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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/blog/front-end-vs-back-end-system-design-interviews | Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews 23 de dezembro de 2021 · Leitura de 9 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon Walkthrough of similarities and differences between front end vs. back end system design interviews and my thoughts on a front end career ceiling. Context I have been interviewing a lot for the past year - not conducting interviews, I was the candidate being interviewed. Most of the interview processes I had with big tech companies consisted of 1-2 system design rounds depending on the level of the role. Unlike traditional back end-focused system design questions, for which you can find lots of prep resources online such as the famous Grokking System Design Interview or System Design Primer, I didn't know what to expect for a front end-focused system design interview as there are very few resources out there talking about this type of interviews. Now that I have done a fair amount of system design interviews of both types, I want to give you a summary of what to expect, especially for the front end ones since I have been mostly working on the front end side. Similarities Both front end-focused and back end-focused system design interviews share a lot of similarities in terms of the methodology you can adopt to solve the design questions: Starting with gathering system requirements Laying out a clear plan and identifying major distinguishable components of the system Proceeding to end to end api design Talking about optimization Other kinds of similarities include: The interviewer is relying on you to drive the presentation. You can't rely on the interviewer to have your back. While the topics can be either micro or macro, you probably won't need to actually write code - it is rare to jam some portion of coding in the middle of a system design interview Unlike scantron school exams, both types will consist of mainly open ended questions. There probably isn't a checklist of things for you to cover one by one. Nor are you expected to drill deep into all of those. When you realize your interviewer is biased toward a particular part of the system, which they usually do, pivot your focus to that area. Other times you focus on your strengths and lead the conversation. Differences During the back end-focused system design interviews, you would spend most of the time talking about things like: Back end/server side architecture, hand waving various back end services/components Discussing which type of database to use and how to aggregate data across different shards Designing SQL table schema Choosing the right the cross-region strategy if your service has a global user base Any other kinds of system characteristics like latency, availability, fault tolerance, etc For front end-focused system design interviews, you would spend most of the time talking about stuff like: Front end/client side architecture, such as the appropriate rendering pattern to choose - client side rendering, or server side rendering or static generation or something in between? What kind of data fetching mechanism to use - REST vs. GRAPHQL vs. gRPC and what should the APIs look like? Specifics about UI components A news feed which has an infinite scroll behavior with all the images lazily loaded while ensuring the client side has the aspect ratio of the images upfront to prevent layout shift. An autocomplete UI component which fetches search result data incrementally in batches while receiving images from server pushes in parallel. a gallery page which pulls images and displays them in the correct order despite the asynchrony that comes with the network requests that might cause them to arrive out of order. How do you leverage different layers of cache to decrease latency or support offline mode. If they want to get framework-specific, which is totally possible, they might even ask you to define a particular React components's props or manage complex state in a React app. A lot times having one type of system design interviews means you can over simplify the opposite side: In a back end system design interview, the client-side/front end is reduced to an API layer - you don't need to consider all the intricacies of the browser or the pesky rerenders your real-time updates would cause. In a front end system design interview, you can treat the back end as a black box and you don't need to worry about how things like how to scale a database, or how your choice of using web sockets might affect the load balancers because of the need for sticky sessions support. But again, this is a summary of my experience and depending on who your interviewers are (are they front end, back end and/or fullstack developers), the scope of the role and which team it is (are you going to be on a front end team or are you expected to work across the stack and stretch into the back end?) your front end system design interview might be a bit of a hybrid where some aspects of back end system design interviews might come up. Outside of the differences with the technical topics I needed to dig deep into during the interviews, I found there are two other interesting differences that stand out between the two types: For front end system design interviews I was often encouraged to treat the interviewer as the product manager and we spent some time just fleshing out the brief solution for each user story. For the back end system design interviews, we didn't really get to talk about any user interaction (I am aware that the definition of users of your system might vary, depending on whether it is customer-facing vs. developer-facing) These two types of system design interviews also differ a lot in terms of estimating certain system's needs based on the potential scale of the system. The system needs can be storage needs or throughput needs or any other types of requirements. It is common and expected to do these estimation during back end system design interviews since your design decision is only feasible when all of the system needs can realistically be met. But for the front end system design interview, I rarely needed to do any quantitative estimation - for example, when I was designing some live feed during a front end system design interview, I didn't need to do estimations like "So let's say each message was roughly 140 characters long and it is utf8 so that's 140 bytes and an average user gets 10000 messages over a certain period of time so we ended up allocating 1.4mb memory on user devices". Again, I am not saying that this would never come up during a front end system design interview. in my experience It is just much, much more rare compared to back end ones. Career ceiling I am going to talk about something that is a little tangential. I don't think this is going to be a hot take but if you just want to pass the upcoming interviews, then you are welcome to skip this part. I have done interviews for both front end focused roles and general software engineer roles. As I went through the preparation process for the system designs interviews, it just occurred to me that there is indeed a career ceiling for a pure front end focused software engineer role. Ok so let's first get this out of the way - you can be extremely successful as either a front end developer or a back end developer. Also it is hard to discuss any topic intelligently when we cannot agree on definitions. By saying front end developers I meant developers/engineers who solely work on the UI of a software system. And by saying career ceiling I meant the potential terminal title and the highest level such a developer/engineer can achieve in the technical individual contributor track. This is an unspoken thing and a very impolite conversation. And there are exceptions to this but just statistically speaking there seems to be a career ceiling for front end-only developers. Fighting the inertia Part of the ceiling comes from some traditional baggage: modern front end development is fairly new compared to the back end counterpart. I have seen some bias in the industry that front end is not real engineering compared to the back end and that needs absolutely to be combated. power structure persists for a very long time and that's partially why most of VP Eng and CTOs out there are back end/infra developers. Economic reasoning I had this realization that when I was going through the back end system design interviews vs. the front end system design interviews - the technical topics those interviews tend to cover let me think about some economic reasoning leading to the perception of a "Front end ceiling" as well. Your value to the company really depends on how many machines/compute/storage run through you. As a developer/engineer, that means much money you control and front end-only developers just don't take as much. Of course front end is just as hard and as important especially for consumer facing products but at the end of the day your compute is being run on someone else's machine or device and the company just don't value that as much as the compute that they themselves need to pay for and to scale. Short-lived vs. long-running On top of that, normally the front end/web apps are short-lived on the client side - the user opens the browser tab that loads your app and after 20 minutes they might just close the tab, and all the memory allocated by your app is on their devices from that point onward. On the other hand, the back end servers/services behind probably keep running for months or even years. One implication resulting from this difference is that you can generally get away with bad code that leads to performance problems down the road in front end apps because they are short-lived and the scale of the data they are dealing with is probably small, but you cannot ignore that in a long-running back end service. Good luck with your interviews. Follow me on Twitter Marcadores: front end back end system design interview Postagem mais nova When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Postagem mais antiga A Glimpse into Front End Interviews General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/blog/tags/front-end | 5 postagens marcadas com "front end" | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? 5 postagens marcadas com "front end" Ver todas os Marcadores When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript 18 de junho de 2022 · Leitura de 17 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon See discussions on Reddit In JavaScript, objects are handy. They allow us to easily group multiple pieces of data together. After ES6, we got a new addition to the language - Map . In a lot of aspects, it seems like a more capable Object with a somewhat clumsy interface. However, most people still reach for objects when they need a hash map and only switch to using Map when they realize the keys can't just be strings for their use cases. As a result, Map remains underused in today's JavaScript community. In this post, I will break down all the reasons when you should consider using Map more and its performance characteristics with benchmarks. Marcadores: front end javascript interview object map Leia Mais Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews 23 de dezembro de 2021 · Leitura de 9 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon Walkthrough of similarities and differences between front end vs. back end system design interviews and my thoughts on a front end career ceiling. Marcadores: front end back end system design interview Leia Mais A Glimpse into Front End Interviews 30 de agosto de 2021 · Leitura de 5 minutos Kai Li Software Engineer at Stripe, ex-Quora, ex-Zendesk A glimpse into the front end interview process and questions that frequently come up. Marcadores: front end interview Leia Mais Front End Career Questions 28 de agosto de 2021 · Leitura de 4 minutos Yangshun Tay Engineering Lead at Facebook Recently a junior front end engineer at a startup in Singapore reached out to me to ask me how front end development as a career. Marcadores: front end career Leia Mais Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? 3 de novembro de 2019 · Leitura de 8 minutos Yangshun Tay Front End Engineer at Facebook Recently, an undergrad freshmen I met at an event asked me a question regarding Front End development as a career. Marcadores: front end career Leia Mais General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/blog/tags/interview | 3 postagens marcadas com "interview" | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? 3 postagens marcadas com "interview" Ver todas os Marcadores When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript 18 de junho de 2022 · Leitura de 17 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon See discussions on Reddit In JavaScript, objects are handy. They allow us to easily group multiple pieces of data together. After ES6, we got a new addition to the language - Map . In a lot of aspects, it seems like a more capable Object with a somewhat clumsy interface. However, most people still reach for objects when they need a hash map and only switch to using Map when they realize the keys can't just be strings for their use cases. As a result, Map remains underused in today's JavaScript community. In this post, I will break down all the reasons when you should consider using Map more and its performance characteristics with benchmarks. Marcadores: front end javascript interview object map Leia Mais Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews 23 de dezembro de 2021 · Leitura de 9 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon Walkthrough of similarities and differences between front end vs. back end system design interviews and my thoughts on a front end career ceiling. Marcadores: front end back end system design interview Leia Mais A Glimpse into Front End Interviews 30 de agosto de 2021 · Leitura de 5 minutos Kai Li Software Engineer at Stripe, ex-Quora, ex-Zendesk A glimpse into the front end interview process and questions that frequently come up. Marcadores: front end interview Leia Mais General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/blog/tags/interview | 3 postagens marcadas com "interview" | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? 3 postagens marcadas com "interview" Ver todas os Marcadores When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript 18 de junho de 2022 · Leitura de 17 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon See discussions on Reddit In JavaScript, objects are handy. They allow us to easily group multiple pieces of data together. After ES6, we got a new addition to the language - Map . In a lot of aspects, it seems like a more capable Object with a somewhat clumsy interface. However, most people still reach for objects when they need a hash map and only switch to using Map when they realize the keys can't just be strings for their use cases. As a result, Map remains underused in today's JavaScript community. In this post, I will break down all the reasons when you should consider using Map more and its performance characteristics with benchmarks. Marcadores: front end javascript interview object map Leia Mais Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews 23 de dezembro de 2021 · Leitura de 9 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon Walkthrough of similarities and differences between front end vs. back end system design interviews and my thoughts on a front end career ceiling. Marcadores: front end back end system design interview Leia Mais A Glimpse into Front End Interviews 30 de agosto de 2021 · Leitura de 5 minutos Kai Li Software Engineer at Stripe, ex-Quora, ex-Zendesk A glimpse into the front end interview process and questions that frequently come up. Marcadores: front end interview Leia Mais General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/ja-JP/coding/algorithms | Algorithms Interview Questions (Machine Coding) in Front End Interviews | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 メインコンテンツまでスキップ We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 日本語 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 検索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Coding interview Algorithms coding このページの見出し Algorithms Interview Questions (Machine Coding) in Front End Interviews Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Front End Interview Playbook . Front End Engineers are also Software Engineers after all, and it's expected that Front End Engineers have basic competency in algorithms and data structures. It is reasonable and possible that you will be asked to solve algorithmic questions during your front end interviews. That said, companies tend to go easy on Front End Engineer candidates when it comes to algorithms questions; you most likely won't get very tough or obscure algorithm problems. Other than the common data structures like arrays, sets, and maps, trees are a commonly-encountered data structure in front end development because the DOM is a tree, so if you have to prioritize, definitely focus on being good at tree data structures and common traversal algorithms for trees, such as breadth-first search, depth-first search, and level-first traversal. The Tech Interview Handbook goes into great detail about preparing for Algorithms questions. Go to Tech Interview Handbook → Free practice questions GreatFrontEnd GreatFrontEnd provides free questions for you to practice implementing Data Structures and Algorithms in JavaScript/TypeScript. You can practice implementing common data structures (e.g. Stacks , Queues ) and algorithms (e.g. Binary Search , Merge Sort ). Check out GreatFrontEnd Algorithm courses AlgoMonster AlgoMonster aims to help you ace the technical interview in the shortest time possible . By Google engineers, AlgoMonster uses a data-driven approach to teach you the most useful key question patterns and has contents to help you quickly revise basic data structures and algorithms. Best of all, AlgoMonster is not subscription-based - pay a one-time fee and get lifetime access . Check out AlgoMonster Grokking the Coding Interview: Patterns for Coding Questions This course by Design Gurus expands upon the questions on the recommended practice questions but approaches the practicing from a questions pattern perspective, which is an approach I also agree with for learning and have personally used to get better at coding interviews. The course allows you to practice selected questions in Java, Python, C++, JavaScript and also provides sample solutions in those languages. Learn and understand patterns, not memorize answers! Check out Grokking the Coding Interview JavaScript courses If you want more structured algorithms practice which are targeted at JavaScript, check out the following courses. Course Platform Reviews Duration Price Contents Ace the JavaScript Coding Interview Educative - 87h $ Basic data structures and algorithms, system design, object-oriented design Master the Coding Interview: Data Structures + Algorithms Udemy 4.6/5 19.5h $$ Basic data structures and algorithms, job application, behavioral interview, negotiation JavaScript Data Structures and Algorithms Masterclass Udemy 4.5/5 45h $ Basic and advanced data structures and algorithms このページを編集 2025年11月30日 に Danielle Ford が 最終更新 前へ User interface coding 次へ Overview Table of Contents Free practice questions GreatFrontEnd Algorithm courses AlgoMonster Grokking the Coding Interview: Patterns for Coding Questions JavaScript courses General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/ja-JP/behavioral | Behavorial Interviews | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 メインコンテンツまでスキップ We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 日本語 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 検索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Behavorial interviews このページの見出し Behavorial Interviews Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Behavioral Interview Playbook for Front End Engineers . Behavioral interview rounds focus on a candidate's soft skills - how they work with others, how they handled situations in the past where they have demonstrated collaboration, communication, conflict resolution, and mentoring skills. Behavioral interviews are often overlooked and underestimated but I've seen candidates get rejected for failing the behavioral round even though they did very well on the coding and system design interviews. Clearing the behavioral interviews is especially important for candidates targeting senior level and above. For comprehensive behavioral interview content, Tech Interview Handbook covers that along with common behavioral interview questions from the top companies. Go to Tech Interview Handbook → What Meta looks for in behavioral interviews Discuss anything that's on your resume, including current projects and details Provide specific examples about what you did and the resulting impact Critique yourself and share what you learned from a past situation Talk about what you like about your current role and/or being a developer Discuss why you'd like to make a change Source: Preparing for your Onsite Interview at Facebook Check out GreatFrontEnd for its free Behavioral Interview Playbook to learn how to approach behavioral interviews as a front end engineer. Find out about evaluation criteria at big tech, efficient strategies to prepare, and top behavioral interview questions. Courses I really don't think one needs to attend a course on behavioral interviews, but your mileage may vary. If you want to take a course on behavioral interviews, you can check out Educative's Grokking the Behavioral Interview course. このページを編集 2025年11月30日 に Danielle Ford が 最終更新 前へ Applications 次へ Resume preparation Table of Contents What Meta looks for in behavioral interviews Courses General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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Requesters post tasks and invite Contributors to perform them, or as determined by the Requester if the Requester is using the Intuition Machines Platform or hCaptcha Service to serve tasks to their own end-users. We may charge companies and individuals (each a "Customer") for use of our platform so that they may use our software. For example, we may charge Integrators for use of our hCaptcha Service in order to reduce fraud, abuse, and spam on their websites, mobile apps, and other online properties. The foregoing is referred to collectively as the "Services." 2. Eligibility By using or registering for our Services, you agree: if you are registering for an account, you are at least 18 years of age; you have the authority to enter this agreement on behalf of yourself or the entity you represent, and will at all times remain in compliance with these Terms of Service and all IMI policies and guidelines referenced herein; and you will not abuse our website, misrepresent your identity to us, or use artificial intelligence to complete any portion of any task on IMI which requires human intelligence. 3. Customers and Requesters If you are a Customer or Requester, you agree that the additional terms attached hereto as the Customer Appendix will apply and be incorporated by reference into these Terms of Service. If you are not a Customer or Requester, or cease to be a Customer or Requester, then the additional terms in the Customer Appendix will not apply nor will they be incorporated by reference into these Terms of Service. 4. Username and Password Upon registration, you will be asked to disclose certain personal information about you ("Personal Information"), including your name, email address, and to create a username and password, all of which will be subject to our Privacy Policy, available on our website. You alone are responsible for monitoring, ensuring and maintaining the security of your account, passwords, and any authentication keys associated with your account, and you are responsible for any use of or action taken through use of that information on the Services. You agree that you will not share your account or password with anyone. You must notify IMI immediately if you suspect that your account information has been stolen or used by someone else, or any other breach of security. You agree to provide us with true, accurate and complete information as requested in our registration process. You also agree to update such information promptly as necessary to keep it current and accurate. 5. Your Privacy and Your Data You accept our Privacy Policy, which governs what we will do with any Personal Information you give to us. In addition to Personal Information, you may also be required to provide (or it may be necessary for us to collect) other data so that we may provide the Services (collectively, "Customer Data"). We are not liable for any failure to perform Services that is caused by your delay or failure to provide Customer Data. You hereby grant to us a worldwide, non-exclusive, sublicenseable, transferable, royalty-free, irrevocable license during the term of this Agreement to use, reproduce, electronically distribute, and publicly display any Customer Data solely for the purpose of providing the Services. You represent and warrant that you own sufficient right, title, and interest in and to your data in order to grant the license in this section. We aggregate Customer Data with other data so that results are non-personally identifiable and we also collect de-identified technical logs and data regarding use of the Services ("Aggregate/De-identified Data"). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, any such Aggregate/De-identified Data may be used by IMI for any business purpose during or after the term of this Agreement, including without limitation to develop and improve the Services and to create and distribute reports and other materials. Customer Data may also persist and be displayed in the system for a limited period of time not to exceed 180 days after a job is complete, for example as automatic calibration or validation data for Intuition Machines systems. For clarity, this Section 5 does not give us the right to identify you as the source of any Aggregate/De-identified Data without your prior written permission. If your data contain potentially explicit or offensive content, we require you to mark them "EXPLICIT CONTENT" to serve as fair warning to anyone who sees your data. You may not without a separate written agreement with IMI include tasks that violate our policies, including, but not limited to, (a) tasks that directly or indirectly promote another website or service, (b) tasks that violate a third party website's terms and conditions, (c) tasks asking Contributors to solicit third parties, (d) tasks that ask Contributors to take action to manipulate a website's behavior or results, (e) tasks that violate the intellectual property rights of third parties, and (f) tasks that require Contributors to download software or files. 6. Acceptable Behavior You are encouraged to interact with other users anywhere on our website, Forum, messaging, chat, and other social media channels controlled by IMI, but if you do so you must comply with all terms of service and use on our site and all relevant laws. Please note that your access to our service requires compliance with all applicable laws. We may choose to block or remove your account and any associated resources if your service: Contains, displays, distributes, or encourages the creation of child sexual abuse material, or otherwise exploits or promotes the exploitation of minors; Infringes on intellectual property rights; Has been determined by appropriate legal process to be defamatory or libelous; Engages in the unlawful distribution of controlled substances; Facilitates human trafficking or prostitution in violation of the law; Contains, installs, or disseminates any active malware, or uses our platform for exploit delivery (such as part of a command and control system); Is otherwise illegal, harmful, or violates the rights of others, including content that discloses sensitive personal information, incites or exploits violence against people or animals, or seeks to defraud the public. 7. Misuse, Abuse, and Misrepresentation Any access or use of the Services other than pursuant to these Terms of Services and any instructions we provide is strictly prohibited. In particular, you WILL NOT: register for more than one account with us without written authorization; perform any task with the use of Internet bots, web robots, bots, scripts, or any other form of artificial intelligence or otherwise attempt to pass challenges from IMI or any Requester or Integrator without completing tasks as they are described; provide any false information while using this website (including without limitation impersonating any other person or organization in your account, or falsely stating or otherwise misrepresenting yourself or your affiliation with any other person or organization in your account; access or attempt to access our website through any proxy web server or other device designed to obfuscate your true location or identity or by any means other than the interface provided; use the website for any illegal activity, or for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was made available; engage in activity that interferes with or disrupts the functioning of the site; insert, upload, or attach malicious or unknown external links or files, or upload any content that contains a virus, Trojan horse, worm, time bomb, or other harmful computer code; Upload any content subject to copyright that is not your original work, unless you have permission from the rightful owner to post such content and to grant IMI all of the licensed rights granted herein; engage in spamming or post any kind of publicity, attempt to get referrals, mass communication, money offers or requests, solicitation of services, advertising, marketing, nonsense messages, duplicated topics, illegal content, social website links, e-mail addresses, or instant messenger IDs unless required by the task; insert external links that offer goods or services unless required by the task; otherwise engage in any malicious or fraudulent activity. 8. Verifying your Identity IMI may verify your identity. This may include comparing your personal information against third party databases or official legal documents. You authorize us to make any inquiries necessary to confirm your identity, your ownership of your email address, and your ownership of your financial accounts. You agree to provide information about you to assist us in verifying your identity. 9. Compliance with the Law You alone are responsible for complying with federal, state, provincial, and local laws in connection with your use of the Services. You agree to indemnify and hold us harmless for any claims against us because you failed to comply with any law or violated any third party rights, including without limitation contractual, intellectual property, or privacy rights. 10. Contributor or Integrator Taxes If you are a Contributor or Integrator, you alone are responsible for payment of any estimated or other federal, state, or local income taxes, social security, FICA, and workers' compensation owed as a result of use of our website, as well as similar taxes or charges in non-U.S. jurisdictions. You agree to indemnify and hold us harmless for any assessments against us because you failed to comply with any tax laws. 11. Violation of These Terms of Service We may suspend, limit, or cancel your access to the Services at any time for any reason, including because: (a) we believe you have violated these Terms of Service (including other related policies); (b) we believe you have violated our rights or the rights of any third party; (c) we are unable to verify or authenticate information you have provided to us; or (d) we believe your actions may create liabilities for you, us, or a third party. For the avoidance of doubt, we reserve the right to prevent or suspend payment to you if we reasonably believe that any of the foregoing applies to such payment. If we suspend or terminate your account, you will no longer have access to any parts of the website, including data, messages, files, and other material you keep on the site. You may NOT continue to use our website under a different or new account name. Violations of these Terms of Service may be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law and may result in additional penalties and sanctions. 12. Contributor's Role and Relationship with IMI and Other Requesters If you are a Contributor, you and only you decide which and how many tasks to complete, and when and where you complete them. You are free to spend as much or as little time completing tasks as you choose. At no time are you under any obligation to complete a task. If you are a Contributor who accesses the Services and/or performs tasks through or in connection with an Integrator on behalf of a Requester that is not IMI, then you agree and acknowledge that Intuition Machines is not liable for and has no obligation to you with respect to any rewards or other compensation for completed tasks. You agree and acknowledge that any rewards or other compensation for completed tasks is determined solely in accordance with your agreement with the Requester and/or the Integrator, as applicable. Any disputes over such rewards or other compensation (including without limitation failure to receive such rewards or other compensation) are solely between you and the Requester and/or the Integrator, as applicable. Neither your use of our website nor anything in this agreement creates an employment, partnership, joint venture, agency, franchise, or sales representative relationship between you and Intuition Machines. We do not provide you with any equipment or tools to complete a task. We do not provide you any benefits, workers' compensation, or insurance coverage. We are not responsible for any expenses you incur in using our website. We will not withhold any amount from your reward for federal or state income tax, Social Security, or any other tax. You are free at all times to perform tasks for any person or business, including any of our competitors. You do not have the authority to enter into any contract, written or oral, on behalf of Intuition Machines. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you are a U.S. taxpayer we may request from you a W-9, to be updated annually, and we may bar you from performing tasks until you have completed or updated a W-9. If you are a Contributor who accesses the Services and/or performs tasks through or in connection with an Integrator on behalf of Intuition Machines (acting as a Requester), Intuition Machines may reward you for acceptable completion of certain tasks. In the event you are found to have engaged in fraud, abuse, or violation of these Terms of Service, any and all rewards to you may be withheld and/or recovered by Intuition Machines. 13. Unacceptable Completion of Tasks If, for any reason, the Requester does not accept performance of a task you completed, you as a Contributor or Integrator will not be entitled to any reward for the task. In the event that rewards were already dispersed to you for an unacceptably completed task, we may recover them from you. 14. Contributor Qualifications and Skills By performing tasks, you may accrue qualifications and skills, which we will grant in our discretion. We reserve the right to create, edit, or revoke your qualifications and skills at any time, for any reason or no reason at all. Because we do not discriminate on the basis of national origin, race, color, gender, sexual orientation, or any other class protected by law, you will have the same opportunity as any other Contributor to achieve access to tasks as your qualifications and skills accumulate. As a Contributor, if you believe that problematic test questions have affected your qualifications, skills, or rewards, you may provide well-supported contentions describing of problematic test questions via the task interface or via a ticket in our support system, for example via email at support@hcaptcha.com. 15. Our Use of Information By performing tasks on our website, you authorize the collection, use, and disclosure of your personal information in accordance with our Privacy Policy. In addition, we may share certain information about you and your completed tasks to the Requester whose tasks you have completed to facilitate the service relationship and improve the website, including, for example, Contributor ID, results of completed tasks, and other attributes related to your qualifications, languages, skills, and use of the website. 16. Intellectual Property and Proprietary Rights IMI owns all rights, including intellectual property rights, in the source code, object code or underlying structure, ideas or algorithms, API, and any additional software, documentation or data related to the Services ("Software"). You will not, directly or indirectly, via a third party or otherwise: (a) reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to discover the Software; (b) modify, translate, or create derivative works based on any Software; (c) copy, rent, lease, distribute, pledge, assign, or otherwise transfer or encumber rights to any Software; (d) use any Software for timesharing, service bureau purposes, or otherwise for the benefit of a third party; or (e) remove any proprietary notices or labels. If you are a Contributor, IMI, and not you, has proprietary rights in any work you produce as part of completing any task. By accepting the terms of this Agreement you agree to (and hereby do) transfer possession, ownership, and title (including all intellectual property rights existing throughout the world) in and to your work to us. To ensure that we are able to acquire, perfect, and use such rights, you further agree to (i) sign any documents to assist in the documentation, perfection and enforcement of our rights; and (ii) provide reasonable access to information for recording, perfecting, securing, defending, and enforcing such proprietary rights in any and all countries. Your obligations under this section will continue even after you deregister from or cease use of the Services. You appoint us as your attorney-in-fact to execute documents on your behalf for the purposes set forth in this section. 17. Copyright and TakeDown IMI respects the intellectual property of others and we reserve the right to remove from our site any material that we believe may violate the intellectual rights of any third party. If you believe that your own work has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement on this website, please contact Intuition Machines customer support. 18. Indemnification You agree to indemnify, defend, and hold us harmless from any and all claims, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees and costs), arising from or relating to your performance of tasks or your use of our website. 19. Disputes with Other Users; Release IMI is not a party to any dispute between you and any another user of the Services. You release IMI and its affiliates from any and all claims, demands, and damages of every kind and nature, known and unknown, suspected and unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, arising out of or connected with any dispute between you and another user. 20. Confidential Information You Receive Confidential information is any information that is marked as confidential or proprietary, or which should reasonably be understood by the receiving party to be confidential or proprietary. This does not include any information that is (1) publicly available, (2) already in the possession of, developed independently by, or already known to the receiving party, or (3) has been disclosed by court order or as otherwise required by law. If you are provided with confidential information from anyone on the Services, you agree to protect the secrecy of the confidential information with the same degree of care you use to protect your own confidential information, but in no event with less than due care. You may not disclose or publish any such confidential or proprietary information, except as may be necessary for performance of a task. All information within a task on the Intuition Machines Platform should be considered as confidential even if the information is not expressly designated as confidential. If and when you no longer need the confidential information you received, you must promptly return or destroy (as requested by whoever disclosed the information) all copies of the information that exist on the premises, systems, or other equipment you control. Because disclosing confidential information may cause irreparable harm, the disclosing party is entitled to seek injunctive relief for any breach or threatened breach of this term. 21. Website Modifications We may improve or modify our website without notice to you. 22. Third-Party Websites Our website may contain links to third-party websites. We do not control, investigate, monitor, or check such websites. We are not responsible for nor do we endorse the computer programs, content, or opinions contained on such websites. If you decide to leave our website and access any third-party website, you do so at your own risk. 23. Disclaimer of Warranty THE SERVICES ARE PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS. WE MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, IMPLIED OR EXPRESS, WITH REGARD TO ACCESSIBILITY, FITNESS, LAWFULNESS, AVAILABILITY, OR FUNCTIONALITY OF THE SERVICES, ANY RELATED SOFTWARE OR MATERIALS, THE TASKS, OR ANY ACTIVITIES OR ITEMS RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, IMI DISCLAIMS ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. YOUR SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AGAINST IMI WITH RESPECT TO ANY DEFECTS, NON-CONFORMANCES, OR DISSATISFACTION IS TO CEASE USE OF THE SERVICES We will have no responsibility for any harm to your computer system, loss or corruption of data, or other harm that results from your access to or use of the website or Intuition Machines Platform. Scheduled and unscheduled interruptions may occur, and we do not warrant uninterrupted availability of our website. 24. Limitation of Liability IN NO EVENT WILL WE BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, EXEMPLARY OR INDIRECT COSTS OR DAMAGES, LITIGATION COSTS, INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL COSTS, OR LOSS OF DATA, PRODUCTION OR PROFIT. THE LIABILITY OF IMI FOR ANY CLAIM ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED THE GREATER OF: (A) U.S. $2,500; AND (B) ANY FEES RETAINED BY IMI WITH RESPECT TO SERVICES PURCHASED BY YOU. THESE LIMITATIONS SHALL APPLY TO ANY LIABILITY ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OF ACTION WHATSOEVER, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH COSTS OR DAMAGES AND EVEN IF THE LIMITED REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN FAIL OF THEIR ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. 25. Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Agreement By agreeing to these Terms, you agree that you are required to resolve any claim that you may have against IMI on an individual basis in binding arbitration as set forth in this Arbitration Agreement, and not as a class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass and/or representative action. Binding arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing binding arbitration, you and IMI are opting for a private dispute resolution procedure where you agree to accept the arbitrator's decision as final instead of going to court. You and IMI are each waiving your right to a jury trial. This Arbitration Agreement will preclude you from bringing any class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative action against IMI, and also preclude you from participating in or recovering relief in any current or future class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass and/or representative action brought against IMI by someone else - except as provided below in Section 25(a)(3)(c). Thus, the parties agree that the Arbitrator shall not conduct any form of class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative arbitration, nor join, coordinate, or consolidate claims of multiple individuals against IMI in a single proceeding - except as provided below in Section 25(a)(3)(c). For the avoidance of doubt, except as provided below in Section 25(a)(3)(c), this Arbitration Agreement precludes you from bringing or participating in any kind of class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative or other kind of group, multi-plaintiff or joint action against IMI, other than participating in a classwide, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative settlement of claims. (a) Agreement to Binding Arbitration Between You and IMI. (1) Covered Disputes: Except as expressly provided below in Section 25(b) ("Exceptions to Arbitration"), you and IMI agree that any dispute, claim, or controversy in any way arising out of or relating to (i) these Terms and prior versions of these Terms, or the existence, breach, termination, enforcement, interpretation, scope, waiver, or validity thereof; (ii) your access to or use of the Services at any time; (iii) incidents resulting in any harm to you or anyone else that you allege occurred in connection with your use of the Services (including, but not limited to, your use of the Services on any website), regardless of whether the dispute, claim, or controversy occurred or accrued before or after the date you agreed to these Terms, and regardless of whether you allege that the harm was experienced by you or anyone else; and (iv) your relationship with IMI, will be settled by binding individual arbitration between you and IMI, and not in a court of law. This Arbitration Agreement survives after your relationship with IMI ends. (2) Class Action Waiver: Any and all disputes, claims, or controversies between the parties shall be resolved only in individual arbitration. The parties expressly waive the right to have any dispute, claim, or controversy brought, heard, administered, resolved, or arbitrated as a class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, and/or representative action, and neither an arbitrator nor an arbitration provider shall have any authority to hear, arbitrate, or administer any class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, and/or representative action, or to award relief to anyone but the individual in arbitration. The parties also expressly waive the right to seek, recover, or obtain any non-individual relief. Notwithstanding anything else in this agreement, this Class Action Waiver does not prevent you or IMI from participating in a classwide, collective, and/or representative settlement of claims. The parties further agree that if for any reason a claim does not proceed in arbitration, this Class Action Waiver shall remain in effect, and a court may not preside over any action joining, coordinating, or consolidating the claims of multiple individuals against IMI in a single proceeding, except that this Class Action Waiver shall not prevent you or IMI from participating in a classwide, collective, and/or representative settlement of claims. If there is a final judicial determination that any portion of this Class Action Waiver is unenforceable or unlawful for any reason, (i) any class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, and/or representative claims subject to the unenforceable or unlawful portion(s) shall proceed in a court of competent jurisdiction; (ii) the portion of the Class Action Waiver that is enforceable shall be enforced in arbitration; (iii) the unenforceable or unlawful portion(s) shall be severed from this Arbitration Agreement; and (iv) severance of the unenforceable or unlawful portion(s) shall have no impact whatsoever on the enforceability, applicability, or validity of the Arbitration Agreement or the arbitrability of any remaining claims asserted by you or IMI. (3) Mass Actions: a. Mass Action Waiver: Any and all disputes, claims, or controversies between the parties shall be resolved only in individual arbitration. The parties expressly waive the right to have any dispute, claim, or controversy brought, heard, administered, resolved, or arbitrated as a mass action, and neither an arbitrator nor an arbitration provider shall have any authority to hear, arbitrate, or administer any mass action or to award relief to anyone but the individual in arbitration - except as provided below in Section 25(a)(3)(c). The parties also expressly waive the right to seek, recover, or obtain any non-individual relief. The parties agree that the definition of a "Mass Action" includes, but is not limited to, instances in which you or IMI are represented by a law firm or collection of law firms that has filed five (5) or more arbitration demands of a substantially similar nature against the other party within 180 days of the arbitration demand filed on your or IMI's behalf, and the law firm or collection of law firms seeks to simultaneously or collectively administer and/or arbitrate all the arbitration demands in the aggregate. Notwithstanding anything else in this agreement, this Mass Action Waiver does not prevent you or IMI from participating in a mass settlement of claims. b. Dispute Procedure: Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the applicable arbitration provider's rules, the arbitrator shall be empowered to determine whether the party bringing any claim has filed a Mass Action in violation of the Mass Action Waiver. Either party shall raise with the arbitrator or arbitration provider such a dispute within 15 days of its arising. If such a dispute arises before an arbitrator has been appointed, the parties agree that (i) a panel of three arbitrators shall be appointed to resolve only disputes concerning whether the party bringing any claim has filed a Mass Action in violation of the Mass Action Waiver. Each party shall select one arbitrator from the arbitration provider's roster to serve as a neutral arbitrator, and these arbitrators shall appoint a third neutral arbitrator. If the parties' arbitrators cannot agree on a third arbitrator, the arbitration provider will select the third arbitrator; (ii) IMI shall pay any administrative fees or costs incidental to the appointment of Arbitrators under this provision, as well as any fees or costs that would not be incurred in a court proceeding, such as payment of the fees of the arbitrators, as well as room rental; (iii) the arbitrators shall issue a written decision with findings of fact and conclusions of law; and (iv) any further arbitration proceedings or assessment of arbitration-related fees shall be stayed pending the arbitrators' resolution of the parties' dispute. If the arbitrator or panel of arbitrators determines that you have violated the Mass Action Waiver, the parties shall have the opportunity to opt out of arbitration within 30 days of the arbitrator's or panel of arbitrator's decision. You may opt out of arbitration by providing written notice of your intention to opt out to the arbitration provider and to Intuition Machines, Inc., legal@imachines.com via email. This written notice must be signed by you, and not any attorney, agent, or other representative of yours. IMI may opt out of arbitration by sending written notice of its intention to opt out to the arbitration provider and to you or your attorney, agent, or representative if you are represented. For the avoidance of doubt, the ability to opt out of arbitration described in this Section 25(a)(3)(b) only applies if the arbitrator or panel of arbitrators determines that you have violated the Mass Action Waiver. If the parties proceed with arbitration, the parties agree that arbitrations will be batched as provided in Section 25(a)(3)(c) below. c. Batching: i. To increase efficiency of resolution in the event a Mass Action is filed and neither party exercises its right to opt out of arbitration pursuant to Section 25(a)(3)(b) above, the following procedure shall apply. At the request of either party, an arbitrator shall be selected according to the applicable arbitration provider's rules to act as a special master ("Special Master") to resolve threshold disputes regarding the propriety of some or all the arbitration demands submitted in the Mass Action ("Mass Arbitration Demands"). These threshold disputes may include, but are not limited to: 1. Any dispute regarding filing fees owed with respect to the Mass Arbitration Demands, including whether claimants have submitted valid fee waivers; 2. Any dispute regarding whether the applicable arbitration provider has complied with the Arbitration Agreement with respect to processing and administering the Mass Arbitration Demands; 3. Any dispute regarding whether the Mass Arbitration Demands meet the requirements set forth in Section 25(d) below; 4. Whether claimants are barred from proceeding with their claims based on a prior settlement agreement, violation of these Terms, or expiration of the statute of limitations; 5. Any dispute relating to representation of the same claimant by multiple law firms; 6. Any dispute regarding whether the Mass Arbitration Demands were filed with the correct arbitration provider; 7. Any dispute regarding discovery common to all claims; and 8. Any disputes regarding legal or factual issues common to all claims. Any such request shall be made within 15 days following the expiration of the opt-out period described in Section 25(a)(3)(b), and may be made by providing written notice to the arbitration provider. Upon the request of either party to appoint a Special Master to resolve the foregoing issues, the applicable arbitration provider shall refrain from further processing any of the Mass Arbitration Demands to which a dispute has been raised. No further payment for filing fees, administrative costs, or arbitrator fees shall be deemed due with respect to any of the Mass Arbitration Demands as to which a dispute has been raised until after the dispute(s) has/have been resolved by the Special Master. IMI shall be responsible for the applicable arbitration provider's and Special Master's fees and costs related to the proceedings before the Special Master. A Special Master appointed pursuant to this procedure shall have no authority to consolidate cases. ii. After proceedings before the Special Master have concluded, to the extent any of the Mass Arbitration Demands are permitted to proceed, the parties shall group the Mass Arbitration Demands into batches of no more than 100 demands per batch by state of residence, and then alphabetically by last name (plus, to the extent there are less than 100 arbitration demands left over after the batching described above, a final batch consisting of the remaining demands), and shall inform the arbitration provider of the batches and their compositions within 14 days of the conclusion of proceedings before the Special Master. The arbitration provider shall treat each batch of claims as one case, with each case having one demand for arbitration, one appointed arbitrator, and one set of administrative documents and administrative and filing fees per batch. The parties shall randomly assign sequential numbers to each batch, and only one batch shall proceed to arbitration at a time in the order of the random sequential numbers. A separate arbitrator will be appointed to, and administrative and filing fees assessed for, each batch as the batch proceeds to arbitration. You agree to cooperate in good faith with IMI and the arbitration provider to implement such a batch approach to resolution and fees. Nothing in this provision shall be construed as limiting the right to object that the filing or presentation of multiple arbitration demands by or with the assistance of the same law firm or organization violates any term of this Agreement. iii. If any Mass Arbitration Demands were originally processed as individual arbitration demands before this batching procedure was commenced, further proceedings, including the assessment of further arbitration filing or administration fees to either party shall be governed by the procedures set forth in this Section 25(a)(3). (4) Delegation Clause: Only an arbitrator, and not any federal, state, or local court or agency, shall have exclusive authority to resolve any dispute arising out of or relating to the interpretation, applicability, enforceability, or formation of this Arbitration Agreement, including without limitation any claim that all or any part of this Arbitration Agreement is void or voidable. An arbitrator shall also have exclusive authority to resolve all threshold arbitrability issues, including issues relating to whether these Terms are applicable, unconscionable, or illusory and any defense to arbitration, including without limitation waiver, delay, laches, or estoppel. However, only a court of competent jurisdiction, and not an arbitrator, shall have the exclusive authority to resolve any and all disputes arising out of or relating to the Class Action Waiver and Mass Action Waiver, including, but not limited to, any claim that all or part of the Class Action Waiver and/or Mass Action Waiver is unenforceable, unconscionable, illegal, void, or voidable - except that, as stated and pursuant to the procedures provided in Section 25(a)(3)(b), an arbitrator or panel of arbitrators shall have authority to determine whether the party bringing any claim has violated the Mass Action Waiver. (5) Application to Third Parties: This Arbitration Agreement shall be binding upon, and shall include any claims brought by or against any third parties, including but not limited to your spouse, domestic partner, heirs, estate, third-party beneficiaries and assigns, where their underlying claims arise out of or relate to your use of the Services. To the extent that any third-party beneficiary to this agreement brings claims against the Parties, those claims shall also be subject to this Arbitration Agreement. (b) Exceptions to Arbitration. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Arbitration Agreement shall not require arbitration of the following claims: (i) individual claims brought in small claims court so long as the matter remains in such court and advances only on an individual basis; (ii) individual claims of sexual assault or sexual harassment occurring in connection with your use of the Services; and/or (iii) injunctive or other equitable relief in a court of competent jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation, or violation of a party's copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents, or other intellectual property rights. Such claims may be brought and litigated in a court of competent jurisdiction by you on an individual basis only. On an individual basis means that you cannot bring such claims as a class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative action against IMI. For the avoidance of doubt, this precludes you from bringing claims as or participating in any kind of any class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative or other kind of group, multi-plaintiff, or joint action against IMI and no action brought by you may be consolidated or joined in any fashion with any other proceeding. Where your claims are brought and litigated to completion on such an individual basis in a court of competent jurisdiction, IMI agrees to honor your election. The parties' agreement not to require arbitration in these limited instances does not waive the enforceability of this Arbitration Agreement as to any other provision (including, but not limited to, the waivers provided for in Section 25(a), which will continue to apply in court as well as in arbitration), or the enforceability of this Arbitration Agreement as to any other controversy, claim, or dispute. (c) Rules and Governing Law. For disputes arising in California, the arbitration will be administered by ADR Services, Inc. ("ADR") in accordance with ADR's Arbitration Rules (the "ADR Rules") in effect at the time that the claim is brought, unless the parties agree otherwise in writing. The ADR Rules are available at www.adrservices.com or by searching for "ADR Arbitration Rules" using a search engine such as www.google.com. The arbitration shall be heard by one arbitrator (the "Arbitrator") selected in accordance with the ADR Rules. For disputes arising outside of California (or for disputes arising in California only if ADR cannot or will not administer the arbitration), the parties shall be required to meet and confer to select a neutral arbitration provider. Such an arbitration provider shall have operations in the state in which the dispute arises. If the parties are unable to mutually agree upon an arbitration provider, then either party may invoke 9 U.S.C. § 5 to request that a court of competent jurisdiction appoint an arbitration provider with operations in the state in which the dispute arises. Any arbitration provider appointed by a court under 9 U.S.C. § 5 shall conduct arbitration solely on an individualized basis as set forth in this Section 25. Once the parties mutually agree upon a neutral arbitration provider, or an arbitrator provider is appointed under 9 U.S.C. § 5, the ensuing arbitration shall commence pursuant to the rules of the designated arbitration provider, except as designated herein. Once an arbitration provider is agreed upon or appointed, an Arbitrator shall be appointed. The Arbitrator will be either (1) a retired judge or (2) an attorney licensed to practice law in the state where the arbitration is conducted with experience in the law underlying the dispute. The Arbitrator will be selected by the parties from the applicable arbitration provider's roster of arbitrators. If the parties are unable to agree upon an Arbitrator after a good faith meet and confer effort, then the applicable arbitration provider will appoint the Arbitrator in accordance with its rules. Notwithstanding any choice of law or other provision in these Terms, the parties agree and acknowledge that this Arbitration Agreement evidences a transaction involving interstate commerce and that the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1, et seq. ("FAA"), will govern its interpretation and enforcement and proceedings pursuant thereto. It is the intent of the parties to be bound by the provisions of the FAA for all purposes, including, but not limited to, interpretation, implementation, enforcement, and administration of this Arbitration Agreement, and that the FAA and the applicable arbitration provider's rules shall preempt all state laws to the fullest extent permitted by law. All statutes of limitations that would otherwise be applicable will apply to any arbitration proceeding. If the FAA and applicable arbitration provider's rules are found to not apply to any issue regarding the interpretation or enforcement of this Arbitration Agreement, then that issue shall be resolved under the laws of the state where you reside when you accept these Terms. Any dispute, claim, or controversy arising out of or relating to incidents or accidents resulting in harm that you allege occurred in connection with your use of the Services, whether before or after the date you agreed to the Terms, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state in which the incident or accident occurred. (d) Process. Pre-Arbitration Dispute Resolution and Notification. The parties agree that good-faith informal efforts to resolve disputes often can result in a prompt, low-cost, and mutually beneficial outcome. The parties therefore agree that, before either party demands arbitration against the other, we will personally meet and confer, via telephone or videoconference, in a good-faith effort to resolve informally any claim covered by this Arbitration Agreement. Multiple individuals initiating claims cannot participate in the same informal telephonic dispute resolution conference. If you are represented by counsel, your counsel may participate in the conference, but you shall also fully participate in the conference. The party initiating the claim must give notice to the other party in writing of their intent to initiate an informal dispute resolution conference, which shall occur within 60 days after the other party receives such notice, unless an extension is mutually agreed upon by the parties. To notify IMI that you intend to initiate an informal dispute resolution conference, write to Intuition Machines, Inc., legal@imachines.com via email, providing your name, the telephone number(s) associated with your IMI account (if any), the email address(es) associated with your IMI account, and a description of your claim. Engaging in an informal dispute resolution conference is a condition precedent that must be fulfilled before commencing arbitration, and the Arbitrator shall dismiss any arbitration demand filed before completion of an informal dispute resolution conference. The statute of limitations and any filing fee deadlines shall be tolled while the parties engage in the informal dispute resolution process required by this paragraph. Initiating Arbitration. In order to initiate arbitration following the conclusion of the informal dispute resolution process required by this Section, a party must provide the other party with a written demand for arbitration and file the demand with the applicable arbitration provider, as determined by Section 25(c). A party initiating an arbitration against IMI must send the written demand for arbitration to Intuition Machines, Inc., legal@imachines.com via email, or serve the Demand on IMI's registered agent for service of process, c/o Intuition Machines, Inc. Additionally, a party initiating arbitration against IMI must send an electronic version of the demand for arbitration to the Arbitration Provider, and must send an electronic version of the as-filed demand to legal@imachines.com. By signing the demand for arbitration, counsel certifies to the best of counsel's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, that (i) the demand for arbitration is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of dispute resolution; (ii) the claims and other legal contentions are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, modifying, or reversing existing law or for establishing new law; and (iii) the factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, will likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery. The Arbitrator shall be authorized to afford any relief or impose any sanctions available under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 or any applicable state law for either party's violation of this requirement. (e) Location. Unless you and IMI otherwise agree, if you reside in the United States, the arbitration will be conducted in the county where you reside. If you do not reside in the United States, the arbitration will be conducted in the county where the dispute arises. Your right to a hearing will be determined by the applicable arbitration provider's rules. Subject to the applicable arbitration provider's rules, the Arbitrator will have the discretion to direct a reasonable exchange of information by the parties, consistent with the expedited nature of the arbitration. (f) Offers of Judgment. At least 10 days before the date set for the arbitration hearing, any party may serve an offer in writing upon the other party to allow judgment on specified terms. If the offer is accepted, the offer with proof of acceptance shall be submitted to the arbitrator, who shall enter judgment accordingly. If the offer is not accepted prior to the arbitration hearing or within 30 days after it is made, whichever occurs first, it shall be deemed withdrawn, and cannot be given in evidence upon the arbitration. If an offer made by one party is not accepted by the other party, and the other party fails to obtain a more favorable award, the other party shall not recover their post-offer costs and shall pay the offering party's costs from the time of the offer. (g) Arbitrator's Decision. The Arbitrator will render an award within the time frame specified in the applicable arbitration provider's rules. Judgment on the arbitration award may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. 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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/blog/javascript-object-vs-map | When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript 18 de junho de 2022 · Leitura de 17 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon See discussions on Reddit In JavaScript, objects are handy. They allow us to easily group multiple pieces of data together. After ES6, we got a new addition to the language - Map . In a lot of aspects, it seems like a more capable Object with a somewhat clumsy interface. However, most people still reach for objects when they need a hash map and only switch to using Map when they realize the keys can't just be strings for their use cases. As a result, Map remains underused in today's JavaScript community. In this post, I will break down all the reasons when you should consider using Map more and its performance characteristics with benchmarks. In JavaScript, Object is a pretty broad term. Almost everything can be an object, except for two bottom types - null and undefined . In this blog post, Object only refers to plain old objects, delimited by a left brace { and a right brace } . TL;DR: Use Object for records where you have a fixed and finite number of properties/fields known at author time, such as a config object. And anything that is for one-time use in general. Use Map for dictionaries or hash maps where you have a variable number of entries, with frequent updates, whose keys might not be known at author time, such as an event emitter . According to my benchmarks , unless the keys are strings of small integers, Map is indeed more performant than Object on insertion, deletion and iteration speed, and it consumes less memory than an object of the same size. Why Object falls short of a hash map use case Probably the most obvious downside of using objects for hash maps is that objects only allow keys that are strings and symbols. Any other types will be implicitly cast to string via the toString method. const foo = [ ] ; const bar = { } ; const obj = { [ foo ] : 'foo' , [ bar ] : 'bar' } ; console . log ( obj ) ; // {"": 'foo', [object Object]: 'bar'} More importantly, using objects for hash maps can cause confusion and security hazards . Unwanted inheritance Before ES6, the only way to get a hash map is by creating an empty object. const hashMap = { } ; However, upon creation, this object is no longer empty. Although hashMap is made with an empty object literal, it automatically inherits from Object.prototype . That's why we can invoke methods like hasOwnProperty , toString , constructor on hashMap even though we never explicitly defined those methods on the object. Because of prototypal inheritance, we now have two types of properties conflated: properties that live within the object itself, i.e. its own properties, and properties that live in the prototype chain, i.e. inherited properties. As a result, we need an additional check (e.g. hasOwnProperty ) to make sure a given property is indeed user-provided, as opposed to inherited from the prototype. On top of that, because of how the property resolution mechanism works in JavaScript, any change to Object.prototype at runtime will cause a ripple effect in all objects. This opens the door for prototype pollution attacks , which can be a serious security issue for large JavaScript applications. Fortunately, we can work around this by using Object.create(null) , which makes an object that inherits nothing from Object.prototype . Name collisions When an object's own properties have name collisions with ones on its prototype, it breaks expectations and thus crashes your program. For example, we have a function foo which accepts an object: function foo ( obj ) { //... for ( const key in obj ) { if ( obj . hasOwnProperty ( key ) ) { } } } There is a reliability hazard in obj.hasOwnProperty(key) : given how property resolution mechanism works in JavaScript, if obj contains a user-provided property with the same name hasOwnProperty , that shadows Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty . As a result, we don't know which method is going to get called exactly during runtime. Some defensive programming can be done to prevent this. For example we can "borrow" the "real" hasOwnProperty from Object.prototype instead: function foo ( obj ) { //... for ( const key in obj ) { if ( Object . prototype . hasOwnProperty . call ( obj , key ) ) { // ... } } } A shorter way might be invoking the method on an object literal as in {}.hasOwnProperty.call(key) however it is still pretty cumbersome. That's why there is a newly-added static method Object.hasOwn . Sub-optimal ergonomics Object doesn't provide adequate ergonomics to be used as a hash map. Many common tasks can't be intuitively performed. size Object doesn't come with a handy API to get the size, i.e. the number of properties. And there are nuances to what constitutes the size of an object: if you only care about string, enumerable keys, then you can convert the keys to an array with Object.keys() and get its length . if you want to account for non-enumerable string keys, then you have to use Object.getOwnPropertyNames to get a list of the keys and get its length. if you are interested in symbol keys, you can use getOwnPropertySymbols to reveal the symbol keys. Or you can use Reflect.ownKeys to get both string keys and symbol keys all at once, regardless if it is enumerable or not. All the above options take a runtime complexity of O(n) since we have to construct an array of keys first before we can get its length. iterate Looping through objects suffers from similar complexity. We can use the good old for ... in loop. But it reveals inherited enumerable properties: Object . prototype . foo = 'bar' ; const obj = { id : 1 } ; for ( const key in obj ) { console . log ( key ) ; // 'id', 'foo' } We can't use for ... of with an object since by default it is not an iterable, unless we explicitly define the Symbol.iterator method on it. We can use Object.keys , Object.values and Object.entries to get a list of enumerable, string keys (or/and values) and iterate through that instead, which introduces an extra step with overhead. Finally, the insertion order is infamously not fully respected. In most browsers, integer keys are sorted in ascending order and take precedence over string keys even if the string keys were inserted before the integer keys. const obj = { } ; obj . foo = 'first' ; obj [ 2 ] = 'second' ; obj [ 1 ] = 'last' ; console . log ( obj ) ; // {1: 'last', 2: 'second', foo: 'first'} clear There is no easy way to remove all properties from an object, you have to delete each property one by one with the delete operator, which has been historically known to be slow. However, my benchmarks show that its performance is actually not an order-of-magnitude slower than Map.prototype.delete . More on that later. check property existence Finally, we can't rely on the dot/bracket notation to check for existence of an property because the value itself could be set as undefined . Instead we have to use Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty or Object.hasOwn . const obj = { a : undefined } ; Object . hasOwn ( obj , 'a' ) ; // true Map for Hash Map ES6 brings us Map . It is much more suited for a hash map use case. First of all, unlike Object , which only allows keys that are strings and symbols, Map supports keys of any data type. However if you are using Map to store meta-data for objects, then you should use WeakMap instead to avoid memory leak. But more importantly, Map provides a clean separation between user-defined and built-in program data, at the expense of an additional Map.prototype.get to retrieve entries. Map also provides better ergonomics: A Map is an iterable by default. That means you can iterate a map easily with for ... of , and do things like using nested destructuring to pull out the first entry from a map. const [ [ firstKey , firstValue ] ] = map ; In contrast to Object , Map provides dedicated APIs for various common tasks: Map.prototype.has checks for the existence of a given entry, less awkward compared to having to Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty / Object.hasOwn on objects. Map.prototype.get returns the value associated to the provided key. One might feel this is clunkier than the dot notation or the bracket notation on objects. Nevertheless it provides a clean separation between user data and built-in method. Map.prototype.size returns the number of entries in a Map and it is a clear winner over the maneuvers you have to perform to get an object's size. Besides, it is much faster. Map.prototype.clear removes all the entries in a Map and it much faster than the delete operator. Performance extravaganza There seems to be a common belief among JavaScript community that Map is faster than Object , for the most part. There are people who claimed to see noticeable performance gains by switching from Object to Map . My experience of grinding LeetCode seems to confirm this belief: LeetCode feeds a huge amount of data as the test cases to your solution and it times out if your solution is taking too long. Questions like this only times out if you use Object , but not on Map . However, I believe just saying " Map is faster than Object " is reductive. There must be some nuance that I wanted to find out myself. Therefore. I built a little app to run some benchmarks. Important Disclaimer I don't claim to fully understand how V8 works under the hood to optimize Map despite my many attempts to read blog posts and peek into the C++ source code. Perfectly robust benchmarking is hard, and most of us have never gone through any form of training in either benchmarking or interpreting the results. The more benchmarking I do the more it felt like a story about blind men and an elephant . So take everything I'm saying here about performance with a grain of salt. You'll need to test such changes with your application in a production environment to know for sure if there are actual performance gains from using Map s over Object s. Benchmarking implementation details The app has a table that shows the insertion, iteration, and deletion speed measured on Object and Map . The performances of insertion and iteration are measured in operations per second. I wrote a utility function measureFor that runs the target function repeatedly until the specified minimal amount of time threshold (i.e. the duration input field on the UI) has been reached. It returns the average number of times such a function is executed per second. function measureFor ( f , duration ) { let iterations = 0 ; const now = performance . now ( ) ; let elapsed = 0 ; while ( elapsed < duration ) { f ( ) ; elapsed = performance . now ( ) - now ; iterations ++ ; } return ( ( iterations / elapsed ) * 1000 ) . toFixed ( 4 ) ; } As for deletion, I am simply going to measure the time taken for using the delete operator to remove all properties from an objects and compare it with the time with Map.prototype.delete for a Map of the same size. I could use Map.prototype.clear but it defeats the purpose of the benchmarks as I know for sure it is going to be vastly faster. In these three operations, I pay more attention to insertion since it tends to be the most common operation I perform in my day-to-day work. For iteration performance, it is hard to come up with an all-encompassing benchmarks as there are many different variants of iteration we can perform on a given object. Here I am only measuring the for ... in loop. I used three types of keys here: strings, e.g. yekwl7caqejth7aawelo4 . integer strings, e.g. 123 . numeric strings generated by Math.random().toString() , e.g. 0.4024025689756525 . All keys are randomly generated so we don't hit the inline-cache implemented by V8. I also explicitly convert integer and numeric keys to strings using toString before adding them to objects to avoid the overhead of implicitly casting. Lastly, before the benchmark begins, there is also a warmup phase for at least 100ms where we repeatedly create new objects and maps that are discarded right away. I put the code on CodeSandbox if you want to play with it. I started with Object and Map with a size of 100 properties/entries, all the way to 5000000, and had each type of operations keep running for 10000ms to see how they performed against each other. Here are my findings... Why do we stop when the number of entries reaches 5000000? Because this is about as big as an object can get in JavaScript. According to @jmrk , a V8 engineer who is active on StackOverflow, "if the keys are strings, a regular object becomes unusably slow after ~8.3M elements (for which there is a technical reason: a certain bit field being 23 bits wide and taking a very slow fallback path when exceeded).". string keys Generally speaking, when keys are (non-numeric) string, Map outperforms Object on all operations. But the nuance is that when the number of entries is not really huge (under 100000), Map is twice as fast as Object on insertion speed, but as the size grows over 100000, the performance gap starts to shrink. I made some graphs to better illustrate my findings. The above graph shows how insertion rate drops (y-axis) as the number of entries increased (x-axis). However because the x-axis expands too wide (from 100 to 1000000), it is hard to tell the gap between these two lines. I then used logarithmic scale to process the data and made the graph below. You can clearly tell the two lines are converging. I made another graph plotting how much faster Map is in relation to Object on insertion speed. You can see Map starts out being about 2 times faster than Object . Then over time the performance gap starts to shrink. Eventually Map is only 30% faster as the size grows to 5000000. Most of us will never have more than 1 million entries in an object or map though. With a size of a few hundreds or thousands of entries, Map is at least twice as performant as Object . Therefore, should we leave it at that and head over to start refactoring our codebase by going all in on Map ? Absolutely not... or at least not with an expectation that our app becomes 2 times faster. Remember we haven't explored other types of keys. Let's take a look at integer keys. integer keys The reason I specifically want to run benchmarks on objects with integer keys is that V8 internally optimizes integer-indexed properties and store them in a separate array that can be accessed linearly and consecutively. I can't find any resources confirming it employs the same kind of optimization for Map s though. Let's first try integer keys in the range of [0, 1000]. As I expected, Object outperform Map this time. They are 65% faster than maps for insertion speed and 16% faster to iterate. Let's widen the range so that the maximum integer in the keys is 1200. It seems like now Map s are starting to get a little faster than objects for insertion and 5 times faster for iteration. Now that we only increased the integer keys' range, not the actual size of Object and Map . Let's bump up the size to see how that affects the performances. When a size of 1000 properties, Object ends up being 70% faster than Map for insertion and 2 times slower for iteration. I played with a bunch of different combinations of Object / Map sizes and integer key ranges and failed to come up with a clear pattern. But the general trend I am seeing is that, for as the size grows, with some relative small integer being the keys, objects can be more performant than Map s in terms of insertion, always roughly the same as to deletion and 4 or 5 times slower to iterate. The threshold of max integer keys at which objects start to be slower for insertion grows with the size of the objects. For example, when the object only has 100 entries, the threshold is 1200; when it has 10000 entries, the threshold seems to be around 24000. numeric keys Lastly, let's take a look at the last type of keys - numeric keys. Technically, the previously integer keys are also numeric. Here numeric keys specifically refer to the numeric strings generated by Math.random().toString() . The results are similar to those string-key cases: Map s start off as much faster than objects (2 times faster for insertion and deletion, 4-5 times faster for iteration), but the delta is getting smaller as we increase the size. What about nested objects/maps? You might have noticed that I have been only talking about flat objects and maps with only one depth. I did add some depth but I found the performance characteristics stay largely the same as long as the total number of entries are the same, no matter how many levels of nesting we have. For example, with width being 100 and depth being 3, we have a total number of one million entries (100 * 100 * 100). The results are pretty much the same compared to just having 1000000 for width and 1 for depth Memory usage Another important facet of benchmarking is memory utilization. Since I don't have control over the garbage collector in a browser environment, I decided to run benchmarks in Node. I created a little script to measure their respective memory usage with manually triggered full garbage collection in each measurement. Run it with node --expose-gc and I got the following results: { object : { 'string-key' : { '10000' : 3.390625 , '50000' : 19.765625 , '100000' : 16.265625 , '500000' : 71.265625 , '1000000' : 142.015625 } , 'numeric-key' : { '10000' : 1.65625 , '50000' : 8.265625 , '100000' : 16.765625 , '500000' : 72.265625 , '1000000' : 143.515625 } , 'integer-key' : { '10000' : 0.25 , '50000' : 2.828125 , '100000' : 4.90625 , '500000' : 25.734375 , '1000000' : 59.203125 } } , map : { 'string-key' : { '10000' : 1.703125 , '50000' : 6.765625 , '100000' : 14.015625 , '500000' : 61.765625 , '1000000' : 122.015625 } , 'numeric-key' : { '10000' : 0.703125 , '50000' : 3.765625 , '100000' : 7.265625 , '500000' : 33.265625 , '1000000' : 67.015625 } , 'integer-key' : { '10000' : 0.484375 , '50000' : 1.890625 , '100000' : 3.765625 , '500000' : 22.515625 , '1000000' : 43.515625 } } } It is pretty clear that Map consumes less memory than Object by anywhere from 20% to 50%, which is no surprise since Map doesn't store property descriptors such as writable / enumerable / configurable like Object does. Conclusion So what do we take away from all this? Map is faster than Object unless you have small integer, array-indexed keys, and it is more memory-efficient. Use Map if you need a hash map with frequent updates; use Object if you want to a fixed key-value collection (i.e. record), and watch out for pitfalls that come with prototypal inheritance. If you know the details of exactly how V8 optimizes Map or simply want to call out the flaws in my benchmarks, ping me. I'll be happy to update this post based on your information! Notes on browser compatibility Map is an ES6 feature. By now most of us shouldn't be worried about its compatibility unless you are targeting a user base with some niche, old browser. By "old" I mean older than IE 11 because even IE 11 supports Map and at this point IE 11 is dead . We shouldn't be mindlessly transpiling and adding polyfill to target ES5 by default, because not only does it bloat your bundle size, it is also slower to run compared to modern JavaScript. Most importantly, it penalizes 99.999% of your users who use a modern browser. Plus, we don't have to drop support for legacy browsers - serve legacy code via nomodule by serving fallback bundles so that we can avoid degrading the experience of visitors with modern browsers. Refer to Transitioning to modern JavaScript if you need more convincing. The JavaScript language is evolving and the platform keeps getting better at optimizing modern JavaScript. We shouldn't use browser compatibility as an excuse to ignore all the improvements that have been made. 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Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 日本語 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 検索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Google interview questions このページの見出し Google Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Google Front End Interview Guide . Since it's Google, candidates can expect to be tested on fundamental Computer Science concepts as well as their front end knowledge/skills. Web Front End: You should be ready to cover topics like front end latency and implementation of standard CS algorithms using idiomatic JavaScript. You should be able to articulate Javascript strengths and shortcomings and ready to cover any of the following: Web security issues (XSS, XSRF), Prototypal inheritance, DOM API & manipulation, CSS manipulation, Browser / DOM events & event handling, XHR requests & HTTP headers, JavaScript closures Refer to Google's official interview preparation guides for: Official Interview Prep Front End or Mobile Software Engineers Front End/Mobile Software Engineers (Old) Non-technical interviews JavaScript coding questions How do you make a function that takes a callback function fn and returns a function that calls fn on a timeout? Practice question (Free) Implement the outline view for a Google doc. Practice question (Paid) DFS on HTML nodes. Practice question (Paid) Implement throttle . Practice question (Paid) How do you make a function that only calls input function f every 50 milliseconds? Practice question (Paid) Given a timeline write the JavaScript to select all nodes within selection of timeline. User interface coding questions Design a slider component. Design a Tic-Tac-Toe game/design an algorithm for Tic-Tac-Toe game. Practice question (Paid) Implement nested checkboxes (when the parent is checked, children are checked and vice versa. Use <input type="checkbox"> ). Similar to Indeterminate checkboxes . Design a webpage which can auto load new posts when you reach the bottom of the page by using JavaScript. You may use AJAX and JavaScript event listeners. Write a UI using HTML, CSS, JavaScript that allows uses to enter the number of rows and columns in text input fields within a form and renders a table. Practice question (Paid) Example: Number of rows: 4, Number of columns: 5, "Submit" button. Clicking on the "Submit" button will show the following table (ignore the styling): 1 8 9 16 17 2 7 10 15 18 3 6 11 14 19 4 5 12 13 20 Quiz questions Explain the CSS Box Model. Read answer (Free) What happens when you type a URL into the browser and hits enter? Given some text on a web page, how many ways can you make the text disappear? How do you send data from a web page to a server without a page refresh? Read answer (Free) System design questions Design emoji autocomplete. Read answer (Free) Design JS Bin. How would you create a Google Analytics SDK used by webpages? Algorithm Minesweeper problem. Write a function reveal() that outputs the number of tiles shown when a user clicks on a tile. Each tile shows the number of bombs as its neighbor. If the user click on a tile that is a bomb, the game is over. If that tile is 0, reveal all its neighbors. You are given four numbers (type int), and have four basic math operators at your disposal (+, -, x, /). Given arbitrary ways to group the numbers and using any of the operators, determine if you can make the number 24 from the four numbers. The numbers must be processed in the order they appear. Find k-nearest points. Source: Glassdoor Google Front End Software Engineer Interview Questions , Google | Front End engineer Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Google. 5th Apr 2025 : Interview experience at Google L4 frontend role - Offer Accepted Round 1 DSA: question of finding all subsets in a deck of cards that pass a valid condition Round 2 Frontend: Implement a color swatch. Also with a slider Round 3 Googlyness: Behavior and resume Round 4: DSA - File system API and streaming API with generators Team match round, then HC review, Offer 9th Mar 2025 : I have a google senior frontend engineer loop coming up. The recruiter shared material suggests 2 dsa + 1 frontend + 1 system design (guideline suggests it can be anything frontend or backend) + 1 behavioural. 20th Dec 2024 : Hello, folks! Previously, I had an interview with Google for a Front-End role. The problem I got was DSA-style, just like you guys mentioned, thanks to this channel, so I did prep for DSA. 20th Dec 2024 : DSA is fair game throughout the entire google experience easy, medium, hard, all fair game 10th Nov 2024 : I interviewed a few years ago. At that time it was mostly DSA and 1 round involved frontend design with some coding HTML, CSS, JS. But I echo what others have said. Google's FE is DSA heavy. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! このページを編集 2025年11月30日 に Danielle Ford が 最終更新 前へ Amazon interview questions 次へ Microsoft interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Quiz questions System design questions Algorithm Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pl/companies/google-front-end-interview-questions | Google Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Przejdź do głównej zawartości We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Polski English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Szukaj Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Google interview questions Na tej stronie Google Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Google Front End Interview Guide . Since it's Google, candidates can expect to be tested on fundamental Computer Science concepts as well as their front end knowledge/skills. Web Front End: You should be ready to cover topics like front end latency and implementation of standard CS algorithms using idiomatic JavaScript. You should be able to articulate Javascript strengths and shortcomings and ready to cover any of the following: Web security issues (XSS, XSRF), Prototypal inheritance, DOM API & manipulation, CSS manipulation, Browser / DOM events & event handling, XHR requests & HTTP headers, JavaScript closures Refer to Google's official interview preparation guides for: Official Interview Prep Front End or Mobile Software Engineers Front End/Mobile Software Engineers (Old) Non-technical interviews JavaScript coding questions How do you make a function that takes a callback function fn and returns a function that calls fn on a timeout? Practice question (Free) Implement the outline view for a Google doc. Practice question (Paid) DFS on HTML nodes. Practice question (Paid) Implement throttle . Practice question (Paid) How do you make a function that only calls input function f every 50 milliseconds? Practice question (Paid) Given a timeline write the JavaScript to select all nodes within selection of timeline. User interface coding questions Design a slider component. Design a Tic-Tac-Toe game/design an algorithm for Tic-Tac-Toe game. Practice question (Paid) Implement nested checkboxes (when the parent is checked, children are checked and vice versa. Use <input type="checkbox"> ). Similar to Indeterminate checkboxes . Design a webpage which can auto load new posts when you reach the bottom of the page by using JavaScript. You may use AJAX and JavaScript event listeners. Write a UI using HTML, CSS, JavaScript that allows uses to enter the number of rows and columns in text input fields within a form and renders a table. Practice question (Paid) Example: Number of rows: 4, Number of columns: 5, "Submit" button. Clicking on the "Submit" button will show the following table (ignore the styling): 1 8 9 16 17 2 7 10 15 18 3 6 11 14 19 4 5 12 13 20 Quiz questions Explain the CSS Box Model. Read answer (Free) What happens when you type a URL into the browser and hits enter? Given some text on a web page, how many ways can you make the text disappear? How do you send data from a web page to a server without a page refresh? Read answer (Free) System design questions Design emoji autocomplete. Read answer (Free) Design JS Bin. How would you create a Google Analytics SDK used by webpages? Algorithm Minesweeper problem. Write a function reveal() that outputs the number of tiles shown when a user clicks on a tile. Each tile shows the number of bombs as its neighbor. If the user click on a tile that is a bomb, the game is over. If that tile is 0, reveal all its neighbors. You are given four numbers (type int), and have four basic math operators at your disposal (+, -, x, /). Given arbitrary ways to group the numbers and using any of the operators, determine if you can make the number 24 from the four numbers. The numbers must be processed in the order they appear. Find k-nearest points. Source: Glassdoor Google Front End Software Engineer Interview Questions , Google | Front End engineer Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Google. 5th Apr 2025 : Interview experience at Google L4 frontend role - Offer Accepted Round 1 DSA: question of finding all subsets in a deck of cards that pass a valid condition Round 2 Frontend: Implement a color swatch. Also with a slider Round 3 Googlyness: Behavior and resume Round 4: DSA - File system API and streaming API with generators Team match round, then HC review, Offer 9th Mar 2025 : I have a google senior frontend engineer loop coming up. The recruiter shared material suggests 2 dsa + 1 frontend + 1 system design (guideline suggests it can be anything frontend or backend) + 1 behavioural. 20th Dec 2024 : Hello, folks! Previously, I had an interview with Google for a Front-End role. The problem I got was DSA-style, just like you guys mentioned, thanks to this channel, so I did prep for DSA. 20th Dec 2024 : DSA is fair game throughout the entire google experience easy, medium, hard, all fair game 10th Nov 2024 : I interviewed a few years ago. At that time it was mostly DSA and 1 round involved frontend design with some coding HTML, CSS, JS. But I echo what others have said. Google's FE is DSA heavy. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edytuj tę stronę Ostatnia aktualizacja dnia 30 lis 2025 przez Danielle Ford Poprzednia strona Amazon interview questions Następna strona Microsoft interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Quiz questions System design questions Algorithm Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/es/companies/meta-front-end-interview-questions | Meta Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Saltar al contenido principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Español English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Meta interview questions En esta página Meta Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Meta. 22nd May 2025 : 17.5 mins to solve per question. and there are 2 questions in a 40 mins round. Meta asks variants. 😢 31st Jan 2025 : I did meta last year. It was 2 leetcodes for frontend positions. 7th Jan 2025 : No, every company has preselected questions in a question bank. Google will delete leaked questions, Meta does not. If you do the top 100/250 of Meta leetcode questions, you have a really good chance at getting one of the questions during the interview. 11th May 2024 : Appreciate the response! I interviewed with Meta and was caught off guard with Emitter Pattern & Classnames fn when I expected DSA 😦 23rd Apr 2024 : Hi, if you are in the front end pipeline, the questions will be focused on front end. For me, I am interviewing for IC 4/5. I have gone through a phone screen and the onsite was 4 rounds: 2 coding, 1 BQ and 1 system design. The coding is similar to the type of js questions on GreatFrontEnd and for system design, I used the RADIO framework to approach it. If you are interviewing for IC6 and above, I think you will need to go through one more design round but one less coding The next step is team matching. It could take a while, so it depends For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Editar esta página Última actualización en 30 nov 2025 por Danielle Ford Anterior Microsoft interview questions Siguiente Airbnb interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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http://www.videolan.org/news.html#news-2022-03-06 | News - VideoLAN * { behavior: url("/style/box-sizing.htc"); } Toggle navigation VideoLAN Team & Organization Consulting Services & Partners Events Legal Press center Contact us VLC Download Features Customize Get Goodies Projects DVBlast x264 x262 x265 multicat dav1d VLC Skin Editor VLC media player libVLC libdvdcss libdvdnav libdvdread libbluray libdvbpsi libaacs libdvbcsa biTStream vlc-unity All Projects Contribute Getting started Donate Report a bug Support donate donate Donate donate donate VideoLAN, a project and a non-profit organization. News archive VLC 3.0.23 2026-01-08 VideoLAN and the VLC team are publishing the 3.0.23 release of VLC today, which is the 24th update to VLC's 3.0 branch: it updates codecs, adds a dark mode option on Windows and Linux, support for Windows ARM64 and improves support for Windows XP SP3. This is the largest bug fix release ever with a large number of stability and security improvements to demuxers (reported by rub.de, oss-fuzz and others) and updates to most third party libraries. Additional details on the release page . The security impact of this release is detailed here . The major maintenance effort of this release to strengthen VLC's overall stability as well as the compatibility with old releases of Windows and macOS was made possible by a generous sponsorship of the Sovereign Tech Fund by Germany's Federal Ministry for Digital Transformation and Government Modernisation. VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS 3.7.0 2026-01-08 Alongside the 3.0.23 release for desktop, VideoLAN and the VLC team are publishing a larger update for Apple's mobile platforms to include the latest improvements of VLC's 3.0 branch plus important bug fixes and amendments for the 26 versions of the OS. Previously, we added pCloud as a European choice for cloud storage allowing direct streaming and downloads within the app. New releases for biTStream, DVBlast and multicat 2025-12-01 We are pleased to release versions 1.6 of biTStream , 3.5 of DVBlast and 2.4 of multicat . DVBlast and multicat had major improvements and new features. New releases for libdvdcss, libdvdread and libdvdnav 2025-11-09 New releases of libdvdread , libdvdnav and libdvdcss have been published today. The biggest features of those releases (libdvdread/nav 7 and libdvdcss 1.5) are related to DVD-Audio support, including DRM decryption. VLC for Android 3.6.0 2025-01-13 We are pleased to release version 3.6.0 of the VLC version for the Android platform. It comes with the new Remote Access feature, a parental control and a lot of fixes. See our Android page . VLC 3.0.21 2024-06-10 VideoLAN and the VLC team are publishing the 3.0.21 release of VLC today, which is the 22nd update to VLC's 3.0 branch: it updates codecs, adds Super Resolution and VQ Enhancement filtering with AMD GPUs, NVIDIA TrueHDR to generate a HDR representation from SDR sources with NVIDIA GPUs and improves playback of numerous formats including improved subtitles rendering notably on macOS with Asian languages. Additional details on the release page . This release also fixes a security issue, which is detailed here . VLC for iOS, iPadOS and Apple TV 3.5.0 2024-02-16 We are happy to announce a major update of VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS adding playback history, A to B playback, Siri integration, support for external subtitles and audio tracks, a way to favorite folders on local network servers, improved CarPlay integration and many small improvements. VLC 3.0.20 2023-11-02 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the 3.0.20 release of VLC, which is a medium update to VLC's 3.0 branch: it updates codecs, fixes a FLAC quality issue and improves playback of numerous formats including improved subtitles rendering. It also fixes a freeze when using frame-by-frame actions. On macOS, audio layout problems are resolved. Finally, we update the user interface translations and add support for more. Additional details on the release page . This release also fixes two security issues, which are detailed here and there . VLC for iOS, iPadOS and Apple TV 3.4.0 2023-05-03 We are happy to announce a major update of VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS adding a new audio playback interface, CarPlay integration, various improvements to the local media library and iterations to existing features such as WiFi Sharing. Notably, we also added maintenance improvements to the port to tvOS including support for the Apple Remote's single click mode. See the press release for details. VLC 3.0.18 2022-11-29 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the 3.0.18 release of VLC, which adds support for a few formats, improves adaptive streaming support, fixes some crashes and updates many third party libraries. More details on the release page . This release also fixes multiple security issues, which are detailed here . VideoLAN supports the UNHCR 2022-10-24 VideoLAN is a de-facto pacifist organization and cares about cross-countries cooperations, and believes in the power of knowledge and sharing. War goes against those ideals. As a response Russia's invasion of Ukraine, we decided to financially support the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and their work on aiding and protecting forcibly displaced people and communities, in the places where they are necessary. See our press statement . VLC for Android 3.5.0 2022-07-20 VideoLAN is proud to release the new major version of VLC for Android. It comes with new widgets, network media indexation, a better tablet and foldable support, design improvements in the audio screen, improved accessibility and performance improvements. VLC 3.0.17 2022-04-19 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the 3.0.17 release of VLC, which adds support for a few formats, improves adaptive streaming support, fixes some crashes and updates many third party libraries. More details on the release page . VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS 3.3.0 2022-03-21 We are happy to announce a major update of VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS adding a new video playback interface, support for NFS and SFTP network shares and major improvements to the media handling especially for audio. See the press release . libbluray releases 2022-03-06 libbluray and related libraries, libaacs and libbdplus, have new releases, focused on maintenance, minor improvements, and notably new OSes and new java versions compatibility. See libbluray , libaacs and libbdplus pages. VLC and log4j 2021-12-15 Since its very early days in 1996, VideoLAN software is written in programming languages of the C family (mostly plain C with additions in C++ and Objective-C) with the notable exception of its port to Android, which was started in Java and recently transitioned to Kotlin. VLC does not use the log4j library on any platform and is therefore unaffected by any related security implications. VLC for Android 3.4.0 2021-09-20 We are pleased to release version 3.4.0 of the VLC version for the Android platforms. Still based on libVLC 3, it revamps the Audio Player and the Auto support, it adds bookmarks in each media, simplifies the permissions and improves video grouping. See our Android page . VLC 3.0.16 2021-06-21 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the 3.0.16 release of VLC, which fixes delays when seeking on Windows, opening DVD folders with non-ASCII character names, fixes HTTPS support on Windows XP, addresses audio drop-outs on seek with specific MP4 content and improves subtitles renderering. It also adds support for the TouchBar on macOS. More details on the release page . VLC 3.0.14, auto update issues and explanations 2021-05-11 VLC users on Windows might encounter issues when trying to auto update VLC from version 3.0.12 and 3.0.13. Find more details here . We are publishing version 3.0.14 to address this problem for future updates. VLC 3.0.13 2021-05-10 VideoLAN is now publishing 3.0.13 release, which improves the network shares and adaptive streaming support, fixes some MP4 audio regressions, fixes some crashes on Windows and macOS and fixes security issues. More details on the release page . libbluray 1.3.0 2021-04-05 A new release of libbluray was pushed today, adding new APIs, to improve the control of the library, improve platforms support, and fix some bugs. See our libbluray page. VideoLAN is 20 years old today! 2021-02-01 20 years ago today, VideoLAN moved from a closed-source student project to the GNU GPL, thanks to the authorization of the École Centrale Paris director at that time. VLC has grown a lot since, thanks to 1000 volunteers! Read our press release! . VLC for Android 3.3.4 2021-01-21 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC for Android 3.3.4 release which focuses on improving the Chromecast support. Since the 3.3.0 release, a lot of improvements have been made for Android TV, SMB support, RTL support, subtitles picking and stability. . VLC 3.0.12 2021-01-18 VideoLAN is now publishing 3.0.12 release, which adds support for Apple Silicon, improves Bluray, DASH and RIST support. It fixes some audio issues on macOS, some crashes on Windows and fixes security issues. More details on the release page . libbluray 1.2.1 2020-10-23 A minor release of libbluray was pushed today, focused on fixing bugs and improving the support for UHD Blurays. More details on the libbluray page. VLC for Android 3.3 2020-09-23 VideoLAN is proud to release the new major version of VLC for Android. A complete design rework has been done. The navigation is now at the bottom for a better experience. The Video player has also been completely revamped for a more modern look. The video grouping has been improved and lets you create custom groups. You can also easily share your media with your friends. The settings have been simplified and a lot of bugs have been fixed. VLC 3.0.11.1 2020-07-29 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the VLC 3.0.11.1 release for macOS, which notably solves an audio rendering regression introduced in the last update specific to that platform. Additionally, it improves playback of HLS streams, WebVTT subtitles and UPnP discovery. VLC 3.0.11 2020-06-16 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.11 release, which improves HLS playback and seeking certain m4a files as well as AAC playback. Additionally, this solves an audio rendering regression on macOS when pausing playback and adds further bug fixes. Additionally, a security issue was resolved. More information available on the release page . VLC 3.0.10 2020-04-28 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.10 release, which improves DVD, macOS Catalina, adaptive streaming, SMB and AV1 support, and fixes some important security issues. More information available on the release page . We are also releasing new versions for iOS (3.2.8) and Android 3.2.11 for the same security issues. VLC for iOS and tvOS releases 2020-03-31 VideoLAN is publishing updates to VLC on iOS and tvOS, to fix numerous small issues, add passcode protection on the web sharing, and improve the quick actions and the stability of the application. VLC for iOS 3.2.5 release 2019-12-03 VideoLAN is publishing updates to VLC on iOS, to improve support for iOS9 compatibility and add new quick actions and improves the collection handling. libdvdread and libdvdnav releases 2019-10-13 We are publishing today libdvdnav and libdvdread minor releases to fix minor crashes and improving the support for difficult discs. See libdvread page for more information . VLC for iOS 3.2.0 release 2019-09-14 VideoLAN is finally publishing its new major version of iOS, numbered 3.2.0. This update starts the changes for the new interface that will drive the development for the next year. It should give the correct building blocks for the future of the iOS app. VLC 3.0.8 2019-08-19 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.8 release, which improves adaptive streaming support, audio output on macOS, VTT subtitles rendering, and also fixes a dozen of security issues. More information available on the release page . VLC 3.0.7 2019-06-07 After 100 millions downloads of 3.0.6, VideoLAN is releasing today the VLC 3.0.7 release, focusing on numerous security fixes, improving HDR support on Windows, and Blu-ray menu support. VideoLAN would like to thank the EU-FOSSA project from the European Commission, who funded this initiative. More information available on the release page . VLC for Android 3.1 2019-04-08 VideoLAN is happy to present the new major version of VLC for Android platforms. Featuring AV1 decoding with dav1d, Android Auto, Launcher Shortcuts, Oreo/Pie integration, Video Groups, SMBv2, and OTG drive support, but also improvements on Cast, Chromebooks and managing the audio/video libraries, this is a quite large update. libbluray 1.1.0 2019-02-12 VideoLAN is releasing a new major version of libbluray: 1.1.0. It adds support for UHD menus (experimental) , for more recents of Java, and improves vastly BD-J menus. This release fixes numerous small issues reported. libdvdread 6.0.1 2019-02-05 VideoLAN is releasing a new minor version of libdvdread, numbered 6.0.1, fixing minor DVD issues. See libdvdread page for more info. VLC reaches 3 billion downloads 2019-01-12 VideoLAN is very happy to announce that VLC crossed the 3 billion downloads on our website: VLC statistics . Please note that this number is under-estimating the number of downloads of VLC. VLC 3.0.6 2019-01-10 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.6 release, which fixes an important regression that appeared on 3.0.5 for DVD subtitles. It also adds support for HDR in AV1. VLC 3.0.5 2018-12-27 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.5 release, a new minor release of the 3.0 branch. This release notably improves the macOS mojave support, adds a new AV1 decoder and fixes numerous issues with hardware acceleration on Windows. More information available here . VLC 3.0.4 2018-08-31 VideoLAN is publishing the VLC 3.0.4 release, a new minor release of the 3.0 branch. This release notably improves the video outputs on most OSes, supports AV1 codec, and fixes numerous small issues on all OSes and Platforms. More information available here . Update for all Windows versions is strongly advised. VLC 3.0.13 for Android 2018-07-31 VideoLAN is publishing today, VLC 3.0.13 on Android and Android TV. This release fixes numerous issues from the 3.0.x branch and improves stability. VLC 3.1.0 for WinRT and iOS 2018-07-20 VideoLAN is publishing today, VLC 3.1.0 on iOS and on Windows App (WinRT) platforms. This release brings hardware encoding and ChromeCast on those 2 mobile platforms. It also updates the libvlc to 3.0.3 in those platforms. VLC 3.0.3 2018-05-29 VideoLAN is publishing the VLC 3.0.3 release, a new minor release of 3.0. This release is fixing numerous crashes and regressions from VLC 3.0.0, "Vetinari", and it fixes some security issues. More information available here . Update for everyone is advised for this release. VLC 3.0.2 2018-04-23 VideoLAN is publishing the VLC 3.0.2 release, for general availability. This release is fixing most of the important bugs and regressions from VLC 3.0.0, "Vetinari", and improves decoding speed on macOS. More than 150 bugs were fixed since the 3.0.0 release. More information available here . VLC 3.0.1 2018-02-28 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are releasing VLC 3.0.1, the first bugfix release of the "Vetinari" branch, for Linux, Windows and macOS. This version improves the chromecast support, hardware decoding, adaptive streaming, and fixes many bugs or crashes encountered in the 3.0.0 version. In total more than 30 issues have been fixed, on all platforms. More information available here . VLC 3.0.0 2018-02-09 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are releasing VLC 3.0.0 "Vetinari" for Linux, Windows, OS X, BSD, Android, iOS, UWP and Windows Phone today! This is the first major release in three years. It activates hardware decoding by default to get 4K and 8K playback, supports 10bits and HDR playback, 360° video and 3D audio, audio passthrough for HD audio codecs, streaming to Chromecast devices (even in formats not supported natively), playback of Blu-Ray Java menus and adds browsing of local network drives. More info on our release page . VLC 2.2.8 2017-12-05 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.8 of VLC media player today. This release fixes a security issue in the AVI demuxer. Additionally, it includes the following fixes, which are part of 2.2.7: This release fixes compatibility with macOS High Sierra and fixes SSA subtitles rendering on macOS. This release also fixes a few security issues, in the flac and the libavcodec modules (heap write overflow), in the avi module and a few crashes. For macOS users, please note: A bug was fixed in VLC 2.2.7 concerning the update mechanism on macOS. In rare circumstances, an auto-update from older versions of VLC to VLC 2.2.8 might not be possible. Please download the update manually from our website in this case. VideoLAN joins the Alliance for Open Media 2017-05-16 The VideoLAN non-profit organization is joining the Alliance for Open Media , to help developing open and royalty-free codecs and other video technologies! More information in our press release: VideoLAN joins Alliance for Open Media . VLC 2.2.5.1 2017-05-12 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.5.1 of VLC media player today This fifth stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes a few bugs reported on VLC 2.2.4, notably video rendering issues on AMD graphics card as well as audio distortion on macOS and 64bit Windows for certain audio files. It also includes updated codecs libraries and improves overall security. Read more about it on our release page . Press release: Wikileaks revelations about VLC 2017-03-09 Following the recent revelations from Wikileaks about the use of VLC by the CIA, you can download the official statement from the VideoLAN organization here . VLC for Android 2.1 beta 2017-02-24 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish beta version 2.1 of VLC for Android today It brings 360° video & faster audio codecs passthru support, performances improvements, Android auto integration and a refreshed UX. See all new features and get it VLC for Android 2.0.0 2016-06-21 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.0 of VLC for Android today It supports network shares browsing and playback, video playlists, downloading subtitles, pop-up video view and multiwindows, the new releases of the Android operating system, and merged Android TV and Android packages. Get it now! and give us your feedback. VLC 2.2.4 2016-06-05 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.4 of VLC media player today This fourth stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes a few bugs reported on VLC 2.2.3 for Windows XP and certain audio files. It also includes updated codecs libraries and fixes a security issue when playing specifically crafted QuickTime files as well as a 3rd party security issue in libmad. Read more about it on our release page . VideoLAN servers under maintenance 2016-05-19 Due to unscheduled maintenance on one of our servers, some git repositories , the trac bug tracker and mailing-lists are currently not available. We are restoring the services, but we can't give detailed information when everything will be back online. Note that downloads from this website, git repositories on code.videolan.org , the wiki and the forum are not affected. Important: Any communication send to email addresses on the videolan.org domain (aka yourdude@videolan.org) won't reach the receiver. VLC 2.2.3 2016-05-03 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.3 of VLC media player today This third stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes more than 30 important bugs reported on VLC 2.2.2. It also includes updated codecs libraries and fixes 3rd party libraries security issues. Read more about it on our release page . VideoLAN Dev Days 2016 part of QtCon 2016-02-18 2016 is a special year for many FLOSS projects: VideoLAN as open-source project and Free Software Foundation Europe both have their 15th birthday while KDE has its 20th birthday. All these call for celebrations! This year VideoLAN has come together with Qt , FSFE , KDE and KDAB to bring you QtCon , where attendees can meet, collaborate and get the latest news of all these projects. VideoLAN Dev Days 2016 will be organised as part of QtCon in Berlin. The event will start on Friday the 2nd of September with 3 shared days of talks, workshops, meetups and coding sessions. The current plan is to have a Call for Papers in March with the Program announced in early June. VLC 2.2.2 2016-02-06 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.2 of VLC media player today This second stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes more than 100 important bugs and security issues reported on VLC 2.2.1. It also includes updated codecs libraries and fixes 3rd party libraries security issues. Finally, this update solves installation issues on Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan. Read more about it on our release page . 15 years of GPL 2016-02-01 VideoLAN is happy to celebrate with you the 15th anniversary of the birth of VideoLAN and VLC as open source projects! Announcing VLC for Apple TV 2016-01-12 VideoLAN and the VLC team is excited to announce the first release of VLC for Apple TV. It allows you to get access to all your files and video streams in their native formats without conversions, directly on the new Apple device and your TV. You can find details in our press release . libdvdcss 1.4.0 2015-12-24 VideoLAN is proud to announce the release of version 1.4.0 of libdvdcss . This release adds support for network callbacks, to play ISOs over the network, Android support, and cleans the codebase. VLC for iOS 2.7.0 2015-12-22 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are excited to announce a major version of VLC for iOS today, which adds full support for iOS 9 including split screen and iPad Pro, for Windows shares (SMB), watchOS 2, a new subtitles engine, right-to-left interfaces, system-wide search (spotlight), Touch ID protection, and more. It will be available on the App Store shortly. VLC for ChromeOS 2015-12-17 VideoLAN and the Android teams are happy to announce the port of VLC to the ChromeOS operating system. This is the port of the Android version to ChromeOS, using the Android Runtime on Chrome. You can download it now! . VLC for Android 1.7.0 2015-12-01 VideoLAN and the Android teams are happy to present the release of VLC for Android 1.7.0. This release includes a large refactoring that gives a new playlist, new notifications, a new subtitles engine, and uses less permissions. Get it now! . VLC for Android 1.6.0 2015-10-09 VideoLAN and the Android teams are happy to present the release of VLC for Android 1.6.0. Ported to Android 6.0, this release should provide an important performance boost for decoding and the interface. Get it now! . DVBlast 3.0, multicat 2.1, bitstream 1.1 2015-10-07 VideoLAN and the DVBlast teams are happy to present the simultaneous release of DVBlast 3.0, bitstream 1.1 and multicat 2.1! DVBlast and multicat are now ported to OSX and DVBlast 3.0 is a major rewrite with new features like PID/SID remapping and stream monitoring. DVBlast , bitstream and multicat . libbluray 0.9.0 2015-10-04 VideoLAN and the libbluray team are releasing today libbluray 0.9.0. Adding numerous features, notably to better support BD-J menus and embedded subtitles files, it also fixes a few important issues, like font-caching. See more on libbluray page VLC for iOS 2.6.0 2015-06-30 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are excited to announce a major version of VLC for iOS today, which adds support for Apple Watch to remote control and browse the library on iPhone, a mini player and large number of improvements through-out the app. It will be available on the App Store shortly. libbluray 0.8.0, libaacs 0.8.1 released 2015-04-30 The 2 VideoLAN Blu-Ray libraries have been released: libbluray 0.8.0 , libaacs 0.8.1 . These releases add support for ISO files, BD-J JSM and virtual devices. VLC 2.2.1 2015-04-16 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are releasing today VLC 2.2.1, named "Terry Pratchett". This first stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes most of the important bugs reported of VLC 2.2.0. VLC 2.2.0, a major version of VLC, introduced accelerated auto-rotation of videos, 0-copy hardware acceleration, support for UHD codecs, playback resume, integrated extensions and more than 1000 bugs and improvements. 2.2.0 release was the first release to have versions for all operating systems, including mobiles (iOS, Android, WinRT). More info on our release page VLC for Android 1.2.1, for WinRT & Windows Phone 1.2.1 and for iOS 2.5.0 2015-03-27 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to release updates for all three mobile platforms today. VLC for Android received support for audio playlists, improved audio quality, improvements to the material design interface, including the black theme and switch to audio mode. Further, it is a major update for Android TV adding support for media discovery via UPnP, with improvements for recommendations and gamepads. VLC for Windows Phone and WinRT received partial hardware accelerated decoding allowing playback of HD contents of certain formats as well as further iterations on the user interface. For VLC for iOS, we focused on improved cloud integration adding support for iCloud Drive, OneDrive and Box.com, a 10-band equalizer as well as sharing of the media library on the local network alongside an improved playback experience. All updates will be available on the respective stores later today. We hope that you like them as much as we do. VLC 2.2.0 2015-02-27 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are releasing VLC 2.2.0 for most OSes. We're releasing the desktop version for Linux, Windows, OS X, BSD, and at the same time, Android, iOS, Windows RT and Windows Phone versions. More info on our release page and press release . libbluray 0.7.0, libaacs 0.8.0 and libbdplus 0.1.2 released 2015-01-27 The 3 VideoLAN Blu-Ray libraries have been released: libbluray 0.7.0 , libaacs 0.8.0 and libbdplus 0.1.2 library. Those releases notably improves BD-J support, fonts support and file-system access. VLC for Android 0.9.9 2014-09-05 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new release for Android. This focuses on fixing crashes, better decoding and update of translations. More info in the release notes and download page . VLC 2.1.5 2014-07-26 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new minor version of the VLC 2.1.x branch. This fixes a few bugs and security issues in third-party libraries, like GnuTLS and libpng. More info on our release page libbluray, libaacs and libbdplus release 2014-07-13 The 3 VideoLAN Blu-Ray libraries have been released: libbluray 0.6.0 , libaacs 0.7.1 and libbdplus 0.1.1 library. Those releases notably add correct support for BD-J , the Java interactivity layer of Blu-Ray Discs. VLC for Android 0.9.7 2014-07-06 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new release for Android today. It improves a lot DVD menus and navigation, adds compatibility with Android L, fixes a few UI crashes and updates the translations. More info in the release notes . VLC for Android 0.9.5 2014-06-13 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new release for Android today. It adds support for DVD menus, a new VLC icon, tutorials and numerous fixes for crashes. More info in the release notes . VLC for iOS 2.3.0 2014-04-18 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new release for iOS today. It adds support for folders to group media, more options to customize playback, improved network interaction in various regards, many small but noticeable improvements as well as 3 new translations. More info in the release notes . VideoLAN announces distributed codec and conecoins! 2014-04-01 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present their new distributed codec, named CloudCodet ! To help smartphones users, this codec allows powerful computers to decode for other devices and the CPU-sharers will mine some conecoin , a new cone-shaped crypto-currency, in reward. More info on our press page VLC 2.1.4 and 2.0.10 2014-02-21 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present two updates for Mac OS X today. Version 2.1.4 solves an important DVD playback regression, while 2.0.10 accumulates a number of small improvements and bugfixes for older Macs based on PowerPC or 32-bit Intel CPUs running OS X 10.5. VLC 2.1.3 2014-02-04 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new minor version of the VLC 2.1.x branch. Fixing multiple bugs and regressions introduced in 2.1.0, 2.1.1 and 2.1.2, notably on audio and video outputs, decoders and demuxers More info on our release page libbluray, libaacs and libbdplus release 2013-12-24 Several Blu-Ray related libraries have been released: libbluray 0.5.0 , libaacs 0.7.0 and the new libbdplus library. VLC 2.1.2 2013-12-10 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are proud to present the second minor version of the VLC 2.1.x branch. Fixing many bugs and regressions introduced in 2.1.0, notably on audio device management and SPDIF/HDMI pass-thru. More info on our release page VLC 2.1.1 2013-11-14 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are proud to present the first minor version of the VLC 2.1.x branch. Fixing a numerous number of bugs and regressions introduced in 2.1.0, it also adds experimental HEVC and VP9 decoding and improves VLC installer on Windows. More info on our release page VLC 2.0.9 2013-11-05 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are glad to present a new minor version of the VLC 2.0.x branch. Mostly focused on fixing a few important bugs and security issues, this version is mostly needed for Mac OS X, notably for PowerPC and Intel32 platforms that cannot upgrade to 2.1.0. VLC 2.1.0 2013-09-26 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are glad to present the new major version of VLC, 2.1.0, named Rincewind With a new audio core, hardware decoding and encoding, port to mobile platforms, preparation for Ultra-HD video and a special care to support more formats, 2.1 is a major upgrade for VLC. Rincewind has a new rendering pipeline for audio, with better effiency, volume and device management, to improve VLC audio support. It supports many new devices inputs, formats, metadata and improves most of the current ones, preparing for the next-gen codecs. More info on our release page . VLC for iOS version 2.1 2013-09-06 VideoLAN and the VLC for iOS development team are happy to present version 2.1 of VLC for iOS, a first major update to this new port adding support for subtitles in non-western languages, basic UPNP discovery and streaming, FTP server discovery, streaming and downloading, playback of audio-only media, a newly implemented menu and application flow as well as various stability improvements, minor enhancements and additional translations. VLC 2.0.8 and 2.1.0-pre2 2013-07-29 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present VLC 2.0.8, a security update to the "Twoflower" family, and VLC 2.1.0-pre2, the second pre-version of VLC 2.1.0. You can find info about 2.0.8 in the release notes . VLC 2.1.0-pre2 is a test version of the next major version of VLC, named "Rincewind", intended for advanced users. If you're brave, you can try it now! NB: The first binaries of 2.0.8 for Win32 and Mac were broken. Please re-download them. VLC 2.0.7 2013-06-10 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present the eighth version of "Twoflower", a minor update that improves the overall stability. Notable changes include fixes for audio decoding, audio encoding, small security issues, regressions, fixes for PowerPC, Mac OS X and new translations. More info in the release notes . VLC 2.0.6 2013-04-11 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present the seventh version of "Twoflower", a minor update that improves the overall stability. Notable changes include support for Matroska v4, improved reliability for ASF, Ogg, ASF and srt support, fixed GPU decoding on Windows on Intel GPU, fixed ALAC and FLAC decoding, and a new compiler for Windows release. More info in the release notes . VLC for the new Windows 8 User Experience fundraiser 2012-11-29 Today, some VideoLAN team members launched a fundraiser on Kickstarter to support a port to the new User Experience on Windows 8 (aka "Metro") and Windows RT. Find out more . VLC fundraiser for Windows 8, RT and Phone ended 2012-12-29 Today, the fundraising campaign for for Windows 8, RT and Phone run by some VideoLAN team members ended. Their goal was successfully reached and they announced to start working on the new ports right away. Find out more . VLC 2.0.5 2012-12-15 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present the sixth version of "Twoflower", a minor update that improves the overall stability. Notable changes include improved reliability for MKV file playback, fixed MPEG2 audio and video encoding, pulseaudio synchronization, Mac OS interface, and other fixes. It also resolves potential security issues in HTML subtitle parser, freetype renderer, AIFF demuxer and SWF demuxer. More info in the release notes . We would like to remind our users that some VideoLAN team members are trying to raise money for VLC for Windows Metro on Kickstarter . VLC for the new Windows 8 User Experience fundraiser 2012-11-29 Today, some VideoLAN team members launched a fundraiser on Kickstarter to support a port to the new User Experience on Windows 8 (aka "Metro") and Windows RT. Find out more . VideoLAN Security Advisory 1203 2012-11-02 VLC media player versions 2.0.3 and older suffer from a critical buffer overflow vulnerability. Refer to our advisory for technical details. A fix for this issue is already available in VLC 2.0.4. We strongly recommend all users to update to this new version. VLC 2.0.4 2012-10-18 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present the fifth version of "Twoflower", a major update that fixes a lot of regressions, issues and security issues in this branch. It introduces Opus support, improves Youtube, Vimeo streams and Blu-Ray dics support. It also fixes many issues in playback, notably on Ogg and MKV playback and audio device selections and a hundred of other bugs. More info in the release notes . Updated 2.0.3 builds for Mac OS X 2012-08-01 A small number of users on specific setups experienced audio issues with the latest version of VLC media player for Mac OS X. If you are affected, please download VLC again and replace the existing installation. If you're not, there is nothing to do. VideoLAN at FISL 2012-07-19 Next week, we will give two talks about VideoLAN and VLC media player at the 13° Fórum Internacional Software Livre in Porto Alegre, Brazil. This is the first time VideoLAN members attend a conference in South America. We are looking forward to it and hope to see you around. VLC 2.0.3 2012-07-19 VideoLAN and the VLC development are proud to present a minor update adding support for OS X Mountain Lion as well as improving VLC's overall stability on OS X. Additionally, this version includes updates for 18 translations and adds support for Uzbek and Marathi. For MS Windows, you can update manually if you need the translation updates. VLC 2.0.2 2012-07-01 After more than 100 million downloads of VLC 2.0 versions, VideoLAN and the VLC development team present the third version of "Twoflower", a major update that fixes a lot of regressions in this branch. It introduces an important number of features for the Mac OS X platform, notably interface improvements to be on-par with the classic VLC interface, better performance and Retina Display support. VLC 2.0.2 fixes the video playback on older devices both on MS Windows and Mac OS X, includes overall performance improvements and fixes for a couple of hundreds of bugs. More info in the release notes . World IPv6 Launch 2012-06-04 The VideoLAN organization is taking part in the World IPv6 launch on June 6. All services including the website, the forums, the bugtracker and the git server are now accessible via IPv6. VideoLAN at LinuxTag 2012-05-21 We will presenting VLC and other VideoLAN projects at LinuxTag in Berlin this week (booth #167, hall 7.2a). Come around and have a look at our latest developments! Of course, we will also be present during LinuxNacht, in case that you prefer to share a beer with us. 1 billion thank you! 2012-05-09 VideoLAN would like to thank VLC users 1 billion times, since VLC has now been downloaded more than 1 billion times from our servers, since 2005! Get the numbers ! VLC 2.0.1 2012-03-19 After 15 million downloads of VLC 2.0.0 versions, VideoLAN and the VLC development team present the second version of "Twoflower", a bugfix release. Support for MxPEG files, new features in the Mac OS X interface are part of this release, in addition to faster decoding and fixes for hundred of bugs and regression, notably for HLS, MKV, RAR, Ogg, Bluray discs and many other things. This is also a security update . More info on the release notes . VLC 2.0.0 2012-02-18 After 485 million downloads of VLC 1.1.x versions, VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 2.0.0 "Twoflower", a major new release. With faster decoding on multi-core, GPU, and mobile hardware and the ability to open more formats, notably professional, HD and 10bits codecs, 2.0 is a major upgrade for VLC. Twoflower has a new rendering pipeline for video, with higher quality subtitles, and new video filters to enhance your videos. It supports many new devices and BluRay Discs (experimental). It features a completely reworked Mac and Web interfaces and improvements in the other interfaces make VLC easier than ever to use. Twoflower fixes several hundreds of bugs, in more than 7000 commits from 160 volunteers. More info on the release notes . VideoLAN at SCALE 10x 2012-01-15 VideoLAN will have a booth (#74) at the Southern California Linux Expo at the Hilton Los Angeles Airport Hotel next week-end. The event will take place from Friday throughout Sunday. We will happily show you the latest developments and our forthcoming major VLC update. multicat 2.0 2012-01-04 VideoLAN is happy to announce the second major release of multicat . It brings numerous new features, such as recording chunks of a stream in a directory, and supporting TCP socket and IPv6, as well as bug fixes. Also aggregaRTP was extended to support retransmission of lost packets. DVBlast 2.1 2012-01-04 VideoLAN is happy to announce version 2.1 of DVBlast . It is a bugfix release, fixing in particular a problem with MMI menus present in 2.0. VLC engine relicensed to LGPL 2011-12-21 As previously stated , VideoLAN worked on the relicensing of libVLC and libVLCcore: the VLC engine. We are glad to announce that this process is now complete for VLC 1.2. Thanks a lot for the support. VLC 1.1.13 2011-12-20 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.13, a bug and security fix release. This release was necessary due to a security issue in the TiVo demuxer . Source code is available. DVBlast 2.0 and biTStream 1.0 2011-12-15 VideoLAN is happy to announce DVBlast 2.0, the fourth major release of DVBlast . It fixes a number of issues, such as packet bursts and CAM communication problems, adds more configuration options, and improves dvblastctl with stream information. It also gets rid of the runtime dependency on libdvbpsi thanks to biTStream. VideoLAN is also happy to introduce the first public release of biTStream , a set of C headers allowing a simpler access (read and write) to binary structures such as specified by MPEG, DVB, IETF, etc... It is released under the MIT license to avoid readability concerns being shadowed by license issues. It already has a pretty decent support of MPEG systems packet structures, MPEG PSI, DVB SI, DVB simulcast and IETF RTP. libaacs 0.3.0 2011-12-02 The doom9 researchers and the libaacs developers would like to present the first official release of their library of the implementation of the libaacs standard. libaacs 0.3.0 source code can be downloaded on the VideoLAN download service . Nota Bene: This library is of no use without AACS keys. libbluray 0.2.1 2011-11-30 VideoLAN and the libbluray developers would like to present the first official release of their library to help playback of Blu-Ray for open source systems. libbluray 0.2.1 source code can be downloaded on the VideoLAN ftp . VLC 1.1.12 2011-10-06 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.12, a bug and security fix release with improvements for audio output on Mac OS X and with PulseAudio. This release was necessary due to a security issue in the HTTP and RTSP server components, though this does not affect standard usage of the player. Binaries for Mac OS X and sources are available. Changing the VLC engine license to LGPL 2011-09-07 During the third VideoLAN Dev Days , last weekend in Paris, numerous developers approved the process of changing the license of the VLC engine to LGPL 2.1 (or later). This is the beginning of the process and will require the authorization from all the past contributors. See our press release on this process. libdvbpsi 0.2.1 2011-09-01 The libdvbpsi development team release version 0.2.1 of their library for decoding and encoding MPEG-TS PSI information commonly found in DVB and MPEG transport streams. The version 0.2.1 is a bugfix release which corrects minor issues in libdvbpsi. For more information on features visit libdvbpsi main page . Invitation to VDD11 2011-08-15 VideoLAN would like to invite you to join us at the VideoLAN Dev Days 2011. This technical conference about open source multimedia, will see developers from VLC, libav, FFmpeg, x264, Phonon, DVBlast, PulseAudio, KDE, Gnome and other projects gather to discuss about open source development for multimedia projects. It will be held in Paris, France, on September 3rd and 4th , 2011. See more info, on the dedicated page. VLC 1.1.11 2011-07-15 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.11, a security release with some other improvements. This release was necessary due to two security issues in the real and avi demuxers. It also contains improvements in the fullscreen mode of the Win32 mozilla plugin, the MacOSX Media Key handling and Auhal audio output as well as bug fixes in GUI, decoders and demuxers.. Source and binaries builds for Windows and Mac are available. VLC 1.1.10.1 2011-06-16 Shortly after VLC 1.1.10, VideoLAN and the VLC development team present version 1.1.10.1, which includes small fixes for the Mac OS X port such as disappearing repeat buttons and restored Freebox TV access. Additionally, the installation size was reduced by up to 30 MB. See the release notes for more information on the additional improvements included from VLC 1.1.10. VLC 1.1.10 2011-06-06 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.10, a minor release of the 1.1 branch. This release, 2 months after 1.1.9, was necessary because some security issues were found (see SA 1104 ), and the VLC development team cares about security. This release brings a rewritten pulseaudio output, an important number of small Mac OS X fixes, the removal of the font-cache building for the freetype module on Windows and updates of codecs. Source and binaries builds for Windows and Mac are available. See the release notes for more information on 1.1.10. libdvbpsi 0.2.0 2011-05-05 The libdvbpsi development team release version 0.2.0 of their library for decoding and encoding MPEG-TS PSI information commonly found in DVB and MPEG transport streams. The version 0.2.0 marks a license change from GPLv2 to LGPLv2.1 . For more information on features visit libdvbpsi main page . Phonon VLC 0.4.0 2011-04-27 VideoLAN would like to point out that the Phonon team has released Phonon VLC 0.4.0 . The new version of the best backend for the Qt multimedia library features much improved stability, more video features and control as well as completely redone streaming input capabilities. You can read more on Phonon VLC 0.4.0 in the release announcement ! VLC 1.1.9 2011-04-12 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.9, a minor release of the 1.1 branch. This release, not long after 1.1.8, was necessary because some security issues were found, and the VLC development team cares about security. This release also brings updated translations and a lot of small Mac OS X fixes. Source and binaries builds for Windows and Mac are available. See the release notes for more information on 1.1.9. libdvbcsa 1.1.0 is now out! 2011-04-03 libdvbcsa's new versions brings major speed improvements and optimizations of key schedules. It also fixes minor issues. You can get it now on our FTP or on the main libdvbcsa page! A new year of Google Summer of Code 2011-03-28 Instead of having a lousy student summer internship, why not working for VideoLAN and have an impact on millions of people world-wide? The Google Summer of Code program is starting soon and you should send your applications before April 8th 2011, 19:00 UTC, on the webapplication . You shouldn't wait for the last minute and we would like to remember that application can be modified afterwards and that you can submit multiple applications. Join the team now! VLC 1.1.8 and anti-virus software 2011-03-25 Yet again, broken anti-virus software flag the latest version of VLC on Windows as a malware. This is, once again, a false positive . As some of the anti-virus makers plainly refuse to fix their code, we recommend to our users to stop using Kaspersky , AVL , TheHacker or AVG . Users are advised to use the free Antivir or the new Microsoft Security Essential . Moreover , we advise users to download VLC only from videolan.org , as very numerous scam websites have appeared lately. VLC 1.1.8 2011-03-23 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.8, a minor release of the 1.1 branch. Small new features, many bugfixes, updated translations and security issues are making this release too. Notable improvements include updated look on Mac, new Dirac encoder, new VP8/Webm encoder, and numerous fixes in codecs, demuxers, interface, subtitles auto-detection, protocols and platform integration. Source and Windows and MacOSX builds are available. See the release notes for more information on 1.1.8. CeBit and 10 years of open source... 2011-02-28 The VideoLAN project and organization would like to thank everyone for the support during this month for our 10 years We'd like to invite you to meet us at the CeBIT , starting from tomorrow, in the open source lounge, Hall 2, Stand F44 . 10 years of open source for VideoLAN: end of 10 days... 2011-02-12 The VideoLAN project and organization continues to celebrate with the community the 10 th anniversary of open sourcing of all VideoLAN software. Day 6 showed a selection of extensions ; Day 7 detailed a few secret features ; Day 8 showed a few nice cones ; Day 9 detailed our committers and download numbers ; Day 10 showed of a showed a promotionnal video . Please join the celebration! 10 years of open source for VideoLAN: continued... 2011-02-07 The VideoLAN project and organization continues to celebrate with the community the 10 th anniversary of open sourcing of all VideoLAN software. Day 1 spoke about the early history of the project ; Day 2 spoke about the website design ; Day 3 showed a cool video ; Day 4 listed our preferred skins ; Day 5 showed of a photo of the team at the FOSDEM ; Day 6 (one day late) showed a selection of extensions . Please join the celebration! New website design 2011-02-02 As you might have seen, we've change the design of the main website . The website design was done by Argon and this project was sponsored by netzwelt.de . VLC 1.1.7 2011-02-01 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.7, a small security update on 1.1.6. Small new features, many bugfixes, updated translations and security issues were making the 1.1.6 release. Notable improvements include codecs, demuxers, Audio-CD support, subtitles, visualization and platform integration. Source and Windows and MacOSX builds are available. See the release notes for more information on 1.1.6. Source was available yesterday; binaries for Windows and Mac OS X are now available. 10 years of open source for VideoLAN 2011-02-01 The VideoLAN project and organization are proud to celebrate with the community the 10 th anniversary of open sourcing of all VideoLAN software, that happened exactly 10 years ago. To celebrate, small infos, stories and goodies will be posted in the next ten days on this site . Day 1 speaks about the early history of the project Please join the celebration! VLC 1.1.6 2011-01-23 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are proud to present VLC 1.1.6, the sixth bugfix release of the VLC 1.1.x branch. Small new features, many bugfixes, updated translations and security issues are making this release. Notable improvements include codecs, demuxers, Audio-CD support, subtitles, visualization and platform integration. Source and Windows and MacOSX builds are available. See the release notes for more information. NB: The first versions for Intel-based Macs (64bit and Universal Binary) included a rtsp streaming bug, which also hindered access to the Freebox. Please re-download. End of support for VLC 1.0 series 2011-01-22 The VideoLAN team ceases all form of support for VLC media player versions 1.0.x. Focusing maintenance efforts on the current VLC 1.1 versions, and further development on the upcoming VLC 1.2 series, the VideoLAN team will not deliver any further update for VLC versions 1.0.x (last release was 1.0.6), and VLC 0.9.x (last release was 0.9.10). VLC 1.1.6 will be released shortly. This release will introdu | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/blog/a-glimpse-into-front-end-interviews | A Glimpse into Front End Interviews | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? A Glimpse into Front End Interviews 30 de agosto de 2021 · Leitura de 5 minutos Kai Li Software Engineer at Stripe, ex-Quora, ex-Zendesk A glimpse into the front end interview process and questions that frequently come up. Interview Process Applying for front end engineer roles is very similar to software engineer roles, but the interviews can be quite different. In my experience, for each company, there tend to be between 3 to 4 sessions. Most of them will be testing on JavaScript and discussion around web development technologies, and the rest on algorithms or behavioral. One aspect that I have found interesting is that the younger the company, the more questions will lean towards JavaScript. This could be because hiring specifically for front end engineers is relatively new. Older companies used to only hire software engineers without regard if their focus is on the back end or front end. JavaScript Rounds JavaScript is the main focus among all the companies I have interviewed with. It makes sense as front end work nowadays is very JavaScript-heavy. HTML and CSS knowledge is no longer a necessity thanks to component libraries and the likes. JavaScript Minutiae To qualify for some companies, you might need to brush up on the minutiae of JavaScript. Topics like variable hoisting, holey arrays, non-strict mode, and switch case fall through came up. While I do not feel that knowing such things determine who is a better engineer, it is what it is. Here is my JavaScript cheat sheet . JavaScript Topics After the first assessment, live interviews tend to test on more advanced JavaScript concepts such as the event loop, promises, async/await, scope and closures. If you have been writing JavaScript applications for some time and have come across a variety of situations, this should not be too hard. The most frequently asked question I have ever gotten is to implement debounce and throttle : function debounce ( fn , duration ) { let id ; return function ( ... args ) { if ( id ) { // reset timeout and prevent it from triggering // if debounced function is called within duration clearTimeout ( id ) ; } id = setTimeout ( ( ) => { fn ( ... args ) ; } , duration ) ; } ; } function throttle ( fn , duration ) { let id ; return function ( ... args ) { if ( id ) { // if throttled function is called within duration, // do nothing return ; } fn ( ... args ) ; id = setTimeout ( ( ) => { id = null ; // release "lock" } , duration ) ; } ; } // usage example const helloWorld = ( ) => { console . log ( 'hello world' ) ; } ; const debouncedHelloWorld = debounce ( helloWorld , 1000 ) ; const throttledHelloWorld = throttle ( helloWorld , 1000 ) ; The second most frequently asked question is to implement a sequential Promise.all of sorts: function sequential ( data , fetcher ) { const helper = ( index , results ) => { if ( index === data . length ) { return results ; } return fetcher ( data [ index ] ) . then ( ( datum ) => { results . push ( datum ) ; return helper ( index + 1 , results ) ; } ) ; } ; return helper ( 0 , [ ] ) ; } // usage example const fetcher = ( i ) => { return new Promise ( ( resolve ) => { setTimeout ( ( ) => resolve ( i ) , 1000 ) ; } ) ; } ; sequential ( [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] , fetcher ) ; Discussion Rounds Web development tools Regardless of how we wish to deny it, web development tools are an increasingly complex and diverse ecosystem. Smaller companies, especially start-ups, require engineers who have a good understanding of these tools. Larger companies will be able to abstract tooling complexity away from engineers unless the role demands it. As such, web development tools like Webpack and Babel have become a common discussion topic. A good understanding of tools like Webpack would be to be able to explain the following concepts: what is bundling what is tree-shaking what is lazy-loading and why does it matter how loaders work React or web framework of choice If the role states that React knowledge is required, you may be expected to answer or code out React components. If you do not have React experience, using other frameworks would be possible, provided that you can explain well what is happening. This may range from implementing a feature live or simply answering or explaining some React concepts such as useEffect 's dependencies array or shouldComponentUpdate . Work experience Aside from the two topics mentioned earlier, interviewers might dive into one or two things that they found interesting in your resume and ask you to elaborate. As I had some experience in writing Babel plugins and jscodeshift code mods, I walked them through how I utilized those tools to help make the company codebase better. Implementation Rounds In all of my interviews, I have only been asked to implement a feature twice. It is not a common question, but it may come up. This would come down to how well-versed you are with your basics such as HTML and CSS, as well as tools and frameworks. As an example, one of the question I have gotten was to implement an autocomplete search bar like Google's. If you have built something like that before, it is doable within an hour. Implementation rounds feel very similar to algorithms, as you need to actively find the best solution while thinking out loud and explaining your decisions. Algorithm Rounds As software engineers, we are not unfamiliar with algorithm questions. Leetcode and Hackerrank are common resources used for practicing such questions. As I knew this was my weakness, this was where I spent the most time. It may be a little ironic that I chose Python over JavaScript as my language of choice for tackling algorithms. JavaScript's lack of a native minheap and binary search implementation made it a slightly worse choice. For those who are just starting to learn Python or getting back into it, here's my Python cheat sheet . Conclusion Front end software engineer roles are not very different from general software engineer roles, but they do tend to be more specialized and in some ways, require even more effort. If you are passionate about this field and interested in what you do, this would not be too high of a hurdle. I hope my experience and tips were useful to you, and good luck in your search! Marcadores: front end interview Postagem mais nova Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews Postagem mais antiga Front End Career Questions General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudFront/latest/DeveloperGuide/origin-shield.html#origin-shield-costs | Use Amazon CloudFront Origin Shield - Amazon CloudFront Use Amazon CloudFront Origin Shield - Amazon CloudFront Documentation Amazon CloudFront Developer Guide Use cases for Origin Shield Choose the AWS Region for Origin Shield Enable Origin Shield Estimate Origin Shield costs Origin Shield high availability How Origin Shield interacts with other CloudFront features Use Amazon CloudFront Origin Shield CloudFront Origin Shield is an additional layer in the CloudFront caching infrastructure that helps to minimize your origin’s load, improve its availability, and reduce its operating costs. With CloudFront Origin Shield, you get the following benefits: Better cache hit ratio Origin Shield can help improve the cache hit ratio of your CloudFront distribution because it provides an additional layer of caching in front of your origin. When you use Origin Shield, all requests from all of CloudFront’s caching layers to your origin go through Origin Shield, increasing the likelihood of a cache hit. CloudFront can retrieve each object with a single origin request from Origin Shield to your origin, and all other layers of the CloudFront cache (edge locations and regional edge caches ) can retrieve the object from Origin Shield. Reduced origin load Origin Shield can further reduce the number of simultaneous requests that are sent to your origin for the same object. Requests for content that is not in Origin Shield’s cache are consolidated with other requests for the same object, resulting in as few as one request going to your origin. Handling fewer requests at your origin can preserve your origin’s availability during peak loads or unexpected traffic spikes, and can reduce costs for things like just-in-time packaging, image transformations, and data transfer out (DTO). Better network performance When you enable Origin Shield in the AWS Region that has the lowest latency to your origin , you can get better network performance. For origins in an AWS Region, CloudFront network traffic remains on the high throughput CloudFront network all the way to your origin. For origins outside of AWS, CloudFront network traffic remains on the CloudFront network all the way to Origin Shield, which has a low latency connection to your origin. You incur additional charges for using Origin Shield. For more information, see CloudFront pricing . Note Origin Shield isn't supported with gRPC requests. If a distribution that supports gRPC has Origin Shield enabled, the gRPC requests will continue to work. However, the requests will be proxied directly to the gRPC origin without going through Origin Shield. For more information, see Using gRPC with CloudFront distributions . Topics Use cases for Origin Shield Choose the AWS Region for Origin Shield Enable Origin Shield Estimate Origin Shield costs Origin Shield high availability How Origin Shield interacts with other CloudFront features Use cases for Origin Shield CloudFront Origin Shield can be beneficial for many use cases, including the following: Viewers that are spread across different geographical regions Origins that provide just-in-time packaging for live streaming or on-the-fly image processing On-premises origins with capacity or bandwidth constraints Workloads that use multiple content delivery networks (CDNs) Origin Shield may not be a good fit in other cases, such as dynamic content that is proxied to the origin, content with low cacheability, or content that is infrequently requested. The following sections explain the benefits of Origin Shield for the following use cases. Use cases Viewers in different geographical regions Multiple CDNs Viewers in different geographical regions With Amazon CloudFront, you inherently get a reduced load on your origin because requests that CloudFront can serve from the cache don’t go to your origin. In addition to CloudFront’s global network of edge locations , regional edge caches serve as a mid-tier caching layer to provide cache hits and consolidate origin requests for viewers in nearby geographical regions. Viewer requests are routed first to a nearby CloudFront edge location, and if the object isn’t cached in that location, the request is sent on to a regional edge cache. When viewers are in different geographical regions, requests can be routed through different regional edge caches, each of which can send a request to your origin for the same content. But with Origin Shield, you get an additional layer of caching between the regional edge caches and your origin. All requests from all regional edge caches go through Origin Shield, further reducing the load on your origin. The following diagrams illustrate this. In the following diagrams, the origin is AWS Elemental MediaPackage. Without Origin Shield Without Origin Shield, your origin might receive duplicate requests for the same content, as shown in the following diagram. With Origin Shield Using Origin Shield can help reduce the load on your origin, as shown in the following diagram. Multiple CDNs To serve live video events or popular on-demand content, you might use multiple content delivery networks (CDNs). Using multiple CDNs can offer certain advantages, but it also means that your origin might receive many duplicate requests for the same content, each coming from different CDNs or different locations within the same CDN. These redundant requests might adversely affect the availability of your origin or cause additional operating costs for processes like just-in-time packaging or data transfer out (DTO) to the internet. When you combine Origin Shield with using your CloudFront distribution as the origin for other CDNs, you can get the following benefits: Fewer redundant requests received at your origin, which helps to reduce the negative effects of using multiple CDNs. A common cache key across CDNs, and centralized management for origin-facing features. Improved network performance. Network traffic from other CDNs is terminated at a nearby CloudFront edge location, which might provide a hit from the local cache. If the requested object is not in the edge location cache, the request to the origin remains on the CloudFront network all the way to Origin Shield, which provides high throughput and low latency to the origin. If the requested object is in Origin Shield’s cache, the request to your origin is avoided entirely. Important If you are interested in using Origin Shield in a multi-CDN architecture, and have discounted pricing, contact us or your AWS sales representative for more information. Additional charges may apply. The following diagrams show how this configuration can help minimize the load on your origin when you serve popular live video events with multiple CDNs. In the following diagrams, the origin is AWS Elemental MediaPackage. Without Origin Shield (multiple CDNs) Without Origin Shield, your origin might receive many duplicate requests for the same content, each coming from a different CDN, as shown in the following diagram. With Origin Shield (multiple CDNs) Using Origin Shield, with CloudFront as the origin for your other CDNs, can help reduce the load on your origin, as shown in the following diagram. Choose the AWS Region for Origin Shield Amazon CloudFront offers Origin Shield in AWS Regions where CloudFront has a regional edge cache . When you enable Origin Shield, you choose the AWS Region for Origin Shield. You should choose the AWS Region that has the lowest latency to your origin. You can use Origin Shield with origins that are in an AWS Region, and with origins that are not in AWS. For origins in an AWS Region If your origin is in an AWS Region, first determine whether your origin is in a Region in which CloudFront offers Origin Shield. CloudFront offers Origin Shield in the following AWS Regions. US East (Ohio) – us-east-2 US East (N. Virginia) – us-east-1 US West (Oregon) – us-west-2 Asia Pacific (Mumbai) – ap-south-1 Asia Pacific (Seoul) – ap-northeast-2 Asia Pacific (Singapore) – ap-southeast-1 Asia Pacific (Sydney) – ap-southeast-2 Asia Pacific (Tokyo) – ap-northeast-1 Europe (Frankfurt) – eu-central-1 Europe (Ireland) – eu-west-1 Europe (London) – eu-west-2 South America (São Paulo) – sa-east-1 Middle East (UAE) – me-central-1 If your origin is in an AWS Region in which CloudFront offers Origin Shield If your origin is in an AWS Region in which CloudFront offers Origin Shield (see the preceding list), enable Origin Shield in the same Region as your origin. If your origin is not in an AWS Region in which CloudFront offers Origin Shield If your origin is not in an AWS Region in which CloudFront offers Origin Shield, see the following table to determine which Region to enable Origin Shield in. If your origin is in ... Enable Origin Shield in ... US West (N. California) – us-west-1 US West (Oregon) – us-west-2 Africa (Cape Town) – af-south-1 Europe (Ireland) – eu-west-1 Asia Pacific (Hong Kong) – ap-east-1 Asia Pacific (Singapore) – ap-southeast-1 Canada (Central) – ca-central-1 US East (N. Virginia) – us-east-1 Europe (Milan) – eu-south-1 Europe (Frankfurt) – eu-central-1 Europe (Paris) – eu-west-3 Europe (London) – eu-west-2 Europe (Stockholm) – eu-north-1 Europe (London) – eu-west-2 Middle East (Bahrain) – me-south-1 Asia Pacific (Mumbai) – ap-south-1 For origins outside of AWS You can use Origin Shield with an origin that is on-premises or is not in an AWS Region. In this case, enable Origin Shield in the AWS Region that has the lowest latency to your origin. If you’re not sure which AWS Region has the lowest latency to your origin, you can use the following suggestions to help you make a determination. You can consult the preceding table for an approximation of which AWS Region might have the lowest latency to your origin, based on your origin’s geographic location. You can launch Amazon EC2 instances in a few different AWS Regions that are geographically close to your origin, and run some tests using ping to measure the typical network latencies between those Regions and your origin. Enable Origin Shield You can enable Origin Shield to improve your cache hit ratio, reduce the load on your origin, and help improve performance. To enable Origin Shield, change the origin settings in a CloudFront distribution. Origin Shield is a property of the origin. For each origin in your CloudFront distributions, you can separately enable Origin Shield in whichever AWS Region provides the best performance for that origin. You can enable Origin Shield in the CloudFront console, with CloudFormation, or with the CloudFront API. Console To enable Origin Shield for an existing origin (console) Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the CloudFront console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/v4/home . Choose the distribution that has the origin that you want to update. Choose the Origins tab. Choose the origin to update, then choose Edit . For Enable Origin Shield , choose Yes . For Origin Shield Region , choose the AWS Region where you want to enable Origin Shield. For help choosing a Region, see Choose the AWS Region for Origin Shield . Choose Save changes . When your distribution status is Deployed , Origin Shield is ready. This takes a few minutes. To enable Origin Shield for a new origin (console) Sign in to the AWS Management Console and open the CloudFront console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/cloudfront/v4/home . To create the new origin in an existing distribution, do the following: Choose the distribution where you want to create the origin. Choose Create Origin , and then proceed to step 3. To create the new origin in a new standard distribution, do the following: Follow the steps to create a standard distribution in the console. For more information, see Create a CloudFront distribution in the console . In the Settings section, choose Customize origin settings . Proceed to step 3. For Enable Origin Shield , choose Yes . For Origin Shield Region , choose the AWS Region where you want to enable Origin Shield. For help choosing a Region, see Choose the AWS Region for Origin Shield . Follow the steps in the console to finish creating your origin or distribution. When your distribution status is Deployed , Origin Shield is ready. This takes a few minutes. CloudFormation To enable Origin Shield with CloudFormation, use the OriginShield property in the Origin property type in an AWS::CloudFront::Distribution resource. You can add the OriginShield property to an existing Origin , or include it when you create a new Origin . The following example shows the syntax, in YAML format, for enabling OriginShield in the US West (Oregon) Region ( us-west-2 ). For help choosing a Region, see Choose the AWS Region for Origin Shield . This example shows only the Origin property type, not the entire AWS::CloudFront::Distribution resource. Origins: - DomainName: 3ae97e9482b0d011.mediapackage.us-west-2.amazonaws.com Id: Example-EMP-3ae97e9482b0d011 OriginShield: Enabled: true OriginShieldRegion: us-west-2 CustomOriginConfig: OriginProtocolPolicy: match-viewer OriginSSLProtocols: TLSv1 For more information, see AWS::CloudFront::Distribution Origin in the resource and property reference section of the AWS CloudFormation User Guide . API To enable Origin Shield with the CloudFront API using the AWS SDKs or AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI), use the OriginShield type. You specify OriginShield in an Origin , in a DistributionConfig . For information about the OriginShield type, see the following information in the Amazon CloudFront API Reference . OriginShield (type) Origin (type) DistributionConfig (type) UpdateDistribution (operation) CreateDistribution (operation) The specific syntax for using these types and operations varies based on the SDK, CLI, or API client. For more information, see the reference documentation for your SDK, CLI, or client. Estimate Origin Shield costs You accrue charges for Origin Shield based on the number of requests that go to Origin Shield as an incremental layer. For dynamic (non-cacheable) requests that are proxied to the origin, Origin Shield is always an incremental layer. Dynamic requests use the HTTP methods PUT , POST , PATCH , and DELETE . GET and HEAD requests that have a time to live (TTL) setting of less than 3600 seconds are considered dynamic requests. In addition, GET and HEAD requests that have disabled caching are also considered dynamic requests. To estimate your charges for Origin Shield for dynamic requests, use the following formula: Total number of dynamic requests x Origin Shield charge per 10,000 requests / 10,000 For non-dynamic requests with the HTTP methods GET , HEAD , and OPTIONS , Origin Shield is sometimes an incremental layer. When you enable Origin Shield, you choose the AWS Region for Origin Shield. For requests that naturally go to the regional edge cache in the same Region as Origin Shield, Origin Shield is not an incremental layer. You don't accrue Origin Shield charges for these requests. For requests that go to a regional edge cache in a different Region from Origin Shield, and then go to Origin Shield, Origin Shield is an incremental layer. You do accrue Origin Shield charges for these requests. To estimate your charges for Origin Shield for cacheable requests, use the following formula: Total number of cacheable requests x (1 – cache hit rate) x percentage of requests that go to Origin Shield from a regional edge cache in a different region x Origin Shield charge per 10,000 requests / 10,000 For more information about the charge per 10,000 requests for Origin Shield, see CloudFront Pricing . Origin Shield high availability Origin Shield leverages the CloudFront regional edge caches feature. Each of these edge caches is built in an AWS Region using at least three Availability Zones with fleets of auto-scaling Amazon EC2 instances. Connections from CloudFront locations to Origin Shield also use active error tracking for each request to automatically route the request to a secondary Origin Shield location if the primary Origin Shield location is unavailable. How Origin Shield interacts with other CloudFront features The following sections explain how Origin Shield interacts with other CloudFront features. Origin Shield and CloudFront logging To see when Origin Shield handled a request, you must enable one of the following: CloudFront standard logs (access logs) . Standard logs are provided free of charge. CloudFront real-time access logs . You incur additional charges for using real-time access logs. See Amazon CloudFront Pricing . Cache hits from Origin Shield appear as OriginShieldHit in the x-edge-detailed-result-type field in CloudFront logs. Origin Shield leverages Amazon CloudFront’s regional edge caches . If a request is routed from a CloudFront edge location to the regional edge cache that is acting as Origin Shield, it is reported as a Hit in the logs, not as an OriginShieldHit . Origin Shield and origin groups Origin Shield is compatible with CloudFront origin groups . Because Origin Shield is a property of the origin, requests always travel through Origin Shield for each origin even when the origin is part of an origin group. For a given request, CloudFront routes the request to the primary origin in the origin group through the primary origin’s Origin Shield. If that request fails (according to the origin group failover criteria), CloudFront routes the request to the secondary origin through the secondary origin’s Origin Shield. Origin Shield and Lambda@Edge Origin Shield does not impact the functionality of Lambda@Edge functions, but it can affect the AWS Region where those functions run. When you use Origin Shield with Lambda@Edge, origin-facing triggers (origin request and origin response) run in the AWS Region where Origin Shield is enabled. If the primary Origin Shield location is unavailable and CloudFront routes requests to a secondary Origin Shield location, Lambda@Edge origin-facing triggers will also shift to use the secondary Origin Shield location. Viewer-facing triggers are not affected. Javascript is disabled or is unavailable in your browser. To use the Amazon Web Services Documentation, Javascript must be enabled. Please refer to your browser's Help pages for instructions. Document Conventions Improve your cache hit ratio Increase availability with origin failover Did this page help you? - Yes Thanks for letting us know we're doing a good job! If you've got a moment, please tell us what we did right so we can do more of it. Did this page help you? - No Thanks for letting us know this page needs work. We're sorry we let you down. If you've got a moment, please tell us how we can make the documentation better. | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog বাংলা English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা সার্চ Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Google interview questions এই পেজ এ রয়েছে Google Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Google Front End Interview Guide . Since it's Google, candidates can expect to be tested on fundamental Computer Science concepts as well as their front end knowledge/skills. Web Front End: You should be ready to cover topics like front end latency and implementation of standard CS algorithms using idiomatic JavaScript. You should be able to articulate Javascript strengths and shortcomings and ready to cover any of the following: Web security issues (XSS, XSRF), Prototypal inheritance, DOM API & manipulation, CSS manipulation, Browser / DOM events & event handling, XHR requests & HTTP headers, JavaScript closures Refer to Google's official interview preparation guides for: Official Interview Prep Front End or Mobile Software Engineers Front End/Mobile Software Engineers (Old) Non-technical interviews JavaScript coding questions How do you make a function that takes a callback function fn and returns a function that calls fn on a timeout? Practice question (Free) Implement the outline view for a Google doc. Practice question (Paid) DFS on HTML nodes. Practice question (Paid) Implement throttle . Practice question (Paid) How do you make a function that only calls input function f every 50 milliseconds? Practice question (Paid) Given a timeline write the JavaScript to select all nodes within selection of timeline. User interface coding questions Design a slider component. Design a Tic-Tac-Toe game/design an algorithm for Tic-Tac-Toe game. Practice question (Paid) Implement nested checkboxes (when the parent is checked, children are checked and vice versa. Use <input type="checkbox"> ). Similar to Indeterminate checkboxes . Design a webpage which can auto load new posts when you reach the bottom of the page by using JavaScript. You may use AJAX and JavaScript event listeners. Write a UI using HTML, CSS, JavaScript that allows uses to enter the number of rows and columns in text input fields within a form and renders a table. Practice question (Paid) Example: Number of rows: 4, Number of columns: 5, "Submit" button. Clicking on the "Submit" button will show the following table (ignore the styling): 1 8 9 16 17 2 7 10 15 18 3 6 11 14 19 4 5 12 13 20 Quiz questions Explain the CSS Box Model. Read answer (Free) What happens when you type a URL into the browser and hits enter? Given some text on a web page, how many ways can you make the text disappear? How do you send data from a web page to a server without a page refresh? Read answer (Free) System design questions Design emoji autocomplete. Read answer (Free) Design JS Bin. How would you create a Google Analytics SDK used by webpages? Algorithm Minesweeper problem. Write a function reveal() that outputs the number of tiles shown when a user clicks on a tile. Each tile shows the number of bombs as its neighbor. If the user click on a tile that is a bomb, the game is over. If that tile is 0, reveal all its neighbors. You are given four numbers (type int), and have four basic math operators at your disposal (+, -, x, /). Given arbitrary ways to group the numbers and using any of the operators, determine if you can make the number 24 from the four numbers. The numbers must be processed in the order they appear. Find k-nearest points. Source: Glassdoor Google Front End Software Engineer Interview Questions , Google | Front End engineer Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Google. 5th Apr 2025 : Interview experience at Google L4 frontend role - Offer Accepted Round 1 DSA: question of finding all subsets in a deck of cards that pass a valid condition Round 2 Frontend: Implement a color swatch. Also with a slider Round 3 Googlyness: Behavior and resume Round 4: DSA - File system API and streaming API with generators Team match round, then HC review, Offer 9th Mar 2025 : I have a google senior frontend engineer loop coming up. The recruiter shared material suggests 2 dsa + 1 frontend + 1 system design (guideline suggests it can be anything frontend or backend) + 1 behavioural. 20th Dec 2024 : Hello, folks! Previously, I had an interview with Google for a Front-End role. The problem I got was DSA-style, just like you guys mentioned, thanks to this channel, so I did prep for DSA. 20th Dec 2024 : DSA is fair game throughout the entire google experience easy, medium, hard, all fair game 10th Nov 2024 : I interviewed a few years ago. At that time it was mostly DSA and 1 round involved frontend design with some coding HTML, CSS, JS. But I echo what others have said. Google's FE is DSA heavy. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! এই পেজটি এডিট করুন সর্বশেষ সংষ্করণ ৩০ নভে, ২০২৫ তারিখে Danielle Ford দ্বারা পূর্ববর্তী Amazon interview questions পরবর্তী Microsoft interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Quiz questions System design questions Algorithm Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/ru/companies/google-front-end-interview-questions | Google Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Перейти к основному содержимому We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Русский English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Поиск Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Google interview questions Содержание этой страницы Google Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Google Front End Interview Guide . Since it's Google, candidates can expect to be tested on fundamental Computer Science concepts as well as their front end knowledge/skills. Web Front End: You should be ready to cover topics like front end latency and implementation of standard CS algorithms using idiomatic JavaScript. You should be able to articulate Javascript strengths and shortcomings and ready to cover any of the following: Web security issues (XSS, XSRF), Prototypal inheritance, DOM API & manipulation, CSS manipulation, Browser / DOM events & event handling, XHR requests & HTTP headers, JavaScript closures Refer to Google's official interview preparation guides for: Official Interview Prep Front End or Mobile Software Engineers Front End/Mobile Software Engineers (Old) Non-technical interviews JavaScript coding questions How do you make a function that takes a callback function fn and returns a function that calls fn on a timeout? Practice question (Free) Implement the outline view for a Google doc. Practice question (Paid) DFS on HTML nodes. Practice question (Paid) Implement throttle . Practice question (Paid) How do you make a function that only calls input function f every 50 milliseconds? Practice question (Paid) Given a timeline write the JavaScript to select all nodes within selection of timeline. User interface coding questions Design a slider component. Design a Tic-Tac-Toe game/design an algorithm for Tic-Tac-Toe game. Practice question (Paid) Implement nested checkboxes (when the parent is checked, children are checked and vice versa. Use <input type="checkbox"> ). Similar to Indeterminate checkboxes . Design a webpage which can auto load new posts when you reach the bottom of the page by using JavaScript. You may use AJAX and JavaScript event listeners. Write a UI using HTML, CSS, JavaScript that allows uses to enter the number of rows and columns in text input fields within a form and renders a table. Practice question (Paid) Example: Number of rows: 4, Number of columns: 5, "Submit" button. Clicking on the "Submit" button will show the following table (ignore the styling): 1 8 9 16 17 2 7 10 15 18 3 6 11 14 19 4 5 12 13 20 Quiz questions Explain the CSS Box Model. Read answer (Free) What happens when you type a URL into the browser and hits enter? Given some text on a web page, how many ways can you make the text disappear? How do you send data from a web page to a server without a page refresh? Read answer (Free) System design questions Design emoji autocomplete. Read answer (Free) Design JS Bin. How would you create a Google Analytics SDK used by webpages? Algorithm Minesweeper problem. Write a function reveal() that outputs the number of tiles shown when a user clicks on a tile. Each tile shows the number of bombs as its neighbor. If the user click on a tile that is a bomb, the game is over. If that tile is 0, reveal all its neighbors. You are given four numbers (type int), and have four basic math operators at your disposal (+, -, x, /). Given arbitrary ways to group the numbers and using any of the operators, determine if you can make the number 24 from the four numbers. The numbers must be processed in the order they appear. Find k-nearest points. Source: Glassdoor Google Front End Software Engineer Interview Questions , Google | Front End engineer Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Google. 5th Apr 2025 : Interview experience at Google L4 frontend role - Offer Accepted Round 1 DSA: question of finding all subsets in a deck of cards that pass a valid condition Round 2 Frontend: Implement a color swatch. Also with a slider Round 3 Googlyness: Behavior and resume Round 4: DSA - File system API and streaming API with generators Team match round, then HC review, Offer 9th Mar 2025 : I have a google senior frontend engineer loop coming up. The recruiter shared material suggests 2 dsa + 1 frontend + 1 system design (guideline suggests it can be anything frontend or backend) + 1 behavioural. 20th Dec 2024 : Hello, folks! Previously, I had an interview with Google for a Front-End role. The problem I got was DSA-style, just like you guys mentioned, thanks to this channel, so I did prep for DSA. 20th Dec 2024 : DSA is fair game throughout the entire google experience easy, medium, hard, all fair game 10th Nov 2024 : I interviewed a few years ago. At that time it was mostly DSA and 1 round involved frontend design with some coding HTML, CSS, JS. But I echo what others have said. Google's FE is DSA heavy. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Отредактировать эту страницу Последнее обновление 30 нояб. 2025 г. от Danielle Ford Предыдущая страница Amazon interview questions Следующая страница Microsoft interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Quiz questions System design questions Algorithm Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/ja-JP/companies/meta-front-end-interview-questions | Meta Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 メインコンテンツまでスキップ We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 日本語 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 検索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Meta interview questions このページの見出し Meta Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Meta. 22nd May 2025 : 17.5 mins to solve per question. and there are 2 questions in a 40 mins round. Meta asks variants. 😢 31st Jan 2025 : I did meta last year. It was 2 leetcodes for frontend positions. 7th Jan 2025 : No, every company has preselected questions in a question bank. Google will delete leaked questions, Meta does not. If you do the top 100/250 of Meta leetcode questions, you have a really good chance at getting one of the questions during the interview. 11th May 2024 : Appreciate the response! I interviewed with Meta and was caught off guard with Emitter Pattern & Classnames fn when I expected DSA 😦 23rd Apr 2024 : Hi, if you are in the front end pipeline, the questions will be focused on front end. For me, I am interviewing for IC 4/5. I have gone through a phone screen and the onsite was 4 rounds: 2 coding, 1 BQ and 1 system design. The coding is similar to the type of js questions on GreatFrontEnd and for system design, I used the RADIO framework to approach it. If you are interviewing for IC6 and above, I think you will need to go through one more design round but one less coding The next step is team matching. It could take a while, so it depends For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! このページを編集 2025年11月30日 に Danielle Ford が 最終更新 前へ Microsoft interview questions 次へ Airbnb interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/companies/reddit-front-end-interview-questions#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Reddit Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Reddit interview questions Nessa página Reddit Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Reddit. 14th May 2025 : You should prepare JavaScript fundamental and building UI problems with html, and JavaScript 20th Feb 2025 : Reddit tech screen: question involving HTML forms and using the form data to construct a JSON object 27th Oct 2024 : I just had Reddit interview. Phone screen - ask some generic questions like GET & POST, XSS, implement feed (just talk about it). 20 mins simple coding with arrays and filters. Onsite coding: manipulating arrays system design: design quiz like game app UI frontend coding: form related Hiring manager round Reddit focus on communication and collaboration. No reactjs, just prep for JavaScript and html. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Editar essa página Última atualização em 30 de nov. de 2025 por Danielle Ford Anterior Pinterest interview questions Próxima Adobe interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/zh-CN/behavioral#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Behavorial Interviews | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 跳到主要内容 We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 简体中文 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 搜索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Behavorial interviews 本页总览 Behavorial Interviews Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Behavioral Interview Playbook for Front End Engineers . Behavioral interview rounds focus on a candidate's soft skills - how they work with others, how they handled situations in the past where they have demonstrated collaboration, communication, conflict resolution, and mentoring skills. Behavioral interviews are often overlooked and underestimated but I've seen candidates get rejected for failing the behavioral round even though they did very well on the coding and system design interviews. Clearing the behavioral interviews is especially important for candidates targeting senior level and above. For comprehensive behavioral interview content, Tech Interview Handbook covers that along with common behavioral interview questions from the top companies. Go to Tech Interview Handbook → What Meta looks for in behavioral interviews Discuss anything that's on your resume, including current projects and details Provide specific examples about what you did and the resulting impact Critique yourself and share what you learned from a past situation Talk about what you like about your current role and/or being a developer Discuss why you'd like to make a change Source: Preparing for your Onsite Interview at Facebook Check out GreatFrontEnd for its free Behavioral Interview Playbook to learn how to approach behavioral interviews as a front end engineer. Find out about evaluation criteria at big tech, efficient strategies to prepare, and top behavioral interview questions. Courses I really don't think one needs to attend a course on behavioral interviews, but your mileage may vary. If you want to take a course on behavioral interviews, you can check out Educative's Grokking the Behavioral Interview course. 编辑此页 最后 由 Danielle Ford 于 2025年11月30日 更新 上一页 Applications 下一页 Resume preparation Table of Contents What Meta looks for in behavioral interviews Courses General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://aws.amazon.com/de/textract/ | Intelligente Extraktion von Text und Daten mit OCR – Amazon Textract – Amazon Web Services Überspringen zum Hauptinhalt Filter: Alle English Kontaktieren Sie uns AWS Marketplace Support Mein Konto Suche Filter: Alle Bei der Konsole anmelden Konto erstellen Amazon Textract Übersicht Funktionen Preise Ressourcen Häufig gestellte Fragen Mehr Produkte › Machine Learning › Amazon Textract Die intelligente Dokumentenverarbeitung von Amazon bietet einen ROI von 73 %. Füllen Sie ein kurzes Formular aus, um den Bericht herunterzuladen. Amazon Textract Automatisches Extrahieren von gedrucktem Text, Handschrift, Layoutelementen und Daten aus jedem Dokument Erste Schritte mit Amazon Textract Vertrieb kontaktieren Warum Amazon Textract? Amazon Textract ist ein Machine-Learning-Dienst (ML), der automatisch Text, Handschrift, Layoutelemente und Daten aus gescannten Dokumenten extrahiert. Dies geht über die einfache optische Zeichenerkennung (OCR) hinaus, um spezifische Daten aus Dokumenten zu identifizieren, zu verstehen und zu extrahieren. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt extrahieren viele Unternehmen Daten aus gescannten Dokumenten wie PDFs, Bildern, Tabellen und Formularen manuell oder mittels einfacher OCR-Software, die eine manuelle Konfiguration erfordert (die häufig aktualisiert werden muss, wenn das Formular sich ändert). Um diese manuellen und teuren Prozesse zu vermeiden, verwendet Amazon Textract ML zum Lesen und Verarbeiten aller Dokumenttypen und extrahiert präzise Text, Handschriften, Tabellen und andere Daten ohne manuellen Aufwand. Sie können eine unserer voreingestellten oder benutzerdefinierten Features verwenden, um die Dokumentenverarbeitung schnell zu automatisieren, unabhängig davon, ob es sich um die Automatisierung von Kreditbearbeitungen oder Extraktion von Informationen aus Rechnungen und Belegen handelt. Amazon Textract bietet Ihnen die Möglichkeit, unsere vorab trainierten Features anzupassen, um die spezifischen Anforderungen Ihres Unternehmens an die Dokumentenverarbeitung zu erfüllen. Amazon Textract kann die Daten in Minuten statt in Stunden oder Tagen extrahieren. Abspielen Vorteile von Amazon Textract Effizienz und Entscheidungsfindung steigern Steigern Sie die Unternehmenseffizienz und beschleunigen Sie die Entscheidungsfindung bei gleichzeitiger Kostensenkung. Wichtige Erkenntnisse Extrahieren Sie wichtige Erkenntnisse mit hoher Genauigkeit aus praktisch jedem Dokument. Einfache Skalierung Skalieren Sie die Dokumentenverarbeitungspipeline hoch oder herunter, um sich schnell an die Marktanforderungen anzupassen. Automatische Datenverarbeitung Datenverarbeitung auf sichere Weise mit Datenschutz-, Verschlüsselungs- und Compliance-Standards automatisieren. Anwendungsfälle Finanzdienstleistungen Präzise Extraktion wichtiger Geschäftsdaten wie Hypothekenzinsen, Namen von Antragstellern und Rechnungssummen aus einer Vielfalt von Finanzformularen, zur Bearbeitung von Kredit- und Hypothekenanträgen in Minutenschnelle. Gesundheitswesen und Biowissenschaften Betreuen Sie Ihre Patienten und Versicherungsnehmer besser, indem Sie wichtige Patientendaten aus Gesundheits-Aufnahmeformularen, Versicherungsansprüchen und Vorgenehmigungsformularen extrahieren. Behalten Sie die Daten organisiert und in ihrem ursprünglichen Kontext bei und vermeiden Sie die manuelle Überprüfung der Ausgabe. Öffentlicher Sektor Extrahieren Sie mühelos relevante Daten aus behördlichen Formularen, wie Kredite für Kleinunternehmen, Steuerformulare und Unternehmensanträgen mit einem hohen Maß an Genauigkeit. Nächste Schritte Kostenloses Kontingent Das kostenlose AWS-Kontingent testen Ein kostenloses Konto erstellen Konsole Amazon Textract erkunden Erste Schritte AWS-Konto erstellen Lernen Was ist AWS? Was ist „Cloud Computing“? Was ist „Agentenbasierte KI“? Hub für Cloud-Computing-Konzepte AWS Cloud Sicherheit Neuerungen Blogs Pressemitteilungen Ressourcen Erste Schritte Training AWS Trust Center AWS-Lösungsportfolio Architekturzentrum Häufig gestellte Fragen zu Produkt und Technik Berichte von Analysten AWS-Partner Entwickler Builder Center SDKs und Tools .NET auf AWS Python in AWS Java in AWS PHP in AWS JavaScript in AWS Hilfe Kontaktieren Sie uns Support-Ticket aufgeben AWS re:Post Wissenscenter AWS Support – Überblick Erhalten Sie Hilfe von Experten Barrierefreiheit bei AWS Rechtlicher Hinweis English Zurück zum Seitenanfang Amazon.com setzt als Arbeitgeber auf Gleichberechtigung: Minderheiten/Frauen/Menschen mit Behinderungen/Veteranen/Geschlechtsidentität/sexuelle Orientierung/Alter. x facebook linkedin instagram twitch youtube podcasts email Datenschutz Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen Cookie-Einstellungen © 2026, Amazon Web Services, Inc. bzw. Tochtergesellschaften des Unternehmens. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pl/companies/amazon-front-end-interview-questions | Amazon Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Przejdź do głównej zawartości We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Polski English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Szukaj Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Na tej stronie Amazon Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Amazon Front End Interview Guide . Amazon's Front End interviews are known for their focus on technical depth and alignment with the company's Leadership Principles. Understanding the Amazon Front End Interview Process The interview process typically involves several stages Online assessment (OA): This is a timed assessment that typically includes: Technical questions: Often coding challenges (e.g., LeetCode-style problems, UI component building). You are likely required to use Vanilla JavaScript . Systems design scenarios: Questions about design considerations, potentially multiple-choice or short written answers. Work style survey: Questions related to Amazon's Leadership Principles. Common questions: Accordion , Signup Form , Data Table , Todo List Technical phone screen: A 45-60 minute interview, usually with a hiring manager or a senior engineer. It's often split between: Behavioral questions: Based on Amazon's Leadership Principles. Front end coding problems: Whiteboard-style coding focusing on JavaScript, HTML, CSS, and DOM manipulation. Onsite interview (Loop): This is the main interview day, consisting of 4-5 rounds, each lasting about 55-60 minutes. The interview loop typically assesses both technical and non-technical competencies based on Amazon's Leadership Principles. Rounds often cover: Coding rounds: More complex Data Structures & Algorithms (DSA) problems (medium to hard difficulty), often with a front end focus. Front end fundamentals round: Deep dive into JavaScript, HTML, CSS, DOM, browser APIs, event loop, accessibility, and performance. You might be asked to build a small UI component or debug code. System design round (Front End Focused): Designing scalable and performant front end systems (e.g., a photo gallery, a type-ahead search). This is crucial for mid-to-senior level roles. Behavioral rounds / Leadership Principles: Several rounds dedicated to assessing your past experiences against Amazon's 16 Leadership Principles. One interviewer will likely be a "Bar Raiser." Key areas to focus on Front end fundamentals Strong front end engineering fundamentals are essential. Be prepared for: HTML: Semantic HTML, accessibility (ARIA attributes), HTML5 features. CSS: Layout (Flexbox, Grid), Box Model, specificity, inheritance, responsive design, animations, performance optimization. JavaScript: Core concepts: this , closures, prototypes, event loop, hoisting, var , let , const , scope. ES6+ features: Promises, async/await, arrow functions, destructuring, spread/rest operators, Maps, Sets. DOM manipulation: Efficiently interacting with the DOM, event handling, event delegation. Browser APIs: Local Storage, Session Storage, Web Workers, Geolocation, etc. Performance: Debouncing, throttling, virtual DOM (if discussing frameworks), critical rendering path. Data structures & algorithms: Be comfortable with common data structures (arrays, strings, linked lists, trees, graphs) and algorithms (sorting, searching) and be able to implement them efficiently in JavaScript. Web performance: How to optimize page load times, rendering, and responsiveness. Accessibility (a11y): Understanding WAI-ARIA, semantic HTML, keyboard navigation, and how to build inclusive web experiences. Security: XSS, CSRF, CORS, secure coding practices for the front end. Front end frameworks (e.g., React, Angular, Vue.js): While the focus is often on vanilla JavaScript for coding, be prepared to discuss component lifecycle, state management, and performance optimizations within your chosen framework. System design This round assesses your ability to design scalable and performant front end applications. Be prepared to discuss: Scalability : How your design handles increasing user load, data, and features. Modularity : Breaking down a large application into smaller, manageable components. Performance : Optimizing initial load, subsequent interactions, and data fetching. Reliability/Resilience : Handling errors, network issues, and ensuring a stable user experience. Maintainability : Writing clean, testable, and understandable code. Accessibility : Integrating accessibility best practices into the design. Trade-offs : Justifying your design choices and understanding the implications of different approaches (e.g., client-side vs. server-side rendering, specific data structures, caching strategies). Behavioral Questions & Leadership Principles (LPs) Amazon heavily emphasizes its 16 Leadership Principles . A significant portion of the interview will focus on how you've demonstrated these principles in past roles, as "past behavior is the best predictor of future success." The STAR Method is crucial. For every behavioral question, structure your answer using the STAR method: Situation : Describe the context of the situation. Task : Explain the task or challenge you faced. Action : Detail the specific actions you took to address the task. Result : Describe the positive outcome of your actions, ideally with quantifiable metrics. Key Leadership Principles to focus on (and have 2-3 strong STAR examples for each): Customer Obsession Ownership Invent and Simplify Are Right, A Lot Learn and Be Curious Hire and Develop the Best Insist on the Highest Standards Think Big Bias for Action Frugality Earn Trust Dive Deep Have Backbone; Disagree and Commit Deliver Results Strive to be Earth's Best Employer Success and Scale Bring Broad Responsibility Official guides For more detailed information directly from Amazon, refer to Amazon's official interview preparation guides for: Front End Engineers Front End Engineer Interview Prep SDE Interview Prep Source: Glassdoor Amazon Front End Engineer Interview Questions Questions Questions sourced from the web and the GreatFrontEnd community. Quiz questions What is the CSS box model? Read answer (Free) What is a JavaScript closure? Read answer (Free) What happens when you type URL into a browser and hit enter? JavaScript coding questions Implement Array.prototype functions like map , reduce , filter , sort . Practice questions Given an object and a filter function, write a function that recursively filters the object, returning only values which return true when called with the filter function (like Array.prototype.filter but for objects). Implement a function getElementsByStyle(property, value) that returns all elements in the DOM that match that style. E.g. getElementsByStyle("color", "#fff") will return all elements in the DOM with white text. Practice question (Paid) Promisify a function. User interface coding questions Implement a data table from an array of objects using HTML/CSS and JavaScript with searching and sorting Practice question (Paid) Implement Material UI Chips with auto-suggest. When sending an e-mail, auto-suggest people and convert them into a chip with their avatar on the right Implement a Like button ( Source ) Practice question (Paid) Given a JSON object generate a file directory UI Practice question (Free) Code a paginated widget of addresses. Imagine you are a seller with a list of address you ship to an need to view them 5 address per page, with the possibility to go previous and next. Source Implement a search bar using HTML, CSS and JavaScript Read answer (Free) Implement a star rating widget Practice question (Free) Implement tic-tac-toe Practice question (Paid) Recreate an adaptive layout with flexbox. Ensure accessibility Implement a chess board with movable pieces How do you render text on a banner image? Render a directory tree given a nested JSON object System design questions Design a restaurant listing application where user can make orders and customize their orders by adding additional stuffs like toppings, salads etc. Source Design an accordion component. Practice question (Paid) Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Amazon. 20th May 2025 : The code editor for Amazon is like a plain editor (developed internally), where you just write your code (can’t execute code) and explain your completed code solution with some test cases. They will paste a single line of comment or if your interviewer is generous enough they will give more context to the problem. Mostly for FEE interviews they expect you to (that means they want you to) write Vanilla JS because internally Amazon uses multiple frameworks/libraries so to test the basics they mandate candidates to write in Vanilla JS and also, yes it cannot be executed. So you just write it as your interviewer likes it. Focus on the most common FEE Amazon questions from GreatFrontEnd, that list is enough, understand the problem, practice and then try to write it on a plain editor since there is no autocomplete or syntax highlighting. Also, once you’re confident in your practice, sit in front of your camera and explain the problem as if you’re in front of an interviewer. 5th May 2025 : I wrapped up my 2 tech rounds with amazon for FE-2. Tech 1: Implement Infinite scroll with lots of followups. Like pagination, different device , network slowness. Error handling. Before implementing i discussed few things but not edge cases. In between there were many follow ups. I think i did okay okay in this rounds. Since I didn’t discussed much on edge cases. Then 1 simple array based DSA question. Tech 2: LLD Implement a component similar to autocomplete. This was easy as i just showed it using diagram and wrote code for the same. 30th May 2025 : Amazon FEE II Interview OA: Vanilla,js #1: Accordion by default allows one section to be open at a time. Theres a checkbox to switch behavior enabling multiple sections to expanded #2: Address book form validation (name, email, phone number) that appends valid entries to table below. Along with an input field that filters the table based on phone number. 13th Apr 2025 : Well I bombed the front end code challenge with amazon and what makes it worse, it wasn't even hard. I got nervous and forgot how to write a json object, something I've done a million times in the last 15 years. It was simple, write a json object and parse through it recursively, having it mirror a file system. I think there's a file system traversal program in GreatFrontEnd which I've already solved. 17th Mar 2025 : Went through 4 rounds excluding Screening. got ghosted after the 4th round. Screening: getElementsByStyle Create a Chess Grid component of n x n cells, highlight a cell on click ( Unhighlight previously selected cells), focus on reusability, extensibility, optimisations Onsite: R1 UI Coding: An image carousel component in vanilla js R2 DSA: Given a two caption strings and a similar words dict, find if the captions are same or not R3 HLD FE: Design a News website like Times of India, more focus on schema & api design and BE interation, Video rendering, showing Ads R4 HM: mostly LP questions 15th Mar 2025 : hey all, I recently did an interview loop for Amazon (AWS) FEE L5! didn't get the job but sharing my experience here: asteroid collision (leetcode) bike sharing system design (like citibike in nyc) find most common 3-page user sequence from traffic logs bar raiser tabs component (GreatFrontEnd) Each technical round had 2BQ in the beginning, and then the bar raiser round had like 8BQ? One thing to note was that recruiter explicitly told me I could code in react, but then during the interview they restricted it to only html/css/vanilla js... not a huge issue but did differ from what my recruiter told me 😵 5th Mar 2025 : Hello everyone, I’m grateful for all the help from this group! I recently received an offer for a Frontend Engineer-1 position at Amazon and wanted to share my experience. I completed my MS in Dec 2024 and had been applying for general SDE and frontend roles without much success. I applied for a Frontend position in Amazon’s Early Grad Program on Jan 31, and here’s how it went: Feb 3 – Received an online assessment with two JavaScript questions (an accordion and another DOM-based component) and a work-style test. Feb 7 – Completed the OA and was invited to schedule my phone screen. Feb 14 (Phone Screen) – First 30 mins: Behavioral questions (no follow-ups; use the STAR method with explicit metrics). Next 30 mins: Implement an image carousel (explain logic, write basic code, no need to run it). Passed and moved to the loop. Feb 21 (Loop Rounds) – I was lucky in a way because only two rounds were scheduled with a 1-hour gap in between, as they couldn't find an interviewer for the middle slo. Round 1: Rotting Oranges DSA question + extensive behavioral follow-ups. My behavioral round didn’t go well, and I was a bit nervous afterward. Round 2: Three behavioral questions + build a To-Do app with two easy follow-ups. Feb 26 (Final Round) – The interviewer was pretty chill and asked four behavioral questions. Since I had time between my initial two interviews and this one, I was able to prepare my behavioral responses well. For the technical part, I was given a verbose array-based DSA question, where I provided both the brute force and optimized solutions. Feb 28 – Received my offer! Hope this helps, and good luck to everyone interviewing. 17th Feb 2025 : My experience for L5 FEE onsite: Implement autocomplete component System design - mobile designing for playlist page Implement json.stringify (more weight on OOP angle here) Implement method to sanitize input data from nested Form UI. All questions were on plain text editor, no need to compile and run Behavior questions before every round to cover 2 LP, and a 5th interview just for LPs 25th Jan 2025 : okay so i just did my phone screen with amazon: 1 LP about anticipating customer needs. Some JS trivia questions, looking at css to determine specificity. that was the first 30 min. coding was just a blank text editor: to implement an infinite scroller on addresses but i didnt really recognize it was a system design question until i was already in it. 2nd Nov 2024 : Amazon FEE II Phone interview: LP: There were five questions, though I don’t remember all of them precisely. The questions is like ... going above and beyond for a customer, managing tight timelines, handling conflicts with a manager, and describing a project I’m most proud of. The interviewer mentioned that they asked several questions because I hadn’t initially provided enough detail in my responses 😦 . Coding Challenge: implementing a table similar to the Data Table in GreatFrontEnd, with three follow-ups: Enable sorting functionality to activate when clicking on a column header. Add a search bar to filter by name. 30th Oct 2024 : Completed my Amazon FEE-I loop a while ago. Waiting for a decision but here's how it went. LP questions - difficult customer, time when you were not satisfied with result. Didn't repeat any story but had very few of them because I'm a new grad. Make sure you have good amount of stories, try not to repeat. Technical questions - 2 implementations questions and 1 general/JS question, very similar to what others went through actually. My phone interview had an array question which was pretty simple but it took me sometime to get it. Like Button, File Explorer and print this object of objects in the form of a HTML tree. They all started with the most basic part, very barebones implementation required. If time remains, they ask you to add more stuff to it. If you go through GreatFrontEnd's questions you should be more than ready for it imo. 21st Sep 2024 : Finished my Amazon FEE I/new grad/entry level interviews. Waiting to hear back right now, but this is what I experienced: (Caveat: my interview was for a specific team, unlike a lot of general SDE/SWE new grad interviews I've asked about where it wasn't team-specific. I'm not too sure if this equally extends to FEE normally, but that's just what ended up happening.) Behavioral : Topics mostly concentrated around the LPs of Customer Obsession, Learn and Be Curious, Ownership, and Earn Trust. Got a repeat question in one of my rounds, so I repeated one of the stories I used earlier because I don't have enough experience to have another story for that specific question 🥲. Technical : Received 2 implementation questions: Like Button and File Explorer, and 1 general-ish JS question (given a form, create a function that has parses the values in the form inputs and returns the form data as an object with nested properties). The implementation questions were basically the same/easier than GreatFrontEnd's version. The JS question is a tad reminiscent of GreatFrontEnd's "get" question + knowing how to get form values. IMO I flubbed this from getting caught off-guard from how it was described, followed by my brain suddenly forgetting how to program because of the embarrassment/panic 🫠 Still, it was a very simple question overall that is probably fairly easy to solve. Additional Notes: Coding was in plain text editor/coderpad-style Allowed to choose any framework for the implementation q'ns Roughly 20-25min for behavioral, 30min for coding No bar raiser round. Amazon just recently announced in early August that they re-implemented this for entry-level/new grad after removing it sometime in 2022/2023, but apparently this change didn't get reflected in my specific process Result: Received the offer! 🥳 20th Sep 2024 : hey everyone, I wanted to share my Amazon FE II onsite interviewing experience, thank you to everyone on this server and the GreatFrontEnd team Amazon FE II onsite: Behavioural: im sorry, i cant remember the questions i kinda went into autopilot during the interview but im going to go through my notes and update this if i do remember System Design: given a mock up (it was a check in app for a clinic) walk through how to create this but interviewer focused on endpoints needed to integrate frontend and backend, pagination, load balancing Coding: React frontend component 1: relative time widget, given a date create a component that displays just now, less than a minute ago, n days, n weeks, n months, n years Coding: React frontend component 2: FAQ page accordion -> additional requirements: 1000 questions, show likes of a question, what API endpoints needed, pagination Coding: React frontend component 3: Tic tac toe game, algorithm for finding winner Additional Notes: All coding rounds were done on a plain text editor I was able to choose which language/framework to use It was 30 mins behavioural, 30 mins for coding/system design Dont just wing behavioural questions, they are a big deal and factor For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edytuj tę stronę Ostatnia aktualizacja dnia 30 lis 2025 przez Danielle Ford Poprzednia strona Interview questions 🔥 Następna strona Google interview questions Table of Contents Understanding the Amazon Front End Interview Process Key areas to focus on Front end fundamentals System design Behavioral Questions & Leadership Principles (LPs) Official guides Questions Quiz questions JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions System design questions Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/blog/javascript-object-vs-map | When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript 18 de junho de 2022 · Leitura de 17 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon See discussions on Reddit In JavaScript, objects are handy. They allow us to easily group multiple pieces of data together. After ES6, we got a new addition to the language - Map . In a lot of aspects, it seems like a more capable Object with a somewhat clumsy interface. However, most people still reach for objects when they need a hash map and only switch to using Map when they realize the keys can't just be strings for their use cases. As a result, Map remains underused in today's JavaScript community. In this post, I will break down all the reasons when you should consider using Map more and its performance characteristics with benchmarks. In JavaScript, Object is a pretty broad term. Almost everything can be an object, except for two bottom types - null and undefined . In this blog post, Object only refers to plain old objects, delimited by a left brace { and a right brace } . TL;DR: Use Object for records where you have a fixed and finite number of properties/fields known at author time, such as a config object. And anything that is for one-time use in general. Use Map for dictionaries or hash maps where you have a variable number of entries, with frequent updates, whose keys might not be known at author time, such as an event emitter . According to my benchmarks , unless the keys are strings of small integers, Map is indeed more performant than Object on insertion, deletion and iteration speed, and it consumes less memory than an object of the same size. Why Object falls short of a hash map use case Probably the most obvious downside of using objects for hash maps is that objects only allow keys that are strings and symbols. Any other types will be implicitly cast to string via the toString method. const foo = [ ] ; const bar = { } ; const obj = { [ foo ] : 'foo' , [ bar ] : 'bar' } ; console . log ( obj ) ; // {"": 'foo', [object Object]: 'bar'} More importantly, using objects for hash maps can cause confusion and security hazards . Unwanted inheritance Before ES6, the only way to get a hash map is by creating an empty object. const hashMap = { } ; However, upon creation, this object is no longer empty. Although hashMap is made with an empty object literal, it automatically inherits from Object.prototype . That's why we can invoke methods like hasOwnProperty , toString , constructor on hashMap even though we never explicitly defined those methods on the object. Because of prototypal inheritance, we now have two types of properties conflated: properties that live within the object itself, i.e. its own properties, and properties that live in the prototype chain, i.e. inherited properties. As a result, we need an additional check (e.g. hasOwnProperty ) to make sure a given property is indeed user-provided, as opposed to inherited from the prototype. On top of that, because of how the property resolution mechanism works in JavaScript, any change to Object.prototype at runtime will cause a ripple effect in all objects. This opens the door for prototype pollution attacks , which can be a serious security issue for large JavaScript applications. Fortunately, we can work around this by using Object.create(null) , which makes an object that inherits nothing from Object.prototype . Name collisions When an object's own properties have name collisions with ones on its prototype, it breaks expectations and thus crashes your program. For example, we have a function foo which accepts an object: function foo ( obj ) { //... for ( const key in obj ) { if ( obj . hasOwnProperty ( key ) ) { } } } There is a reliability hazard in obj.hasOwnProperty(key) : given how property resolution mechanism works in JavaScript, if obj contains a user-provided property with the same name hasOwnProperty , that shadows Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty . As a result, we don't know which method is going to get called exactly during runtime. Some defensive programming can be done to prevent this. For example we can "borrow" the "real" hasOwnProperty from Object.prototype instead: function foo ( obj ) { //... for ( const key in obj ) { if ( Object . prototype . hasOwnProperty . call ( obj , key ) ) { // ... } } } A shorter way might be invoking the method on an object literal as in {}.hasOwnProperty.call(key) however it is still pretty cumbersome. That's why there is a newly-added static method Object.hasOwn . Sub-optimal ergonomics Object doesn't provide adequate ergonomics to be used as a hash map. Many common tasks can't be intuitively performed. size Object doesn't come with a handy API to get the size, i.e. the number of properties. And there are nuances to what constitutes the size of an object: if you only care about string, enumerable keys, then you can convert the keys to an array with Object.keys() and get its length . if you want to account for non-enumerable string keys, then you have to use Object.getOwnPropertyNames to get a list of the keys and get its length. if you are interested in symbol keys, you can use getOwnPropertySymbols to reveal the symbol keys. Or you can use Reflect.ownKeys to get both string keys and symbol keys all at once, regardless if it is enumerable or not. All the above options take a runtime complexity of O(n) since we have to construct an array of keys first before we can get its length. iterate Looping through objects suffers from similar complexity. We can use the good old for ... in loop. But it reveals inherited enumerable properties: Object . prototype . foo = 'bar' ; const obj = { id : 1 } ; for ( const key in obj ) { console . log ( key ) ; // 'id', 'foo' } We can't use for ... of with an object since by default it is not an iterable, unless we explicitly define the Symbol.iterator method on it. We can use Object.keys , Object.values and Object.entries to get a list of enumerable, string keys (or/and values) and iterate through that instead, which introduces an extra step with overhead. Finally, the insertion order is infamously not fully respected. In most browsers, integer keys are sorted in ascending order and take precedence over string keys even if the string keys were inserted before the integer keys. const obj = { } ; obj . foo = 'first' ; obj [ 2 ] = 'second' ; obj [ 1 ] = 'last' ; console . log ( obj ) ; // {1: 'last', 2: 'second', foo: 'first'} clear There is no easy way to remove all properties from an object, you have to delete each property one by one with the delete operator, which has been historically known to be slow. However, my benchmarks show that its performance is actually not an order-of-magnitude slower than Map.prototype.delete . More on that later. check property existence Finally, we can't rely on the dot/bracket notation to check for existence of an property because the value itself could be set as undefined . Instead we have to use Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty or Object.hasOwn . const obj = { a : undefined } ; Object . hasOwn ( obj , 'a' ) ; // true Map for Hash Map ES6 brings us Map . It is much more suited for a hash map use case. First of all, unlike Object , which only allows keys that are strings and symbols, Map supports keys of any data type. However if you are using Map to store meta-data for objects, then you should use WeakMap instead to avoid memory leak. But more importantly, Map provides a clean separation between user-defined and built-in program data, at the expense of an additional Map.prototype.get to retrieve entries. Map also provides better ergonomics: A Map is an iterable by default. That means you can iterate a map easily with for ... of , and do things like using nested destructuring to pull out the first entry from a map. const [ [ firstKey , firstValue ] ] = map ; In contrast to Object , Map provides dedicated APIs for various common tasks: Map.prototype.has checks for the existence of a given entry, less awkward compared to having to Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty / Object.hasOwn on objects. Map.prototype.get returns the value associated to the provided key. One might feel this is clunkier than the dot notation or the bracket notation on objects. Nevertheless it provides a clean separation between user data and built-in method. Map.prototype.size returns the number of entries in a Map and it is a clear winner over the maneuvers you have to perform to get an object's size. Besides, it is much faster. Map.prototype.clear removes all the entries in a Map and it much faster than the delete operator. Performance extravaganza There seems to be a common belief among JavaScript community that Map is faster than Object , for the most part. There are people who claimed to see noticeable performance gains by switching from Object to Map . My experience of grinding LeetCode seems to confirm this belief: LeetCode feeds a huge amount of data as the test cases to your solution and it times out if your solution is taking too long. Questions like this only times out if you use Object , but not on Map . However, I believe just saying " Map is faster than Object " is reductive. There must be some nuance that I wanted to find out myself. Therefore. I built a little app to run some benchmarks. Important Disclaimer I don't claim to fully understand how V8 works under the hood to optimize Map despite my many attempts to read blog posts and peek into the C++ source code. Perfectly robust benchmarking is hard, and most of us have never gone through any form of training in either benchmarking or interpreting the results. The more benchmarking I do the more it felt like a story about blind men and an elephant . So take everything I'm saying here about performance with a grain of salt. You'll need to test such changes with your application in a production environment to know for sure if there are actual performance gains from using Map s over Object s. Benchmarking implementation details The app has a table that shows the insertion, iteration, and deletion speed measured on Object and Map . The performances of insertion and iteration are measured in operations per second. I wrote a utility function measureFor that runs the target function repeatedly until the specified minimal amount of time threshold (i.e. the duration input field on the UI) has been reached. It returns the average number of times such a function is executed per second. function measureFor ( f , duration ) { let iterations = 0 ; const now = performance . now ( ) ; let elapsed = 0 ; while ( elapsed < duration ) { f ( ) ; elapsed = performance . now ( ) - now ; iterations ++ ; } return ( ( iterations / elapsed ) * 1000 ) . toFixed ( 4 ) ; } As for deletion, I am simply going to measure the time taken for using the delete operator to remove all properties from an objects and compare it with the time with Map.prototype.delete for a Map of the same size. I could use Map.prototype.clear but it defeats the purpose of the benchmarks as I know for sure it is going to be vastly faster. In these three operations, I pay more attention to insertion since it tends to be the most common operation I perform in my day-to-day work. For iteration performance, it is hard to come up with an all-encompassing benchmarks as there are many different variants of iteration we can perform on a given object. Here I am only measuring the for ... in loop. I used three types of keys here: strings, e.g. yekwl7caqejth7aawelo4 . integer strings, e.g. 123 . numeric strings generated by Math.random().toString() , e.g. 0.4024025689756525 . All keys are randomly generated so we don't hit the inline-cache implemented by V8. I also explicitly convert integer and numeric keys to strings using toString before adding them to objects to avoid the overhead of implicitly casting. Lastly, before the benchmark begins, there is also a warmup phase for at least 100ms where we repeatedly create new objects and maps that are discarded right away. I put the code on CodeSandbox if you want to play with it. I started with Object and Map with a size of 100 properties/entries, all the way to 5000000, and had each type of operations keep running for 10000ms to see how they performed against each other. Here are my findings... Why do we stop when the number of entries reaches 5000000? Because this is about as big as an object can get in JavaScript. According to @jmrk , a V8 engineer who is active on StackOverflow, "if the keys are strings, a regular object becomes unusably slow after ~8.3M elements (for which there is a technical reason: a certain bit field being 23 bits wide and taking a very slow fallback path when exceeded).". string keys Generally speaking, when keys are (non-numeric) string, Map outperforms Object on all operations. But the nuance is that when the number of entries is not really huge (under 100000), Map is twice as fast as Object on insertion speed, but as the size grows over 100000, the performance gap starts to shrink. I made some graphs to better illustrate my findings. The above graph shows how insertion rate drops (y-axis) as the number of entries increased (x-axis). However because the x-axis expands too wide (from 100 to 1000000), it is hard to tell the gap between these two lines. I then used logarithmic scale to process the data and made the graph below. You can clearly tell the two lines are converging. I made another graph plotting how much faster Map is in relation to Object on insertion speed. You can see Map starts out being about 2 times faster than Object . Then over time the performance gap starts to shrink. Eventually Map is only 30% faster as the size grows to 5000000. Most of us will never have more than 1 million entries in an object or map though. With a size of a few hundreds or thousands of entries, Map is at least twice as performant as Object . Therefore, should we leave it at that and head over to start refactoring our codebase by going all in on Map ? Absolutely not... or at least not with an expectation that our app becomes 2 times faster. Remember we haven't explored other types of keys. Let's take a look at integer keys. integer keys The reason I specifically want to run benchmarks on objects with integer keys is that V8 internally optimizes integer-indexed properties and store them in a separate array that can be accessed linearly and consecutively. I can't find any resources confirming it employs the same kind of optimization for Map s though. Let's first try integer keys in the range of [0, 1000]. As I expected, Object outperform Map this time. They are 65% faster than maps for insertion speed and 16% faster to iterate. Let's widen the range so that the maximum integer in the keys is 1200. It seems like now Map s are starting to get a little faster than objects for insertion and 5 times faster for iteration. Now that we only increased the integer keys' range, not the actual size of Object and Map . Let's bump up the size to see how that affects the performances. When a size of 1000 properties, Object ends up being 70% faster than Map for insertion and 2 times slower for iteration. I played with a bunch of different combinations of Object / Map sizes and integer key ranges and failed to come up with a clear pattern. But the general trend I am seeing is that, for as the size grows, with some relative small integer being the keys, objects can be more performant than Map s in terms of insertion, always roughly the same as to deletion and 4 or 5 times slower to iterate. The threshold of max integer keys at which objects start to be slower for insertion grows with the size of the objects. For example, when the object only has 100 entries, the threshold is 1200; when it has 10000 entries, the threshold seems to be around 24000. numeric keys Lastly, let's take a look at the last type of keys - numeric keys. Technically, the previously integer keys are also numeric. Here numeric keys specifically refer to the numeric strings generated by Math.random().toString() . The results are similar to those string-key cases: Map s start off as much faster than objects (2 times faster for insertion and deletion, 4-5 times faster for iteration), but the delta is getting smaller as we increase the size. What about nested objects/maps? You might have noticed that I have been only talking about flat objects and maps with only one depth. I did add some depth but I found the performance characteristics stay largely the same as long as the total number of entries are the same, no matter how many levels of nesting we have. For example, with width being 100 and depth being 3, we have a total number of one million entries (100 * 100 * 100). The results are pretty much the same compared to just having 1000000 for width and 1 for depth Memory usage Another important facet of benchmarking is memory utilization. Since I don't have control over the garbage collector in a browser environment, I decided to run benchmarks in Node. I created a little script to measure their respective memory usage with manually triggered full garbage collection in each measurement. Run it with node --expose-gc and I got the following results: { object : { 'string-key' : { '10000' : 3.390625 , '50000' : 19.765625 , '100000' : 16.265625 , '500000' : 71.265625 , '1000000' : 142.015625 } , 'numeric-key' : { '10000' : 1.65625 , '50000' : 8.265625 , '100000' : 16.765625 , '500000' : 72.265625 , '1000000' : 143.515625 } , 'integer-key' : { '10000' : 0.25 , '50000' : 2.828125 , '100000' : 4.90625 , '500000' : 25.734375 , '1000000' : 59.203125 } } , map : { 'string-key' : { '10000' : 1.703125 , '50000' : 6.765625 , '100000' : 14.015625 , '500000' : 61.765625 , '1000000' : 122.015625 } , 'numeric-key' : { '10000' : 0.703125 , '50000' : 3.765625 , '100000' : 7.265625 , '500000' : 33.265625 , '1000000' : 67.015625 } , 'integer-key' : { '10000' : 0.484375 , '50000' : 1.890625 , '100000' : 3.765625 , '500000' : 22.515625 , '1000000' : 43.515625 } } } It is pretty clear that Map consumes less memory than Object by anywhere from 20% to 50%, which is no surprise since Map doesn't store property descriptors such as writable / enumerable / configurable like Object does. Conclusion So what do we take away from all this? Map is faster than Object unless you have small integer, array-indexed keys, and it is more memory-efficient. Use Map if you need a hash map with frequent updates; use Object if you want to a fixed key-value collection (i.e. record), and watch out for pitfalls that come with prototypal inheritance. If you know the details of exactly how V8 optimizes Map or simply want to call out the flaws in my benchmarks, ping me. I'll be happy to update this post based on your information! Notes on browser compatibility Map is an ES6 feature. By now most of us shouldn't be worried about its compatibility unless you are targeting a user base with some niche, old browser. By "old" I mean older than IE 11 because even IE 11 supports Map and at this point IE 11 is dead . We shouldn't be mindlessly transpiling and adding polyfill to target ES5 by default, because not only does it bloat your bundle size, it is also slower to run compared to modern JavaScript. Most importantly, it penalizes 99.999% of your users who use a modern browser. Plus, we don't have to drop support for legacy browsers - serve legacy code via nomodule by serving fallback bundles so that we can avoid degrading the experience of visitors with modern browsers. Refer to Transitioning to modern JavaScript if you need more convincing. The JavaScript language is evolving and the platform keeps getting better at optimizing modern JavaScript. We shouldn't use browser compatibility as an excuse to ignore all the improvements that have been made. 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https://download.videolan.org/pub/libdvbpsi/1.0.0/ | Index of /pub/libdvbpsi/1.0.0/ Index of /pub/libdvbpsi/1.0.0/ ../ libdvbpsi-1.0.0.tar.bz2 28-Dec-2012 10:02 433327 libdvbpsi-1.0.0.tar.bz2.md5 28-Dec-2012 10:02 58 libdvbpsi-1.0.0.tar.bz2.sha256 28-Dec-2012 10:02 90 libdvbpsi-1.0.0.tar.gz 28-Dec-2012 10:02 568364 libdvbpsi-1.0.0.tar.gz.md5 28-Dec-2012 10:02 57 libdvbpsi-1.0.0.tar.gz.sha256 28-Dec-2012 10:02 89 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre2.tar.bz2 24-Sep-2012 14:01 439672 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre2.tar.bz2,md5sum 24-Sep-2012 14:01 63 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre2.tar.bz2.sha256sum 24-Sep-2012 14:01 95 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre2.tar.gz 24-Sep-2012 14:01 566917 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre2.tar.gz.md5sum 24-Sep-2012 14:01 62 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre2.tar.gz.sha256sum 24-Sep-2012 14:01 94 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.bz2 08-Nov-2012 12:03 443019 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.bz2.md5 06-Nov-2012 13:39 63 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.bz2.md5sum 08-Nov-2012 12:03 63 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.bz2.sha256 06-Nov-2012 13:39 95 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.bz2.sha256sum 08-Nov-2012 12:03 95 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.gz 08-Nov-2012 12:03 570828 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.gz.md5 06-Nov-2012 13:39 62 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.gz.md5sum 08-Nov-2012 12:03 62 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.gz.sha256 06-Nov-2012 13:39 94 libdvbpsi-1.0.0_pre3.tar.gz.sha256sum 08-Nov-2012 12:03 94 | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://aws.amazon.com/ar/textract/ | استخرج النصوص والبيانات بذكاء مع تقنية التعرف البصري على الحروف (OCR) - Amazon Textract - Amazon Web Services انتقل إلى المحتوى الرئيسي Filter: الجميع English تواصل معنا AWS Marketplace الدعم حسابي بحث Filter: الجميع تسجيل الدخول إلى وحدة التحكم إنشاء حساب Amazon Textract نظرة عامة الميزات التسعير الموارد الأسئلة الشائعة المزيد المنتجات › التعلم الآلي Machine Learning › Amazon Textract توفر معالجة المستندات الذكية من Amazon عائدًا على الاستثمار بنسبة 73%. أكمل نموذجًا قصيرًا لتنزيل التقرير. Amazon Textract استخراج النص المطبوع والكتابة اليدوية وعناصر التخطيط والبيانات تلقائيًا من أي مستند بدء استخدام Amazon Textract تواصل مع فريق المبيعات ما سبب أهمية Amazon Textract؟ Amazon Textract هي خدمة تعلم آلة (ML) تستخرج النصوص، والكتابة اليدوية، عناصر التخطيط والبيانات تلقائيًا من المستندات الممسوحة ضوئيًا. إنها تفوق خاصية التعرف البصري على الحروف (OCR) البسيطة، حيث إنها تستطيع التعرف على البيانات المحددة وفهمها واستخراجها من المستندات. في الوقت الحالي، تستخرج العديد من الشركات البيانات يدويًا من المستندات الممسوحة ضوئيًا مثل ملفات PDF، والصور، والجداول، والنماذج، أو عن طريق برامج التعرف البصري على الحروف (OCR) البسيطة التي تتطلب تكوينًا يدويًا (والتي غالبًا ما يجب تحديثها عندما يتغير النموذج). وللتغلب على هذه العمليات اليدوية والمكلفة، تستخدم Amazon Textract تعلم الآلة لقراءة أي نوع من المستندات ومعالجته، واستخراج النصوص والكتابة اليدوية والجداول والبيانات الأخرى بدقة بدون أي جهد يدوي. يمكنك استخدام إحدى ميزاتنا المدربة مسبقًا أو المخصصة لأتمتة معالجة المستندات بسرعة، سواء كنت تقوم بأتمتة معالجة القروض أو استخراج المعلومات من الفواتير والإيصالات. يوفر لك Amazon Textract القدرة على تخصيص ميزاتنا المحددة مسبقًا لتلبية احتياجات معالجة المستندات الخاصة بعملك. تستطيع خدمة Amazon Textract استخراج البيانات في مجرّد دقائق قليلة وليس ساعات أو أيام. تشغيل فوائد Amazon Textract تعزيز الكفاءة واتخاذ القرار اعمل على زيادة كفاءة الأعمال واتخاذ القرارات بشكل أسرع مع تقليل التكاليف. الرؤى الرئيسية استخرج الأفكار الرئيسية بدقة عالية من أي مستند تقريبًا. يمكن توسيع نطاقه بسهولة قم بتوسيع أو تقليص مسارات معالجة المستندات للتكيف بسرعة مع متطلبات السوق. أتمتة معالجة البيانات قم بأتمتة معالجة البيانات بأمان مع خصوصية البيانات والتشفير ومعايير الامتثال. حالات الاستخدام الخدمات المالية استخرج بدقة بيانات الأعمال المهمة مثل أسعار الرهن العقاري، وأسماء المتقدمين، وإجماليات الفواتير من مجموعة متنوعة من النماذج المالية لمعالجة طلبات القروض والرهن العقاري في بضع دقائق. الرعاية الصحية وعلوم الحياة قدّم خدمةً أفضل للمرضى وشركات التأمين عن طريق استخراج بيانات المريض المهمة من نماذج المعلومات الصحية، ومطالبات التأمين، ونماذج التفويض المسبق. حافظ على تنظيم البيانات ووضعها في سياقها الأصلي، وتخلّص من المراجعة اليدوية للمخرجات. القطاع العام استخرج البيانات ذات الصلة بسهولة من النماذج ذات الصلة بالحكومة مثل قروض الشركات الصغيرة، ونماذج الضرائب الفيدرالية، وتطبيقات الأعمال التي تتسم بدرجة عالية من الدقة. الخطوات التالية طبقة مجانية جرِّب طبقة AWS المجانية تسجيل الاشتراك للحصول على حساب مجاني وحدة التحكم استكشف Amazon Textract بدء الإنشاء إنشاء حساب AWS التعلُّم ما المقصود بـ AWS؟ ما المقصود بالحوسبة السحابية؟ ما هو الذكاء الاصطناعي المستقل؟ محور مفاهيم الحوسبة السحابية أمان AWS السحابي ما الجديد المدونات التصريحات الصحفية الموارد بدء الاستخدام التدريب مركز ثقة AWS مكتبة حلول AWS مركز التصميم المنتج والأسئلة التقنية الشائعة تقارير المحللين شركاء AWS المطورين مركز البناء والتطوير مجموعات تطوير البرمجيات والأدوات .NET على AWS Python على AWS Java على AWS PHP على AWS JavaScript على AWS المساعدة اتصل بنا قدّم تذكرة لقسم الدعم AWS re:Post مركز المعرفة نظرة عامة حول AWS Support احصل على مساعدة من الخبراء إمكانية الوصول في AWS الشؤون القانونية English العودة للأعلى Amazon جهة عمل تحرص على تحقيق مبدأ تكافؤ الفرص: للأقليات / المرأة / متحدي الإعاقة / المحاربين القدماء / الهوية الجنسية / التوجه الجنسي / السن. x facebook linkedin instagram twitch youtube podcasts email الخصوصية شروط الموقع تفضيلات ملفات تعريف الارتباط حقوق الطبع والنشر © لعام 2026 لصالح شركة Amazon Web Services, Inc. أو الشركات التابعة لها. جميع الحقوق محفوظة. | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/blog/javascript-object-vs-map | When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript 18 de junho de 2022 · Leitura de 17 minutos Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon See discussions on Reddit In JavaScript, objects are handy. They allow us to easily group multiple pieces of data together. After ES6, we got a new addition to the language - Map . In a lot of aspects, it seems like a more capable Object with a somewhat clumsy interface. However, most people still reach for objects when they need a hash map and only switch to using Map when they realize the keys can't just be strings for their use cases. As a result, Map remains underused in today's JavaScript community. In this post, I will break down all the reasons when you should consider using Map more and its performance characteristics with benchmarks. In JavaScript, Object is a pretty broad term. Almost everything can be an object, except for two bottom types - null and undefined . In this blog post, Object only refers to plain old objects, delimited by a left brace { and a right brace } . TL;DR: Use Object for records where you have a fixed and finite number of properties/fields known at author time, such as a config object. And anything that is for one-time use in general. Use Map for dictionaries or hash maps where you have a variable number of entries, with frequent updates, whose keys might not be known at author time, such as an event emitter . According to my benchmarks , unless the keys are strings of small integers, Map is indeed more performant than Object on insertion, deletion and iteration speed, and it consumes less memory than an object of the same size. Why Object falls short of a hash map use case Probably the most obvious downside of using objects for hash maps is that objects only allow keys that are strings and symbols. Any other types will be implicitly cast to string via the toString method. const foo = [ ] ; const bar = { } ; const obj = { [ foo ] : 'foo' , [ bar ] : 'bar' } ; console . log ( obj ) ; // {"": 'foo', [object Object]: 'bar'} More importantly, using objects for hash maps can cause confusion and security hazards . Unwanted inheritance Before ES6, the only way to get a hash map is by creating an empty object. const hashMap = { } ; However, upon creation, this object is no longer empty. Although hashMap is made with an empty object literal, it automatically inherits from Object.prototype . That's why we can invoke methods like hasOwnProperty , toString , constructor on hashMap even though we never explicitly defined those methods on the object. Because of prototypal inheritance, we now have two types of properties conflated: properties that live within the object itself, i.e. its own properties, and properties that live in the prototype chain, i.e. inherited properties. As a result, we need an additional check (e.g. hasOwnProperty ) to make sure a given property is indeed user-provided, as opposed to inherited from the prototype. On top of that, because of how the property resolution mechanism works in JavaScript, any change to Object.prototype at runtime will cause a ripple effect in all objects. This opens the door for prototype pollution attacks , which can be a serious security issue for large JavaScript applications. Fortunately, we can work around this by using Object.create(null) , which makes an object that inherits nothing from Object.prototype . Name collisions When an object's own properties have name collisions with ones on its prototype, it breaks expectations and thus crashes your program. For example, we have a function foo which accepts an object: function foo ( obj ) { //... for ( const key in obj ) { if ( obj . hasOwnProperty ( key ) ) { } } } There is a reliability hazard in obj.hasOwnProperty(key) : given how property resolution mechanism works in JavaScript, if obj contains a user-provided property with the same name hasOwnProperty , that shadows Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty . As a result, we don't know which method is going to get called exactly during runtime. Some defensive programming can be done to prevent this. For example we can "borrow" the "real" hasOwnProperty from Object.prototype instead: function foo ( obj ) { //... for ( const key in obj ) { if ( Object . prototype . hasOwnProperty . call ( obj , key ) ) { // ... } } } A shorter way might be invoking the method on an object literal as in {}.hasOwnProperty.call(key) however it is still pretty cumbersome. That's why there is a newly-added static method Object.hasOwn . Sub-optimal ergonomics Object doesn't provide adequate ergonomics to be used as a hash map. Many common tasks can't be intuitively performed. size Object doesn't come with a handy API to get the size, i.e. the number of properties. And there are nuances to what constitutes the size of an object: if you only care about string, enumerable keys, then you can convert the keys to an array with Object.keys() and get its length . if you want to account for non-enumerable string keys, then you have to use Object.getOwnPropertyNames to get a list of the keys and get its length. if you are interested in symbol keys, you can use getOwnPropertySymbols to reveal the symbol keys. Or you can use Reflect.ownKeys to get both string keys and symbol keys all at once, regardless if it is enumerable or not. All the above options take a runtime complexity of O(n) since we have to construct an array of keys first before we can get its length. iterate Looping through objects suffers from similar complexity. We can use the good old for ... in loop. But it reveals inherited enumerable properties: Object . prototype . foo = 'bar' ; const obj = { id : 1 } ; for ( const key in obj ) { console . log ( key ) ; // 'id', 'foo' } We can't use for ... of with an object since by default it is not an iterable, unless we explicitly define the Symbol.iterator method on it. We can use Object.keys , Object.values and Object.entries to get a list of enumerable, string keys (or/and values) and iterate through that instead, which introduces an extra step with overhead. Finally, the insertion order is infamously not fully respected. In most browsers, integer keys are sorted in ascending order and take precedence over string keys even if the string keys were inserted before the integer keys. const obj = { } ; obj . foo = 'first' ; obj [ 2 ] = 'second' ; obj [ 1 ] = 'last' ; console . log ( obj ) ; // {1: 'last', 2: 'second', foo: 'first'} clear There is no easy way to remove all properties from an object, you have to delete each property one by one with the delete operator, which has been historically known to be slow. However, my benchmarks show that its performance is actually not an order-of-magnitude slower than Map.prototype.delete . More on that later. check property existence Finally, we can't rely on the dot/bracket notation to check for existence of an property because the value itself could be set as undefined . Instead we have to use Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty or Object.hasOwn . const obj = { a : undefined } ; Object . hasOwn ( obj , 'a' ) ; // true Map for Hash Map ES6 brings us Map . It is much more suited for a hash map use case. First of all, unlike Object , which only allows keys that are strings and symbols, Map supports keys of any data type. However if you are using Map to store meta-data for objects, then you should use WeakMap instead to avoid memory leak. But more importantly, Map provides a clean separation between user-defined and built-in program data, at the expense of an additional Map.prototype.get to retrieve entries. Map also provides better ergonomics: A Map is an iterable by default. That means you can iterate a map easily with for ... of , and do things like using nested destructuring to pull out the first entry from a map. const [ [ firstKey , firstValue ] ] = map ; In contrast to Object , Map provides dedicated APIs for various common tasks: Map.prototype.has checks for the existence of a given entry, less awkward compared to having to Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty / Object.hasOwn on objects. Map.prototype.get returns the value associated to the provided key. One might feel this is clunkier than the dot notation or the bracket notation on objects. Nevertheless it provides a clean separation between user data and built-in method. Map.prototype.size returns the number of entries in a Map and it is a clear winner over the maneuvers you have to perform to get an object's size. Besides, it is much faster. Map.prototype.clear removes all the entries in a Map and it much faster than the delete operator. Performance extravaganza There seems to be a common belief among JavaScript community that Map is faster than Object , for the most part. There are people who claimed to see noticeable performance gains by switching from Object to Map . My experience of grinding LeetCode seems to confirm this belief: LeetCode feeds a huge amount of data as the test cases to your solution and it times out if your solution is taking too long. Questions like this only times out if you use Object , but not on Map . However, I believe just saying " Map is faster than Object " is reductive. There must be some nuance that I wanted to find out myself. Therefore. I built a little app to run some benchmarks. Important Disclaimer I don't claim to fully understand how V8 works under the hood to optimize Map despite my many attempts to read blog posts and peek into the C++ source code. Perfectly robust benchmarking is hard, and most of us have never gone through any form of training in either benchmarking or interpreting the results. The more benchmarking I do the more it felt like a story about blind men and an elephant . So take everything I'm saying here about performance with a grain of salt. You'll need to test such changes with your application in a production environment to know for sure if there are actual performance gains from using Map s over Object s. Benchmarking implementation details The app has a table that shows the insertion, iteration, and deletion speed measured on Object and Map . The performances of insertion and iteration are measured in operations per second. I wrote a utility function measureFor that runs the target function repeatedly until the specified minimal amount of time threshold (i.e. the duration input field on the UI) has been reached. It returns the average number of times such a function is executed per second. function measureFor ( f , duration ) { let iterations = 0 ; const now = performance . now ( ) ; let elapsed = 0 ; while ( elapsed < duration ) { f ( ) ; elapsed = performance . now ( ) - now ; iterations ++ ; } return ( ( iterations / elapsed ) * 1000 ) . toFixed ( 4 ) ; } As for deletion, I am simply going to measure the time taken for using the delete operator to remove all properties from an objects and compare it with the time with Map.prototype.delete for a Map of the same size. I could use Map.prototype.clear but it defeats the purpose of the benchmarks as I know for sure it is going to be vastly faster. In these three operations, I pay more attention to insertion since it tends to be the most common operation I perform in my day-to-day work. For iteration performance, it is hard to come up with an all-encompassing benchmarks as there are many different variants of iteration we can perform on a given object. Here I am only measuring the for ... in loop. I used three types of keys here: strings, e.g. yekwl7caqejth7aawelo4 . integer strings, e.g. 123 . numeric strings generated by Math.random().toString() , e.g. 0.4024025689756525 . All keys are randomly generated so we don't hit the inline-cache implemented by V8. I also explicitly convert integer and numeric keys to strings using toString before adding them to objects to avoid the overhead of implicitly casting. Lastly, before the benchmark begins, there is also a warmup phase for at least 100ms where we repeatedly create new objects and maps that are discarded right away. I put the code on CodeSandbox if you want to play with it. I started with Object and Map with a size of 100 properties/entries, all the way to 5000000, and had each type of operations keep running for 10000ms to see how they performed against each other. Here are my findings... Why do we stop when the number of entries reaches 5000000? Because this is about as big as an object can get in JavaScript. According to @jmrk , a V8 engineer who is active on StackOverflow, "if the keys are strings, a regular object becomes unusably slow after ~8.3M elements (for which there is a technical reason: a certain bit field being 23 bits wide and taking a very slow fallback path when exceeded).". string keys Generally speaking, when keys are (non-numeric) string, Map outperforms Object on all operations. But the nuance is that when the number of entries is not really huge (under 100000), Map is twice as fast as Object on insertion speed, but as the size grows over 100000, the performance gap starts to shrink. I made some graphs to better illustrate my findings. The above graph shows how insertion rate drops (y-axis) as the number of entries increased (x-axis). However because the x-axis expands too wide (from 100 to 1000000), it is hard to tell the gap between these two lines. I then used logarithmic scale to process the data and made the graph below. You can clearly tell the two lines are converging. I made another graph plotting how much faster Map is in relation to Object on insertion speed. You can see Map starts out being about 2 times faster than Object . Then over time the performance gap starts to shrink. Eventually Map is only 30% faster as the size grows to 5000000. Most of us will never have more than 1 million entries in an object or map though. With a size of a few hundreds or thousands of entries, Map is at least twice as performant as Object . Therefore, should we leave it at that and head over to start refactoring our codebase by going all in on Map ? Absolutely not... or at least not with an expectation that our app becomes 2 times faster. Remember we haven't explored other types of keys. Let's take a look at integer keys. integer keys The reason I specifically want to run benchmarks on objects with integer keys is that V8 internally optimizes integer-indexed properties and store them in a separate array that can be accessed linearly and consecutively. I can't find any resources confirming it employs the same kind of optimization for Map s though. Let's first try integer keys in the range of [0, 1000]. As I expected, Object outperform Map this time. They are 65% faster than maps for insertion speed and 16% faster to iterate. Let's widen the range so that the maximum integer in the keys is 1200. It seems like now Map s are starting to get a little faster than objects for insertion and 5 times faster for iteration. Now that we only increased the integer keys' range, not the actual size of Object and Map . Let's bump up the size to see how that affects the performances. When a size of 1000 properties, Object ends up being 70% faster than Map for insertion and 2 times slower for iteration. I played with a bunch of different combinations of Object / Map sizes and integer key ranges and failed to come up with a clear pattern. But the general trend I am seeing is that, for as the size grows, with some relative small integer being the keys, objects can be more performant than Map s in terms of insertion, always roughly the same as to deletion and 4 or 5 times slower to iterate. The threshold of max integer keys at which objects start to be slower for insertion grows with the size of the objects. For example, when the object only has 100 entries, the threshold is 1200; when it has 10000 entries, the threshold seems to be around 24000. numeric keys Lastly, let's take a look at the last type of keys - numeric keys. Technically, the previously integer keys are also numeric. Here numeric keys specifically refer to the numeric strings generated by Math.random().toString() . The results are similar to those string-key cases: Map s start off as much faster than objects (2 times faster for insertion and deletion, 4-5 times faster for iteration), but the delta is getting smaller as we increase the size. What about nested objects/maps? You might have noticed that I have been only talking about flat objects and maps with only one depth. I did add some depth but I found the performance characteristics stay largely the same as long as the total number of entries are the same, no matter how many levels of nesting we have. For example, with width being 100 and depth being 3, we have a total number of one million entries (100 * 100 * 100). The results are pretty much the same compared to just having 1000000 for width and 1 for depth Memory usage Another important facet of benchmarking is memory utilization. Since I don't have control over the garbage collector in a browser environment, I decided to run benchmarks in Node. I created a little script to measure their respective memory usage with manually triggered full garbage collection in each measurement. Run it with node --expose-gc and I got the following results: { object : { 'string-key' : { '10000' : 3.390625 , '50000' : 19.765625 , '100000' : 16.265625 , '500000' : 71.265625 , '1000000' : 142.015625 } , 'numeric-key' : { '10000' : 1.65625 , '50000' : 8.265625 , '100000' : 16.765625 , '500000' : 72.265625 , '1000000' : 143.515625 } , 'integer-key' : { '10000' : 0.25 , '50000' : 2.828125 , '100000' : 4.90625 , '500000' : 25.734375 , '1000000' : 59.203125 } } , map : { 'string-key' : { '10000' : 1.703125 , '50000' : 6.765625 , '100000' : 14.015625 , '500000' : 61.765625 , '1000000' : 122.015625 } , 'numeric-key' : { '10000' : 0.703125 , '50000' : 3.765625 , '100000' : 7.265625 , '500000' : 33.265625 , '1000000' : 67.015625 } , 'integer-key' : { '10000' : 0.484375 , '50000' : 1.890625 , '100000' : 3.765625 , '500000' : 22.515625 , '1000000' : 43.515625 } } } It is pretty clear that Map consumes less memory than Object by anywhere from 20% to 50%, which is no surprise since Map doesn't store property descriptors such as writable / enumerable / configurable like Object does. Conclusion So what do we take away from all this? Map is faster than Object unless you have small integer, array-indexed keys, and it is more memory-efficient. Use Map if you need a hash map with frequent updates; use Object if you want to a fixed key-value collection (i.e. record), and watch out for pitfalls that come with prototypal inheritance. If you know the details of exactly how V8 optimizes Map or simply want to call out the flaws in my benchmarks, ping me. I'll be happy to update this post based on your information! Notes on browser compatibility Map is an ES6 feature. By now most of us shouldn't be worried about its compatibility unless you are targeting a user base with some niche, old browser. By "old" I mean older than IE 11 because even IE 11 supports Map and at this point IE 11 is dead . We shouldn't be mindlessly transpiling and adding polyfill to target ES5 by default, because not only does it bloat your bundle size, it is also slower to run compared to modern JavaScript. Most importantly, it penalizes 99.999% of your users who use a modern browser. Plus, we don't have to drop support for legacy browsers - serve legacy code via nomodule by serving fallback bundles so that we can avoid degrading the experience of visitors with modern browsers. Refer to Transitioning to modern JavaScript if you need more convincing. The JavaScript language is evolving and the platform keeps getting better at optimizing modern JavaScript. We shouldn't use browser compatibility as an excuse to ignore all the improvements that have been made. Follow me on Twitter Marcadores: front end javascript interview object map Postagem mais antiga Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://xania.org/201609/how-compiler-explorer-runs-on-amazon | How it works: Compiler Explorer — Matt Godbolt’s blog Matt Godbolt's blog Menu Tags AI Amusing Stuff AoCO2025 Blog Coding Compiler Explorer Emulation Games Microarchitecture New Zealand Trip Personal Python Rants Rust WeeBox Project Archive AI Amusing Stuff AoCO2025 Blog Coding Compiler Explorer Emulation Games Microarchitecture New Zealand Trip Personal Python Rants Rust WeeBox Project About About me Contact me How it works: Compiler Explorer I’ve been running Compiler Explorer for over four years now, and a lot has changed in that time. In addition to C++, it now supports Go , Rust and D . It scales up and down to support demand. It has many different compilers, many self-built. I’ve been asked by a couple of people recently how everything works, and so I thought I’d put some notes down here, in case it should help anyone else considering something similar. In brief: Compiler Explorer runs on some Amazon EC2 instances, behind a load-balancer. DNS routes to the load balancer, which then picks one of the instances to actually send the request to. In fairness, most of the time I only have one instance running, but during rolling updates (and high load) I can have two or so. The number of instances running is controlled by some Amazon alerts based on CPU load: as CPU load on the instances goes up, more are added. The autoscaling stuff is something I only put in after I got “ Hacker News ed” (the new Slashdot ted) a few times: it’s nice to stay up even if you get a 30x traffic spike! Spot the Hacker News posts... The EC2 instances boot up a custom AMI (Amazon machine instance image) I prepare offline. That AMI has a base Ubuntu, plus Docker and a bunch of web server stuff. It’s configured to boot up and then pull down some Docker images from a private repository. These images are the “VMs” for each of the sites (two for gcc.godbolt.org, d.godbolt.org, rust.godbolt.org and go.godbolt.org). Each contains either Ubuntu or Alpine Linux with node.js and a bunch of compilers. The reason for Docker (basically extremely lightweight VMs) is manyfold, even though I dislike the tooling it provides: I can make and test Docker images locally. Then I can be sure the exact same code/binary/etc will be running on the EC2 instance. No funny “missing shared object” errors in the compilers, or other misconfigurations. The Docker container is even more restricted than the EC2 instance it runs in: should someone find a remote exploit then at best they can fiddle with the contents of that (ephemeral) container and not actually do any lasting damage. I have some compilers which only want to install on “Ubuntu 12.04” (an ancient version). A “12.04” docker instance is enough to get them installed without issue. This is why there’s two gcc.godbolt.org Docker containers: one is only there to provide a host for the few compilers I can only find for Ubuntu 12.04 The drawbacks are: Docker’s clunkiness. As I’ve learnt more about how to use Docker, this is less and less of an issue: perhaps it was never really an issue at all but instead me misuing it. But I’ve always felt a bit like the Dockerfile you write is hard to maintain. I have to use some Makefile trickery to prevent having to repeat parts of the Dockerfile amongst each of the containers. The images I build are pretty large (2GBish). That said: they used to be ~10GB each…that meant a long boot-up and build time for the AMI. For speed of booting new instances I build in the most recent Docker images into each AMI. The reason they’ve dropped in size recently is I’ve started migrating the compilers I can build myself to EFS : Amazon’s cloud filesystem. Basically it appears like an NFS mount and I put the majority (8GBish) of compilers there now, then mount that read-only into each docker container. When locally testing, I put the same data in the same place ( /opt/gcc-explorer ) but it’s stored locally and not on EFS. On the EC2 instance itself I run nginx . nginx is configured to route traffic to each of the sites to ports 10240, 10241, 10242 etc (where each site’s node.js listens). This allows all my sites to live on the same box(es). nginx also serves up my static content, like this blog and the jsbeeb website. To build the AMI I use packer , which remote-controls an EC2 instance, running all the commands I need to set it up, then does a snapshot to build an AMI. The Docker images are built using Dockerfile s with some Makefile stuff to script everything up. That all runs locally; I can test that as I said before before pushing the images. To do upgrades I actually just start up a fresh instance: as the instance boots it picks up the latest of everything (via some scripts it runs on bootup). Then I wait for it to become “healthy” (i.e. the load balancer internal checks for it to pass) and then I kill the old instance. This gives me a fresh-start VM, plus it also tests the scale-up/scale-down behaviour. It also means the site stays up during upgrades. The updates are all triggered by GitHub checkin hooks: if I check in to a “release” branch, then the whole process is driven automatically. Which is pretty cool. All of this stuff is actually available in a very messy repo on GitHub , including the packer configuration, the Docker files, the Makefile I use to drive the whole show, the GitHub hook (I run on my home computer), the scripts I use to build compilers and update the EFS…the whole lot. It’s totally undocumented but picking through there may give some further clues as to what’s going on. Compiler Explorer started out as me manually running a single instance with no load balancer: I’d just ssh on and git pull to upgrade. As things grew and I wanted to be be less susceptible to accidentally breaking it I automated more and more. It’s taken many years to get to this level of sophistication – indeed the EFS only went in last weekend. I’m pretty happy with how it now works. Permalink Filed under: Coding Compiler Explorer Posted at 10:00:00 CDT on 4 th September 2016. About Matt Godbolt Matt Godbolt is a C++ developer living in Chicago. He works for Hudson River Trading on super fun but secret things. He is one half of the Two's Complement podcast. Follow him on Mastodon or Bluesky . Copyright 2007-2026 Matt Godbolt. Unless otherwise stated, all content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License . This blog is powered by the MalcBlogSystem by Malcolm Rowe . Note: This is my personal website. The views expressed on these pages are mine alone and not those of my employer. | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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In particular, you WILL NOT: register for more than one account with us without written authorization; perform any task with the use of Internet bots, web robots, bots, scripts, or any other form of artificial intelligence or otherwise attempt to pass challenges from IMI or any Requester or Integrator without completing tasks as they are described; provide any false information while using this website (including without limitation impersonating any other person or organization in your account, or falsely stating or otherwise misrepresenting yourself or your affiliation with any other person or organization in your account; access or attempt to access our website through any proxy web server or other device designed to obfuscate your true location or identity or by any means other than the interface provided; use the website for any illegal activity, or for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was made available; engage in activity that interferes with or disrupts the functioning of the site; insert, upload, or attach malicious or unknown external links or files, or upload any content that contains a virus, Trojan horse, worm, time bomb, or other harmful computer code; Upload any content subject to copyright that is not your original work, unless you have permission from the rightful owner to post such content and to grant IMI all of the licensed rights granted herein; engage in spamming or post any kind of publicity, attempt to get referrals, mass communication, money offers or requests, solicitation of services, advertising, marketing, nonsense messages, duplicated topics, illegal content, social website links, e-mail addresses, or instant messenger IDs unless required by the task; insert external links that offer goods or services unless required by the task; otherwise engage in any malicious or fraudulent activity. 8. Verifying your Identity IMI may verify your identity. This may include comparing your personal information against third party databases or official legal documents. You authorize us to make any inquiries necessary to confirm your identity, your ownership of your email address, and your ownership of your financial accounts. You agree to provide information about you to assist us in verifying your identity. 9. Compliance with the Law You alone are responsible for complying with federal, state, provincial, and local laws in connection with your use of the Services. You agree to indemnify and hold us harmless for any claims against us because you failed to comply with any law or violated any third party rights, including without limitation contractual, intellectual property, or privacy rights. 10. Contributor or Integrator Taxes If you are a Contributor or Integrator, you alone are responsible for payment of any estimated or other federal, state, or local income taxes, social security, FICA, and workers' compensation owed as a result of use of our website, as well as similar taxes or charges in non-U.S. jurisdictions. You agree to indemnify and hold us harmless for any assessments against us because you failed to comply with any tax laws. 11. Violation of These Terms of Service We may suspend, limit, or cancel your access to the Services at any time for any reason, including because: (a) we believe you have violated these Terms of Service (including other related policies); (b) we believe you have violated our rights or the rights of any third party; (c) we are unable to verify or authenticate information you have provided to us; or (d) we believe your actions may create liabilities for you, us, or a third party. For the avoidance of doubt, we reserve the right to prevent or suspend payment to you if we reasonably believe that any of the foregoing applies to such payment. If we suspend or terminate your account, you will no longer have access to any parts of the website, including data, messages, files, and other material you keep on the site. You may NOT continue to use our website under a different or new account name. Violations of these Terms of Service may be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law and may result in additional penalties and sanctions. 12. Contributor's Role and Relationship with IMI and Other Requesters If you are a Contributor, you and only you decide which and how many tasks to complete, and when and where you complete them. You are free to spend as much or as little time completing tasks as you choose. At no time are you under any obligation to complete a task. If you are a Contributor who accesses the Services and/or performs tasks through or in connection with an Integrator on behalf of a Requester that is not IMI, then you agree and acknowledge that Intuition Machines is not liable for and has no obligation to you with respect to any rewards or other compensation for completed tasks. You agree and acknowledge that any rewards or other compensation for completed tasks is determined solely in accordance with your agreement with the Requester and/or the Integrator, as applicable. Any disputes over such rewards or other compensation (including without limitation failure to receive such rewards or other compensation) are solely between you and the Requester and/or the Integrator, as applicable. Neither your use of our website nor anything in this agreement creates an employment, partnership, joint venture, agency, franchise, or sales representative relationship between you and Intuition Machines. We do not provide you with any equipment or tools to complete a task. We do not provide you any benefits, workers' compensation, or insurance coverage. We are not responsible for any expenses you incur in using our website. We will not withhold any amount from your reward for federal or state income tax, Social Security, or any other tax. You are free at all times to perform tasks for any person or business, including any of our competitors. You do not have the authority to enter into any contract, written or oral, on behalf of Intuition Machines. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you are a U.S. taxpayer we may request from you a W-9, to be updated annually, and we may bar you from performing tasks until you have completed or updated a W-9. If you are a Contributor who accesses the Services and/or performs tasks through or in connection with an Integrator on behalf of Intuition Machines (acting as a Requester), Intuition Machines may reward you for acceptable completion of certain tasks. In the event you are found to have engaged in fraud, abuse, or violation of these Terms of Service, any and all rewards to you may be withheld and/or recovered by Intuition Machines. 13. Unacceptable Completion of Tasks If, for any reason, the Requester does not accept performance of a task you completed, you as a Contributor or Integrator will not be entitled to any reward for the task. In the event that rewards were already dispersed to you for an unacceptably completed task, we may recover them from you. 14. Contributor Qualifications and Skills By performing tasks, you may accrue qualifications and skills, which we will grant in our discretion. We reserve the right to create, edit, or revoke your qualifications and skills at any time, for any reason or no reason at all. Because we do not discriminate on the basis of national origin, race, color, gender, sexual orientation, or any other class protected by law, you will have the same opportunity as any other Contributor to achieve access to tasks as your qualifications and skills accumulate. As a Contributor, if you believe that problematic test questions have affected your qualifications, skills, or rewards, you may provide well-supported contentions describing of problematic test questions via the task interface or via a ticket in our support system, for example via email at support@hcaptcha.com. 15. Our Use of Information By performing tasks on our website, you authorize the collection, use, and disclosure of your personal information in accordance with our Privacy Policy. In addition, we may share certain information about you and your completed tasks to the Requester whose tasks you have completed to facilitate the service relationship and improve the website, including, for example, Contributor ID, results of completed tasks, and other attributes related to your qualifications, languages, skills, and use of the website. 16. Intellectual Property and Proprietary Rights IMI owns all rights, including intellectual property rights, in the source code, object code or underlying structure, ideas or algorithms, API, and any additional software, documentation or data related to the Services ("Software"). You will not, directly or indirectly, via a third party or otherwise: (a) reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to discover the Software; (b) modify, translate, or create derivative works based on any Software; (c) copy, rent, lease, distribute, pledge, assign, or otherwise transfer or encumber rights to any Software; (d) use any Software for timesharing, service bureau purposes, or otherwise for the benefit of a third party; or (e) remove any proprietary notices or labels. If you are a Contributor, IMI, and not you, has proprietary rights in any work you produce as part of completing any task. By accepting the terms of this Agreement you agree to (and hereby do) transfer possession, ownership, and title (including all intellectual property rights existing throughout the world) in and to your work to us. To ensure that we are able to acquire, perfect, and use such rights, you further agree to (i) sign any documents to assist in the documentation, perfection and enforcement of our rights; and (ii) provide reasonable access to information for recording, perfecting, securing, defending, and enforcing such proprietary rights in any and all countries. Your obligations under this section will continue even after you deregister from or cease use of the Services. You appoint us as your attorney-in-fact to execute documents on your behalf for the purposes set forth in this section. 17. Copyright and TakeDown IMI respects the intellectual property of others and we reserve the right to remove from our site any material that we believe may violate the intellectual rights of any third party. If you believe that your own work has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement on this website, please contact Intuition Machines customer support. 18. Indemnification You agree to indemnify, defend, and hold us harmless from any and all claims, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees and costs), arising from or relating to your performance of tasks or your use of our website. 19. Disputes with Other Users; Release IMI is not a party to any dispute between you and any another user of the Services. You release IMI and its affiliates from any and all claims, demands, and damages of every kind and nature, known and unknown, suspected and unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, arising out of or connected with any dispute between you and another user. 20. Confidential Information You Receive Confidential information is any information that is marked as confidential or proprietary, or which should reasonably be understood by the receiving party to be confidential or proprietary. This does not include any information that is (1) publicly available, (2) already in the possession of, developed independently by, or already known to the receiving party, or (3) has been disclosed by court order or as otherwise required by law. If you are provided with confidential information from anyone on the Services, you agree to protect the secrecy of the confidential information with the same degree of care you use to protect your own confidential information, but in no event with less than due care. You may not disclose or publish any such confidential or proprietary information, except as may be necessary for performance of a task. All information within a task on the Intuition Machines Platform should be considered as confidential even if the information is not expressly designated as confidential. If and when you no longer need the confidential information you received, you must promptly return or destroy (as requested by whoever disclosed the information) all copies of the information that exist on the premises, systems, or other equipment you control. Because disclosing confidential information may cause irreparable harm, the disclosing party is entitled to seek injunctive relief for any breach or threatened breach of this term. 21. Website Modifications We may improve or modify our website without notice to you. 22. Third-Party Websites Our website may contain links to third-party websites. We do not control, investigate, monitor, or check such websites. We are not responsible for nor do we endorse the computer programs, content, or opinions contained on such websites. If you decide to leave our website and access any third-party website, you do so at your own risk. 23. Disclaimer of Warranty THE SERVICES ARE PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS. WE MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, IMPLIED OR EXPRESS, WITH REGARD TO ACCESSIBILITY, FITNESS, LAWFULNESS, AVAILABILITY, OR FUNCTIONALITY OF THE SERVICES, ANY RELATED SOFTWARE OR MATERIALS, THE TASKS, OR ANY ACTIVITIES OR ITEMS RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, IMI DISCLAIMS ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. YOUR SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AGAINST IMI WITH RESPECT TO ANY DEFECTS, NON-CONFORMANCES, OR DISSATISFACTION IS TO CEASE USE OF THE SERVICES We will have no responsibility for any harm to your computer system, loss or corruption of data, or other harm that results from your access to or use of the website or Intuition Machines Platform. Scheduled and unscheduled interruptions may occur, and we do not warrant uninterrupted availability of our website. 24. Limitation of Liability IN NO EVENT WILL WE BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, EXEMPLARY OR INDIRECT COSTS OR DAMAGES, LITIGATION COSTS, INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL COSTS, OR LOSS OF DATA, PRODUCTION OR PROFIT. THE LIABILITY OF IMI FOR ANY CLAIM ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED THE GREATER OF: (A) U.S. $2,500; AND (B) ANY FEES RETAINED BY IMI WITH RESPECT TO SERVICES PURCHASED BY YOU. THESE LIMITATIONS SHALL APPLY TO ANY LIABILITY ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OF ACTION WHATSOEVER, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH COSTS OR DAMAGES AND EVEN IF THE LIMITED REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN FAIL OF THEIR ESSENTIAL PURPOSE. 25. Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Agreement By agreeing to these Terms, you agree that you are required to resolve any claim that you may have against IMI on an individual basis in binding arbitration as set forth in this Arbitration Agreement, and not as a class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass and/or representative action. Binding arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing binding arbitration, you and IMI are opting for a private dispute resolution procedure where you agree to accept the arbitrator's decision as final instead of going to court. You and IMI are each waiving your right to a jury trial. This Arbitration Agreement will preclude you from bringing any class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative action against IMI, and also preclude you from participating in or recovering relief in any current or future class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass and/or representative action brought against IMI by someone else - except as provided below in Section 25(a)(3)(c). Thus, the parties agree that the Arbitrator shall not conduct any form of class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative arbitration, nor join, coordinate, or consolidate claims of multiple individuals against IMI in a single proceeding - except as provided below in Section 25(a)(3)(c). For the avoidance of doubt, except as provided below in Section 25(a)(3)(c), this Arbitration Agreement precludes you from bringing or participating in any kind of class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative or other kind of group, multi-plaintiff or joint action against IMI, other than participating in a classwide, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative settlement of claims. (a) Agreement to Binding Arbitration Between You and IMI. (1) Covered Disputes: Except as expressly provided below in Section 25(b) ("Exceptions to Arbitration"), you and IMI agree that any dispute, claim, or controversy in any way arising out of or relating to (i) these Terms and prior versions of these Terms, or the existence, breach, termination, enforcement, interpretation, scope, waiver, or validity thereof; (ii) your access to or use of the Services at any time; (iii) incidents resulting in any harm to you or anyone else that you allege occurred in connection with your use of the Services (including, but not limited to, your use of the Services on any website), regardless of whether the dispute, claim, or controversy occurred or accrued before or after the date you agreed to these Terms, and regardless of whether you allege that the harm was experienced by you or anyone else; and (iv) your relationship with IMI, will be settled by binding individual arbitration between you and IMI, and not in a court of law. This Arbitration Agreement survives after your relationship with IMI ends. (2) Class Action Waiver: Any and all disputes, claims, or controversies between the parties shall be resolved only in individual arbitration. The parties expressly waive the right to have any dispute, claim, or controversy brought, heard, administered, resolved, or arbitrated as a class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, and/or representative action, and neither an arbitrator nor an arbitration provider shall have any authority to hear, arbitrate, or administer any class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, and/or representative action, or to award relief to anyone but the individual in arbitration. The parties also expressly waive the right to seek, recover, or obtain any non-individual relief. Notwithstanding anything else in this agreement, this Class Action Waiver does not prevent you or IMI from participating in a classwide, collective, and/or representative settlement of claims. The parties further agree that if for any reason a claim does not proceed in arbitration, this Class Action Waiver shall remain in effect, and a court may not preside over any action joining, coordinating, or consolidating the claims of multiple individuals against IMI in a single proceeding, except that this Class Action Waiver shall not prevent you or IMI from participating in a classwide, collective, and/or representative settlement of claims. If there is a final judicial determination that any portion of this Class Action Waiver is unenforceable or unlawful for any reason, (i) any class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, and/or representative claims subject to the unenforceable or unlawful portion(s) shall proceed in a court of competent jurisdiction; (ii) the portion of the Class Action Waiver that is enforceable shall be enforced in arbitration; (iii) the unenforceable or unlawful portion(s) shall be severed from this Arbitration Agreement; and (iv) severance of the unenforceable or unlawful portion(s) shall have no impact whatsoever on the enforceability, applicability, or validity of the Arbitration Agreement or the arbitrability of any remaining claims asserted by you or IMI. (3) Mass Actions: a. Mass Action Waiver: Any and all disputes, claims, or controversies between the parties shall be resolved only in individual arbitration. The parties expressly waive the right to have any dispute, claim, or controversy brought, heard, administered, resolved, or arbitrated as a mass action, and neither an arbitrator nor an arbitration provider shall have any authority to hear, arbitrate, or administer any mass action or to award relief to anyone but the individual in arbitration - except as provided below in Section 25(a)(3)(c). The parties also expressly waive the right to seek, recover, or obtain any non-individual relief. The parties agree that the definition of a "Mass Action" includes, but is not limited to, instances in which you or IMI are represented by a law firm or collection of law firms that has filed five (5) or more arbitration demands of a substantially similar nature against the other party within 180 days of the arbitration demand filed on your or IMI's behalf, and the law firm or collection of law firms seeks to simultaneously or collectively administer and/or arbitrate all the arbitration demands in the aggregate. Notwithstanding anything else in this agreement, this Mass Action Waiver does not prevent you or IMI from participating in a mass settlement of claims. b. Dispute Procedure: Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the applicable arbitration provider's rules, the arbitrator shall be empowered to determine whether the party bringing any claim has filed a Mass Action in violation of the Mass Action Waiver. Either party shall raise with the arbitrator or arbitration provider such a dispute within 15 days of its arising. If such a dispute arises before an arbitrator has been appointed, the parties agree that (i) a panel of three arbitrators shall be appointed to resolve only disputes concerning whether the party bringing any claim has filed a Mass Action in violation of the Mass Action Waiver. Each party shall select one arbitrator from the arbitration provider's roster to serve as a neutral arbitrator, and these arbitrators shall appoint a third neutral arbitrator. If the parties' arbitrators cannot agree on a third arbitrator, the arbitration provider will select the third arbitrator; (ii) IMI shall pay any administrative fees or costs incidental to the appointment of Arbitrators under this provision, as well as any fees or costs that would not be incurred in a court proceeding, such as payment of the fees of the arbitrators, as well as room rental; (iii) the arbitrators shall issue a written decision with findings of fact and conclusions of law; and (iv) any further arbitration proceedings or assessment of arbitration-related fees shall be stayed pending the arbitrators' resolution of the parties' dispute. If the arbitrator or panel of arbitrators determines that you have violated the Mass Action Waiver, the parties shall have the opportunity to opt out of arbitration within 30 days of the arbitrator's or panel of arbitrator's decision. You may opt out of arbitration by providing written notice of your intention to opt out to the arbitration provider and to Intuition Machines, Inc., legal@imachines.com via email. This written notice must be signed by you, and not any attorney, agent, or other representative of yours. IMI may opt out of arbitration by sending written notice of its intention to opt out to the arbitration provider and to you or your attorney, agent, or representative if you are represented. For the avoidance of doubt, the ability to opt out of arbitration described in this Section 25(a)(3)(b) only applies if the arbitrator or panel of arbitrators determines that you have violated the Mass Action Waiver. If the parties proceed with arbitration, the parties agree that arbitrations will be batched as provided in Section 25(a)(3)(c) below. c. Batching: i. To increase efficiency of resolution in the event a Mass Action is filed and neither party exercises its right to opt out of arbitration pursuant to Section 25(a)(3)(b) above, the following procedure shall apply. At the request of either party, an arbitrator shall be selected according to the applicable arbitration provider's rules to act as a special master ("Special Master") to resolve threshold disputes regarding the propriety of some or all the arbitration demands submitted in the Mass Action ("Mass Arbitration Demands"). These threshold disputes may include, but are not limited to: 1. Any dispute regarding filing fees owed with respect to the Mass Arbitration Demands, including whether claimants have submitted valid fee waivers; 2. Any dispute regarding whether the applicable arbitration provider has complied with the Arbitration Agreement with respect to processing and administering the Mass Arbitration Demands; 3. Any dispute regarding whether the Mass Arbitration Demands meet the requirements set forth in Section 25(d) below; 4. Whether claimants are barred from proceeding with their claims based on a prior settlement agreement, violation of these Terms, or expiration of the statute of limitations; 5. Any dispute relating to representation of the same claimant by multiple law firms; 6. Any dispute regarding whether the Mass Arbitration Demands were filed with the correct arbitration provider; 7. Any dispute regarding discovery common to all claims; and 8. Any disputes regarding legal or factual issues common to all claims. Any such request shall be made within 15 days following the expiration of the opt-out period described in Section 25(a)(3)(b), and may be made by providing written notice to the arbitration provider. Upon the request of either party to appoint a Special Master to resolve the foregoing issues, the applicable arbitration provider shall refrain from further processing any of the Mass Arbitration Demands to which a dispute has been raised. No further payment for filing fees, administrative costs, or arbitrator fees shall be deemed due with respect to any of the Mass Arbitration Demands as to which a dispute has been raised until after the dispute(s) has/have been resolved by the Special Master. IMI shall be responsible for the applicable arbitration provider's and Special Master's fees and costs related to the proceedings before the Special Master. A Special Master appointed pursuant to this procedure shall have no authority to consolidate cases. ii. After proceedings before the Special Master have concluded, to the extent any of the Mass Arbitration Demands are permitted to proceed, the parties shall group the Mass Arbitration Demands into batches of no more than 100 demands per batch by state of residence, and then alphabetically by last name (plus, to the extent there are less than 100 arbitration demands left over after the batching described above, a final batch consisting of the remaining demands), and shall inform the arbitration provider of the batches and their compositions within 14 days of the conclusion of proceedings before the Special Master. The arbitration provider shall treat each batch of claims as one case, with each case having one demand for arbitration, one appointed arbitrator, and one set of administrative documents and administrative and filing fees per batch. The parties shall randomly assign sequential numbers to each batch, and only one batch shall proceed to arbitration at a time in the order of the random sequential numbers. A separate arbitrator will be appointed to, and administrative and filing fees assessed for, each batch as the batch proceeds to arbitration. You agree to cooperate in good faith with IMI and the arbitration provider to implement such a batch approach to resolution and fees. Nothing in this provision shall be construed as limiting the right to object that the filing or presentation of multiple arbitration demands by or with the assistance of the same law firm or organization violates any term of this Agreement. iii. If any Mass Arbitration Demands were originally processed as individual arbitration demands before this batching procedure was commenced, further proceedings, including the assessment of further arbitration filing or administration fees to either party shall be governed by the procedures set forth in this Section 25(a)(3). (4) Delegation Clause: Only an arbitrator, and not any federal, state, or local court or agency, shall have exclusive authority to resolve any dispute arising out of or relating to the interpretation, applicability, enforceability, or formation of this Arbitration Agreement, including without limitation any claim that all or any part of this Arbitration Agreement is void or voidable. An arbitrator shall also have exclusive authority to resolve all threshold arbitrability issues, including issues relating to whether these Terms are applicable, unconscionable, or illusory and any defense to arbitration, including without limitation waiver, delay, laches, or estoppel. However, only a court of competent jurisdiction, and not an arbitrator, shall have the exclusive authority to resolve any and all disputes arising out of or relating to the Class Action Waiver and Mass Action Waiver, including, but not limited to, any claim that all or part of the Class Action Waiver and/or Mass Action Waiver is unenforceable, unconscionable, illegal, void, or voidable - except that, as stated and pursuant to the procedures provided in Section 25(a)(3)(b), an arbitrator or panel of arbitrators shall have authority to determine whether the party bringing any claim has violated the Mass Action Waiver. (5) Application to Third Parties: This Arbitration Agreement shall be binding upon, and shall include any claims brought by or against any third parties, including but not limited to your spouse, domestic partner, heirs, estate, third-party beneficiaries and assigns, where their underlying claims arise out of or relate to your use of the Services. To the extent that any third-party beneficiary to this agreement brings claims against the Parties, those claims shall also be subject to this Arbitration Agreement. (b) Exceptions to Arbitration. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Arbitration Agreement shall not require arbitration of the following claims: (i) individual claims brought in small claims court so long as the matter remains in such court and advances only on an individual basis; (ii) individual claims of sexual assault or sexual harassment occurring in connection with your use of the Services; and/or (iii) injunctive or other equitable relief in a court of competent jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation, or violation of a party's copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents, or other intellectual property rights. Such claims may be brought and litigated in a court of competent jurisdiction by you on an individual basis only. On an individual basis means that you cannot bring such claims as a class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative action against IMI. For the avoidance of doubt, this precludes you from bringing claims as or participating in any kind of any class, collective, coordinated, consolidated, mass, and/or representative or other kind of group, multi-plaintiff, or joint action against IMI and no action brought by you may be consolidated or joined in any fashion with any other proceeding. Where your claims are brought and litigated to completion on such an individual basis in a court of competent jurisdiction, IMI agrees to honor your election. The parties' agreement not to require arbitration in these limited instances does not waive the enforceability of this Arbitration Agreement as to any other provision (including, but not limited to, the waivers provided for in Section 25(a), which will continue to apply in court as well as in arbitration), or the enforceability of this Arbitration Agreement as to any other controversy, claim, or dispute. (c) Rules and Governing Law. For disputes arising in California, the arbitration will be administered by ADR Services, Inc. ("ADR") in accordance with ADR's Arbitration Rules (the "ADR Rules") in effect at the time that the claim is brought, unless the parties agree otherwise in writing. The ADR Rules are available at www.adrservices.com or by searching for "ADR Arbitration Rules" using a search engine such as www.google.com. The arbitration shall be heard by one arbitrator (the "Arbitrator") selected in accordance with the ADR Rules. For disputes arising outside of California (or for disputes arising in California only if ADR cannot or will not administer the arbitration), the parties shall be required to meet and confer to select a neutral arbitration provider. Such an arbitration provider shall have operations in the state in which the dispute arises. If the parties are unable to mutually agree upon an arbitration provider, then either party may invoke 9 U.S.C. § 5 to request that a court of competent jurisdiction appoint an arbitration provider with operations in the state in which the dispute arises. Any arbitration provider appointed by a court under 9 U.S.C. § 5 shall conduct arbitration solely on an individualized basis as set forth in this Section 25. Once the parties mutually agree upon a neutral arbitration provider, or an arbitrator provider is appointed under 9 U.S.C. § 5, the ensuing arbitration shall commence pursuant to the rules of the designated arbitration provider, except as designated herein. Once an arbitration provider is agreed upon or appointed, an Arbitrator shall be appointed. The Arbitrator will be either (1) a retired judge or (2) an attorney licensed to practice law in the state where the arbitration is conducted with experience in the law underlying the dispute. The Arbitrator will be selected by the parties from the applicable arbitration provider's roster of arbitrators. If the parties are unable to agree upon an Arbitrator after a good faith meet and confer effort, then the applicable arbitration provider will appoint the Arbitrator in accordance with its rules. Notwithstanding any choice of law or other provision in these Terms, the parties agree and acknowledge that this Arbitration Agreement evidences a transaction involving interstate commerce and that the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1, et seq. ("FAA"), will govern its interpretation and enforcement and proceedings pursuant thereto. It is the intent of the parties to be bound by the provisions of the FAA for all purposes, including, but not limited to, interpretation, implementation, enforcement, and administration of this Arbitration Agreement, and that the FAA and the applicable arbitration provider's rules shall preempt all state laws to the fullest extent permitted by law. All statutes of limitations that would otherwise be applicable will apply to any arbitration proceeding. If the FAA and applicable arbitration provider's rules are found to not apply to any issue regarding the interpretation or enforcement of this Arbitration Agreement, then that issue shall be resolved under the laws of the state where you reside when you accept these Terms. Any dispute, claim, or controversy arising out of or relating to incidents or accidents resulting in harm that you allege occurred in connection with your use of the Services, whether before or after the date you agreed to the Terms, shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the state in which the incident or accident occurred. (d) Process. Pre-Arbitration Dispute Resolution and Notification. The parties agree that good-faith informal efforts to resolve disputes often can result in a prompt, low-cost, and mutually beneficial outcome. The parties therefore agree that, before either party demands arbitration against the other, we will personally meet and confer, via telephone or videoconference, in a good-faith effort to resolve informally any claim covered by this Arbitration Agreement. Multiple individuals initiating claims cannot participate in the same informal telephonic dispute resolution conference. If you are represented by counsel, your counsel may participate in the conference, but you shall also fully participate in the conference. The party initiating the claim must give notice to the other party in writing of their intent to initiate an informal dispute resolution conference, which shall occur within 60 days after the other party receives such notice, unless an extension is mutually agreed upon by the parties. To notify IMI that you intend to initiate an informal dispute resolution conference, write to Intuition Machines, Inc., legal@imachines.com via email, providing your name, the telephone number(s) associated with your IMI account (if any), the email address(es) associated with your IMI account, and a description of your claim. Engaging in an informal dispute resolution conference is a condition precedent that must be fulfilled before commencing arbitration, and the Arbitrator shall dismiss any arbitration demand filed before completion of an informal dispute resolution conference. The statute of limitations and any filing fee deadlines shall be tolled while the parties engage in the informal dispute resolution process required by this paragraph. Initiating Arbitration. In order to initiate arbitration following the conclusion of the informal dispute resolution process required by this Section, a party must provide the other party with a written demand for arbitration and file the demand with the applicable arbitration provider, as determined by Section 25(c). A party initiating an arbitration against IMI must send the written demand for arbitration to Intuition Machines, Inc., legal@imachines.com via email, or serve the Demand on IMI's registered agent for service of process, c/o Intuition Machines, Inc. Additionally, a party initiating arbitration against IMI must send an electronic version of the demand for arbitration to the Arbitration Provider, and must send an electronic version of the as-filed demand to legal@imachines.com. By signing the demand for arbitration, counsel certifies to the best of counsel's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, that (i) the demand for arbitration is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of dispute resolution; (ii) the claims and other legal contentions are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, modifying, or reversing existing law or for establishing new law; and (iii) the factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, will likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery. The Arbitrator shall be authorized to afford any relief or impose any sanctions available under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 or any applicable state law for either party's violation of this requirement. (e) Location. Unless you and IMI otherwise agree, if you reside in the United States, the arbitration will be conducted in the county where you reside. If you do not reside in the United States, the arbitration will be conducted in the county where the dispute arises. Your right to a hearing will be determined by the applicable arbitration provider's rules. Subject to the applicable arbitration provider's rules, the Arbitrator will have the discretion to direct a reasonable exchange of information by the parties, consistent with the expedited nature of the arbitration. (f) Offers of Judgment. At least 10 days before the date set for the arbitration hearing, any party may serve an offer in writing upon the other party to allow judgment on specified terms. If the offer is accepted, the offer with proof of acceptance shall be submitted to the arbitrator, who shall enter judgment accordingly. If the offer is not accepted prior to the arbitration hearing or within 30 days after it is made, whichever occurs first, it shall be deemed withdrawn, and cannot be given in evidence upon the arbitration. If an offer made by one party is not accepted by the other party, and the other party fails to obtain a more favorable award, the other party shall not recover their post-offer costs and shall pay the offering party's costs from the time of the offer. (g) Arbitrator's Decision. The Arbitrator will render an award within the time frame specified in the applicable arbitration provider's rules. Judgment on the arbitration award may be entered in any court of competent jurisdiction. The Arbitrator may award declaratory or injunctive relief only in favor of the claimant and only to the extent necessary to provide relief warranted by the claimant's individual claim. An Arbitrator's decision shall be final and binding on all parties. The Arbitrator is no | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://xania.org/MattGodbolt | About me - Matt Godbolt — Matt Godbolt’s blog Matt Godbolt's blog Menu Tags AI Amusing Stuff AoCO2025 Blog Coding Compiler Explorer Emulation Games Microarchitecture New Zealand Trip Personal Python Rants Rust WeeBox Project Archive AI Amusing Stuff AoCO2025 Blog Coding Compiler Explorer Emulation Games Microarchitecture New Zealand Trip Personal Python Rants Rust WeeBox Project About About me Contact me About me - Matt Godbolt Hi there, I’m Matt Godbolt — pleased to meet you. Please, come in, sit down, make yourself at home. Let me tell you a bit about myself. I was born on August 16th 1976 to Richard and Christine Godbolt. My first computer came at age 8, a 48k Sinclair Spectrum , you know the ones with rubber keys. I was captivated, and remember fondly one Christmas getting my poor long-suffering mother to read out long program listings while I typed them in, hours of work and then a fairly pitiful result like a Union Jack flag being drawn on the screen. She couldn’t understand what I saw in it all — but for me it was just the beginning! During my school years I met like-minded Richard Talbot-Watkins , and we started making little programs for our computers. By now I’d upgraded to a BBC Master computer (via a Spectrum +3 ), and Rich and I had a fairly lucrative (for 15 year olds!) side-job doing little snippets of code for UK magazine Acorn User . We even wrote a few games (you’ll need a good BBC emulator for this) — Frogman , and were in negotiations for a 4-part series in Acorn User on our game Onslaught when sadly the publication ceased covering the BBC computer. At school I was always into science, in particular physics. During secondary school I used to write little applications to demonstrate things like fluids and gases, and gravitational attraction. By now I’d moved to the Acorn Archimedes computer, a 32-bit beast of a machine for the time, so I sadly completely missed out on all the 16-bit fun most of my associates have had. When it came to deciding on what to do after school, I plumped for a Physics degree at Exeter University . There I met the Internet! The internet took up a lot of my time at Uni, but so did programming. I continued developing software for my Acorn, creating or co-creating IRC clients , Sega Master System emulators and even some games . The revenue from the shareware, particularly my IRC client !IRClient kept me in beer for the duration of Uni — a big thanks to all those who actually paid up! In addition I helped set up a (sadly now defunct) Multi-User Dungeon, Xania — which explains the domain name you’re visiting now — xania.org. That spawned my love of online games — later in life I would become rather addicted to them! Out of Uni I started work at Argonaut Games. There I worked on several titles: Croc – Legend of the Gobbos — where I worked on the PC port of this PSX classic. Red Dog – Superior Firepower — I was responsible for making the tool chain and programming the graphics engine. SWAT Global Strike Team — for which I co-developed a gaming framework which worked on Xbox, PS2 and was successfully ported to GameCube too. The framework itself had a renderer with some pretty fancy lighting effects too, though as usual in the games industry they ended up not being used quite as well one might like! The framework was also used on an unreleased comic-book game, Orchid. Urban Chaos: Riot Response (previously known as Roll Call) — which has now been taken on by RockSteady Studios for SCi. Sadly, all good things come to an end, and Argonaut folded at the end of 2004. Many things have been said about its sad demise, and I shan’t add anything new to the debate, preferring instead to let it pass, and move on…which I did by setting up my own company. Me and an ex-colleague Nik Hemmings have had some cunning ideas on the back burner for some time, and Argonaut’s downfall was the kick up the bottom we both needed to actually take our pub idea into reality. We started our own company, ProFactor Software — developing unique services products for C and C++ programmers. We developed a source code reformatting package, StyleManager , a #include graph generator, IncludeManager , and ProFactor continues to work on loads of other interesting things. While working there, I also worked on some games stuff; first at PKR (a now defunct online poker company), and some contract work for Rockstar Games (Manhunt 2 and some work on the PSP port of Midnight Club). In 2008 I was offered a chance to work for Google — two very good friends of mine, Malcolm Rowe and Phil Norman were already working there and had been badgering me to apply. Eventually my name was put forward, and one thing led to another, and before I knew it I was offered a job in their mobile department. Google is somewhere I’ve always wanted to work, and after an awful lot of consideration, I decided to leave ProFactor and try my luck there. ProFactor continued without me, and it ran for many successful years under Nik’s capable hands. At Google I got to play with mobile phones, working on the YouTube mobile app on S60 phones (remember them?), Windows Mobile, and latterly Android. Towards the end of my time at Google I also briefly worked on the mobile app that eventually became Google+. After two happy years at Google I moved on to try my hand at something quite different: I went to work for a trading company, DRW, and worked there for over 7 years on fun and exciting (but somewhat secret) projects. DRW offered my family and me a fantastic opportunity to move to the United States, and we are now very happily based just outside of Chicago, Illinois. In April 2018 I left DRW to pursue a new opportunity, still in Chicago. I spent a year at Coinbase, then five happy years at quantative hedge fund, Aquatic . I left Aquatic in November 2024, and spent a year working on Compiler Explorer , spending time with my family, learning new things (like AI), and preparing for conference talks. In December 2025, I started work at Hudson River Trading . You can learn more about my working life at my LinkedIn profile . In 2012 I released my first major open source tool - Compiler Explorer which has been a runaway success. Go check it out if you’re ever intrigued how your C++, Go, D, Rust, or other compiled language code ends up looking after compilation. The site has grown significantly over the years and now has numerous commercial sponsors, regularly running dozens of AWS instances to handle the load. We’re processing around a million C++ compilations each week! You can see our stats at stats.compiler-explorer.com . While I still use the site myself for its original purpose — investigating compiler optimisations — I’m thrilled at how others use it: for teaching, filing compiler bugs, as a “pastebin” for code, or exploring the latest compilers without having to install them. I’m always looking to make Compiler Explorer easier for others to contribute to, as the code has gotten quite crufty after 14 years of contributions. Help is always wanted! Another spare-time-sink is my passion for resurrecting old computers and writing emulators for them – now in Javascript and C++. Building on the Miracle emulator that Rich and I wrote many years before, I made a Javascript Sega Master System emulator . Next up I wrote jsbeeb , which is an almost-perfect BBC Micro emulator. Most recently, for an ACCU talk, I created a C++ ZX Spectrum Emulator: “specbolt” ( GitHub ), which was my first foray into compiling for WebAssembly. You can see it in action at spectrum.xania.org . I’ve also helped with “owlet”, a BBC Basic editor/IDE that’s mostly Dominic Pajak’s work and idea. My experience with Compiler Explorer’s editor came in handy for integrating jsbeeb. You can check it out at bbcmic.ro . Some of my other open source projects include: A simple, embeddable websockets server, Seasocks . Resurrecting Xania MUD using modern C++. A way of indexing and searching large gzipped archives, zindex . In late 2020, I started a programming podcast with my friend Ben Rady called Two’s Complement . We’re still going strong, releasing an episode every month covering everything from AI to testing and mentoring, all from the perspective of two later-career developers. On the 21st of October 2005 I married my long-term girlfriend, Vanessa. Through all the trials and tribulations of starting a business, she has been 100% behind me. Ness and I met through a mutual friend a few years back, and we got together shortly afterwards. In September 2004 I asked her to marry me while we were on holiday in Cyprus, and the rest as they say is history! On the 12th of June 2008, we had a son — William Anthony Richard Godbolt , and on the 19th of April 2010 we had our second — Isaac Benjamin Godbolt . It’s an amazing experience becoming and being a father, and one I’m enjoying immensely. The boys are now teenagers in high school, growing up fast, and I’m incredibly proud of them both. William plays flute and drums while Isaac plays cello, and we’re just starting to think about university for William. So that’s me — I’ll try and keep this up-to-date with news and more embellishments — there’s so much I’ve missed out, but then there’s so much you won’t care about! Who reads these things anyway? Permalink Filed under: Posted at 08:25:00 BST on 1 st May 2006. About Matt Godbolt Matt Godbolt is a C++ developer living in Chicago. He works for Hudson River Trading on super fun but secret things. He is one half of the Two's Complement podcast. Follow him on Mastodon or Bluesky . Copyright 2007-2026 Matt Godbolt. Unless otherwise stated, all content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License . This blog is powered by the MalcBlogSystem by Malcolm Rowe . Note: This is my personal website. The views expressed on these pages are mine alone and not those of my employer. | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/ru/companies/shopify-front-end-interview-questions | Shopify Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Перейти к основному содержимому We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Русский English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Поиск Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Shopify interview questions Содержание этой страницы Shopify Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Shopify. 3rd Mar 2025 : Any current or ex-Shopify employees here? I just got offered a Senior Software Engineer position (thanks GreatFrontEnd for the system design help!) 3rd Feb 2025 : I was asked the Roomba problem for Shopify's pair programming interview. Pretty common, you should be able to find it in a thread here 25th Jul 2024 : i had to create a roomba app where it would move on a 10x10 grid. the roomba icon could respond onClick to movements as well as turn when it hit the end of the arrays (using css transform). refs and responsive design were also tested here 13th Feb 2024 : Just wanted to say, I used your site for 1 month to prep for my interviews at Shopify, and I got the job! Staff level engineer. Just saying thank you and honestly, no complaints. Loved the site, loved the system design questions. Everything was very, very useful. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Отредактировать эту страницу Последнее обновление 30 нояб. 2025 г. от Danielle Ford Предыдущая страница Twitter interview questions Следующая страница Pinterest interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/pinterest-front-end-interview-questions#insider-tips-from-the-greatfrontend-community | Pinterest Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Pinterest interview questions On this page Pinterest Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Pinterest. 3rd Apr 2024 : I tríed few months ago. I did the first round only for a release engineer position. The problem is called Can you win. And it is similar to that in Leetcode jump and jump II. They are medium level problems. At least you can solve 2 in 20-30 mins. They recommend that. 4th Feb 2024 : Last time I interviewed for a FE engineer role at Pinterest in 2019, it was 3 LC rounds. one required a trie data structure to solve a string DSA. "Given a stream of comments, detect inappropriate language". I would be interested to know if they do have a true FE track. Just re-read this question. I thought you were asking about onsite. The question I got for phone screen was: Given an array of integers like [1,2,0,4,3] and a starting index, return true if you are able to get to a "0" value. Return false if you can't. Each value in the array is how many steps to the left or right you can move. You have to take that many steps exactly. If you are at the start or end of the array and you have movements left, you can wrap around to the opposite side. ex: same array, but startingIdx = 3. It returns true because you can go 1 step to the right, then 3 steps to the right starting at 0. So this is backtracking plus keeping track of which indexes you've finished evaluating. I've never seen this on LC. I think I spent 15 mins trying to voice out the solution. 15 minutes coding. Finished. 15 minutes of talking back and forth about Pinterest. Ended the interview 15 minutes early. hilariously, i got the same question on the onsite and then there was a follow up question to this which was: you've used recursion to solve htis, but can you solve this without it? So instead of a (call) stack of nodes to process, use a queue, Pinterest was the worst interview experience I've gone through for frontend. Position asked for React experience, didn't write a single line of JavaScript. Only Python for DSA. So it would be a breath of fresh air if they did create an FE track since 2019 Yup, passed the phone screen, went to onsite. Didn't get offer because I wasn't very good with string DSA at the time 4th Feb 2024 : yes, afaik they have a FE track and a full stack track for interviews. thats what the recruiter alluded to because im teetering between FE and full stack and she mentioned that the interview might be different if i wanted to focus on full stack 12th Sep 2023 : So, the recruiter just explained to me, that there will be 1 Algos, 1 Frontend Coding with React, 1 Frontend System Design and 1 Behavioral for Pinterest's onsite For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Shopify interview questions Next Reddit interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/ja-JP/companies/shopify-front-end-interview-questions | Shopify Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 メインコンテンツまでスキップ We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 日本語 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 検索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Shopify interview questions このページの見出し Shopify Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Shopify. 3rd Mar 2025 : Any current or ex-Shopify employees here? I just got offered a Senior Software Engineer position (thanks GreatFrontEnd for the system design help!) 3rd Feb 2025 : I was asked the Roomba problem for Shopify's pair programming interview. Pretty common, you should be able to find it in a thread here 25th Jul 2024 : i had to create a roomba app where it would move on a 10x10 grid. the roomba icon could respond onClick to movements as well as turn when it hit the end of the arrays (using css transform). refs and responsive design were also tested here 13th Feb 2024 : Just wanted to say, I used your site for 1 month to prep for my interviews at Shopify, and I got the job! Staff level engineer. Just saying thank you and honestly, no complaints. Loved the site, loved the system design questions. Everything was very, very useful. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! このページを編集 2025年11月30日 に Danielle Ford が 最終更新 前へ Twitter interview questions 次へ Pinterest interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pl/coding/algorithms | Algorithms Interview Questions (Machine Coding) in Front End Interviews | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Przejdź do głównej zawartości We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Polski English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Szukaj Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Coding interview Algorithms coding Na tej stronie Algorithms Interview Questions (Machine Coding) in Front End Interviews Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Front End Interview Playbook . Front End Engineers are also Software Engineers after all, and it's expected that Front End Engineers have basic competency in algorithms and data structures. It is reasonable and possible that you will be asked to solve algorithmic questions during your front end interviews. That said, companies tend to go easy on Front End Engineer candidates when it comes to algorithms questions; you most likely won't get very tough or obscure algorithm problems. Other than the common data structures like arrays, sets, and maps, trees are a commonly-encountered data structure in front end development because the DOM is a tree, so if you have to prioritize, definitely focus on being good at tree data structures and common traversal algorithms for trees, such as breadth-first search, depth-first search, and level-first traversal. The Tech Interview Handbook goes into great detail about preparing for Algorithms questions. Go to Tech Interview Handbook → Free practice questions GreatFrontEnd GreatFrontEnd provides free questions for you to practice implementing Data Structures and Algorithms in JavaScript/TypeScript. You can practice implementing common data structures (e.g. Stacks , Queues ) and algorithms (e.g. Binary Search , Merge Sort ). Check out GreatFrontEnd Algorithm courses AlgoMonster AlgoMonster aims to help you ace the technical interview in the shortest time possible . By Google engineers, AlgoMonster uses a data-driven approach to teach you the most useful key question patterns and has contents to help you quickly revise basic data structures and algorithms. Best of all, AlgoMonster is not subscription-based - pay a one-time fee and get lifetime access . Check out AlgoMonster Grokking the Coding Interview: Patterns for Coding Questions This course by Design Gurus expands upon the questions on the recommended practice questions but approaches the practicing from a questions pattern perspective, which is an approach I also agree with for learning and have personally used to get better at coding interviews. The course allows you to practice selected questions in Java, Python, C++, JavaScript and also provides sample solutions in those languages. Learn and understand patterns, not memorize answers! Check out Grokking the Coding Interview JavaScript courses If you want more structured algorithms practice which are targeted at JavaScript, check out the following courses. Course Platform Reviews Duration Price Contents Ace the JavaScript Coding Interview Educative - 87h $ Basic data structures and algorithms, system design, object-oriented design Master the Coding Interview: Data Structures + Algorithms Udemy 4.6/5 19.5h $$ Basic data structures and algorithms, job application, behavioral interview, negotiation JavaScript Data Structures and Algorithms Masterclass Udemy 4.5/5 45h $ Basic and advanced data structures and algorithms Edytuj tę stronę Ostatnia aktualizacja dnia 30 lis 2025 przez Danielle Ford Poprzednia strona User interface coding Następna strona Overview Table of Contents Free practice questions GreatFrontEnd Algorithm courses AlgoMonster Grokking the Coding Interview: Patterns for Coding Questions JavaScript courses General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/zh-CN/companies/apple-front-end-interview-questions#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Apple Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 跳到主要内容 We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 简体中文 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 搜索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Apple interview questions 本页总览 Apple Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Apple Front End Interview Guide . Not much is known about Apple's front end interview process. JavaScript coding questions Implement Array.prototype methods ( flat , map , reduce , concat ) by yourself using JavaScript. Practice questions How can you execute an array of promise in sequence? User interface coding questions Implement a simple photo ordering tool with vanilla JS and no libraries. Quiz questions How do you build an npm package? What is a compositing layer in CSS? Algorithm Given an array, return an array where the each value is the product of the next two items: E.g. [3, 4, 5] -> [20, 15, 12] Source: Glassdoor Apple Front End Developer Interview Questions Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Apple. 21st May 2025 : in final rounds with apple, this is what recruiter explained There will be 4 x 45 min interviews conducted virtually so can be on 1 day or split over 2. See below for focus areas. JavaScript: Coding (similar to tech screen) Bug Hunt: Coding (working on existing code base) Web Performance (Domain knowledge questions focused on Web Performance) Product Thinking (Behavioral round focused on collaboration, balancing technical VS business needs and understanding user impact) if anyone has tips for how to practice / prepare for "bug hunt" and "product thinking" feel free to comment. i believe "web performance" will be deep JS trivia likely covering a range of concepts that are usually surfaced in FE system design interviews 2nd Dec 2024 : they have a big question bank, usually team by team case yes they ask sys design, its a faang company so the bar is really high also one of the lowest paying of the faangs lol 14th Apr 2024 : Think it was 6 total rounds All fundamentals Vanilla js 5 yoe (In response to what do you think helped you prep for: big tech, specifically apple is asking a lot of vanilla js questions, dom related questions?) GreatFrontEnd UI questions all with vanilla js implementation 3rd Apr 2024 : I finished up my Apple Phone Screen. They don’t like to ask LC questions but rather asked my background and experience with 10 mins left for a super easy js question. I guess the process really depends on the team you are about to interview for. They care more about if you are a good fit for the position rather than if you are someone who can ace a LC question. Hope I can make it to the onsite. 12th Mar 2024 : I haven’t interviewed but I applied and was preparing for it a while back. Similar to other companies Apple has started prioritising system design apart from the leetcode. For leetcoding they ask trees and sorting based questions. It depends a lot on team and level of position too. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! 编辑此页 最后 由 Danielle Ford 于 2025年11月30日 更新 上一页 Uber interview questions 下一页 Canva interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Quiz questions Algorithm Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://hcaptcha.com/gdpr.html | GDPR Pricing Pro Enterprise MFA User Journeys Docs Blog Sign Up Log In From the blog: Browser Agent Safety is an Afterthought for Vendors → Switch to English Accessibility Pricing Pro Enterprise MFA User Journeys Docs Blog Contact Sales Sign Up Log In DE - ES - FR - PT - PT (BR) hCaptcha's approach to GDPR compliance Last updated: January 15, 2024 This page is intended to answer common questions about our data processing under the GDPR. Background on the hCaptcha service, what it does, and our values hCaptcha offers a security-focused machine learning product suite operated by Intuition Machines, a company headquartered in the United States with global operations that licenses software and delivers services to businesses of all sizes around the world. hCaptcha is uniquely privacy focused, and has been since its creation. This is a cultural practice for us: hCaptcha engineers have played important roles across the privacy and security ecosystem, contributing to projects like Tor, Signal, and Brave, IETF privacy protocol standards, open-source encryption libraries, and more. Unlike other security services, hCaptcha is designed to operate without any long-term retention of personal data at all. Our goal has been to find technical solutions to operate security services with truly minimized information at every step, and we are proud of the innovations in privacy-preserving machine learning and privacy-first distributed systems processing that we have made along the way. These include user-local data processing, our "Zero PII" and "First-Party Hosting" Enterprise features, and more. We endeavor to maintain strict data retention and minimization policies for personal data related to our customers' end users (each an "End User") and do not sell or rent End User personal data, consistent with our role as a data processor. We are enrolled in the EU-US, UK-US, and Swiss-US Data Privacy Framework agreements to provide additional assurance to users of our services in those regions, in addition to our use of the Standard Contractual Clauses. For more detail on our privacy practices and information on our enrollment within the EU-US, UK-US, and Swiss-US Data Privacy Framework, please see our Privacy Policy . FAQs 1. What personal data does hCaptcha process for its customers and where? hCaptcha endeavors not to control or maintain any long-term retention of End User personal data its customers choose to transmit to hCaptcha. We have designed our systems to avoid personal data collection or processing where possible. Where this is not possible, we promptly discard and/or anonymize any such data. Regardless of the hCaptcha services our customers use, they, as the controllers of personal data, have an obligation to be fully responsible for their own compliance with applicable privacy laws and establish independent contractual arrangements in connection with the data they choose to transmit to hCaptcha. The types of personal data hCaptcha processes on behalf of a customer depend on which hCaptcha services are implemented. For example, they depend on the features a customer has enabled. In some cases, hCaptcha collects and processes no personal data at all. hCaptcha processes the vast majority of data within one of our many regional servers around the world. Our services are designed to process personal data using computing or network equipment within close proximity to End Users. We process metadata on behalf of our customers in our main data centers in Europe and, if applicable, the US. hCaptcha maintains limited, sampled log data about events on our network in order to operate our services. For example, if a system error occurs, we may generate a sampled error log. Some of this log data may include information about End Users of our customer’s domains, networks, websites, application programming interfaces ("APIs"), or applications. This metadata contains either no personal data or extremely limited personal data, most often in the form of IP addresses. We process this type of information on behalf of our customers in our main data centers in Europe and, if applicable, the US for a limited period of time. 2. What specific technical and organizational security measures does hCaptcha provide for personal data? Security is important to our operations, and we undergo regular external audits to maintain third-party validation of our security practices, including ISO 27001 (a globally recognized information security standard) and SOC 2 Type II security certifications. hCaptcha has also been certified to ISO 27701, covering its systems for management of privacy information. ISO 27701 is a comprehensive global standard that allows hCaptcha to demonstrate compliance with the GDPR principles of data processing, data subject rights, and data breach notification. To view the security measures hCaptcha uses for the protection of personal data, including personal data transferred from the European Economic Area (" EEA ") to the U.S., please see Exhibit A of our standard Data Processing Agreement . 3. How does hCaptcha address the requirements of the GDPR to have appropriate safeguards in place when transferring personal data outside the EEA? The GDPR provides several mechanisms to ensure that appropriate safeguards, enforceable rights, and effective legal remedies are available to the EEA data subjects, whose personal data is transferred from the EEA to a third country. Those mechanisms include: - Where the European Commission (“ Commission ”) has decided that a third country ensures an adequate level of protection after assessing that country’s rule of law, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and a number of other factors; - Where a controller or processor has put in place binding corporate rules; - Where a controller or processor has in place standard data protection clauses adopted by the Commission; or - Where a controller or processor has put in place an approved code of conduct or an approved certification mechanism. hCaptcha relies on the Commission's Standard Contractual Clauses ("SCCs") as a legal mechanism to transfer personal data from the EEA to the U.S. However, we endeavor to minimize or entirely eliminate any such transfers depending on the products and features enabled by our customers. hCaptcha is also enrolled in the EU-US, UK-US, and Swiss-US Data Privacy Framework agreements to provide additional assurance to users of our services in those regions, in addition to our use of the Standard Contractual Clauses. 4. What additional data protection safeguards does hCaptcha provide? The best data protection safeguard of all is simply to not have the personal data in the first place. We have innovated in this area with our "Zero PII" features for enterprise customers, allowing them to partially or completely remove any personal data from our purview depending on their needs. We also minimize retention for all data, whether or not it contains personal data. We require legal process before providing any government entity with any customer data outside of an emergency or limited instances of fraud by a customer as determined by us. We will provide our customers with notice of any legal process requesting their customer or billing information before disclosure of that information unless legally prohibited or related to fraud by a customer. An example of fraud by a customer would be creating an account with us solely to embed hCaptcha on a phishing page, in order to more convincingly mimic the login page of another one of our customers and attempt to fool their users into giving up their credentials for abuse. To date, we have never turned over encryption keys to any government, received a legal order to provide private data, provided any government any private data, or deployed law enforcement equipment within our services. We believe that government requests for personal data that conflict with the privacy laws of a person's country of residence should be legally challenged. The European Data Protection Board (“ EDPB ”) recognized that the GDPR might pose such a conflict in this assessment. Our commitment to GDPR compliance means that hCaptcha would evaluate legal remedies before producing data identified as being subject to the GDPR in response to a U.S. government request for data.Consistent with the existing U.S. case law and statutory frameworks, hCaptcha may ask U.S. courts to quash a request from U.S. authorities for personal data based on such a conflict of law. 5. Does the U.S. Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data ("CLOUD") Act affect how hCaptcha views its obligation to turn over data in response to U.S. government legal process? We believe that U.S. government requests for the personal data of a non-U.S. person that conflict with the privacy laws of that person's country of residence(such as the GDPR in the EU) should be legally challenged. The CLOUD Act does not expand the U.S. investigative authority, and applies to access to content, which we generally do not store or have access to at all, as described above. Furthermore, the CLOUD Act does not change existing practices when U.S. law enforcement seeks access to corporate data. It is important to note that law enforcement would typically seek to obtain data from the entity that has effective control of the data (i.e., our customers) rather than cloud providers. 6. How do recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decisions inform our approach to GDPR compliance? hCaptcha will continue to make the latest adopted SCCs available to our customers whose data is subject to the GDPR, and we are following developments in SCCs as well as the new alternative transfer mechanisms. We have enrolled in the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, and believe the recent CJEU adequacy decision strengthens both our use of SCCs and the additional protection provided by the new alternative transfer mechanism under the DPF. We will briefly cover the U.S. national security authorities as discussed in the Schrems II case below. Section 702. Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ("FISA")is an authority that allows the U.S. government to request the communications of non-U.S. persons located outside of the United States for foreign intelligence purposes. The U.S. government may use section 702 to collect the content of communications through specific "selectors", such as email addresses, that are associated with specific foreign intelligence targets. Because the authority is often used to collect the content of communications, the "electronic communications service providers" asked to comply with section 702 are typically email providers or other providers with access to the content of communications. hCaptcha does not have access to this type of traditional customer content for our core services. In addition, to date, hCaptcha has never provided any government any kind of data feed related to other customers, and we would evaluate all legal remedies if we were asked to do so in order to protect our customers from what we believe are illegal or unconstitutional requests. Executive Order 12333. Executive Order 12333 governs US intelligence agencies' foreign intelligence collection targeting non-U.S. persons outside the United States. Executive Order 12333 does not have provisions to compel the assistance of U.S. companies. hCaptcha requires legal process before providing any government entity with access to any customer data outside of an emergency or fraud committed by a customer. We have no intention of complying with voluntary government requests for data under Executive Order 12333. We have also never weakened, compromised, or subverted any of our encryption at the request of a government or other third party. 7. How can Customers who do not have an Enterprise agreement make sure the SCCs are in place with hCaptcha? Our Master Terms of Service incorporate our standard DPA by reference. Where the personal data we process on behalf of our self-serve customers is governed by the GDPR, then our DPA incorporates the EU and UK SCCs. Therefore, no action is required to ensure that the SCCs are in place. 8. How can Enterprise Customers make sure the SCCs are in place with hCaptcha? Our standard Enterprise Subscription Agreement (" ESA ") and Master Subscription Agreement (" MSA ") incorporate our standard DPA by reference. Therefore, no action is required for these customers. To the extent the personal data we process on behalf of the customer is governed by the GDPR, our DPA incorporates the EU and UK SCCs. Enterprise customers may contact their customer success manager with any questions about their DPA. 9. How is hCaptcha responding to the new SCCs? We incorporated the Commission's SCCs released on June 4, 2021, into new customer contracts and our updated Master Terms of Service for customers subject to the GDPR. 10. What tools does hCaptcha have for its customers to geographically restrict access to data? By default, analytics data is already stored in the EU, and sessions are processed on equipment close to the End User in many regions around the world (i.e., on equipment in a country where the End User is located or close by in most cases). We recognize that some of our customers would prefer that any personal data subject to the GDPR remain in the EU and not be transferred to the U.S. for processing. This happens automatically in most cases already, but we provide additional features for Enterprise customers to create hard technical guarantees on what data is stored, where data will be processed, and when practicable to entirely eliminate or pre-blind this data before it reaches us for processing via our Zero PII features. 11. Are there any enforceable rights and effective remedies available to the EU data subjects in the U.S. where data is processed by hCaptcha or hCaptcha's sub-processors? hCaptcha requires valid legal process before providing the personal information of our customers to government entities or civil litigants, unless there is an emergency or fraud is committed by the customer. We do not provide our customers' personal data to government officials in response to requests that do not include legal process. To ensure that our customers have the opportunity to enforce their rights, it is hCaptcha's policy to notify our customers of a subpoena or other legal process requesting their personal data before disclosing it, regardless of whether the legal process comes from the government or private parties involved in civil litigation, unless legally prohibited. In addition, U.S. law provides mechanisms for companies to challenge orders that pose potential conflicts of law, such as a legal request for personal data subject to GDPR. The CLOUD Act, for example, provides mechanisms for a provider to petition a court to quash or modify a legal request that poses such a conflict of law. That process also allows a provider to disclose the existence of the request to a foreign government whose citizen is affected if that government has signed a CLOUD Act agreement with the United States. hCaptcha endeavors to legally challenge any orders that pose such a conflict of law. To date, we have received no orders that we have identified as posing such a conflict. 12. How is hCaptcha dealing with cross-border transfers to and from the UK? hCaptcha will continue to utilize the EU SCCs mechanism coupled with the UK data transfer addendum, which are included in our standard DPA, to transfer personal data outside the UK and EEA. We have also enrolled in the UK-US extension to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, which additionally covers such transfers. This program is also referred to as the UK-US Data Bridge, and came into force on October 12 2023. We are continuing to monitor ongoing developments in this space and will ensure our ongoing compliance with the UK data protection laws and regulations. 13. How should hCaptcha customers keep End Users informed of personal data processing that is subject to the GDPR? Some implementations of hCaptcha do not transmit any personal data at all to hCaptcha, so the specific steps customers should take depend upon their implementation. We cannot provide hCaptcha customers with legal advice, so each hCaptcha customer should consult with their legal counsel regarding their obligations around the use of hCaptcha based on their specific set of facts. In scenarios where personal data subject to GDPR could be processed by hCaptcha on behalf of a controller of this personal data, we have provided some example language that hCaptcha customers can review in connection with their own transparency (privacy policy) obligations under the GDPR. The language can be found in our FAQ at this website . hCaptcha customers that exclusively serve data subjects whose personal data is subject to the GDPR may also prefer to use our feature to disable the default terms and privacy links on the hCaptcha interface in order to communicate that only the hCaptcha customer’s terms and privacy policy apply. Please contact support if you would like more information on this feature. However, hCaptcha’s linked privacy policy communicates this point in its "Note to European Economic Area Residents" section and addresses many other privacy laws outside of the EU, so hCaptcha customers may choose to leave the links in place when a customer site serves both GDPR and other global traffic. Note that the information and links provided by hCaptcha on this page are not legal advice. hCaptcha customers should consult with qualified counsel in the jurisdictions in which they operate if they have further questions about hCaptcha or their specific use cases. 14. How should End Users who interact with hCaptcha in our role as a processor, i.e., embedded within another website or mobile app, exercise their data subject rights? End Users should contact the operator of the website or mobile app directly. hCaptcha is not the controller of the End User personal data it processes and may not be a processor either depending on the details of the customer’s implementation. In some cases, a hCaptcha customer acting as a processor or controller may license the hCaptcha software to run within their network, so simply seeing hCaptcha’s logo does not mean that we are processing personal data for a particular online service. Note that deletion requests forwarded to hCaptcha by hCaptcha customers on behalf of End Users will generally not result in any additional actions aside from confirmation of receipt. No personal data is retained long-term by hCaptcha, and hCaptcha is unable to tie data in the system to specific End Users of hCaptcha customers, as we do not receive or process personal data that, by itself, can identify End Users in the real world like names, email addresses, or usernames. Disclaimers The information provided only applies to the processing of personal data that is subject to the GDPR. This page is for informational purposes only and does not provide legal guidance or assistance, form a contract or other agreement, or otherwise create additional obligations for hCaptcha. However, we believe it is an accurate summary of the topics covered as of the date of publication listed on this page. Company About Jobs Trademarks AI Ethics Press Compliance Resources Status Documentation Report a Bug Accessibility Cyberattacks 101 GDPR Contact Support Contact Support Sales Contact Sales Terms Privacy DMCA Attribution hCaptcha is a registered trademark of Intuition Machines, Inc. ©2025 Intuition Machines, Inc. | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/pt-BR/companies/shopify-front-end-interview-questions#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Shopify Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Pular para o conteúdo principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Português English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Shopify interview questions Nessa página Shopify Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Shopify. 3rd Mar 2025 : Any current or ex-Shopify employees here? I just got offered a Senior Software Engineer position (thanks GreatFrontEnd for the system design help!) 3rd Feb 2025 : I was asked the Roomba problem for Shopify's pair programming interview. Pretty common, you should be able to find it in a thread here 25th Jul 2024 : i had to create a roomba app where it would move on a 10x10 grid. the roomba icon could respond onClick to movements as well as turn when it hit the end of the arrays (using css transform). refs and responsive design were also tested here 13th Feb 2024 : Just wanted to say, I used your site for 1 month to prep for my interviews at Shopify, and I got the job! Staff level engineer. Just saying thank you and honestly, no complaints. Loved the site, loved the system design questions. Everything was very, very useful. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Editar essa página Última atualização em 30 de nov. de 2025 por Danielle Ford Anterior Twitter interview questions Próxima Pinterest interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/ja-JP/companies/google-front-end-interview-questions | Google Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 メインコンテンツまでスキップ We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 日本語 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 検索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Google interview questions このページの見出し Google Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Google Front End Interview Guide . Since it's Google, candidates can expect to be tested on fundamental Computer Science concepts as well as their front end knowledge/skills. Web Front End: You should be ready to cover topics like front end latency and implementation of standard CS algorithms using idiomatic JavaScript. You should be able to articulate Javascript strengths and shortcomings and ready to cover any of the following: Web security issues (XSS, XSRF), Prototypal inheritance, DOM API & manipulation, CSS manipulation, Browser / DOM events & event handling, XHR requests & HTTP headers, JavaScript closures Refer to Google's official interview preparation guides for: Official Interview Prep Front End or Mobile Software Engineers Front End/Mobile Software Engineers (Old) Non-technical interviews JavaScript coding questions How do you make a function that takes a callback function fn and returns a function that calls fn on a timeout? Practice question (Free) Implement the outline view for a Google doc. Practice question (Paid) DFS on HTML nodes. Practice question (Paid) Implement throttle . Practice question (Paid) How do you make a function that only calls input function f every 50 milliseconds? Practice question (Paid) Given a timeline write the JavaScript to select all nodes within selection of timeline. User interface coding questions Design a slider component. Design a Tic-Tac-Toe game/design an algorithm for Tic-Tac-Toe game. Practice question (Paid) Implement nested checkboxes (when the parent is checked, children are checked and vice versa. Use <input type="checkbox"> ). Similar to Indeterminate checkboxes . Design a webpage which can auto load new posts when you reach the bottom of the page by using JavaScript. You may use AJAX and JavaScript event listeners. Write a UI using HTML, CSS, JavaScript that allows uses to enter the number of rows and columns in text input fields within a form and renders a table. Practice question (Paid) Example: Number of rows: 4, Number of columns: 5, "Submit" button. Clicking on the "Submit" button will show the following table (ignore the styling): 1 8 9 16 17 2 7 10 15 18 3 6 11 14 19 4 5 12 13 20 Quiz questions Explain the CSS Box Model. Read answer (Free) What happens when you type a URL into the browser and hits enter? Given some text on a web page, how many ways can you make the text disappear? How do you send data from a web page to a server without a page refresh? Read answer (Free) System design questions Design emoji autocomplete. Read answer (Free) Design JS Bin. How would you create a Google Analytics SDK used by webpages? Algorithm Minesweeper problem. Write a function reveal() that outputs the number of tiles shown when a user clicks on a tile. Each tile shows the number of bombs as its neighbor. If the user click on a tile that is a bomb, the game is over. If that tile is 0, reveal all its neighbors. You are given four numbers (type int), and have four basic math operators at your disposal (+, -, x, /). Given arbitrary ways to group the numbers and using any of the operators, determine if you can make the number 24 from the four numbers. The numbers must be processed in the order they appear. Find k-nearest points. Source: Glassdoor Google Front End Software Engineer Interview Questions , Google | Front End engineer Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Google. 5th Apr 2025 : Interview experience at Google L4 frontend role - Offer Accepted Round 1 DSA: question of finding all subsets in a deck of cards that pass a valid condition Round 2 Frontend: Implement a color swatch. Also with a slider Round 3 Googlyness: Behavior and resume Round 4: DSA - File system API and streaming API with generators Team match round, then HC review, Offer 9th Mar 2025 : I have a google senior frontend engineer loop coming up. The recruiter shared material suggests 2 dsa + 1 frontend + 1 system design (guideline suggests it can be anything frontend or backend) + 1 behavioural. 20th Dec 2024 : Hello, folks! Previously, I had an interview with Google for a Front-End role. The problem I got was DSA-style, just like you guys mentioned, thanks to this channel, so I did prep for DSA. 20th Dec 2024 : DSA is fair game throughout the entire google experience easy, medium, hard, all fair game 10th Nov 2024 : I interviewed a few years ago. At that time it was mostly DSA and 1 round involved frontend design with some coding HTML, CSS, JS. But I echo what others have said. Google's FE is DSA heavy. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! このページを編集 2025年11月30日 に Danielle Ford が 最終更新 前へ Amazon interview questions 次へ Microsoft interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Quiz questions System design questions Algorithm Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudFront/latest/DeveloperGuide/lambda-event-structure.html#request-event-fields-request | Lambda@Edge event structure - Amazon CloudFront Lambda@Edge event structure - Amazon CloudFront Documentation Amazon CloudFront Developer Guide Dynamic origin selection Request events Response events Lambda@Edge event structure The following topics describe the request and response event objects that CloudFront passes to a Lambda@Edge function when it's triggered. Topics Dynamic origin selection Request events Response events Dynamic origin selection You can use the path pattern in a cache behavior to route requests to an origin based on the path and name of the requested object, such as images/*.jpg . Using Lambda@Edge, you can also route requests to an origin based on other characteristics, such as the values in request headers. There are a number of ways that this dynamic origin selection can be useful. For example, you can distribute requests across origins in different geographic areas to help with global load balancing. Or you can selectively route requests to different origins that each serve a particular function: bot handling, SEO optimization, authentication, and so on. For code examples that demonstrate how to use this feature, see Content-based dynamic origin selection - examples . In the CloudFront origin request event, the origin object in the event structure contains information about the origin that the request would be routed to, based on the path pattern. You can update the values in the origin object to route a request to a different origin. When you update the origin object, you don't need to define the origin in the distribution. You can also replace an Amazon S3 origin object with a custom origin object, and vice versa. You can only specify a single origin per request, though; either a custom origin or an Amazon S3 origin, but not both. Request events The following topics show the structure of the object that CloudFront passes to a Lambda function for viewer and origin request events . These examples show a GET request with no body. Following the examples is a list of all the possible fields in viewer and origin request events. Topics Example viewer request Example origin request Request event fields Example viewer request The following example shows a viewer request event object. { "Records": [ { "cf": { "config": { "distributionDomainName": "d111111abcdef8.cloudfront.net", "distributionId": "EDFDVBD6EXAMPLE", "eventType": "viewer-request", "requestId": "4TyzHTaYWb1GX1qTfsHhEqV6HUDd_BzoBZnwfnvQc_1oF26ClkoUSEQ==" }, "request": { "clientIp": "203.0.113.178", "headers": { "host": [ { "key": "Host", "value": "d111111abcdef8.cloudfront.net" } ], "user-agent": [ { "key": "User-Agent", "value": "curl/7.66.0" } ], "accept": [ { "key": "accept", "value": "*/*" } ] }, "method": "GET", "querystring": "", "uri": "/" } } } ] } Example origin request The following example shows an origin request event object. { "Records": [ { "cf": { "config": { "distributionDomainName": "d111111abcdef8.cloudfront.net", "distributionId": "EDFDVBD6EXAMPLE", "eventType": "origin-request", "requestId": "4TyzHTaYWb1GX1qTfsHhEqV6HUDd_BzoBZnwfnvQc_1oF26ClkoUSEQ==" }, "request": { "clientIp": "203.0.113.178", "headers": { "x-forwarded-for": [ { "key": "X-Forwarded-For", "value": "203.0.113.178" } ], "user-agent": [ { "key": "User-Agent", "value": "Amazon CloudFront" } ], "via": [ { "key": "Via", "value": "2.0 2afae0d44e2540f472c0635ab62c232b.cloudfront.net (CloudFront)" } ], "host": [ { "key": "Host", "value": "example.org" } ], "cache-control": [ { "key": "Cache-Control", "value": "no-cache" } ] }, "method": "GET", "origin": { "custom": { "customHeaders": { }, "domainName": "example.org", "keepaliveTimeout": 5, "path": "", "port": 443, "protocol": "https", "readTimeout": 30, "responseCompletionTimeout": 30, "sslProtocols": [ "TLSv1", "TLSv1.1", "TLSv1.2" ] } }, "querystring": "", "uri": "/" } } } ] } Request event fields Request event object data is contained in two subobjects: config ( Records.cf.config ) and request ( Records.cf.request ). The following lists describe each subobject's fields. Fields in the config object The following list describes the fields in the config object ( Records.cf.config ). distributionDomainName (read-only) The domain name of the distribution that's associated with the request. distributionID (read-only) The ID of the distribution that's associated with the request. eventType (read-only) The type of trigger that's associated with the request: viewer-request or origin-request . requestId (read-only) An encrypted string that uniquely identifies a viewer-to-CloudFront request. The requestId value also appears in CloudFront access logs as x-edge-request-id . For more information, see Access logs (standard logs) and Log file fields . Fields in the request object The following list describes the fields in the request object ( Records.cf.request ). clientIp (read-only) The IP address of the viewer that made the request. If the viewer used an HTTP proxy or a load balancer to send the request, the value is the IP address of the proxy or load balancer. headers (read/write) The headers in the request. Note the following: The keys in the headers object are lowercase versions of standard HTTP header names. Using lowercase keys gives you case-insensitive access to the header values. Each header object (for example, headers["accept"] or headers["host"] ) is an array of key–value pairs. For a given header, the array contains one key–value pair for each value in the request. key contains the case-sensitive name of the header as it appeared in the HTTP request; for example, Host , User-Agent , X-Forwarded-For , Cookie , and so on. value contains the header value as it appeared in the HTTP request. When your Lambda function adds or modifies request headers and you don't include the header key field, Lambda@Edge automatically inserts a header key using the header name that you provide. Regardless of how you've formatted the header name, the header key that's inserted automatically is formatted with initial capitalization for each part, separated by hyphens (-). For example, you can add a header like the following, without a header key : "user-agent": [ { "value": "ExampleCustomUserAgent/1.X.0" } ] In this example, Lambda@Edge automatically inserts "key": "User-Agent" . For information about restrictions on header usage, see Restrictions on edge functions . method (read-only) The HTTP method of the request. querystring (read/write) The query string, if any, in the request. If the request doesn't include a query string, the event object still includes querystring with an empty value. For more information about query strings, see Cache content based on query string parameters . uri (read/write) The relative path of the requested object. If your Lambda function modifies the uri value, note the following: The new uri value must begin with a forward slash (/). When a function changes the uri value, that changes the object that the viewer is requesting. When a function changes the uri value, that doesn't change the cache behavior for the request or the origin that the request is sent to. body (read/write) The body of the HTTP request. The body structure can contain the following fields: inputTruncated (read-only) A Boolean flag that indicates whether the body was truncated by Lambda@Edge. For more information, see Restrictions on the request body with the include body option . action (read/write) The action that you intend to take with the body. The options for action are the following: read-only: This is the default. When returning the response from the Lambda function, if action is read-only, Lambda@Edge ignores any changes to encoding or data . replace: Specify this when you want to replace the body sent to the origin. encoding (read/write) The encoding for the body. When Lambda@Edge exposes the body to the Lambda function, it first converts the body to base64-encoding. If you choose replace for the action to replace the body, you can opt to use base64 (the default) or text encoding. If you specify encoding as base64 but the body is not valid base64, CloudFront returns an error. data (read/write) The request body content. origin (read/write) (origin events only) The origin to send the request to. The origin structure must contain exactly one origin , which can be a custom origin or an Amazon S3 origin. Depending on your origin type that you specify (custom or Amazon S3 origins), you must specify the following fields in your request: customHeaders (read/write) (custom and Amazon S3 origins) (Optional) You can include custom headers with the request by specifying a header name and value pair for each custom header. You can't add headers that are disallowed, and a header with the same name can't be present in Records.cf.request.headers . The notes about request headers also apply to custom headers. For more information, see Custom headers that CloudFront can’t add to origin requests and Restrictions on edge functions . domainName (read/write) (custom and Amazon S3 origins) The domain name of the origin. The domain name can't be empty. For custom origins – Specify a DNS domain name, such as www.example.com . The domain name can't include a colon (:), and can't be an IP address. The domain name can be up to 253 characters. For Amazon S3 origins – Specify the DNS domain name of the Amazon S3 bucket, such as amzn-s3-demo-bucket.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com . The name can be up to 128 characters, and must be all lowercase. path (read/write) (custom and Amazon S3 origins) The directory path at the origin where the request should locate content. The path should start with a forward slash (/) but shouldn't end with one (for example, it shouldn't end with example-path/ ). For custom origins only, the path should be URL encoded and have a maximum length of 255 characters. keepaliveTimeout (read/write) (custom origins only) How long, in seconds, that CloudFront should try to maintain the connection to the origin after receiving the last packet of the response. The value must be a number from 1–120, inclusive. port (read/write) (custom origins only) The port that CloudFront should connect to at your custom origin. The port must be 80, 443, or a number in the range of 1024–65535, inclusive. protocol (read/write) (custom origins only) The connection protocol that CloudFront should use when connecting to your origin. The value can be http or https . readTimeout (read/write) (custom and Amazon S3 origins) How long, in seconds, CloudFront should wait for a response after sending a request to your origin. This also specifies how long CloudFront should wait after receiving a packet of a response before receiving the next packet. The value must be a number from 1–120, inclusive. If you need a higher quota, see Response timeout per origin . responseCompletionTimeout (read/write) (custom and Amazon S3 origins) The time (in seconds) that a request from CloudFront to the origin can stay open and wait for a response. If the complete response isn't received from the origin by this time, CloudFront ends the connection. The value for responseCompletionTimeout must be equal to or greater than the value for the readTimeout . If you set this value to 0, it removes any previous value you set and returns to the default. You can also accomplish this by deleting the responseCompletionTimeout field from the event request. sslProtocols (read/write) (custom origins only) The minimum SSL/TLS protocol that CloudFront can use when establishing an HTTPS connection with your origin. Values can be any of the following: TLSv1.2 , TLSv1.1 , TLSv1 , or SSLv3 . authMethod (read/write) (Amazon S3 origins only) If you're using an origin access identity (OAI) , set this field to origin-access-identity . If you aren't using an OAI, set it to none . If you set authMethod to origin-access-identity , there are several requirements: You must specify the region (see the following field). You must use the same OAI when you change the request from one Amazon S3 origin to another. You can't use an OAI when you change the request from a custom origin to an Amazon S3 origin. Note This field does not support origin access control (OAC) . region (read/write) (Amazon S3 origins only) The AWS Region of your Amazon S3 bucket. This is required only when you set authMethod to origin-access-identity . Response events The following topics show the structure of the object that CloudFront passes to a Lambda function for viewer and origin response events . Following the examples is a list of all the possible fields in viewer and origin response events. Topics Example origin response Example viewer response Response event fields Example origin response The following example shows an origin response event object. { "Records": [ { "cf": { "config": { "distributionDomainName": "d111111abcdef8.cloudfront.net", "distributionId": "EDFDVBD6EXAMPLE", "eventType": "origin-response", "requestId": "4TyzHTaYWb1GX1qTfsHhEqV6HUDd_BzoBZnwfnvQc_1oF26ClkoUSEQ==" }, "request": { "clientIp": "203.0.113.178", "headers": { "x-forwarded-for": [ { "key": "X-Forwarded-For", "value": "203.0.113.178" } ], "user-agent": [ { "key": "User-Agent", "value": "Amazon CloudFront" } ], "via": [ { "key": "Via", "value": "2.0 8f22423015641505b8c857a37450d6c0.cloudfront.net (CloudFront)" } ], "host": [ { "key": "Host", "value": "example.org" } ], "cache-control": [ { "key": "Cache-Control", "value": "no-cache" } ] }, "method": "GET", "origin": { "custom": { "customHeaders": { }, "domainName": "example.org", "keepaliveTimeout": 5, "path": "", "port": 443, "protocol": "https", "readTimeout": 30, "responseCompletionTimeout": 30, "sslProtocols": [ "TLSv1", "TLSv1.1", "TLSv1.2" ] } }, "querystring": "", "uri": "/" }, "response": { "headers": { "access-control-allow-credentials": [ { "key": "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials", "value": "true" } ], "access-control-allow-origin": [ { "key": "Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "value": "*" } ], "date": [ { "key": "Date", "value": "Mon, 13 Jan 2020 20:12:38 GMT" } ], "referrer-policy": [ { "key": "Referrer-Policy", "value": "no-referrer-when-downgrade" } ], "server": [ { "key": "Server", "value": "ExampleCustomOriginServer" } ], "x-content-type-options": [ { "key": "X-Content-Type-Options", "value": "nosniff" } ], "x-frame-options": [ { "key": "X-Frame-Options", "value": "DENY" } ], "x-xss-protection": [ { "key": "X-XSS-Protection", "value": "1; mode=block" } ], "content-type": [ { "key": "Content-Type", "value": "text/html; charset=utf-8" } ], "content-length": [ { "key": "Content-Length", "value": "9593" } ] }, "status": "200", "statusDescription": "OK" } } } ] } Example viewer response The following example shows a viewer response event object. { "Records": [ { "cf": { "config": { "distributionDomainName": "d111111abcdef8.cloudfront.net", "distributionId": "EDFDVBD6EXAMPLE", "eventType": "viewer-response", "requestId": "4TyzHTaYWb1GX1qTfsHhEqV6HUDd_BzoBZnwfnvQc_1oF26ClkoUSEQ==" }, "request": { "clientIp": "203.0.113.178", "headers": { "host": [ { "key": "Host", "value": "d111111abcdef8.cloudfront.net" } ], "user-agent": [ { "key": "User-Agent", "value": "curl/7.66.0" } ], "accept": [ { "key": "accept", "value": "*/*" } ] }, "method": "GET", "querystring": "", "uri": "/" }, "response": { "headers": { "access-control-allow-credentials": [ { "key": "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials", "value": "true" } ], "access-control-allow-origin": [ { "key": "Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "value": "*" } ], "date": [ { "key": "Date", "value": "Mon, 13 Jan 2020 20:14:56 GMT" } ], "referrer-policy": [ { "key": "Referrer-Policy", "value": "no-referrer-when-downgrade" } ], "server": [ { "key": "Server", "value": "ExampleCustomOriginServer" } ], "x-content-type-options": [ { "key": "X-Content-Type-Options", "value": "nosniff" } ], "x-frame-options": [ { "key": "X-Frame-Options", "value": "DENY" } ], "x-xss-protection": [ { "key": "X-XSS-Protection", "value": "1; mode=block" } ], "age": [ { "key": "Age", "value": "2402" } ], "content-type": [ { "key": "Content-Type", "value": "text/html; charset=utf-8" } ], "content-length": [ { "key": "Content-Length", "value": "9593" } ] }, "status": "200", "statusDescription": "OK" } } } ] } Response event fields Response event object data is contained in three subobjects: config ( Records.cf.config ), request ( Records.cf.request ), and response ( Records.cf.response ). For more information about the fields in the request object, see Fields in the request object . The following lists describe the fields in the config and response subobjects. Fields in the config object The following list describes the fields in the config object ( Records.cf.config ). distributionDomainName (read-only) The domain name of the distribution that's associated with the response. distributionID (read-only) The ID of the distribution that's associated with the response. eventType (read-only) The type of trigger that's associated with the response: origin-response or viewer-response . requestId (read-only) An encrypted string that uniquely identifies the viewer-to-CloudFront request that this response is associated with. The requestId value also appears in CloudFront access logs as x-edge-request-id . For more information, see Access logs (standard logs) and Log file fields . Fields in the response object The following list describes the fields in the response object ( Records.cf.response ). For information about using a Lambda@Edge function to generate an HTTP response, see Generate HTTP responses in request triggers . headers (read/write) The headers in the response. Note the following: The keys in the headers object are lowercase versions of standard HTTP header names. Using lowercase keys gives you case-insensitive access to the header values. Each header object (for example, headers["content-type"] or headers["content-length"] ) is an array of key–value pairs. For a given header, the array contains one key–value pair for each value in the response. key contains the case-sensitive name of the header as it appears in the HTTP response; for example, Content-Type , Content-Length , Cookie , and so on. value contains the header value as it appears in the HTTP response. When your Lambda function adds or modifies response headers and you don't include the header key field, Lambda@Edge automatically inserts a header key using the header name that you provide. Regardless of how you've formatted the header name, the header key that's inserted automatically is formatted with initial capitalization for each part, separated by hyphens (-). For example, you can add a header like the following, without a header key : "content-type": [ { "value": "text/html;charset=UTF-8" } ] In this example, Lambda@Edge automatically inserts "key": "Content-Type" . For information about restrictions on header usage, see Restrictions on edge functions . status The HTTP status code of the response. statusDescription The HTTP status description of the response. Javascript is disabled or is unavailable in your browser. To use the Amazon Web Services Documentation, Javascript must be enabled. Please refer to your browser's Help pages for instructions. Document Conventions Delete functions and replicas Work with requests and responses Did this page help you? - Yes Thanks for letting us know we're doing a good job! If you've got a moment, please tell us what we did right so we can do more of it. Did this page help you? - No Thanks for letting us know this page needs work. We're sorry we let you down. If you've got a moment, please tell us how we can make the documentation better. | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/shopify-front-end-interview-questions#insider-tips-from-the-greatfrontend-community | Shopify Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Shopify interview questions On this page Shopify Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Shopify. 3rd Mar 2025 : Any current or ex-Shopify employees here? I just got offered a Senior Software Engineer position (thanks GreatFrontEnd for the system design help!) 3rd Feb 2025 : I was asked the Roomba problem for Shopify's pair programming interview. Pretty common, you should be able to find it in a thread here 25th Jul 2024 : i had to create a roomba app where it would move on a 10x10 grid. the roomba icon could respond onClick to movements as well as turn when it hit the end of the arrays (using css transform). refs and responsive design were also tested here 13th Feb 2024 : Just wanted to say, I used your site for 1 month to prep for my interviews at Shopify, and I got the job! Staff level engineer. Just saying thank you and honestly, no complaints. Loved the site, loved the system design questions. Everything was very, very useful. For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Twitter interview questions Next Pinterest interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.yangshuntay.com/blog/are-front-end-development-skills-enough-for-a-career | Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? | Yangshun Tay Yangshun Tay Back to all posts Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? Nov 3, 2019 I attended NUS Hackers' Friday Hacks recently where I met an undergrad freshmen who asked me a question regarding Front End as a career. I'm honestly quite into front end development — web technologies, UI/UX, web design and stuff. But with there being more and more accessible to new developers (create-react-app, parcel and such), I just can't help but wonder if these skills are sufficient to survive in the tech industry today. Not that it's a bad thing! Lowering the barrier to entry for programmers is always good. However, for those like myself who would like to pursue front end development as a career, I'm just wondering if having these skills are enough. Interesting question. I've wondered the same question to myself before but convinced myself that I'm probably fine just dabbling in Front End development for now. 😌 Front End is complex and getting increasingly so Most people would have used websites like facebook.com, youtube.com and gmail.com. These applications have hundreds of engineers working on them (thousands if you include the back end) due to the demanding nature of the application - it has to load fast, it has to be secure, it has to look pretty. These days, front end development is no longer just about building websites rendering a static HTML. Many websites these days are in fact web applications and a lot of thought has to be put into the application architecture, and that requires good software engineering capabilities. That's why you see many Front End tools these days like React, Redux, Relay, CSS modules, webpack, etc. These tools exist because of the ever-increasing requirements of building rich and performant user experiences on the web. Being a good Front End developer is very hard, there are many aspects to know about - HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Browser APIs, Security, Performance, Animation, SEO, Networking, the list is non-exhaustive and growing. There are always new problems to solve and new things to learn. JavaScript fatigue was a term pretty common a few years back due to the explosion of tools in the Front End ecosystem. Things have gotten more stable but the JavaScript community is currently still one of the most fast-moving communities. Does the rise of mobile threaten the existence of web developers? Many products now have a native mobile app version and that might make people think that the existence of Front End (web) developers could be threatened. I think that is only true to a small extent. Certain applications like Uber and Lyft make sense to be mobile-first, but there are also many complex professional applications where web (or any interface with a larger screens) will always prevail, such as office productivity and design software. Viewing things at a more macro scale, both mobile apps and web apps fall under the category of client-side applications. Many core skills important for being a good web developer are also important for mobile app development - they are transferable across platforms. Tools like React Native and Flutter have also been created to help engineers build products across platforms by only writing the code "once" (in quotes because that dream is still in development). This approach is not a silver bullet solution and has yet to prove itself adequately, but for prototyping small apps or even just certain parts of your mobile app, it works pretty well. In React Native, you write your application in JavaScript using React Native primitives, and the React Native runtime runs the code on the JavaScript engine in the platform to construct native app UI views and handle application logic. It's pretty similar to writing typical web front end code. Facebook's Ads Manager App and the Marketplace tab are built using React Native. There are numerous technologies that enable you to build native apps on mobile platforms by knowing web front end development. Even though mobile usage is on the rise, there still exists many use cases where the desktop still excels at. Google Suite, Microsoft Office, Design tools are still more efficiently operated on desktops. In fact, many desktop applications these days are built on HTML5 technologies instead of native desktop code using tools like Electron to package web application code into an executable shipped to users. You might already be using some of them without knowing - Slack, Discord, WhatsApp Desktop, VS Code, Atom Editor, just to name a few. I think developers who are only familiar with native desktop platform engineering skills have more reasons to worry than Front End developers. The web is incredibly cross-platform! Jack of all trades, master of one However, I think that being a Front End development in many regards, is considered a specialized position. That's why it's important to be "T-shaped". I first got introduced to this term through my ex-manager at Grab, Tim Goh. He advised me to have a specialization (front end), yet still know a bit about everything. In other words, you are strong in your core fundamentals, but you also specialize in a particular area. This is good advice and it's not new advice. In most university courses, students are expected to study the fundamental courses before choosing their area of specialization. In the context of a School of Computing in National University of Singapore, students start their in school by taking basic classes in Algorithms, Data Structures, Software Engineering, Operating Systems, Computer Networks, before choosing their specialization in deeper areas like Compilers, Computer Graphics, AI and Machine Learning, Media, Networking and more. Having a strong foundation enables someone to make switching domains a possibility. There will definitely be a ramp-up process, but it can be made smoother with solid foundations, and with the skill of learning how to learn fast. In the extreme case where the web becomes irrelevant, and no companies want to hire front end developers anymore, front end developers with strong fundamentals can always slightly switch tracks by doing mobile or back end engineering, or even the hottest UI platform (AR/VR?) out there. Having good tools to use (like Create React App, Parcel) doesn't eradicate the need for Front End developers to possess good software engineering skills. What will happen if you are the person tasked to build the tools? Great Front End developers (or Software Engineers really) go beneath the abstractions layer, understand how their tools work, and what problems the tool set out to solve. They also constantly seek to challenge and improve the status quo by building better technologies to cater to the ever-increasing demands. At Facebook, the Front End Engineers are Software Engineers first, domain experts second. Many of the Front End engineers I know at Facebook have a deep understanding of the technical stack and don't just work on stuff related to the browser. At Facebook scale, front end work also involves building a lot of infrastructure to make our front end code base scale well with the growing technical and people needs. That means writing codemods to do large-scale refactoring, inventing new UI paradigms , performant testing frameworks , creating type-checkers for untyped languages, changing the ways we fetch data from our servers and managing it on clients . These tools wouldn't exist if the Front End engineers at Facebook didn't possess strong software engineering skills. Pick up new, relevant skills It can be hard to pick up new skills at work in an unrelated domain if there are no opportunities to do so. Thankfully (or not), due to the explosion of tools in the Front End ecosystem, I've found an area which I have gained a new-found interest in - Programming Languages Theory (Static Analysis, Compilers, and Intepreters). Static analysis is incredibly important in tools that I use on a daily basis - it's being used by the module bundlers for bundling JavaScript files together, generating CSS from more user-friendly CSS syntaxes, compiling modern JavaScript into older versions of JavaScript that more common browsers can run, and even this blog post written in Markdown uses static analysis to be converted into HTML. I've been toying with writing my own interpreter after learning this awesome book called Crafting Interpreters and will be further exploring this domain in my spare time, possibly building Front End-related tooling in future that leverages static analysis and compilation. Adding new skills to my arsenal in a related but different domain helps me to stay relevant in the event that the industry no longer needs Front End developers 😱 In summary, although Front End development is considered quite specialized, there's enough demand and complexity for it to stay relevant in the years to come. What would threaten the web would be an entire shift of the way users interact with apps, perhaps to a non-visual paradigm like a brain-controlled interface. However, paradigm shifts don't happen overnight and there will be sufficient time to react (pun intended) in the case that ever happens. Being strong in your Software Engineering fundamentals and knowing how to learn new skills fast will help you in switching domains (and also careers). Opinions are my own and do not represent the views of my employer. 2025 © Yangshun Tay | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/pinterest-front-end-interview-questions#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Pinterest Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Pinterest interview questions On this page Pinterest Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Pinterest. 3rd Apr 2024 : I tríed few months ago. I did the first round only for a release engineer position. The problem is called Can you win. And it is similar to that in Leetcode jump and jump II. They are medium level problems. At least you can solve 2 in 20-30 mins. They recommend that. 4th Feb 2024 : Last time I interviewed for a FE engineer role at Pinterest in 2019, it was 3 LC rounds. one required a trie data structure to solve a string DSA. "Given a stream of comments, detect inappropriate language". I would be interested to know if they do have a true FE track. Just re-read this question. I thought you were asking about onsite. The question I got for phone screen was: Given an array of integers like [1,2,0,4,3] and a starting index, return true if you are able to get to a "0" value. Return false if you can't. Each value in the array is how many steps to the left or right you can move. You have to take that many steps exactly. If you are at the start or end of the array and you have movements left, you can wrap around to the opposite side. ex: same array, but startingIdx = 3. It returns true because you can go 1 step to the right, then 3 steps to the right starting at 0. So this is backtracking plus keeping track of which indexes you've finished evaluating. I've never seen this on LC. I think I spent 15 mins trying to voice out the solution. 15 minutes coding. Finished. 15 minutes of talking back and forth about Pinterest. Ended the interview 15 minutes early. hilariously, i got the same question on the onsite and then there was a follow up question to this which was: you've used recursion to solve htis, but can you solve this without it? So instead of a (call) stack of nodes to process, use a queue, Pinterest was the worst interview experience I've gone through for frontend. Position asked for React experience, didn't write a single line of JavaScript. Only Python for DSA. So it would be a breath of fresh air if they did create an FE track since 2019 Yup, passed the phone screen, went to onsite. Didn't get offer because I wasn't very good with string DSA at the time 4th Feb 2024 : yes, afaik they have a FE track and a full stack track for interviews. thats what the recruiter alluded to because im teetering between FE and full stack and she mentioned that the interview might be different if i wanted to focus on full stack 12th Sep 2023 : So, the recruiter just explained to me, that there will be 1 Algos, 1 Frontend Coding with React, 1 Frontend System Design and 1 Behavioral for Pinterest's onsite For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Shopify interview questions Next Reddit interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/zh-CN/blog#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Blog | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 跳到主要内容 We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 简体中文 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 搜索 Recent posts When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews A Glimpse into Front End Interviews Front End Career Questions Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? When You Should Prefer Map Over Object In JavaScript 2022年6月18日 · 阅读需 17 分钟 Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon See discussions on Reddit In JavaScript, objects are handy. They allow us to easily group multiple pieces of data together. After ES6, we got a new addition to the language - Map . In a lot of aspects, it seems like a more capable Object with a somewhat clumsy interface. However, most people still reach for objects when they need a hash map and only switch to using Map when they realize the keys can't just be strings for their use cases. As a result, Map remains underused in today's JavaScript community. In this post, I will break down all the reasons when you should consider using Map more and its performance characteristics with benchmarks. 标签： front end javascript interview object map 阅读更多 Front End vs. Back End System Design Interviews 2021年12月23日 · 阅读需 9 分钟 Zhenghao He Engineering Manager at Robinhood, ex-Amazon Walkthrough of similarities and differences between front end vs. back end system design interviews and my thoughts on a front end career ceiling. 标签： front end back end system design interview 阅读更多 A Glimpse into Front End Interviews 2021年8月30日 · 阅读需 5 分钟 Kai Li Software Engineer at Stripe, ex-Quora, ex-Zendesk A glimpse into the front end interview process and questions that frequently come up. 标签： front end interview 阅读更多 Front End Career Questions 2021年8月28日 · 阅读需 4 分钟 Yangshun Tay Engineering Lead at Facebook Recently a junior front end engineer at a startup in Singapore reached out to me to ask me how front end development as a career. 标签： front end career 阅读更多 Are Front End Development Skills Enough for a Career? 2019年11月3日 · 阅读需 8 分钟 Yangshun Tay Front End Engineer at Facebook Recently, an undergrad freshmen I met at an event asked me a question regarding Front End development as a career. 标签： front end career 阅读更多 General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/palantir-front-end-interview-questions#insider-tips-from-the-greatfrontend-community | Palantir Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Palantir interview questions On this page Palantir Front End Interview Questions Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Palantir. 21st Aug 2024 : I had a tree / graph traversal type problem for Palantir phone screen. More leetcode-y and less FE-specific. Uber was building a small app in the UI. React GreatFrontEnd problems were super helpful with clearing that round 1st Jun 2024 : Search the server for Palantir. You’ll get a lot of tips here! Otherwise, I think this all depends on how prepared you already feel for leetcode and GreatFrontEnd questions. One week isn’t a lot of time, so I’d focus on your weakest topics and topics most likely to be asked I mentioned leetcode because other people here who interviewed with Palantir said they had leetcode questions. Using the interview as just a practice is good too, if you really don’t wanna study leetcode, even just the questions posted on here. 29th Mar 2024 : Hi for Palantir, it was a leetcode style question. I had to validate a graph and there were some additional questions about time and space complexity afterwards. Hope this is not too late. The interviewer determined if it passed or not. There were no automatic tests. 26th Mar 2024 : Just finished up a tech screen with Palantir. Pretty leetcode-y. Was asked to take a text and a query of two words, an integer k, and return the indicies of where the distance between the two words is <= k . Got a semi-optimal solution, but wasn't the most optimal (we went through the most optimal after). Was essentially just a text document (i.e. no test cases, I wrote the function signature, no ability to run the code). We'll see what happens 🤷♂️ 25th Mar 2025 : I have one tomorrow with them for a full-stack role leaning frontend. Here's what the recruiter told me to expect for the interview process: - Technical Interview — Leetcode, DSA 2 Interviews Web Dev Decomposition Interview (System Design) Hiring Manager Interview For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Adobe interview questions Next Salesforce interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/palantir-front-end-interview-questions#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Palantir Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Palantir interview questions On this page Palantir Front End Interview Questions Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Palantir. 21st Aug 2024 : I had a tree / graph traversal type problem for Palantir phone screen. More leetcode-y and less FE-specific. Uber was building a small app in the UI. React GreatFrontEnd problems were super helpful with clearing that round 1st Jun 2024 : Search the server for Palantir. You’ll get a lot of tips here! Otherwise, I think this all depends on how prepared you already feel for leetcode and GreatFrontEnd questions. One week isn’t a lot of time, so I’d focus on your weakest topics and topics most likely to be asked I mentioned leetcode because other people here who interviewed with Palantir said they had leetcode questions. Using the interview as just a practice is good too, if you really don’t wanna study leetcode, even just the questions posted on here. 29th Mar 2024 : Hi for Palantir, it was a leetcode style question. I had to validate a graph and there were some additional questions about time and space complexity afterwards. Hope this is not too late. The interviewer determined if it passed or not. There were no automatic tests. 26th Mar 2024 : Just finished up a tech screen with Palantir. Pretty leetcode-y. Was asked to take a text and a query of two words, an integer k, and return the indicies of where the distance between the two words is <= k . Got a semi-optimal solution, but wasn't the most optimal (we went through the most optimal after). Was essentially just a text document (i.e. no test cases, I wrote the function signature, no ability to run the code). We'll see what happens 🤷♂️ 25th Mar 2025 : I have one tomorrow with them for a full-stack role leaning frontend. Here's what the recruiter told me to expect for the interview process: - Technical Interview — Leetcode, DSA 2 Interviews Web Dev Decomposition Interview (System Design) Hiring Manager Interview For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Adobe interview questions Next Salesforce interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/pinterest-front-end-interview-questions#insider-tips-from-the-greatfrontend-community | Pinterest Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Pinterest interview questions On this page Pinterest Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find more company guides on GreatFrontEnd . Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Pinterest. 3rd Apr 2024 : I tríed few months ago. I did the first round only for a release engineer position. The problem is called Can you win. And it is similar to that in Leetcode jump and jump II. They are medium level problems. At least you can solve 2 in 20-30 mins. They recommend that. 4th Feb 2024 : Last time I interviewed for a FE engineer role at Pinterest in 2019, it was 3 LC rounds. one required a trie data structure to solve a string DSA. "Given a stream of comments, detect inappropriate language". I would be interested to know if they do have a true FE track. Just re-read this question. I thought you were asking about onsite. The question I got for phone screen was: Given an array of integers like [1,2,0,4,3] and a starting index, return true if you are able to get to a "0" value. Return false if you can't. Each value in the array is how many steps to the left or right you can move. You have to take that many steps exactly. If you are at the start or end of the array and you have movements left, you can wrap around to the opposite side. ex: same array, but startingIdx = 3. It returns true because you can go 1 step to the right, then 3 steps to the right starting at 0. So this is backtracking plus keeping track of which indexes you've finished evaluating. I've never seen this on LC. I think I spent 15 mins trying to voice out the solution. 15 minutes coding. Finished. 15 minutes of talking back and forth about Pinterest. Ended the interview 15 minutes early. hilariously, i got the same question on the onsite and then there was a follow up question to this which was: you've used recursion to solve htis, but can you solve this without it? So instead of a (call) stack of nodes to process, use a queue, Pinterest was the worst interview experience I've gone through for frontend. Position asked for React experience, didn't write a single line of JavaScript. Only Python for DSA. So it would be a breath of fresh air if they did create an FE track since 2019 Yup, passed the phone screen, went to onsite. Didn't get offer because I wasn't very good with string DSA at the time 4th Feb 2024 : yes, afaik they have a FE track and a full stack track for interviews. thats what the recruiter alluded to because im teetering between FE and full stack and she mentioned that the interview might be different if i wanted to focus on full stack 12th Sep 2023 : So, the recruiter just explained to me, that there will be 1 Algos, 1 Frontend Coding with React, 1 Frontend System Design and 1 Behavioral for Pinterest's onsite For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Shopify interview questions Next Reddit interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/es/front-end-system-design/applications | Front End System Design Interview - Applications | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Saltar al contenido principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Español English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions System design interview Applications En esta página Front End System Design Interview - Applications Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Front End System Design Questions . Examples News feed (e.g. Facebook) (Free) E-commerce marketplace (e.g. Amazon) (Paid) Chat application (e.g. Messenger) (Paid) Photo sharing application (e.g. Instagram) (Paid) Pinterest (Paid) Collaborative editor (e.g. Google docs) (Paid) Travel booking website (e.g. Airbnb) (Paid) Video streaming (e.g. Netflix) (Paid) Email client (e.g. Microsoft Outlook) (Paid) Framework In system design interviews, candidates are supposed to lead the conversation. Here's a framework you can use to give an outline to the interviewer as to what you are going to cover (not necessarily in that order). The framework is called RADIO and it is made up of the first character of each aspect. Requirements exploration Architecture Data model Interface definition (API) Optimizations and deep dive User experience (UX) Performance Accessibility (a11y) Internationalization (i18n) Multi-device support Security Requirements exploration Every system design interview should start with clarifying requirements about the question, which is usually left vague intentionally. Some considerations: What devices should the system support? Desktop web, mobile web, etc What's the primary device that users will access the system on? Which browsers should we support? Do we need to support internationalization? Does the app need to work offline? Architecture / High-level design Architecture for front end interviews are typically focused on the client-side architecture, and not on large scale distributed systems where databases, load balancers and servers are involved. For applications, common architectures include Model-View-Controller, Model-View-ViewModel, Flux, N-tier (where data tier is on the client) etc. Data model Client app state, which is a combination of server state (database) and true client state (non-persisted to the server). Interface definition (API) API design for applications will refer to the HTTP/network API parameters and the shape of the responses. Optimization and deep dives With the architectural basics of the application covered, we can dive into specific areas which the application might need special attention to. Note that there almost definitely won't be enough time to cover every area, and not every area will be very relevant to the component at hand. Showing knowledge about these areas and being able to dive deep into them are traits of senior developers. User experience (UX) Performance Accessibility (a11y) Internationalization (i18n) Multi-device support Security Helpful articles Many companies blog about their technical challenges in the front end domain and these are great content to learn more about designing front end systems. Building the Google Photos Web UI Twitter Lite and High Performance React Progressive Web Apps at Scale A Netflix Web Performance Case Study A Tinder Progressive Web App Performance Case Study A Pinterest Progressive Web App Performance Case Study A React And Preact Progressive Web App Performance Case Study: Treebo Rebuilding our tech stack for the new Facebook.com GreatFrontEnd shows you how to approach front end system design interviews with their Front End System Design Playbook and case studies. You can also do hands-on practice through their huge question bank of 500+ questions , each with solutions written by ex-FAANG senior engineers to learn more about system design. Editar esta página Última actualización en 30 nov 2025 por Danielle Ford Anterior User interface components Siguiente Behavorial interviews Table of Contents Examples Framework Requirements exploration Architecture / High-level design Data model Interface definition (API) Optimization and deep dives Helpful articles General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://forum.videolan.org/viewforum.php?f=15 | Skins - The VideoLAN Forums The VideoLAN Forums Discussion and support for VLC media player and friends Skip to content Search Advanced search Quick links Unanswered topics Active topics Search Login Register VideoLAN Forum Home Customize VLC media player Skins Search Skins About usage, announcement and development of skins for VLC Forum Topics Posts Last post Released Skins Comments on released skins Topics: 49 49 Topics 301 Posts Last post Re: No way to share skins. by InTheWings View the latest post 05 Feb 2020 14:18 New Topic Search Advanced search 801 topics Page 1 of 33 Jump to page: 1 2 3 4 5 … 33 Next Announcements Replies Views Last post Guide: If you have issues with new VLC on high end device Last post by NotMori « 08 Nov 2024 22:21 Posted in General VLC media player Troubleshooting Replies: 22 by InTheWings » 09 Feb 2021 09:49 » in General VLC media player Troubleshooting 22 Replies 2988403 Views Last post by NotMori View the latest post 08 Nov 2024 22:21 Posts about non open-source conversion software Last post by Jean-Baptiste Kempf « 09 Jan 2009 10:33 Posted in VLC media player for Windows Troubleshooting by Jean-Baptiste Kempf » 09 Jan 2009 10:33 » in VLC media player for Windows Troubleshooting 0 Replies 1847360 Views Last post by Jean-Baptiste Kempf View the latest post 09 Jan 2009 10:33 Topics Replies Views Last post VLC Skin Editor // Current release: 0.8.5 Last post by TheRedLime « 23 May 2024 14:33 Replies: 143 1 2 3 4 5 6 by 3breadt » 10 Jul 2007 13:54 143 Replies 806595 Views Last post by TheRedLime View the latest post 23 May 2024 14:33 New features added in the dev branch Last post by Lotesdelere « 21 Jul 2023 09:43 Replies: 18 by erwan10 » 28 Nov 2010 16:03 18 Replies 141916 Views Last post by Lotesdelere View the latest post 21 Jul 2023 09:43 Changing skin Last post by DrWho42 « 24 Jan 2022 08:03 Replies: 25 1 2 by 3breadt » 18 Aug 2009 10:53 25 Replies 243608 Views Last post by DrWho42 View the latest post 24 Jan 2022 08:03 JoeTheZombie's VLC Skin Tutorial Last post by epilare « 27 Dec 2009 11:03 Replies: 16 by joethezombie » 02 Aug 2007 17:45 16 Replies 156363 Views Last post by epilare View the latest post 27 Dec 2009 11:03 Fix: v2 Icon For v3 [MAC] Last post by xxVOXxx « 29 Sep 2025 13:09 by xxVOXxx » 29 Sep 2025 13:09 0 Replies 16605 Views Last post by xxVOXxx View the latest post 29 Sep 2025 13:09 Told that Java is not found when trying to launch skin editor Last post by Phenixhun1er « 24 Jul 2025 18:28 Replies: 4 by Apricot3 » 12 Feb 2025 12:00 4 Replies 60933 Views Last post by Phenixhun1er View the latest post 24 Jul 2025 18:28 VLC Skin for Windows Touch Screen Last post by someoneusingthissite « 30 Apr 2025 22:57 Replies: 1 by birchnet » 06 Sep 2023 18:01 1 Replies 65989 Views Last post by someoneusingthissite View the latest post 30 Apr 2025 22:57 VLC UI unusable on 7-inch touchscreens – lack of functional skin for embedded use Last post by someoneusingthissite « 30 Apr 2025 22:45 by someoneusingthissite » 30 Apr 2025 22:45 0 Replies 28637 Views Last post by someoneusingthissite View the latest post 30 Apr 2025 22:45 Is there a dark version of the default VLC skin? Last post by FuryBrother « 29 Apr 2025 14:01 Replies: 61 1 2 3 by wozmatic » 06 Nov 2019 22:05 61 Replies 362785 Views Last post by FuryBrother View the latest post 29 Apr 2025 14:01 Custom shortcut buttons? Last post by cgn2 « 23 Mar 2025 07:35 by cgn2 » 23 Mar 2025 07:35 0 Replies 35437 Views Last post by cgn2 View the latest post 23 Mar 2025 07:35 I would like to see a Skin that resembles the Songbird and Nightingale projects Last post by erikcht « 13 Mar 2025 05:28 by erikcht » 13 Mar 2025 05:28 0 Replies 32132 Views Last post by erikcht View the latest post 13 Mar 2025 05:28 Skinned interface vlc hangs at "Not responding" periodically Last post by Cencyte « 15 Jan 2025 20:07 by Cencyte » 15 Jan 2025 20:07 0 Replies 40248 Views Last post by Cencyte View the latest post 15 Jan 2025 20:07 java not detected (win7 64bit) Last post by Lotesdelere « 14 Dec 2024 11:57 Replies: 9 by johnDoeVLC » 03 Feb 2019 21:52 9 Replies 103516 Views Last post by Lotesdelere View the latest post 14 Dec 2024 11:57 Skinned VLC always on top problem Last post by MdC_Cologne « 20 Nov 2024 05:30 Replies: 4 by eyedmax » 13 Jun 2010 15:15 4 Replies 54527 Views Last post by MdC_Cologne View the latest post 20 Nov 2024 05:30 Start VLC with different skin for mp3 or mp4 - possible? Last post by Hallodrian « 26 Oct 2024 12:07 by Hallodrian » 26 Oct 2024 12:07 0 Replies 46010 Views Last post by Hallodrian View the latest post 26 Oct 2024 12:07 Changing Cone Icon within VLC Last post by mj_remote « 09 Aug 2024 15:37 Replies: 2 by manaman » 28 Jun 2021 11:33 2 Replies 62741 Views Last post by mj_remote View the latest post 09 Aug 2024 15:37 Skinning questions Last post by kymoh « 06 Jul 2024 07:41 Replies: 1 by bmrx » 07 Mar 2024 09:17 1 Replies 51968 Views Last post by kymoh View the latest post 06 Jul 2024 07:41 Skinned VLC does not scale correctly Last post by thugo « 30 Mar 2024 11:16 by thugo » 30 Mar 2024 11:16 0 Replies 49735 Views Last post by thugo View the latest post 30 Mar 2024 11:16 Big Button skin Last post by captainofthe « 20 Jan 2024 19:15 by captainofthe » 20 Jan 2024 19:15 0 Replies 52680 Views Last post by captainofthe View the latest post 20 Jan 2024 19:15 Where is the current skin stored? How to revert to default? Last post by basspig « 19 Dec 2023 19:31 Replies: 3 by thoste » 06 Mar 2009 09:08 3 Replies 63287 Views Last post by basspig View the latest post 19 Dec 2023 19:31 Skins too Small Last post by egon725 « 16 Oct 2023 20:36 by egon725 » 16 Oct 2023 20:36 0 Replies 52076 Views Last post by egon725 View the latest post 16 Oct 2023 20:36 which skin? Last post by Rahm William « 12 Sep 2023 09:09 Replies: 1 by frankothemountain » 10 Sep 2018 02:06 1 Replies 55434 Views Last post by Rahm William View the latest post 12 Sep 2023 09:09 Looking for a VLC Skin like one of these examples Last post by QuesoGirl17 « 16 Aug 2023 05:42 by QuesoGirl17 » 16 Aug 2023 05:42 0 Replies 52486 Views Last post by QuesoGirl17 View the latest post 16 Aug 2023 05:42 Customizing control buttons Last post by rk4262 « 30 Jul 2023 02:38 Replies: 2 by rk4262 » 28 Jul 2023 23:38 2 Replies 54116 Views Last post by rk4262 View the latest post 30 Jul 2023 02:38 Original layout dark skin Last post by sunblues « 20 Jul 2023 15:31 Replies: 2 by sunblues » 20 Jul 2023 02:19 2 Replies 54256 Views Last post by sunblues View the latest post 20 Jul 2023 15:31 Display topics from previous: All Topics 1 day 7 days 2 weeks 1 month 3 months 6 months 1 year Sort by Author Post time Replies Subject Views Ascending Descending New Topic 801 topics Page 1 of 33 Jump to page: 1 2 3 4 5 … 33 Next Return to Board Index Jump to VideoLAN project Contribute and help the VideoLAN project Forum, Website and Artwork discussion VLC media player VLC media player for Windows Troubleshooting VLC media player for Linux and friends Troubleshooting VLC media player for macOS Troubleshooting VLC for iOS, iPadOS and Apple TV VLC for Android and Chrome OS VLC for Windows Store General VLC media player Troubleshooting VLC media player Translations VLC media player Feature Requests Customize VLC media player Skins Released Skins Scripting VLC in lua Development around VLC media player Web and scripting Development around libVLC VLC 1.1.0 testing VLC 1.0.0 testing Serving streams VLC stream-output (sout) VLM VideoLAN Manager (VLMa) VideoLAN Server and miniSAPserver Other Coffee Corner Archive VideoLAN Who is online Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 5 guests Forum permissions You cannot post new topics in this forum You cannot reply to topics in this forum You cannot edit your posts in this forum You cannot delete your posts in this forum VideoLAN Forum Home All times are UTC+01:00 Delete cookies Powered by phpBB ® Forum Software © phpBB Limited GZIP: On | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/uber-front-end-interview-questions#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Uber Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Uber interview questions On this page Uber Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Uber Front End Interview Guide . Not much is known about Uber's front end interview process. JavaScript coding questions Implement a rate limiter attribute/decoration/annotation on top of an API endpoint. Caps to N requests per minute with a rolling window. Source A and Source B User interface coding questions Create a button that when clicked, adds a progress bar onto the page. The progress bar would then fill up in a given amount of time (think 3 to 5 seconds). If you get past the first part, you will be asked to do throttling how many progress bars can be running at once. For example, if the limit is 3 progress bars, and the user clicks on the button 4 times, the fourth progress bar only starts after the very first one finishes. Source Practice question (Paid) Overlapping circles app. Source Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Uber. 3rd Jun 2025 : I was asked a reactjs based question although I majorly prepared for dsa and JS type questions based on the questions asked previously. What I've learned and observed about Uber's FE process is that they can ask pretty random questions. I guess recruiters are not in sync with the interviewers. Or it feels like it is more up to the interviewers on what they ask. I watched some YT videos of people on their uber interview experience and literally to each one of them dsa was asked. 7th May 2025 : Just gave BPS round of Uber and gotta say, Uber has quality problems! I thought it would be DSA as the recruiter had mentioned. But I guess you can’t trust recruiters nowadays. Question was “create a utility in JS to send data in batches with a timeout. So, as soon as a batch size is reached, send the data right away and start the timeout. If timeout happens before batch is filled, send the batch as it is and start the timer again.” Also, I asked the interviewer for what to prepare for DSA round and he said array, trees, graphs, traversals, but he also mentioned that Uber is trying to get away from DSA for frontend roles and keep it frontend focused and slowly they are doing it. 5th May 2025 : Ik someone who gave Uber's SDE II web interview, in short prepare everything, there were 5 rounds - DSA - leetcode styled and js based Web Fundamentals - HTML, CSS, JS, APIs, Internet Frontend System Design Culture Fit Hiring Manager 19th Jan 2025 : For Uber FE SDE2 check mapAsyncLimit question. Since you're interviewing for their Bengaluru office, prepare behavioral well and do google calender system design 6th Dec 2024 : I've my uber onsite coming up. First 2 rounds are leetcode styled coding and System design. abt me: 7 YOE For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Atlassian interview questions Next Apple interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/zh-CN/front-end-system-design/applications#__docusaurus_skipToContent_fallback | Front End System Design Interview - Applications | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 跳到主要内容 We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 简体中文 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা 搜索 Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions System design interview Applications 本页总览 Front End System Design Interview - Applications Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Front End System Design Questions . Examples News feed (e.g. Facebook) (Free) E-commerce marketplace (e.g. Amazon) (Paid) Chat application (e.g. Messenger) (Paid) Photo sharing application (e.g. Instagram) (Paid) Pinterest (Paid) Collaborative editor (e.g. Google docs) (Paid) Travel booking website (e.g. Airbnb) (Paid) Video streaming (e.g. Netflix) (Paid) Email client (e.g. Microsoft Outlook) (Paid) Framework In system design interviews, candidates are supposed to lead the conversation. Here's a framework you can use to give an outline to the interviewer as to what you are going to cover (not necessarily in that order). The framework is called RADIO and it is made up of the first character of each aspect. Requirements exploration Architecture Data model Interface definition (API) Optimizations and deep dive User experience (UX) Performance Accessibility (a11y) Internationalization (i18n) Multi-device support Security Requirements exploration Every system design interview should start with clarifying requirements about the question, which is usually left vague intentionally. Some considerations: What devices should the system support? Desktop web, mobile web, etc What's the primary device that users will access the system on? Which browsers should we support? Do we need to support internationalization? Does the app need to work offline? Architecture / High-level design Architecture for front end interviews are typically focused on the client-side architecture, and not on large scale distributed systems where databases, load balancers and servers are involved. For applications, common architectures include Model-View-Controller, Model-View-ViewModel, Flux, N-tier (where data tier is on the client) etc. Data model Client app state, which is a combination of server state (database) and true client state (non-persisted to the server). Interface definition (API) API design for applications will refer to the HTTP/network API parameters and the shape of the responses. Optimization and deep dives With the architectural basics of the application covered, we can dive into specific areas which the application might need special attention to. Note that there almost definitely won't be enough time to cover every area, and not every area will be very relevant to the component at hand. Showing knowledge about these areas and being able to dive deep into them are traits of senior developers. User experience (UX) Performance Accessibility (a11y) Internationalization (i18n) Multi-device support Security Helpful articles Many companies blog about their technical challenges in the front end domain and these are great content to learn more about designing front end systems. Building the Google Photos Web UI Twitter Lite and High Performance React Progressive Web Apps at Scale A Netflix Web Performance Case Study A Tinder Progressive Web App Performance Case Study A Pinterest Progressive Web App Performance Case Study A React And Preact Progressive Web App Performance Case Study: Treebo Rebuilding our tech stack for the new Facebook.com GreatFrontEnd shows you how to approach front end system design interviews with their Front End System Design Playbook and case studies. You can also do hands-on practice through their huge question bank of 500+ questions , each with solutions written by ex-FAANG senior engineers to learn more about system design. 编辑此页 最后 由 Danielle Ford 于 2025年11月30日 更新 上一页 User interface components 下一页 Behavorial interviews Table of Contents Examples Framework Requirements exploration Architecture / High-level design Data model Interface definition (API) Optimization and deep dives Helpful articles General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
http://www.videolan.org/news.html#news-2021-01-21 | News - VideoLAN * { behavior: url("/style/box-sizing.htc"); } Toggle navigation VideoLAN Team & Organization Consulting Services & Partners Events Legal Press center Contact us VLC Download Features Customize Get Goodies Projects DVBlast x264 x262 x265 multicat dav1d VLC Skin Editor VLC media player libVLC libdvdcss libdvdnav libdvdread libbluray libdvbpsi libaacs libdvbcsa biTStream vlc-unity All Projects Contribute Getting started Donate Report a bug Support donate donate Donate donate donate VideoLAN, a project and a non-profit organization. News archive VLC 3.0.23 2026-01-08 VideoLAN and the VLC team are publishing the 3.0.23 release of VLC today, which is the 24th update to VLC's 3.0 branch: it updates codecs, adds a dark mode option on Windows and Linux, support for Windows ARM64 and improves support for Windows XP SP3. This is the largest bug fix release ever with a large number of stability and security improvements to demuxers (reported by rub.de, oss-fuzz and others) and updates to most third party libraries. Additional details on the release page . The security impact of this release is detailed here . The major maintenance effort of this release to strengthen VLC's overall stability as well as the compatibility with old releases of Windows and macOS was made possible by a generous sponsorship of the Sovereign Tech Fund by Germany's Federal Ministry for Digital Transformation and Government Modernisation. VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS 3.7.0 2026-01-08 Alongside the 3.0.23 release for desktop, VideoLAN and the VLC team are publishing a larger update for Apple's mobile platforms to include the latest improvements of VLC's 3.0 branch plus important bug fixes and amendments for the 26 versions of the OS. Previously, we added pCloud as a European choice for cloud storage allowing direct streaming and downloads within the app. New releases for biTStream, DVBlast and multicat 2025-12-01 We are pleased to release versions 1.6 of biTStream , 3.5 of DVBlast and 2.4 of multicat . DVBlast and multicat had major improvements and new features. New releases for libdvdcss, libdvdread and libdvdnav 2025-11-09 New releases of libdvdread , libdvdnav and libdvdcss have been published today. The biggest features of those releases (libdvdread/nav 7 and libdvdcss 1.5) are related to DVD-Audio support, including DRM decryption. VLC for Android 3.6.0 2025-01-13 We are pleased to release version 3.6.0 of the VLC version for the Android platform. It comes with the new Remote Access feature, a parental control and a lot of fixes. See our Android page . VLC 3.0.21 2024-06-10 VideoLAN and the VLC team are publishing the 3.0.21 release of VLC today, which is the 22nd update to VLC's 3.0 branch: it updates codecs, adds Super Resolution and VQ Enhancement filtering with AMD GPUs, NVIDIA TrueHDR to generate a HDR representation from SDR sources with NVIDIA GPUs and improves playback of numerous formats including improved subtitles rendering notably on macOS with Asian languages. Additional details on the release page . This release also fixes a security issue, which is detailed here . VLC for iOS, iPadOS and Apple TV 3.5.0 2024-02-16 We are happy to announce a major update of VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS adding playback history, A to B playback, Siri integration, support for external subtitles and audio tracks, a way to favorite folders on local network servers, improved CarPlay integration and many small improvements. VLC 3.0.20 2023-11-02 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the 3.0.20 release of VLC, which is a medium update to VLC's 3.0 branch: it updates codecs, fixes a FLAC quality issue and improves playback of numerous formats including improved subtitles rendering. It also fixes a freeze when using frame-by-frame actions. On macOS, audio layout problems are resolved. Finally, we update the user interface translations and add support for more. Additional details on the release page . This release also fixes two security issues, which are detailed here and there . VLC for iOS, iPadOS and Apple TV 3.4.0 2023-05-03 We are happy to announce a major update of VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS adding a new audio playback interface, CarPlay integration, various improvements to the local media library and iterations to existing features such as WiFi Sharing. Notably, we also added maintenance improvements to the port to tvOS including support for the Apple Remote's single click mode. See the press release for details. VLC 3.0.18 2022-11-29 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the 3.0.18 release of VLC, which adds support for a few formats, improves adaptive streaming support, fixes some crashes and updates many third party libraries. More details on the release page . This release also fixes multiple security issues, which are detailed here . VideoLAN supports the UNHCR 2022-10-24 VideoLAN is a de-facto pacifist organization and cares about cross-countries cooperations, and believes in the power of knowledge and sharing. War goes against those ideals. As a response Russia's invasion of Ukraine, we decided to financially support the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and their work on aiding and protecting forcibly displaced people and communities, in the places where they are necessary. See our press statement . VLC for Android 3.5.0 2022-07-20 VideoLAN is proud to release the new major version of VLC for Android. It comes with new widgets, network media indexation, a better tablet and foldable support, design improvements in the audio screen, improved accessibility and performance improvements. VLC 3.0.17 2022-04-19 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the 3.0.17 release of VLC, which adds support for a few formats, improves adaptive streaming support, fixes some crashes and updates many third party libraries. More details on the release page . VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS 3.3.0 2022-03-21 We are happy to announce a major update of VLC for iOS, iPadOS and tvOS adding a new video playback interface, support for NFS and SFTP network shares and major improvements to the media handling especially for audio. See the press release . libbluray releases 2022-03-06 libbluray and related libraries, libaacs and libbdplus, have new releases, focused on maintenance, minor improvements, and notably new OSes and new java versions compatibility. See libbluray , libaacs and libbdplus pages. VLC and log4j 2021-12-15 Since its very early days in 1996, VideoLAN software is written in programming languages of the C family (mostly plain C with additions in C++ and Objective-C) with the notable exception of its port to Android, which was started in Java and recently transitioned to Kotlin. VLC does not use the log4j library on any platform and is therefore unaffected by any related security implications. VLC for Android 3.4.0 2021-09-20 We are pleased to release version 3.4.0 of the VLC version for the Android platforms. Still based on libVLC 3, it revamps the Audio Player and the Auto support, it adds bookmarks in each media, simplifies the permissions and improves video grouping. See our Android page . VLC 3.0.16 2021-06-21 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the 3.0.16 release of VLC, which fixes delays when seeking on Windows, opening DVD folders with non-ASCII character names, fixes HTTPS support on Windows XP, addresses audio drop-outs on seek with specific MP4 content and improves subtitles renderering. It also adds support for the TouchBar on macOS. More details on the release page . VLC 3.0.14, auto update issues and explanations 2021-05-11 VLC users on Windows might encounter issues when trying to auto update VLC from version 3.0.12 and 3.0.13. Find more details here . We are publishing version 3.0.14 to address this problem for future updates. VLC 3.0.13 2021-05-10 VideoLAN is now publishing 3.0.13 release, which improves the network shares and adaptive streaming support, fixes some MP4 audio regressions, fixes some crashes on Windows and macOS and fixes security issues. More details on the release page . libbluray 1.3.0 2021-04-05 A new release of libbluray was pushed today, adding new APIs, to improve the control of the library, improve platforms support, and fix some bugs. See our libbluray page. VideoLAN is 20 years old today! 2021-02-01 20 years ago today, VideoLAN moved from a closed-source student project to the GNU GPL, thanks to the authorization of the École Centrale Paris director at that time. VLC has grown a lot since, thanks to 1000 volunteers! Read our press release! . VLC for Android 3.3.4 2021-01-21 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC for Android 3.3.4 release which focuses on improving the Chromecast support. Since the 3.3.0 release, a lot of improvements have been made for Android TV, SMB support, RTL support, subtitles picking and stability. . VLC 3.0.12 2021-01-18 VideoLAN is now publishing 3.0.12 release, which adds support for Apple Silicon, improves Bluray, DASH and RIST support. It fixes some audio issues on macOS, some crashes on Windows and fixes security issues. More details on the release page . libbluray 1.2.1 2020-10-23 A minor release of libbluray was pushed today, focused on fixing bugs and improving the support for UHD Blurays. More details on the libbluray page. VLC for Android 3.3 2020-09-23 VideoLAN is proud to release the new major version of VLC for Android. A complete design rework has been done. The navigation is now at the bottom for a better experience. The Video player has also been completely revamped for a more modern look. The video grouping has been improved and lets you create custom groups. You can also easily share your media with your friends. The settings have been simplified and a lot of bugs have been fixed. VLC 3.0.11.1 2020-07-29 Today, VideoLAN is publishing the VLC 3.0.11.1 release for macOS, which notably solves an audio rendering regression introduced in the last update specific to that platform. Additionally, it improves playback of HLS streams, WebVTT subtitles and UPnP discovery. VLC 3.0.11 2020-06-16 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.11 release, which improves HLS playback and seeking certain m4a files as well as AAC playback. Additionally, this solves an audio rendering regression on macOS when pausing playback and adds further bug fixes. Additionally, a security issue was resolved. More information available on the release page . VLC 3.0.10 2020-04-28 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.10 release, which improves DVD, macOS Catalina, adaptive streaming, SMB and AV1 support, and fixes some important security issues. More information available on the release page . We are also releasing new versions for iOS (3.2.8) and Android 3.2.11 for the same security issues. VLC for iOS and tvOS releases 2020-03-31 VideoLAN is publishing updates to VLC on iOS and tvOS, to fix numerous small issues, add passcode protection on the web sharing, and improve the quick actions and the stability of the application. VLC for iOS 3.2.5 release 2019-12-03 VideoLAN is publishing updates to VLC on iOS, to improve support for iOS9 compatibility and add new quick actions and improves the collection handling. libdvdread and libdvdnav releases 2019-10-13 We are publishing today libdvdnav and libdvdread minor releases to fix minor crashes and improving the support for difficult discs. See libdvread page for more information . VLC for iOS 3.2.0 release 2019-09-14 VideoLAN is finally publishing its new major version of iOS, numbered 3.2.0. This update starts the changes for the new interface that will drive the development for the next year. It should give the correct building blocks for the future of the iOS app. VLC 3.0.8 2019-08-19 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.8 release, which improves adaptive streaming support, audio output on macOS, VTT subtitles rendering, and also fixes a dozen of security issues. More information available on the release page . VLC 3.0.7 2019-06-07 After 100 millions downloads of 3.0.6, VideoLAN is releasing today the VLC 3.0.7 release, focusing on numerous security fixes, improving HDR support on Windows, and Blu-ray menu support. VideoLAN would like to thank the EU-FOSSA project from the European Commission, who funded this initiative. More information available on the release page . VLC for Android 3.1 2019-04-08 VideoLAN is happy to present the new major version of VLC for Android platforms. Featuring AV1 decoding with dav1d, Android Auto, Launcher Shortcuts, Oreo/Pie integration, Video Groups, SMBv2, and OTG drive support, but also improvements on Cast, Chromebooks and managing the audio/video libraries, this is a quite large update. libbluray 1.1.0 2019-02-12 VideoLAN is releasing a new major version of libbluray: 1.1.0. It adds support for UHD menus (experimental) , for more recents of Java, and improves vastly BD-J menus. This release fixes numerous small issues reported. libdvdread 6.0.1 2019-02-05 VideoLAN is releasing a new minor version of libdvdread, numbered 6.0.1, fixing minor DVD issues. See libdvdread page for more info. VLC reaches 3 billion downloads 2019-01-12 VideoLAN is very happy to announce that VLC crossed the 3 billion downloads on our website: VLC statistics . Please note that this number is under-estimating the number of downloads of VLC. VLC 3.0.6 2019-01-10 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.6 release, which fixes an important regression that appeared on 3.0.5 for DVD subtitles. It also adds support for HDR in AV1. VLC 3.0.5 2018-12-27 VideoLAN is now publishing the VLC 3.0.5 release, a new minor release of the 3.0 branch. This release notably improves the macOS mojave support, adds a new AV1 decoder and fixes numerous issues with hardware acceleration on Windows. More information available here . VLC 3.0.4 2018-08-31 VideoLAN is publishing the VLC 3.0.4 release, a new minor release of the 3.0 branch. This release notably improves the video outputs on most OSes, supports AV1 codec, and fixes numerous small issues on all OSes and Platforms. More information available here . Update for all Windows versions is strongly advised. VLC 3.0.13 for Android 2018-07-31 VideoLAN is publishing today, VLC 3.0.13 on Android and Android TV. This release fixes numerous issues from the 3.0.x branch and improves stability. VLC 3.1.0 for WinRT and iOS 2018-07-20 VideoLAN is publishing today, VLC 3.1.0 on iOS and on Windows App (WinRT) platforms. This release brings hardware encoding and ChromeCast on those 2 mobile platforms. It also updates the libvlc to 3.0.3 in those platforms. VLC 3.0.3 2018-05-29 VideoLAN is publishing the VLC 3.0.3 release, a new minor release of 3.0. This release is fixing numerous crashes and regressions from VLC 3.0.0, "Vetinari", and it fixes some security issues. More information available here . Update for everyone is advised for this release. VLC 3.0.2 2018-04-23 VideoLAN is publishing the VLC 3.0.2 release, for general availability. This release is fixing most of the important bugs and regressions from VLC 3.0.0, "Vetinari", and improves decoding speed on macOS. More than 150 bugs were fixed since the 3.0.0 release. More information available here . VLC 3.0.1 2018-02-28 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are releasing VLC 3.0.1, the first bugfix release of the "Vetinari" branch, for Linux, Windows and macOS. This version improves the chromecast support, hardware decoding, adaptive streaming, and fixes many bugs or crashes encountered in the 3.0.0 version. In total more than 30 issues have been fixed, on all platforms. More information available here . VLC 3.0.0 2018-02-09 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are releasing VLC 3.0.0 "Vetinari" for Linux, Windows, OS X, BSD, Android, iOS, UWP and Windows Phone today! This is the first major release in three years. It activates hardware decoding by default to get 4K and 8K playback, supports 10bits and HDR playback, 360° video and 3D audio, audio passthrough for HD audio codecs, streaming to Chromecast devices (even in formats not supported natively), playback of Blu-Ray Java menus and adds browsing of local network drives. More info on our release page . VLC 2.2.8 2017-12-05 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.8 of VLC media player today. This release fixes a security issue in the AVI demuxer. Additionally, it includes the following fixes, which are part of 2.2.7: This release fixes compatibility with macOS High Sierra and fixes SSA subtitles rendering on macOS. This release also fixes a few security issues, in the flac and the libavcodec modules (heap write overflow), in the avi module and a few crashes. For macOS users, please note: A bug was fixed in VLC 2.2.7 concerning the update mechanism on macOS. In rare circumstances, an auto-update from older versions of VLC to VLC 2.2.8 might not be possible. Please download the update manually from our website in this case. VideoLAN joins the Alliance for Open Media 2017-05-16 The VideoLAN non-profit organization is joining the Alliance for Open Media , to help developing open and royalty-free codecs and other video technologies! More information in our press release: VideoLAN joins Alliance for Open Media . VLC 2.2.5.1 2017-05-12 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.5.1 of VLC media player today This fifth stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes a few bugs reported on VLC 2.2.4, notably video rendering issues on AMD graphics card as well as audio distortion on macOS and 64bit Windows for certain audio files. It also includes updated codecs libraries and improves overall security. Read more about it on our release page . Press release: Wikileaks revelations about VLC 2017-03-09 Following the recent revelations from Wikileaks about the use of VLC by the CIA, you can download the official statement from the VideoLAN organization here . VLC for Android 2.1 beta 2017-02-24 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish beta version 2.1 of VLC for Android today It brings 360° video & faster audio codecs passthru support, performances improvements, Android auto integration and a refreshed UX. See all new features and get it VLC for Android 2.0.0 2016-06-21 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.0 of VLC for Android today It supports network shares browsing and playback, video playlists, downloading subtitles, pop-up video view and multiwindows, the new releases of the Android operating system, and merged Android TV and Android packages. Get it now! and give us your feedback. VLC 2.2.4 2016-06-05 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.4 of VLC media player today This fourth stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes a few bugs reported on VLC 2.2.3 for Windows XP and certain audio files. It also includes updated codecs libraries and fixes a security issue when playing specifically crafted QuickTime files as well as a 3rd party security issue in libmad. Read more about it on our release page . VideoLAN servers under maintenance 2016-05-19 Due to unscheduled maintenance on one of our servers, some git repositories , the trac bug tracker and mailing-lists are currently not available. We are restoring the services, but we can't give detailed information when everything will be back online. Note that downloads from this website, git repositories on code.videolan.org , the wiki and the forum are not affected. Important: Any communication send to email addresses on the videolan.org domain (aka yourdude@videolan.org) won't reach the receiver. VLC 2.2.3 2016-05-03 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.3 of VLC media player today This third stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes more than 30 important bugs reported on VLC 2.2.2. It also includes updated codecs libraries and fixes 3rd party libraries security issues. Read more about it on our release page . VideoLAN Dev Days 2016 part of QtCon 2016-02-18 2016 is a special year for many FLOSS projects: VideoLAN as open-source project and Free Software Foundation Europe both have their 15th birthday while KDE has its 20th birthday. All these call for celebrations! This year VideoLAN has come together with Qt , FSFE , KDE and KDAB to bring you QtCon , where attendees can meet, collaborate and get the latest news of all these projects. VideoLAN Dev Days 2016 will be organised as part of QtCon in Berlin. The event will start on Friday the 2nd of September with 3 shared days of talks, workshops, meetups and coding sessions. The current plan is to have a Call for Papers in March with the Program announced in early June. VLC 2.2.2 2016-02-06 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to publish version 2.2.2 of VLC media player today This second stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes more than 100 important bugs and security issues reported on VLC 2.2.1. It also includes updated codecs libraries and fixes 3rd party libraries security issues. Finally, this update solves installation issues on Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan. Read more about it on our release page . 15 years of GPL 2016-02-01 VideoLAN is happy to celebrate with you the 15th anniversary of the birth of VideoLAN and VLC as open source projects! Announcing VLC for Apple TV 2016-01-12 VideoLAN and the VLC team is excited to announce the first release of VLC for Apple TV. It allows you to get access to all your files and video streams in their native formats without conversions, directly on the new Apple device and your TV. You can find details in our press release . libdvdcss 1.4.0 2015-12-24 VideoLAN is proud to announce the release of version 1.4.0 of libdvdcss . This release adds support for network callbacks, to play ISOs over the network, Android support, and cleans the codebase. VLC for iOS 2.7.0 2015-12-22 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are excited to announce a major version of VLC for iOS today, which adds full support for iOS 9 including split screen and iPad Pro, for Windows shares (SMB), watchOS 2, a new subtitles engine, right-to-left interfaces, system-wide search (spotlight), Touch ID protection, and more. It will be available on the App Store shortly. VLC for ChromeOS 2015-12-17 VideoLAN and the Android teams are happy to announce the port of VLC to the ChromeOS operating system. This is the port of the Android version to ChromeOS, using the Android Runtime on Chrome. You can download it now! . VLC for Android 1.7.0 2015-12-01 VideoLAN and the Android teams are happy to present the release of VLC for Android 1.7.0. This release includes a large refactoring that gives a new playlist, new notifications, a new subtitles engine, and uses less permissions. Get it now! . VLC for Android 1.6.0 2015-10-09 VideoLAN and the Android teams are happy to present the release of VLC for Android 1.6.0. Ported to Android 6.0, this release should provide an important performance boost for decoding and the interface. Get it now! . DVBlast 3.0, multicat 2.1, bitstream 1.1 2015-10-07 VideoLAN and the DVBlast teams are happy to present the simultaneous release of DVBlast 3.0, bitstream 1.1 and multicat 2.1! DVBlast and multicat are now ported to OSX and DVBlast 3.0 is a major rewrite with new features like PID/SID remapping and stream monitoring. DVBlast , bitstream and multicat . libbluray 0.9.0 2015-10-04 VideoLAN and the libbluray team are releasing today libbluray 0.9.0. Adding numerous features, notably to better support BD-J menus and embedded subtitles files, it also fixes a few important issues, like font-caching. See more on libbluray page VLC for iOS 2.6.0 2015-06-30 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are excited to announce a major version of VLC for iOS today, which adds support for Apple Watch to remote control and browse the library on iPhone, a mini player and large number of improvements through-out the app. It will be available on the App Store shortly. libbluray 0.8.0, libaacs 0.8.1 released 2015-04-30 The 2 VideoLAN Blu-Ray libraries have been released: libbluray 0.8.0 , libaacs 0.8.1 . These releases add support for ISO files, BD-J JSM and virtual devices. VLC 2.2.1 2015-04-16 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are releasing today VLC 2.2.1, named "Terry Pratchett". This first stable release of the "WeatherWax" version of VLC fixes most of the important bugs reported of VLC 2.2.0. VLC 2.2.0, a major version of VLC, introduced accelerated auto-rotation of videos, 0-copy hardware acceleration, support for UHD codecs, playback resume, integrated extensions and more than 1000 bugs and improvements. 2.2.0 release was the first release to have versions for all operating systems, including mobiles (iOS, Android, WinRT). More info on our release page VLC for Android 1.2.1, for WinRT & Windows Phone 1.2.1 and for iOS 2.5.0 2015-03-27 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to release updates for all three mobile platforms today. VLC for Android received support for audio playlists, improved audio quality, improvements to the material design interface, including the black theme and switch to audio mode. Further, it is a major update for Android TV adding support for media discovery via UPnP, with improvements for recommendations and gamepads. VLC for Windows Phone and WinRT received partial hardware accelerated decoding allowing playback of HD contents of certain formats as well as further iterations on the user interface. For VLC for iOS, we focused on improved cloud integration adding support for iCloud Drive, OneDrive and Box.com, a 10-band equalizer as well as sharing of the media library on the local network alongside an improved playback experience. All updates will be available on the respective stores later today. We hope that you like them as much as we do. VLC 2.2.0 2015-02-27 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are releasing VLC 2.2.0 for most OSes. We're releasing the desktop version for Linux, Windows, OS X, BSD, and at the same time, Android, iOS, Windows RT and Windows Phone versions. More info on our release page and press release . libbluray 0.7.0, libaacs 0.8.0 and libbdplus 0.1.2 released 2015-01-27 The 3 VideoLAN Blu-Ray libraries have been released: libbluray 0.7.0 , libaacs 0.8.0 and libbdplus 0.1.2 library. Those releases notably improves BD-J support, fonts support and file-system access. VLC for Android 0.9.9 2014-09-05 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new release for Android. This focuses on fixing crashes, better decoding and update of translations. More info in the release notes and download page . VLC 2.1.5 2014-07-26 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new minor version of the VLC 2.1.x branch. This fixes a few bugs and security issues in third-party libraries, like GnuTLS and libpng. More info on our release page libbluray, libaacs and libbdplus release 2014-07-13 The 3 VideoLAN Blu-Ray libraries have been released: libbluray 0.6.0 , libaacs 0.7.1 and libbdplus 0.1.1 library. Those releases notably add correct support for BD-J , the Java interactivity layer of Blu-Ray Discs. VLC for Android 0.9.7 2014-07-06 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new release for Android today. It improves a lot DVD menus and navigation, adds compatibility with Android L, fixes a few UI crashes and updates the translations. More info in the release notes . VLC for Android 0.9.5 2014-06-13 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new release for Android today. It adds support for DVD menus, a new VLC icon, tutorials and numerous fixes for crashes. More info in the release notes . VLC for iOS 2.3.0 2014-04-18 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new release for iOS today. It adds support for folders to group media, more options to customize playback, improved network interaction in various regards, many small but noticeable improvements as well as 3 new translations. More info in the release notes . VideoLAN announces distributed codec and conecoins! 2014-04-01 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present their new distributed codec, named CloudCodet ! To help smartphones users, this codec allows powerful computers to decode for other devices and the CPU-sharers will mine some conecoin , a new cone-shaped crypto-currency, in reward. More info on our press page VLC 2.1.4 and 2.0.10 2014-02-21 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present two updates for Mac OS X today. Version 2.1.4 solves an important DVD playback regression, while 2.0.10 accumulates a number of small improvements and bugfixes for older Macs based on PowerPC or 32-bit Intel CPUs running OS X 10.5. VLC 2.1.3 2014-02-04 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present a new minor version of the VLC 2.1.x branch. Fixing multiple bugs and regressions introduced in 2.1.0, 2.1.1 and 2.1.2, notably on audio and video outputs, decoders and demuxers More info on our release page libbluray, libaacs and libbdplus release 2013-12-24 Several Blu-Ray related libraries have been released: libbluray 0.5.0 , libaacs 0.7.0 and the new libbdplus library. VLC 2.1.2 2013-12-10 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are proud to present the second minor version of the VLC 2.1.x branch. Fixing many bugs and regressions introduced in 2.1.0, notably on audio device management and SPDIF/HDMI pass-thru. More info on our release page VLC 2.1.1 2013-11-14 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are proud to present the first minor version of the VLC 2.1.x branch. Fixing a numerous number of bugs and regressions introduced in 2.1.0, it also adds experimental HEVC and VP9 decoding and improves VLC installer on Windows. More info on our release page VLC 2.0.9 2013-11-05 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are glad to present a new minor version of the VLC 2.0.x branch. Mostly focused on fixing a few important bugs and security issues, this version is mostly needed for Mac OS X, notably for PowerPC and Intel32 platforms that cannot upgrade to 2.1.0. VLC 2.1.0 2013-09-26 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are glad to present the new major version of VLC, 2.1.0, named Rincewind With a new audio core, hardware decoding and encoding, port to mobile platforms, preparation for Ultra-HD video and a special care to support more formats, 2.1 is a major upgrade for VLC. Rincewind has a new rendering pipeline for audio, with better effiency, volume and device management, to improve VLC audio support. It supports many new devices inputs, formats, metadata and improves most of the current ones, preparing for the next-gen codecs. More info on our release page . VLC for iOS version 2.1 2013-09-06 VideoLAN and the VLC for iOS development team are happy to present version 2.1 of VLC for iOS, a first major update to this new port adding support for subtitles in non-western languages, basic UPNP discovery and streaming, FTP server discovery, streaming and downloading, playback of audio-only media, a newly implemented menu and application flow as well as various stability improvements, minor enhancements and additional translations. VLC 2.0.8 and 2.1.0-pre2 2013-07-29 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present VLC 2.0.8, a security update to the "Twoflower" family, and VLC 2.1.0-pre2, the second pre-version of VLC 2.1.0. You can find info about 2.0.8 in the release notes . VLC 2.1.0-pre2 is a test version of the next major version of VLC, named "Rincewind", intended for advanced users. If you're brave, you can try it now! NB: The first binaries of 2.0.8 for Win32 and Mac were broken. Please re-download them. VLC 2.0.7 2013-06-10 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present the eighth version of "Twoflower", a minor update that improves the overall stability. Notable changes include fixes for audio decoding, audio encoding, small security issues, regressions, fixes for PowerPC, Mac OS X and new translations. More info in the release notes . VLC 2.0.6 2013-04-11 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present the seventh version of "Twoflower", a minor update that improves the overall stability. Notable changes include support for Matroska v4, improved reliability for ASF, Ogg, ASF and srt support, fixed GPU decoding on Windows on Intel GPU, fixed ALAC and FLAC decoding, and a new compiler for Windows release. More info in the release notes . VLC for the new Windows 8 User Experience fundraiser 2012-11-29 Today, some VideoLAN team members launched a fundraiser on Kickstarter to support a port to the new User Experience on Windows 8 (aka "Metro") and Windows RT. Find out more . VLC fundraiser for Windows 8, RT and Phone ended 2012-12-29 Today, the fundraising campaign for for Windows 8, RT and Phone run by some VideoLAN team members ended. Their goal was successfully reached and they announced to start working on the new ports right away. Find out more . VLC 2.0.5 2012-12-15 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are happy to present the sixth version of "Twoflower", a minor update that improves the overall stability. Notable changes include improved reliability for MKV file playback, fixed MPEG2 audio and video encoding, pulseaudio synchronization, Mac OS interface, and other fixes. It also resolves potential security issues in HTML subtitle parser, freetype renderer, AIFF demuxer and SWF demuxer. More info in the release notes . We would like to remind our users that some VideoLAN team members are trying to raise money for VLC for Windows Metro on Kickstarter . VLC for the new Windows 8 User Experience fundraiser 2012-11-29 Today, some VideoLAN team members launched a fundraiser on Kickstarter to support a port to the new User Experience on Windows 8 (aka "Metro") and Windows RT. Find out more . VideoLAN Security Advisory 1203 2012-11-02 VLC media player versions 2.0.3 and older suffer from a critical buffer overflow vulnerability. Refer to our advisory for technical details. A fix for this issue is already available in VLC 2.0.4. We strongly recommend all users to update to this new version. VLC 2.0.4 2012-10-18 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present the fifth version of "Twoflower", a major update that fixes a lot of regressions, issues and security issues in this branch. It introduces Opus support, improves Youtube, Vimeo streams and Blu-Ray dics support. It also fixes many issues in playback, notably on Ogg and MKV playback and audio device selections and a hundred of other bugs. More info in the release notes . Updated 2.0.3 builds for Mac OS X 2012-08-01 A small number of users on specific setups experienced audio issues with the latest version of VLC media player for Mac OS X. If you are affected, please download VLC again and replace the existing installation. If you're not, there is nothing to do. VideoLAN at FISL 2012-07-19 Next week, we will give two talks about VideoLAN and VLC media player at the 13° Fórum Internacional Software Livre in Porto Alegre, Brazil. This is the first time VideoLAN members attend a conference in South America. We are looking forward to it and hope to see you around. VLC 2.0.3 2012-07-19 VideoLAN and the VLC development are proud to present a minor update adding support for OS X Mountain Lion as well as improving VLC's overall stability on OS X. Additionally, this version includes updates for 18 translations and adds support for Uzbek and Marathi. For MS Windows, you can update manually if you need the translation updates. VLC 2.0.2 2012-07-01 After more than 100 million downloads of VLC 2.0 versions, VideoLAN and the VLC development team present the third version of "Twoflower", a major update that fixes a lot of regressions in this branch. It introduces an important number of features for the Mac OS X platform, notably interface improvements to be on-par with the classic VLC interface, better performance and Retina Display support. VLC 2.0.2 fixes the video playback on older devices both on MS Windows and Mac OS X, includes overall performance improvements and fixes for a couple of hundreds of bugs. More info in the release notes . World IPv6 Launch 2012-06-04 The VideoLAN organization is taking part in the World IPv6 launch on June 6. All services including the website, the forums, the bugtracker and the git server are now accessible via IPv6. VideoLAN at LinuxTag 2012-05-21 We will presenting VLC and other VideoLAN projects at LinuxTag in Berlin this week (booth #167, hall 7.2a). Come around and have a look at our latest developments! Of course, we will also be present during LinuxNacht, in case that you prefer to share a beer with us. 1 billion thank you! 2012-05-09 VideoLAN would like to thank VLC users 1 billion times, since VLC has now been downloaded more than 1 billion times from our servers, since 2005! Get the numbers ! VLC 2.0.1 2012-03-19 After 15 million downloads of VLC 2.0.0 versions, VideoLAN and the VLC development team present the second version of "Twoflower", a bugfix release. Support for MxPEG files, new features in the Mac OS X interface are part of this release, in addition to faster decoding and fixes for hundred of bugs and regression, notably for HLS, MKV, RAR, Ogg, Bluray discs and many other things. This is also a security update . More info on the release notes . VLC 2.0.0 2012-02-18 After 485 million downloads of VLC 1.1.x versions, VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 2.0.0 "Twoflower", a major new release. With faster decoding on multi-core, GPU, and mobile hardware and the ability to open more formats, notably professional, HD and 10bits codecs, 2.0 is a major upgrade for VLC. Twoflower has a new rendering pipeline for video, with higher quality subtitles, and new video filters to enhance your videos. It supports many new devices and BluRay Discs (experimental). It features a completely reworked Mac and Web interfaces and improvements in the other interfaces make VLC easier than ever to use. Twoflower fixes several hundreds of bugs, in more than 7000 commits from 160 volunteers. More info on the release notes . VideoLAN at SCALE 10x 2012-01-15 VideoLAN will have a booth (#74) at the Southern California Linux Expo at the Hilton Los Angeles Airport Hotel next week-end. The event will take place from Friday throughout Sunday. We will happily show you the latest developments and our forthcoming major VLC update. multicat 2.0 2012-01-04 VideoLAN is happy to announce the second major release of multicat . It brings numerous new features, such as recording chunks of a stream in a directory, and supporting TCP socket and IPv6, as well as bug fixes. Also aggregaRTP was extended to support retransmission of lost packets. DVBlast 2.1 2012-01-04 VideoLAN is happy to announce version 2.1 of DVBlast . It is a bugfix release, fixing in particular a problem with MMI menus present in 2.0. VLC engine relicensed to LGPL 2011-12-21 As previously stated , VideoLAN worked on the relicensing of libVLC and libVLCcore: the VLC engine. We are glad to announce that this process is now complete for VLC 1.2. Thanks a lot for the support. VLC 1.1.13 2011-12-20 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.13, a bug and security fix release. This release was necessary due to a security issue in the TiVo demuxer . Source code is available. DVBlast 2.0 and biTStream 1.0 2011-12-15 VideoLAN is happy to announce DVBlast 2.0, the fourth major release of DVBlast . It fixes a number of issues, such as packet bursts and CAM communication problems, adds more configuration options, and improves dvblastctl with stream information. It also gets rid of the runtime dependency on libdvbpsi thanks to biTStream. VideoLAN is also happy to introduce the first public release of biTStream , a set of C headers allowing a simpler access (read and write) to binary structures such as specified by MPEG, DVB, IETF, etc... It is released under the MIT license to avoid readability concerns being shadowed by license issues. It already has a pretty decent support of MPEG systems packet structures, MPEG PSI, DVB SI, DVB simulcast and IETF RTP. libaacs 0.3.0 2011-12-02 The doom9 researchers and the libaacs developers would like to present the first official release of their library of the implementation of the libaacs standard. libaacs 0.3.0 source code can be downloaded on the VideoLAN download service . Nota Bene: This library is of no use without AACS keys. libbluray 0.2.1 2011-11-30 VideoLAN and the libbluray developers would like to present the first official release of their library to help playback of Blu-Ray for open source systems. libbluray 0.2.1 source code can be downloaded on the VideoLAN ftp . VLC 1.1.12 2011-10-06 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.12, a bug and security fix release with improvements for audio output on Mac OS X and with PulseAudio. This release was necessary due to a security issue in the HTTP and RTSP server components, though this does not affect standard usage of the player. Binaries for Mac OS X and sources are available. Changing the VLC engine license to LGPL 2011-09-07 During the third VideoLAN Dev Days , last weekend in Paris, numerous developers approved the process of changing the license of the VLC engine to LGPL 2.1 (or later). This is the beginning of the process and will require the authorization from all the past contributors. See our press release on this process. libdvbpsi 0.2.1 2011-09-01 The libdvbpsi development team release version 0.2.1 of their library for decoding and encoding MPEG-TS PSI information commonly found in DVB and MPEG transport streams. The version 0.2.1 is a bugfix release which corrects minor issues in libdvbpsi. For more information on features visit libdvbpsi main page . Invitation to VDD11 2011-08-15 VideoLAN would like to invite you to join us at the VideoLAN Dev Days 2011. This technical conference about open source multimedia, will see developers from VLC, libav, FFmpeg, x264, Phonon, DVBlast, PulseAudio, KDE, Gnome and other projects gather to discuss about open source development for multimedia projects. It will be held in Paris, France, on September 3rd and 4th , 2011. See more info, on the dedicated page. VLC 1.1.11 2011-07-15 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.11, a security release with some other improvements. This release was necessary due to two security issues in the real and avi demuxers. It also contains improvements in the fullscreen mode of the Win32 mozilla plugin, the MacOSX Media Key handling and Auhal audio output as well as bug fixes in GUI, decoders and demuxers.. Source and binaries builds for Windows and Mac are available. VLC 1.1.10.1 2011-06-16 Shortly after VLC 1.1.10, VideoLAN and the VLC development team present version 1.1.10.1, which includes small fixes for the Mac OS X port such as disappearing repeat buttons and restored Freebox TV access. Additionally, the installation size was reduced by up to 30 MB. See the release notes for more information on the additional improvements included from VLC 1.1.10. VLC 1.1.10 2011-06-06 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.10, a minor release of the 1.1 branch. This release, 2 months after 1.1.9, was necessary because some security issues were found (see SA 1104 ), and the VLC development team cares about security. This release brings a rewritten pulseaudio output, an important number of small Mac OS X fixes, the removal of the font-cache building for the freetype module on Windows and updates of codecs. Source and binaries builds for Windows and Mac are available. See the release notes for more information on 1.1.10. libdvbpsi 0.2.0 2011-05-05 The libdvbpsi development team release version 0.2.0 of their library for decoding and encoding MPEG-TS PSI information commonly found in DVB and MPEG transport streams. The version 0.2.0 marks a license change from GPLv2 to LGPLv2.1 . For more information on features visit libdvbpsi main page . Phonon VLC 0.4.0 2011-04-27 VideoLAN would like to point out that the Phonon team has released Phonon VLC 0.4.0 . The new version of the best backend for the Qt multimedia library features much improved stability, more video features and control as well as completely redone streaming input capabilities. You can read more on Phonon VLC 0.4.0 in the release announcement ! VLC 1.1.9 2011-04-12 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.9, a minor release of the 1.1 branch. This release, not long after 1.1.8, was necessary because some security issues were found, and the VLC development team cares about security. This release also brings updated translations and a lot of small Mac OS X fixes. Source and binaries builds for Windows and Mac are available. See the release notes for more information on 1.1.9. libdvbcsa 1.1.0 is now out! 2011-04-03 libdvbcsa's new versions brings major speed improvements and optimizations of key schedules. It also fixes minor issues. You can get it now on our FTP or on the main libdvbcsa page! A new year of Google Summer of Code 2011-03-28 Instead of having a lousy student summer internship, why not working for VideoLAN and have an impact on millions of people world-wide? The Google Summer of Code program is starting soon and you should send your applications before April 8th 2011, 19:00 UTC, on the webapplication . You shouldn't wait for the last minute and we would like to remember that application can be modified afterwards and that you can submit multiple applications. Join the team now! VLC 1.1.8 and anti-virus software 2011-03-25 Yet again, broken anti-virus software flag the latest version of VLC on Windows as a malware. This is, once again, a false positive . As some of the anti-virus makers plainly refuse to fix their code, we recommend to our users to stop using Kaspersky , AVL , TheHacker or AVG . Users are advised to use the free Antivir or the new Microsoft Security Essential . Moreover , we advise users to download VLC only from videolan.org , as very numerous scam websites have appeared lately. VLC 1.1.8 2011-03-23 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.8, a minor release of the 1.1 branch. Small new features, many bugfixes, updated translations and security issues are making this release too. Notable improvements include updated look on Mac, new Dirac encoder, new VP8/Webm encoder, and numerous fixes in codecs, demuxers, interface, subtitles auto-detection, protocols and platform integration. Source and Windows and MacOSX builds are available. See the release notes for more information on 1.1.8. CeBit and 10 years of open source... 2011-02-28 The VideoLAN project and organization would like to thank everyone for the support during this month for our 10 years We'd like to invite you to meet us at the CeBIT , starting from tomorrow, in the open source lounge, Hall 2, Stand F44 . 10 years of open source for VideoLAN: end of 10 days... 2011-02-12 The VideoLAN project and organization continues to celebrate with the community the 10 th anniversary of open sourcing of all VideoLAN software. Day 6 showed a selection of extensions ; Day 7 detailed a few secret features ; Day 8 showed a few nice cones ; Day 9 detailed our committers and download numbers ; Day 10 showed of a showed a promotionnal video . Please join the celebration! 10 years of open source for VideoLAN: continued... 2011-02-07 The VideoLAN project and organization continues to celebrate with the community the 10 th anniversary of open sourcing of all VideoLAN software. Day 1 spoke about the early history of the project ; Day 2 spoke about the website design ; Day 3 showed a cool video ; Day 4 listed our preferred skins ; Day 5 showed of a photo of the team at the FOSDEM ; Day 6 (one day late) showed a selection of extensions . Please join the celebration! New website design 2011-02-02 As you might have seen, we've change the design of the main website . The website design was done by Argon and this project was sponsored by netzwelt.de . VLC 1.1.7 2011-02-01 VideoLAN and the VLC development team present VLC 1.1.7, a small security update on 1.1.6. Small new features, many bugfixes, updated translations and security issues were making the 1.1.6 release. Notable improvements include codecs, demuxers, Audio-CD support, subtitles, visualization and platform integration. Source and Windows and MacOSX builds are available. See the release notes for more information on 1.1.6. Source was available yesterday; binaries for Windows and Mac OS X are now available. 10 years of open source for VideoLAN 2011-02-01 The VideoLAN project and organization are proud to celebrate with the community the 10 th anniversary of open sourcing of all VideoLAN software, that happened exactly 10 years ago. To celebrate, small infos, stories and goodies will be posted in the next ten days on this site . Day 1 speaks about the early history of the project Please join the celebration! VLC 1.1.6 2011-01-23 VideoLAN and the VLC development team are proud to present VLC 1.1.6, the sixth bugfix release of the VLC 1.1.x branch. Small new features, many bugfixes, updated translations and security issues are making this release. Notable improvements include codecs, demuxers, Audio-CD support, subtitles, visualization and platform integration. Source and Windows and MacOSX builds are available. See the release notes for more information. NB: The first versions for Intel-based Macs (64bit and Universal Binary) included a rtsp streaming bug, which also hindered access to the Freebox. Please re-download. End of support for VLC 1.0 series 2011-01-22 The VideoLAN team ceases all form of support for VLC media player versions 1.0.x. Focusing maintenance efforts on the current VLC 1.1 versions, and further development on the upcoming VLC 1.2 series, the VideoLAN team will not deliver any further update for VLC versions 1.0.x (last release was 1.0.6), and VLC 0.9.x (last release was 0.9.10). VLC 1.1.6 will be released shortly. This release will introdu | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/es/companies/palantir-front-end-interview-questions | Palantir Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Saltar al contenido principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Español English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Palantir interview questions En esta página Palantir Front End Interview Questions Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Palantir. 21st Aug 2024 : I had a tree / graph traversal type problem for Palantir phone screen. More leetcode-y and less FE-specific. Uber was building a small app in the UI. React GreatFrontEnd problems were super helpful with clearing that round 1st Jun 2024 : Search the server for Palantir. You’ll get a lot of tips here! Otherwise, I think this all depends on how prepared you already feel for leetcode and GreatFrontEnd questions. One week isn’t a lot of time, so I’d focus on your weakest topics and topics most likely to be asked I mentioned leetcode because other people here who interviewed with Palantir said they had leetcode questions. Using the interview as just a practice is good too, if you really don’t wanna study leetcode, even just the questions posted on here. 29th Mar 2024 : Hi for Palantir, it was a leetcode style question. I had to validate a graph and there were some additional questions about time and space complexity afterwards. Hope this is not too late. The interviewer determined if it passed or not. There were no automatic tests. 26th Mar 2024 : Just finished up a tech screen with Palantir. Pretty leetcode-y. Was asked to take a text and a query of two words, an integer k, and return the indicies of where the distance between the two words is <= k . Got a semi-optimal solution, but wasn't the most optimal (we went through the most optimal after). Was essentially just a text document (i.e. no test cases, I wrote the function signature, no ability to run the code). We'll see what happens 🤷♂️ 25th Mar 2025 : I have one tomorrow with them for a full-stack role leaning frontend. Here's what the recruiter told me to expect for the interview process: - Technical Interview — Leetcode, DSA 2 Interviews Web Dev Decomposition Interview (System Design) Hiring Manager Interview For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Editar esta página Última actualización en 30 nov 2025 por Danielle Ford Anterior Adobe interview questions Siguiente Salesforce interview questions Table of Contents Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/es/front-end-system-design/ui-components | Front End System Design Interview - User Interface Components | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Saltar al contenido principal We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog Español English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Buscar Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions System design interview User interface components En esta página Front End System Design Interview - User Interface Components Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Front End System Design Questions . Examples Autocomplete (Free) Image carousel (Paid) Dropdown menu (Paid) Modal dialog (Paid) Rich text editor (Paid) Poll widget (Paid) Tooltip To find out more, check out GreatFrontEnd , which shows you how to approach front end system design interviews with their Front End System Design Playbook and case studies. There are also blog posts that will cover some of the following topics in more detail. Framework In system design interviews, candidates are supposed to lead the conversation. Here's a framework you can use to give an outline to the interviewer as to what you are going to cover (not necessarily in that order). The framework is called RADIO and it is made up of the first character of each aspect. R equirements exploration : Understand the problem thoroughly and determine the scope by asking a number of clarifying questions. A rchitecture / High-level design : Identify the key components of the product and how they are related to each other. D ata model : Describe the various data entities, the fields they contain and which component(s) they belong to. I nterface definition (API) : Define the interface (API) between components in the product, functionality of each API, their parameters and responses. O ptimizations and deep dive : Discuss about possible optimization opportunities and specific areas of interest when building the product. You can write this structure down on the whiteboard/online editor so that you don't forget. Requirements exploration Every system design interview (even for non-front end as well) should start with requirements gathering/clarifying requirements about the question, which is usually left underspecified on purpose. You are recommended to spend at least a few minutes clarifying the requirements. Do not start drawing the architecture before you are clear about the requirements! Thankfully, components have well-defined scope and not try to do too many things. You likely have used such a component yourself and possibly know what you need from such a component. Some considerations: What devices should the system support? Desktop web, mobile web, etc What's the primary device that users will access the system on? Which browsers should we support? Do we need to support internationalization? How much styling customization do we want to allow? Architecture / High-level design Architecture for front end interviews are typically focused on the client-side architecture, and not on large scale distributed systems where databases, load balancers and servers are involved. For components, list down the various subcomponents that will exist within it and what data is being passed among each component. Let's take an image carousel example. Subcomponents within an image carousel would be: Main image : An image that displays the photo in focus Thumbnail : Smaller images below the (Will there be thumbnails? You will only know if you clarified requirements earlier) Image store : A client side cache of the list of photos to display If you have a whiteboard/online drawing tool, it would also be helpful to draw diagrams to illustrate the entities and their relationships. Which subcomponent communicates with which when a user interaction occurs. Data model Data model for components will refer to the component state. The concept of state should be familiar to most front end developers who have used front end UI libraries/frameworks such as React, Angular, Vue, Svelte, etc. In every of these libraries/frameworks, state is a common concept. Deciding what data to put in state is essential to doing well for this portion. Few factors to consider when deciding what goes into component state: State is allowed to change over time during the lifecycle of the component, typically as a result of user interactions. Each component should maintain its own independent state which allows multiple instances of the component to coexist on a single page. The state of a component instance should not affect the state of another instance. Components are easier to reason about (read/understand) the fewer the fields there are in the state. We should strive to reduce the amount of state needed. If a component uses a value which can be derived from another piece of state, then that value should most likely not be part of the state. For example if your component is rendering a list of items and you want to display a message when there are no items to render, there shouldn't be an additional isEmpty state because it can be derived from the length of the items . If a component has multiple subcomponents, it'll be best if it's possible to consolidate the state within the top level and the rest of the components are pure and stateless. Interface definition (API) The key idea behind components is for them to be reused and abstract complexities. Good components are designed in a way that they can be reused in multiple scenarios, and users do not have to know how they work internally before using them. In the case of components, API refers to configuration options that the component developer would expose to other developers for specification. What are the configuration options you would allow for the component? ( props in React). What would be reasonable defaults? Follow the Open-closed principle - the component should be open for extension but closed for modification. If your component is meant to be part of a UI library that doesn't bother about the appearance and leaves the styling to the user, extra care has to go into the design of the props and to allow users to customize the look and feel of the components. There are a few ways to go about this in React: Composition - Props which accept React components which also promotes code reuse. Render props are function props that a component uses to know what to render. It also helps in reusing behavior without bothering about the appearance. className or style props - Allows users to inject class names and/or styling attributes to inner DOM elements. This could have negative consequences but is still a common way of allowing user to customize component appearance. Possible configuration options: Lifecycle/event hooks - onClick , onChange , onBlur , onFocus , etc. Optimization and deep dives With the basics of the component covered, we can now delve into specific areas that may require special attention. It is important to note that due to time constraints, it may not be possible to cover every area, and not all areas may be highly relevant to the specific component at hand. Showing knowledge about these areas and being able to dive deep into them are traits of senior front end engineers. User experience (UX) UX might not fall squarely under engineering but good front end engineers have good understanding of UX and building UI with great UX. There are too many UX practices to be aware of, but the most common ones/low hanging fruits are: Reflect state of the component to the user - If there's a pending background request, show a spinner. If there's an error, make sure to display it instead of silently failing. Display an empty state if there are no items in a list, instead of not rendering anything. Destructive actions should have a confirmation step, especially irreversible ones. Disable interactive elements if they trigger an async request! Prevents double firing of events in the case of accidental double clicking (possible for people with motor disabilities). If there are search inputs involved, each keystroke should not fire a network request. Handle extreme cases Strings can be really long/short and your UI should not look weird in either case. For long strings, they can have their contents truncated and hidden behind a "View more" button. If there are many items to display within a component, they shouldn't all be displayed on the screen at once and making the page extremely long/wide. Paginate the items or contain them within a container with a maximum width/height. Keyboard friendliness - This involves making sure the component is keyboard-friendly Add shortcuts to make the component more usable by keyboard-only users Ensure that elements can be focused and tab order within the component is correct Accessibility is part of UX but will be covered in a later section Performance In front end, performance typically refers to a few things - loading speed, how fast the UI responds to user interactions, memory space (heap) required by the component. Loading speed : The less JavaScript the component contains, the less JavaScript the browser has to download to load the component and the lower the network request time. It's also important to modularize components and allow users to download only the necessary JavaScript modules needed for their use case. Responsiveness to user interactions If a user interaction results in displaying of data that has to be loaded over the network, there will be a delay between the user interaction and updating of the UI. Minimizing that delay or removing it entirely is the key to improving responsiveness. JavaScript in a browser is single-threaded. The browser can only do execute one line of code at any one time. The less work (JavaScript executed, DOM updates) the component has to do when a user does something on the page, the faster the component can update the UI to respond to the changes. Memory space : The more memory your component takes up on the page, the slower the browser performs and the experience will feel sluggish/janky. If your component has to render hundreds/thousands of items (e.g. number of images in a carousel, number of items in a selector), memory space might become significant. Optimization tips Render only what is displayed on the screen : For example, in a selector, only a few items are displayed to the user even if the list can contain hundreds of elements. Rendering all of them into the browser would be a waste of processing power and memory space. We can leverage a technique called windowing/virtualization to emulate a list with many elements while only rendering a few as possible to make the final result look as if there was no optimization done (especially preserving scroll height). Read more about virtualization here . Lazy loading/load only necessary data : For example, in a photo gallery component, a user can have hundreds and thousands of photos, but it won't be feasible to load all of them eagerly. Most likely the user won't be browsing all of them in that session too. An optimization could be to load only the ones that the user is likely to view, or those that are within the viewport (which we call "above the fold"). The rest of the photos can be loaded on demand, which introduces responsiveness delay, but the next tip will help you to handle that. Preloading/prefetching data ahead of time : For example, in an image carousel where there are too many images to load beforehand, an optimization could be to load the next image ahead of time while the user is still on the current image, such that when the user clicks the "Next" button, there's no network delay needed because the next image has already been loaded. This technique can also be modified to load the next N images to handle the case where users click "Next" in rapid succession. Accessibility (a11y) Accessibility (a11y) is the practice of making your websites usable by as many people as possible. Color contrasts (e.g. color blindness) Keyboard friendliness (e.g. people with limited fine motor control) Visual Impairment (e.g. blind) Transcripts for audio (e.g. deaf) Not everyone surfs the web the same way; some people use screenreaders and keyboards exclusively (no mouse)! Here are some basic tips for achieving a11y in UI components: Foreground colors should have sufficient contrast from the background colors Use the right HTML tags for semanticness, or the right aria-role attributes Clickable items should have tabindex attribute (so that they are focusable) and also "cursor: pointer" styling to indicate that they can be clicked on Images should have alt text, which will be read out by screen readers and act as a fallback description if the image fails to load aria-label s help to provide context to elements which are non-obvious to non-visual users. E.g. an icon button without any text label within it should have an aria-label attribute so that the intention is clear for users who can't see the icon a11y is one of the most commonly neglected areas as most of the time they're invisible to the developer. Showing knowledge of a11y and possessing the skills to create accessible components will definitely reflect well on you. More reading on Web Accessibility . Internationalization (i18n) Internationalization (i18n) is the design and development of a product, application or document content that enables easy localization for target audiences that vary in culture, region, or language. Typically components shouldn't have to worry about i18n unless under few specific circumstances: Component uses strings : Strings used in the component shouldn't be hardcoded to a specific language (e.g. "Prev"/"Next" in the controls of a photo gallery component). The strings can be specified as a prop with the English version as default Order of content matters : Does your component support RTL (right to left) languages like Arabic and Hebrew? Multi-device support Is the component expected to be used on mobile web? Mobile devices have unique constraints - they have less powerful hardware and viewport size is smaller. Hence things could be done differently to allow the component to work better on mobile devices - making a conscious effort to: Not use too much memory - using too much memory makes the device perform slower Increasing the hit box of interactive elements - fingers have an easier time tapping on the right element Security Most of the time, components aren't exposed to security vulnerabilities, but it can still happen. Here are the more common security vulnerabilities you should be aware of: XSS - Is your component vulnerable to cross-site scripting (XSS)? E.g. Do you render user input via .innerHTML or dangerouslySetInnerHTML (React-specific)? CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) Clickjacking rel=noopener Editar esta página Última actualización en 30 nov 2025 por Danielle Ford Anterior Overview Siguiente Applications Table of Contents Examples Framework Requirements exploration Architecture / High-level design Data model Interface definition (API) Optimization and deep dives General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/uber-front-end-interview-questions#javascript-coding-questions | Uber Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Uber interview questions On this page Uber Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Uber Front End Interview Guide . Not much is known about Uber's front end interview process. JavaScript coding questions Implement a rate limiter attribute/decoration/annotation on top of an API endpoint. Caps to N requests per minute with a rolling window. Source A and Source B User interface coding questions Create a button that when clicked, adds a progress bar onto the page. The progress bar would then fill up in a given amount of time (think 3 to 5 seconds). If you get past the first part, you will be asked to do throttling how many progress bars can be running at once. For example, if the limit is 3 progress bars, and the user clicks on the button 4 times, the fourth progress bar only starts after the very first one finishes. Source Practice question (Paid) Overlapping circles app. Source Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Uber. 3rd Jun 2025 : I was asked a reactjs based question although I majorly prepared for dsa and JS type questions based on the questions asked previously. What I've learned and observed about Uber's FE process is that they can ask pretty random questions. I guess recruiters are not in sync with the interviewers. Or it feels like it is more up to the interviewers on what they ask. I watched some YT videos of people on their uber interview experience and literally to each one of them dsa was asked. 7th May 2025 : Just gave BPS round of Uber and gotta say, Uber has quality problems! I thought it would be DSA as the recruiter had mentioned. But I guess you can’t trust recruiters nowadays. Question was “create a utility in JS to send data in batches with a timeout. So, as soon as a batch size is reached, send the data right away and start the timeout. If timeout happens before batch is filled, send the batch as it is and start the timer again.” Also, I asked the interviewer for what to prepare for DSA round and he said array, trees, graphs, traversals, but he also mentioned that Uber is trying to get away from DSA for frontend roles and keep it frontend focused and slowly they are doing it. 5th May 2025 : Ik someone who gave Uber's SDE II web interview, in short prepare everything, there were 5 rounds - DSA - leetcode styled and js based Web Fundamentals - HTML, CSS, JS, APIs, Internet Frontend System Design Culture Fit Hiring Manager 19th Jan 2025 : For Uber FE SDE2 check mapAsyncLimit question. Since you're interviewing for their Bengaluru office, prepare behavioral well and do google calender system design 6th Dec 2024 : I've my uber onsite coming up. First 2 rounds are leetcode styled coding and System design. abt me: 7 YOE For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Atlassian interview questions Next Apple interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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https://www.frontendinterviewhandbook.com/kr/companies/uber-front-end-interview-questions#insider-tips-from-the-greatfrontend-community | Uber Front End Interview Questions | The Official Front End Interview Handbook 2025 Skip to main content We are now part of GreatFrontEnd , a front end interview preparation platform created by ex-Meta and Google Engineers. Get 20% off today ! Front End Interview Handbook Start reading Practice Coding Questions System Design Quiz Questions System design Blog 한국어 English 简体中文 Español 日本語 한국어 Polski Português Русский Tagalog বাংলা Search Introduction Coding interview JavaScript coding User interface coding Algorithms coding Quiz/trivia interview System design interview Overview User interface components Applications Behavorial interviews Resume preparation Interview questions 🔥 Amazon interview questions Google interview questions Microsoft interview questions Meta interview questions Airbnb interview questions ByteDance/TikTok interview questions Atlassian interview questions Uber interview questions Apple interview questions Canva interview questions Dropbox interview questions LinkedIn interview questions Lyft interview questions Twitter interview questions Shopify interview questions Pinterest interview questions Reddit interview questions Adobe interview questions Palantir interview questions Salesforce interview questions Oracle interview questions Interview questions 🔥 Uber interview questions On this page Uber Front End Interview Questions Latest version on GreatFrontEnd Find the latest version of this page on GreatFrontEnd's Uber Front End Interview Guide . Not much is known about Uber's front end interview process. JavaScript coding questions Implement a rate limiter attribute/decoration/annotation on top of an API endpoint. Caps to N requests per minute with a rolling window. Source A and Source B User interface coding questions Create a button that when clicked, adds a progress bar onto the page. The progress bar would then fill up in a given amount of time (think 3 to 5 seconds). If you get past the first part, you will be asked to do throttling how many progress bars can be running at once. For example, if the limit is 3 progress bars, and the user clicks on the button 4 times, the fourth progress bar only starts after the very first one finishes. Source Practice question (Paid) Overlapping circles app. Source Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community These tips were shared by GreatFrontEnd users who have completed interviews with Uber. 3rd Jun 2025 : I was asked a reactjs based question although I majorly prepared for dsa and JS type questions based on the questions asked previously. What I've learned and observed about Uber's FE process is that they can ask pretty random questions. I guess recruiters are not in sync with the interviewers. Or it feels like it is more up to the interviewers on what they ask. I watched some YT videos of people on their uber interview experience and literally to each one of them dsa was asked. 7th May 2025 : Just gave BPS round of Uber and gotta say, Uber has quality problems! I thought it would be DSA as the recruiter had mentioned. But I guess you can’t trust recruiters nowadays. Question was “create a utility in JS to send data in batches with a timeout. So, as soon as a batch size is reached, send the data right away and start the timeout. If timeout happens before batch is filled, send the batch as it is and start the timer again.” Also, I asked the interviewer for what to prepare for DSA round and he said array, trees, graphs, traversals, but he also mentioned that Uber is trying to get away from DSA for frontend roles and keep it frontend focused and slowly they are doing it. 5th May 2025 : Ik someone who gave Uber's SDE II web interview, in short prepare everything, there were 5 rounds - DSA - leetcode styled and js based Web Fundamentals - HTML, CSS, JS, APIs, Internet Frontend System Design Culture Fit Hiring Manager 19th Jan 2025 : For Uber FE SDE2 check mapAsyncLimit question. Since you're interviewing for their Bengaluru office, prepare behavioral well and do google calender system design 6th Dec 2024 : I've my uber onsite coming up. First 2 rounds are leetcode styled coding and System design. abt me: 7 YOE For more insider tips, visit GreatFrontEnd ! Edit this page Last updated on Nov 30, 2025 by Danielle Ford Previous Atlassian interview questions Next Apple interview questions Table of Contents JavaScript coding questions User interface coding questions Insider tips from the GreatFrontEnd community General Get started Trivia questions Company questions Blog Coding Algorithms JavaScript utility functions User interfaces System design System design overview User interface components Applications More GreatFrontEnd GitHub X Discord Contact us Tech Interview Handbook Copyright © 2025 Yangshun Tay and GreatFrontEnd | 2026-01-13T09:30:37 |
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We build software to meet customer needs, set your team up for success, and keep your business in sync. 4 reviews View Product Zendesk Suite Snowflake AI Data Cloud Sold by: Snowflake Snowflake powers the end-to-end data lifecycle, from ingesting and processing data to analyzing and modeling it, to building and sharing data and AI applications, helping engineers, analysts and leaders innovate faster and achieve more with their data, all within a unified platform and connected ecosystem. Get started today with a 30 day free trial which includes $400 worth of free usage. 10 reviews Free Trial available View Product Snowflake AI Data Cloud Tealium Event and Audience Data Hub Sold by: Tealium Tealium connects customer data - spanning web, mobile, offline, and IoT devices - so brands can connect with their customers, generate insights, and drive growth. 0 reviews View Product Tealium Event and Audience Data Hub SailPoint Identity Security Sold by: SailPoint SailPoint delivers unified, identity-first security, managing access for human and digital identities. Our intelligent platform helps enterprises securely scale, defend against threats, and drive transformation. 3 reviews View Product SailPoint Identity Security Matillion Data Productivity Cloud with Maia: AI-Ready Data Integration Sold by: Matillion Powered by AWS, Matillion Data Productivity Cloud with Maia enables teams to deliver AI and analytics-ready pipelines with greater speed and efficiency. Maia brings agentic data engineering to life, augmenting teams with virtual data engineers that design, optimize, and maintain pipelines autonomously. Matillion integrates natively with Amazon Redshift, Amazon S3, AWS Lambda, AWS Fargate, Amazon EC2, AWS Glue, Amazon RDS, Amazon Athena, Amazon SageMaker, and AWS Bedrock. The platform combines low-code/no-code simplicity, pushdown ELT performance, broad connectivity, and enterprise-grade security and governance. AWS Marketplace accelerates Matillion adoption with unified billing, rapid deployment, and alignment with AWS Enterprise Discount Programs, helping organizations modernize their data stack and deliver secure, governed data at scale. 7 reviews Free Trial available View Product Matillion Data Productivity Cloud with Maia: AI-Ready Data Integration Featured AMI Products Trend Micro Deep Security Sold by: Trend Micro Version: Deep Security 20.0.1123 Security that's built for DevOps to automatically defend your AWS workloads and simplify compliance. Pay per instance starting at $0.01/hour. Proactive protection of elastic workloads against threats, malware and vulnerabilities. 8 reviews Starting from $0.01 to $0.06/hr for software + AWS usage fees View Product Trend Micro Deep Security Featured Machine Learning Products DeepInsights Named Entity Recognizer Sold by: Mphasis Version: 3.0 This solution helps in processing textual data to identify named entities present in the corpus of text. 0 reviews View Product DeepInsights Named Entity Recognizer Image Recognition with PyTorch Resnet Sold by: Rearc Version: 1 Image Recognition and Classification with PyTorch Vision Resnet | Rearc 0 reviews View Product Image Recognition with PyTorch Resnet Featured Container Products Kpow for Apache Kafka (Hourly) Sold by: Factor House Version: 95.1.1 Enterprise-grade Kafka UI and API for deep visibility, precise control, and instant action across your ecosystem. Kpow is secure, vendor-agnostic, and trusted by Fortune 500s for managing Apache Kafka at scale. 0 reviews Starting from $0.40 to $0.40/hr for software + AWS usage fees View Product Kpow for Apache Kafka (Hourly) F5 NGINX Ingress Controller with F5 NGINX App Protect WAF Sold by: NGINX, Inc. Version: 3.7.1 NGINX Ingress Controller (based on NGINX Plus) combines the speed and performance of NGINX with the trust and security behind the power of F5. Protecting your Kubernetes applications is easy using NGINX App Protect WAF, a lightweight, modern application and API, software security solution that seamlessly integrates security policies into DevOps environments to enable "security as code". NGINX App Protect WAF runs natively on NGINX Ingress Controller on all platforms, architectures and AWS hybrid environments while delivering consistent performance and protection across your entire infrastructure. NGINX Ingress Controller is high-performing, production-ready, and suitable for long-term deployment. We focus on providing stability across releases, with features that can be deployed at enterprise scale. Included in this subscription is NGINX's award-winning support. 0 reviews Starting from $1.37/hr or from $11,642.40/yr (3% savings) for software + AWS usage fees Free Trial available View Product F5 NGINX Ingress Controller with F5 NGINX App Protect WAF Featured Startup Products CloudZero Cloud Cost Intelligence Platform Sold by: CloudZero CloudZero enables engineers to build cost-effective software. The world's leading cloud-driven companies rely on CloudZero for accurate, granular visibility into total cloud spend. 2 reviews Free Trial available View Product CloudZero Cloud Cost Intelligence Platform New Product Spotlight Revvity Signals Notebook Sold by: Revvity Signals Revvity Signals Notebook is a multi-disciplinary electronic notebook for efficiently capturing & sharing experimental data, as a central communication hub across decentralized organizations. The only cloud ELN with the power of ChemDraw, the industry's renowned chemical intelligence solution. 0 reviews View Product Revvity Signals Notebook OnBase Premium Enterprise Sold by: Hyland OnBase is an industry-leading enterprise content services platform that allows your organization to easily configure, deploy and maintain solutions that transform your business regardless of your industry. 0 reviews View Product OnBase Premium Enterprise Clumio by Commvault: Data Protection and Resilience for AWS Sold by: Clumio Clumio, a Commvault offering, is a cloud-native cyber resilience solution for AWS. Clumio enables fast recovery from ransomware, accidental deletions, and account-level disruptions, while helping customers meet compliance needs and streamline backup costs - all with radically simple operations. Try it for free. 59 reviews Free Trial available View Product Clumio by Commvault: Data Protection and Resilience for AWS Cisco Catalyst 8000V SD-WAN & Router - PAYG - DNA Advantage Sold by: Cisco Systems, Inc. Version: 17.18.02 The DNA Advantage Package for Catalyst 8000V (C8000V) includes all DNA Advantage feature sets and delivers multi-gigabit performance for enterprise-class networking services & VPN in the AWS cloud, as well as twice the IPSec throughput with IMIX packets. 3 reviews Starting from $2.34/hr or from $8,399.60/yr (59% savings) for software + AWS usage fees Free Trial available View Product Cisco Catalyst 8000V SD-WAN & Router - PAYG - DNA Advantage Sell in AWS Marketplace AWS Marketplace provides a new sales channel for ISVs and Consulting Partners to sell their solutions to AWS customers. We make it easy for customers to find, buy, deploy and manage software solutions, including SaaS, in a matter of minutes. 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