraggio/osservabilità di tua scelta con oltre 150 integrazioni e offri ai tuoi sviluppatori un'ampia varietà di opzioni di notifica come e-mail, SMS, app per dispositivi mobili e Slack Free Standard checked Premium checked Policy di avviso e notifica Modifica automaticamente gli avvisi e aggiungi le informazioni a mano a mano che vengono creati. Imposta politiche a livello di team per ritardare o eliminare le notifiche per tipo di avviso. Free Standard Premium checked Report sugli avvisi Accedi alla cronologia degli avvisi e delle notifiche e identifica i punti di forza e le opportunità di miglioramento. Ottieni informazioni sui tuoi SLA e su come vengono distribuiti i carichi di lavoro su chiamata. Free Standard Premium checked Configurazioni avanzate Notifiche vocali, ruoli personalizzati, notifiche basate sui ruoli, sincronizzazione con i ticket Jira e heartbeat monitoring dei tuoi strumenti di osservabilità. Free Standard Premium checked App App proprietarie e di terze parti Connetti facilmente Compass agli strumenti che utilizzi. Personalizza l'interfaccia utente del prodotto e crea nuove funzionalità a livello di componente, team o globale. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked App dell'Atlassian Marketplace Atlassian Marketplace è una piattaforma che consente ai clienti Atlassian di scoprire, provare e acquistare app per i prodotti Atlassian. Puoi utilizzare le app per personalizzare ed estendere il tuo prodotto Atlassian. Il Marketplace offre app sviluppate da Atlassian e da sviluppatori di terze parti. Scopri di più Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Team e integrità Gestione dei gruppi Crea e scopri team nella tua architettura software distribuita. Assegna la responsabilità verso la creazione, la manutenzione e il funzionamento dei componenti e promuovi best practice per produrre un software eccellente. Scopri di più su come utilizzare i team in Compass. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Dashboard dei team Trova le informazioni del tuo team, visualizza e gestisci la proprietà dei componenti e svolgi funzioni relative al team da una dashboard del team centralizzata. Scopri di più sulle dashboard dei team. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Metriche predefinite Raccogli punti dati che ti aiutino a monitorare e valutare le prestazioni di processi, prodotti e team con le metriche . Utilizza le nostre metriche predefinite per influenzare e migliorare le tue pratiche DevOps. Free checked Standard checked Premium checked Scorecard Codifica le best practice scalabili di tipo operativo e di sviluppo. Offri ai team autonomia garantendo al contempo il mantenimento delle best practice di sicurezza, conformità e affidabilità. Inizia il percorso verso l'integrità seguendo le indicazioni delle nostre scorecard integrate. Scopri di più sulle scorecard. Free Tre Standard 50 Premium 100 Metriche personalizzate Crea metriche personalizzate per monitorare e valutare le prestazioni di processi, prodotti e team con dati preziosi per te. Free Tre Standard 100 Premium 200 Assistenza e archiviazione Supporto Il piano Free fornisce l'accesso alle risorse self-help disponibili nella Atlassian Community, mentre il piano Standard include l'assistenza durante gli orari di ufficio ( vedi quali orari si applicano al tuo fuso orario). Scopri di più sull'assistenza. Free Atlassian Community Standard Assistenza negli orari di ufficio Premium Assistenza Premium 24/7 Archiviazione Accedi ai dati della tua toolchain in Compass per un determinato periodo di tempo. Sono inclusi metriche, eventi e punteggi delle scorecard, mentre i dati del catalogo sono illimitati per entrambi i piani. Free Standard Un anno di conservazione dei dati Premium Un mese di conservazione dei dati SLA Free Standard Premium 99,9% Controlli admin Elenco IP consentiti Rafforza la sicurezza del tuo team limitando l'accesso al tuo sito a intervalli IP affidabili. Free Standard Premium checked Atlassian Guard Standard (SSO, SCIM, sincronizzazione con Active Directory) Single Sign-On forzato, sicurezza degli utenti esterni, gestione delle app mobili, approfondimenti sull'organizzazione, audit log creati dagli amministratori. Free Richiede l'abbonamento ad Atlassian Guard Standard Standard Richiede l'abbonamento ad Atlassian Guard Standard Premium Richiede l'abbonamento ad Atlassian Guard Standard Proteggi i tuoi dati mission-critical Aggiungi Atlassian Guard per una maggiore sicurezza e visibilità sui tuoi prodotti cloud di Atlassian. Imposta policy di sicurezza proattiva, individua rapidamente i comportamenti sospetti e intervieni con le azioni correttive suggerite per proteggere il tuo lavoro più importante. Inoltre, con un piano Cloud Enterprise, ottieni supporto per più provider di identità (IdP) e Atlassian Guard Standard. Learn more Scopri di più Definizioni di utente completo e utente di base Gli utenti completi sono utenti fatturabili e a pagamento in Compass che hanno accesso a tutte le funzionalità disponibili per il piano del loro sito. Gli utenti di base hanno bisogno di un account Atlassian gratis. Hanno accesso a un set base di funzionalità elencate per il ruolo utente di base, indipendentemente dal piano del loro sito. Vedi un'analisi completa delle autorizzazioni assegnate a ciascun ruolo in Compass. Definizione di amministratore del prodotto Gli amministratori del prodotto sono utenti completi (vale a dire utenti fatturabili e a pagamento) in Compass. Hanno accesso a tutte le funzionalità disponibili per il piano del loro sito, oltre a funzionalità amministrative aggiuntive come l'installazione e la configurazione delle app. Integrazioni con altri prodotti Atlassian Entrambi i piani Gratis e Standard includono integrazioni con i seguenti prodotti Atlassian: Jira, Jira Service Management, Bitbucket e Opsgenie. Jira: scopri e crea il tuo catalogo software importando i componenti dai repository collegati a Jira. Collega i componenti ai ticket di Jira per monitorare, assegnare le priorità e completare il lavoro giusto sulla tua architettura software. Jira Service Management: scopri e crea il tuo catalogo software importando i servizi da Jira Service Management come componenti di Compass. Ottieni una visione olistica del tuo servizio e svolgi indagini approfondite sugli imprevisti collegando i registri del servizio in Jira Service Management e Compass. Bitbucket: scopri e crea il tuo catalogo software importando i componenti dai repository. Automatizza la gestione dei componenti da strumenti esterni con la Configuration as Code. Visualizza i dati dei componenti della tua toolchain in un'unica posizione in Compass. Scopri di più sull'integrazione con Bitbucket Cloud. Opsgenie: visualizza le informazioni sulla reperibilità del tuo componente, gli eventi imprevisti e le metriche, tutto in un'unica posizione in Compass. Scopri di più sull'integrazione con Opsgenie. Piani di abbonamento e periodo di prova gratuito Il piano Free consente utenti di base illimitati per sito e fino a tre utenti completi gratis, senza carta di credito. Se vuoi aggiungere più di tre utenti completi oppure ottenere l'accesso a funzionalità, assistenza e spazio di archiviazione aggiuntivi, puoi registrarti per una prova gratuita di 14 giorni del nostro piano Standard o effettuare l'upgrade al nostro piano Standard nella sezione "Gestisci abbonamento" del tuo sito. Non è richiesta alcuna informazione di pagamento durante il periodo di prova gratuito di 14 giorni. Non è richiesta alcuna informazione di pagamento fino al primo pagamento. Puoi annullare in qualsiasi momento. Durante la prova gratuita, ti invieremo dei promemoria per aggiornare le tue informazioni di pagamento al fine di assicurarti un servizio continuo, altrimenti potrai scegliere tu stesso di effettuare il downgrade al piano Free. Se il tuo acquisto non ti soddisfa, offriamo una garanzia di rimborso entro 30 giorni. Informazioni di pagamento Puoi pagare il tuo abbonamento tramite carta di credito (MasterCard, Visa o American Express). Al momento gli abbonamenti a Compass sono solo mensili. Abbiamo in programma di rendere disponibili gli abbonamenti annuali in futuro. Al momento, accettiamo pagamenti per Compass solo in dollari statunitensi. Abbiamo in programma di accettare altre valute in futuro. Informazioni su opzioni Cloud o autogestite Compass è disponibile solo su Cloud , pertanto non offriamo opzioni Data Center con il tuo abbonamento. Come invitare gli utenti Gli amministratori del sito possono attivare Compass per tutti gli utenti. Quando Compass è attivo, tutti gli utenti sul tuo sito possono trovarlo con l'app switcher. Scopri di più su come invitare gli utenti su Compass. Azienda Opportunità di carriera Eventi Blog Relazioni con gli investitori Atlassian Foundation Kit per la stampa Contattaci Prodotti Rovo Jira Jira Align Jira Service Management Confluence Loom Trello Bitbucket Vedi tutti i prodotti Risorse Supporto tecnico Acquisti e licenze Atlassian Community Knowledge base Marketplace Il mio account Crea ticket di supporto Apprendimento Partner Formazione e certificazione Documentazione Risorse per gli sviluppatori Servizi enterprise Vedi tutte le risorse Copyright © 2026 Atlassian Informativa sulla privacy Avviso sulla raccolta dei dati Condizioni Impressum Italiano ▾ window.SSR_detailMetrics=Object.freeze({"getFeatureGateValues":{"startTime":0,"duration":57},"fetchUserLocaleS2S":{"startTime":255,"duration":188},"initializeFeatureGatesClient":{"startTime":251,"duration":4},"resolveRoute":{"startTime":255,"duration":385},"contentful-getCCPPricingData":{"startTime":640,"duration":10},"resolvePageProps":{"startTime":640,"duration":1675},"render":{"startTime":2319,"duration":76}}); window.SSR_totalMetrics=Object.freeze({"startTime":1768296577031,"duration":2395}); window.SSR_region="ap-northeast-2"; window.SSR_languagePack={"UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.customerService":"Assistenza alla clientela","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.dataScience":"Scienza dei dati","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.design":"Progettazione","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.finance":"Finanza","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.humanResources":"Risorse umane","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.itSupport":"Supporto IT","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.legal":"Legale","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.marketing":"Marketing","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.operations":"Operazioni","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.otherOrPersonal":"Altro","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.productManagement":"Gestione del prodotto","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.projectManagement":"Gestione dei progetti","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.sales":"Vendite","UserSeg.teamTypeSelection.softwareDevelopment":"Sviluppo software","Jtbd.adhocTask":"Gestione ad hoc di task e imprevisti","Jtbd.backButton":"Indietro","Jtbd.chooseOptions":"Scegli fino a 3 opzioni","Jtbd.continueButton":"Continua","Jtbd.createStrategies":"Crea strategie e obiettivi","Jtbd.documentation":"Documentazione centralizzata","Jtbd.header":"In che modo il tuo team intende usare Jira?","Jtbd.launchCampaigns":"Lancia campagne","Jtbd.manageBudget":"Gestisci budget e risorse","Jtbd.manageClient":"Gestire le relazioni con clienti e fornitori","Jtbd.manageMarketing":"Gestisci i contenuti marketing","Jtbd.manageTasks":"Gestisci i task","Jtbd.mapDependencies":"Crea una mappa delle dipendenze","Jtbd.prioritizeWork":"Definisci la priorità del lavoro","Jtbd.processRequests":"Elabora le richieste degli stakeholder","Jtbd.projectPlanning":"Pianificazione e coordinamento del progetto","Jtbd.reportProgress":"Crea report sull'avanzamento dei progetti","Jtbd.riskCompliance":"Conformità e gestione dei rischi","Jtbd.runSprints":"Esegui sprint","Jtbd.subHeader":"Le tue scelte non limiteranno ciò che puoi fare.","Jtbd.systemAudits":"Valutazioni di sistemi e strumenti","Jtbd.trackBugs":"Monitora i bug","Jtbd.workInScrum":"Lavora in Scrum","TransparentTemplateV2.itSupport.productManagement.additionalInfo":"Verrà effettuato il reindirizzamento a Jira Product Discovery. 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https://www.cisco.com/site/jp/ja/buy/index.html?linkclickid=hdr-utilnav-howtobuy | シスコの製品、サービス、ソフトウェアの購入 - Cisco Skip to main content Skip to search Skip to footer Cisco.com Japan 製品とサービス Close ソリューション Close サポート Close 学習 Close シスコが選ばれる理由 Close パートナー Close サイトマップ 購入のご案内 パートナー JA JP ログイン サイトマップ 検索 メニュー 閉じる 購入のご案内 パートナー ログイン JA JP Close Close Close Close Close ようこそ。ご用件をどうぞ。 購入案内 シスコの製品、サービス、ソフトウェアの購入方法をご覧ください。 シスコに問い合わせる 詳細を確認する 最適な購入方法を見つけるための詳細なガイダンスをご確認ください。 Cisco セールス担当者とチャットする ライブチャットを開始して、ご購入手続きをスムーズに進めることができます。 チャットで話す シスコパートナーと連携する カスタムソリューションを設計、販売、サポートする資格を持つシスコ認定パートナーと連携します。 パートナーを探す Show more シスコパートナーの皆様へ。 Cisco Commerce を使用して、製品の構成、見積の作成、発注などを行えます。 Cisco Commerce にログイン その他の購入方法 シスコセールス 一般のお問い合わせ、またはライブエージェントとのチャットをご希望の場合は、セールス担当者までご連絡ください。 お問い合わせ オンラインで購入 ネットワーク、セキュリティ、コラボレーション製品を選び、シスコの認定販売代理店から直接ご購入いただけます。 Cisco Small Business のオプションを見る Webex プランの詳細を見る マーケットプレイスで購入 業界をリードするシスコ製品が、Amazon Web Services、Google Cloud、Microsoft Azure でご購入いただけます。 Amazon Web Services (AWS) Google Cloud Microsoft Azure Show more FAQ Cisco Service Contract はどのように管理および更新できますか？ Cisco Commerce ソフトウェア サブスクリプションおよびサービス（CCW の更新サービス） シスコアカウントにログインして Cisco Commerce オンラインプラットフォームにアクセスします。現在の契約内容の表示、更新日の確認、更新時の見積作成、サービス対象時間を延長するための注文の送信は、このプラットフォームで行うことができます。 エンタープライズ ソフトウェアの購入プログラムに関する情報はどこで確認できますか？ Cisco Enterprise Agreement（EA） Cisco Enterprise Agreement (EA) により、ライフサイクル全体を通してソフトウェアをさらに最適かつ容易に管理できるようになります。契約条件を統合し、ライセンス管理を単一契約に集約して簡素化できます。 現在のシスコライセンスはどのように管理できますか？ シスコライセンス スマートアカウント、スマートライセンス、エンタープライズ アグリーメントなどの シスコライセンス の管理方法に関する詳細をご覧ください。 Splunk 製品の購入に関する情報はどこで確認できますか？ Splunk の価格 Splunkの価格についてこちら のページでご紹介しています。購入に関するご相談は各営業担当へご連絡いただきますようお願いします。 シスコライセンスのサポートに関する情報はどこで確認できますか？ ライセンスのサポート ライセンスサポート を通して、確実にシスコライセンスに関するトラブルを解決できます。 シスコパートナーになるための詳細はどこで確認できますか？ シスコパートナー シスコパートナーは 、リワードとして提供されるプログラムやスペシャライゼーションに加えて、プラクティスを刷新するためのトレーニングや支援、さらに能力や販売活動を変革する機会など、特別なメリットが得られます。 EOL/EOS 製品に関する詳細はどこで確認できますか？ 販売終了製品 販売終了またはサポート終了 の製品であるかを確かめることができます。 ご購入を検討されている場合 ビジネスニーズに合った製品、サービス、ソフトウェアをお選びいただけるようシスコがサポートいたします。 シスコに問い合わせる パートナーを探す クイックリンク シスコについて シスコに問い合わせ 採用情報 パートナーとつながる 人事および法務 フィードバック このサイトについて ご利用条件 プライバシー クッキー 情報セキュリティ基本方針 商標 サプライチェーンの透明性 サイトマップ © Cisco Systems, Inc. | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://www.atlassian.com/fr/software/jira/service-management/pricing | Tarif Service Collection : offres gratuites et payantes | Atlassian Accéder au contenu Produits En vedette Développeurs Responsables produit Professionnels de l'informatique Équipes métier Équipes de direction Voir toutes les apps Apps recommandées Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Collections Atlassian Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Collection Stratégie Optimisez votre stratégie et vos résultats en toute confiance Focus Talent Align Service Collection Fournissez un service à haute vélocité Jira Service Management Customer Service Management Assets Software Collection Livrez rapidement des logiciels de haute qualité Rovo Dev DX Pipelines Bitbucket Compass Optimisé par Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Jira Gestion de projet flexible Compass Catalogue de logiciels pour les équipes Pipelines Automatisation CI/CD évolutive Bitbucket Code source et CI/CD DX Mesure de la productivité et de l'impact de l'IA Rovo Dev IA agentique pour les développeurs Software Collection Livrez rapidement des logiciels de haute qualité Rovo Dev DX Pipelines Bitbucket Compass Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Jira Product Discovery Capturez et priorisez les idées Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Guard Sécurité du cloud renforcée Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Trello Travail organisé et visualisé Loom Mises à jour vidéo rapides et asynchrones Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Customer Service Management Customer experiences reimagined Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Focus Planification stratégique à l'échelle de l'entreprise Talent Planification des effectifs qualifiés Align Planification du travail à l'échelle de l'entreprise et création de valeur Collection Stratégie Optimisez votre stratégie et vos résultats en toute confiance Focus Talent Align Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Solutions Solutions Par cas d'usage Collaboration entre les équipes Planification et stratégie Gestion des services Développement logiciel Par type d'équipe Logiciels Marketing Informatique Par taille d'équipe Entreprise Petite entreprise Start-up À but non lucratif Par secteur Commerce Télécommunications Services professionnels Gouvernement Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Pourquoi Atlassian ? System of Work New Le blueprint d'Atlassian pour la collaboration au sein des équipes Marketplace Connectez des milliers d'apps à vos produits Atlassian Clients Études de cas et stories basées sur le travail d'équipe FedRAMP Solutions conformes pour le secteur public Résilience Infrastructure ultra performante de qualité professionnelle Plateforme Notre plateforme sécurisée, fiable et profondément intégrée Trust Center Assurez la sécurité, la conformité et la disponibilité de vos données Ressources Support client Posez des questions, signalez des bugs et faites-nous part de vos commentaires Trouver un Partenaire Conseils, formations et assistance à la personnalisation des produits Atlassian Ascend Ressources et support pour votre transformation Communauté Apprenez, échangez et évoluez avec la communauté Atlassian Support Demandes générales Support technique Conseils sur les produits Tarifs et facturation Support des partenaires Assistance aux développeurs Support Enterprise Achats et licences Ressources Gestion de projet Collaboration à un projet Agile Playbook de l'équipe Enseignements Atlassian Documentation produit Lancez-vous Entreprise Plus + Retour Produits En vedette Développeurs Responsables produit Professionnels de l'informatique Équipes métier Équipes de direction Solutions Pourquoi Atlassian ? Ressources Entreprise Connexion Apps recommandées Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Collections Atlassian Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Collection Stratégie Optimisez votre stratégie et vos résultats en toute confiance Focus Talent Align Service Collection Fournissez un service à haute vélocité Jira Service Management Customer Service Management Assets Software Collection Livrez rapidement des logiciels de haute qualité Rovo Dev DX Pipelines Bitbucket Compass Optimisé par Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Développeurs Jira Gestion de projet flexible Compass Catalogue de logiciels pour les équipes Pipelines Automatisation CI/CD évolutive Bitbucket Code source et CI/CD DX Mesure de la productivité et de l'impact de l'IA Rovo Dev IA agentique pour les développeurs Software Collection Livrez rapidement des logiciels de haute qualité Rovo Dev DX Pipelines Bitbucket Compass Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Responsables produit Jira Product Discovery Capturez et priorisez les idées Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Professionnels de l'informatique Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Guard Sécurité du cloud renforcée Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Équipes métier Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Trello Travail organisé et visualisé Loom Mises à jour vidéo rapides et asynchrones Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Customer Service Management Customer experiences reimagined Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Équipes de direction Focus Planification stratégique à l'échelle de l'entreprise Talent Planification des effectifs qualifiés Align Planification du travail à l'échelle de l'entreprise et création de valeur Collection Stratégie Optimisez votre stratégie et vos résultats en toute confiance Focus Talent Align Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Solutions Par cas d'usage Collaboration entre les équipes Planification et stratégie Gestion des services Développement logiciel Par type d'équipe Logiciels Marketing Informatique Par taille d'équipe Entreprise Petite entreprise Start-up À but non lucratif Par secteur Commerce Télécommunications Services professionnels Gouvernement Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Pourquoi Atlassian ? System of Work New Le blueprint d'Atlassian pour la collaboration au sein des équipes Marketplace Connectez des milliers d'apps à vos produits Atlassian Clients Études de cas et stories basées sur le travail d'équipe FedRAMP Solutions conformes pour le secteur public Résilience Infrastructure ultra performante de qualité professionnelle Plateforme Notre plateforme sécurisée, fiable et profondément intégrée Trust Center Assurez la sécurité, la conformité et la disponibilité de vos données Ressources Support client Posez des questions, signalez des bugs et faites-nous part de vos commentaires Trouver un Partenaire Conseils, formations et assistance à la personnalisation des produits Atlassian Ascend Ressources et support pour votre transformation Communauté Apprenez, échangez et évoluez avec la communauté Atlassian Support Demandes générales Support technique Conseils sur les produits Tarifs et facturation Support des partenaires Assistance aux développeurs Support Enterprise Achats et licences Ressources Gestion de projet Collaboration à un projet Agile Playbook de l'équipe Enseignements Atlassian Documentation produit Lancez-vous Accéder au contenu Produits En vedette Développeurs Responsables produit Professionnels de l'informatique Équipes métier Équipes de direction Solutions Pourquoi Atlassian ? Ressources Entreprise Connexion Apps recommandées Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Collections Atlassian Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Collection Stratégie Optimisez votre stratégie et vos résultats en toute confiance Focus Talent Align Service Collection Fournissez un service à haute vélocité Jira Service Management Customer Service Management Assets Software Collection Livrez rapidement des logiciels de haute qualité Rovo Dev DX Pipelines Bitbucket Compass Optimisé par Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Développeurs Jira Gestion de projet flexible Compass Catalogue de logiciels pour les équipes Pipelines Automatisation CI/CD évolutive Bitbucket Code source et CI/CD DX Mesure de la productivité et de l'impact de l'IA Rovo Dev IA agentique pour les développeurs Software Collection Livrez rapidement des logiciels de haute qualité Rovo Dev DX Pipelines Bitbucket Compass Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Responsables produit Jira Product Discovery Capturez et priorisez les idées Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Professionnels de l'informatique Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Guard Sécurité du cloud renforcée Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Équipes métier Jira Gestion de projet flexible Confluence Les connaissances réunies au même endroit Trello Travail organisé et visualisé Loom Mises à jour vidéo rapides et asynchrones Jira Service Management Offrir un service à haute vélocité Customer Service Management Customer experiences reimagined Collection Travail d'équipe Boostez le travail d'équipe en toute simplicité Jira Confluence Loom Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Équipes de direction Focus Planification stratégique à l'échelle de l'entreprise Talent Planification des effectifs qualifiés Align Planification du travail à l'échelle de l'entreprise et création de valeur Collection Stratégie Optimisez votre stratégie et vos résultats en toute confiance Focus Talent Align Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Solutions Par cas d'usage Collaboration entre les équipes Planification et stratégie Gestion des services Développement logiciel Par type d'équipe Logiciels Marketing Informatique Par taille d'équipe Entreprise Petite entreprise Start-up À but non lucratif Par secteur Commerce Télécommunications Services professionnels Gouvernement Rovo Des applications optimisées par l'IA, basées sur les connaissances de votre équipe. Pourquoi Atlassian ? System of Work New Le blueprint d'Atlassian pour la collaboration au sein des équipes Marketplace Connectez des milliers d'apps à vos produits Atlassian Clients Études de cas et stories basées sur le travail d'équipe FedRAMP Solutions conformes pour le secteur public Résilience Infrastructure ultra performante de qualité professionnelle Plateforme Notre plateforme sécurisée, fiable et profondément intégrée Trust Center Assurez la sécurité, la conformité et la disponibilité de vos données Ressources Support client Posez des questions, signalez des bugs et faites-nous part de vos commentaires Trouver un Partenaire Conseils, formations et assistance à la personnalisation des produits Atlassian Ascend Ressources et support pour votre transformation Communauté Apprenez, échangez et évoluez avec la communauté Atlassian Support Demandes générales Support technique Conseils sur les produits Tarifs et facturation Support des partenaires Assistance aux développeurs Support Enterprise Achats et licences Ressources Gestion de projet Collaboration à un projet Agile Playbook de l'équipe Enseignements Atlassian Documentation produit Lancez-vous Collections Teamwork Présentation Fonctionnalités Tarifs Strategy Présentation Centre de démo Tarifs Service Software Teamwork Strategy Service Software Gestion des services à grande échelle Fonctionnalités incluses Rovo Et toutes les apps de la plateforme Atlassian Accueil Objectifs Équipes Studio Recherche Chat Analyses Administrateur Taille de l'équipe : Agents Facturation : Chaque mois Par an ÉCONOMISEZ JUSQU'À 17 % Free Gratuit pour toujours pour 3 agents $0 Obtenez-le maintenant Comprend : Applications pour la gestion des services et le service client, ainsi que des modèles pour les ressources humaines, le marketing, etc. Jira Service Management comprend des modèles préconfigurés avec des types de demandes, des workflows et des automatisations pour aider les équipes à démarrer une expérience de service Modèle pour les alertes, les plannings d'astreinte et les incidents Gérez les alertes entrantes et répondez-y à l'aide de règles de routage, de politiques de remontée et de plannings d'astreinte. 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Standard Tout ce dont vous avez besoin pour vous lancer $20 par agent/mois Démarrer un essai gratuit Toutes les fonctionnalités de l'offre Free, mais aussi : Agents Rovo, Recherche Rovo et Rovo Chat, pour le support aux collaborateurs, les opérations et le service client optimisés par l'IA Profitez du travail d'équipe optimisé par l'IA en accédant à Recherche Rovo, Rovo Chat et aux agents Rovo, et accélérez les workflows opérationnels grâce à la gestion des incidents optimisée par l'IA. En savoir plus Centre d'aide personnalisé Utilisez l'URL de marque de votre entreprise pour accéder au centre d'aide de Jira Service Management. Notifications par e-mail illimitées Les clients, les agents et les administrateurs peuvent recevoir un nombre illimité de notifications par e-mail concernant l'activité liée aux demandes. 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Gestion des identités et des accès de niveau entreprise Atlassian Guard Standard étant inclus, bénéficiez de l'authentification unique (SSO), du provisionnement des utilisateurs (SCIM) et de l'assistance pour plusieurs fournisseurs d'identité depuis votre console d'administration centrale. Automatisations illimitées Gagnez en efficacité en remplaçant les tâches manuelles fastidieuses par des processus et des workflows automatisés. Plusieurs sites (jusqu'à 150) Activez l'isolement des données et l'autonomie administrative. Personnalisez chaque instance en fonction des besoins des équipes qui l'utilisent. Comparez les fonctionnalités Free Standard Premium Enterprise Fonctionnalités de la collection Apps Free Jira Service Management Gratuit, Customer Service Management Standard Jira Service Management Standard, Customer Service Management, Agents Rovo Premium Jira Service Management Premium, Customer Service Management, Agents Rovo, Assets Enterprise Jira Service Management Enterprise, Customer Service Management, Agents Rovo, Assets Limite d'utilisateurs Les agents (utilisateurs sous licence) peuvent répondre aux demandes d'un nombre illimité de clients (utilisateurs sans licence). En savoir plus . Free 3 agents, nombre illimité de clients Standard 20 000 agents, nombre illimité de clients Premium 20 000 agents, nombre illimité de clients Enterprise 20 000 agents, nombre illimité de clients Sites Les sites ou « instances » permettent l'isolation des données et l'autonomie administrative. Personnalisez chaque instance en fonction des besoins des équipes qui l'utilisent. Free 1 Standard 1 Premium 1 Enterprise Multiple, jusqu'à 150 Espace de stockage Chaque offre comprend une quantité définie de stockage de fichiers. En savoir plus . Free Stockage de fichiers de 2 Go Standard Stockage de fichiers de 250 Go Premium Espace de stockage illimité Enterprise Espace de stockage illimité Notifications par e-mail Les clients, les agents et les administrateurs reçoivent des notifications par e-mail concernant l'activité liée aux demandes. S'applique par application. En savoir plus . Free 100 e-mails par jour Standard Illimité Premium Illimité Enterprise Illimité Automatisation Les offres Free et Standard proposent respectivement 500 et 5 000 règles par mois. Notez que certaines fonctionnalités d'automatisation ne sont disponibles que pour les offres Premium et Enterprise. L'offre Premium propose 1 000 règles par utilisateur/mois, regroupées entre les utilisateurs. En savoir plus . 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https://huggingface.co/datasets?library=library%3Apolars | Datasets compatible with the Polars library – Hugging Face Hugging Face Models Datasets Spaces Community Docs Enterprise Pricing Log In Sign Up Edit Datasets filters Main Tasks Libraries 1 Languages Licenses Other Reset Libraries Datasets Croissant Polars pandas Dask WebDataset Distilabel Argilla FiftyOne NeMo Data Designer Apply filters Datasets 427,415 Full-text search Edit filters Sort: Trending Active filters: polars Clear all HuggingFaceFW/finetranslations Viewer • Updated 4 days ago • 3.33B • 7.34k • 143 xiuhuywh/DRIM-VisualReasonHard Viewer • Updated 4 days ago • 17.1k • 1.8k • 96 123olp/binance-futures-ohlcv-2018-2026 Viewer • Updated 2 days ago • 425M • 478 • 96 DatologyAI/DatBench Viewer • Updated 2 days ago • 43.5k • 286 • 68 MiniMaxAI/OctoCodingBench Viewer • Updated about 5 hours ago • 72 • 68 Salesforce/wikitext Viewer • Updated Jan 4, 2024 • 3.71M • 793k • 616 TeichAI/glm-4.7-2000x Viewer • Updated 21 days ago • 1.98k • 339 • 71 facebook/research-plan-gen Viewer • Updated 11 days ago • 22.5k • 3.61k • 272 OpenDataArena/ODA-Mixture-500k Viewer • Updated about 22 hours ago • 506k • 5.49k • 116 nvidia/embed-nemotron-dataset-v1 Viewer • Updated 1 day ago • 12.8M • 204 • 50 DatologyAI/DatBench-Full Viewer • Updated 7 days ago • 195k • 231 • 46 OpenDataArena/ODA-Math-460k Viewer • Updated 13 days ago • 460k • 4.93k • 96 tatsu-lab/alpaca Viewer • Updated May 22, 2023 • 52k • 44.6k • 889 missvector/linux-commands Viewer • Updated about 16 hours ago • 71.8k • 617 • 84 OpenDataArena/ODA-Mixture-100k Viewer • Updated 13 days ago • 101k • 3.56k • 90 Anthropic/hh-rlhf Viewer • Updated May 26, 2023 • 169k • 22.7k • 1.63k Rapidata/bananamark-dataset Viewer • Updated Dec 12, 2025 • 2.16k • 62 • 28 wikimedia/wikipedia Viewer • Updated Jan 9, 2024 • 61.6M • 74.6k • 1.12k TeichAI/claude-4.5-opus-high-reasoning-250x Viewer • Updated Nov 28, 2025 • 250 • 8.33k • 161 openmed-community/MedReason-Stenographic Viewer • Updated 4 days ago • 31.5k • 34 • 22 m-a-p/COIG-CQIA Viewer • Updated Apr 18, 2024 • 44.7k • 5.12k • 691 HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs Viewer • Updated 4 days ago • 476M • 23.2k • 711 Bingguang/HardGen Viewer • Updated 5 days ago • 17k • 281 • 65 MiniMaxAI/VIBE Viewer • Updated 21 days ago • 200 • 10.5k • 249 MLCommons/peoples_speech Viewer • Updated Nov 20, 2024 • 8.05M • 13.6k • 246 allenai/ai2_arc Viewer • Updated Dec 21, 2023 • 7.79k • 237k • 258 proj-persona/PersonaHub Viewer • Updated Sep 26, 2025 • 375k • 14.1k • 702 bshada/open-schematics Viewer • Updated 27 days ago • 84.5k • 12.1k • 151 fka/awesome-chatgpt-prompts Viewer • Updated about 6 hours ago • 991 • 19.3k • 9.54k huggan/wikiart Viewer • Updated Mar 22, 2023 • 11.3k • 4.54k • 200 Previous 1 2 3 ... 100 Next System theme Company TOS Privacy About Careers Website Models Datasets Spaces Pricing Docs | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://huggingface.co/datasets?size_categories=size_categories%3A10K%3Cn%3C100K | Datasets – Hugging Face Hugging Face Models Datasets Spaces Community Docs Enterprise Pricing Log In Sign Up 1T","label":"> 1T","type":"size_categories"}],"format":[{"id":"format:json","label":"json","type":"format"},{"id":"format:csv","label":"csv","type":"format"},{"id":"format:parquet","label":"parquet","type":"format"},{"id":"format:optimized-parquet","label":"optimized-parquet","type":"format"},{"id":"format:imagefolder","label":"imagefolder","type":"format"},{"id":"format:audiofolder","label":"soundfolder","type":"format"},{"id":"format:webdataset","label":"webdataset","type":"format"},{"id":"format:text","label":"text","type":"format"},{"id":"format:arrow","label":"arrow","type":"format"}],"benchmark":[{"id":"benchmark:official","label":"Benchmark","type":"benchmark"}]},"numItemsPerPage":30,"numTotalItems":106642,"pageIndex":0,"searchQuery":"","sortBy":""}}"> Edit Datasets filters Main Tasks Libraries Languages Licenses Other Modalities 3D Audio Document Geospatial Image Tabular Text Time-series Video Size (rows) Reset Size 10K 100K Format json csv parquet optimized-parquet imagefolder soundfolder webdataset text arrow Evaluation Benchmark Apply filters Datasets 106,642 Full-text search Edit filters Sort: Trending Active filters: 10K<n<100K Clear all xiuhuywh/DRIM-VisualReasonHard Viewer • Updated 4 days ago • 17.1k • 1.8k • 96 WNT3D/Ultimate-Offensive-Red-Team Viewer • Updated Aug 23, 2025 • 25.6k • 481 • 120 xiuhuywh/DRIM-ColdstartSFT Viewer • Updated 4 days ago • 44.3k • 4.93k • 84 DatologyAI/DatBench Viewer • Updated 2 days ago • 43.5k • 286 • 68 facebook/research-plan-gen Viewer • Updated 11 days ago • 22.5k • 3.61k • 272 tatsu-lab/alpaca Viewer • Updated May 22, 2023 • 52k • 44.6k • 889 missvector/linux-commands Viewer • Updated about 16 hours ago • 71.8k • 617 • 84 openmed-community/MedReason-Stenographic Viewer • Updated 4 days ago • 31.5k • 34 • 22 m-a-p/COIG-CQIA Viewer • Updated Apr 18, 2024 • 44.7k • 5.12k • 691 Bingguang/HardGen Viewer • Updated 5 days ago • 17k • 281 • 65 bshada/open-schematics Viewer • Updated 27 days ago • 84.5k • 12.1k • 151 huggan/wikiart Viewer • Updated Mar 22, 2023 • 11.3k • 4.54k • 200 openai/gsm8k Benchmark • Updated 24 days ago • 17.6k • 429k • 1.1k FreedomIntelligence/medical-o1-reasoning-SFT Viewer • Updated Apr 22, 2025 • 90.1k • 5.48k • 1.04k qwedsacf/competition_math Viewer • Updated Jan 28, 2023 • 12.5k • 7.75k • 77 oolongbench/oolong-real Viewer • Updated Nov 5, 2025 • 13.2k • 800 • 9 Rajarshi-Roy-research/Defactify_Image_Dataset Viewer • Updated Nov 29, 2025 • 96k • 112 • 8 nikhilchandak/OpenForesight Viewer • Updated 5 days ago • 52.7k • 696 • 10 ylecun/mnist Viewer • Updated Aug 8, 2024 • 70k • 66.7k • 223 google/MapTrace Viewer • Updated 10 days ago • 19.8k • 9.21k • 14 HuggingFaceH4/no_robots Viewer • Updated Apr 18, 2024 • 10k • 3.25k • 526 NousResearch/hermes-function-calling-v1 Viewer • Updated 10 days ago • 11.6k • 1.71k • 370 nebius/SWE-rebench Viewer • Updated 21 days ago • 27.9k • 6.88k • 49 youliangtan/so101-table-cleanup Viewer • Updated Jun 6, 2025 • 47k • 1.4k • 23 DianaW/empathetic_dialogues Viewer • Updated 11 days ago • 96.2k • 103 • 9 Gustavosta/Stable-Diffusion-Prompts Viewer • Updated Sep 18, 2022 • 81.9k • 14.3k • 517 yahma/alpaca-cleaned Viewer • Updated Apr 10, 2023 • 51.8k • 23.8k • 757 databricks/databricks-dolly-15k Viewer • Updated Jun 30, 2023 • 15k • 18.2k • 899 Atnafu/Afri-MCQA Viewer • Updated about 18 hours ago • 14.6k • 183 • 4 allenai/sciq Viewer • Updated Jan 4, 2024 • 13.7k • 33.8k • 133 Previous 1 2 3 ... 100 Next System theme Company TOS Privacy About Careers Website Models Datasets Spaces Pricing Docs | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://www.atlassian.com/zh/software/jira/service-management/enterprise | Jira Service Management Cloud Enterprise | Atlassian 跳至内容 功能 定价 解决方案 按用例划分 IT 支持 IT 运营 业务团队 客户服务 人力资源 按能力划分 小型团队 Premium Enterprise 按行业划分 科技和电信 金融服务 零售 生产制造 资源 按类型划分 ITSM 指南 其他资源 展开 + 免费获取 免费获取 返回 免费获取 功能 定价 解决方案 资源 登录 按用例划分 IT 支持 IT 运营 业务团队 客户服务 人力资源 按能力划分 小型团队 Premium Enterprise 按行业划分 科技和电信 金融服务 零售 生产制造 按类型划分 ITSM 指南 其他资源 免费获取 功能 定价 解决方案 资源 登录 按用例划分 IT 支持 IT 运营 业务团队 客户服务 人力资源 按能力划分 小型团队 Premium Enterprise 按行业划分 科技和电信 金融服务 零售 生产制造 按类型划分 ITSM 指南 其他资源 Jira Service Management 作为 Service Collection 的一部分，如今比以往任何时候都更强大。借助 Rovo、资产及全新的 Customer Service Management 应用，打造卓越的服务体验。 立即试用 将 Jira Service Management 提升到更高的层次 Jira Service Management Enterprise 是我们最先进的云计划，支持安全、高效的大规模团队合作。 联系销售人员 将企业规模转化为企业机会 通过 Jira Service Management Enterprise 获得高级安全性、可扩展性、分析和合规性功能。 安全性 规模 分析 合规性 无缝验证用户身份 利用 Guard Standard 实现集中式可见性、审核以及身份和访问管理。 整合用户管理 连接多个身份提供程序，实现自动化用户管理，以管理不同部门和地区。 阻止影子 IT 使用应用请求来审查和批准新站点的请求。 查看所有功能和定价 资源 探索 Atlassian Guard 了解 Guard 如何帮助集中管理整个 Atlassian Cloud 的安全性和可见性。 了解更多 了解 Cloud Enterprise 安全保护的实际应用 了解如何通过 Cloud Enterprise 中的安全控制措施来缓解风险。 观看网络研讨会 大体了解 Cloud Enterprise 探索 Cloud Enterprise 的功能，例如影子 IT 控制。 观看演示 优化您不断发展的足迹 为新的团队和部门设置多个站点，而不影响其他工作流。 无缝管理您的组织 使用集中式管理和计费方式来管理用户和产品，并为每个用户的每个产品支付一次费用。 改进变更管理流程 按照行业标准，为每个站点使用多个沙盒环境，以实现更安全的变更管理和并行测试。 查看所有功能和定价 资源 了解有关 Cloud Enterprise 的更多信息 了解 Cloud Enterprise 如何帮助组织扩大规模。 下载指南 探索多站点架构 了解客户如何使用多个站点来提高灵活性和控制力 获取电子书 了解 Atlassian 管理的实际应用 观看 Cloud Enterprise 中规模控制的演示。 观看演示 连接整个工具链中的数据 在 Atlassian Data Lake 中统一第一方和第三方开发人员数据。 推动数据驱动的决策 监控变更、事件和请求管理指标，以减少服务障碍，利用人工智能洞察信息采取行动。 扩充您的 Jira Service Management 数据 将 Atlassian 数据引入您自己的环境或商业智能工具。 查看所有功能和定价 资源 加快大规模决策 借助开箱即用的模板和自定义数据分析实现数据可视化。 了解更多 观看 DISH Network 如何借助 Cloud Enterprise 取胜 了解像您这样的团队如何使用 Atlassian Analytics 来释放价值。 观看录像 了解如何提升决策水平 通过 Atlassian Analytics 提取可执行的洞察信息，改善协作并推动业务成果达成。 观看网络研讨会 驾驭全球合规环境 凭借区域和行业特定的合规标准，满怀信心地进入新市场。 查看所有功能和定价 资源 深入了解 Cloud Enterprise 详细了解 Cloud Enterprise 的独特之处。 下载指南 探索我们的 Trust Center 了解 Atlassian 的合规方法。 了解更多 看看 Finoa 为什么选择 Cloud Enterprise 了解 Finoa 如何使用 Cloud Enterprise 来遵守合规标准。 阅读他们的案例 高级支持让您万无一失 高级支持人员 全天候支持 电话支持 针对关键事务提供 30 分钟响应时效保障 深受 80% 以上财富 500 强企业的信赖 浏览所有客户案例 “ Jira Service Management 中的自动化通知、SLA 监控和主动警报，都帮助 Riverty 进一步改进了客户支持流程。 ” Andrei Tuch Atlassian 产品负责人 阅读 Riverty 的故事 “ 我们发现，通过集中使用 Atlassian Cloud 并增加治理功能，我们每年可以在工具上节省 250 万美元。这相当于每年节省 36％ 的成本。这一过程将涉及减少工具间的重复席位 [并] 实施更多的治理。 ” Emily Novak 数字化工作区和解决方案产品经理 阅读 Rivian 的故事 “ 无需任何额外成本即可创建多个站点，这既能出于安全考虑对数据进行隔离，又能通过同一解决方案满足多种用例需求，完全契合我们整合应用环境的理念。 ” Radoslav Danchev 协作、工作场所和支持部门副总裁 阅读 Software AG 的故事 需要高级安全防护吗？ Atlassian Guard Premium 提供了一层额外的安全保护屏障，这样您便可以及时阻止威胁，以防其成为事件。 详细了解 Atlassian Guard Premium 还没准备好使用 Enterprise？ Jira Service Management Premium 提供资产管理、高级事件管理等功能，但不具备 Enterprise 版的可扩展性和控制能力。 详细了解 Premium 利用 Jira Service Management Enterprise 提高您的竞争优势 联系销售人员 公司 诚聘英才 活动 博文 投资者关系 Atlassian 基金会 新闻资料袋 联系我们 产品 Rovo Jira Jira Align Jira Service Management Confluence Loom Trello Bitbucket 查看全部产品 资源 技术支持 购买和许可 Atlassian 社区 知识库 Marketplace 我的帐户 创建支持工作单 学习 合作伙伴 培训和认证 文档 开发人员资源 企业服务 查看全部资源 Copyright © 2026 Atlassian 隐私政策 收集时发出通知 条款 Impressum 中文 ▾ | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://2026.everythingopen.au/news/SOON/ | Everything Open 2026 | Everything Open is just around the corner About About Everything Open Location Contact News Attend Dashboard Tickets Volunteer Accommodation Transport Financial Assistance Shirts and Swag Why should employees attend? Code of Conduct Terms and Conditions Programme Overview Schedule Events Proposals Sponsors Dashboard Everything Open is just around the corner January 10, 2026 Only 11 sleeps until Everything Open! This is your friendly reminder that Everything Open Canberra 2026 is now just over one week away! We have a great line-up of keynotes, talks and tutorials over three packed days. Right now we’re getting ready to send numbers to the caterers, so I’d like to ask all attendees, speakers and volunteers to ensure all their details are correct on the website dashboard. Of specific importance are simple and correct dietary requirements , the caterers take these very seriously . In the meantime, if you’d like to socialise with your fellow attendees, there is a Matrix room called Everything Open - General Discussion where you can meet-up, chat, discuss talks and coordinate BOFs and off-campus/after-hours activities. OK, it’s getting very busy here now. Lots to do! We look forward to seeing you all on the 21st! If you’re sharing info on social media, the hashtags to use are #EverythingOpen and #EO2026 . Tickets still on sale Don’t forget to encourage your friends, family and co-workers to come and join the party. Prices and inclusions are available on our tickets page . Please remember that all attendees need to abide by our Code of Conduct . If you have questions please contact the Organising Team via email at contact at everythingopen.au. Stay in the know Hashtags: #EverythingOpen #EO2026 Matrix: Everything Open - General Discussion Mastodon: fosstodon.org/@EverythingOpen LinkedIn: Everything Open Bluesky: EverythingOpen.au Facebook: EverythingOpenConference X (Twitter): @everythingopen YouTube: EverythingOpen Instagram: EverythingOpen Announce mailing list: Everything Open Announce Everything Open 2026 21-23 January 2026 University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia Timezone: AEDT - UTC+11 Brought to you by Back to top © 2025 Everything Open and Linux Australia Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Colophon | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/?sc_ichannel=ha&sc_icampaign=acq_awsblogsb&sc_icontent=storage-resources&customer-references-cards.sort-by=item.additionalFields.sortDate&customer-references-cards.sort-order=desc&awsf.content-type=*all&awsf.customer-references-location=*all&awsf.customer-references-segment=*all&awsf.customer-references-industry=*all&awsf.customer-references-use-case=*all&awsf.customer-references-tech-category=tech-category%23storage&awsf.customer-references-product=*all | Customer Success Stories: Case Studies, Videos, Podcasts, Innovator stories Skip to main content Filter: All English Contact us AWS Marketplace Support My account Search Filter: All Sign in to console Create account AWS › Solutions SOLUTIONS Customer Success Stories Discover how customers across industries increase agility, optimize costs, and accelerate innovation using AWS How Blue Origin Built the First AI Agent-Designed Hardware for the Moon in Days, Not Years At Blue Origin, the mission is existential: to build a road to space, enabling millions of people to live and work beyond Earth. And getting there is literal rocket science, and beyond. It's about moving faster than the speed traditional aerospace development allows. That means rethinking how engineering teams work — and teaming up with AWS to build tools that turn specialized expertise into scalable AI workflows. One recent breakthrough: TEAREx (Thermal Energy Advanced Regolith Extraction), the first AI agent-designed hardware, built to operate on the lunar surface, developed from concept to 3D-printed part in days, using AWS. Read the case study Play Pinterest pushes boundaries of AI-powered discovery using AWS Pinterest transformed from an idea-sharing startup into one of the world's most sophisticated AI-powered discovery engines, serving 600 million monthly users who explore, share, and shop. What makes this journey remarkable isn't just the evolution of scale—it's how Pinterest has reimagined what social media can be, proving that generative AI can be used responsibly to drive positive user experiences alongside massive growth and profitability. Read the case study Customer Stories Generative AI Leading Cloud Innovators Browse All Customer Stories Phagos is using generative AI to change the way infectious diseases are treated Phagos has a remarkable mission: to end bacterial disease. Today, Phagos is turning that vision into reality by harnessing bacteriophages, nature's bacteria-killing viruses, to cure infectious disease. Bacteriophages, or phages, are the natural regulators of bacteria. In an era of rising antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need for this new antibacterial solution. AWS technologies allow Phagos to decode massive genomic datasets to develop these customized treatments in just two months, compared to the 10+ years that traditional antibiotic development requires. Read the case study Play Featured Case Studies across industries 1 / 5 TwelveLabs unlocks the full potential of video for the world Mercedes Benz is transforming global IT moving to AWS for RISE with SAP and Agentic AI Condé Nast transforms publishing legacy into data-driven digital media for AI innovation Cox Automotive launched AI agents at scale using Amazon Bedrock AgentCore AudioShake is teaching machines to hear like humans, with AI Benefits 1,000,000+ of active customers every month. 330,000+ startups have used AWS to bring their ideas to life. Browse customer stories Loading Loading Loading Loading Loading Did you find what you were looking for today? Let us know so we can improve the quality of the content on our pages Yes No Create an AWS account Learn What Is AWS? What Is Cloud Computing? What Is Agentic AI? Cloud Computing Concepts Hub AWS Cloud Security What's New Blogs Press Releases Resources Getting Started Training AWS Trust Center AWS Solutions Library Architecture Center Product and Technical FAQs Analyst Reports AWS Partners Developers Builder Center SDKs & Tools .NET on AWS Python on AWS Java on AWS PHP on AWS JavaScript on AWS Help Contact Us File a Support Ticket AWS re:Post Knowledge Center AWS Support Overview Get Expert Help AWS Accessibility Legal English Back to top Amazon is an Equal Opportunity Employer: Minority / Women / Disability / Veteran / Gender Identity / Sexual Orientation / Age. x facebook linkedin instagram twitch youtube podcasts email Privacy Site terms Cookie Preferences © 2026, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/products/networking/wireless/wireless-lan-controllers/index.html | Wireless LAN Controllers (WLCs) - Cisco Skip to main content Skip to search Skip to footer Cisco.com Worldwide Products and Services Close Solutions Close Support Close Learn Close Why Cisco Close Partners Close Trials and demos How to buy Partners EN US Profile Log in Trials and demos MENU CLOSE How to buy Partners Profile Log in EN US Close Close Close Close Close Products Networking Wireless Wireless LAN controllers Wireless controllers that take care of business Configure and manage all your access points in one interface. Maximize uptime, minimize security threats. Welcome to wireless that works for you. Overview Resources Take control of your network See exactly what's going on with your network with a simple interface that lets you know what's happening anywhere, at any time. Get rock-solid security Keep your network trustworthy with simplified segmentation that helps you detect and neutralize encrypted threats. Create a world-class user experience Get contextual insights to deliver targeted troubleshooting, supporting a more consistent network experience. Deploy on-premises or in the cloud Whatever works for your business, there's a wireless controller that works for you. Maximize uptime and availability When deploying network updates, there's no need to go offline. Real-time, remote monitoring Monitor your on-premises or hybrid network anywhere, anytime with the cloud-managed Meraki dashboard. Cisco Catalyst Wireless Controllers Catalyst CW9800H2 Physicial controller ideal for large deployments View CW9800H2 data sheet Catalyst CW9800H1 Physical controller ideal for large deployments View CW9800H1 data sheet Catalyst CW9800M Physical controller ideal for midsize deployments View CW9800M data sheet Cisco CW9800L Physical controller ideal for small to midsize deployments View CW9800L data sheet Catalyst 9800-CL Cloud controller for deployment in a public or private cloud View 9800-CL data sheet Catalyst C9800-L Physical controller ideal for small deployments View Catalyst 9800-L datasheet Explore wireless controllers Upgrade at deep discounts with Cisco Certified Remanufactured Equipment Get genuine preowned products that have been remanufactured to like-new condition. Explore the Cisco Refresh program today. Get details Get the guidance you need Cisco Success Tracks Accelerate IT value Optimize the value of your wireless software for faster results with digital insights and services expertise. Discover Cisco Success Tracks Cisco Capital Discover flexible payment options Make the most of your budget. Get your Cisco solutions with no upfront costs, and spread payments over time. Explore ways to pay Find the right product, faster Let's make it easy. Tell us about your network, and we'll recommend the right wireless controllers. Go to product selector Hello, how can I help? Trials and Demos --> Quick Links About Cisco Contact Us Careers Connect with a partner Resources and Legal Feedback Help Terms & Conditions Privacy Cookies / Do not sell or share my personal data Accessibility Trademarks Supply Chain Transparency Newsroom Sitemap © Cisco Systems, Inc. | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://www.atlassian.com/ja/software/jira/service-management/enterprise | Jira Service Management Cloud Enterprise | アトラシアン コンテンツにスキップ 機能 価格 ソリューション ユース・ケース別 IT サポート IT オペレーション ビジネス・チーム カスタマー・サービス 人事 機能別 小規模チーム Premium Enterprise 業界別 テクノロジー & 通信 金融サービス 小売業 製造 リソース タイプ別 ITSM ガイド その他のリソース 表示を増やす 無料で入手する 無料で入手する 戻る 無料で入手する 機能 価格 ソリューション リソース サインイン ユース・ケース別 IT サポート IT オペレーション ビジネス・チーム カスタマー・サービス 人事 機能別 小規模チーム Premium Enterprise 業界別 テクノロジー & 通信 金融サービス 小売業 製造 タイプ別 ITSM ガイド その他のリソース 無料で入手する 機能 価格 ソリューション リソース サインイン ユース・ケース別 IT サポート IT オペレーション ビジネス・チーム カスタマー・サービス 人事 機能別 小規模チーム Premium Enterprise 業界別 テクノロジー & 通信 金融サービス 小売業 製造 タイプ別 ITSM ガイド その他のリソース Jira Service Management は、Service Collection の一部としてこれまで以上に強力になりました。Rovo、アセット、そして新しい Customer Service Management アプリで、優れたサービス エクスペリエンスを実現しましょう。 今すぐ試す Jira Service Management の可能性をさらに広げる Jira Service Management Enterprise は当社の最先端のクラウド プランです。安全で効果的なチームワークを大規模に実現します。 お問い合わせ 企業の拡大を企業機会に変える Jira Service Management Enterprise で高度なセキュリティ、拡張性、分析、コンプライアンスを実現しましょう。 セキュリティ 拡張性 分析機能 コンプライアンス ユーザーをシームレスに認証する Guard Standard で、可視性、監査、ID およびアクセス管理を一箇所にまとめます。 ユーザー管理を統合する 複数の ID プロバイダーを接続してユーザー管理を自動化し、さまざまな部署や地域を効率よく管理できます。 シャドー IT を今すぐ止める アプリ リクエストを使用して、新しいサイトに関するリクエストを確認して承認します。 価格と機能を比較する リソース Atlassian Guard の詳細を見る Guard によって Atlassian Cloud 全体のセキュリティと可視性を一箇所にまとめる方法をご覧ください。 詳細を見る 実際の Cloud Enterprise セキュリティを見る Cloud Enterprise のセキュリティ管理でリスクを軽減する方法をご覧ください。 ウェビナーを見る Cloud Enterprise の概要を知る シャドー IT 管理などの Cloud Enterprise 機能をご覧ください。 デモを見る 進化するフットプリントを最適化する 他のワークフローに影響を与えずに、新しいチームや部署のために複数のサイトを設定します。 組織をシームレスに管理する 一箇所にまとめられた管理と請求でユーザーと製品を管理でき、支払いは製品ごと各ユーザーについて 1 回で済みます。 変更管理プロセスを改善する 1 つのサイトで複数のサンドボックスを使用できるので、変更管理と並行テストをより安全に、業界標準に従って行えます。 価格と機能を比較する リソース Cloud Enterprise の詳細 Cloud Enterprise が組織の拡張にどのように役立つかをご覧ください。 ガイドをダウンロード マルチサイト アーキテクチャの詳細を見る 顧客が複数のサイトを利用して、柔軟性と管理を実現させている方法をご覧ください 電子書籍を入手する 実際のアトラシアンの管理を見る Cloud Enterprise での拡張コントロールのデモをご覧ください。 デモを見る ツールチェーン全体でデータを統合する Atlassian Data Lake でファーストパーティとサードパーティの開発者データを統合できます。 データ主導の意思決定を強化する 変更、インシデント、リクエスト管理のメトリックを監視してサービス ブロッカーを減らし、AI による洞察に基づいて対応できます。 Jira Service Management データをさらに強力に アトラシアンのデータを自分の環境やビジネス インテリジェンス ツールに取り入れます。 価格と機能を比較する リソース 規模に応じた意思決定を迅速化する すぐに使えるテンプレートとカスタム データ分析でデータを視覚化します。 詳細を見る DISH Network が Cloud Enterprise で成功した方法をご覧ください お客様と似たチームが Atlassian Analytics を活用して価値を引き出している方法をご確認ください。 録画を見る 意思決定をレベルアップする方法を学ぶ Atlassian Analytics でアクションにつながるインサイトを抽出し、コラボレーションを改善し、成果を上げましょう。 ウェビナーを見る グローバルなコンプライアンス環境を切り抜ける 地域や業界特有のコンプライアンス基準に従い、自信を持って新しい市場に参入できます。 価格と機能を比較する リソース Cloud Enterprise をさらに詳しく見る Cloud Enterprise の特徴の詳細をご確認ください。 ガイドをダウンロード Trust Center の詳細を見る コンプライアンスに対するアトラシアンのアプローチをご確認ください。 詳細を見る Finoa が Cloud Enterprise を選んだ理由を見る Finoa が Cloud Enterprise を利用してコンプライアンス基準をどのように遵守しているかをご覧ください。 この事例を読む 高度なサポートにより迅速に対応 シニア サポート エージェント 年 中無休のサポート 電話サポート 重大な課題には 30 分以内に対応 Fortune 500 企業の 80% 以上から信頼されています すべてのお客様事例を調べる “ Jira Service Management 内の自動化された通知、SLA モニタリング、プロアクティブなアラートはすべて、Riverty がカスタマー サポート プロセスをさらに改善するのに役立っています。 ” Andrei Tuch アトラシアン製品所有者 Riverty のストーリーを読む “ Atlassian Cloud に一元化してガバナンスを導入することで、ツールにかかる費用を年間 250 万ドル節約できることがわかりました。これは年間 36% のコスト削減になります。このプロセスには、ツール間で重複するアカウントを削減し、ガバナンスを強化することが含まれます。 ” Emily Novak デジタル ワークスペース & ソリューション、プロダクト マネージャー Rivian のストーリーを読む “ 追加費用なしで複数のサイトを作成することで、セキュリティ上の理由からデータを分離して、同じソリューションで複数のユース ケースに対応できます。これは、アプリケーシ ョン ランドスケープを調整するという当社の考えと完全に一致しています。 ” Radoslav Danchev コラボレーション、ワークプレイス、サポート担当副社長 Software AG のストーリーを読む 高度なセキュリティが必要ですか? Atlassian Guard Premium ではセキュリティを一層強化しているため、脅威がインシデントになる前に阻止できます。 Atlassian Guard Premium の詳細を見る Enterprise を導入するには、時期が早すぎますか？ Jira Service Management Premium では、Enterprise のようなスケーラビリティや制御なしで、資産管理や高度なインシデント管理などの機能を利用できます。 Premium の詳細を見る Jira Service Management Enterprise で競争上の優位性を高めましょう お問い合わせ 会社概要 アトラシアンで働く イベント ブログ 投資家向け情報 アトラシアン基金 プレスキット お問い合わせ 製品 Rovo Jira Jira Align Jira Service Management Confluence Loom Trello Bitbucket すべての製品を見る リソース 技術サポート 購入とライセンス アトラシアン コミュニティ ナレッジ ベース Marketplace マイ・アカウント サポートを依頼する 学ぶ パートナー トレーニングと認定資格 ドキュメント 開発者向けリソース エンタープライズ・サービス すべてのリソースを見る Copyright © 2026 Atlassian プライバシー ポリシー データ収集時の通知 利用規約 サイト管理者情報 日本語 ▾ | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://2026.everythingopen.au/news/kylie-mcdevitt-keynote/ | Everything Open 2026 | Keynote: Kylie McDevitt About About Everything Open Location Contact News Attend Dashboard Tickets Volunteer Accommodation Transport Financial Assistance Shirts and Swag Why should employees attend? Code of Conduct Terms and Conditions Programme Overview Schedule Events Proposals Sponsors Dashboard Keynote: Kylie McDevitt October 13, 2025 Announcing Kylie McDevitt as a keynote (Plus early bird tickets closing Friday!) Kylie McDevitt (Supplied) We are pleased to announce Kylie McDevitt will be presenting a keynote at Everything Open in Canberra. About Kylie McDevitt Kylie McDevitt is the founder of InfoSect, where she focuses on Linux and embedded systems security. She previously served as a Technical Director at the Australian Signals Directorate and began her career as a radio engineer with MobileNet. Over more than 16 years in the industry, Kylie has combined technical expertise with a passion for teaching, contributing as a casual lecturer at university and as an organiser of BSides Canberra and CSides - initiatives that foster growth and collaboration within Australia’s security community. Buy your ticket “Early bird” tickets to attend Everything Open 2026 are still available until Friday 17-Oct-2025. Get in quick before the regular price kicks in! Prices and inclusions are available on our tickets page . Please remember that all attendees need to abide by our Code of Conduct . If you have questions please contact the Organising Team via email at contact at everythingopen.au. Stay in the know Hashtags: #EverythingOpen #EO2026 Mastodon: fosstodon.org/@EverythingOpen X (Twitter): @everythingopen Bluesky: EverythingOpen.au LinkedIn: Everything Open Facebook: EverythingOpenConference YouTube: EverythingOpen Instagram: EverythingOpen Announce mailing list: Everything Open Announce Everything Open 2026 21-23 January 2026 University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia Timezone: AEDT - UTC+11 Brought to you by Back to top © 2025 Everything Open and Linux Australia Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Colophon | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://googleapis.github.io/java-genai/javadoc/com/google/genai/types/package-summary.html | com.google.genai.types (google-genai 1.35.0-SNAPSHOT API) JavaScript is disabled on your browser. Skip navigation links Overview Package Class Use Tree Deprecated Index Package: Description | Related Packages | Classes and Interfaces SEARCH: Package com.google.genai.types package com.google.genai.types Related Packages Package Description com.google.genai com.google.genai.errors com.google.genai.proto All Classes and Interfaces Interfaces Classes Enums Class Description ActivityEnd Marks the end of user activity. ActivityEnd.Builder Builder for ActivityEnd. ActivityHandling The different ways of handling user activity. ActivityHandling.Known Enum representing the known values for ActivityHandling. ActivityStart Marks the start of user activity. ActivityStart.Builder Builder for ActivityStart. AdapterSize Adapter size for tuning. AdapterSize.Known Enum representing the known values for AdapterSize. ApiAuth The generic reusable api auth config. ApiAuth.Builder Builder for ApiAuth. ApiAuthApiKeyConfig The API secret. ApiAuthApiKeyConfig.Builder Builder for ApiAuthApiKeyConfig. ApiKeyConfig Config for authentication with API key. ApiKeyConfig.Builder Builder for ApiKeyConfig. ApiSpec The API spec that the external API implements. ApiSpec.Known Enum representing the known values for ApiSpec. AudioTranscriptionConfig The audio transcription configuration in Setup. AudioTranscriptionConfig.Builder Builder for AudioTranscriptionConfig. AuthConfig Auth configuration to run the extension. AuthConfig.Builder Builder for AuthConfig. AuthConfigGoogleServiceAccountConfig Config for Google Service Account Authentication. AuthConfigGoogleServiceAccountConfig.Builder Builder for AuthConfigGoogleServiceAccountConfig. AuthConfigHttpBasicAuthConfig Config for HTTP Basic Authentication. AuthConfigHttpBasicAuthConfig.Builder Builder for AuthConfigHttpBasicAuthConfig. AuthConfigOauthConfig Config for user oauth. AuthConfigOauthConfig.Builder Builder for AuthConfigOauthConfig. AuthConfigOidcConfig Config for user OIDC auth. AuthConfigOidcConfig.Builder Builder for AuthConfigOidcConfig. AuthToken Config for auth_tokens.create parameters. AuthToken.Builder Builder for AuthToken. AuthType Type of auth scheme. AuthType.Known Enum representing the known values for AuthType. AutomaticActivityDetection Configures automatic detection of activity. AutomaticActivityDetection.Builder Builder for AutomaticActivityDetection. AutomaticFunctionCallingConfig The configuration for automatic function calling. AutomaticFunctionCallingConfig.Builder Builder for AutomaticFunctionCallingConfig. AutoraterConfig Autorater config used for evaluation. AutoraterConfig.Builder Builder for AutoraterConfig. BatchJob Config for batches.create return value. BatchJob.Builder Builder for BatchJob. BatchJobDestination Config for `des` parameter. BatchJobDestination.Builder Builder for BatchJobDestination. BatchJobSource Config for `src` parameter. BatchJobSource.Builder Builder for BatchJobSource. Behavior Specifies the function Behavior. Behavior.Known Enum representing the known values for Behavior. Blob Content blob. Blob.Builder Builder for Blob. BlockedReason Output only. BlockedReason.Known Enum representing the known values for BlockedReason. CachedContent A resource used in LLM queries for users to explicitly specify what to cache. CachedContent.Builder Builder for CachedContent. CachedContentUsageMetadata Metadata on the usage of the cached content. CachedContentUsageMetadata.Builder Builder for CachedContentUsageMetadata. CancelBatchJobConfig Optional parameters. CancelBatchJobConfig.Builder Builder for CancelBatchJobConfig. CancelBatchJobParameters Config for batches.cancel parameters. CancelBatchJobParameters.Builder Builder for CancelBatchJobParameters. CancelTuningJobConfig Optional parameters for tunings.cancel method. CancelTuningJobConfig.Builder Builder for CancelTuningJobConfig. CancelTuningJobParameters Parameters for the cancel method. CancelTuningJobParameters.Builder Builder for CancelTuningJobParameters. CancelTuningJobResponse Empty response for tunings.cancel method. CancelTuningJobResponse.Builder Builder for CancelTuningJobResponse. Candidate A response candidate generated from the model. Candidate.Builder Builder for Candidate. Checkpoint Describes the machine learning model version checkpoint. Checkpoint.Builder Builder for Checkpoint. ChunkingConfig Config for telling the service how to chunk the file. ChunkingConfig.Builder Builder for ChunkingConfig. Citation Source attributions for content. Citation.Builder Builder for Citation. CitationMetadata Citation information when the model quotes another source. CitationMetadata.Builder Builder for CitationMetadata. ClientOptions Client options to be used in the client instantiation. ClientOptions.Builder Builder for ClientOptions. CodeExecutionResult Result of executing the [ExecutableCode]. CodeExecutionResult.Builder Builder for CodeExecutionResult. CompletionStats Success and error statistics of processing multiple entities (for example, DataItems or structured data rows) in batch. CompletionStats.Builder Builder for CompletionStats. ComputerUse Tool to support computer use. ComputerUse.Builder Builder for ComputerUse. ComputeTokensConfig Optional parameters for computing tokens. ComputeTokensConfig.Builder Builder for ComputeTokensConfig. ComputeTokensParameters Parameters for computing tokens. ComputeTokensParameters.Builder Builder for ComputeTokensParameters. ComputeTokensResponse Response for computing tokens. ComputeTokensResponse.Builder Builder for ComputeTokensResponse. ComputeTokensResult Local tokenizer compute tokens result. ComputeTokensResult.Builder Builder for ComputeTokensResult. Content Contains the multi-part content of a message. Content.Builder Builder for Content. ContentEmbedding The embedding generated from an input content. ContentEmbedding.Builder Builder for ContentEmbedding. ContentEmbeddingStatistics Statistics of the input text associated with the result of content embedding. ContentEmbeddingStatistics.Builder Builder for ContentEmbeddingStatistics. ContentReferenceImage A content reference image. ContentReferenceImage.Builder Builder for ContentReferenceImage. ContextWindowCompressionConfig Enables context window compression -- mechanism managing model context window so it does not exceed given length. ContextWindowCompressionConfig.Builder Builder for ContextWindowCompressionConfig. ControlReferenceConfig Configuration for a Control reference image. ControlReferenceConfig.Builder Builder for ControlReferenceConfig. ControlReferenceImage A control reference image. ControlReferenceImage.Builder Builder for ControlReferenceImage. ControlReferenceType Enum representing the control type of a control reference image. ControlReferenceType.Known Enum representing the known values for ControlReferenceType. CountTokensConfig Config for the count_tokens method. CountTokensConfig.Builder Builder for CountTokensConfig. CountTokensParameters Parameters for counting tokens. CountTokensParameters.Builder Builder for CountTokensParameters. CountTokensResponse Response for counting tokens. CountTokensResponse.Builder Builder for CountTokensResponse. CountTokensResult Local tokenizer count tokens result. CountTokensResult.Builder Builder for CountTokensResult. CreateAuthTokenConfig Optional parameters. CreateAuthTokenConfig.Builder Builder for CreateAuthTokenConfig. CreateAuthTokenParameters Config for auth_tokens.create parameters. CreateAuthTokenParameters.Builder Builder for CreateAuthTokenParameters. CreateBatchJobConfig Config for optional parameters. CreateBatchJobConfig.Builder Builder for CreateBatchJobConfig. CreateBatchJobParameters Config for batches.create parameters. CreateBatchJobParameters.Builder Builder for CreateBatchJobParameters. CreateCachedContentConfig Optional configuration for cached content creation. CreateCachedContentConfig.Builder Builder for CreateCachedContentConfig. CreateCachedContentParameters Parameters for caches.create method. CreateCachedContentParameters.Builder Builder for CreateCachedContentParameters. CreateEmbeddingsBatchJobConfig Config for optional parameters. CreateEmbeddingsBatchJobConfig.Builder Builder for CreateEmbeddingsBatchJobConfig. CreateEmbeddingsBatchJobParameters Config for batches.create parameters. CreateEmbeddingsBatchJobParameters.Builder Builder for CreateEmbeddingsBatchJobParameters. CreateFileConfig Used to override the default configuration. CreateFileConfig.Builder Builder for CreateFileConfig. CreateFileParameters Generates the parameters for the private _create method. CreateFileParameters.Builder Builder for CreateFileParameters. CreateFileResponse Response for the create file method. CreateFileResponse.Builder Builder for CreateFileResponse. CreateFileSearchStoreConfig Optional parameters for creating a file search store. CreateFileSearchStoreConfig.Builder Builder for CreateFileSearchStoreConfig. CreateFileSearchStoreParameters Config for file_search_stores.create parameters. CreateFileSearchStoreParameters.Builder Builder for CreateFileSearchStoreParameters. CreateTuningJobConfig Fine-tuning job creation request - optional fields. CreateTuningJobConfig.Builder Builder for CreateTuningJobConfig. CreateTuningJobParameters Fine-tuning job creation parameters - optional fields. CreateTuningJobParameters.Builder Builder for CreateTuningJobParameters. CreateTuningJobParametersPrivate Fine-tuning job creation parameters - optional fields. CreateTuningJobParametersPrivate.Builder Builder for CreateTuningJobParametersPrivate. CustomMetadata User provided metadata stored as key-value pairs. CustomMetadata.Builder Builder for CustomMetadata. DatasetDistribution Distribution computed over a tuning dataset. DatasetDistribution.Builder Builder for DatasetDistribution. DatasetDistributionDistributionBucket Dataset bucket used to create a histogram for the distribution given a population of values. DatasetDistributionDistributionBucket.Builder Builder for DatasetDistributionDistributionBucket. DatasetStats Statistics computed over a tuning dataset. DatasetStats.Builder Builder for DatasetStats. DeleteBatchJobConfig Optional parameters for models.get method. DeleteBatchJobConfig.Builder Builder for DeleteBatchJobConfig. DeleteBatchJobParameters Config for batches.delete parameters. DeleteBatchJobParameters.Builder Builder for DeleteBatchJobParameters. DeleteCachedContentConfig Optional parameters for caches.delete method. DeleteCachedContentConfig.Builder Builder for DeleteCachedContentConfig. DeleteCachedContentParameters Parameters for caches.delete method. DeleteCachedContentParameters.Builder Builder for DeleteCachedContentParameters. DeleteCachedContentResponse Empty response for caches.delete method. DeleteCachedContentResponse.Builder Builder for DeleteCachedContentResponse. DeleteDocumentConfig Config for optional parameters. DeleteDocumentConfig.Builder Builder for DeleteDocumentConfig. DeleteDocumentParameters Config for documents.delete parameters. DeleteDocumentParameters.Builder Builder for DeleteDocumentParameters. DeleteFileConfig Used to override the default configuration. DeleteFileConfig.Builder Builder for DeleteFileConfig. DeleteFileParameters Generates the parameters for the get method. DeleteFileParameters.Builder Builder for DeleteFileParameters. DeleteFileResponse Response for the delete file method. DeleteFileResponse.Builder Builder for DeleteFileResponse. DeleteFileSearchStoreConfig Optional parameters for deleting a FileSearchStore. DeleteFileSearchStoreConfig.Builder Builder for DeleteFileSearchStoreConfig. DeleteFileSearchStoreParameters Config for file_search_stores.delete parameters. DeleteFileSearchStoreParameters.Builder Builder for DeleteFileSearchStoreParameters. DeleteModelConfig Configuration for deleting a tuned model. DeleteModelConfig.Builder Builder for DeleteModelConfig. DeleteModelParameters Parameters for deleting a tuned model. DeleteModelParameters.Builder Builder for DeleteModelParameters. DeleteModelResponse None DeleteModelResponse.Builder Builder for DeleteModelResponse. DeleteResourceJob The return value of delete operation. DeleteResourceJob.Builder Builder for DeleteResourceJob. DistillationDataStats Statistics computed for datasets used for distillation. DistillationDataStats.Builder Builder for DistillationDataStats. Document A Document is a collection of Chunks. Document.Builder Builder for Document. DocumentState State for the lifecycle of a Document. DocumentState.Known Enum representing the known values for DocumentState. DownloadFileConfig Used to override the default configuration. DownloadFileConfig.Builder Builder for DownloadFileConfig. DynamicRetrievalConfig Describes the options to customize dynamic retrieval. DynamicRetrievalConfig.Builder Builder for DynamicRetrievalConfig. DynamicRetrievalConfigMode The mode of the predictor to be used in dynamic retrieval. DynamicRetrievalConfigMode.Known Enum representing the known values for DynamicRetrievalConfigMode. EditImageConfig Configuration for editing an image. EditImageConfig.Builder Builder for EditImageConfig. EditImageParameters Parameters for the request to edit an image. EditImageParameters.Builder Builder for EditImageParameters. EditImageResponse Response for the request to edit an image. EditImageResponse.Builder Builder for EditImageResponse. EditMode Enum representing the editing mode. EditMode.Known Enum representing the known values for EditMode. EmbedContentBatch Parameters for the embed_content method. EmbedContentBatch.Builder Builder for EmbedContentBatch. EmbedContentConfig Optional parameters for the embed_content method. EmbedContentConfig.Builder Builder for EmbedContentConfig. EmbedContentMetadata Request-level metadata for the Vertex Embed Content API. EmbedContentMetadata.Builder Builder for EmbedContentMetadata. EmbedContentParameters Parameters for the embed_content method. EmbedContentParameters.Builder Builder for EmbedContentParameters. EmbedContentResponse Response for the embed_content method. EmbedContentResponse.Builder Builder for EmbedContentResponse. EmbeddingsBatchJobSource None EmbeddingsBatchJobSource.Builder Builder for EmbeddingsBatchJobSource. EncryptionSpec Represents a customer-managed encryption key spec that can be applied to a top-level resource. EncryptionSpec.Builder Builder for EncryptionSpec. Endpoint An endpoint where you deploy models. Endpoint.Builder Builder for Endpoint. EndSensitivity End of speech sensitivity. EndSensitivity.Known Enum representing the known values for EndSensitivity. EnterpriseWebSearch Tool to search public web data, powered by Vertex AI Search and Sec4 compliance. EnterpriseWebSearch.Builder Builder for EnterpriseWebSearch. EntityLabel An entity representing the segmented area. EntityLabel.Builder Builder for EntityLabel. Environment The environment being operated. Environment.Known Enum representing the known values for Environment. EvaluationConfig Evaluation config for tuning. EvaluationConfig.Builder Builder for EvaluationConfig. ExecutableCode Code generated by the model that is meant to be executed, and the result returned to the model. ExecutableCode.Builder Builder for ExecutableCode. ExternalApi Retrieve from data source powered by external API for grounding. ExternalApi.Builder Builder for ExternalApi. ExternalApiElasticSearchParams The search parameters to use for the ELASTIC_SEARCH spec. ExternalApiElasticSearchParams.Builder Builder for ExternalApiElasticSearchParams. ExternalApiSimpleSearchParams The search parameters to use for SIMPLE_SEARCH spec. ExternalApiSimpleSearchParams.Builder Builder for ExternalApiSimpleSearchParams. FeatureSelectionPreference Options for feature selection preference. FeatureSelectionPreference.Known Enum representing the known values for FeatureSelectionPreference. FetchPredictOperationConfig None FetchPredictOperationConfig.Builder Builder for FetchPredictOperationConfig. FetchPredictOperationParameters Parameters for the fetchPredictOperation method. FetchPredictOperationParameters.Builder Builder for FetchPredictOperationParameters. File A file uploaded to the API. File.Builder Builder for File. FileData URI based data. FileData.Builder Builder for FileData. FileSearch Tool to retrieve knowledge from the File Search Stores. FileSearch.Builder Builder for FileSearch. FileSearchStore A collection of Documents. FileSearchStore.Builder Builder for FileSearchStore. FileSource Source of the File. FileSource.Known Enum representing the known values for FileSource. FileState State for the lifecycle of a File. FileState.Known Enum representing the known values for FileState. FileStatus Status of a File that uses a common error model. FileStatus.Builder Builder for FileStatus. FinishReason Output only. FinishReason.Known Enum representing the known values for FinishReason. FunctionCall A function call. FunctionCall.Builder Builder for FunctionCall. FunctionCallingConfig Function calling config. FunctionCallingConfig.Builder Builder for FunctionCallingConfig. FunctionCallingConfigMode Function calling mode. FunctionCallingConfigMode.Known Enum representing the known values for FunctionCallingConfigMode. FunctionDeclaration Structured representation of a function declaration as defined by the [OpenAPI 3.0 specification](https://spec.openapis.org/oas/v3.0.3). FunctionDeclaration.Builder Builder for FunctionDeclaration. FunctionResponse A function response. FunctionResponse.Builder Builder for FunctionResponse. FunctionResponseBlob Raw media bytes for function response. FunctionResponseBlob.Builder Builder for FunctionResponseBlob. FunctionResponseFileData URI based data for function response. FunctionResponseFileData.Builder Builder for FunctionResponseFileData. FunctionResponsePart A datatype containing media that is part of a `FunctionResponse` message. FunctionResponsePart.Builder Builder for FunctionResponsePart. FunctionResponseScheduling Specifies how the response should be scheduled in the conversation. FunctionResponseScheduling.Known Enum representing the known values for FunctionResponseScheduling. GcsDestination The Google Cloud Storage location where the output is to be written to. GcsDestination.Builder Builder for GcsDestination. GeminiPreferenceExample Input example for preference optimization. GeminiPreferenceExample.Builder Builder for GeminiPreferenceExample. GeminiPreferenceExampleCompletion Completion and its preference score. GeminiPreferenceExampleCompletion.Builder Builder for GeminiPreferenceExampleCompletion. GenerateContentConfig Optional model configuration parameters. GenerateContentConfig.Builder Builder for GenerateContentConfig. GenerateContentParameters Config for models.generate_content parameters. GenerateContentParameters.Builder Builder for GenerateContentParameters. GenerateContentResponse Response message for PredictionService.GenerateContent. GenerateContentResponse.Builder Builder for GenerateContentResponse. GenerateContentResponsePromptFeedback Content filter results for a prompt sent in the request. GenerateContentResponsePromptFeedback.Builder Builder for GenerateContentResponsePromptFeedback. GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata Usage metadata about the content generation request and response. GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata.Builder Builder for GenerateContentResponseUsageMetadata. GeneratedImage An output image. GeneratedImage.Builder Builder for GeneratedImage. GeneratedImageMask A generated image mask. GeneratedImageMask.Builder Builder for GeneratedImageMask. GeneratedVideo A generated video. GeneratedVideo.Builder Builder for GeneratedVideo. GenerateImagesConfig The config for generating an images. GenerateImagesConfig.Builder Builder for GenerateImagesConfig. GenerateImagesParameters The parameters for generating images. GenerateImagesParameters.Builder Builder for GenerateImagesParameters. GenerateImagesResponse The output images response. GenerateImagesResponse.Builder Builder for GenerateImagesResponse. GenerateVideosConfig Configuration for generating videos. GenerateVideosConfig.Builder Builder for GenerateVideosConfig. GenerateVideosOperation A video generation operation. GenerateVideosOperation.Builder Builder for GenerateVideosOperation. GenerateVideosParameters Class that represents the parameters for generating videos. GenerateVideosParameters.Builder Builder for GenerateVideosParameters. GenerateVideosResponse Response with generated videos. GenerateVideosResponse.Builder Builder for GenerateVideosResponse. GenerateVideosSource A set of source input(s) for video generation. GenerateVideosSource.Builder Builder for GenerateVideosSource. GenerationConfig Generation config. GenerationConfig.Builder Builder for GenerationConfig. GenerationConfigRoutingConfig The configuration for routing the request to a specific model. GenerationConfigRoutingConfig.Builder Builder for GenerationConfigRoutingConfig. GenerationConfigRoutingConfigAutoRoutingMode When automated routing is specified, the routing will be determined by the pretrained routing model and customer provided model routing preference. GenerationConfigRoutingConfigAutoRoutingMode.Builder Builder for GenerationConfigRoutingConfigAutoRoutingMode. GenerationConfigRoutingConfigManualRoutingMode When manual routing is set, the specified model will be used directly. GenerationConfigRoutingConfigManualRoutingMode.Builder Builder for GenerationConfigRoutingConfigManualRoutingMode. GetBatchJobConfig Optional parameters. GetBatchJobConfig.Builder Builder for GetBatchJobConfig. GetBatchJobParameters Config for batches.get parameters. GetBatchJobParameters.Builder Builder for GetBatchJobParameters. GetCachedContentConfig Optional parameters for caches.get method. GetCachedContentConfig.Builder Builder for GetCachedContentConfig. GetCachedContentParameters Parameters for caches.get method. GetCachedContentParameters.Builder Builder for GetCachedContentParameters. GetDocumentConfig Optional Config. GetDocumentConfig.Builder Builder for GetDocumentConfig. GetDocumentParameters Parameters for documents.get. GetDocumentParameters.Builder Builder for GetDocumentParameters. GetFileConfig Used to override the default configuration. GetFileConfig.Builder Builder for GetFileConfig. GetFileParameters Generates the parameters for the get method. GetFileParameters.Builder Builder for GetFileParameters. GetFileSearchStoreConfig Optional parameters for getting a FileSearchStore. GetFileSearchStoreConfig.Builder Builder for GetFileSearchStoreConfig. GetFileSearchStoreParameters Config for file_search_stores.get parameters. GetFileSearchStoreParameters.Builder Builder for GetFileSearchStoreParameters. GetModelConfig Optional parameters for models.get method. GetModelConfig.Builder Builder for GetModelConfig. GetModelParameters None GetModelParameters.Builder Builder for GetModelParameters. GetOperationConfig None GetOperationConfig.Builder Builder for GetOperationConfig. GetOperationParameters Parameters for the GET method. GetOperationParameters.Builder Builder for GetOperationParameters. GetTuningJobConfig Optional parameters for tunings.get method. GetTuningJobConfig.Builder Builder for GetTuningJobConfig. GetTuningJobParameters Parameters for the get method. GetTuningJobParameters.Builder Builder for GetTuningJobParameters. GoogleMaps Tool to retrieve public maps data for grounding, powered by Google. GoogleMaps.Builder Builder for GoogleMaps. GoogleRpcStatus The `Status` type defines a logical error model that is suitable for different programming environments, including REST APIs and RPC APIs. GoogleRpcStatus.Builder Builder for GoogleRpcStatus. GoogleSearch GoogleSearch tool type. GoogleSearch.Builder Builder for GoogleSearch. GoogleSearchRetrieval Tool to retrieve public web data for grounding, powered by Google. GoogleSearchRetrieval.Builder Builder for GoogleSearchRetrieval. GoogleTypeDate Represents a whole or partial calendar date, such as a birthday. GoogleTypeDate.Builder Builder for GoogleTypeDate. GroundingChunk Grounding chunk. GroundingChunk.Builder Builder for GroundingChunk. GroundingChunkMaps Chunk from Google Maps. GroundingChunkMaps.Builder Builder for GroundingChunkMaps. GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSources Sources used to generate the place answer. GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSources.Builder Builder for GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSources. GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSourcesAuthorAttribution Author attribution for a photo or review. GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSourcesAuthorAttribution.Builder Builder for GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSourcesAuthorAttribution. GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSourcesReviewSnippet Encapsulates a review snippet. GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSourcesReviewSnippet.Builder Builder for GroundingChunkMapsPlaceAnswerSourcesReviewSnippet. GroundingChunkRetrievedContext Chunk from context retrieved by the retrieval tools. GroundingChunkRetrievedContext.Builder Builder for GroundingChunkRetrievedContext. GroundingChunkWeb Chunk from the web. GroundingChunkWeb.Builder Builder for GroundingChunkWeb. GroundingMetadata Metadata returned to client when grounding is enabled. GroundingMetadata.Builder Builder for GroundingMetadata. GroundingMetadataSourceFlaggingUri Source content flagging uri for a place or review. GroundingMetadataSourceFlaggingUri.Builder Builder for GroundingMetadataSourceFlaggingUri. GroundingSupport Grounding support. GroundingSupport.Builder Builder for GroundingSupport. HarmBlockMethod Specify if the threshold is used for probability or severity score. HarmBlockMethod.Known Enum representing the known values for HarmBlockMethod. HarmBlockThreshold The harm block threshold. HarmBlockThreshold.Known Enum representing the known values for HarmBlockThreshold. HarmCategory Harm category. HarmCategory.Known Enum representing the known values for HarmCategory. HarmProbability Output only. HarmProbability.Known Enum representing the known values for HarmProbability. HarmSeverity Output only. HarmSeverity.Known Enum representing the known values for HarmSeverity. HttpElementLocation The location of the API key. HttpElementLocation.Known Enum representing the known values for HttpElementLocation. HttpOptions HTTP options to be used in each of the requests. HttpOptions.Builder Builder for HttpOptions. HttpResponse A wrapper class for the http response. HttpResponse.Builder Builder for HttpResponse. HttpRetryOptions HTTP retry options to be used in each of the requests. HttpRetryOptions.Builder Builder for HttpRetryOptions. Image An image. Image.Builder Builder for Image. ImageConfig The image generation configuration to be used in GenerateContentConfig. ImageConfig.Builder Builder for ImageConfig. ImagePromptLanguage Enum that specifies the language of the text in the prompt. ImagePromptLanguage.Known Enum representing the known values for ImagePromptLanguage. ImportFileConfig Optional parameters for importing a file. ImportFileConfig.Builder Builder for ImportFileConfig. ImportFileOperation Long-running operation for importing a file to a FileSearchStore. ImportFileOperation.Builder Builder for ImportFileOperation. ImportFileParameters Config for file_search_stores.import_file parameters. ImportFileParameters.Builder Builder for ImportFileParameters. ImportFileResponse Response for ImportFile to import a File API file with a file search store. ImportFileResponse.Builder Builder for ImportFileResponse. InlinedEmbedContentResponse Config for `inlined_embedding_responses` parameter. InlinedEmbedContentResponse.Builder Builder for InlinedEmbedContentResponse. InlinedRequest Config for inlined request. InlinedRequest.Builder Builder for InlinedRequest. InlinedResponse Config for `inlined_responses` parameter. InlinedResponse.Builder Builder for InlinedResponse. Interval Represents a time interval, encoded as a Timestamp start (inclusive) and a Timestamp end (exclusive). Interval.Builder Builder for Interval. JobError Job error. JobError.Builder Builder for JobError. JobState Job state. JobState.Known Enum representing the known values for JobState. Language Programming language of the `code`. Language.Known Enum representing the known values for Language. LatLng An object that represents a latitude/longitude pair. LatLng.Builder Builder for LatLng. ListBatchJobsConfig Config for optional parameters. ListBatchJobsConfig.Builder Builder for ListBatchJobsConfig. ListBatchJobsParameters Config for batches.list parameters. ListBatchJobsParameters.Builder Builder for ListBatchJobsParameters. ListBatchJobsResponse Config for batches.list return value. ListBatchJobsResponse.Builder Builder for ListBatchJobsResponse. ListCachedContentsConfig Config for caches.list method. ListCachedContentsConfig.Builder Builder for ListCachedContentsConfig. ListCachedContentsParameters Parameters for caches.list method. ListCachedContentsParameters.Builder Builder for ListCachedContentsParameters. ListCachedContentsResponse None ListCachedContentsResponse.Builder Builder for ListCachedContentsResponse. ListDocumentsConfig Config for optional parameters. ListDocumentsConfig.Builder Builder for ListDocumentsConfig. ListDocumentsParameters Config for documents.list parameters. ListDocumentsParameters.Builder Builder for ListDocumentsParameters. ListDocumentsResponse Config for documents.list return value. ListDocumentsResponse.Builder Builder for ListDocumentsResponse. ListFilesConfig Used to override the default configuration. ListFilesConfig.Builder Builder for ListFilesConfig. ListFileSearchStoresConfig Optional parameters for listing FileSearchStore. ListFileSearchStoresConfig.Builder Builder for ListFileSearchStoresConfig. ListFileSearchStoresParameters Config for file_search_stores.list parameters. ListFileSearchStoresParameters.Builder Builder for ListFileSearchStoresParameters. ListFileSearchStoresResponse Config for file_search_stores.list return value. ListFileSearchStoresResponse.Builder Builder for ListFileSearchStoresResponse. ListFilesParameters Generates the parameters for the list method. ListFilesParameters.Builder Builder for ListFilesParameters. ListFilesResponse Response for the list files method. ListFilesResponse.Builder Builder for ListFilesResponse. ListModelsConfig None ListModelsConfig.Builder Builder for ListModelsConfig. ListModelsParameters None ListModelsParameters.Builder Builder for ListModelsParameters. ListModelsResponse None ListModelsResponse.Builder Builder for ListModelsResponse. ListTuningJobsConfig Configuration for the list tuning jobs method. ListTuningJobsConfig.Builder Builder for ListTuningJobsConfig. ListTuningJobsParameters Parameters for the list tuning jobs method. ListTuningJobsParameters.Builder Builder for ListTuningJobsParameters. ListTuningJobsResponse Response for the list tuning jobs method. ListTuningJobsResponse.Builder Builder for ListTuningJobsResponse. LiveClientContent Incremental update of the current conversation delivered from the client. LiveClientContent.Builder Builder for LiveClientContent. LiveClientMessage Messages sent by the client in the API call. LiveClientMessage.Builder Builder for LiveClientMessage. LiveClientRealtimeInput User input that is sent in real time. LiveClientRealtimeInput.Builder Builder for LiveClientRealtimeInput. LiveClientSetup Message contains configuration that will apply for the duration of the streaming session. LiveClientSetup.Builder Builder for LiveClientSetup. LiveClientToolResponse Client generated response to a `ToolCall` received from the server. LiveClientToolResponse.Builder Builder for LiveClientToolResponse. LiveConnectConfig Session config for the API connection. LiveConnectConfig.Builder Builder for LiveConnectConfig. LiveConnectConstraints Config for LiveConnectConstraints for Auth Token creation. LiveConnectConstraints.Builder Builder for LiveConnectConstraints. LiveConnectParameters Parameters for connecting to the live API. LiveConnectParameters.Builder Builder for LiveConnectParameters. LiveSendClientContentParameters Parameters for sending client content to the live API. LiveSendClientContentParameters.Builder Builder for LiveSendClientContentParameters. LiveSendRealtimeInputParameters Parameters for sending realtime input to the live API. LiveSendRealtimeInputParameters.Builder Builder for LiveSendRealtimeInputParameters. LiveSendToolResponseParameters Parameters for sending tool responses to the live API. LiveSendToolResponseParameters.Builder Builder for LiveSendToolResponseParameters. LiveServerContent Incremental server update generated by the model in response to client messages. LiveServerContent.Builder Builder for LiveServerContent. LiveServerGoAway Server will not be able to service client soon. LiveServerGoAway.Builder Builder for LiveServerGoAway. LiveServerMessage Response message for API call. LiveServerMessage.Builder Builder for LiveServerMessage. LiveServerSessionResumptionUpdate Update of the session resumption state. LiveServerSessionResumptionUpdate.Builder Builder for LiveServerSessionResumptionUpdate. LiveServerSetupComplete Sent in response to a `LiveGenerateContentSetup` message from the client. LiveServerSetupComplete.Builder Builder for LiveServerSetupComplete. LiveServerToolCall Request for the client to execute the `function_calls` and return the responses with the matching `id`s. LiveServerToolCall.Builder Builder for LiveServerToolCall. LiveServerToolCallCancellation Notification for the client that a previously issued `ToolCallMessage` with the specified `id`s should have been not executed and should be cancelled. LiveServerToolCallCancellation.Builder Builder for LiveServerToolCallCancellation. LogprobsResult Logprobs Result LogprobsResult.Builder Builder for LogprobsResult. LogprobsResultCandidate Candidate for the logprobs token and score. LogprobsResultCandidate.Builder Builder for LogprobsResultCandidate. LogprobsResultTopCandidates Candidates with top log probabilities at each decoding step. LogprobsResultTopCandidates.Builder Builder for LogprobsResultTopCandidates. MaskReferenceConfig Configuration for a Mask reference image. MaskReferenceConfig.Builder Builder for MaskReferenceConfig. MaskReferenceImage A mask reference image. MaskReferenceImage.Builder Builder for MaskReferenceImage. MaskReferenceMode Enum representing the mask mode of a mask reference image. MaskReferenceMode.Known Enum representing the known values for MaskReferenceMode. MediaModality Server content modalities. MediaModality.Known Enum representing the known values for MediaModality. MediaResolution The media resolution to use. MediaResolution.Known Enum representing the known values for MediaResolution. Metric The metric used for evaluation. Metric.Builder Builder for Metric. Modality Server content modalities. Modality.Known Enum representing the known values for Modality. ModalityTokenCount Represents token counting info for a single modality. ModalityTokenCount.Builder Builder for ModalityTokenCount. Model A trained machine learning model. Model.Builder Builder for Model. ModelRoutingPreference The model routing preference. ModelRoutingPreference.Known Enum representing the known values for ModelRoutingPreference. ModelSelectionConfig Config for model selection. ModelSelectionConfig.Builder Builder for ModelSelectionConfig. MultiSpeakerVoiceConfig Configuration for a multi-speaker text-to-speech request. MultiSpeakerVoiceConfig.Builder Builder for MultiSpeakerVoiceConfig. NullValue Optional. NullValue.Known Enum representing the known values for NullValue. Operation <T, O extends Operation <T, O>> A long-running operation. Outcome Outcome of the code execution. Outcome.Known Enum representing the known values for Outcome. OutputConfig Config for evaluation output. OutputConfig.Builder Builder for OutputConfig. Part A datatype containing media content. Part.Builder Builder for Part. PartialArg Partial argument value of the function call. PartialArg.Builder Builder for PartialArg. PartMediaResolution Media resolution for the input media. PartMediaResolution.Builder Builder for PartMediaResolution. PartMediaResolutionLevel The tokenization quality used for given media. PartMediaResolutionLevel.Known Enum representing the known values for PartMediaResolutionLevel. PartnerModelTuningSpec Tuning spec for Partner models. PartnerModelTuningSpec.Builder Builder for PartnerModelTuningSpec. PersonGeneration Enum that controls the generation of people. PersonGeneration.Known Enum representing the known values for PersonGeneration. PhishBlockThreshold Sites with confidence level chosen & above this value will be blocked from the search results. PhishBlockThreshold.Known Enum representing the known values for PhishBlockThreshold. PrebuiltVoiceConfig The configuration for the prebuilt speaker to use. PrebuiltVoiceConfig.Builder Builder for PrebuiltVoiceConfig. PreferenceOptimizationDataStats Statistics computed for datasets used for preference optimization. PreferenceOptimizationDataStats.Builder Builder for PreferenceOptimizationDataStats. PreferenceOptimizationHyperParameters Hyperparameters for Preference Optimization. PreferenceOptimizationHyperParameters.Builder Builder for PreferenceOptimizationHyperParameters. PreferenceOptimizationSpec Preference optimization tuning spec for tuning. PreferenceOptimizationSpec.Builder Builder for PreferenceOptimizationSpec. PreTunedModel A pre-tuned model for continuous tuning. PreTunedModel.Builder Builder for PreTunedModel. ProactivityConfig Config for proactivity features. ProactivityConfig.Builder Builder for ProactivityConfig. ProductImage An image of the product. ProductImage.Builder Builder for ProductImage. ProxyOptions Proxy configuration for the client. ProxyOptions.Builder Builder for ProxyOptions. ProxyType Specifies the type of proxy to use for network connections. ProxyType.Known Enum representing the known values for ProxyType. RagChunk A RagChunk includes the content of a chunk of a RagFile, and associated metadata. RagChunk.Builder Builder for RagChunk. RagChunkPageSpan Represents where the chunk starts and ends in the document. RagChunkPageSpan.Builder Builder for RagChunkPageSpan. RagRetrievalConfig Specifies the context retrieval config. RagRetrievalConfig.Builder Builder for RagRetrievalConfig. RagRetrievalConfigFilter Config for filters. RagRetrievalConfigFilter.Builder Builder for RagRetrievalConfigFilter. RagRetrievalConfigHybridSearch Config for Hybrid Search. RagRetrievalConfigHybridSearch.Builder Builder for RagRetrievalConfigHybridSearch. RagRetrievalConfigRanking Config for ranking and reranking. RagRetrievalConfigRanking.Builder Builder for RagRetrievalConfigRanking. RagRetrievalConfigRankingLlmRanker Config for LlmRanker. RagRetrievalConfigRankingLlmRanker.Builder Builder for RagRetrievalConfigRankingLlmRanker. RagRetrievalConfigRankingRankService Config for Rank Service. RagRetrievalConfigRankingRankService.Builder Builder for RagRetrievalConfigRankingRankService. RawReferenceImage A raw reference image. RawReferenceImage.Builder Builder for RawReferenceImage. RealtimeInputConfig Marks the end of user activity. RealtimeInputConfig.Builder Builder for RealtimeInputConfig. RecontextImageConfig Configuration for recontextualizing an image. RecontextImageConfig.Builder Builder for RecontextImageConfig. RecontextImageParameters The parameters for recontextualizing an image. RecontextImageParameters.Builder Builder for RecontextImageParameters. RecontextImageResponse The output images response. RecontextImageResponse.Builder Builder for RecontextImageResponse. RecontextImageSource A set of source input(s) for image recontextualization. RecontextImageSource.Builder Builder for RecontextImageSource. ReferenceImage An interface for a Reference image. ReferenceImageAPI Private class that represents a Reference image that is sent to API. ReferenceImageAPI.Builder Builder for ReferenceImageAPI. ReplayFile Represents a recorded session. ReplayFile.Builder Builder for ReplayFile. ReplayInteraction Represents a single interaction, request and response in a replay. ReplayInteraction.Builder Builder for ReplayInteraction. ReplayRequest Represents a single request in a replay. ReplayRequest.Builder Builder for ReplayRequest. ReplayResponse Represents a single response in a replay. ReplayResponse.Builder Builder for ReplayResponse. ReplicatedVoiceConfig ReplicatedVoiceConfig is used to configure replicated voice. ReplicatedVoiceConfig.Builder Builder for ReplicatedVoiceConfig. Retrieval Defines a retrieval tool that model can call to access external knowledge. Retrieval.Builder Builder for Retrieval. RetrievalConfig Retrieval config. RetrievalConfig.Builder Builder for RetrievalConfig. RetrievalMetadata Metadata related to retrieval in the grounding flow. RetrievalMetadata.Builder Builder for RetrievalMetadata. SafetyAttributes Safety attributes of a GeneratedImage or the user-provided prompt. SafetyAttributes.Builder Builder for SafetyAttributes. SafetyFilterLevel Enum that controls the safety filter level for objectionable content. SafetyFilterLevel.Known Enum representing the known values for SafetyFilterLevel. SafetyRating Safety rating corresponding to the generated content. SafetyRating.Builder Builder for SafetyRating. SafetySetting Safety settings. SafetySetting.Builder Builder for SafetySetting. Schema Schema is used to define the format of input/output data. Schema.Builder Builder for Schema. ScribbleImage An image mask representing a brush scribble. ScribbleImage.Builder Builder for ScribbleImage. SearchEntryPoint Google search entry point. SearchEntryPoint.Builder Builder for SearchEntryPoint. Segment Segment of the content. Segment.Builder Builder for Segment. SegmentImageConfig Configuration for segmenting an image. SegmentImageConfig.Builder Builder for SegmentImageConfig. SegmentImageParameters The parameters for segmenting an image. SegmentImageParameters.Builder Builder for SegmentImageParameters. SegmentImageResponse The output images response. SegmentImageResponse.Builder Builder for SegmentImageResponse. SegmentImageSource A set of source input(s) for image segmentation. SegmentImageSource.Builder Builder for SegmentImageSource. SegmentMode Enum that represents the segmentation mode. SegmentMode.Known Enum representing the known values for SegmentMode. SessionResumptionConfig Configuration of session resumption mechanism. SessionResumptionConfig.Builder Builder for SessionResumptionConfig. SingleEmbedContentResponse Config for `response` parameter. SingleEmbedContentResponse.Builder Builder for SingleEmbedContentResponse. SlidingWindow Context window will be truncated by keeping only suffix of it. SlidingWindow.Builder Builder for SlidingWindow. SpeakerVoiceConfig Configuration for a single speaker in a multi speaker setup. SpeakerVoiceConfig.Builder Builder for SpeakerVoiceConfig. SpeechConfig None SpeechConfig.Builder Builder for SpeechConfig. StartSensitivity Start of speech sensitivity. StartSensitivity.Known Enum representing the known values for StartSensitivity. StringList User provided string values assigned to a single metadata key. StringList.Builder Builder for StringList. StyleReferenceConfig Configuration for a Style reference image. StyleReferenceConfig.Builder Builder for StyleReferenceConfig. StyleReferenceImage A style reference image. StyleReferenceImage.Builder Builder for StyleReferenceImage. SubjectReferenceConfig Configuration for a Subject reference image. SubjectReferenceConfig.Builder Builder for SubjectReferenceConfig. SubjectReferenceImage A subject reference image. SubjectReferenceImage.Builder Builder for SubjectReferenceImage. SubjectReferenceType Enum representing the subject type of a subject reference image. SubjectReferenceType.Known Enum representing the known values for SubjectReferenceType. SupervisedHyperParameters Hyperparameters for SFT. SupervisedHyperParameters.Builder Builder for SupervisedHyperParameters. SupervisedTuningDatasetDistribution Dataset distribution for Supervised Tuning. SupervisedTuningDatasetDistribution.Builder Builder for SupervisedTuningDatasetDistribution. SupervisedTuningDatasetDistributionDatasetBucket Dataset bucket used to create a histogram for the distribution given a population of values. SupervisedTuningDatasetDistributionDatasetBucket.Builder Builder for SupervisedTuningDatasetDistributionDatasetBucket. SupervisedTuningDataStats Tuning data statistics for Supervised Tuning. SupervisedTuningDataStats.Builder Builder for SupervisedTuningDataStats. SupervisedTuningSpec Supervised tuning spec for tuning. SupervisedTuningSpec.Builder Builder for SupervisedTuningSpec. TestTableFile None TestTableFile.Builder Builder for TestTableFile. TestTableItem None TestTableItem.Builder Builder for TestTableItem. ThinkingConfig The thinking features configuration. ThinkingConfig.Builder Builder for ThinkingConfig. ThinkingLevel The number of thoughts tokens that the model should generate. ThinkingLevel.Known Enum representing the known values for ThinkingLevel. TokensInfo Tokens info with a list of tokens and the corresponding list of token ids. TokensInfo.Builder Builder for TokensInfo. Tool Tool details of a tool that the model may use to generate a response. Tool.Builder Builder for Tool. ToolCodeExecution Tool that executes code generated by the model, and automatically returns the result to the model. ToolCodeExecution.Builder Builder for ToolCodeExecution. ToolConfig Tool config. ToolConfig.Builder Builder for ToolConfig. TrafficType Output only. TrafficType.Known Enum representing the known values for TrafficType. Transcription Audio transcription in Server Conent. Transcription.Builder Builder for Transcription. TunedModel TunedModel for the Tuned Model of a Tuning Job. TunedModel.Builder Builder for TunedModel. TunedModelCheckpoint TunedModelCheckpoint for the Tuned Model of a Tuning Job. TunedModelCheckpoint.Builder Builder for TunedModelCheckpoint. TunedModelInfo A tuned machine learning model. TunedModelInfo.Builder Builder for TunedModelInfo. TuningDataset Supervised fine-tuning training dataset. TuningDataset.Builder Builder for TuningDataset. TuningDataStats The tuning data statistic values for TuningJob. TuningDataStats.Builder Builder for TuningDataStats. TuningExample A single example for tuning. TuningExample.Builder Builder for TuningExample. TuningJob A tuning job. TuningJob.Builder Builder for TuningJob. TuningMethod Enum representing the tuning method. TuningMethod.Known Enum representing the known values for TuningMethod. TuningMode Tuning mode. TuningMode.Known Enum representing the known values for TuningMode. TuningOperation A long-running operation. TuningOperation.Builder Builder for TuningOperation. TuningTask The tuning task. TuningTask.Known Enum representing the known values for TuningTask. TuningValidationDataset None TuningValidationDataset.Builder Builder for TuningValidationDataset. TurnCompleteReason The reason why the turn is complete. TurnCompleteReason.Known Enum representing the known values for TurnCompleteReason. TurnCoverage Options about which input is included in the user's turn. TurnCoverage.Known Enum representing the known values for TurnCoverage. Type The type of the data. Type.Known Enum representing the known values for Type. UpdateCachedContentConfig Optional parameters for caches.update method. UpdateCachedContentConfig.Builder Builder for UpdateCachedContentConfig. UpdateCachedContentParameters None UpdateCachedContentParameters.Builder Builder for UpdateCachedContentParameters. UpdateModelConfig Configuration for updating a tuned model. UpdateModelConfig.Builder Builder for UpdateModelConfig. UpdateModelParameters Configuration for updating a tuned model. UpdateModelParameters.Builder Builder for UpdateModelParameters. UploadFileConfig Used to override the default configuration. UploadFileConfig.Builder Builder for UploadFileConfig. UploadToFileSearchStoreConfig Optional parameters for uploading a file to a FileSearchStore. UploadToFileSearchStoreConfig.Builder Builder for UploadToFileSearchStoreConfig. UploadToFileSearchStoreOperation Long-running operation for uploading a file to a FileSearchStore. UploadToFileSearchStoreOperation.Builder Builder for UploadToFileSearchStoreOperation. UploadToFileSearchStoreParameters Generates the parameters for the private _upload_to_file_search_store method. UploadToFileSearchStoreParameters.Builder Builder for UploadToFileSearchStoreParameters. UploadToFileSearchStoreResponse The response when long-running operation for uploading a file to a FileSearchStore complete. UploadToFileSearchStoreResponse.Builder Builder for UploadToFileSearchStoreResponse. UploadToFileSearchStoreResumableResponse Response for the resumable upload method. UploadToFileSearchStoreResumableResponse.Builder Builder for UploadToFileSearchStoreResumableResponse. UpscaleImageAPIConfig Internal API config for UpscaleImage. UpscaleImageAPIConfig.Builder Builder for UpscaleImageAPIConfig. UpscaleImageAPIParameters API parameters for UpscaleImage. UpscaleImageAPIParameters.Builder Builder for UpscaleImageAPIParameters. UpscaleImageConfig Configuration for upscaling an image. UpscaleImageConfig.Builder Builder for UpscaleImageConfig. 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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKt4XiavWUQ | Jira Service Management Premium Highlights | Jira Service Management | Atlassian - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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https://www.notion.com/he/product/notion-for-managers | Custom workflows to help manage your team better Notion תכונות Notion AI לבנות, לכתוב, להפוך לאוטומטי סוכנים מטפל במשימות ידניות חיפוש Enterprise למצוא תשובות באופן מיידי AI Meeting Notes נכתב בצורה מושלמת על ידי AI מסמכים פשוט ועוצמתי בסיס ידע לרכז במקום אחד את כל הידע שלכם פרויקטים לנהל פרויקט כלשהו אתרים לפרסם במהירות כל דבר שתרצו תחילת העבודה ללמוד על מקרי שימוש ב-AI לראות מה Notion AI יכול לעשות עיון ב-Marketplace תבניות לכל דבר הצגת שילובים חיבור האפליקציות באמצעות Notion הורדת Web Clipper שמירה מהאינטרנט ל-Notion אתם מוזמנים לנסות את אפליקציית Notion כדי ליהנות מחוויה מהירה יותר הורדת האפליקציה Mail Calendar AI Enterprise תמחור לגלות צוותים פיתוח ומוצר עיצוב שיווק IT גודל הצוות חברות סטארט-אפ עסקים קטנים ובינוניים ארגון חינוך למידה מרכז העזרה Notion Academy סיפורי לקוחות בלוג קהילה תוכניות שותפים יצירה API תבניות אבטחה יועצים בקשת הדגמה התחברות קבלת Notion בחינם Notion for managers Custom workflows to help manage your team better Connect the dots for your team. It’s one tool where work comes together — planning, people, meeting notes, projects, and more. Get Notion free בקשת הדגמה 🗺️ Manager's dashboard 🎯 Company goals 📚 Team wiki Trusted by Efficient teams keep their information accessible Fewer questions or pointless meetings — everyone saves time when each team has a home for their information, where answers are easily found. Get Notion free We have everything in one place — org structure, OKRs, everything you need to understand how the company is organized and works together. It makes a big difference. William Fong Co-founder & CTO, Boxed Less emails, meetings, and pings to get up to speed on projects Whether you want a high-level look or the project specifics, managers use Notion to customize how they see their work, surfacing relevant info in a flash. Get Notion free You can get all the information you need in one Notion project page, whether you want an overview or to dive into the details. Kip Price Director of Engineering, Codecademy Customize your tools to actually fit your team Start with a template, modify it however you want, or build and scale your own systems fast. Get Notion free Notion is the one hub where you can bring everything together, that people from all teams feel comfortable using and adding to every day. Justin Goff Product Manager, Duolingo Migrate without the hours of manual work We have Confluence, Google Docs, Asana, and Trello importers that make it easy to move over all your files stress-free. Get Notion free See how other managers run their teams on Notion סיפור לקוח How Match Group's decision-making framework yields delightful products סיפור לקוח Mixpanel's engineering roadmap keeps its distributed team biased towards action A workflow for every team Notion isn’t just for managers. It’s a place for all functions to come together, with custom solutions for any problem. 🎒 Product Get your work into the world quicker with user research and cross-functional projects in Notion. למידע נוסף 🛠 Engineering Ship features faster with sprint tasks, code guidelines, bug fixes & more, all in one place. למידע נוסף 🎨 Design Build a consistent design language by uniting assets, guides, and prototypes in Notion. למידע נוסף Try Notion today Get started for free, then add your whole team. Get Notion free Eve Warren EveWarren1 Recently got into using @NotionHQ to help break down tasks for myself and have found sharing Notion documents with my team helpful as I struggle with breaking down verbal briefs as dyslexia can mess with my memory. Often tasks can get lost in chat channels. Mathias Meyer roidrage Been working with @NotionHQ over the past couple of weeks as our new knowledge base and collaboration system (and to keep track of my own work and projects too), and it's an utter delight. Highly recommended tool for distributed teams! Shahed Khan santoshpanda Using @NotionHQ to have all meeting agenda, Collab, takeaways & connect back to okrs. Nick Franklin Nick_Franklin Love using @NotionHQ at ChartMogul 😍 they somehow managed to make internal documentation/knowledge-sharing kind of fun and satisfying! Martina Sartor design_byMarti @NotionHQ is becoming the go to tool for planning and organising mine and my team planning. Is useful especially when the team and the clients are spread around the world ;) Im looking into create templates that will help with this! Siqi Chen blader Okay @NotionHQ is dope and I’ve already ported a bunch of stuff from @coda_hq and @gsuite . 👍👍 @Confluence next. For some odd reason I want to describe it like this: @NotionHQ is like @figmadesign but for information. Nina Ramadhan ninanursita is it just me or its just notion >>>>>>>>>> confluence Ross Simmonds TheCoolestCool Here’s how Notion is coming for its competitors: they have an answer for everything. Storing your important docs in Confluence? Use Notion instead. Managing your work via project management? Notion is better. Relying on Google Docs and Evernote for note-taking? Use Notion. Jeff Shek shekkery There are so many countless times my team has run up to each other - DID YOU KNOW NOTION COULD DO THIS?!?! Thank you SO MUCH for rescuing our souls from the deep pits of JIRA soul-sucking creativity hell. @NotionHQ Sara Soueidan SaraSoueidan Wow, @NotionHQ app makes all the other notes, tasks and project organization apps I used look like apps from the cave age. I’m impressed! 🔥 Steven Schmatz schmatzarella @NotionHQ made a 10x improvement in my team's capability to store knowledge online. 🔥 Ben Burns mrbenburns_ OK folks. I don't say this lightly @NotionHQ is incredible. They beat out Dropbox Paper, Google Docs, Evernote, ToDoIst and Trello for me. I can store images, moodboards, host and share kanban boards, save code snippets... Flexible, powerful, intuitive tool. Check it out. Lauren Harcott laurenharcott #⃣ Love a #slack channel - write action items immediately after meeting 📅Always book next meeting 👀Public channels; RIP to DM's 📋My team has adopted @NotionHQ to share OKR's - great to see progress 🤓Be accountable, call out team members and celebrate together #ManagerChats Andrew Conner connerdelights We have Slack for non-persistent things. And email. Anything important is in Notion. David Flatow DaFlatow . @NotionHQ not only solved a problem for me and my team (well organized collaborative documentation/note-taking), but also fundamentally improved and transformed the way we work together. עברית הגדרות קובצי Cookie © 2026 Notion Labs, Inc. החברה אודותינו משרות אבטחה סטטוס תנאים ופרטיות זכויות הפרטיות שלכם הורדה iOS ו-Android Mac ו-Windows לוח שנה Web Clipper משאבים מרכז העזרה תמחור בלוג קהילה אינטגרציות תבניות תוכניות שותפים Notion עבור ארגונים עסק קטן שימוש אישי למידע נוסף → | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://archive.org/details/levingtimesiclel00robi | Le vingtième siècle: la vie électrique : Robida, Albert, 1848-1926 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive Skip to main content Ask the publishers to restore access to 500,000+ books. Hamburger icon An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. Internet Archive logo A line drawing of the Internet Archive headquarters building façade. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Texts Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3.5" floppy disk. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. 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Occupy Wall Street TV NSA Clip Library Top Animation & Cartoons Arts & Music Computers & Technology Cultural & Academic Films Ephemeral Films Movies News & Public Affairs Spirituality & Religion Sports Videos Television Videogame Videos Vlogs Youth Media Search the history of more than 1 trillion web pages . Search the Wayback Machine Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Mobile Apps Wayback Machine (iOS) Wayback Machine (Android) Browser Extensions Chrome Firefox Safari Edge Archive-It Subscription Explore the Collections Learn More Build Collections Save Page Now Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Enter a URL to save Please enter a valid web address About Blog Events Projects Help Donate Contact Jobs Volunteer Sign up for free Log in Search metadata Search text contents Search TV news captions Search radio transcripts Search archived web sites Advanced Search About Blog Events Projects Help Donate Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Contact Jobs Volunteer Le vingtième siècle: la vie électrique Bookreader Item Preview remove-circle Internet Archive's in-browser bookreader "theater" requires JavaScript to be enabled. It appears your browser does not have it turned on. Please see your browser settings for this feature. remove-circle Share or Embed This Item Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Reddit Share to Tumblr Share to Pinterest Share via email Copy Link EMBED EMBED (for Archive.org item Description fields) [archiveorg levingtimesiclel00robi width=560 height=384 frameborder=0 webkitallowfullscreen=true mozallowfullscreen=true] Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help ! Favorite Share Flag Flag this item for Graphic Violence Explicit Sexual Content Hate Speech Misinformation/Disinformation Marketing/Phishing/Advertising Misleading/Inaccurate/Missing Metadata texts Le vingtième siècle: la vie électrique by Robida, Albert, 1848-1926 Publication date 1893 Topics Twentieth century , Electricity Publisher Paris, Librairie illustrée Collection getty ; americana Contributor Getty Research Institute Language French Item Size 386.6M Head and tail pieces Notes No table of contents. Addeddate 2011-12-15 20:16:02 Bookplateleaf 0004 Call number 293361 Camera Canon 5D External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1048298796 Foldoutcount 0 Identifier levingtimesiclel00robi Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t9h42rr5f Lccn 31004051 Ocr_converted abbyy-to-hocr 1.1.37 Ocr_module_version 0.0.21 Openlibrary_edition OL25127915M Openlibrary_work OL16327355W Page-progression lr Page_number_confidence 77 Page_number_module_version 1.0.3 Pages 322 Ppi 300 Scandate 20111221001356 Scanner scribe1.santamonica.archive.org Scanningcenter santamonica Show More Show Less Full catalog record MARCXML plus-circle Add Review comment Reviews 16,017 Views 96 Favorites DOWNLOAD OPTIONS download 1 file ABBYY GZ download download 1 file CHOCR download download 1 file CLOTH COVER DETECTION LOG download Generate DAISY For users with print-disabilities download 1 file EPUB download download 1 file FULL TEXT download download 1 file HOCR download download 1 file ITEM TILE download download 1 file OCR PAGE INDEX download download 1 file OCR SEARCH TEXT download download 1 file PAGE NUMBERS JSON download download 1 file PDF download download 1 file SINGLE PAGE ORIGINAL JP2 TAR download download 1 file SINGLE PAGE PROCESSED JP2 ZIP download download 1 file TORRENT download download 25 Files download 11 Original SHOW ALL IN COLLECTIONS Getty Research Institute Uploaded by associate-melody-levin@archive.org on December 15, 2011 SIMILAR ITEMS (based on metadata) Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014) | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://www.notion.com/en-gb/product/notion-for-managers | Custom workflows to help manage your team better Notion Features Notion AI Build, write, automate Agents Handles manual tasks Enterprise Search Find answers instantly Meeting notes Perfectly written by AI Docs Simple & powerful Knowledge base Centralise your knowledge Projects Manage any project Sites Publish anything, fast Get started Explore AI use cases See what Notion AI can do Browse marketplace Templates for everything View integrations Connect your apps with Notion Download web clipper Save from the web into Notion Try the Notion desktop app for a faster experience Download app Mail Calendar AI Enterprise Pricing Explore Teams Eng & Product Design Marketing IT Team size Startups SMBs Enterprise Education Learn Help Centre Notion Academy Customer stories Blog Community Partner programmes Build API Templates Security Consultants Request a demo Log in Get Notion free Notion for managers Custom workflows to help manage your team better Connect the dots for your team. It’s one tool where work comes together — planning, people, meeting notes, projects, and more. Get Notion free Request a demo. 🗺️ Manager's dashboard 🎯 Company goals 📚 Team wiki Trusted by Efficient teams keep their information accessible Fewer questions or pointless meetings — everyone saves time when each team has a home for their information, where answers are easily found. Get Notion free We have everything in one place — org structure, OKRs, everything you need to understand how the company is organized and works together. It makes a big difference. William Fong Co-founder & CTO, Boxed Less emails, meetings, and pings to get up to speed on projects Whether you want a high-level look or the project specifics, managers use Notion to customize how they see their work, surfacing relevant info in a flash. Get Notion free You can get all the information you need in one Notion project page, whether you want an overview or to dive into the details. Kip Price Director of Engineering, Codecademy Customize your tools to actually fit your team Start with a template, modify it however you want, or build and scale your own systems fast. Get Notion free Notion is the one hub where you can bring everything together, that people from all teams feel comfortable using and adding to every day. Justin Goff Product Manager, Duolingo Migrate without the hours of manual work We have Confluence, Google Docs, Asana, and Trello importers that make it easy to move over all your files stress-free. Get Notion free See how other managers run their teams on Notion Customer story How Match Group's decision-making framework yields delightful products Customer story Mixpanel's engineering roadmap keeps its distributed team biased towards action A workflow for every team Notion isn’t just for managers. It’s a place for all functions to come together, with custom solutions for any problem. 🎒 Product Get your work into the world quicker with user research and cross-functional projects in Notion. Learn more 🛠 Engineering Ship features faster with sprint tasks, code guidelines, bug fixes & more, all in one place. Learn more 🎨 Design Build a consistent design language by uniting assets, guides, and prototypes in Notion. Learn more Try Notion today Get started for free, then add your whole team. Get Notion free Eve Warren EveWarren1 Recently got into using @NotionHQ to help break down tasks for myself and have found sharing Notion documents with my team helpful as I struggle with breaking down verbal briefs as dyslexia can mess with my memory. Often tasks can get lost in chat channels. Mathias Meyer roidrage Been working with @NotionHQ over the past couple of weeks as our new knowledge base and collaboration system (and to keep track of my own work and projects too), and it's an utter delight. Highly recommended tool for distributed teams! Shahed Khan santoshpanda Using @NotionHQ to have all meeting agenda, Collab, takeaways & connect back to okrs. Nick Franklin Nick_Franklin Love using @NotionHQ at ChartMogul 😍 they somehow managed to make internal documentation/knowledge-sharing kind of fun and satisfying! Martina Sartor design_byMarti @NotionHQ is becoming the go to tool for planning and organising mine and my team planning. Is useful especially when the team and the clients are spread around the world ;) Im looking into create templates that will help with this! Siqi Chen blader Okay @NotionHQ is dope and I’ve already ported a bunch of stuff from @coda_hq and @gsuite . 👍👍 @Confluence next. For some odd reason I want to describe it like this: @NotionHQ is like @figmadesign but for information. Nina Ramadhan ninanursita is it just me or its just notion >>>>>>>>>> confluence Ross Simmonds TheCoolestCool Here’s how Notion is coming for its competitors: they have an answer for everything. Storing your important docs in Confluence? Use Notion instead. Managing your work via project management? Notion is better. Relying on Google Docs and Evernote for note-taking? Use Notion. Jeff Shek shekkery There are so many countless times my team has run up to each other - DID YOU KNOW NOTION COULD DO THIS?!?! Thank you SO MUCH for rescuing our souls from the deep pits of JIRA soul-sucking creativity hell. @NotionHQ Sara Soueidan SaraSoueidan Wow, @NotionHQ app makes all the other notes, tasks and project organization apps I used look like apps from the cave age. I’m impressed! 🔥 Steven Schmatz schmatzarella @NotionHQ made a 10x improvement in my team's capability to store knowledge online. 🔥 Ben Burns mrbenburns_ OK folks. I don't say this lightly @NotionHQ is incredible. They beat out Dropbox Paper, Google Docs, Evernote, ToDoIst and Trello for me. I can store images, moodboards, host and share kanban boards, save code snippets... Flexible, powerful, intuitive tool. Check it out. Lauren Harcott laurenharcott #⃣ Love a #slack channel - write action items immediately after meeting 📅Always book next meeting 👀Public channels; RIP to DM's 📋My team has adopted @NotionHQ to share OKR's - great to see progress 🤓Be accountable, call out team members and celebrate together #ManagerChats Andrew Conner connerdelights We have Slack for non-persistent things. And email. Anything important is in Notion. David Flatow DaFlatow . @NotionHQ not only solved a problem for me and my team (well organized collaborative documentation/note-taking), but also fundamentally improved and transformed the way we work together. English (UK) Cookie settings © 2026 Notion Labs, Inc. Company About us Careers Security Status Terms & privacy Your privacy rights Download iOS and Android Mac and Windows Calendar Web clipper Resources Help centre Pricing Blog Community Integrations Templates Partner programmes Notion for Enterprise Small business Personal Explore more → | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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https://aws.amazon.com/ai/generative-ai/data/ | Data Services for Generative AI - AWS Skip to main content Filter: All English Contact us AWS Marketplace Support My account Search Filter: All Sign in to console Create account Generative AI Overview Technology Learn Our Story Customers More Artificial Intelligence › Generative AI › Data Your data, your generative AI differentiator Fuel generative AI innovation with a strong data foundation. Get started What's new 1 / 5 Learn why data strategy is the foundation for AI success Learn more Boost productivity using your data with Amazon Q Learn more Customize models in Amazon Bedrock with your own data Learn more Get started learning about Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) Learn more Unlock the value of your data for generative AI Learn more Data is your generative AI differentiator Redefine how you harness data, analytics, and AI with the next generation of Amazon SageMaker. Learn more Benefits of building a data foundation on AWS Create innovative solutions quickly Leverage the data you already have on AWS to accelerate generative AI value. You can easily extend your existing AWS data foundation and rules for data access, compliance, and governance to work with generative AI, helping you go from prototype to production quickly. Deliver generative AI that knows your business and customers Offer unique and personalized experiences to your customers by customizing foundation models with high-quality data. AWS has all the tools you need to easily fine-tune foundation models for specific tasks or use Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) to deliver relevant and accurate responses. Learn more Scale applications with confidence AWS provides the enterprise-grade security you need to build reliable and trusted generative AI applications. With complete control over your data and robust data governance capabilities, you can privately power your generative AI applications with properly managed, secure, and complaint data to produce accurate, trust-worthy results. Data services for your generative AI solutions Service Amazon S3 Use your existing high-quality data to quickly start fine-tuning on Amazon Bedrock View service Resources Vector Capabilities Improve the accuracy and relevancy of your generative AI applications with your data Learn more Service AWS Glue Prepare and integrate your data at scale View service Service Amazon DataZone Catalog, discover, share, and govern your data View service Service Amazon Bedrock Privately customize foundation models with your data View service Service Amazon Q Customize this generative AI-powered assistant for the needs of your business View service Service Amazon SageMaker Build, train, and deploy your own FM models at scale View service Use your data to start your generative AI journey today Whitepaper Make data your generative AI differentiator Learn more Program Accelerate your journey towards becoming data-driven Explore now Program Innovate with generative AI Explore now Create an AWS account Learn What Is AWS? What Is Cloud Computing? What Is Agentic AI? Cloud Computing Concepts Hub AWS Cloud Security What's New Blogs Press Releases Resources Getting Started Training AWS Trust Center AWS Solutions Library Architecture Center Product and Technical FAQs Analyst Reports AWS Partners Developers Builder Center SDKs & Tools .NET on AWS Python on AWS Java on AWS PHP on AWS JavaScript on AWS Help Contact Us File a Support Ticket AWS re:Post Knowledge Center AWS Support Overview Get Expert Help AWS Accessibility Legal English Back to top Amazon is an Equal Opportunity Employer: Minority / Women / Disability / Veteran / Gender Identity / Sexual Orientation / Age. x facebook linkedin instagram twitch youtube podcasts email Privacy Site terms Cookie Preferences © 2026, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://www.atlassian.com/nl/software/jira/templates/policy-management | Sjabloon voor beleidsbeheer | Jira Templates Doorgaan naar de inhoud Functies Alle functies Rovo in Jira Oplossingen Teams Marketing Engineering Ontwerp Operations IT Use cases Aan de slag Planning Campagnebeheer Agile projectmanagement Programmabeheer Bedrijfsgrootte Enterprise Handleiding Sjablonen Alle sjablonen Sjablonen van Jira Service Management Prijzen Meer + Probeer het gratis Probeer het gratis Terug Probeer het gratis Functies Oplossingen Handleiding Sjablonen Prijzen Aanmelden Teams Marketing Engineering Ontwerp Operations IT Use cases Aan de slag Planning Campagnebeheer Agile projectmanagement Programmabeheer Bedrijfsgrootte Enterprise Alle sjablonen Sjablonen van Jira Service Management Probeer het gratis Functies Oplossingen Handleiding Sjablonen Prijzen Aanmelden Teams Marketing Engineering Ontwerp Operations IT Use cases Aan de slag Planning Campagnebeheer Agile projectmanagement Programmabeheer Bedrijfsgrootte Enterprise Alle sjablonen Sjablonen van Jira Service Management Sjabloon voor beleidsbeheer Volg de bewegende onderdelen die betrokken zijn bij het beheren van beleid en procedures. Sjabloon gebruiken het beste geschikt voor Operations BELANGRIJKSTE FUNCTIES Taakplanning Prioritering Pipelinebeheer Wat is een sjabloon voor beleidsbeheer? De sjabloon voor beleidsbeheer helpt je bij het beheren van je beleid en procedures. Wat omvat de sjabloon voor beleidsbeheer? Bord Lijst Formulieren Workflows Automatiseringen Bord De bordweergave biedt een visualisatie in Kanban-stijl van je werkproces en de status van elke taak. Zo kun je taken bijhouden, ordenen en prioriteren in meerdere kolommen die je workflow weergeven. Lijst De Lijstweergave verzamelt al je projectwerk in één lijst die eenvoudig gescand kan worden en gesorteerd kan worden op categorie. Je kunt de lijst ook gebruiken om taken aan je project toe te voegen, taken te bewerken en te bekijken. Formulieren Verzamel eenvoudig gegevens en werk van andere teams of belanghebbenden binnen je organisatie. Maak verschillende soorten formulieren aan om verschillende soorten werk van je belanghebbenden te ontvangen. Workflows Maak aanpasbare workflows met statussen en transities zodat elk type werk inzichtelijk blijft, ongeacht de complexiteit van je processen. Automatiseringen Gebruik aangepaste automatiseringsregels of automatiseringsregels zonder code om belangrijke en veel voorkomende acties in je processen te ondersteunen zodat je geen enkele stap overslaat. Aan de slag gaan met de sjabloon voor beleidsbeheer Deze sjabloon gebruikt Jira om je team te helpen bij het beheren van je beleid en procedures. 1 Voeg to-do-items toe Je kunt kiezen of je de lijst-, bord- of kalenderweergave wilt gebruiken om items toe te voegen aan je to-do-lijst. Houd het eenvoudig of werk zo gedetailleerd als je wilt met bijlagen, prioriteiten, labels en meer. 2 Voeg start- en vervaldatums toe Je kunt startdatums en vervaldatums instellen voor je werkitems. Dit geeft je inzicht in het werk op je kalender en tijdlijn, zodat er geen werk over het hoofd wordt gezien. 3 Prioriteer en organiseer Je kunt to-do-lijst snel op prioriteit sorteren zodat je items met de hoogste prioriteit eerst kunt aanpakken en op de hoogte kunt blijven van je belangrijkste taken. 4 Automatiseer werk Laat de robots waar mogelijk het werk doen. Je kunt eenvoudige automatiseringen zonder code instellen om je werk op één lijn te houden, herinneringen in te stellen en verbinding te maken met je tools zoals Microsoft Teams, Slack en meer. Gestroomlijnd systeem voor beleidsbeheer Pas workflows aan om het proces te versnellen en de juiste mensen inzicht te geven. Eenvoudig taakbeheer Voeg bijlagen toe, stel vervaldatums en herinneringen in en volg de status van je project, allemaal in één samenwerkingsruimte. Visualisatie van de deadline Stel start- en vervaldatums in voor je taken en gebruik vervolgens de kalenderweergave voor een duidelijk beeld van je workload. Gerelateerde sjablonen Operations Procescontrolesjabloon Verminder de herhaling van processen. Sjabloon bekijken Sjabloon voor goedkeuring van documenten Neem documenten mee van de eerste indiening tot de definitieve goedkeuring. Sjabloon bekijken Marketing Sjabloon voor contentbeheer Beheer de levenscyclus van content, van prioritering tot levering. Sjabloon bekijken Klaar om deze gratis sjabloon te gebruiken? 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https://rightsback.org/faq/#Why_does_the_tool_make_distinctions_between_things_that_happened_before_January_1.2C_1978_and_after_January_1.2C_1978.3F | FAQ | Termination of Transfer You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser . Termination of Transfer Skip to content Toggle navigation Intro About Overview Useful Documents Glossary FAQ Start the Tool! FAQ Frequently Asked Questions 1 Questions About the Law 1.1 What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? 1.2 How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? 1.3 How does getting back the copyright help authors? 1.4 What kinds of agreements can be terminated? 1.5 What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? 1.6 The author created the work with another person or a group of people. Does the termination provision still work for that one author? 1.7 The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? 1.8 What is the effect of terminating an agreement? 1.9 So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? 1.10 What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? 2 Questions About The Tool 2.1 What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? 2.2 Can users just test out the tool? 2.3 Can users restart the tool from a previous session? 2.4 Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? 2.5 A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.6 A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? 2.7 A user completes the tool and it says that there may be a termination right at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? 2.8 The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire”; what does this mean? 2.9 If the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? 2.10 Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? 2.11 How does the tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? 3 Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance 4 Have a question that is not answered here? Questions About the Law What are the “termination of transfers” provisions? The termination of transfers provisions are sections of the U.S. Copyright Act that give an author (and in some instances their family members or representatives), a statutory process by which they can get back their rights to a copyright protected work that has been sold or licensed away to another entity. Copyright law protects creative expressions—such as books, films, music, arts, computer software, websites, and computer games. Copyright grants the creator of these works exclusive rights to control (subject to important exceptions like the U.S. doctrine of fair use) certain activities in relation to their work, such as copying, adapting, distributing, performing it. Control of these exclusive rights can be valuable—an author of a book can grant a publisher the exclusive right to publish the book in exchange for an advance and royalties on the sale of copies; the same author can also grant a filmmaker the right to adapt the book into a film based on the book (again for a fee), and license someone else to adapt the book by translating it into other languages (also for license fees, and possibly royalties). An issue arises, however, if an author sells or licenses their copyright before they or their work are well-known. Authors at the start of their careers may not be as sophisticated in their negotiating skills, which means that they might sell or license their copyright for much less than it is ultimately worth. The commercial windfall of a successful work is then enjoyed by the entity that exploits those rights, not the original author. This is where the termination of transfers provisions come in. The U.S. Congress decided that it was important to provide a mechanism under which rights that have been previously sold or licensed could be returned to the original author or their family members. So the termination of transfers provisions were enacted to, in the words of the U.S. Congress, safeguard “authors against unremunerative transfers,” which is necessary because “of the unequal bargaining position of authors, resulting from the impossibility of determining a work’s prior value until it has been exploited.” It is important to distinguish between these termination of transfers provisions and the regular termination provisions that exist in many contracts. The termination of transfers provisions are a statutory mechanism that applies to transfers of right that are permanent (such as a sale of copyright ownership) or transfers that are long-term (such as a lengthy exclusive license). If an author has entered into an agreement that is for a short period or includes contractual termination provisions that easily allow the author to get back rights that were licensed to someone else, then in many cases it will be preferable for the author to exercise his or her contractual rights, rather than go through the statutory termination of transfers process. How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? The general process for terminating agreements involves the following steps: Confirm that the agreement falls into one of the categories of agreements that can be terminated (for more details, see What kinds of agreements can be terminated? and What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? below); Confirm who is authorized to terminate the agreement (e.g., an author, joint authors, an author’s successors, an author’s authorized representatives—see I am not the original author or artist; can I still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? below for more details); Calculate when the “termination window” (see the glossary ) arises (this is a five-year period during which the agreement can be terminated); Calculate the “notice window” (see the glossary ) (this is the period during which a termination notice can be served) which is a period no more than ten years before the “termination window” arises and not less than two years before the “termination window” closes; Serve a valid and proper termination notice by the person(s) authorized to terminate the agreement during the “notice window,” identifying a date within the “termination window” as the date on which the agreement will terminate, among other things (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to provide notice of termination to rightsholders); Submit a copy of the termination notice, fee, and Form TCS to the U.S. Copyright Office (see Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to record the termination with the U.S. Copyright Office); Wait for the “termination date” to arrive when the rights revert back to the author. If this sounds complex and like a lot of work—it is. And this process is further complicated by the fact that important details for following this process differ depending on whether the agreement is dated before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978 (for an explanation of why these dates matter, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). This tool was created by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons to simplify this procedure (as we explain in describing how the tool works at What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? below) and make it more author-friendly and accessible. To date, there have not been many attempts by authors to terminate agreements, even though their copyright grants may qualify for termination. Authors Alliance and Creative Commons are providing this tool to make it easier for authors and their successors to know if they may be eligible to terminate agreements in the hope that more will exercise their termination rights. How does getting back the copyright help authors? Getting the copyright grants back under the termination of transfer provisions can assist authors in two ways. First, after an author serves a valid termination notice on the person to whom the author sold or licensed his or her rights (“grantee”), the grantee may enter into a new and better arrangement with the author to maintain the use of those rights after the termination takes effect. The author can try to do a better deal. The ability to terminate the agreement should give the author some additional bargaining leverage in negotiations. Also, because the market will have developed and the author will be able to see how successful his or her work has been, he or she can use this important information in the subsequent negotiations. Secondly, the author regains control of his or her rights. The author can then do as he or she wishes with them, including entering into new agreements and relationships in relation to his or her work with a (hopefully) stronger bargaining position. The author may also consider making terminated works that have outlived their commercial life but are nonetheless historically and culturally valuable available to the public on open terms. What kinds of agreements can be terminated? For an agreement to be capable of termination, it needs to be a certain type of agreement. In addition, for agreements dated after January 1, 1978, the agreement must last for more than 35 years (for more information about why this date is important, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below). However, there are several exceptions of agreements or transfers involving copyright that cannot be terminated. These are discussed more in the next question, ( What kinds of agreements can be terminated? ). The types of agreements that can be terminated include: A transfer of ownership of copyright of either the whole copyright or of specific rights in copyright. This is often referred to as an “assignment;” An exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as an exclusive license to publish a book; A non-exclusive license of one, more or all of the copyright rights, such as a non-exclusive license to play a song on the radio; A mortgage or other security on copyright; And, in the words of the U.S. Copyright Act, “any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in copyright.” All of these agreements—with the exception of non-exclusive licenses—must be in writing, so if an author has a copy of an agreement, then he or she should be able to identify what type of transfer it is by reviewing the agreement. To learn more about where to find out details about the type of agreement, check out our List of Useful Documents . One additional requirement applies to agreements entered into after January 1, 1978 to be terminable: The agreements must continue for more than 35 years. If a post-1978 agreement runs for a period of less than 35 years, then it cannot be terminated because the earliest termination window that arises for a post-1978 agreement is 35 years after the date of the agreement (or from the date of publication of the work if the agreement includes the right of publication). Consequently, authors should ensure that they obtain proper legal advice if publishers or other organizations wishing to exploit their rights try to enter into multiple, rolling agreements for less than 35 years; or if a publisher seeks to get them to agree to voluntarily terminate an agreement that lasts for 35 years or more, and enter into a new one that lasts for the same or a shorter period of time. To learn more about why there is a difference between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make a distinction between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Finally, to qualify for termination, an agreement must not fall into one of the excluded categories. These are discussed in the next question, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? There are four kinds of agreement that cannot be terminated under the termination of transfer provisions: a transfer of rights that occurs by reason of the work being a “work made for hire;” a transfer of rights in a will; post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author; and certain grants of “common law copyright.” (1) Works made for hire Under the U.S. Copyright Act, copyrighted works that qualify as “works made for hire” are subject to special rules that govern who becomes the first owner of copyright in a work. For regular works, the person who creates the work becomes the first owner of copyright. However, for “works made for hire” either the employer or person who commissioned the work becomes the first owner of copyright. Neither of these transfers of rights from the author to the employer or commissioning party, which occur by operation of the Copyright Act, nor any subsequent agreements entered into by the employer or commissioning party in relation to the work, may be challenged by the author or their family members. A copyrighted work qualifies as a “work made for hire” in two circumstances. The first is when the work is created in the course of the author’s employment. To learn more about when a work is created in the circumstances of employment, see our explanation of this concept in the glossary . The second is when a work is specially commissioned or ordered ( see an explanation of that concept in our glossary ). In certain circumstances, copyright ownership in a specially commissioned work may transfer to the person who specially commissions the work, not the author. The rules governing the specially commissioned category of “works made for hire” changed in 1978. To learn more about the reason for the distinction between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. Prior to 1978, the courts looked to what the parties intended to see if copyright ownership should pass from the creator to the commissioning party. For the most part, courts assumed that the parties did intend copyright ownership to be transferred; consequently, in the absence of persuasive evidence to the contrary, it is highly likely that copyright in a commissioned work will be owned by the party who commissions the work. There does not have to be any written agreement for copyright to transfer for pre-1978 commissioned works, although obviously if there is an agreement, it can provide evidence of the parties’ intent. For post-1978 agreements, there are three requirements for a work to qualify as a “work made for hire.” The work must be specially commissioned and come within one of specifically provided categories, and there must be a written agreement signed by both parties agreeing that the work will be a “work made for hire.” The nine categories of work that can qualify are: A contribution to a collective work; A part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; A translation; A supplementary work; A compilation; An instructional text; A test; Answer material for a test; and An atlas. The terms “compilation,” “collective work,” “instructional text or graphics,” “motion picture or other audiovisual work,” and “supplementary work” are explained a little more in the glossary . (2) Transfers by will As a property interest, the rights that a person enjoys in a copyrighted work can pass, when an individual author or copyright owner dies, by will or by the laws of the applicable state regarding intestate succession. If the transfer of rights that is contested is a transfer that occurred in a will, the termination of transfer provisions cannot be utilized to have the rights revert. So, for example, if when an author dies they leave the rights to their copyright to a friend, a surviving wife or child of the author will not be able to cancel the gift of copyright to the friend because it occurred in the author’s will. (3) Post-1978 agreements signed by someone other than the author Agreements executed after January 1, 1978 can only be terminated if they were signed by the author. This is different from agreements executed before January 1, 1978, which can be terminated if they were signed by the author or the author’s successor renewal claimants (usually family members ). The reason for the broader category of agreements that are terminable prior to 1978 is because U.S. copyright law that governed prior to 1978 recognized the ability of an author’s relative to sign away a future interest they may obtain in the author’s copyright. For more information about the reason behind the distinction made between agreements entered into before 1978 and after 1978, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. (4) Certain Grants of Common Law Copyright This is a very technical exception to the termination of transfer provisions that is unlikely to apply to the majority of agreements. Under U.S. copyright law prior to 1978, copyright was secured by registering for an initial term of copyright protection and then renewing the copyright registration prior to the expiry of the initial term for a second term. The termination of transfer provisions only grant the right to terminate agreements entered into prior to 1978 if those agreements related to a renewal copyright interest (i.e., a grant in relation to a work in its second copyright term). Because of this limited application of the pre-1978 termination provisions, agreements that do not relate to the renewal copyright interest may not be capable of being terminated. The copyright interest to which such agreements will relate is known as a common law copyright (i.e., the copyright arises by virtue of common law as distinct to statute). An example of a pre-1978 agreement that would not be able to be terminated is an agreement that relates to the original copyright term, or a pre-1978 agreement that relates to an unpublished work. (Prior to 1978, a work was protected by U.S. state law (as distinct from U.S. federal law) from creation until publication; upon publication it either had to be registered to secure copyright protection, or else it fell into the public domain). To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The author created work with another person or a group of people. Do the termination provisions still work for that one author? Yes, if the author created a work he or she can still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. However, the rules about how that happens vary depending on whether the agreement the author is seeking to terminate was entered into before January 1, 1978 or after January 1, 1978. To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 works, check out Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. For pre-1978 agreements, any joint author who executed an agreement can terminate that agreement. However, the termination is effective only to the extent of that joint author’s interest. In other words, if three authors—Alejandra, Benito and Carlos—create a work and then grant an exclusive license to Company Domingo, Alejandra can, if she wishes, terminate the exclusive license. Company Domingo will still enjoy the rights it obtained from Benito and Carlos but now exercises them together with Alejandra (transforming the exclusive license a non-exclusive license in the process). By contrast, post-1978 agreements operate on a majority rule. This means that if the author seeking termination is a joint author of a work, that author needs to have a majority of joint authors who executed the post-1978 agreement join him or her in terminating it. Note that the majority is counted in relation to the authors who executed the grant (not the majority of the total authors of the work). This means that if there were seven joint authors of the work but only five of them got together to sign the agreement, the majority requirement would be satisfied when three of those five exercised their termination right. Also note that the effect of such a termination would be that the entire agreement would be over. It would not cease only with respect to the three who exercised their termination rights and continue in relation of the two of them who did not (which is the opposite of what happens in relation to pre-1978 agreements for jointly authored works). Of course, if one of the authors with whom the author created the work is no longer living, their “termination interest” (i.e., the right that author holds to be able to terminate an agreement) may be exercised by those of their surviving family members who are recognized by the termination provisions. Read more about which surviving family members are recognized in the next question ( The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? ). To understand more about why there are differences in the treatment of pre- and post-1978 agreements, read Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below. The person seeking termination is not the original author. Can he or she still take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions? The answer to this question depends on two things: firstly, whether the author who created the work is still living; and secondly, on who signed the original agreement that is subject to termination. If the author is no longer living and they are the person who signed the agreement that someone is seeking to terminate, then the answer is yes (subject to certain conditions). To briefly explain: If the original author is no longer living but transferred or licensed away their rights during their lifetime, the law recognizes the right of certain family members to terminate agreements entered into by the author. Those family members who may be eligible to exercise such a “termination right” are: An author’s surviving spouse: S/he owns the entire termination interest if there are no surviving children or grandchildren. If there are surviving children or grandchildren, then the surviving spouse owns one-half of the termination interest with children or, if one of the children is no longer living, any grandchildren sharing the deceased children’s interest. An author’s surviving children: Own the entire termination interest equally divided among them if there is no surviving spouse. If there is a surviving spouse, they enjoy a one-half termination interest equally divided among them. An author’s surviving grandchildren: If one of the author’s children is not still living at the time the author dies, then any surviving children of that child enjoy that child’s termination interest in equal shares. The entitlement to exercise a termination right is governed by two majority rules. The first majority rule requires that those surviving family members who are entitled to terminate an agreement, must do so by majority action. The majority is calculated on a “per stirpes” basis according to the rules set out by the termination of transfer provisions. The second majority rule applies to the exercise of the interest of any grandchildren (if relevant). The termination of transfer provisions state that the termination interest of the grandchildren may only be exercised by a majority of them. To give some examples of the two majority rules in operation: if the author is no longer living but is survived by their spouse and two children, then a majority of the surviving spouse (given s/he owns one-half of the interest) and one surviving child is needed to terminate. However, if there the author’s spouse does not outlive the author, then the termination interest must be exercised by a majority of the surviving children; but if one of two children has predeceased the author and the child who predeceased the author has three children (which are the author’s surviving grandchildren), then the agreement of at least two of the three grandchildren is needed in order to be able to terminate the agreement. If there is no surviving spouse nor any surviving children or grandchildren, then the author’s executor, administrator, personal representative, or trustee (see the glossary for an explanation of these terms) may exercise the termination right. If an agreement was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated after 1978, then the answer is no. For post-1978 agreements only those executed by the author can be terminated. If the agreement to be terminated was signed by someone other than the author and the agreement is dated before 1978, then the answer depends on who executed the grant. For agreements entered into prior to 1978, agreements that were signed by the author’s surviving spouse, children, executors or next of kin (see the glossary ) may be terminated but only by the surviving person who executed the agreement. So, for example, if, after the author died, the author’s spouse signed in 1970 a 50-year exclusive license, then the author’s spouse can terminate this transfer under the termination provisions but the author’s children cannot (because they did not sign the transfer). If the spouse and the author’s two children signed the pre-1978 agreement, then all three are required (or least, all of those who are still living when the right to terminate matures). The best way to think of this (if it’s not too much of a mouthful) is that non-author signed pre-1978 grants can only be terminated by the surviving majority of those who signed the agreement initially. What is the effect of terminating an agreement? If an agreement is successfully terminated, then all of the rights that were granted by that agreement revert back to the author or, if the author is no longer living, the rights revert back proportionally to those successors who were entitled to terminate. But the reversion of rights is subject to three important limitations that we explain in the next question, So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? Not quite – in short, the author gets all of the rights back that were transferred under the terminated agreement as they apply in the United States, and subject to the “derivative works” exception. Let us explain each of these limitations a little more. “You-only-get-back-what-you-gave-away” limitation – only those rights that were transferred or licensed away under the agreement will revert. This means that if the author entered into one license for the publication of a book and a separate license for the production of a movie, when the author terminates the book publication agreement, the author will get only these publication rights back. To get the movie rights back, the author needs to see about terminating the movie agreement. Also remember that the termination only takes effect with respect to the copyright interest in the agreement. Some agreements may include permissions with respect to other, non-copyrightable interests, such as ideas for storylines or titles of a work; these are not covered by a successful termination notice. “U.S.-only limitation” – This means that the termination only has effect in relation to uses within the United States. The termination provisions specifically state that they do not affect rights arising under foreign (copyright) laws. Consequently, if the author signed an agreement that granted worldwide rights, he or she will get back only the ability to exercise those rights in the United States. “Derivative works” exception – although a successful termination causes all of the rights to revert, this will not affect exploitation of derivative works created during the lifetime of the agreement, even after that agreement has been terminated. Once the agreement has been terminated, the grantee ( see the glossary ) may continue after termination to utilize “derivative works prepared under authority of the grant before its termination…[consistent with] the term of the grant” (to quote from the U.S. Copyright Act). This means that if, for example, an author granted a company a 50-year exclusive license to create a movie based on the author’s novel, that company can continue to use and exploit the movie even after the author successfully terminates the exclusive license. The company may not prepare a new movie based on the novel; it may only continue to use the existing movie that it created when the exclusive license was still current. What happens if the agreement says that the author is not allowed to terminate his or her rights? An author can still terminate his or her rights, even if the agreement that says that he or she is not allowed to terminate, or to take advantage of the termination of transfer provisions. The termination of transfer provisions specifically state that an agreement or transfer can be terminated regardless of any agreement to the contrary. In one instance, a court invalidated an agreement that sought to claim that a work was a “work made for hire” (which falls outside the termination provisions – see above, What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? , for an explanation of “works made for hire”). So if the agreement the author is seeking to terminate includes anything that tries to get the author to agree not to exercise his or her rights under Section 203, 304(c) or 304(d) of the U.S. Copyright Act (or otherwise seeks to limit an author’s rights under the termination of transfer provisions), the author should not be disheartened. He or she should still investigate whether it is possible to terminate the agreement or transfer. If an author signed up to an agreement after 1978 that continues for more than 35 years, and he or she then voluntarily voids or withdraws from the existing agreement before the 35-year period is up and enters into a new agreement, the termination calculation has to be made afresh. An author cannot carry a termination right from one agreement to a new agreement that he or she voluntarily enters into. Authors should obtain proper legal advice before signing any new agreements that cover rights that they have already licensed to ensure that they do not unwittingly jeopardize their termination rights. Questions About The Tool What does this tool do for authors that they can’t do by themselves? This tool is designed to do two things to make it easier for an author to navigate the termination of transfer provisions – (1) to educate users on copyright laws about termination of transfer by roughly estimating, based on hypothetical scenarios, whether and when a work may be eligible for termination; and (2) assist with information gathering. Notice and termination window calculation tool – As we explain above in How do the termination of transfer provisions operate? , two key parts of being able to successfully terminate an agreement are correctly identifying when the person seeking termination can serve the notice that he or she wishes to terminate (which is during the “notice window” (see the glossary ). In that notice, the person seeking termination must then nominate a date that falls within the correct period during which the agreement can be terminated (known as the “termination window” (see the glossary ). The notice window is calculated relative to when the termination window is open. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright after 1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 56 years from the date copyright is secured or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For pre-1978 agreements on works that secured copyright from 1923-1939, the termination window is open for a 5-year period beginning 75 years from the date copyright is secured, or beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later. For post-1978 agreements, the 5-year termination window period begins 35 years from the date of agreement or, if the agreement includes the right of publication, 35 years from the date of publication or 40 years from the date of execution of the agreement, whichever occurs first. (To learn more about why a distinction is made between pre- and post-1978 agreements, see Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? below.) This sounds confusing to us, and we thought it might sound confusing to others, too. So we built this tool to help authors understand how to do the calculations. The tool asks questions about information necessary to calculate these windows and, if the information is accurate and the author seeking termination has a termination right, the information sheet provided once the tool is completed will set out the likely notice window and termination window. Information gathering – the tool also helps people seeking termination to gather information that can be relevant and useful when trying to terminate an agreement. Details about who can terminate, their relationship to the author or artist, the title of the work, the copyright registration number, and the original and current grantee ( see glossary ) are useful pieces of information for a lawyer who assists with the exercise of a termination right. In some cases, this information can be helpful in calculating whether a termination right exists; in others, it is information that needs to be included in the termination notice. This tool is in no way a substitute for authors doing their own investigation and research, or finding their own legal team to assist in identifying whether they have a termination right and then using it to get back their rights. Can users just test out the tool? Be our guest! Creative Commons and Authors Alliance do not keep any records of anyone’s use of the tool, so users can test out the tool as many times as they wish. Can users restart the tool from a previous session? The termination of transfer tool does not save any information nor record any of the information that users input, so users need to start each session from the start and work their way through each question until they get a result. Why does the tool make distinctions between things that happened before January 1, 1978 and after January 1, 1978? The tool makes distinctions between agreements that were made before 1978 and after 1978 because the law does. Effective January 1, 1978, U.S. copyright law changed dramatically. A key component of this change was that U.S. copyright law changed from being an “opt-in” system to being an “opt-out” system. Before 1978, to own a copyright in the U.S., a creator had to register their works in order to receive copyright protection, and that copyright protection was then limited to an initial term of 28 years. Prior to the expiry of the initial term, a copyright owner could then renew their copyright for a further 28-year term. But from 1978 on, U.S. copyright law changed so that a creator automatically secured copyright protection when they created an original work and recorded it in some tangible form. Registration was no longer necessary. Also, the term of copyright was extended to life of the author plus 50 years; there was no need to renew copyright. However, in Congress’ view the renewal provision had served as a valuable tool in helping authors and artists renegotiate any agreements or transfers they had entered into during the initial copyright term, with the benefit of the knowledge as to how popular and valuable their works had been. The belief was that this knowledge assisted authors to negotiate more favorable terms during the renewal term. With the abolition of the renewal system, Congress sought to create a new mechanism to “safeguard authors and artists against unremunerative transfers” (in the words of Congress). The termination of transfer provisions are intended to be that mechanism—provisions which give authors a second chance at negotiating agreements or transfers they signed, possibly early in their career, before they knew their work’s true value (which can generally only be determined once the work has been exploited). However, because U.S. copyright law was very different before 1978 and after 1978, the termination of transfer provisions function very differently depending on whether the agreement in question was entered into before 1978 or after 1978. Because the law makes this distinction, the tool has to make this seemingly arbitrary distinction as well. A user completes the tool and it says that the hypothetical work’s copyright transfer may be able to be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If the tool indicates that a work with the characteristics provided may have its copyright agreement terminated, it will then provide an information sheet (in PDF format). This information sheet lists the user-inputted information and whether a work with those characteristics would be terminable. There are a couple of caveats on any results from the tool. The tool is only as good as the information put into it. So if the author was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or is open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Always remember that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right that means it is a possibility, not a certainty. Remember too that identifying that an author may have a termination right is just the first step. There are many more steps to actually exercising and getting the rights back. Refer to the Authors Alliance’s guidance and templates for more information on how to (1) provide notice(s) of termination to rightsholders and (2) submit the required information to the U.S. Copyright Office to effectuate the termination. As we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, authors should always consult with a lawyer. A user completes the tool and it says that it is unlikely that an agreement can be terminated. What should the user do with this information? If information the user plugs into the tool gives a result that suggests that a transfer of a work with those characteristics is unlikely, this is not necessarily a cause for despair. Remember, the tool is merely educational can only provide answers to hypothetical scenarios based on the information provided. It is possible that the information provided is not accurate—for example, it may be that answers led the tool to conclude that a work with the characteristics provided was a “work made for hire” when it is not. For more information about “works made for hire” see What kinds of agreements cannot be terminated? above. So if the tool says that it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, double check the information and investigate some of the details surrounding the information asked by the tool. If, after checking the information, the tool still says it is unlikely that a work with the characteristics provided is terminable, recall that the tool is not exact, and copyright termination provisions are complex. The only definite way to know whether an author has a termination right or not is to consult with a lawyer. Authors should take the material gathered in preparation for completing the tool to a lawyer for review and advice. U.S.-based authors may be able to find a volunteer lawyer who can assist on this site: http://www.starvingartistslaw.com/help/volunteer lawyers.htm . A user completes the tool and it says that the work may be terminable at some date in the future. What should the user do with this information? If the tool says that a work with the characteristics provided is likely terminable at some date in the future, this means that—based on the information provided—it is possible that the author of such works has the right to terminate an agreement or transfer, but that right does not arise until some future date. Because the tool calculates dates by years (and not by months and days – see if the user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? below) the author in such situations should start reinvestigating termination prospects well before the year identified by the tool commences. Authors in this position have several options at this stage. The author can consult a lawyer to double check if he or she may have a termination right and, if so, when it arises; or he or she can wait until closer to the date given by the tool and reinvestigate termination prospects then. One very important caveat is that any termination right the author enjoys may change as circumstances develop and change in the future. Examples of events that may change the outcome include if the author dies, if any of their immediate family dies, or if a new agreement or transfer is negotiated. So it is always important to stay up-to-date in all circumstances that may be relevant to the author’s termination prospects and to reevaluate these on an ongoing basis. Remember that the tool is merely educational and is only as comprehensive as the hypothetical provided. So if the user was unsure of some of the information, or if the information isn’t quite accurate or open to legal interpretation, a lawyer may give a different result than the tool. Remember also that the tool is not definitive. If it states that the author may have a termination right at some date in the future that means it is a possibility, not a certainty that such a right will arise. Also, we make clear on the tool, neither the tool nor the information sheet are legal advice or a substitute for legal advice. Because the termination of transfer provisions are complex and require quite a lot of legal interpretation, an author should always consult with a lawyer before relying on anything the tool generates. The agreement says the work is a “work made for hire,” but the work is not listed in the tool’s categories for “works made for hire.” What does this mean? There may two explanations as to why the agreement says a work is a “work made for hire,” but the work does not seem to fall into one of the categories listed in the tool. The first explanation may be that the author may have misinterpreted the legal classification of the nature of the work in question. For example, it may qualify under the law as a compilation or a contribution to a collective work or a supplementary work, even though this doesn’t seem intuitive or obvious to anyone who isn’t intimately familiar with the law in this area. In that case, the user may want to investigate this issue further, answer the tool as though the work is not a “work made for hire,” or consult a lawyer. The second explanation may be that the grantee ( see glossary ) may have included a statement in the agreement asserting that the work was a “work made for hire” just in case they could take advantage of these provisions, even though they are not able to do so. One of the benefits of the “work made for hire” provisions is that they remove a work from the termination of transfer provisions, and so the grantee has the benefit of the rights for as long as they can negotiate under the agreement. This is one of the reasons many grantees try to characterize an agreement as a “work made for hire” when it may not be. To illustrate how contentious the issue of “works made for hire” can be, it is interesting to observe that sound recordings are notably absent from the categories of works that qualify as “works made for hire.” Record companies tried unsuccessfully to lobby the U.S. Congress on several occasions to have sound recordings included as a category in the “work made for hire” provisions. In anticipation of being successful in their lobbying efforts, many recording contracts refer to the works artists create as “works made for hire” even though they are not. Of course, some sound recordings may otherwise qualify as a “work made for hire” by being a contribution to a collective work, a compilation, or an employee created work; but if this is not the case, then the tool should be completed as though the sound recording is not a “work made for hire.” If a user doesn’t know the exact dates, what should he or she fill in for these questions? The tool only requires that the author input details of the year in which a relevant event occurred. It does not ask for the month or the day. The reason for this is that we have designed the tool to be as inclusive as possible, so that where there is a choice between whether to calculate that a person may have a termination right or may not have a termination right, the tool errs on the side of assuming that a termination right may exist. The actual periods for any “notice window” or “termination window” will ultimately have to be calculated down to the year, month and day, but for the purposes of the tool, we felt it was more user-friendly and gave sufficient guidance at this preliminary stage of the termination process to base it on the year. If exact dates, including the month and year, are known, it will be handy for consulting with a lawyer. If the exact year is uncertain, try running the tool using each different year to see if there is a different result occurs for any year. Authors who are unsure about exact dates should seek advice from a lawyer. A user who does not even know an approximate time period for a relevant event will need to do some more digging for relevant information. The termination of transfer provisions are very date-specific so this is vital information for determining if a termination right exists. Can those not based in the U.S. still use this tool? Yes, even if a user is not based in the U.S., he or she can still use this tool to learn about U.S. laws about copyright termination of transfer—but remember that the tool is only useful to learn about U.S. law. Also remember that, as explained above in So, does the author get all of his or her rights back? , the termination of transfer provisions only take effect with respect to use within the U.S. This means that the agreement or transfer an author is seeking to terminate must relate to a territory that includes the U.S., whether it’s U.S. only, North America or worldwide. How does the Termination of Transfer Tool calculate notice and termination windows where there is ambiguity in the statute governing termination? Where there is ambiguity in the statute, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows existing guidance issued by the U.S. Copyright Office. For example, when grant was made before 1978 and the work was not created until after January 1, 1978 (so-called “gap grants”), the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the recommendation of the Copyright Office that § 203 should govern the termination and the termination window should start 35 years from the post-1978 creation date (or 40 years if the publication rights were included). Similarly, the Termination of Transfer Tool follows the Copyright Office’s guidance on the date by which copyright must have been first secured to be eligible for a new termination right under § 304(d) (October 26, 1939). Questions About Creative Commons and Authors Alliance For more information about Creative Commons, check out our website http://creativecommons.org/ . For more information about Authors Alliance, check out our website at http://authorsalliance.org . Have a question that is not answered here? Feel free to send questions to us at info@rightsback.org . Terms of Service Privacy Policy Copyright 2017 Authors Alliance and Creative Commons. Site content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . Termination of Transfer tool code is licensed under the AGPL 3.0+ . | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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Datadog Integrate Opsgenie with Desk.com Integrate Opsgenie with Detectify Integrate Opsgenie with DNS Check Integrate Opsgenie with DripStat Integrate Opsgenie with Errorception Integrate Opsgenie with Evident.io Integrate Opsgenie with Flock Integrate Opsgenie with Freshdesk Integrate Opsgenie with Freshservice Integrate Opsgenie with Ghost Inspector Integrate Opsgenie with GitHub Integrate Opsgenie with GitLab Integrate Opsgenie with Google Cloud's operations suite Integrate Opsgenie with Grafana Integrate Opsgenie with Graylog (Plugin) Integrate Opsgenie with Graylog v3 and above Integrate Opsgenie with Honeybadger Integrate Opsgenie with Honeycomb Integrate Opsgenie with Hosted Graphite Integrate Opsgenie with Humio Integrate Opsgenie with IBM Tivoli Netcool Integrate Opsgenie with Incoming Amazon SNS Integrate Opsgenie with Instana Integrate Opsgenie with Jenkins Integrate Opsgenie with Kapacitor Integrate Opsgenie with Kore Integrate Opsgenie with Lightstep Integrate Opsgenie with Logentries Integrate Opsgenie with Loggly Integrate Opsgenie with Logz.io Integrate Opsgenie with Looker Integrate Opsgenie with Loom Integrate Opsgenie with Magentrix Integrate Opsgenie with ManageEngine Integrate Opsgenie with Mattermost Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure AutoScale Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure Resource Health Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure Service Health Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft SCOM Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Teams Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Teams V2 Integrate Opsgenie with MongoDB Cloud Manager Integrate Opsgenie with Monit Integrate Opsgenie with Monitis Integrate Opsgenie with Moxtra Integrate Opsgenie with Netdata Integrate Opsgenie with Neustar Integrate Opsgenie with New Relic Workflows Integrate Opsgenie with NodePing Integrate Opsgenie with Observium Integrate Opsgenie with OpsDash Integrate Opsgenie with Outlyer Integrate Opsgenie with Panopta Integrate Opsgenie with Papertrail Integrate Opsgenie with Pingdom Integrate Opsgenie with Pingometer Integrate Opsgenie with Prometheus Integrate Opsgenie with Raygun.io Integrate Opsgenie with RedGate SQL Monitor Integrate Opsgenie with Remedy OnDemand Integrate Opsgenie with Riemann Integrate Opsgenie with Rigor Integrate Opsgenie with RingCentral Integrate Opsgenie with RingCentral Glip Configure Amazon action channels after data residency moves Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Active Directory Integrate Opsgenie with Munin Integrate Opsgenie with Nagios Integrate Opsgenie with Nagios XI Integrate Opsgenie with OpenNMS Integrate Opsgenie with Planio Integrate Opsgenie with ServiceNow Cloud Observability Integrate Opsgenie with Solarwinds SAM Integrate Opsgenie with Webhook Integrate Opsgenie with Zendesk app Integrate Opsgenie with Alert Logic Integrate Opsgenie with AlertSite UXM Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon CloudTrail Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon CloudTrail-Amazon CloudWatch Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon CloudWatch Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon CloudWatch Events Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon RDS Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon Route 53 Health Check Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon SES Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure Other Opsgenie integrations What is a default API integration? Create an API integration Incoming call routing Integrate incoming call routing Integrate your email with Opsgenie Connect Opsgenie with other Atlassian products Use Opsgenie with Bitbucket Cloud Use Opsgenie with Jira Cloud Use Opsgenie with Jira Service Management Cloud Access integration reference information Outgoing integration triggers for team routings Effects of deprecating the old API Integration types to be used with the API Check system health with Opsgenie Heartbeats Add Heartbeats to monitor systems Switch from Heartbeat v1 to Heartbeat v2 Monitoring Nagios using Heartbeats Use Heartbeat monitoring v1 Heartbeat API v2 migration guide Learn modern incident management Discover Opsgenie's incident management functionality What is an incident? Navigate the incidents list Search syntax for incidents Access and modify the incident timeline Add or remove an incident responder Add a stakeholder to an incident Define incident response roles What are incident priority levels? Manage an incident Manually create an incident Automatically create an incident with incident rules Create an incident template Associate an alert with an incident Manage the incident with incident actions Resolve or reopen an incident Close or delete an incident Create a postmortem report Investigate the potential causes of an incident Investigate an incident The incident investigation view Investigate Incidents with GitLab CI/CD Collaborate during incidents How to collaborate during an incident Use the Incident Command Center (ICC) Use Zoom for the Incident Command Center Set up a conference bridge Use chat rooms for incident collaboration Automate incident communication Create an email template for stakeholder notifications Connect Slack app for incident management Incident visibility and action permissions Get started with Opsgenie services Manage services in Opsgenie What are services in Opsgenie? Search syntax for services Manage internal services Manage external services Subscribe to a service Create a service relationship Investigate incidents with Bitbucket Access service status tools View the status of a service Generate status pages from Opsgenie alerts Report a problem Remediate your system with Opsgenie actions Set up action channels What are action channels? Set up Opsgenie actions Set up an action channel with AWS Systems Manager Channel Set up an action channel with REST Endpoint Set up an action channel with AWS Simple Notification Set up an action channel with OEC Manage Opsgenie actions and parameter types Manage Opsgenie actions with AWS Systems Manager Manage Opsgenie actions with REST Endpoint Manage Opsgenie actions with AWS Simple Notification Service Manage Opsgenie actions with OEC Execute Opsgenie actions Execute AWS EC2 Rescue Tool with Opsgenie actions Parameter types for Opsgenie actions Explore Opsgenie's extensibility platforms Learn about Opsgenie Edge Connector Opsgenie Edge Connector as an extensibility platform Opsgenie Edge Connector installation packs Configure Opsgenie Edge Connector Run Opsgenie Edge Connector Opsgenie Edge Connector alert action data View reports and analytics in Opsgenie Learn about Opsgenie reports View global and team reports View the post-incident analysis report View postmortem reports How are global reports calculated? How are team reports calculated? Reporting terminology and advanced capabilities Access your global reports View global alert MTTA/R analytics View global alert and user productivity analytics View global API usage analytics View global DevOps metrics View global incoming call routing data View global infrastructure health reports View global monthly insights View global notification analytics View global on-call times per user View global service health reports Access your team reports View team alert MTTA/R analytics View team alert and user productivity analytics View team API usage analytics View team DevOps metrics View team infrastructure health reports View team on-call times per user Manage user accounts and single sign-on (SSO) in Opsgenie Configure login and SSO Log in to Opsgenie Enable password policies Switch to Atlassian login Switch to Opsgenie login Configure SSO for Opsgenie Configure Google SSO Configure OneLogin SSO Configure Okta SSO Configure Ping Identity SSO Configure Azure Active Directory SSO Configure Microsoft Active Directory Federation Services SSO Configure SAML-based SSO Delete your Opsgenie account Migrate Opsgenie to an Atlassian account Migrate Opsgenie accounts to an Atlassian account Connect owner and admin accounts to an Atlassian site Connect user accounts to an Atlassian site Opsgenie account administration API key management Opsgenie Terraform Provider Opsgenie CloudFormation Resources Migrate from Terraform's Opsgenie Provider to Atlassian Operations Provider Atlassian Support Opsgenie Resources Learn modern incident management Manage an incident Automatically create an incident with incident rules Incident rules are available on Opsgenie’s Enterprise and Standard plans. If you’re using Opsgenie as part of your Jira Service Management, incident rules are available on Jira Service Management’s Premium and Enterprise plans. Incident rules let you customize how your incidents are created. If the alert data matches the conditions you defined, Opsgenie automatically creates an incident based on the defined fields. Like many Opsgenie engines, the incident rules operate on If/Then statements and matching conditions. Opsgenie's integration rules automatically process incoming data, create a new alert, and forward the alert data to the incident management rule engine. If the alert data matches specified conditions (Incident Rules), Opsgenie creates an incident and associates the raw alert with the incident (in a parent-child relationship). To create an incident automatically with an incident rule; Go to Teams from the main menu, Select a team, From the team menu, select Incident rules , Select Create incident rule , Set the type of alerts you you’d like to match to this rule from Set conditions for the incident rule, Set the properties of the incident Opsgenie should create when the alert is matched from Set incident properties , If you wish to send notifications to stakeholder with the incident created, set the details from Stakeholder properties , Select Create . A team can have maximum 200 incident rules. Later, you can drag and drop the rules to change the incident rule order. Opsgenie will create the incident on the first rule it matches the alert. The automatically created incident notifies the responders and the stakeholders of the selected impacted services, according to communication channels specified by users or by any notification template. Learn more about the notification templates. After you close the incident, and if Opsgenie matches a new alert with an incident rule, it will open a new incident and send new notifications. Auto-matched alert behavior After an incident is opened, alerts matching the incident rules automatically become associated alerts of that incident. Opsgenie doesn’t send alert notifications for these alerts. This aims to reduce alert fatigue. Learn more about associated alerts. If an alert automatically matches an incident because of an incident rule, after the incident status is resolved, the incident status will be changed from resolved to reopened. Therefore, it is important to close your incidents in a timely manner, because notifications are not sent for alerts matching an open incident. Was this helpful? Yes No It wasn't accurate It wasn't clear It wasn't relevant Provide feedback about this article Still need help? The Atlassian Community is here for you. Ask the Community Manage an incident Manually create an incident Automatically create an incident with incident rules Create an incident template Associate an alert with an incident Manage the incident with incident actions Show more Community Questions, discussions, and articles Accessibility Notice at Collection Privacy Policy Terms of Use Security 2026 Atlassian | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
https://support.atlassian.com/opsgenie/docs/incoming-call-routing/ | Incoming call routing | Opsgenie | Atlassian Support Skip to main content Opsgenie Support Apps Get started Documentation Resources Contact us Sign in Sign in Opsgenie Cloud Documentation Get started with Opsgenie as a user Learn how to use Opsgenie as a user Configure your profile View your on-call schedule View who is on-call How to get your first alert notification Manage alerts through their lifecycle Track user events Get started with Opsgenie as a stakeholder Get started with Opsgenie as an admin Understand the basic admin tasks in Opsgenie Welcome to Opsgenie Read Opsgenie's Quickstart guide Get Opsgenie ready to receive alerts Invite users and manage their roles Add, invite, update, and delete users Learn user roles and permissions Search syntax for users Learn about Opsgenie's integrations Set up an integrated tool Create and manage teams What are teams in Opsgenie? Create a team and add members Configure a team dashboard Build and manage on-call schedules Build an on-call schedule How do escalations work in Opsgenie? Manage on-call schedules and rotations Create an on-call schedule with a daily rotation Create an on-call schedule with weekday/weekend rotation Create an on-call schedule with business and off-hours Override an on-call schedule Make an informed migration decision Plan your Opsgenie migration and schedule your date What to expect from Opsgenie migration? What are my options for migrating from Opsgenie? Set up a migration demo account to test migration Schedule an Opsgenie migration Understand your post-migration tasks Prepare for data migration after scheduling your date What is the migration guide and how to use it Get started with Opsgenie migration as an admin Managing operations in Compass and Jira Service Management at the same time What happens when Opsgenie is turned off? How to manually turn off Opsgenie when ready Migrate Opsgenie when working with an Atlassian partner How migration changes when working with an Atlassian partner Common migration challenges and how to manage them Review and approve billing for Opsgenie migration What to do if Opsgenie migration billing is rejected or expired Why you can’t schedule your Opsgenie migration? Migrate Opsgenie to Jira Service Management What changes when you migrate to Jira Service Management Feature changes and deprecations in Jira Service Management How to switch Opsgenie phone numbers to Twilio Understanding Opsgenie integration changes Migrate Opsgenie to Compass What changes when you migrate to Compass Feature changes and deprecations in Compass Understanding Opsgenie integration changes in Compass How Opsgenie features change after migration Alerts after migration On-call schedules after migration Incident management after migration Services after migration Integrations after migration Alert actions and policies after migration Analytics and reporting after migration Alert notifications after migration Teams after migration Advanced alert configurations after migration Maintenance after migration Incoming call routing after migration Access management after migration Stakeholder management after migration Data encryption after migration Support coverage after migration Opsgenie mobile app after migration Learn how Opsgenie works Supported platforms, time zones, and other references Supported countries for sending SMS and voice calls Integration, OEC, SDK, Android and other download files Outbound traffic static IP list Troubleshoot connectivity issues Time constraints and time zones Supported time zone IDs Supported locale IDs Search logs Supported web browsers What are the limitations of the Essentials plan? Checks to do after an Opsgenie site name change Inbound traffic static IP list Opsgenie's data residency European service region Opsgenie data residency Manage your alerts in Opsgenie Learn about alert management in Opsgenie Navigate the alerts list Search queries for alerts Alert creation flow Alert fields Alert notifications flow What is alert de-duplication? Who are alert responders? Update alert priority level Manage alert lifecycle with alert actions How to use alert actions Acknowledge and unacknowledge an alert Snooze an alert Escalate an alert Close and delete an alert Add a responder to an alert Add a note or attachment to an alert Assign an owner to an alert Set up a custom action for an alert Update an alert's message Update an alert's description Perform bulk actions on alerts Use alert callbacks Create alert policies to control the notification flow Create and manage global alert policies Create and manage team policies Create and manage maintenance policies Create and manage notification preferences Create a central notification template Add a forwarding rule Send voice and SMS notifications Migrate to new alert and notification policies (Deprecated) How to set alert policies (Deprecated) Increase security by encrypting your alert data What is Edge Encryption? Encrypt your alert data with Edge Encryption Integrate Opsgenie with your IT tools Learn how to use Opsgenie's integration framework What are the integration types and actions? What is the ITSM integration flow with Zendesk? Use advanced integration settings Action filters in Opsgenie integrations Dynamic fields in Opsgenie integrations String processing methods in Opsgenie integrations Regular expressions for customizing and filtering alerts HipChat user mapping in Opsgenie Set the priority level of alerts created with integrations The integration framework Integrate Opsgenie with other Atlassian products Integrate Opsgenie with Bitbucket Integrate Opsgenie with Jira Cloud Integrate Opsgenie with Jira Integrate Opsgenie with Jira via AWS Lambda Integrate Opsgenie with Jira Service Management Integrate Opsgenie with another Opsgenie Integrate Opsgenie with Statuspage Integrate Opsgenie with Bamboo Integrate Opsgenie with Jira Service Management Cloud Integrate Opsgenie with your tools Integrate Opsgenie with Airbrake Integrate Opsgenie with Outgoing Amazon SNS Integrate Opsgenie with BMC FootPrints v11 Integrate Opsgenie with BMC FootPrints v12 Integrate Opsgenie with BMC Remedy Integrate Opsgenie with Remedyforce Integrate Opsgenie with BMC TrueSight Integrate Opsgenie with Catchpoint Integrate Opsgenie with Cherwell Integrate Opsgenie with Dynatrace Integration Integrate Opsgenie with Dynatrace Webhook (v2) Integrate Opsgenie with Dynatrace AppMon Integrate Opsgenie with Icinga Integrate Opsgenie with Icinga2 Integrate Opsgenie with Kayako Integrate Opsgenie with LibreNMS Integrate Opsgenie with LogicMonitor Integrate Opsgenie with Logstash Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure Event Hubs Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure OMS Integrate Opsgenie with Nagios Plugin Integrate Opsgenie with Lamp Based Nagios (Deprecated) Integrate Opsgenie with Nagios XI Plugin Integrate Opsgenie with Lamp Based NagiosXI Integrate Opsgenie with New Relic (Legacy) Integrate Opsgenie with ITRS OP5 Monitor Integrate Opsgenie with Opsview Integrate Opsgenie with Oracle Enterprise Manager Integrate Opsgenie with Pingdom Server Monitor Integrate Opsgenie with PRTG Integrate Opsgenie with Rackspace Cloud Monitoring Integrate Opsgenie with Rollbarx Integrate Opsgenie with Runscope Integrate Opsgenie with Salesforce Service Cloud Integrate Opsgenie with SaltStack Integrate Opsgenie with Scalyr Integrate Opsgenie with Sematext Integrate Opsgenie with Sensu Integrate Opsgenie with Sentry Integrate Opsgenie with Server Density Integrate Opsgenie with ServerGuard24 Integrate Opsgenie with ServiceNow Integrate Opsgenie with SignalFx Integrate Opsgenie with SignalFx (Legacy) Integrate Opsgenie with Signal Sciences Integrate Opsgenie with Site24x7 Integrate Opsgenie with Slack Integrate Opsgenie with SOASTA Integrate Opsgenie with Solarwinds NPM Integrate Opsgenie with N-ABLE N‑central RMM Integrate Opsgenie with Solarwinds Web Help Desk Integrate Opsgenie with Splunk Integrate Opsgenie with Splunk IT Service Intelligence Integrate Opsgenie with Stackdriver Integrate Opsgenie with StackStorm Integrate Opsgenie with StatusCake Integrate Opsgenie with StatusHub Integrate Opsgenie with Status.io Integrate Opsgenie with Statusy Integrate Opsgenie with StruxureWare Data Center Expert Integrate Opsgenie with Sumo Logic Integrate Opsgenie with Sysdig Cloud Integrate Opsgenie with ThousandEyes Integrate Opsgenie with Threat Stack Integrate Opsgenie with Thundra Integrate Opsgenie with Tideways Integrate Opsgenie with Trace Integrate Opsgenie with Track-It! Integrate Opsgenie with Travis CI Integrate Opsgenie with Twilio Integrate Opsgenie with Updown.io Integrate Opsgenie with Uptime.com Integrate Opsgenie with Uptime Cloud Monitor Integrate Opsgenie with UptimeProject Integrate Opsgenie with Uptime Robot Integrate Opsgenie with Uptrends Integrate Opsgenie with SolarWinds DPM Integrate Opsgenie with VMware Center Integrate Opsgenie with VMware vCenter Server Appliance Integrate Opsgenie with Wavefront Integrate Opsgenie with WhatsUp Gold Integrate Opsgenie with Workato Integrate Opsgenie with XL Release Integrate Opsgenie with X-Pack (Elasticsearch Watcher) Integrate Opsgenie with XMPP/Jabber Integrate Opsgenie with Zabbix Integrate Opsgenie with Zabbix Plugin Integrate Opsgenie with Zapier Integrate Opsgenie with Zendesk Integrate Opsgenie with Zenoss Integrate Opsgenie with Zyrion Integrate Opsgenie with CloudMonix Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon EventBridge Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon Security Hub Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon SNS Integrate Opsgenie with Apica Synthetic Monitoring Integrate Opsgenie with APImetrics Integrate Opsgenie with AppDynamics Integrate Opsgenie with AppOptics Integrate Opsgenie with AppSignal Integrate Opsgenie with Atatus Integrate Opsgenie with Autotask Integrate Opsgenie with Autotask AEM Integrate Opsgenie with BigPanda Integrate Opsgenie with Blue Matador Integrate Opsgenie with CA Flowdock Chat Integrate Opsgenie with CA Flowdock Team Inbox Integrate Opsgenie with Campfire Integrate Opsgenie with Checkmk Integrate Opsgenie with CircleCI Integrate Opsgenie with Circonus Integrate Opsgenie with CloudSploit Integrate Opsgenie with CloudWisdom (Netuitive) Integrate Opsgenie with Codeship Integrate Opsgenie with Compose Integrate Opsgenie with ConnectWise Automate (API) Integrate Opsgenie with ConnectWise Automate (Email) Integrate Opsgenie with ConnectWise Manage Integrate Opsgenie with Consul Integrate Opsgenie with Coralogix Integrate Opsgenie with Crashlytics Integrate Opsgenie with Datadog Integrate Opsgenie with Desk.com Integrate Opsgenie with Detectify Integrate Opsgenie with DNS Check Integrate Opsgenie with DripStat Integrate Opsgenie with Errorception Integrate Opsgenie with Evident.io Integrate Opsgenie with Flock Integrate Opsgenie with Freshdesk Integrate Opsgenie with Freshservice Integrate Opsgenie with Ghost Inspector Integrate Opsgenie with GitHub Integrate Opsgenie with GitLab Integrate Opsgenie with Google Cloud's operations suite Integrate Opsgenie with Grafana Integrate Opsgenie with Graylog (Plugin) Integrate Opsgenie with Graylog v3 and above Integrate Opsgenie with Honeybadger Integrate Opsgenie with Honeycomb Integrate Opsgenie with Hosted Graphite Integrate Opsgenie with Humio Integrate Opsgenie with IBM Tivoli Netcool Integrate Opsgenie with Incoming Amazon SNS Integrate Opsgenie with Instana Integrate Opsgenie with Jenkins Integrate Opsgenie with Kapacitor Integrate Opsgenie with Kore Integrate Opsgenie with Lightstep Integrate Opsgenie with Logentries Integrate Opsgenie with Loggly Integrate Opsgenie with Logz.io Integrate Opsgenie with Looker Integrate Opsgenie with Loom Integrate Opsgenie with Magentrix Integrate Opsgenie with ManageEngine Integrate Opsgenie with Mattermost Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure AutoScale Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure Resource Health Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure Service Health Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft SCOM Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Teams Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Teams V2 Integrate Opsgenie with MongoDB Cloud Manager Integrate Opsgenie with Monit Integrate Opsgenie with Monitis Integrate Opsgenie with Moxtra Integrate Opsgenie with Netdata Integrate Opsgenie with Neustar Integrate Opsgenie with New Relic Workflows Integrate Opsgenie with NodePing Integrate Opsgenie with Observium Integrate Opsgenie with OpsDash Integrate Opsgenie with Outlyer Integrate Opsgenie with Panopta Integrate Opsgenie with Papertrail Integrate Opsgenie with Pingdom Integrate Opsgenie with Pingometer Integrate Opsgenie with Prometheus Integrate Opsgenie with Raygun.io Integrate Opsgenie with RedGate SQL Monitor Integrate Opsgenie with Remedy OnDemand Integrate Opsgenie with Riemann Integrate Opsgenie with Rigor Integrate Opsgenie with RingCentral Integrate Opsgenie with RingCentral Glip Configure Amazon action channels after data residency moves Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Active Directory Integrate Opsgenie with Munin Integrate Opsgenie with Nagios Integrate Opsgenie with Nagios XI Integrate Opsgenie with OpenNMS Integrate Opsgenie with Planio Integrate Opsgenie with ServiceNow Cloud Observability Integrate Opsgenie with Solarwinds SAM Integrate Opsgenie with Webhook Integrate Opsgenie with Zendesk app Integrate Opsgenie with Alert Logic Integrate Opsgenie with AlertSite UXM Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon CloudTrail Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon CloudTrail-Amazon CloudWatch Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon CloudWatch Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon CloudWatch Events Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon RDS Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon Route 53 Health Check Integrate Opsgenie with Amazon SES Integrate Opsgenie with Microsoft Azure Other Opsgenie integrations What is a default API integration? Create an API integration Incoming call routing Integrate incoming call routing Integrate your email with Opsgenie Connect Opsgenie with other Atlassian products Use Opsgenie with Bitbucket Cloud Use Opsgenie with Jira Cloud Use Opsgenie with Jira Service Management Cloud Access integration reference information Outgoing integration triggers for team routings Effects of deprecating the old API Integration types to be used with the API Check system health with Opsgenie Heartbeats Add Heartbeats to monitor systems Switch from Heartbeat v1 to Heartbeat v2 Monitoring Nagios using Heartbeats Use Heartbeat monitoring v1 Heartbeat API v2 migration guide Learn modern incident management Discover Opsgenie's incident management functionality What is an incident? Navigate the incidents list Search syntax for incidents Access and modify the incident timeline Add or remove an incident responder Add a stakeholder to an incident Define incident response roles What are incident priority levels? Manage an incident Manually create an incident Automatically create an incident with incident rules Create an incident template Associate an alert with an incident Manage the incident with incident actions Resolve or reopen an incident Close or delete an incident Create a postmortem report Investigate the potential causes of an incident Investigate an incident The incident investigation view Investigate Incidents with GitLab CI/CD Collaborate during incidents How to collaborate during an incident Use the Incident Command Center (ICC) Use Zoom for the Incident Command Center Set up a conference bridge Use chat rooms for incident collaboration Automate incident communication Create an email template for stakeholder notifications Connect Slack app for incident management Incident visibility and action permissions Get started with Opsgenie services Manage services in Opsgenie What are services in Opsgenie? Search syntax for services Manage internal services Manage external services Subscribe to a service Create a service relationship Investigate incidents with Bitbucket Access service status tools View the status of a service Generate status pages from Opsgenie alerts Report a problem Remediate your system with Opsgenie actions Set up action channels What are action channels? Set up Opsgenie actions Set up an action channel with AWS Systems Manager Channel Set up an action channel with REST Endpoint Set up an action channel with AWS Simple Notification Set up an action channel with OEC Manage Opsgenie actions and parameter types Manage Opsgenie actions with AWS Systems Manager Manage Opsgenie actions with REST Endpoint Manage Opsgenie actions with AWS Simple Notification Service Manage Opsgenie actions with OEC Execute Opsgenie actions Execute AWS EC2 Rescue Tool with Opsgenie actions Parameter types for Opsgenie actions Explore Opsgenie's extensibility platforms Learn about Opsgenie Edge Connector Opsgenie Edge Connector as an extensibility platform Opsgenie Edge Connector installation packs Configure Opsgenie Edge Connector Run Opsgenie Edge Connector Opsgenie Edge Connector alert action data View reports and analytics in Opsgenie Learn about Opsgenie reports View global and team reports View the post-incident analysis report View postmortem reports How are global reports calculated? How are team reports calculated? Reporting terminology and advanced capabilities Access your global reports View global alert MTTA/R analytics View global alert and user productivity analytics View global API usage analytics View global DevOps metrics View global incoming call routing data View global infrastructure health reports View global monthly insights View global notification analytics View global on-call times per user View global service health reports Access your team reports View team alert MTTA/R analytics View team alert and user productivity analytics View team API usage analytics View team DevOps metrics View team infrastructure health reports View team on-call times per user Manage user accounts and single sign-on (SSO) in Opsgenie Configure login and SSO Log in to Opsgenie Enable password policies Switch to Atlassian login Switch to Opsgenie login Configure SSO for Opsgenie Configure Google SSO Configure OneLogin SSO Configure Okta SSO Configure Ping Identity SSO Configure Azure Active Directory SSO Configure Microsoft Active Directory Federation Services SSO Configure SAML-based SSO Delete your Opsgenie account Migrate Opsgenie to an Atlassian account Migrate Opsgenie accounts to an Atlassian account Connect owner and admin accounts to an Atlassian site Connect user accounts to an Atlassian site Opsgenie account administration API key management Opsgenie Terraform Provider Opsgenie CloudFormation Resources Migrate from Terraform's Opsgenie Provider to Atlassian Operations Provider Atlassian Support Opsgenie Resources Integrate Opsgenie with your IT tools Other Opsgenie integrations Incoming call routing To use incoming call routing with your custom phone number, you must use Opsgenie’s Standard or Enterprise plans or Jira Service Management Premium or Enterprise plans. To use incoming call routing with a phone number provided by Opsgenie, you must use Opsgenie’s Standard or Enterprise plans. If you’re using Opsgenie as part of your Jira Service Management, you can’t use incoming call routing with an Opsgenie provided phone number. Learn how to integrate incoming call routing. Currently, our provider doesn’t support calls routed to Chinese numbers. If you're looking for all the supported countries, you can get the list from our support team. Contact support Incoming call routing provides a phone number and manages the routing of incoming calls to this phone number based on your on-call preferences. This can be used, for example, as a support call hotline that routes incoming calls to the right on-call team members. Watch Incoming Call Routing in Opsgenie video on Youtube How it works? You can forward incoming calls to anyone in the world. If your company has operations in various geographies, you can provide seamless support. You can have the incoming call routing read messages in different languages. This way, callers who speak other languages can use call routing. For each call you receive, Opsgenie generates an alert. Just like other alerts, you can create rules and policies to route the alert to the right people based on the caller's phone number. You can view basic information about the call, such as if the team member has answered the call or how long the call lasted, through the alert activity log. You can forward the call information to team chat rooms using Opsgenie integrations with Slack, HipChat, Campfire, etc., and other systems via Opsgenie webhook or OEC (Opsgenie Edge Connector) integration. You can also configure Opsgenie to prompt the callers to press keys to select which users they want to talk to (for example, Press 1 for tech support, press 2 for sales...). View Call forwarding with auto-attendant to configure this., When you get a call to this number, a welcome message configured by you will be read to the caller before they connect to one of your on-call team members. While Opsgenie finds and dials the on-call team member, the caller can listen to the music Opsgenie plays as they wait. If Opsgenie cannot get a response from the first on-call team member it reaches, it’ll call the next one on the rotation. If no one is available, the caller will be redirected to leave a voicemail. Meanwhile, Opsgenie creates an alert for this call. The users that are responsible for the call are notified via email, SMS, or mobile push that there is an incoming call in progress. When a user picks up the call, Opsgenie prompts them with a message to confirm the pickup. This is done in order to prevent voice-machines from picking up incoming calls. After the user presses a number, Opsgenie connects the call and also acknowledges the alert on behalf of the user that answers the call. Taking incoming calls directly from a web browser You can also take incoming calls via your web browser from the Alerts page. With this feature, you can to take calls right from your computer without waiting for it to dial you. After you pick up the call on the alert, Opsgenie will stop the call routing process and connect you to the caller. This feature is currently available with Chrome and Firefox browsers. Who are the call recipients? Call recipients can be: Teams: Opsgenie will route the call according to the team's escalation, which you can configure from your team's dashboard. Users. Schedules: Opsgenie would determine the on-call team member based on the schedule and forward the call to that user. Escalations: Opsgenie first tries the users of the escalation's immediate rules, then passes on to the backup rules in order. If the escalation has repeat enabled, it will repeat the escalation rules until someone picks up or reaches its try limit. Opsgenie dials the users in the recipients in the order you add them. For example, if you put a schedule as the first item in "Forward Call To" then Opsgenie will first dial the on-call team member of that schedule. How do incoming call notifications work? Opsgenie sends notifications to the on-call team members when there is a new incoming call in progress. For example, if you're forwarding the call to a schedule, all the members of the on-call team will get an immediate notification about the incoming call. The notification method can be SMS, email, or mobile, configured in the user profile. A sample case Let's say you've configured the Team 1 to receive incoming calls. When Opsgenie receives a new incoming call, it starts dialing the on-call team members according to Team 1's escalation. It also starts sending the "incoming call notifications" to Team 1. Notifications are the same as alert notifications. Opsgenie sends notifications to Team 1 according to its escalation policy until the alert is acknowledged, closed, or end of its repetition cycle. Acknowledging or closing an incoming call alert When an on-call team member answers the call, Opsgenie automatically acknowledges the incoming call alert and stops sending notifications. If the caller hangs up the call before any on-call team member can answer, the alert will be closed automatically, and the notifications will stop again. There are three methods you can select for incoming call notifications; Default notification – Notifies the on-call team members immediately when Opsgenie receives the call. Delayed notification – Notifies if the call is not answered in a certain amount of minutes defined by you. This method is used to avoid notifications for misplaced calls. Voicemail notifications – Notifies when the caller leaves a voicemail. Opsgenie adds the link to the voicemail as a note to the incoming call alert. How to forward calls with auto-attendant? You can also set up an interactional call routing based on input from the caller. A sample auto-attendant flow looks like this: When a call is received, Opsgenie plays the welcome message to the caller. Then, Opsgenie plays the auto-attendant audio message that you’ve uploaded before. An auto-attendant message sounds like this: Press 1 for tech support, 2 for sales..." The caller interacts by pressing keys on their phone. Opsgenie forwards the call to the relevant team members. More about auto-attendant: If the caller enters an unknown number Opsgenie asks the caller to retry. If the caller enters an unknown number for the second time, Opsgenie hangs up the call. You may find this information in the Activity log section of the incoming call alert. You may create an option with the star key to use default forwarding if the caller presses the digits that do not match. For example, if you have three routing options with keys 1, 2, and star, and the caller presses 4 upon hearing the auto-attendant message, he will be forwarded to the team members of the star option. Incoming call notifications are only sent to the entities (users, teams, schedules, etc.) to which the caller is being forwarded. Using audio files for the messages You can play text-to-speech or audio files to your callers. To play an audio file: Go to Settings > Integrations . Search for Incoming call. Select Add . Under the Settings section of the integration, enable Auto-attendant switch. Select Upload audio file button. If you want to change the file, you can select Remove , then upload another file. Supported audio files types are: .mp3, .wav, .gsm, .aif, ulaw. You can only upload audio files of 8kpbs bitrate. High bit-rate audio files will produce bad quality sound because of the compression. Call routing precedence (Who dialed first, who dialed last?) Who does Opsgenie dial before others when a call is received? Let's explain this with an example: Let's say you've configured a schedule named schedule1 as the first call recipient for your incoming call. There are two on-call parties under schedule1 at present; escalation1 and team1 . escalation1 is configured to notify user1 immediately; and user2 5 minutes later. Example: schedule1 escalation1 *user1 - immediately *user2 - 5 minutes later team1 Say a call comes now. The immediate on-call recipients of schedule1 are user1 from the escalation, and the target entity of team1 's default routing rule. So Opsgenie will try to connect the call to a random user, selected among user1 and team1 . If they don’t pick up, another random user will be tried from the same party. When no one is left to dial from the immediate on-call party, Opsgenie moves on to the secondary recipients; namely user2 from the escalation. The user2 will be tried; and if no one picks up, the caller will be redirected to leave a voicemail. Incoming call language support When a user calls the number in your integration, Opsgenie can read the messages in eight different languages. It also applies to customizable messages such as "Welcome Message" and "Leave a Message". For example, when you set the language to German, Opsgenie can read these messages in German too. Blocklisting numbers Specific phone numbers and prefixes can be blocked from the Block numbers field. Once a number is added to this field, the incoming call routing phone number will not receive any calls from the specified number. There are a few requirements for defining numbers in this field: The phone numbers should start with + . For defining a prefix, ***** should be added to the end. You should enter at least 3 characters while defining a number. Supported countries for the phone numbers If you’re using your custom phone number from Twilio, your Twilio account should route your calls via US (Region 1) to use incoming call routing. If you’re using an Opsgenie provided phone number, you can use phone numbers from these countries: Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Israel Italy Japan Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Peru Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland United States Additional features of incoming call routing Redirect to voicemail is optional. You can disable it if you like, so that when no on-call team member is available, instead of prompting the caller to record a voicemail, Opsgenie says "Please try again later" and ends the call.If caller hangs up the phone before an on-call team member answers the call alert is closed so that on-call users not notified.If you want to use call routing only for taking voicemails, and notify your on-call team member but not actually dial them, you can set "How many users should be tried" to zero in the configuration, under "Other Settings" section and save the integration. Was this helpful? Yes No It wasn't accurate It wasn't clear It wasn't relevant Provide feedback about this article Still need help? The Atlassian Community is here for you. Ask the Community Other Opsgenie integrations What is a default API integration? Create an API integration Incoming call routing Integrate incoming call routing Integrate your email with Opsgenie On this page How it works? Taking incoming calls directly from a web browser Who are the call recipients? How do incoming call notifications work? How to forward calls with auto-attendant? More about auto-attendant: Using audio files for the messages Call routing precedence (Who dialed first, who dialed last?) Incoming call language support Blocklisting numbers Supported countries for the phone numbers Additional features of incoming call routing Community Questions, discussions, and articles Accessibility Notice at Collection Privacy Policy Terms of Use Security 2026 Atlassian | 2026-01-13T09:29:47 |
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