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https://ruul.io/blog/latest-global-visa-regulations-for-digital-nomads-and-remote-workers | Latest global visa regulations for digital nomads & remote workers - Ruul Product Payment Requests Get paid anywhere. Sell Services Make your services buyable Sell Products Create once sell forever Subscriptions Get paid on repeat Ruul Space Your personel storefront. One link for everything you offer. Learn more Pricing Resources Partner Programs Referral Program Get 1% for life. Seriously. Affiliate Program Bring users, get paid Partners Let’s grow together. More Blog About us Support Brand Kit For Customers Log in Sign up For Businesses Login Sign up work Latest global visa regulations for digital nomads and remote workers Want to travel the world while you work? Discover the power of digital nomad visas and how they can help you make your remote work dreams a reality. Ceylin Güven 5 min read RUUL FOR INDEPENDENCE You chose independence.We make sure you keep it. Sell your time, your talent, whatever you create or build always on your terms. Get started See Example This is also a heading This is a heading Key Points The digital workforce has been growing rapidly in the last few years. If you too want to work remotely from another country, you’re in luck: Especially after the pandemic, there has been a huge rise in the number of countries that offer remote work visas . Thanks to new digital nomad visa regulations, you can easily start working in a variety of countries, such as Costa Rica, Malta, Georgia, and more. Keep reading to find out more on how to get a remote work visa , and explore your options. What is a digital nomad visa? Remote work visas, more specifically, digital nomad visas, allow independent workers the right to work remotely while staying in another country . They’re usually arranged for short-term stays, and allow digital nomads to travel and work from different locations and gain new experiences. As of writing this article, there are 42 countries that have introduced adigital nomad visa , though some of them haven’t fully implemented it.Without the existence of a properly adjusted remote worker visa system, freelancers might come across many challenges in terms of tax payments, insurance, worker rights protection issues, etc. Considering the overwhelming rise in demand for working remotely in another country, they are also a great opportunity for governments as well. They create new tourism opportunities, can potentially attract a skilled set of immigrants, and foster development in new areas. 10 countries offering digital nomad and remote worker visas As we mentioned above, there are more than 10 countries with remote work visas. Think of this article as a guide to show you the best places you can start with. Estonia The Estonian digital nomad visa is a popular choice, since Estonia is one of the few places that offers work visas in Europe . It’s also one of the first places to offer a remote work visa, way back in 2020.According to the Estonian interior ministry’s official statements , they were hugely inspired by the budding startup environment and wanted to “ help Estonia become more influential in the global arena ”. Their pioneer status and smaller, less ‘busy’ city life might be unique points of interest for the budding digital nomad. Visa validity: Up to 1 year Minimum income requirement: €3504/month (before tax), 6 months prior to your application Special conditions: Keep in mind that you’ll have no rights of citizenship afterwards. Short-term and long-term visas have different application fees that you’ll have to pay during your appointment. Where to apply: After checking your eligibility and filling out the online visa application form, you should make an appointment with your local Estonian embassy or consulate to submit your application in person. The applications are reportedly reviewed and resolved within 30 days. Hungary Hungary is another popular option for nomads seeking to get a remote work visa. In fact, the country’s capital Budapest is considered one of the best cities for digital nomads to live in . The Hungarian nomad visa is called the White Card , and grants each digital worker many opportunities to enjoy the city, such as great sightseeing spots, affordable living costs, and more. Visa validity: A maximum of 1 year, with the ability to extend for 1 additional year Minimum income requirement: €2000/month, at least 6 months prior to entry. This amount should also be met during your entire stay in Hungary. Special conditions: Only third-party country (non-EEA) applications are allowed. You should also have comprehensive health insurance and a proven place of residence for your stay. Check the official page of regulations for more details. Where to apply: You can find the necessary forms on the official regulation page.. Croatia Croatia is among the best countries to work remotely, with its rich historical sightseeing spots and relatively cheap cost of living . Tourism is hugely important for Croatia, with the country ranking at 12 in tourism income worldwide in 2020 with $5.63 billion. This was one of the leading factors for them to create a temporary version of the work-from-home visa for digital nomads . Visa validity: 1 year maximum, cannot be extended Minimum income requirement: At least €2373 of minimum income in the last 6 months Special conditions: Applications from within the EEA, EU, and Switzerland are not allowed for the remote work visa. Close relatives and spouses of the remote worker can join them temporarily, but the amount of minimum income will be raised by 10% for each family member added. Where to apply: You must fill out the official form , and bring the listed necessary documents to your local embassy if you’re required to hold a visa to enter Croatia. Bermuda Bermuda is perhaps the most memorable option among the countries that offer remote work programs . As a collection of islands in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, this self-governing British territory will create a unique experience for global work and travel. It’s also a popular option, since the official language is English, making it easier to communicate with the locals.With your one-year Work from Bermuda (WFB) Certificate , you can become part of the island culture, live out your tropical dreams, and work remotely at the same time. In fact, just one year after its implementation, the WFB program reportedly added over $23.3 million to the country’s economy, proving that it’s a popular choice among nomads. Visa validity: 1 year Minimum income requirement: It is stated that you need to be able to financially sustain yourself, though no precise amount is given on their official sources. It’s best if you ask your local embassy or contact authorities for more specific details. Special conditions: You need to provide proof of your work and health insurance before application. One of the most important things to remember is that each family member has to apply and pay the fee individually, but within the same day. Where to apply: Applications are taken on the country’s official form portal . Cyprus Cyprus introduced its digital nomad visa late 2021, and increased the maximum number of residents to be accepted fivefold since then. The purpose of this action was reportedly to strengthen Cyprus as a technology center, as well as contribute to the country’s business ecosystem. You can easily relocate there as a solo worker and become part of their growing economy and beautiful culture. Visa validity: 1 year visa, with the possibility to renew for 2 more years. Cyprus offers the longest stay on our list, making it a significant choice among the countries offering remote work visa. Minimum income requirement: €3,500/month, increased 20% for spouses and 15% for each child. Special conditions: You have to be from a non-EU or non-EEA country to apply. Your spouse and children can join you for the duration of your entire stay, as long as they apply as well. If you spend more than 183 days in Cyprus, you’ll also be eligible for a number of tax benefits as a Cyprus tax resident. Where to apply: The specified documents and application forms are to be submitted to the Civil Registry and Migration Department within 3 months of your initial arrival to Cyprus, and you should pay the registration fees. The duration of application reviews is said to be between 5-7 weeks. Mexico Though Mexico doesn’t offer a remote working visa specifically targeted toward digital nomads, you can still make use of their comprehensive tourist and temporary resident visas to legitimize your stay. Its culturally diverse atmosphere makes it a popular choice among nomads. Visa validity: Up to 180 days for the tourist visa, between 180 days and 4 years for the temporary resident visa. Minimum income requirement: Over $650 for the previous 6 months. If you’re a freelancer and/or independent worker, this goes up to $1,600 for the last 6 months. Special conditions: The temporary resident visa grants you more specific rights within the Mexican border: For example, to create a local bank account, buy/rent and register vehicles, and freely travel outside the country. Keep in mind that you cannot do these with a short-term tourist visa. Where to apply: The specified documents should be handed over to start the application process within 30 days of your entrance to Mexico. The Bahamas As a popular travel destination worldwide, the Bahamas can also host you as a digital nomad seeking a new temporary residence . The capital has started to host many coworking spaces , which will prove to be useful. In addition, with its clear water beaches, incomparable tropical setting, and stable Internet infrastructure, it’s an option that you shouldn’t toss aside. Visa validity: Up to 1 year Minimum income requirement: Not specified Special conditions: After your application has been approved and your application fee paid, for the remote work visa permit, you have to pay $1000 for the head of household and $500 for each dependent. Where to apply: Fill out the online BEATS application, and send your application fee of $25 after it has been reviewed in 5 business days. Malta The Maltese Islands are a beautiful archipelago, making it one of the more sought-after choices for digital nomads to live out their island life dreams. With a daily average of 12 hours of sunlight, and the well-known phrase “300 days of sunshine”, Malta can be the relaxing place you exactly need. Visa validity: One year, with the ability to renew for up to 3 years. Minimum income requirement: €2700 gross monthly income Special conditions: The remote work visa offer is for non-EU citizens only, and there are other countries that have special circumstances attached to them. Check the FAQ to see if your country of origin is ilegible. Local or international health insurance is also required. Where to apply: Review the application checklist before submitting the necessary documentation. Czechia If you're a person motivated by historic architecture, rich history and closely-knitted communities, setting your course to Czechia might be a great idea.The type of visa the Czechia offers is a long-term business visa for the purpose of entrepreneurship , including working as self-employed. It also grants free movement in the Schengen Area , which means that you'd be able to explore Europe however you wish! Visa validity: 6 months to a year, with the option to extend up to one year. Minimum income requirement: A bank statement of (approx.) €5,100 Special conditions: Only third-party country (non-EEA) applications are allowed. You will also need to apply for and obtain a Trade License to work in Czechia. Where to apply: Read the conditions and steps for application on the government website. Portugal Last but not least is Portugal, another great option for people who’re considering working remotely from another country . There are two types of visas that you can apply for: The temporary stay visa, and the residency visa (also known as the D7 visa). Since it’s a 2-part application process and offers permanent stay, the applications for D7 tend to be more arduous and lengthy. Make sure that it’s really what you want before you commit to applying for it. Visa validity: Up to 1 year for the temporary stay visa, undetermined for D7. Minimum income requirement: For the temporary stay visa, you should exceed €705/month. For D7, you should have a minimum income of €8460 per year. Special conditions: D7 requires you to stay for a minimum of 183 days in Portugal every year, as it’s a permanent residency position. You also need to have full coverage health insurance. Where to apply: Submit your documents and pay the fee at the Portugal embassy, either virtually or face-to-face. There are many more to come! The concept of the remote work visa has been a popular topic for governments in the last few years. Many countries are implementing digital nomad visas to fit in with the current remote work climate, and there will soon be even more options than are on this list. Upcoming regulations, like in Costa Rica and Indonesia , are also promising in terms of the allowed duration of your stay, more perks, etc.If you’re interested in exploring your options, check Ruul Blog regularly, since our list will be updated with the newest regulations all around the world! ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ceylin Güven Ceylin Güven likes reading anything she can get her hands on, writing poetry that’s way too personal, and watching Studio Ghibli movies. More Freelance Virtual Assistant Rates 2025: Global Hourly Pricing Guide Beginner or boss-level VA what should you charge? Let’s explore the 2025 rates that make clients (and you) happy. Read more Rooted with Ruul: Meet Çağla Woman in a cozy sweater working on her laptop at home, exemplifying the comfortable remote work lifestyle of Cagla from Ruul. Read more Why do cosmetics brands prefer these logo colors? Explore why leading cosmetics brands favour specific logo colours — from psychology and branding strategy to colour-trends in beauty packaging and the impact on consumer perceptions. Read more MORE THAN 120,000 Independents Over 120,000 independents trust Ruul to sell their services, digital products, and securely manage their payments. FROM 190 Countries Truly global coverage: trusted across 190 countries with seamless payouts available in 140 currencies. PROCESSED $200m+ of Transactions Over $200M successfully processed, backed by an 8-year legacy of secure, reliable transactions trusted by independents worldwide. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Everything you need to know. Get clear, straightforward answers to the most common questions about using Ruul. hey@ruul.io What is Ruul? Ruul is a merchant-of-record platform helping freelancers and creators globally sell services, digital products, subscriptions, and easily get paid. Who is Ruul for? 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https://www.11ty.dev/docs/data-global/ | Global Data Files — Eleventy Skip to navigation Skip to main content 11ty Get Started Blog Community Versions v3 Stable v2 v1 v0 History Firehose Search Search GitHub YouTube Mastodon Bluesky Discord Font Awesome Blog Eleventy, 2025 in Review Versions Stable 3.1.2 Canary 4.0.0-alpha.6 Introduction Get Started Why Eleventy? Performance Learn Glossary Opening a Terminal Installing JavaScript CommonJS, ESM, TypeScript Starter Projects Tutorials Quick Tips Community How can I contribute? Code of Conduct Blog Firehose 11ty Bundle Leaderboards Eleventy Meetup 11ty Conference Guide Guide Get Started Command Line Usage Add a Configuration File Copy Files to Output Add CSS, JS, Fonts Importing Content Configure Templates with Data Permalinks Layouts Collections Collections API Content Dates Create Pages From Data Pagination Pagination Navigation Using Data in Templates Eleventy Supplied Data Data Cascade Front Matter Data Custom Front Matter Template & Directory Data Files Global Data Files Config Global Data Computed Data JavaScript Data Files Custom Data File Formats Validate Data Template Languages HTML Markdown MDX JavaScript JSX TypeScript Custom WebC Nunjucks Liquid Handlebars Mustache EJS HAML Pug Sass Virtual Templates Overriding Languages Template Features Ignore Files Preprocess Content Postprocess Content Filters url slugify log get*CollectionItem inputPathToUrl Shortcodes getBundle getBundleFileUrl Environment Variables Internationalization (i18n) Watch Files and Dev Servers Eleventy Dev Server Vite Common Pitfalls Advanced Release History Programmatic API Configuration Events Order of Operations Plugins Plugins Create or use Plugins Image Fetch <is-land> Render Internationalization (i18n) RSS Upgrade Helper Syntax Highlighting InputPath to URL Navigation HTML <base> Bundle Id Attribute Community Plugins Retired Plugins Services Services Deployment & Hosting Using a CMS Runtime APIs Screenshots OpenGraph Image IndieWeb Avatar Generator Image Hosting Image Sparklines Breadcrumbs: Eleventy Documentation Guide Using Data in Templates Data Cascade Global Data Files On this page Example Folders Using JavaScript instead of JSON Sources of Data From the Community Global data is data that is exposed to every template in an Eleventy project. One way to create global data is through global data files : JSON and JavaScript files placed inside of the global data folder . The global data folder is placed inside the project's input directory (set by the dir.input configuration option ), and the name of the global data folder is set by the dir.data configuration option ( _data by default). All *.json and module.exports values from *.js files in this directory will be added into a global data object available to all templates. The name and location of these files will inform the keys in the data object structure where they can be accessed. Note that this means computed data must be in a file called eleventyComputed.js . You may also be interested in config global data Added in v1.0.0 , which is another way to add global data to every template in an Eleventy project. Example Consider a JSON data file located at _data/userList.json with the following content: [ "user1" , "user2" ] ; This data will be available to your templates under the userList key like this: { userList : [ "user1" , "user2" ] ; } Folders If a data file is in a folder, the folder name will inform your global data object structure. For example, in our previous example, consider if our userList.json file was moved into a users folder at _data/users/userList.json . Our data will be now available to your templates under a users key like so: { users : { userList : [ "user1" , "user2" ] ; } } Using JavaScript instead of JSON Read more about using module.exports values in arbitrary JavaScript data files . Sources of Data When the data is merged in the Eleventy Data Cascade , the order of priority for sources of data is (from highest priority to lowest): Computed Data Front Matter Data in a Template Template Data Files Directory Data Files (and ascending Parent Directories) Front Matter Data in Layouts (this moved in 1.0 ) Configuration API Global Data Global Data Files ⬅ From the Community ×84 resources via 11tybundle.dev curated by Bob Monsour . Eleventy - today’s date as a global variable — Rob O'Leary (2025) I built a tiny RSS generator for my Advent of Code solutions — Juha-Matti Santala (2025) Updated Bookmarks — Clayton Errington (2025) From Dotclear to Eleventy 4 — Alix Guillard (2025) exhibitionism — tlohde (2025) Expand to see 79 more resources. Leveraging Eleventy’s custom data file format feature for simpler game scoring format — Juha-Matti Santala (2025) How I Built This Website (With 11ty & CraftCMS) — Matthew Richards (2025) Cache-Busting Assets in Eleventy — Aleksandr Hovhannisyan (2025) Data vs. Collections in Eleventy — Mark Dyck (2025) Providing next event as API with Eleventy’s Global Data Files and Netlify Functions — Juha-Matti Santala (2025) A Test of Eleventy Fetch — Raymond Camden (2025) Tweaking my 11ty blog to link to the Mastodon post defined in an Org Mode property — Sacha Chua (2025) Generating absolute URLs in my RSS feed(s) — Cory Dransfeldt (2025) How I Built Shopify Theme Vitals using 11ty and CrUX — Sia Karamalegos (2025) Building a personal digital music library with Eleventy and APIs — Damian Walsh (2025) Building a resume website with eleventy — Keith Kurson (2025) 11ty Meetup - How I built my Books page — Bob Monsour (2025) Building a Quiz System With Eleventy — Nathan Upchurch (2025) Managing My Books Data — Spencer Harston (2025) Creating a Books Page — Spencer Harston (2025) WP.SCSS — Rich Holman (2025) How I built the Books page — Bob Monsour (2025) Accessible Eleventy Gallery — Sainthood (2024) Oops, I built a headless frontend with 11ty — Adam Stoddard (2024) Here's how this is all put together — Cory Dransfeldt (2024) Building My Resume in HTML using Eleventy — Michael Engen (2024) Open Graph Metadata and Images in Eleventy Made Easy — Sebin Nyshkim (2024) 11ty meetup: Tracking and displaying music history — Cory Dransfeldt (2024) Tracking and displaying music history in 11ty with Cory Dransfeldt — Cory Dransfeldt (2024) Building a Blog with Eleventy — Sebin Nyshkim (2024) Using Environment Variables in Eleventy Content Pages — Florian Eckerstorfer (2024) Simple Eleventy 3 Excerpts — Tyler Sticka (2024) Eleventy Experiment - Salesforce User Directory — Jeff Sikes (2024) GitHub Pages Reboot With 11ty — John Hobbs (2024) Building a Web Version of Your Mastodon Archive with Eleventy — Raymond Camden (2024) Adding the New Mastodon Link Attribution Meta Tag — Chris McLeod (2024) Adding a Photo Stream to an Eleventy Site — nonnullish (2024) New Reading page, powered by the Airtable API — Melanie Richards (2024) Umami API Top 10 Pages — Clayton Errington (2024) Virtual Templates in Eleventy — Aleksandr Hovhannisyan (2024) Eleventy - Merge external data with an existing collection — Rob O'Leary (2024) My Eleventy site setup — anh (2024) Version 3 — Devin Haska (2024) Using Eleventy to Gobble Up Everything I Do Online — Robb Knight (2024) Building a meetup community site using Global Data Files — Juha-Matti Santala (2024) Using B2 as a JSON data store — Cory Dransfeldt (2024) How to connect Eleventy and Storyblok — Estela Franco (2024) Eleventy - Fetch data from the Github REST API to populate a projects page — Rob O'Leary (2024) Community websites with Eleventy — Juha-Matti Santala (2024) Eleventy - Create a global production flag — Rob O'Leary (2024) Learning New Tricks — Antonio Rodrigues (2024) Fetching Package Dependents from GitHub — Robb Knight (2024) Adding webmentions to my site — Bob Monsour (2024) Updated Eleventy Future Post Plugin — John M. Wargo (2024) Hiding Future Posts in Eleventy — John M. Wargo (2024) Programmatically importing your Last.fm listening data to ListenBrainz — Cory Dransfeldt (2023) Using Wordpress as a headless CMS for Eleventy — Mike Aparicio (2023) Integrating WordPress Posts with 11ty — Kevin Gimbel (2023) Scratch that...use the Google Sheets API — Bob Monsour (2023) Track data across builds in 11ty — John Brooks (2022) 11ty Second 11ty: Global Data files (JS and JSON) — Bryan Robinson (2022) Reading Comic Books in the Jamstack — Raymond Camden (2022) Dynamically choosing a data file to use in Eleventy templates — Cassey Lottman (2021) Configuring Web Fonts in 11ty with Global Data — Aleksandr Hovhannisyan (2021) Eleventy 1.0 - Global Data via Plugins Example — Raymond Camden (2021) Eleventy 1.0 - New Option for Global Data — Raymond Camden (2021) Media Diary with Eleventy — anh (2021) Using PDFs with the Jamstack - Building a Document Viewer — Raymond Camden (2021) An Adobe PDF Embed Plugin for Eleventy — Raymond Camden (2021) Page Level URL Fetching with Eleventy — Raymond Camden (2021) Generate Page Content From a Global Data File Using Eleventy — Tanner Dolby (2021) Creating an 11ty collection from a JSON API — Mike Street (2021) Creating pages from data with Eleventy — Florian Eckerstorfer (2021) Building a Database Driven Eleventy Site — Raymond Camden (2021) Using PDFs with the Jamstack — Raymond Camden (2021) I Finally Understand Eleventy's Data Cascade — Ben Myers (2021) Site Metadata — Stephanie Eckles (2021) Create a Contributors Page in Eleventy — Michael Chan (2021) Accessing Eleventy Data on the Client Side — Raymond Camden (2021) Using Airtable with Eleventy — Dana Byerly (2020) Using Eleventy data files for frequently used links — Dana Byerly (2020) Migrating from Node and Express to the Jamstack - Part 1 — Raymond Camden (2020) Easily Use Design Tokens In Eleventy — Heydon Pickering (2020) Building a website with a static site generator, part 2: Eleventy — Juha-Matti Santala (2020) Other pages in Data Cascade Front Matter Data Custom Front Matter Template & Directory Data Files Global Data Files Config Global Data Computed Data Read the Blog Follow on Mastodon Follow on Bluesky Subscribe to the Newsletter Watch on YouTube Star on GitHub Chat on Discord Twitter Gold Sponsors CloudCannon Silver Sponsors ×728 Supporters 19.2k Star Eleventy on GitHub! 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https://dev.to/amigosmaker | amigos-maker - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions amigos-maker 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Oct 27, 2019 github website Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. 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Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Waar kun je Flask voor gebruiken? (Dutch) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 16 '19 Waar kun je Flask voor gebruiken? (Dutch) # python # flask # nederlands # dutch 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read What is Flask used for? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 16 '19 What is Flask used for? # python # flask 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Wat is Flask? (Dutch) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 15 '19 Wat is Flask? (Dutch) # python # flask 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is Flask amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 15 '19 What is Flask # python # flask 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Hoe kun je Full Stack Python Developer worden? (Dutch) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 14 '19 Hoe kun je Full Stack Python Developer worden? (Dutch) # python # nederlands # dutch 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What Languages Do I Need To Learn To Be A Full Stack Python Developer? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 14 '19 What Languages Do I Need To Learn To Be A Full Stack Python Developer? # python 14 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Wat is Selenium Webdriver? (Dutch) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 13 '19 Wat is Selenium Webdriver? (Dutch) # python # dutch # nederlands 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is Selenium Webdriver? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 13 '19 What is Selenium Webdriver? # python # web # testing 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Veel voorkomende fouten die Junior Pythonistas maken (Dutch) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 12 '19 Veel voorkomende fouten die Junior Pythonistas maken (Dutch) # python # dutch # nederlands 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Errores comunes en Python (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 12 '19 Errores comunes en Python (Spanish) # spanish # python 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Common Mistakes Junior Pythonistas make amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 12 '19 Common Mistakes Junior Pythonistas make # python 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read ¿Por qué debo aprender Python para mi primer lenguaje de programación? (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 11 '19 ¿Por qué debo aprender Python para mi primer lenguaje de programación? (Spanish) # python # spanish 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Warum sollte ich Python für meine erste Programmiersprache lernen? (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 11 '19 Warum sollte ich Python für meine erste Programmiersprache lernen? (German) # python # german # deutsch 9 reactions Comments 5 comments 3 min read Why Should I Learn Python For My First Programming Language? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 11 '19 Why Should I Learn Python For My First Programming Language? # python 11 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Java vs Python (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 10 '19 Java vs Python (Spanish) # python # java # spanish 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Java vs Python (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 10 '19 Java vs Python (German) # python # java # german # deutsch 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Java vs Python, which is better to learn? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 10 '19 Java vs Python, which is better to learn? # python # java 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Qué hay de nuevo en Python 3.8 (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 9 '19 Qué hay de nuevo en Python 3.8 (Spanish) # python # spanish # espanol 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Was ist neu in Python 3.8 (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 9 '19 Was ist neu in Python 3.8 (German) # python # german # deutsch 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Whats New in Python 3.8 amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 9 '19 Whats New in Python 3.8 # python 51 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Qué es Python Selenium? (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 8 '19 Qué es Python Selenium? (Spanish) # python # selenium # spanish # espanol 18 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Was ist Python selenium? (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 8 '19 Was ist Python selenium? (German) # python # selenium # german # deutsch 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is Python selenium? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 8 '19 What is Python selenium? # python # webdev 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Python PyQt vs Kivy (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 7 '19 Python PyQt vs Kivy (Spanish) # python # pyqt # spanish # espanol 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read PyQt vs Kivy (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 7 '19 PyQt vs Kivy (German) # python # pyqt # german # deutsch 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read PyQt vs Kivy amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 7 '19 PyQt vs Kivy # python # pyqt # kivy 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read GUI programming with Python (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 6 '19 GUI programming with Python (Spanish) # python # gui # spanish # espanol 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read GUI development with Python (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 6 '19 GUI development with Python (German) # python # gui # german # deutsch 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read How to start GUI development with Python amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 6 '19 How to start GUI development with Python # python # gui 22 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Are Flask and Bottle scalable? (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 5 '19 Are Flask and Bottle scalable? (Spanish) # python # spanish # espanol # webdev 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Sind Flask und Bottle scalable? (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 5 '19 Sind Flask und Bottle scalable? (German) # python # webdev # german # deutsch 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Are the Python frameworks Flask and Bottle scalable? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 5 '19 Are the Python frameworks Flask and Bottle scalable? # python # flask # webdev 10 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Ruby vs Python (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 4 '19 Ruby vs Python (Spanish) # python # ruby # spanish # espanol 8 reactions Comments 3 comments 6 min read Python vs Ruby (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 4 '19 Python vs Ruby (German) # python # ruby # german # deutsch 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Python vs Ruby amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 4 '19 Python vs Ruby # python # ruby 12 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Firewalls on Linux amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 3 '19 Firewalls on Linux # linux # security # ubuntu 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read What is scikit learn? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 3 '19 What is scikit learn? # python # machinelearning 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read what is the largest site created using Flask? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 3 '19 what is the largest site created using Flask? # python # flask 56 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Linux desktop, what to choose amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 1 '19 Linux desktop, what to choose # linux # desktop 10 reactions Comments 9 comments 2 min read PyQt vs wxPython (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 1 '19 PyQt vs wxPython (Spanish) # python # spanish # espanol 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Python PyQt vs wxPython (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 1 '19 Python PyQt vs wxPython (German) # python # german # deutsch 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read PyQT vs wxPython: Which GUI module for your project? amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Nov 1 '19 PyQT vs wxPython: Which GUI module for your project? # python # pyqt # wxpython # desktop 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read PyQt vs Tkinter (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 31 '19 PyQt vs Tkinter (Spanish) # python # tkinter # spanish # espanol 34 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read PyQt vs Tkinter (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 31 '19 PyQt vs Tkinter (German) # python # pyqt # german # deutsch 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 31 '19 Python GUI, PyQt vs TKinter # python 36 reactions Comments 5 comments 3 min read Python Flask vs Bottle (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 30 '19 Python Flask vs Bottle (Spanish) # python # webdev # spanish # espanol 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Python Flask vs Bottle (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 30 '19 Python Flask vs Bottle (German) # python # webdev # german # deutsch 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Flask vs Bottle Web Framework amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 30 '19 Flask vs Bottle Web Framework # python # flask # bottle 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Python PyQt installieren (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 29 '19 Python PyQt installieren (German) # python # pyqt # german # deutsch 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read How to install PyQt (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 29 '19 How to install PyQt (Spanish) # python # pyqt # spanish # espanol 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read How to install PyQt amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 29 '19 How to install PyQt # python # pyqt 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Pyqt vs PySide (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 28 '19 Pyqt vs PySide (Spanish) # python # pyqt # spanish # espanol 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read PyQt vs Pyside (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 28 '19 PyQt vs Pyside (German) # pyqt # python # german # deutsch 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read PyQt vs Pyside amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 28 '19 PyQt vs Pyside # python # pyqt # desktop 18 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read PyQt vs wxWidgets (Spanish) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 27 '19 PyQt vs wxWidgets (Spanish) # python # desktop # spanish # espanol 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read PyQt vs wxPython (German) amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 27 '19 PyQt vs wxPython (German) # python # desktop # german # deutsch 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read PyQt vs wxPython amigos-maker amigos-maker amigos-maker Follow Oct 27 '19 PyQt vs wxPython # python # desktop 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/keefdrive/create-react-app-vs-vite-2amn#directory-structure-of-the-our-newly-created-app | Create react app vs Vite - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Keerthi Posted on Sep 22, 2021 • Edited on Sep 24, 2021 Create react app vs Vite # webdev # javascript # vite # react I have always relied on the npm command create-react-app to create the starter files for any React.js project. It does what it says on the tin, and creates all my starter template files, setups a local dev server and dev environment. Over the years I have become a little impatient because it takes around 3-4 minutes to setup a basic barebones app. Recently I have come to know about a faster way to setup React apps, which also gives you all the useful features that create-react-app gives you too. It is using a tool called Vite . Vite is another build tool like Webpack (create-react-app uses Webpack under the hood, read more here ). In this post I will take you through the steps on how to install React.js app using Vite and point out some differences too. You can also see a video on the comparison of the two installation methods. In the Video below, You will discover that the installation time, plus time to run local server is astonishingly fast for Vite. So how do we start the ball rolling You can refer to the Vite docs , From there, you can choose from a few methods to start off your installation. We are going to use the template method. In their docs, the listed methods are: #npm 6.x npm init vite@latest my-vue-app --template vue #npm 7+, extra double-dash is needed: npm init vite@latest my-vue-app -- --template vue #yarn yarn create vite my-vue-app --template vue Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But these commands are for installing Vue.js, just as side note, Vite was originally developed for Vue.js but has been modified to use with other frameworks including React.js. For our case, all we need to do is replace the keyword after '--template', from vue to react. And dont forget to replace the app name to your choosing. So assuming that we are running npm version 6.x, we will run the following command: npm init vite@latest my-react-app --template react Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then we will cd into our directory and install the remainder of the starter files and run the dev server: cd my-react-app npm install npm run dev Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you goto the browser. You should see a React logo with a counter and a button, as below. Directory structure of the our newly created app The thing to note here is that, main.js is the root file that imports/loads App.js. There is also a new file called vite.config.js, this is circled in the above image. This file is used to turn on and set new features for your build process. I will come to this file in the next section below. One last thing about importing files... I have noticed that out the box this setup does not allow for absolute paths. With create-react-app, you can do import x from 'components/x' . With Vite, you have to do the relative pathing, like ```import x from '../../../' To fix this we need to change the vite.config.js file, which looks like this: ```javascript import { defineConfig } from 'vite' import reactRefresh from '@vitejs/plugin-react-refresh' // https://vitejs.dev/config/ export default defineConfig({ plugins: [reactRefresh()] }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode we need to add an extra setting to resolve the path, this change will go after the "plugins" settings. It will end up looking like this after the change: import { defineConfig } from ' vite ' import reactRefresh from ' @vitejs/plugin-react-refresh ' import path from ' path ' // https://vitejs.dev/config/ export default defineConfig ({ plugins : [ reactRefresh ()], resolve : { alias : { ' @ ' : path . resolve ( __dirname , ' ./src ' ), }, }, }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode and this will allow us to refer to paths as import x from '@/component/x' !IMPORTATNT to prefix with '@' in path. conclusion I did find Vite impressingly fast. It took me 55 secs to install and run on local server. I have not done much heavy development using Vite but it looks promising. It is too early for me to say if I will use it on any bigger projects in the future. There are other methods of installing React.js using Vite, these methods are maintained by other communities. Check out other community maintained templates here , you can also find one with Tailwind. Please leave comments on your experiences too. Note: Vite has templates to build apps in the following frameworks vanilla vanilla-ts vue vue-ts react react-ts preact preact-ts lit-element lit-element-ts svelte svelte-ts Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode so to create a build in react typescript , just change the last bit to "react-ts" after the "--template" , so it becomes: npm init vite@latest my-react-app --template react-ts Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Top comments (20) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand R. Maulana Citra R. Maulana Citra R. Maulana Citra Follow I write about web dev stuff Location Serang, Indonesia Work Front End @Skyshi Digital Indonesia Joined Mar 3, 2021 • Sep 24 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Vite is cool, I love how things are fast on dev server. I also made boilerplate for daily projects with Tailwind, if you want to check it out, see it on my GitHub here Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Keerthi Keerthi Keerthi Follow I am UI developer, technologist, UI designer. Keen cook. Location london Work ui developer Joined Aug 7, 2020 • Sep 24 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thats awesome, you should contribute to the community here github.com/vitejs/awesome-vite#tem... . They have one for react and tailwind already, maybe you can add yours as well. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand R. Maulana Citra R. Maulana Citra R. Maulana Citra Follow I write about web dev stuff Location Serang, Indonesia Work Front End @Skyshi Digital Indonesia Joined Mar 3, 2021 • Oct 5 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide thank you bro, I have added mine too, and it was merged already! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand James Thomson James Thomson James Thomson Follow Just another front-end web dev junkie Location Australia Work Senior Frontend Engineer at Complish Joined Feb 22, 2019 • Sep 22 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've recently switched a Vue CLI project to Vite. It's impressive how fast things are - but makes complete sense when there's no build step needed when developing. One thing I've found less intuitive are images, especially dynamically referenced ones (e.g. in a loop). I've had to create a utility for this: export function getImageUrl (name) { return new URL(`../assets/${name}`, import.meta.url).href; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Is this also the case in React? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Keerthi Keerthi Keerthi Follow I am UI developer, technologist, UI designer. Keen cook. Location london Work ui developer Joined Aug 7, 2020 • Sep 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes , Similar in react Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Herberth Obregón Herberth Obregón Herberth Obregón Follow 🧩 Web Components 💻 Typescript First 🐳 ☸️ K8s Location GT Education Science and Systems Engineer Work CIO/CTO at HireX Joined Jan 1, 2020 • Sep 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I moved to vitejs for lit-element (now only lit) and is amazing! 💯💯🚀 Web pack is very slow to spinup a dev server Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Keerthi Keerthi Keerthi Follow I am UI developer, technologist, UI designer. Keen cook. Location london Work ui developer Joined Aug 7, 2020 • Sep 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Firts tme I am hearing of lit-elemnt, Intresting, what apps are you building with it? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Herberth Obregón Herberth Obregón Herberth Obregón Follow 🧩 Web Components 💻 Typescript First 🐳 ☸️ K8s Location GT Education Science and Systems Engineer Work CIO/CTO at HireX Joined Jan 1, 2020 • Sep 25 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It is one of the main "frameworks" of modern development, vitejs.dev/guide/#scaffolding-your... Vite support the main popular frameworks vue, react, lit-element and svelte I choose Lit-element because is the closest thing to js vanilla with all the power of web components (the performance is amazing ⚡️). Eventually I consider that web components are going to be so robust that you won't need a framework. Lit-element is the framework for web components par excellence. Stencil I don't like like Lit I build all empleo.gt with Lit Which next will be migrated to hirex.app for worldwide version Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Keerthi Keerthi Keerthi Follow I am UI developer, technologist, UI designer. Keen cook. Location london Work ui developer Joined Aug 7, 2020 • Sep 26 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks, Nice to know that about Lit, will look at it. Also good luck with your app too Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Wagner Wagner Wagner Follow Joined Feb 25, 2021 • Sep 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Why don't you use package.json inside each directory and refers to files like "@components/MyCompoment"?! You don't need do setup anything else. Just a package.json in each folder with content: { "name": "components" } Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ivan Jeremic Ivan Jeremic Ivan Jeremic Follow Web/Software Developer Joined Dec 9, 2018 • Sep 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is so dirty I can't believe people do this. Like comment: Like comment: 16 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand dragos dragos dragos Follow Indie app builder focused on simple, practical products. Currently building Vet Record, a pet health tracker for everyday owners. Location Beograd Education Completed an online course by Carnegie Mellon University Joined Oct 15, 2019 • Sep 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Stiil too much bugs Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Daniel Tkach Daniel Tkach Daniel Tkach Follow Joined Sep 4, 2020 • Oct 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide On vite? I'm just researching if I should switch to vite. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Renan "Firehawk" Lazarotto Renan "Firehawk" Lazarotto Renan "Firehawk" Lazarotto Follow Hiya! I'm a fullstack developer, with experience with PHP, JavaScript and Go. I'm also an Android enthusiast and I like pretty much everything related to tech. Location Brazil Education Barchelor Degree in IT Pronouns he/him Work FullStack developer @ Hammer Consult Joined Dec 16, 2019 • Sep 22 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I have switched from CRA to Vite just because CRA is so slow! Vite is blazing fast even on my aging machine. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Keerthi Keerthi Keerthi Follow I am UI developer, technologist, UI designer. Keen cook. Location london Work ui developer Joined Aug 7, 2020 • Sep 22 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thats good to hear. CRA has always been so slow. But I had to put up with it. Other option was configuring webpack, which was way worse in terms of time to setup. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Rami Rami Rami Follow I am a self taught web developer and secondary school student ✌ Location مصر Education self-taught Work Captain Dev Joined Nov 14, 2019 • Sep 22 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Vite is really cool, I hope they support Angular in the near future. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Wagner Wagner Wagner Follow Joined Feb 25, 2021 • Sep 23 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular is a waste of time! A poor framework, too much verbose. Like comment: Like comment: 12 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jerry Jerry Jerry Follow follow for dev, javascript/typescript react, aws and cloud tips and more. Location British Columbia Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 14, 2018 • Mar 4 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a great overview! If you want a deep dive understanding of Vite, I wrote about here - jerrychang.ca/writing/vite-how-it-... Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Audace Audace Audace Follow Programmer Joined Feb 23, 2024 • Feb 23 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I have the problem with vite + react. When I run the localhost, see in the terminal [vite] hmr update. And after that in the browser nothing display on the screen. Screen is blank. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Audace Audace Audace Follow Programmer Joined Feb 23, 2024 • Feb 23 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I have the problem Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (20 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Keerthi Follow I am UI developer, technologist, UI designer. Keen cook. Location london Work ui developer Joined Aug 7, 2020 More from Keerthi Crash course in interactive 3d animation with React-three-fiber and React-spring # react # webdev # threejs A crash course in React.js and D3 # react # javascript # d3js # webdev Scroll animation in Javascript using IntersectionObserver # javascript # webdev # css # html 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Performance Follow Hide Tag for content related to software performance. Create Post submission guidelines Articles should be obviously related to software performance in some way. Possible topics include, but are not limited to: Performance Testing Performance Analysis Optimising for performance Scalability Resilience But most of all, be kind and humble. 💜 Older #performance posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 246 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu SLMs, LLMs and a Devious Logic Puzzle Test Ben Santora Ben Santora Ben Santora Follow Jan 12 SLMs, LLMs and a Devious Logic Puzzle Test # llm # performance # testing 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Observing Behavioral Anomalies in Web Applications Beyond Signature Scanners 0x7b 0x7b 0x7b Follow Jan 12 Observing Behavioral Anomalies in Web Applications Beyond Signature Scanners # monitoring # performance # security # testing Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Buy Button Is the Slowest Part of Most E Commerce Sites ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 13 The Buy Button Is the Slowest Part of Most E Commerce Sites # webdev # performance # frontend # ecommerce Comments Add Comment 3 min read I got tired of waiting for Gradle, so I built a runtime that runs Kotlin like Python. Srikar Sunchu Srikar Sunchu Srikar Sunchu Follow Jan 13 I got tired of waiting for Gradle, so I built a runtime that runs Kotlin like Python. # kotlin # performance # productivity # tooling 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Moving from Nextjs to Qwik Jaime Jaime Jaime Follow Jan 12 Moving from Nextjs to Qwik # nextjs # qwik # javascript # performance Comments Add Comment 5 min read Stop Random Pod Scheduling: Master Kubernetes Affinity & Anti-Affinity with NGINX (Practical Guide for DevOps & SRE) Srinivasaraju Tangella Srinivasaraju Tangella Srinivasaraju Tangella Follow Jan 13 Stop Random Pod Scheduling: Master Kubernetes Affinity & Anti-Affinity with NGINX (Practical Guide for DevOps & SRE) # devops # kubernetes # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Next.js Is Better Than Plain React for Modern Web Development Farhad Rahimi Klie Farhad Rahimi Klie Farhad Rahimi Klie Follow Jan 13 Why Next.js Is Better Than Plain React for Modern Web Development # nextjs # react # webdev # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Your WordPress Site Is Bleeding Memory — Here's How to Stop It Prakhar Prakhar Prakhar Follow Jan 12 Your WordPress Site Is Bleeding Memory — Here's How to Stop It # wordpress # webdev # performance # wordpressplugin Comments Add Comment 4 min read Hogo: Ignite Your Node.js Performance with Atomic Request Coalescing Mahmud Rahman Mahmud Rahman Mahmud Rahman Follow Jan 12 Hogo: Ignite Your Node.js Performance with Atomic Request Coalescing # node # performance # backend # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Build SEO-Friendly Ecommerce Product Pages ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 12 How to Build SEO-Friendly Ecommerce Product Pages # frontend # performance # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your Python Code Takes Hours Instead of Seconds (A 3-Line Fix) Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 12 Why Your Python Code Takes Hours Instead of Seconds (A 3-Line Fix) # python # performance # beginners # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Should We Optimize JSON for LLMs Del Rosario Del Rosario Del Rosario Follow Jan 12 Why Should We Optimize JSON for LLMs # json # llm # webdev # performance Comments Add Comment 5 min read Speculative Decoding: Cómo Acelerar LLMs 2.4x Sin Cambiar el Modelo Abdessamad Ammi Abdessamad Ammi Abdessamad Ammi Follow Jan 12 Speculative Decoding: Cómo Acelerar LLMs 2.4x Sin Cambiar el Modelo # llm # performance # mlop Comments Add Comment 4 min read O(1) Country Selection on a 3D Globe with GPU Picking and Hemisphere Detection Emmanuel Emmanuel Emmanuel Follow Jan 11 O(1) Country Selection on a 3D Globe with GPU Picking and Hemisphere Detection # threejs # angular # performance # algorithms Comments Add Comment 11 min read I Added a Cache and the System Got Slower: The Hidden Cost of Caching yusuf yonturk yusuf yonturk yusuf yonturk Follow Jan 11 I Added a Cache and the System Got Slower: The Hidden Cost of Caching # programming # performance # backend # redis 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Small Language Models Are Eating the World (And Why That's Great) SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL Follow Jan 11 Small Language Models Are Eating the World (And Why That's Great) # ai # edge # performance # mobile Comments Add Comment 13 min read Choosing the Right LLM for the Umbraco CMS Developer MCP: An Quick Cost and Performance Analysis Phil Whittaker Phil Whittaker Phil Whittaker Follow Jan 11 Choosing the Right LLM for the Umbraco CMS Developer MCP: An Quick Cost and Performance Analysis # llm # mcp # performance Comments Add Comment 6 min read [Learning Documents] [Golang] Go 1.19 Sort is Faster Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Documents] [Golang] Go 1.19 Sort is Faster # algorithms # go # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read Book Review: Ecosystem Competition Strategy Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: Ecosystem Competition Strategy # discuss # react # performance Comments Add Comment 10 min read High-performance GPUs or TPUs vs CPUs Neweraofcoding Neweraofcoding Neweraofcoding Follow Jan 11 High-performance GPUs or TPUs vs CPUs # architecture # machinelearning # performance # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Angular State Management: Signals vs Simple Properties - Which Should I Use? Mohamed Fri Mohamed Fri Mohamed Fri Follow Jan 11 Angular State Management: Signals vs Simple Properties - Which Should I Use? # discuss # performance # typescript # angular Comments Add Comment 1 min read Dynamic Arrays: Low-Level Implementation & Amortized Analysis ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass Follow Jan 11 Dynamic Arrays: Low-Level Implementation & Amortized Analysis # algorithms # computerscience # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read Unsafe Rust: When and Why Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Jan 11 Unsafe Rust: When and Why # learning # performance # rust Comments Add Comment 8 min read Why Fast Page Loads Don’t Always Mean Fast User Experience ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 11 Why Fast Page Loads Don’t Always Mean Fast User Experience # performance # webdev # javascript # serverless 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read HTTP Caching Explained (The Way I Learned It in Production) Nishar Arif Nishar Arif Nishar Arif Follow Jan 11 HTTP Caching Explained (The Way I Learned It in Production) # beginners # webdev # tutorial # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources I built an app in every frontend framework TOON vs JSON: A Modern Data Format Showdown Choosing the Right Chunking Strategy: A Comprehensive Guide to RAG Optimization I Replaced Redis with PostgreSQL (And It's Faster) Choosing Between Vue.js and Next.js: A Practical Guide for Developers Are We Losing Our Manners in Software Development? libmalloc, jemalloc, tcmalloc, mimalloc - Exploring Different Memory Allocators Why Your Vue App Is Reactive Too Much (and How to Fix It) Understanding Hetzner SSD VPS Performance and Best Practices JSON vs MessagePack vs Protobuf in Go — My Real Benchmarks and What They Mean in Production Why Edge Computing Forced Me to Write Better Code (And Why That's the Future) Anthropic Bought Bun: Here's What It Really Means for Us How to track Claude Code usage + analytics Best LLM inference providers. Groq vs. Cerebras: Which Is the Fastest AI Inference Provider? Why it's time to ditch UUIDv4 and switch to UUIDv7! I tested the top 3 AI coding models on real engineering problems. The results surprised me. GPUI Component: Because Desktop Apps Shouldn't Make You Cry 🧹 How to Clear Cache in Windows Using PowerShell (Complete Guide) Image optimization and compression techniques for ultra-fast Laravel/PHP image uploads and display C# Performance Optimization: Using Span<T> and stackalloc to Eliminate Allocations 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://letsenhance.io/ | LetsEnhance: Image quality AI - make photos HD/4k & more online Solutions Printing Background Removal Enhancement Upscaler Sharpener Restoration Image to Video API for Business AI image generation Affiliate Pricing Blog Create account Login 🇺🇸 🇺🇸 English 🇩🇪 Deutsch 🇪🇸 Español 🇫🇷 Français 🇮🇳 हिन्दी 🇮🇩 Bahasa Indonesia 🇮🇹 Italiano 🇯🇵 日本語 🇰🇷 한국어 🇳🇱 Nederlands 🇵🇹 Português 🇹🇷 Türkçe 🇺🇦 Українська 🇻🇳 Tiếng Việt 🇨🇳 中文 (简体) 🇹🇼 中文 (繁體) Log in Create account How to use Jobs Pricing plans API for Business Affiliate AI image generation Image to Video Printing Background Removal Enhancement Upscaler Sharpener Marketplaces Real estate Blog New Describe the edit. See the result. Get clear, high-res images with AI Upscaler: Increase image resolution and improve quality Sharpener: Make blurry, pixelated photos sharp online Generator: Create AI art in 4K, enlarge up to 500 MP Start free Request API Drag and drop anywhere to upload Upscale pics with AI Fix pixelation and blur Correct colors and lighting Remove JPEG artifacts For eCommerce Claid.ai: Photos that boost sales & win hearts Get product photos that do the selling for you. Crystal-clear, perfectly staged, and ready to shine online. Enhance my product photos Upscale pictures without losing quality up to 16x Make your pics high resolution - HD, 4k and beyond. Enlarge and sharpen photos for printing and web in a single click. Breaking Bad, Ghibli anime style...| Try the new AI image generator Turn words into high res images in seconds Generate image for free Empower your creativity and business with next-level image AI Creative Professionals Resize pictures, making them crisp, clear and ready for any web and print format. Save time for creative tasks — let AI enhance low-quality images in seconds. Upscale anything from old photos to digital art, from portraits to landscapes, from logos to product images. Printing Boost print quality: Leverage AI for superior resolution, colors, and clarity in prints. Get 300+ DPI: Attain professional-grade, crisp, and detailed prints with any image. API for print-on-demand: Enhance POD workflows with AI-powered upscaling API. AI-generated art High-resolution AI art: Enhance AI-generated images to create visually stunning masterpieces. Upscale AI-generated art to desired resolutions, including HD, 4K, or larger. Text-to-image generator: Turn words into captivating, unique artwork in seconds. Increase resolution of UGC A challenge of working with social media content is that not all images are professionally taken on camera. Brands and businesses also want to tap into the user-generated content shot by everyday people like you and me. And we found that the end use for those images was limited because they were a bit small. By using LetsEnhance we can provide high res print-ready content. Blow up photos for large-size prints LetsEnhance has greatly contributed to the photo exhibition. Thanks to LetsEnhance‘s quality and timely work, we ensured the best quality campaign images that were printed and displayed on large-size canvases. Read case study Automatically edit product photos Images are a key part of any website, and optimizing them is vital for a good user experience. Therefore being able to enhance low-quality pictures and resize them for specific devices can improve performance, UX and conversions. Read case study Use any pic in your work. Restore JPEGs. Improve iPhone photos Batch editing Upload and edit multiple images at once One-click presets Make your eComm & real estate pics look professional Enlarge to any size Convert small photos to HD, 4k, 8k or higher From big posters to VR Increase image size up to 500 MP. Get 300+ DPI density Fast and simple Auto enhance and edit your pictures in seconds Color correct Fix white balance and saturation with HDR filter 100M+ images enhanced 10,000+ people love us Trent Dirks I've tried other AI-related image tools... both free and paid, and LetsEnhance is the only one that I would recommend 10 out of 10 times. Tim Thompson 10 years ago, I paid £10K for a system that could do half as much as this platform :-) Lorenzo Balooba Incredible software. Professionally speaking it's life-saving. Can't recommend enough. Darron Charles LetsEnhance has become integral to my workflow and it keeps getting better and better. Cortney Slocum I run a t-shirt shop and some of the images I have aren’t the greatest quality, and it saves me time from having to go to different places to get a better image Mark Mitchell Brilliant digital solution, it’s great to boost real estate images from my phone for the company website. Popular questions How to make a high-resolution image online? LetsEnhance fixes low resolution photos automatically with minimal settings: To upscale an image and change its resolution, upload it to our website and click "Enhance". This will make your picture twice as big and improve its level of detail and sharpness. To enlarge your photo up to 6x, select Balanced as Upscale and pick a Custom size before processing. To make the resolution of your image up to 16 times higher, select Balanced as Upscale and pick a Custom upscaling factor or set the exact Width and Height you need. To what maximum resolution can I enlarge my image? Free users can upscale images up to 64 megapixels, for paid subscriptions the cap is 256 MP. Business plans come with a 500 MP limit. How can I enhance a photo? To convert your picture to high definition and make it sharp: Upload it to https://letsenhance.io/boost Turn on the "Light AI" toggle to improve colors and lighting. Click "Enhance". Your pic will be ready in a few moments How to remove JPEG artifacts? When you enhance images using any upscale mode - Magic, Balanced, Gentle, Digital Art - we clean your image from compression artifacts and JPEG noise. What pictures work best with LetsEnhance? Our online app works best with unprocessed JPEGs and PNGs that were not upscaled or sharpened before. If your image was upscaled or scanned, sometimes decreasing resolution before processing can yield much better results. Experiment! How does LetsEnhance work? LetsEnhance is an automated AI image upscaler and fixer. It uses Super Resolution technology based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks along with other machine learning techs. A couple years ago, it was impossible to dramatically increase photo size without losing quality. Your best option in Photoshop’s Bicubic Interpolation just made your picture blurry. This is not true in case of Neural Networks and AI. Our ML-powered application is trained on a huge dataset of pictures, so it can add extra details and pixels to photos, much better than traditional software. Is letsenhance.io free? Each new user gets 10 free credits. Feel free to test our photo enhancement software, and if you like the results you can buy one of our subscription plans or one-time bundles. Is there an iPhone or Android LetsEnhance app? At the moment, we don’t have native iOS apps or Android APKs. But you can use our photo enhancer online from any popular mobile browser. How does your tool differ from other image editing software? We recommend LetsEnhance if you're looking for an intuitive online app that improves pictures without Photoshop and manual editing. Our AI combines features of a one-click image upscaler, sharpener, retoucher and clearer. Copyright © 2025 LetsEnhance, Inc. All Rights Reserved [email protected] Solutions Printing Background Removal Enhancement Upscaler Sharpener Restoration Face Enhancer Unblur AI Art Upscaler Image to Video Increase DPI Denoiser Text Enhancer HD image converter Anime Upscaler Enhancer API Upscaler API Product Pricing Changelog Help Center Claid.ai Company Blog Jobs How to use Legal Terms of service Text to Image Terms Privacy policy Master service agreement Community Facebook Linkedin Twitter Youtube Copyright © 2025 LetsEnhance, Inc. 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https://www.11ty.dev/blog/mascot-david/ | A new Eleventy mascot from David Neal! — Eleventy Skip to navigation Skip to main content 11ty Get Started Blog Community Versions v3 Stable v2 v1 v0 History Firehose Search Search GitHub YouTube Mastodon Bluesky Discord Font Awesome Blog Eleventy, 2025 in Review Versions Stable 3.1.2 Canary 4.0.0-alpha.6 Introduction Get Started Why Eleventy? Performance Learn Glossary Opening a Terminal Installing JavaScript CommonJS, ESM, TypeScript Starter Projects Tutorials Quick Tips Community How can I contribute? Code of Conduct Blog Firehose 11ty Bundle Leaderboards Eleventy Meetup 11ty Conference Guide Guide Get Started Command Line Usage Add a Configuration File Copy Files to Output Add CSS, JS, Fonts Importing Content Configure Templates with Data Permalinks Layouts Collections Collections API Content Dates Create Pages From Data Pagination Pagination Navigation Using Data in Templates Eleventy Supplied Data Data Cascade Front Matter Data Custom Front Matter Template & Directory Data Files Global Data Files Config Global Data Computed Data JavaScript Data Files Custom Data File Formats Validate Data Template Languages HTML Markdown MDX JavaScript JSX TypeScript Custom WebC Nunjucks Liquid Handlebars Mustache EJS HAML Pug Sass Virtual Templates Overriding Languages Template Features Ignore Files Preprocess Content Postprocess Content Filters url slugify log get*CollectionItem inputPathToUrl Shortcodes getBundle getBundleFileUrl Environment Variables Internationalization (i18n) Watch Files and Dev Servers Eleventy Dev Server Vite Common Pitfalls Advanced Release History Programmatic API Configuration Events Order of Operations Plugins Plugins Create or use Plugins Image Fetch <is-land> Render Internationalization (i18n) RSS Upgrade Helper Syntax Highlighting InputPath to URL Navigation HTML <base> Bundle Id Attribute Community Plugins Retired Plugins Services Services Deployment & Hosting Using a CMS Runtime APIs Screenshots OpenGraph Image IndieWeb Avatar Generator Image Hosting Image Sparklines Breadcrumbs: Ecosystem Community Blog A new Eleventy mascot from David Neal! 2023 November 03 zachleat 📢 Subscribe to the Eleventy News Feed Update 2024 January 31 —this mascot’s name has been selected and it is Elle ! The Eleventy Mascot is now officially a series! This time we’ve been lucky enough to snag a commission from David Neal, a very talented artist and long-time Eleventy enthusiast! David was so excited to deliver this one and we think he absolutely nailed it. Thank you David!! Have an idea for this critter’s name? Tell us on Mastodon! Read more about David on his web site. Hi! My name is David Neal. I am a family man, geek, musician, illustrator, international speaker, software developer, author, and Microsoft MVP living in North GA. I am currently a Developer Advoduck 🥑 🦆 for MotherDuck 😄 In the past, I have been a Principal Developer Advocate for Pluralsight, Developer Relations Manager at ActiveCampaign, Senior Developer Advocate at Okta, and Developer Advocate at LeanKit. Before DevRel, I spent many years building high-performance, scalable web applications. I run on a high-octane mixture of caffeine and JavaScript, and I'm entirely made of bacon 🥓. Follow David on his socials: Twitter @reverentgeek Mastodon @reverentgeek@reverentgeek.com BlueSky @reverentgeek.com @reverentgeek on Threads Eleventy Mascot Series (Unknown Name) James Williamson. 22 May 2018. Before the possum, there was the cat Edison James Williamson. 22 May 2018. James pioneered the static-generating possum. Grumpy Phineas X. Jones. 18 December 2019. Our first commissioned iteration. Masked Grumpy Remixed by Ben Brignell. 7 July 2020 (Not yet named) Geri Coady. July 2021. Our second commission! The community has grown. A Single Div Lynn Fisher. October 2022. From a.singlediv.com. Elle David Neal. November 2023. Our third commission! We’re getting smarter. Read more blog posts : Next: Static Feedback #11: All about Eleventy Previous: Seven Million npm Downloads! Read the Blog Follow on Mastodon Follow on Bluesky Subscribe to the Newsletter Watch on YouTube Star on GitHub Chat on Discord Twitter Gold Sponsors CloudCannon Silver Sponsors ×728 Supporters 19.2k Star Eleventy on GitHub! This is an easy way to support our underrated project and help boost our rank on both GitHub and jamstack.org ’s list of site generators. Built with Eleventy v4.0.0 Font Awesome Edit this page Accessibility Credits Firehose Style Guide 19.2k Stars 15.6M Downloads | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://dev.to/adam_weber_6dc0d5bd752326 | Adam Weber - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Adam Weber Just a dude who likes to write code. Location North Carolina Joined Joined on Nov 19, 2025 Personal website https://github.com/adamw17/ More info about @adam_weber_6dc0d5bd752326 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages C Currently learning Going back to systems dev and trying to get lower level than I have in the past. Currently hacking on GhostScope Available for Anything really honestly. I'm happy to talk. Post 7 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 0 tags followed Debugging a Filesystem Module: When Reference Counting Goes Wrong Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Jan 7 Debugging a Filesystem Module: When Reference Counting Goes Wrong # linux # kernel # filesystem Comments Add Comment 3 min read Want to connect with Adam Weber? Create an account to connect with Adam Weber. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Minimal Character Driver Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Dec 8 '25 Minimal Character Driver # linux # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Babies first /proc entry Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Dec 8 '25 Babies first /proc entry # linux # kernel # modules # development Comments Add Comment 3 min read Tainting the kernel Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Dec 3 '25 Tainting the kernel # linux # kernel # c # kprobe Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kernel Module Dev Environment Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Nov 28 '25 Kernel Module Dev Environment # c # tutorial # linux # tooling Comments Add Comment 3 min read Panic in the sandbox Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Nov 26 '25 Panic in the sandbox # linux # kernel # qemu # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Simple Binary Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Nov 20 '25 A Simple Binary # devjournal # learning # programming Comments 2 comments 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://dev.to/ngrx/using-ngrx-packages-with-standalone-angular-features-53d8 | Using NgRx Packages with Standalone Angular Features - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Marko Stanimirović for NgRx Posted on Jun 14, 2022 • Edited on Jul 12, 2023 Using NgRx Packages with Standalone Angular Features # angular # ngrx ⚠️ This article was written before we released standalone NgRx APIs. They are available from v14.3.0. Read more here . In this article, we'll look into the standalone Angular APIs introduced in version 14. We will then explore ways how to use NgRx packages with standalone features. Contents Standalone Angular APIs Creating Standalone Components Interop with Angular Modules Configuring Angular Router Angular Modules from NgRx Packages Using NgRx Modules with Standalone Angular APIs Standalone NgRx APIs Source Code Resources Peer Reviewers Standalone Angular APIs With standalone Angular APIs, we can build Angular applications without NgModules. In other words, components, directives, and pipes can be used without declaration in any Angular module. 💡 In Angular 14, standalone APIs are in developer preview and may change in the future without backward compatibility. Creating Standalone Components To create a standalone component, we need to set the standalone flag to true and register template dependencies using the imports property within the component configuration. The imports array can accept Angular modules or other standalone components, directives, or pipes: // header.component.ts @ Component ({ selector : ' app-header ' , template : ` <a routerLink="/">Home</a> <a *ngIf="isAuthenticated$ | async" routerLink="/">Musicians</a> ` , standalone : true , // importing modules whose declarables are used in the template imports : [ CommonModule , RouterModule ], }) export class HeaderComponent { readonly isAuthenticated$ = this . authService . isAuthenticated$ ; constructor ( private readonly authService : AuthService ) {} } // app.component.ts @ Component ({ selector : ' app-root ' , template : ` <app-header></app-header> <router-outlet></router-outlet> ` , standalone : true , // importing `HeaderComponent` as a template dependency imports : [ RouterModule , HeaderComponent ], }) export class AppComponent {} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode AppModule is no longer required to bootstrap the application. Instead, we can use the bootstrapApplication function from the @angular/platform-browser package that accepts the root component as an input argument: // main.ts bootstrapApplication ( AppComponent ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The bootstrapApplication function accepts an object with providers as a second argument, so we can provide services at the root level as follows: bootstrapApplication ( AppComponent , { providers : [ { provide : ErrorHandler , useClass : CustomErrorHandler }, ], }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Interop with Angular Modules Now the question is, how to provide services from existing Angular modules. Fortunately, there is a new function importProvidersFrom from the @angular/core package that accepts a sequence of Angular modules as an input argument and returns their providers as a result: const providers = importProvidersFrom ( HttpClientModule , // ... other modules ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Providers returned by the importProvidersFrom function can be registered at the root level in the following way: bootstrapApplication ( AppComponent , { providers : [ importProvidersFrom ( HttpClientModule ), ], }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Configuring Angular Router In Angular 14, there is an option to register providers at the route level by adding the providers array to the Route object. This gives the ability to define feature-level providers in the following way: // musicians.routes.ts export const musiciansRoutes : Route [] = [ { path : '' , // registering providers for the route and all its children providers : [ { provide : MusiciansService , useClass : MusiciansHttpService }, importProvidersFrom ( NgModule1 , NgModule2 ), ], children : [ { path : '' , component : MusicianListComponent , }, { path : ' :id ' , component : MusicianDetailsComponent , canActivate : [ MusicianExistsGuard ], }, ], }, ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then, we can lazy load feature routes using the loadChildren property in the application routes configuration: // app.routes.ts export const appRoutes : Route [] = [ { path : '' , component : HomeComponent }, { path : ' musicians ' , // importing `musiciansRoutes` using the `loadChildren` property loadChildren : () => import ( ' @musicians/musicians.routes ' ). then ( ( m ) => m . musiciansRoutes ), }, ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The next step is to register application routes using the RouterModule as follows: // main.ts bootstrapApplication ( AppComponent , { providers : [ importProvidersFrom ( RouterModule . forRoot ( appRoutes )), ], }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When bootstrapping the application, Angular will initialize the root RouterModule , register application routes, and provide Router , ActivatedRoute , and other providers from the RouterModule at the root level. Angular Modules from NgRx Packages As we have seen in the case of the RouterModule , Angular modules are not only used to declare components or provide services. They are also used to configure various application and library functionalities. In the case of NgRx, we use the EffectsModule.forRoot method to provide the Actions observable at the root level of an Angular application, initialize the effects runner, and run root effects. Therefore, importing root modules from other NgRx packages will configure their functionalities and/or provide services: // app.module.ts @ NgModule ({ imports : [ // provide `Store` at the root level // register initial reducers // initialize runtime checks mechanism StoreModule . forRoot ({ router : routerReducer , auth : authReducer }), // connect NgRx Store with Angular Router StoreRouterConnectingModule . forRoot (), // connect NgRx Store with Redux Devtools extension StoreDevtoolsModule . instrument (), // provide `Actions` at the root level // initialize effects runner // run root effects EffectsModule . forRoot ([ RouterEffects , AuthEffects ]), ], }) export class AppModule {} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Also, NgRx exposes APIs for registering additional reducers and effects in feature modules: // musicians.module.ts @ NgModule ({ imports : [ // register feature reducer StoreModule . forFeature ( ' musicians ' , musiciansReducer ), // run feature effects EffectsModule . forFeature ([ MusiciansApiEffects ]), ], }) export class MusiciansModule {} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Using NgRx Modules with Standalone Angular APIs Similar to the root RouterModule , NgRx modules can be configured at the application level using the bootstrapApplication function: // main.ts bootstrapApplication ( AppComponent , { providers : [ importProvidersFrom ( RouterModule . forRoot ( appRoutes ), // configure NgRx modules StoreModule . forRoot ({ router : routerReducer , auth : authReducer , }), StoreRouterConnectingModule . forRoot (), StoreDevtoolsModule . instrument (), EffectsModule . forRoot ([ RouterEffects , AuthEffects ]) ), ], }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The feature reducer and effects can be lazily registered in the route configuration for a specific feature as follows: // musicians.routes.ts export const musiciansRoutes : Route [] = [ { path : '' , providers : [ importProvidersFrom ( // register feature reducer StoreModule . forFeature ( ' musicians ' , musiciansReducer ), // run feature effects EffectsModule . forFeature ([ MusiciansApiEffects ]) ), ], children : [ { path : '' , component : MusicianListComponent , }, { path : ' :id ' , component : MusicianDetailsComponent , canActivate : [ MusicianExistsGuard ], }, ], }, ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Standalone NgRx APIs Instead of using NgModules to configure NgRx packages and/or provide their services, we could use functions for a "module-free" developer experience. For example, we could use a function named provideStore instead of StoreModule.forRoot . The same principle can be applied to other NgRx packages. Using standalone NgRx functions would look like this: // main.ts bootstrapApplication ( AppComponent , { providers : [ // alternative to `StoreModule.forRoot` provideStore ({ router : routerReducer , auth : AuthReducer }), // alternative to `StoreRouterConnectingModule.forRoot` provideRouterStore (), // alternative to `StoreDevtoolsModule.instrument` provideStoreDevtools (), // alternative to `EffectsModule.forRoot` provideEffects ([ RouterEffects , AuthEffects ]), ), }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Feature reducers and effects would also be registered using functions instead of NgModules: // musicians.routes.ts export const musiciansRoutes : Route [] = [ { path : '' , providers : [ // alternative to `StoreModule.forFeature` provideStoreFeature ( ' musicians ' , musiciansReducer ), // alternative to `EffectsModule.forFeature` provideFeatureEffects ([ MusiciansApiEffects ]), ], children : [ { path : '' , component : MusicianListComponent , }, { path : ' :id ' , component : MusicianDetailsComponent , canActivate : [ MusicianExistsGuard ], }, ], }, ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 💡 The design of standalone NgRx APIs is still under consideration. If you have any suggestions, leave a comment here . Source Code The source code of the proposed standalone NgRx APIs and sample project is available here . Resources Angular v14 is now available! by Emma Twersky RFC: Standalone Angular APIs RFC: Standalone NgRx APIs Peer Reviewers Many thanks to Tim Deschryver and Brandon Roberts for reviewing this article! Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Thomas Lepérou Thomas Lepérou Thomas Lepérou Follow Joined Jan 30, 2019 • Jul 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you ! Quiet exciting to see substantial things happening in Angular's eco system Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Emre AKA Emre AKA Emre AKA Follow Software Developer Work Software Developer Joined Nov 17, 2022 • Apr 11 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's the same thing but in a different colour. You just have a separate file for your module. It's like every component has a module but you don't have to create a file for the module, instead, you do what would you do with a module in the component. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Follow Aspartam Junkie Location Vice City Pronouns Grand Master Joined Feb 10, 2017 • Jun 3 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's absolutely not the same thing but in a different colour. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Follow Aspartam Junkie Location Vice City Pronouns Grand Master Joined Feb 10, 2017 • Jun 3 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Now that V16 is out, standalone apps are becoming truly awesome and powerful!! Cheers Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alex Urasa Alex Urasa Alex Urasa Follow Software Engineer passionate to create high quality softwares Joined Nov 10, 2024 • Mar 19 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide What about standalone components that are not accessed via router, i.e., things like Dialogs. How will you provide those NgRx dependencies to them? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand KhoPhi KhoPhi KhoPhi Follow youtube.com/khophi Work Content Creator Joined May 17, 2017 • Nov 23 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Impressive. Thank you. You saved me with the standalone approach using the provideStore part. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Konrad Nowacki Konrad Nowacki Konrad Nowacki Follow Joined Jun 16, 2023 • Jun 16 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, where does the provideStoreFeature come from? Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Marko Stanimirović NgRx Marko Stanimirović NgRx Marko Stanimirović Follow Passionate about software architecture, code quality, functional and reactive programming. Location Belgrade, Serbia Education M.Sc. in Software Engineering, University of Belgrade Joined Aug 20, 2020 • Jul 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This article was written before we released standalone NgRx APIs. They are available from v14.3.0. Read more here . Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kiran Gopal Kiran Gopal Kiran Gopal Follow Joined Jul 23, 2024 • Jul 23 '24 • Edited on Jul 23 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How can i share a state or how can i access different lazy loaded route state in standalone ? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse NgRx Follow More from NgRx Announcing NgRx 21: Celebrating a 10 Year Journey with a fresh new look and @ngrx/signals/events # ngrx # angular Announcing NgRx v20: The Power of Events, Enhanced DX, and a Mature SignalStore! # angular # ngrx Announcing Events Plugin for NgRx SignalStore: A Modern Take on Flux Architecture # ngrx # angular 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports SPOTLIGHT Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions TOPICS Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries MORE About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos Research Centers For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Tech Trends 2026 As technology innovation and adoption accelerate, five trends reveal how successful organizations are moving from experimentation to impact Article • 4-min read • 10 December 2025 Share linkedin twitter facebook Print I spend most of my year in conversations with technology leaders, asking what’s working, what isn’t, and what keeps them up at night. Lately, those conversations have taken on a different quality. The question used to be “What can we do with AI?” Now it’s “How do we move from experimentation to impact?” The focus has moved from endless pilots to real business value, and there’s a sense of urgency behind it all. Not because the technology is getting better—though it is—but because the pace of change itself has accelerated. The numbers tell the story (figure 1). The telephone took 50 years to reach 50 million users. The internet took seven years. A leading generative AI tool reached about twice that many in two months. 1 As of this writing, that tool has over 800 million weekly users—roughly 10% of the planet’s population. 2 Share Infographic Share linkedin twitter facebook Or copy link Copy Show More But rapid adoption is only the surface. Innovation is compounding; forces aren’t simply additive, but multiplicative. Think of it as a flywheel: Better technology enables more applications. More applications generate more data. More data attracts more investment. More investment builds better infrastructure. Better infrastructure reduces costs. Lower costs enable more experimentation. Each improvement simultaneously accelerates all the others. It’s why AI startups scale from US$1 million to US$30 million in revenue five times faster than SaaS companies did. 3 It’s why the knowledge half-life in AI has shrunk to months from years. 4 And it’s why one chief information officer (CIO) told me, “The time it takes us to study a new technology now exceeds that technology’s relevance window.” Every organization we studied is discovering the same truth: What got them here won’t get them there. The infrastructure built for cloud-first strategies can’t handle AI economics. Processes designed for human workers don’t work for agents. Security models built for perimeter defense don’t protect against threats operating at machine speed. IT operating models built for service delivery don’t drive business transformation. This isn’t only about enhancement. It’s about rebuilding. For 17 years, Tech Trends has explored emerging technologies poised to reshape business in the next 18 to 24 months. Our research is based on trend sensing from conversations with Deloitte subject matter experts and external technology leaders, as well as Deloitte’s proprietary research on emerging technologies. This year, the data reveals five interconnected forces. AI goes physical: Navigating the convergence of AI and robotics Amazon deployed its millionth robot, and its DeepFleet AI coordinates the entire robot fleet, improving travel efficiency within warehouses by 10%. 5 BMW’s factories have cars driving themselves through kilometer-long production routes. 6 Intelligence isn’t confined to screens anymore; it’s embodied, autonomous, and solving real problems in the physical world. The agentic reality check: Preparing for a silicon-based workforce Only 11% of organizations have agents in production, despite 38% piloting them. The gap between pilot to production tells you everything. Forty-two percent are still developing their strategy, while 35% have no strategy at all. 7 Gartner predicts that 40% of agentic projects will fail by 2027 8 —not because the technology doesn’t work, but because organizations are automating broken processes instead of redesigning operations. HPE’s chief financial officer captured what works: “We wanted to select an end-to-end process where we could truly transform, not just solve for a single pain point.” 9 Redesign, don’t automate. That’s the pattern separating success from failure. The AI infrastructure reckoning: Optimizing compute strategy in the age of inference economics Token costs have dropped 280-fold in two years; 10 yet some enterprises are seeing monthly bills in the tens of millions. Usage exploded faster than costs declined. Organizations are discovering their existing infrastructure strategies aren't designed to scale AI to production-scale deployment. They're shifting from cloud-first to strategic hybrid: cloud for elasticity, on-premises for consistency, and edge for immediacy. The great rebuild: Architecting an AI-native tech organization AI is restructuring tech organizations, making them leaner, faster, and more strategic. Only 1% of IT leaders surveyed by Deloitte reported that no major operating model changes were underway. 11 Leaders are shifting from incremental IT management to orchestrating human-agent teams, with CIOs becoming AI evangelists. Success requires bold reimagination: modular architectures, embedded governance, and perpetual evolution as core capabilities. The AI dilemma: Securing and leveraging AI for cyber defense The technology meant to give businesses an advantage is becoming the target used against them. AT&T’s chief information security officer captured the challenge : “What we’re experiencing today is no different than what we’ve experienced in the past. The only difference with AI is speed and impact.” 12 Organizations must secure AI across four domains—data, models, applications, and infrastructure—but they also have the opportunity to use AI-powered defenses to fight threats operating at machine speed. Throughout this year’s report, you’ll meet technology leaders successfully navigating this sea change. They don’t have all the answers, but there are noticeable patterns as they light the way forward. They lead with problems, not technology. Broadcom’s CIO: “Without focusing on a specific business problem and the value you want to derive, it could be easy to invest in AI and receive no return.” 13 Specifically, their biggest problems. UiPath CEO: “Rather than getting stuck in a cycle of perpetual proofs of concept, consider attacking your biggest problem and going for a big outcome.” 14 They prioritize velocity over perfection. Western Digital’s CIO: “We’d rather fail fast on small pilots than miss the wave entirely.” 15 They design with people, not just for them. Walmart involved store associates in building its scheduling app, which includes shift swapping, schedule visibility, and employee control. The result: Scheduling time dropped from 90 minutes to 30 minutes, and people actually used the app. 16 They treat change as continuous. Coca-Cola’s CIO described their journey as moving from “What can we do?” to “What should we do?” 17 That shift—from capability-first to need-first—is what separates productive experimentation from pilot purgatory. I’ve tracked technology evolution long enough to recognize the patterns. The internet changed everything. Mobile reshaped consumer behavior. Cloud computing was transformative. But this moment is different. It’s not just that AI is powerful. It’s that the S-curves are compressing. The distance between emerging and mainstream is collapsing. Organizations built for sequential improvement can’t compete with those operating in continuous learning loops. The traditional playbook assumed you had time to get it right. That assumption no longer holds. The organizations that succeed will probably not be those with the most sophisticated technology. They’ll be those with the courage to redesign rather than automate, the discipline to connect every investment to business outcomes, and the velocity to execute before the window closes. Innovation compounds. The gap between laggards and leaders grows exponentially. How you respond determines which side of that gap you’re on. But you don’t have to navigate this alone. We hope this year’s publication reminds you that everyone’s facing this rapid pace of change, and together, we can shape what comes next. Kelly Raskovich Executive editor, Tech Trends BY Kelly Raskovich United States Kelly Raskovich Senior Manager | Office of the CTO Leader United States Kelly Raskovich is a Senior manager and lead within Deloitte’s Office of the CTO (OCTO), and serves as the executive editor of Tech Trends, Deloitte’s flagship report on emerging technologies. Her mission is to educate clients, shape the future of Deloitte’s technology brand and offerings, cultivate talent, and enable businesses to achieve future growth. She is responsible for technology eminence, client engagement, and marketing/PR efforts. Prior to her leadership role, she led several data and analytics projects for global Fortune 500 organizations across the oil and gas industry. kraskovich@deloitte.com Share linkedin twitter facebook Print Endnotes Jeff Desjardins, "In the race to 50 million users there's one clear winner - and it might surprise you," World Economic Forum, June 26, 2018; Alexandra Garfinkle, “ ChatGPT on track to surpass 100 million users faster than TikTok or Instagram: UBS ,” Yahoo Finance, Feb. 2, 2023. Rebecca Bellan, “ Sam Altman says ChatGPT has hit 800M weekly active users ,” TechCrunch, Oct. 6, 2025. Zach DeWitt, "AI growing faster than SaaS," Wing Venture Capital, November 7, 2024. Based on Deloitte analysis of technology adoption cycles and AI capability evolution timelines. Scott Dresser, “ Amazon deploys over 1 million robots and launches new AI foundation model ,” Amazon, July 1, 2025. Brad Anderson, “ Who needs factory drivers when cars drive themselves at BMW plants ,” CarScoop, Nov. 26, 2024. Deloitte 2025 Emerging Technology Trends Survey. From June to July 2025, Deloitte conducted an online survey of 500 US technology leaders to quantify the prevalence, engagement, and perceptions surrounding the adoption of emerging technologies across industries. Gartner, “ Gartner predicts over 40 % of agentic AI projects will be canceled by end of 2027 ,” press release, June 25, 2025. Marie Myers (executive vice president and chief financial officer, HPE), interview with Deloitte, March 1, 2025. Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), “ The AI Index report 2025 ,” accessed Nov. 12, 2025. Deloitte 2025 Tech Spending Outlook. From June to July 2025, Deloitte conducted an online survey of 302 IT procurement leaders, heads of IT, and non-IT executives with technology spending oversight to understand how US enterprises in key industries are managing technology budgets. " A no-nonsense approach to secure AI enablement at AT&T ," Deloitte Insights , Nov. 21, 2025. Katherine Noyes, “ Broadcom CIO: ‘Modernization should be driven by the business’ ,” CIO Journal, The Wall Street Journal , and Deloitte, Sept. 10, 2025. Katherine Noyes, “ UiPath CEO: Agentic automation will ‘usher in a new era of work’ ,” CIO Journal, The Wall Street Journal , and Deloitte, Feb. 21, 2025. Katherine Noyes, “ Western Digital CIO: In the AI era, ‘Play offense or get left behind’ ,” CIO Journal, The Wall Street Journal , and Deloitte, Sept. 6, 2025. Walmart, “ Walmart unveils new AI-powered tools to empower 1.5 million associates ,” June 24, 2025. Katherine Noyes, “ Coca-Cola CIO on scaling AI: From ‘What can we do?’ to ‘What should we do’ ,” CIO Journal, The Wall Street Journal , and Deloitte, Jan. 18, 2025. COPY ENDNOTE COPY Acknowledgments The author would like to thank executive sponsor Bill Briggs , as well as the Office of the CTO Tech Market Presence team, without whom this report would not be possible: Caroline Brown, Ed Burns , Preetha Devan , Bri Henley , Dana Kublin , Makarand Kukade, Haley Gove Lamb , Heidi Morrow , Sarah Mortier , Abria Perry , and Catarina Pires . Additionally, the author would like to acknowledge and thank Katarina Alaupovic , Allison Cizowski , Deanna Gorecki , Ben Hebbe , Mikaeli Robinson , and Madelyn Scott; Amanpreet Arora and Nidhi John; as well as the Deloitte Insights team, the Marketing Excellence team, the NExT team, and the Knowledge Services team. Cover image by: Jim Slatton ; Getty Images, Adobe Stock Copyright Copyright © 2026 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited Related Content Cutting through the noise: Tech signals worth tracking as AI advances What are the smaller technology trends—the tremors ahead of seismic shifts? From neuromorphic computing to edge AI, these are areas worth keeping an eye on. Article • 6-min read TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Deloitte predicts 2026 will see the gap between the promise and reality of AI narrow, as further movements towards getting it to scale are made Article • 9-min read The AI dilemma: Securing and leveraging AI for cyber defense How can organizations navigate the cybersecurity paradox—getting ahead of the threats introduced by AI while also harnessing its powerful defense capabilities? Article • 13-min read Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. 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In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://dev.to/devteam/join-the-algolia-agent-studio-challenge-3000-in-prizes-4eli | Join the Algolia Agent Studio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes! - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jess Lee for The DEV Team Posted on Jan 7 • Edited on Jan 9 Join the Algolia Agent Studio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes! # algoliachallenge # devchallenge # agents # webdev We're thrilled to announce our newest challenge with Algolia ! Running through February 8 , the Algolia Agent Studio Challenge invites you to build intelligent, data-driven AI agents using Algolia's Agent Studio and search infrastructure. Whether you're crafting conversational shopping assistants, building smart workflow enhancements, or creating proactive user experiences, this challenge is your opportunity to explore how fast, contextual retrieval powers the next generation of AI applications. There will be four chances to win. We hope you give it a try! Our Prompts Consumer-Facing Conversational Experiences Use Agent Studio to craft rich, dialogue-based experiences for end users. Think shopping assistants, guided discovery tools, customer support bots, or any conversational interface that benefits from intelligent data retrieval. Your agent should demonstrate targeted prompting with retrieval from indexed data to provide contextually relevant responses. Consider incorporating Algolia's new InstantSearch chat widget to build your frontend experience. Conversational Experiences Submission Template Please review our judging criteria, rules, guidelines, and FAQ page before submitting so you understand our participation guidelines and official contest rules such as eligibility requirements. Consumer-Facing Non-Conversational Experiences Build smart enhancements that proactively assist users within existing workflows. We're looking for solutions that inject intelligence without requiring explicit conversation. Examples include: Solution suggestions from a knowledge base during support ticket submission Fashion "look" creation from a curated index PC building with knowledge of compatibility of different components The key is showing how contextual data retrieval enhances user experience without requiring back-and-forth dialogue. Non-Conversational Experiences Submission Tempalte Please review our judging criteria, rules, guidelines, and FAQ page before submitting so you understand our participation guidelines and official contest rules such as eligibility requirements. Judging Criteria All qualified entries will be judged based on the following criteria: Use of underlying technology Usability and User Experience Originality and Creativity Prizes We'll be selecting two winners per prompt. Each winner will receive: $750 USD cash prize DEV++ Membership Exclusive DEV Badge All participants with a valid submission will receive a completion badge. How To Participate In order to participate, you will need to create an Algolia account and publish a post using the submission template below. Your project should integrate Algolia's Agent Studio and demonstrate how fast, relevant data retrieval enhances your AI agent's performance. All projects must be deployed and functional. Algolia's Free Build Plan provides everything you need to complete your project—no credit card required! If your app requires logging in, please provide testing credentials and/or instructions on how judges can best test your application. Please review our judging criteria, rules, guidelines, and FAQ page before submitting so you understand our participation guidelines and official contest rules such as eligibility requirements. Getting Started with Algolia 🚀 Algolia's free Build Plan provides everything you need to complete your project. No credit card required! Get started with these resources: Algolia Documentation Agent Studio Overview We encourage all participants to join the Algolia Community Discord to connect with the Algolia team and developers building with Algolia! Important Dates January 7: Algolia Agent Studio Challenge officially begins! February 8: Submissions due at 11:59 PM PST February 28: Winners Announced Questions about the challenge? Ask them below! Good luck and happy coding! Top comments (10) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Ben Halpern The DEV Team Ben Halpern The DEV Team Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jan 7 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck. You're going to like this one. Like comment: Like comment: 9 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jim Hill The DEV Team Jim Hill The DEV Team Jim Hill Follow Musician and burgeoning game developer :) Joined Aug 2, 2024 • Jan 7 • Edited on Jan 7 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Looking forward to seeing these submissions! Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Chuck Meyer Chuck Meyer Chuck Meyer Follow API driven. DevRel 🥑 at Algolia. Location Columbus, OH Education NKU, WPI Pronouns he/him Work Sr Manager, Developer Relations at Algolia Joined Aug 4, 2021 • Jan 9 • Edited on Jan 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide So excited to see all of the cool things you build with Agent Studio! Feel free to come join us on Discord to chat! discord.gg/ytbZuTQukV Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jess Lee The DEV Team Jess Lee The DEV Team Jess Lee Follow Building DEV and Forem with everyone here. Interested in the future. Email jess@forem.com Location USA / TAIWAN Pronouns she/they Work Co-Founder & COO at Forem Joined Jul 29, 2016 • Jan 7 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck, everyone!! Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Algolia Agent Studio feels like a powerful way to push AI agents beyond simple chat and into truly useful, real-world experiences. I especially like the balance between conversational and non-conversational ideas, which opens the door for very practical solutions. In my opinion, this could lead to some genuinely creative workflows that feel fast and natural for users. I’m definitely interested in exploring this and seeing what the community builds around it. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jason Koo Jason Koo Jason Koo Follow Developer Advocate at Neo4j Location San Diego Work Developer Advocate at Neo4j Joined Sep 28, 2020 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Got an invalid/expired link warning from discord. If there another link for the community channel? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Chuck Meyer Chuck Meyer Chuck Meyer Follow API driven. DevRel 🥑 at Algolia. Location Columbus, OH Education NKU, WPI Pronouns he/him Work Sr Manager, Developer Relations at Algolia Joined Aug 4, 2021 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hey Jason -- thanks for the heads up. I wonder if we hit a limit -- I'll create a new link and post it here. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Chuck Meyer Chuck Meyer Chuck Meyer Follow API driven. DevRel 🥑 at Algolia. Location Columbus, OH Education NKU, WPI Pronouns he/him Work Sr Manager, Developer Relations at Algolia Joined Aug 4, 2021 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Just tested it and the invite is working for me. We use a link shortner -- I wonder if it's having a caching issue. Here's the actual invite link: discord.gg/ytbZuTQukV Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 8 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Best of luck. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ben Halpern The DEV Team Ben Halpern The DEV Team Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jan 8 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide ⚡️ Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. 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Contribute to Forem More from The DEV Team Congrats to the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Winners! # googleaichallenge # devchallenge # ai # agents Join the New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes + Feedback from Google AI Team (For Winners and Runner Ups!) # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # career # gemini Congrats to the Winners of the AI Challenge for Cross-Platform Apps! # devchallenge # unoplatformchallenge # dotnet # ai 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/consumer-products.html?icid=disidenav_consumer-products | Consumer Products | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and the our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Consumer SECTORS Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation TOPICS Consumer Sentiment & Behavior Industry Trends Future of Consumer Business Supply Chain RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Consumer Industry Center Consumer Products Explore research and insights for the consumer sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Consumer Industry Center Consumers and the companies that serve them face a rapidly changing world, altering what, how, and where we buy products and services. Both consumers and businesses are buying into better products, services, and solutions to achieve their goals. The Deloitte Consumer Industry Center delivers insights to help automotive, consumer products, retail, transportation, hospitality, and services sector executives better understand their business environment, its direction, and the choices in front of them. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Stephen Rogers Managing Director Stephen Rogers Managing Director United States Steve is the managing director of Deloitte's Consumer Industry Center, Deloitte Services LP. He leads a team that conducts research to uncover new ways of thinking, working, and leading within the consumer industry through data and evidence driven analysis. With more than 20 years of experience within consulting and high tech, Steve is especially interested in the intersection of technology, consumers, and business. He is focused on how industry leaders can deliver better results and the strategies organizations use to adapt to accelerating change. stephenrogers@deloitte.com +1 475 277 9018 Lupine Skelly Retail, wholesale, and distribution research leader Lupine Skelly Retail, wholesale, and distribution research leader United States Lupine Skelly is a manager at Deloitte Services LP’s Consumer Industry Center and serves as the retail, wholesale and distribution research leader. She brings more than 15 years of retail market research experience to her work of uncovering actionable insights into emerging trends across the retail industry. Her research focuses on consumer behavior and how it relates to key retail events (such as back-to-school and holiday seasons), helping business leaders understand evolving market signals. lskelly@deloitte.com +1 206 716 7187 Ryan Robinson Automotive research leader | Director Ryan Robinson Automotive research leader | Director Canada Ryan is the research leader supporting the global Automotive sector for Deloitte's Consumer Industry Center. His primary focus is creating engaging, actionable insights to deepen the conversation around key trends and issues occurring across the global automotive sector landscape. ryanrobinson@deloitte.ca +1 647 502 9566 Maggie Rauch Transportation, hospitality, and services research leader | Deloitte Services LP Maggie Rauch Transportation, hospitality, and services research leader | Deloitte Services LP United States As Deloitte’s research manager for transportation, hospitality, and services, Maggie Rauch collaborates with firm leadership to design and execute research on the current state and future of the industry. She has a decade of experience as a travel industry subject matter expert and research team leader. magrauch@deloitte.com +1 212 436 5947 Justin Cook US consumer products research leader Justin Cook US consumer products research leader United States Justin Cook is the US consumer research leader at Deloitte and leads research for the consumer sector within Deloitte’s Consumer Industry Center, Deloitte Services LP. He conducts cross-sector research examining how factors such as inflation, value seeking, and trust influence consumer behavior and industry trends. juscook@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2071 Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/server/ruby/other | Using highlight.io with Other Ruby Frameworks Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Server / Ruby / Using highlight.io with Other Ruby Frameworks Using highlight.io with Other Ruby Frameworks Learn how to set up highlight.io on your non-Rails Ruby backend. 1 Configure client-side Highlight. (optional) If you're using Highlight on the frontend for your application, make sure you've initialized it correctly and followed the fullstack mapping guide . 2 Install the Highlight Ruby SDK. Add Highlight to your Gemfile and install with Bundler. gem "highlight_io" bundle install 3 Initialize the Highlight Ruby SDK. Highlight.init initializes the SDK. Setting your project ID also lets Highlight record errors for background tasks and processes that aren't associated with a frontend session. require "highlight" Highlight.init("<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", environment: "production") do |c| c.service_name = "my-app" c.service_version = "1.0.0" end 4 Verify your errors are being recorded. Now that you've set up the Middleware, verify that the backend error handling works by consuming an error from traced code. 5 Record custom errors. (optional) If you want to explicitly send an error to Highlight, you can use the error method within traced code. Highlight.exception(e) 6 Set up and call the Highlight Logger. Highlight::Logger can be used in place of your existing logger, and will record and send logs to Highlight. require "highlight" Highlight.init("<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", environment: "production") do |c| c.service_name = "my-ruby-app" c.service_version = "git-sha" end logger = Highlight::Logger.new(STDOUT) logger.info('hello, world!') logger.error('oh no!') 7 Verify your backend logs are being recorded. Visit the highlight logs portal and check that backend logs are coming in. 8 Add Highlight tracing. start_span will automatically record raised exceptions and send them to Highlight. require "highlight" Highlight.start_span('my-span') do span.add_attribute({ key: "value" }) # your code here end 9 Verify your backend traces are being recorded. Visit the highlight traces portal and check that backend traces are coming in. Highlight Integration in Ruby Using highlight.io with Ruby on Rails [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/research-centers/economics/fiscal-and-monetary-policy.html?icid=disidenav_fiscal-and-monetary-policy | Fiscal and monetary policy | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and the our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. 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For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. 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Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Global Economics Research Center Economic forces shape our personal, business, and political situations, and they can be viewed through a variety of lenses—from population and income through industry and geography. Deloitte Global Economists cover all these and more. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Ira Kalish Chief Global Economist | Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ira Kalish Chief Global Economist | Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu United States Ira Kalish is the chief global economist of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd. He is a specialist in global economic issues and the effects of economic, demographic, and social trends on the global business environment. ikalish@deloitte.com Patricia Buckley Chief US economist Patricia Buckley Chief US economist United States Patricia, Deloitte Services LP, is the managing director for Economics with responsibility for contributing to Deloitte’s Eminence Practice with a focus on economic policy. She regularly briefs members of Deloitte’s executive leadership team on changes to the US economic outlook and is responsible for the US chapter of Deloitte’s quarterly Global Economic Outlook and produces “Issues by the Numbers,” a data-driven examination of important economic policy issues. pabuckley@deloitte.com +1 703 254 3958 Michael Wolf Global economist | Senior manager | Deloitte Michael Wolf Global economist | Senior manager | Deloitte United States Michael Wolf is a global economist at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd. He provides written commentary and analysis on global economic issues that affect the firm and its clients. He has been quoted by various media outlets, including the Wall Street Journal and NPR. Wolf began his career as an economist at the US Labor Department and has since held economist positions at Moody’s Analytics, Wells Fargo Securities, and PwC. He has two graduate degrees, one in economic policy from Columbia University, and the other in statistics from Baruch College. He also has a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Maryland. miwolf@deloitte.com +1 646 919 1561 Akrur Barua Associate Vice President | Deloitte Services India Pvt. Ltd. Akrur Barua Associate Vice President | Deloitte Services India Pvt. Ltd. India Akrur Barua is an economist with the Research & Insights team. As a regular contributor to several Deloitte Insights publications, he often writes on emerging economies and macroeconomic trends that have global implications like monetary policy, real estate cycles, household leverage, and trade. He also studies the US economy, especially demographics, labor market, and consumers. abarua@deloitte.com +1 678 299 9766 Dipti Chhugani Analyst Dipti Chhugani Analyst India Dipti Chhugani is an economist with the Research & Insights team. She tracks and analyzes key economic trends in the United States. She contributes to a weekly update that goes out to the firm’s senior leaders. She is currently studying the housing market through a model and is eager to follow developments in monetary policy. dchhugani@deloitte.com My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/server/python/django | Django Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Server / Python / Django Using highlight.io with Python Django Learn how to set up highlight.io on your Python Django backend API. 1 Configure client-side Highlight. (optional) If you're using Highlight on the frontend for your application, make sure you've initialized it correctly and followed the fullstack mapping guide . 2 Install the highlight-io python package. Download the package from pypi and save it to your requirements. If you use a zip or s3 file upload to publish your function, you will want to make sure highlight-io is part of the build. poetry add highlight-io # or with pip pip install highlight-io 3 Initialize the Highlight SDK. Add Highlight with the Django integration to your settings.py file. import highlight_io from highlight_io.integrations.django import DjangoIntegration # `instrument_logging=True` sets up logging instrumentation. # if you do not want to send logs or are using `loguru`, pass `instrument_logging=False` H = highlight_io.H( "<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", integrations=[DjangoIntegration()], instrument_logging=True, service_name="my-django-app", service_version="git-sha", environment="production", ) 4 Verify your installation. Check that your installation is valid by throwing an error. Change one of your Django views to the following code which will throw an exception. Access the Django route in your browser. You should see a DivideByZero error in the Highlight errors page within a few moments. import logging import random from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpRequest def index(request: HttpRequest): return HttpResponse(f"This might not go well. result is {2 / 0}") 5 Verify your backend logs are being recorded. Visit the highlight logs portal and check that backend logs are coming in. 6 Verify your backend traces are being recorded. Visit the highlight traces portal and check that backend traces are coming in. Azure Functions FastAPI [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/browser/replay-configuration/salesforce-lwc | Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Browser / highlight.run SDK / Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Monitoring and Debugging Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Highlight.io makes it easy to monitor and debug Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) applications. With a few lines of code you can: Capture and replay user sessions Identify and reproduce bugs quickly Monitor performance metrics Gain insights into user behavior This integration works seamlessly with Salesforce LWC, requiring minimal changes to your existing codebase. The following guide will walk you through setting up highlight.io for monitoring your Salesforce LWC application. Salesforce Installation Instructions To install highlight.io in a Salesforce application, follow the normal highlight HTML installation instructions while performing additional steps to set up the content security policy to allow execution of the highlight script. Configure the Head Markup Navigate to Setup -> Digital Experiences -> and select the Builder of your choice Open the Head Markup editor in Builder | Settings | Advanced Add the <script src="https://unpkg.com/highlight.run"></script> tag. Add another <script></script> with the H.init contents as described on our normal highlight HTML installation instructions . Save the contents of the Head Markup. Configure the CSP Policy Open the Security and Privacy menu in Builder | Settings. Set Security Level to Relaxed Under Trusted Sites, click the +Add Trusted Site button, and as necessary. Configure Trusted URLs Open the Trusted URLs menu in Builder | Settings | Setup. Add a New Trusted URL Recording WebSocket Events Data Export Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health Care State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Financial Services SECTORS Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Industry TOPICS AI in Financial Services Business Transformation FSI Predictions Future of Financial Services Regulatory Strategy Sustainability & Climate Technology Innovation RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Collection 24 April 2025 --> Loading... FSI Predictions 2025 Emerging developments and trends in the financial services industry Explore Financial services Center Name download the report --> --> Past Predictions Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Table of Contents Table of contents Innovation and growth Risk and resiliency --> CONTINUE THE CONVERSATION Acknowledgments related content FSI PREDICTIONS 2025 Introduction Doubling down on customer centricity and scaling advanced technologies can help financial services firms innovate and be poised for transformational growth. Explore the opportunity landscape and disruptive forces that may reshape banking and capital markets, commercial real estate, insurance, and investment management over the next few years. [CTA if there’s a standalone introduction] Read the full introduction Innovation and growth In an ever more dynamic world, how can financial services leaders help drive innovation and foster a culture of experimentation and agility? What role can technologies like artificial intelligence play in enabling business model transformation? A look at some of the forces that could fuel tomorrow’s opportunities. --> Better, faster, cheaper: Multibank tokenization networks could transform cross-border payments Transaction costs and delays in processing payments often strain banking relationships with business customers. Here are steps banks can take to help ease the pain. ARTICLE 8-MIN READ Property and casualty carriers can win the fight against insurance fraud By deploying AI-powered multimodal technologies to sniff out fraudulent behaviors across the claim life cycle, insurers can help vanquish a multibillion-dollar drain on consumers ARTICLE 4-MIN READ Increasing retail client exposure to private capital investing Across the United States and Europe, investment management firms can unlock growth by connecting retail investors to private assets through existing product structures ARTICLE 8-MIN READ Risk and resiliency Over the next few years, talent gaps, emerging technologies, climate change, market volatility, and new regulations could amplify the focus on risk and compliance in many FSI firms. Building resiliency will likely become central to business strategy. How can organizations fortify operations and use technology to help safeguard customers and capital? --> Next-generation leaders may accelerate real estate investment in alternative properties US commercial real estate investing opportunities favored core property sectors for decades. But recent market forces and new leadership could knock down long-established pillars. ARTICLE 5-MIN READ Fee-based risk management services can boost insurer revenues in an era of ‘predict and prevent’ The days of assessing risk through the rearview mirror are fading fast. Here’s how insurers could drive business growth and help safeguard customers before losses occur. ARTICLE 5-MIN READ Investment managers could unlock a US$11 trillion market opportunity through active ETF growth More investors are flocking to active exchange-traded funds and away from mutual funds, signaling the continuation of this fundamental shift ARTICLE 5-MIN READ AI can help banks unleash a new era of software engineering productivity Banks that effectively deploy AI tools to address inefficiencies across the software development life cycle could realize significant cost savings by 2028 ARTICLE 5-MIN READ Digital dividends: How tokenized real estate could revolutionize asset management The global market for commercial real estate tokenization is expected to expand dramatically by 2035. Here’s how a few players are making waves. ARTICLE 5-MIN READ Continue the conversation Meet the industry leaders Vikram Bhat Principal, Vice chair, US Financial Services Industry leader, Deloitte & Touche LLP Joe DeSantis Partner, Vice chair, US Insurance Sector leader, Deloitte & Touche LLP Sally Ann Flood Partner, Vice chair, US Real Estate Sector leader, Deloitte & Touche LLP Eric Fox Principal, Vice chair, US Investment Management Sector leader, Deloitte Tax LLP Michelle Gauchat Principal, Vice chair, US Banking & Capital Markets Sector leader, Deloitte Consulting LLP Jim Eckenrode Managing director, Center for Financial Services, Deloitte Services LP Visit the Deloitte Center for Financial Services Access more insights for the banking and capital markets, commercial real estate, insurance, and investment management sectors. get more insights Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following Deloitte professionals for their leadership and insight in developing the research and analysis. Abhinav Chauhan, CJ Burke, Doug Dannemiller, Eric Fox, Jeff Smith, Jill Gregorie, John D'Angelo, Kedar ... The authors would like to thank the following Deloitte professionals for their leadership and insight in developing the research and analysis. Abhinav Chauhan, CJ Burke, Doug Dannemiller, Eric Fox, Jeff Smith, Jill Gregorie, John D'Angelo, Kedar Kamalapurkar, Kelly Cusick, Mark Wojteczko, Michelle Canaan, Mohak Bhuta, Namrata Sharma, Nate Florio, Parul Bhargava, Roy Ben-Hur, Ryan Lockard, Sean Collins, Shivalik Srivastav, Tim Coy, Val Srinivas, and Zachary Aron. A special thanks to Jim Eckenrode for his leadership of the program, and Patty Danielecki and Samia Hazuria for helping with project management. Further, this report could not have been written and published without the collaborative effort of the Deloitte Insights publishing team: Abrar Khan, Alexis Werbeck, Blythe Hurley, Elisabeth Sullivan, Hannah Bachman, Jim Slatton, Karen Edelman, Melissa O’Brien, and Rahul Bodiga. Also, thank you to Paul Kaiser, Lisa Lauterbach, and Alice Hartnett for their excellent marketing and public relations support. Related content Private capital innovation: Using artificial intelligence can accelerate the portfolio valuation process More frequent portfolio company valuations may open doors for new private equity investors and enhance transparency in portfolio management ARTICLE 6-MIN READ Providing insurance coverage for artificial intelligence may be a blue ocean opportunity Businesses are deploying AI to help make the world more personalized and efficient. But sometimes, it fails. It’s time for insurers to develop safeguards against AI risk. ARTICLE 8-MIN READ The US real estate industry workforce faces a retirement cliff At many firms, baby boomers still run the show—but probably not for long. It’s time to help fortify the real estate leadership pipeline and develop the next generation. ARTICLE 8-MIN READ Generative AI is expected to magnify the risk of deepfakes and other fraud in banking Fake content has never been easier to create—or harder to catch. As threats grow, banks can invest in AI and other technologies to help detect fraud and prevent losses. ARTICLE 7-MIN READ EXPLORE MORE TOPICS Innovation , Emerging technologies , Revenue growth , Customer retention , Strategy , Disruptive innovation , Resilience Center Name Back to FSI Predictions 2025 Stanley Porter Executive Director United States Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Natus sit voluptate iusto dolor fugit ab hic, ullam voluptatum exercitationem doloribus aspernatur perspiciatis! Pariatur sequi consequuntur, provident amet ab autem nobis? Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Quisquam incidunt sit amet inventore optio fugiat, alias perspiciatis ratione officia sint doloremque, accusantium laboriosam voluptate iusto consectetur numquam vel excepturi impedit. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Fugiat incidunt ratione voluptates quisquam placeat saepe a deserunt animi quibusdam itaque eligendi dolorum fugit doloremque nobis et ad, quidem, tempore architecto! jaiboyd@deloitte.ca 250-888-3354 Center Name Back to FSI Predictions 2025 Watch the video/Listen to the report Description For a transcript of the audio, read the report Monica O'Reilly Vice Chair, US Financial Services Industry Leader monoreilly@deloitte.com +1 415 783 5780 Krissy Davis US Investment Management Practice Leader kbdavis@deloitte.com +1 617 877 8756 Karl Hersch Vice chair and US leader | Insurance khersch@deloitte.com +1 908 377 6365 Jeffrey J. Smith Deloitte & Touche LLP jefsmith@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2804 Mike Wade Managing director | Banking & Capital Markets | Deloitte & Touche LLP miwade@deloitte.com +1 804 697 1537 Jim Eckenrode Managing director | Deloitte Center for Financial Services jeckenrode@deloitte.com +1 617 585 4877 Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse kt Posted on Jan 11 Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing # security # sbom # kubernetes # devops Introduction In modern software development, the "code we write ourselves" is only a small fraction of the entire application. Every day, we combine numerous OSS libraries and container images—our "components"—to build systems. But what if malicious code is included in those "components"? Or what if someone swaps the artifact between the build and deployment stages? These Software Supply Chain Attacks are no longer a distant problem for someone else. As proven by the Log4j and XZ Utils incidents, we live in an era where the trusted supply chain itself can become a threat. In this article, we will learn about two critical technologies to counter these threats— SBOM (Software Bill of Materials) and Code Signing —by actually getting our hands dirty. 1. What is Supply Chain Security The software supply chain refers to the entire series of processes: implementing code using libraries and frameworks in a programming language, managing it on GitHub, building it with GitHub Actions, and deploying it to cloud environments like OpenStack VMs/PMs or Kubernetes until it reaches the end user. The essence of a supply chain attack is "someone secretly mixing in malware or other malicious elements somewhere in the process from development to deployment." When trying to develop an application today, using OSS libraries, frameworks, and third-party components is unavoidable. It can be said that we are no longer 'writing code' but rather 'assembling parts.' In the past, we were afraid of simple vulnerabilities like Log4j ( CVE-2021-44228 , CVE-2021-45046 ). But now, in 2026, cases where "the source of the components itself holds malice" like the XZ Utils ( CVE-2024-3094 ) incident, or "the trusted supply route suddenly betrays us" like Polyfill.io, are occurring. To protect ourselves from these attacks, we need SBOM and Code Signing . 2. What is SBOM? SBOM stands for "Software Bill of Materials." It is a list of the components that make up the software (OSS libraries, third-party components, etc.), their dependencies, and license information. Experiments 1. Installing Syft First, install syft , a CLI tool developed by Anchore. # Mac (Homebrew) brew tap anchore/syft brew install syft Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode # Verify installation syft version # Application: syft # Version: 1.40.0 # BuildDate: 2026-01-08T12:16:49Z # GitCommit: Homebrew # GitDescription: [not provided] # Platform: darwin/arm64 # GoVersion: go1.25.5 # Compiler: gc # SchemaVersion: 16.1.2 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Basic Scanning Let's start in the simplest way by scanning a lightweight alpine image. Syft can pull information directly from the registry even if you don't have the Docker image locally. syft alpine:latest # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ File digests [78 files] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # └── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # NAME VERSION TYPE # alpine-baselayout 3.7.1-r8 apk # alpine-baselayout-data 3.7.1-r8 apk # alpine-keys 2.6-r0 apk # alpine-release 3.23.2-r0 apk # apk-tools 3.0.3-r1 apk # busybox 1.37.0-r30 apk # busybox-binsh 1.37.0-r30 apk # ca-certificates-bundle 20251003-r0 apk # libapk 3.0.3-r1 apk # libcrypto3 3.5.4-r0 apk # libssl3 3.5.4-r0 apk # musl 1.2.5-r21 apk # musl-utils 1.2.5-r21 apk # scanelf 1.3.8-r2 apk # ssl_client 1.37.0-r30 apk # zlib 1.3.1-r2 apk Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Just like that, the OS packages (apk) are listed. You can see that even a small image like alpine consists of dozens of libraries (Ingredients). 3. Output in Standard Formats (SPDX vs CycloneDX) Instead of the human-readable table format, we will output in standard machine-readable formats. A. SPDX (The Linux Foundation) A format recognized as an international standard (ISO/IEC 5962). spdx.dev # Output SPDX in JSON format syft alpine:latest -o spdx-json > sbom-spdx.json # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # └── ✔ File digests [78 files] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode B. CycloneDX (OWASP) Led by OWASP, known for web security, this format has high compatibility with vulnerability management tools. CycloneDX # Output CycloneDX in JSON format syft alpine:latest -o cyclonedx-json > sbom-cyclonedx.json # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # ├── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # └── ✔ File digests [78 files] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Inspecting the Contents The output JSON is huge, but let's check the important "Ingredients". Metadata (Component Name & Version): Basic information on "what is inside." # SPDX cat sbom-spdx.json | jq '.packages[] | {name: .name, version: .versionInfo}' | head -n 5 ## { ## "name": "alpine-baselayout", ## "version": "3.7.1-r8" ## } # CyclonDX ## Extract component name and version cat sbom-cyclonedx.json | jq '.components[] | {name: .name, version: .version, type: .type}' | head -n 5 ## { ## "name": "alpine-baselayout", ## "version": "3.7.1-r8", ## "type": "library" ## } PURL (Package URL): This is a "globally unique ID for the package." This becomes the key when checking against vulnerability DBs. # Extract only PURL (Package URL) # SPDX cat sbom-spdx.json | jq '.packages[].externalRefs[]? | select(.referenceType == "purl") | .referenceLocator' | head -n 5 ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout-data@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-baselayout" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-keys@2.6-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-release@3.23.2-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-base" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/apk-tools@3.0.3-r1?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # CycloneDX cat sbom-cyclonedx.json | jq '.components[].purl' | head -n 5 # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout-data@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-baselayout" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-keys@2.6-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-release@3.23.2-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-base" # "pkg:apk/alpine/apk-tools@3.0.3-r1?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" We found that by managing SBOMs, we can use information like "Component Name," "Version," and "PURL (Unique ID)" to instantly know via grep if we are affected when news hits tomorrow saying "There is a vulnerability in bash version 5.1." 3. What is Code Signing? Code Signing is a security technology that applies a digital signature to software or files, guaranteeing the authenticity (it is genuine) of the creator and integrity (it has not been tampered with). Traditional methods like signing/verifying with GPG keys are like carrying around a physical seal; if you lose it or it gets stolen, it's over. Management is difficult. Code Signing with tools like Sigstore issues a valid private key for only a brief moment when you log in with Google or GitHub. Once the signing is done, the key is discarded. In other words, you do not manage private keys. "Who signed it and when" is recorded in an immutable ledger (Rekor). Experiments 1. Installing the Tool (Cosign) Install cosign , a tool from the Sigstore project. # Mac (Homebrew) brew install cosign Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verify: cosign version # ______ ______ _______. __ _______ .__ __. # / | / __ \ / || | / _____|| \ | | # | ,----'| | | | | (----`| | | | __ | \| | # | | | | | | \ \ | | | | |_ | | . ` | # | `----.| `--' | .----) | | | | |__| | | |\ | # \______| \______/ |_______/ |__| \______| |__| \__| # cosign: A tool for Container Signing, Verification and Storage in an OCI registry. # # GitVersion: v3.0.4 # GitCommit: 6832fba4928c1ad69400235bbc41212de5006176 # GitTreeState: "clean" # BuildDate: 2026-01-09T21:17:16Z # GoVersion: go1.25.5 # Compiler: gc # Platform: darwin/arm64 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Preparation for the Experiment Since setting up Docker Hub accounts is tedious, we will use ttl.sh , a registry that allows "anyone to push, and images disappear after a set time." This is perfect for learning. [!TIP] ttl.sh is a fast and free public container registry service that temporarily stores container images like Docker images. By including an expiration time (seconds or hours) in the tag name, images are automatically deleted, making it ideal for CI/CD tests and temporary distribution. First, tag a local image (like alpine) with a unique tag. We generate a UUID to ensure the random ID doesn't clash with others. # Generate a random ID export UUID = $( uuidgen | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' ) export IMAGE_NAME = "ttl.sh/ ${ UUID } /my-signed-image:1h" # Tag an existing image (alpine) docker pull alpine:latest docker tag alpine:latest $IMAGE_NAME # Push to registry (No login needed!) docker push $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Signing This is the highlight. We don't create a private key. We sign using a Google or GitHub account. Command: cosign sign $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What happens when you run this: A browser opens, asking you to log in to an OIDC provider (Google, GitHub, Microsoft). If you log in and see the success screen, it worked. 1. You might be concerned about logs like this appearing: WARNING: Image reference ... uses a tag, not a digest ... Ideally, the best practice is to specify an immutable hash value like cosign sign ttl.sh/...@sha256:abcde... . Note that if your submission includes personal data ... it will be part of an immutable record. This information will be used for signing ... and cannot be removed later Sigstore (Cosign) records "when and who signed" in a blockchain-like immutable ledger (Rekor). This ledger is open to the whole world (Public Transparency Log) . In other words, "Your email address (e.g., Gmail) will remain in the internet logs forever as the person who signed this image." This means that while key management is unnecessary and easy, the trade-off is that your email address is left in the public log as your "Identity." 4. Verifying the Signature You might wonder, "How do we verify if there's no key?" When verifying, you specify "Who signed it (email/ID)" and "Which provider (Issuer) was used" . # (Replace `<your-email>` with the email you used to log in) cosign verify \ --certificate-identity = "<your-email>" \ --certificate-oidc-issuer = "https://github.com/login/oauth" \ $IMAGE_NAME # Verification for ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h -- # The following checks were performed on each of these signatures: # - The cosign claims were validated # - Existence of the claims in the transparency log was verified offline # - The code-signing certificate was verified using trusted certificate authority certificates # [{"critical":{"identity":{"docker-reference":"ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h"},"image":{"docker-manifest-digest":"sha256:410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2"},"type":"https://sigstore.dev/cosign/sign/v1"},"optional":{}}] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The signature details are displayed in JSON format. This completes the proof that "This image was undoubtedly signed by me via GitHub authentication." 5. Where is the Signature Actually Located? # The signature itself is also stored in the registry cosign triangulate $IMAGE_NAME # ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:sha256-410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2.sig Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Cosign does not manage signature data as a separate file but stores it in the same registry as the target image, as an associated tag (.sig). This allows signature management using just the registry, without preparing a special database on the infrastructure side. Next, let's combine SBOM and Code Signing. 4. Connecting Attestation Code Signing Attestation is a mechanism where software developers combine SBOM and Code Signing to digitally sign apps or drivers, guaranteeing the publisher's authentication and integrity (that it hasn't been tampered with). It uses certificates issued by a Certificate Authority, preventing warnings during installation and allowing users to use software safely. Until now: Image: "I am signed (Authentic)." SBOM: "I am the ingredient list (sitting somewhere over there)." Problem: "Is this ingredient list really for this image? Did someone swap it?" Attestation: "I (the developer) swear (sign) that the contents of this 'Image' are undoubtedly this 'SBOM'." This makes the Image and SBOM treated as an indivisible set . Experiments We will use the same $IMAGE_NAME from the previous chapter. If time has passed and the ttl.sh image has disappeared, please Push it again. Step 1: Regenerate SBOM for Signing Just to be safe, generate the latest SBOM from the current image. # Generate SBOM (CycloneDX format) from image syft $IMAGE_NAME -o cyclonedx-json > sbom.json # Check if content exists ls -lh sbom.json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Execute Attestation Here we use the cosign attest command. It's a command to "Attach this file (SBOM) as a predicate to this image and sign it." cosign attest --yes \ --predicate sbom.json \ --type cyclonedx \ $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode (Browser authentication runs again) Step 3: Verify Attestation We verify not just "if it is signed," but if we can extract the "Correct, signed SBOM." We use verify-attestation instead of simple verify . # Verify (Replace email with yours) cosign verify-attestation \ --type cyclonedx \ --certificate-identity = "<your-email>" \ --certificate-oidc-issuer = https://github.com/login/oauth \ $IMAGE_NAME # Verification for ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h -- # The following checks were performed on each of these signatures: # - The cosign claims were validated # - Existence of the claims in the transparency log was verified offline # - The code-signing certificate was verified using trusted certificate authority certificates # {"payload":"eyJfdHlwZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8... Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode A huge JSON flows on the screen. This is the "SBOM protected by signature." You can see that payloadType: application/vnd.cyclonedx+json and actual package information are included in the output. Usually, SBOM files tend to be scattered across Git repositories or file servers. However, with Attestation, the SBOM is stored in the container registry as a set with the image. When a K8s cluster pulls an image, the "correct SBOM" automatically comes with it. It also seems possible to "attach scan results." This enables advanced security gates (foreshadowing Chapter 5) such as "Allow deployment only for images that have been scanned for vulnerabilities and have an attestation certifying no High vulnerabilities." 5. Use Case: Policy Enforcement with Kubernetes Technical Concept: Admission Controller Kubernetes has a feature called Admission Controller that hooks requests to verify or modify them after authentication/authorization of the API request is complete, but immediately before the object is persisted to etcd. For signature verification, we use the Validating Admission Webhook within this. By registering a policy engine like Kyverno or OPA Gatekeeper as a Webhook, it intercepts Pod creation requests, verifies the signature on the external registry, and decides whether to allow or deny the request. Architecture Diagram Enforcement Behavior The behavior when this policy is applied is as follows: Attempt to deploy an unsigned image The API Server receives Allowed: false from Kyverno / OPA Gatekeeper and denies the request. The error message no matching signatures found is returned, and the Pod is not created. Attempt to deploy a legitimately signed image Kyverno / OPA Gatekeeper verifies the signature on the registry and confirms it matches the defined subject and issuer . Allowed: true is returned to the API Server, and the Pod is created successfully. 6. Conclusion We have taken a deep dive into SBOM and Code Signing, the core technologies of supply chain security. Finally, let's review why these are necessary. The danger of "Unknown Contents" Having no SBOM is like eating food without knowing what's in it. When a new vulnerability (Next Log4j) is discovered in the future, having an SBOM allows us to instantly identify "where the impact is" and respond quickly. The danger of "Unknown Creator" Having no signature is like sending cash in an envelope that anyone can open. By using Code Signing, especially transparent signing technologies like Sigstore, we gain a strong guarantee that "This was undoubtedly made by a trusted developer and has not been tampered with." What's the next Cosign (Sigstore) introduced here is a very deep project. Although we didn't dig deep this time, understanding the internal architecture of the Certificate Authority Fulcio and the Transparency Log Rekor will allow building a more robust security foundation. Not just "built and done," but "taking responsibility until it reaches the end user." That is the mindset of supply chain security required of engineers from now on. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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https://dev.to/yunwei37/ebpf-tutorial-bpf-iterators-for-kernel-data-export-137f#comments | eBPF Tutorial: BPF Iterators for Kernel Data Export - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse 云微 Posted on Jan 13 eBPF Tutorial: BPF Iterators for Kernel Data Export # ebpf # iterator # kernel Ever tried monitoring hundreds of processes and ended up parsing thousands of /proc files just to find the few you care about? Or needed custom formatted kernel data but didn't want to modify the kernel itself? Traditional /proc filesystem access is slow, inflexible, and forces you to process tons of data in userspace even when you only need a small filtered subset. This is what BPF Iterators solve. Introduced in Linux kernel 5.8, iterators let you traverse kernel data structures directly from BPF programs, apply filters in-kernel, and output exactly the data you need in any format you want. In this tutorial, we'll build a dual-mode iterator that shows kernel stack traces and open file descriptors for processes, with in-kernel filtering by process name - dramatically faster than parsing /proc . The complete source code: https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial/tree/main/src/features/bpf_iters Introduction to BPF Iterators: The /proc Replacement The Problem: /proc is Slow and Rigid Traditional Linux monitoring revolves around the /proc filesystem. Need to see what processes are doing? Read /proc/*/stack . Want open files? Parse /proc/*/fd/* . This works, but it's painfully inefficient when you're monitoring systems at scale or need specific filtered views of kernel data. The performance problem is systemic. Every /proc access requires a syscall, kernel mode transition, text formatting, data copy to userspace, and then you parse that text back into structures. If you want stack traces for all "bash" processes among 1000 total processes, you still read all 1000 /proc/*/stack files and filter in userspace. That's 1000 syscalls, 1000 text parsing operations, and megabytes of data transferred just to find a handful of matches. Format inflexibility compounds the problem. The kernel chooses what data to show and how to format it. Want stack traces with custom annotations? Too bad, you get the kernel's fixed format. Need to aggregate data across processes? Parse everything in userspace. The /proc interface is designed for human consumption, not programmatic filtering and analysis. Here's what traditional monitoring looks like: # Find stack traces for all bash processes for pid in $( pgrep bash ) ; do echo "=== PID $pid ===" cat /proc/ $pid /stack done Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This spawns pgrep as a subprocess, makes a syscall per matching PID to read stack files, parses text output, and does all filtering in userspace. Simple to write, horrible for performance. The Solution: Programmable In-Kernel Iteration BPF iterators flip the model. Instead of pulling all data to userspace for processing, you push your processing logic into the kernel where the data lives. An iterator is a BPF program attached to a kernel data structure traversal that gets called for each element. The kernel walks tasks, files, or sockets, invokes your BPF program with each element's context, and your code decides what to output and how to format it. The architecture is elegant. You write a BPF program marked SEC("iter/task") or SEC("iter/task_file") that receives each task or file during iteration. Inside this program, you have direct access to kernel struct fields, can filter based on any criteria using normal C logic, and use BPF_SEQ_PRINTF() to format output exactly as needed. The kernel handles the iteration mechanics while your code focuses purely on filtering and formatting. When userspace reads from the iterator file descriptor, the magic happens entirely in the kernel. The kernel walks the task list, calls your BPF program for each task passing the task_struct pointer. Your program checks if the task name matches your filter - if not, it returns 0 immediately with no output. If it matches, your program extracts the stack trace and formats it to a seq_file. All this happens in kernel context before any data crosses to userspace. The benefits are transformative. In-kernel filtering means only relevant data crosses the kernel boundary, eliminating wasted work. Custom formats let you output binary, JSON, CSV, whatever your tools need. Single read operation replaces thousands of individual /proc file accesses. Zero parsing because you formatted the data correctly in the kernel. Composability works with standard Unix tools since iterator output comes through a normal file descriptor. Iterator Types and Capabilities The kernel provides iterators for many subsystems. Task iterators ( iter/task ) walk all tasks giving you access to process state, credentials, resource usage, and parent-child relationships. File iterators ( iter/task_file ) traverse open file descriptors showing files, sockets, pipes, and other fd types. Network iterators ( iter/tcp , iter/udp ) walk active network connections with full socket state. BPF object iterators ( iter/bpf_map , iter/bpf_prog ) enumerate loaded BPF programs and maps for introspection. Our tutorial focuses on task and task_file iterators because they solve common monitoring needs and demonstrate core concepts applicable to all iterator types. Implementation: Dual-Mode Task Iterator Let's build a complete example demonstrating two iterator types in one tool. We'll create a program that can show either kernel stack traces or open file descriptors for processes, with optional filtering by process name. Complete BPF Program: task_stack.bpf.c // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 /* Kernel task stack and file descriptor iterator */ #include <vmlinux.h> #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h> char _license [] SEC ( "license" ) = "GPL" ; #define MAX_STACK_TRACE_DEPTH 64 unsigned long entries [ MAX_STACK_TRACE_DEPTH ] = {}; #define SIZE_OF_ULONG (sizeof(unsigned long)) /* Filter: only show stacks for tasks with this name (empty = show all) */ char target_comm [ 16 ] = "" ; __u32 stacks_shown = 0 ; __u32 files_shown = 0 ; /* Task stack iterator */ SEC ( "iter/task" ) int dump_task_stack ( struct bpf_iter__task * ctx ) { struct seq_file * seq = ctx -> meta -> seq ; struct task_struct * task = ctx -> task ; long i , retlen ; int match = 1 ; if ( task == ( void * ) 0 ) { /* End of iteration - print summary */ if ( stacks_shown > 0 ) { BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , " \n === Summary: %u task stacks shown === \n " , stacks_shown ); } return 0 ; } /* Filter by task name if specified */ if ( target_comm [ 0 ] != '\0' ) { match = 0 ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 16 ; i ++ ) { if ( task -> comm [ i ] != target_comm [ i ]) break ; if ( task -> comm [ i ] == '\0' ) { match = 1 ; break ; } } if ( ! match ) return 0 ; } /* Get kernel stack trace for this task */ retlen = bpf_get_task_stack ( task , entries , MAX_STACK_TRACE_DEPTH * SIZE_OF_ULONG , 0 ); if ( retlen < 0 ) return 0 ; stacks_shown ++ ; /* Print task info and stack trace */ BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , "=== Task: %s (pid=%u, tgid=%u) === \n " , task -> comm , task -> pid , task -> tgid ); BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , "Stack depth: %u frames \n " , retlen / SIZE_OF_ULONG ); for ( i = 0 ; i < MAX_STACK_TRACE_DEPTH ; i ++ ) { if ( retlen > i * SIZE_OF_ULONG ) BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , " [%2ld] %pB \n " , i , ( void * ) entries [ i ]); } BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , " \n " ); return 0 ; } /* Task file descriptor iterator */ SEC ( "iter/task_file" ) int dump_task_file ( struct bpf_iter__task_file * ctx ) { struct seq_file * seq = ctx -> meta -> seq ; struct task_struct * task = ctx -> task ; struct file * file = ctx -> file ; __u32 fd = ctx -> fd ; long i ; int match = 1 ; if ( task == ( void * ) 0 || file == ( void * ) 0 ) { if ( files_shown > 0 && ctx -> meta -> seq_num > 0 ) { BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , " \n === Summary: %u file descriptors shown === \n " , files_shown ); } return 0 ; } /* Filter by task name if specified */ if ( target_comm [ 0 ] != '\0' ) { match = 0 ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 16 ; i ++ ) { if ( task -> comm [ i ] != target_comm [ i ]) break ; if ( task -> comm [ i ] == '\0' ) { match = 1 ; break ; } } if ( ! match ) return 0 ; } if ( ctx -> meta -> seq_num == 0 ) { BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , "%-16s %8s %8s %6s %s \n " , "COMM" , "TGID" , "PID" , "FD" , "FILE_OPS" ); } files_shown ++ ; BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , "%-16s %8d %8d %6d 0x%lx \n " , task -> comm , task -> tgid , task -> pid , fd , ( long ) file -> f_op ); return 0 ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Understanding the BPF Code The program implements two separate iterators sharing common filtering logic. The SEC("iter/task") annotation registers dump_task_stack as a task iterator - the kernel will call this function once for each task in the system. The context structure bpf_iter__task provides three critical pieces: the meta field containing iteration metadata and the seq_file for output, the task pointer to the current task_struct, and a NULL task pointer when iteration finishes so you can print summaries. The task stack iterator shows in-kernel filtering in action. When task is NULL, we've reached the end of iteration and can print summary statistics showing how many tasks matched our filter. For each task, we first apply filtering by comparing task->comm (the process name) against target_comm . We can't use standard library functions like strcmp() in BPF, so we manually loop through characters comparing byte by byte. If the names don't match and filtering is enabled, we immediately return 0 with no output - this task is skipped entirely in the kernel without crossing to userspace. Once a task passes filtering, we extract its kernel stack trace using bpf_get_task_stack() . This BPF helper captures up to 64 stack frames into our entries array, returning the number of bytes written. We format the output using BPF_SEQ_PRINTF() which writes to the kernel's seq_file infrastructure. The special %pB format specifier symbolizes kernel addresses, turning raw pointers into human-readable function names like schedule+0x42/0x100 . This makes stack traces immediately useful for debugging. The file descriptor iterator demonstrates a different iterator type. SEC("iter/task_file") tells the kernel to call this function for every open file descriptor across all tasks. The context provides task , file (the kernel's struct file pointer), and fd (the numeric file descriptor). We apply the same task name filtering, then format output as a table. Using ctx->meta->seq_num to detect the first output lets us print column headers exactly once. Notice how filtering happens before any expensive operations. We check the task name first, and only if it matches do we extract stack traces or format file information. This minimizes work in the kernel fast path - non-matching tasks are rejected with just a string comparison, no memory allocation, no formatting, no output. Complete User-Space Program: task_stack.c // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 /* Userspace program for task stack and file iterator */ #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <bpf/libbpf.h> #include <bpf/bpf.h> #include "task_stack.skel.h" static int libbpf_print_fn ( enum libbpf_print_level level , const char * format , va_list args ) { return vfprintf ( stderr , format , args ); } static void run_iterator ( const char * name , struct bpf_program * prog ) { struct bpf_link * link ; int iter_fd , len ; char buf [ 8192 ]; link = bpf_program__attach_iter ( prog , NULL ); if ( ! link ) { fprintf ( stderr , "Failed to attach %s iterator \n " , name ); return ; } iter_fd = bpf_iter_create ( bpf_link__fd ( link )); if ( iter_fd < 0 ) { fprintf ( stderr , "Failed to create %s iterator: %d \n " , name , iter_fd ); bpf_link__destroy ( link ); return ; } while (( len = read ( iter_fd , buf , sizeof ( buf ) - 1 )) > 0 ) { buf [ len ] = '\0' ; printf ( "%s" , buf ); } close ( iter_fd ); bpf_link__destroy ( link ); } int main ( int argc , char ** argv ) { struct task_stack_bpf * skel ; int err ; int show_files = 0 ; libbpf_set_print ( libbpf_print_fn ); /* Parse arguments */ if ( argc > 1 && strcmp ( argv [ 1 ], "--files" ) == 0 ) { show_files = 1 ; argc -- ; argv ++ ; } /* Open BPF application */ skel = task_stack_bpf__open (); if ( ! skel ) { fprintf ( stderr , "Failed to open BPF skeleton \n " ); return 1 ; } /* Configure filter before loading */ if ( argc > 1 ) { strncpy ( skel -> bss -> target_comm , argv [ 1 ], sizeof ( skel -> bss -> target_comm ) - 1 ); printf ( "Filtering for tasks matching: %s \n\n " , argv [ 1 ]); } else { printf ( "Usage: %s [--files] [comm] \n " , argv [ 0 ]); printf ( " --files Show open file descriptors instead of stacks \n " ); printf ( " comm Filter by process name \n\n " ); } /* Load BPF program */ err = task_stack_bpf__load ( skel ); if ( err ) { fprintf ( stderr , "Failed to load BPF skeleton \n " ); goto cleanup ; } if ( show_files ) { printf ( "=== BPF Task File Descriptor Iterator === \n\n " ); run_iterator ( "task_file" , skel -> progs . dump_task_file ); } else { printf ( "=== BPF Task Stack Iterator === \n\n " ); run_iterator ( "task" , skel -> progs . dump_task_stack ); } cleanup: task_stack_bpf__destroy ( skel ); return err ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Understanding the User-Space Code The userspace program showcases how simple iterator usage is once you understand the pattern. The run_iterator() function encapsulates the three-step iterator lifecycle. First, bpf_program__attach_iter() attaches the BPF program to the iterator infrastructure, registering it to be called during iteration. Second, bpf_iter_create() creates a file descriptor representing an iterator instance. Third, simple read() calls consume the iterator output. Here's what makes this powerful: when you read from the iterator fd, the kernel transparently starts walking tasks or files. For each element, it calls your BPF program passing the element's context. Your BPF code filters and formats output to a seq_file buffer. The kernel accumulates this output and returns it through the read() call. From userspace's perspective, it's just reading a file - all the iteration, filtering, and formatting complexity is hidden in the kernel. The main function handles mode selection and configuration. We parse command-line arguments to determine whether to show stacks or files, and what process name to filter for. Critically, we set skel->bss->target_comm before loading the BPF program. This writes the filter string into the BPF program's global data section, making it visible to kernel code when the program runs. This is how we pass configuration from userspace to kernel without complex communication channels. After loading, we select which iterator to run based on the --files flag. Both iterators use the same filtering logic, but produce different output - one shows stack traces, the other shows file descriptors. The shared filtering code demonstrates how BPF programs can implement reusable logic across different iterator types. Compilation and Execution Navigate to the bpf_iters directory and build: cd bpf-developer-tutorial/src/features/bpf_iters make Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Makefile compiles the BPF program with BTF support and generates a skeleton header containing the compiled bytecode embedded in C structures. This skeleton API makes BPF program loading trivial. Show kernel stack traces for all systemd processes: sudo ./task_stack systemd Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Expected output: Filtering for tasks matching: systemd === BPF Task Stack Iterator === === Task: systemd (pid=1, tgid=1) === Stack depth: 6 frames [ 0] ep_poll+0x447/0x460 [ 1] do_epoll_wait+0xc3/0xe0 [ 2] __x64_sys_epoll_wait+0x6d/0x110 [ 3] x64_sys_call+0x19b1/0x2310 [ 4] do_syscall_64+0x7e/0x170 [ 5] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e === Summary: 1 task stacks shown === Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Show open file descriptors for bash processes: sudo ./task_stack --files bash Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Expected output: Filtering for tasks matching: bash === BPF Task File Descriptor Iterator === COMM TGID PID FD FILE_OPS bash 12345 12345 0 0xffffffff81e3c6e0 bash 12345 12345 1 0xffffffff81e3c6e0 bash 12345 12345 2 0xffffffff81e3c6e0 bash 12345 12345 255 0xffffffff82145dc0 === Summary: 4 file descriptors shown === Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run without filtering to see all tasks: sudo ./task_stack Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This shows stacks for every task in the system. On a typical desktop, this might display hundreds of tasks. Notice how fast it runs compared to parsing /proc/*/stack for all processes - the iterator is dramatically more efficient. When to Use BPF Iterators vs /proc Choose BPF iterators when you need filtered kernel data without userspace processing overhead, custom output formats that don't match /proc text, performance-critical monitoring that runs frequently, or integration with BPF-based observability infrastructure. Iterators excel when you're monitoring many entities but only care about a subset, or when you need to aggregate and transform data in the kernel. Choose /proc when you need simple one-off queries, are debugging or prototyping where development speed matters more than runtime performance, want maximum portability across kernel versions (iterators require relatively recent kernels), or run in restricted environments where you can't load BPF programs. The fundamental trade-off is processing location. Iterators push filtering and formatting into the kernel for efficiency and flexibility, while /proc keeps the kernel simple and does all processing in userspace. For production monitoring of complex systems, iterators usually win due to their performance benefits and programming flexibility. Summary and Next Steps BPF iterators revolutionize how we export kernel data by enabling programmable, filtered iteration directly from BPF code. Instead of repeatedly reading and parsing /proc files, you write a BPF program that iterates kernel structures in-kernel, applies filtering at the source, and formats output exactly as needed. This eliminates massive overhead from syscalls, mode transitions, and userspace parsing while providing complete flexibility in output format. Our dual-mode iterator demonstrates both task and file iteration, showing how one BPF program can export multiple views of kernel data with shared filtering logic. The kernel handles complex iteration mechanics while your BPF code focuses purely on filtering and formatting. Iterators integrate seamlessly with standard Unix tools through their file descriptor interface, making them composable building blocks for sophisticated monitoring pipelines. If you'd like to dive deeper into eBPF, check out our tutorial repository at https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial or visit our website at https://eunomia.dev/tutorials/ . References BPF Iterator Documentation: https://docs.kernel.org/bpf/bpf_iterators.html Kernel Iterator Selftests: Linux kernel tree tools/testing/selftests/bpf/*iter*.c Tutorial Repository: https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial/tree/main/src/features/bpf_iters libbpf Iterator API: https://github.com/libbpf/libbpf BPF Helpers Manual: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/bpf-helpers.7.html Examples adapted from Linux kernel BPF selftests with educational enhancements. Requires Linux kernel 5.8+ for iterator support, BTF enabled, and libbpf. Complete source code available in the tutorial repository. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse 云微 Follow know nothing about the world, but trying to keep learning | building eunomia.dev Joined Aug 15, 2023 More from 云微 eBPF Tutorial by Example: BPF Arena for Zero-Copy Shared Memory # ebpf # arena # memory eBPF Tutorial: Tracing CUDA GPU Operations # ebpf # cuda # gpu eBPF Tutorial: Transparent Text Replacement in File Reads # ebpf # kernel # tracing 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research The Deloitte Center for Integrated Research offers rigorously researched and data-driven perspectives on critical topics affecting businesses today including workforce trends, enterprise growth and innovation, technology and transformation, and environmental and societal issues. We sit at the center of Deloitte's industry and functional expertise, combining the leading insights from across our firms to help leaders confidently compete in today's ever-changing marketplace. Visit the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research to explore our research and insights Get in touch with our Enterprise Growth & Innovation research team Brenna Sniderman Executive director | Deloitte Services LP Brenna Sniderman Executive director | Deloitte Services LP United States Brenna Sniderman leads the Center for Integrated Research, where she oversees cross-industry thought leadership for Deloitte. 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DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. 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https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/server/go/manual | Manual Go Tracing Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Server / Go / Manual Go Tracing Quick Start Manual Go Tracing Quick Start Learn how to set up highlight.io tracing for your Go application. 1 Configure client-side Highlight. (optional) If you're using Highlight on the frontend for your application, make sure you've initialized it correctly and followed the fullstack mapping guide . 2 Install the Highlight Go SDK. Install the highlight-go package with go get . go get -u github.com/highlight/highlight/sdk/highlight-go 3 Initialize the Highlight Go SDK. highlight.Start starts a goroutine for recording and sending backend traces and errors. Setting your project id lets Highlight record errors for background tasks and processes that aren't associated with a frontend session. import ( "github.com/highlight/highlight/sdk/highlight-go" ) func main() { // ... highlight.SetProjectID("<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>") highlight.Start( highlight.WithServiceName("my-app"), highlight.WithServiceVersion("git-sha"), ) defer highlight.Stop() // ... } 4 Wrap your code using the Go SDK. By wrapping your code with StartTrace and EndTrace , the Highlight Go SDK will record a span. You can create more child spans using the child context or add custom attributes to each span. import ( "github.com/highlight/highlight/sdk/highlight-go" "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute" ) func functionToTrace(ctx context.Context, input int) { s, childContext := highlight.StartTrace(ctx, "functionToTrace", attribute.Int("custom_property", input)) // ... anotherFunction(childContext) // ... highlight.EndTrace(s) } func anotherFunction(ctx context.Context) { s, _ := highlight.StartTrace(ctx, "anotherFunction") // ... highlight.EndTrace(s) } 5 Verify your backend traces are being recorded. Visit the highlight traces portal and check that backend traces are coming in. Logrus Quick Start gorilla mux Quick Start [object Object] | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/research-centers/consumer-industry-center/food.html?icid=disidenav_food | Food | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and the our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Consumer SECTORS Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation TOPICS Consumer Sentiment & Behavior Industry Trends Future of Consumer Business Supply Chain RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Consumer Industry Center Food Explore research and insights for the food sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Consumer Industry Center Consumers and the companies that serve them face a rapidly changing world, altering what, how, and where we buy products and services. Both consumers and businesses are buying into better products, services, and solutions to achieve their goals. The Deloitte Consumer Industry Center delivers insights to help automotive, consumer products, retail, transportation, hospitality, and services sector executives better understand their business environment, its direction, and the choices in front of them. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Stephen Rogers Managing Director Stephen Rogers Managing Director United States Steve is the managing director of Deloitte's Consumer Industry Center, Deloitte Services LP. He leads a team that conducts research to uncover new ways of thinking, working, and leading within the consumer industry through data and evidence driven analysis. With more than 20 years of experience within consulting and high tech, Steve is especially interested in the intersection of technology, consumers, and business. He is focused on how industry leaders can deliver better results and the strategies organizations use to adapt to accelerating change. stephenrogers@deloitte.com +1 475 277 9018 Lupine Skelly Retail, wholesale, and distribution research leader Lupine Skelly Retail, wholesale, and distribution research leader United States Lupine Skelly is a manager at Deloitte Services LP’s Consumer Industry Center and serves as the retail, wholesale and distribution research leader. She brings more than 15 years of retail market research experience to her work of uncovering actionable insights into emerging trends across the retail industry. Her research focuses on consumer behavior and how it relates to key retail events (such as back-to-school and holiday seasons), helping business leaders understand evolving market signals. lskelly@deloitte.com +1 206 716 7187 Ryan Robinson Automotive research leader | Director Ryan Robinson Automotive research leader | Director Canada Ryan is the research leader supporting the global Automotive sector for Deloitte's Consumer Industry Center. His primary focus is creating engaging, actionable insights to deepen the conversation around key trends and issues occurring across the global automotive sector landscape. ryanrobinson@deloitte.ca +1 647 502 9566 Maggie Rauch Transportation, hospitality, and services research leader | Deloitte Services LP Maggie Rauch Transportation, hospitality, and services research leader | Deloitte Services LP United States As Deloitte’s research manager for transportation, hospitality, and services, Maggie Rauch collaborates with firm leadership to design and execute research on the current state and future of the industry. She has a decade of experience as a travel industry subject matter expert and research team leader. magrauch@deloitte.com +1 212 436 5947 Justin Cook US consumer products research leader Justin Cook US consumer products research leader United States Justin Cook is the US consumer research leader at Deloitte and leads research for the consumer sector within Deloitte’s Consumer Industry Center, Deloitte Services LP. He conducts cross-sector research examining how factors such as inflation, value seeking, and trust influence consumer behavior and industry trends. juscook@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2071 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/chemicals-and-specialty-materials.html?icid=disidenav_chemicals-and-specialty-materials | Chemicals and Specialty Materials | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Energy & Industrials SECTORS Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy TOPICS Workforce Supply Chain Energy Transition Technology & Innovation Assets & Operations RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials Chemicals and Specialty Materials Explore research and insights for the chemicals & specialty materials sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials The Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials combines rigorous research with industry-specific knowledge and practice-led experience to deliver insights that can drive business impact. The energy, resources, and industrials industry is the nexus for building, powering, and securing the smart, connected world of tomorrow. Our research uncovers opportunities that can help businesses thrive. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Kate Hardin Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials | Executive director | Deloitte Services LP Kate Hardin Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials | Executive director | Deloitte Services LP United States Kate Hardin is the executive director of the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials. In tandem with the center leadership, Hardin drives energy research initiatives and manages the execution of the center’s strategy as well as its eminence and thought leadership. khardin@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3332 Clayton Wilkerson Chief of staff Clayton Wilkerson Chief of staff United States Clayton Wilkerson, chief of staff for Deloitte Services LP's Research Center for Energy and Industrials, is a dynamic industry development leader with over 20 years experience, boasting a proven track record reflected in my expertise, skills and accomplishments in leading-edge, research and insights, learning and development, talent acquisition, and training implementation. Articulate and knowledgeable leader recognized for developing, supporting, and implementing productivity initiatives, business strategy, activities, processes, systems, and tools that lead to the achievement of productivity targets. cwilkerson@deloitte.com Anshu Mittal Research leader, Oil & gas Anshu Mittal Research leader, Oil & gas India Anshu Mittal is a senior vice president in Deloitte’s research and insights team and the US-India office’s research and insights leader. With nearly 20 years of experience in the energy and resources industry, he has advised governments and companies on policy-, regulatory-, strategy-, and transaction-level issues across the energy value chain. ansmittal@deloitte.com +91 990 854 9995 Jaya Nagdeo Research manager, Power, utilities & renewables Jaya Nagdeo Research manager, Power, utilities & renewables India Jaya Nagdeo is a manager with Deloitte Services India Pvt. Ltd., and is part of the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials. She has more than 11 years of experience in strategic and financial research across all power utilities and renewable energy subsectors and has contributed to many studies in the areas of energy transition, business strategy, digital transformation, operational performance, and market landscape. jnagdeo@deloitte.com John Morehouse Research leader, Industrial products manufacturing John Morehouse Research leader, Industrial products manufacturing United States John Morehouse is the Industrial Products Manufacturing research leader in the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials. With more than 25 years of experience in manufacturing-related roles across industry, academia, and government, Morehouse enjoys leveraging his expertise in research, engineering, and business to assist companies in innovating their products, processes, and workforce, and fostering the development of manufacturing ecosystems. jmorehouse@deloitte.com Ashlee Christian Research manager, Energy & chemicals Ashlee Christian Research manager, Energy & chemicals United States Ashlee Christian leads Energy & Chemicals projects at the Deloitte Research Center for Energy and Industrials, with a focus on natural gas, LNG, chemicals, and pathways to sustainability. She has 15 years of experience in research, market analysis, business development, and management consulting in the Energy sector. aschristian@deloitte.com Carolyn Amon Research leader, Power, utilities & renewables Carolyn Amon Research leader, Power, utilities & renewables United States Carolyn Amon leads Power, Utilities & Renewables’ projects at the Deloitte Research Center for Energy and Industrials, where she focuses on decarbonization strategies. She has 20 years of experience delivering international advisory services and developing thought leadership across the Energy, Electric Vehicle, and Manufacturing sectors. She is passionate about empowering people to partake in the energy transition to a net-zero world. caamon@deloitte.com +1 571 814 6979 Kruttika Dwivedi Research manager | Industrial products and construction Kruttika Dwivedi Research manager | Industrial products and construction India Kruttika Dwivedi, a research manager with the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials at Deloitte Support Services India Private Limited, has supported several industrial products research studies focused on areas such as the future of work, the Internet of Things, and talent management. She has nearly nine years of experience in advanced statistical analysis and strategic research. Dwivedi holds an MBA with a specialization in marketing research. krdwivedi@deloitte.com +91 40 6670 81384 Scott Welch Research leader, Industrial products and construction Scott Welch Research leader, Industrial products and construction United States Scott Welch is the research leader for both aerospace and defense and engineering and construction in the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials. He has over 20 years of experience in developing data-driven insights and translating complex market trends into compelling thought leadership across multiple sectors and geographies. Before joining Deloitte, Welch served in several business insights leadership roles at another Big Four. His research and thought leadership have been cited in prominent media outlets, including Bloomberg , Forbes , CNBC , and the Urban Land Institute. scwelch@deloitte.com Shih Yu (Elsie) Hung Research manager, Power, utilities & renewables Shih Yu (Elsie) Hung Research manager, Power, utilities & renewables United States Elsie Hung is the research manager for power, utilities, and renewables at the Deloitte Research Center for Energy and Industrials. She brings 10 years of experience driving interdisciplinary energy policy research with a primary focus on the Electric Reliability Council of Texas and the broader electricity sector. Before joining Deloitte, Hung served as research manager at the Center for Energy Studies at the Baker Institute for Public Policy in Houston, Texas. elhung@deloitte.com My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/research-centers/center-for-government-insights/state-and-local-government.html?icid=disidenav_state-and-local-government | State and Local Government | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Government & Public Services SECTORS Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education TOPICS Trust AI & Emerging Technologies Work/Workforce Future of Government Data & Digital Transformation Innovation Regulation RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Center for Government Insights State and Local Government Explore research and insights for the state and local government sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Government Insights The Deloitte Center for Government Insights shares inspiring stories of government innovation. We produce cutting-edge research that guides public officials, crystalizing essential insights in an easy-to-absorb format. Through research, forums, and immersive workshops, our goal is to provide fresh insights that advance an understanding of what is possible in government transformation. Learn more Get in touch with our research team William D. Eggers Executive director | Deloitte Center for Government Insights William D. Eggers Executive director | Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States William Eggers is the executive director of Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights, where he is responsible for the firm’s public sector thought leadership. His most recent book is Delivering on Digital: The Innovators and Technologies that Are Transforming Government (Deloitte University Press, 2016). His other books include The Solution Revolution , the Washington Post best-seller If We Can Put a Man on the Moon , and Governing by Network . He coined the term Government 2.0 in a book by the same name. His commentary has appeared in dozens of major media outlets including the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post . weggers@deloitte.com +1 571 882 6585 Dave Noone Researcher and chief of staff Dave Noone Researcher and chief of staff United States Dave is a senior manager in the Research and Insights group of Deloitte Services LP. He works with governments and universities to better understand and implement emerging technologies and business models that can address their most pressing challenges. Prior to this role, he spent nine years with Deloitte Consulting LLP leading organizational assessment and transformation projects. dnoone@deloitte.com +1 212 313 1757 John O'Leary Research leader | State and local government John O'Leary Research leader | State and local government United States John O’Leary is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP and is the state and local government research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. Prior to joining Deloitte, he served as the vice president of communications and executive reporting with State Street Bank. O’Leary previously served in multiple senior leadership roles for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and was a distinguished research fellow at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He is the co-author of the 2009 Washington Post bestseller, If We Can Put a Man on the Moon . jpoleary@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3576 Adam Routh Defense research lead | Deloitte Center for Government Insights Adam Routh Defense research lead | Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Adam Routh is a manager with Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights. His research areas include space policy, the future of defense, and great power competition. Routh’s research has addressed US national space policy, space governance, the challenges and requirements of the future military force, and emerging technologies. 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For more than 30 years, his research and client work has focused on helping established organizations respond effectively and strategically to disruption and change. brchew@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3526 Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Canada Amrita Datar is a research manager at the Deloitte Center for Government Insights, where she leads research and thought leadership on the future of work and workforce issues. Her work focuses on emerging trends at the intersection of technology, business, and society and how they impact public sector organizations. amdatar@deloitte.ca +1 416 643 8908 Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Tiffany Fishman is a senior manager with the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. 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For more than 30 years, his research and client work has focused on helping established organizations respond effectively and strategically to disruption and change. brchew@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3526 Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Canada Amrita Datar is a research manager at the Deloitte Center for Government Insights, where she leads research and thought leadership on the future of work and workforce issues. Her work focuses on emerging trends at the intersection of technology, business, and society and how they impact public sector organizations. amdatar@deloitte.ca +1 416 643 8908 Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Tiffany Fishman is a senior manager with the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. 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Her work has informed federal, state, and local health policies and programs. amuckle@deloitte.com Joe Mariani Senior research manager, Center for Government Insights | Deloitte Consulting LLP Joe Mariani Senior research manager, Center for Government Insights | Deloitte Consulting LLP United States Joe Mariani is a senior research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights. His research focuses on innovation and technology adoption for both national security organizations and commercial businesses. His previous work includes experience as a consultant to the defense and intelligence industries, high school science teacher, and Marine Corps intelligence officer. jmariani@deloitte.com +1 312 486 2150 Mahesh Kelkar Research Leader | Future of cities Mahesh Kelkar Research Leader | Future of cities India Mahesh Kelkar is the Future of Cities research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. 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Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Oct 7, 2021 • Edited on Apr 9, 2022 Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Table of contents Introduction Making a chocolate cake Some examples When to use declarative code Conclusion Introduction Functional Programming is a declarative programming paradigm, in contrast to imperative programming paradigms. Declarative programming is a paradigm describing WHAT the program does, without explicitly specifying its control flow. Imperative programming is a paradigm describing HOW the program should do something by explicitly specifying each instruction (or statement) step by step, which mutate the program's state. This "what vs how" is often used to compare both of these approaches because... Well, it is actually a good way to describe them. Granted, at the end of the day, everything compiles to instructions for the CPU. So in a way, declarative programming is a layer of abstraction on top of imperative programming. At some point, the state of the program must be changed in order for things to happen, and these changes can only occur with instructions moving data from one location (cache, memory, hard drive...) to another. But we are not here to talk about low-level programming, so let's focus on high-level languages instead. The transformation from declarative to "imperative code" is generally made by engines, interpreters, or compilers. For example, SQL is a declarative language. When using the SELECT * FROM users WHERE id <= 100 query, we are expressing (or declaring ) what we want: the first 100 users ever registered in the database. The way how these rows are retrieved is completely delegated to the SQL engine: can it use an index to accelerate the query? Should/Can it use multiple CPU cores to finish earlier? From a developer's point of view, we have no idea how these data are actually retrieved. And we don't really care, unless we are investigating some performance issues. All we care about is telling the program what data we want to retrieve, and not how to do it. The engine/compiler is smart enough to find the most optimal way to do that anyway. For languages that use a declarative paradigm (e.g. Haskell, SQL), this "underlying imperative world" is abstracted/hidden to the developers. It is something we don't have to worry about. For languages that are multi-paradigms (e.g. JavaScript, Scala), there is still the possibility to write imperative code. This allows us to write declarative code based on imperative code that we wrote ourselves. This can be useful to support FP features that are not built-into the language for example, or just to make the code more "declarative", which makes it more readable and understandable, in my opinion. The imperative code is abstracted by the declarative one, which is the one used by the developers to actually write the software. The imperative part becomes an implementation detail of the software. Making a chocolate cake Let's take an example from the real world: we would like to make a chocolate cake. How would that look like with these 2 paradigms? The imperative way First, turn on the oven to preheat it at 180°C. Next, add flour, sugar, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt to a large bowl, then stir the mixture with a paddle. Then, add milk, vegetable oil, eggs and vanilla extract to the mixture, and mix together on medium speed until well combined. Distribute the cake batter evenly in a large cake pan, then bake it for approx. 30 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven with a pot holder, let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, remove the cake from the pan with the tapping method, and frost it evenly with chocolate frosting. The declarative way You have to preheat the oven to 180 °C. You have to mix dry ingredients in a bowl. Once dry ingredients are mixed, you have to add wet ingredients to the mixture, and mix together to form the cake batter. Once the oven and batter are ready, you have to put the batter in a pan, then bake it for 30 minutes. Once baked, you have to remove the pan from the oven and let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, you have to remove the cake from the pan, and frost it. Ready? Go! Analysis In the imperative way, we are told what to do, and more importantly how to do it: use a large bowl, mix with a paddle, mix at medium speed, use a large pan, distribute batter evenly, remove pan with a pot holder, use the tapping method, frost evenly. These details are great when actually making a cake, especially as a beginner. But when describing how to make one, on a "higher level" of abstraction, we don't need all these information. Furthermore, we are actually doing something at each step, i.e. we are changing the world around us, step by step. If we choose to stop at an intermediate step, then we basically "wasted" all the tools and ingredients from the previous steps. In the declarative way, we are told what we will have to do to make the cake. Nothing actually happens until the last step, i.e. the world doesn't change until we have reached the 7th step. In other words, we are preparing all the steps in advance, then at the very end, we are doing what was described. How do we perform the actions described in these steps though? It's abstracted: all the "how" parts are provided as later as possible, between the "Ready?" and "Go!", either by the developer (for multi-paradigms languages) or by the engine/compiler. For example, this is where the binding between "remove the pan from the oven" and "using a pot holder" is done. We could also bind it to "using the pan handle", without changing the definition of the 5th step. Some examples Let's say we want to double every value of a given list of numbers. There are plenty of ways to iterate over a list and transform each of its elements in JavaScript: Declarative: recursive function, or functions already available such as the map and reduce methods of arrays Imperative: for loop, while loop To demonstrate that imperative code can be abstracted by declarative code, we could use a for loop and hide it inside a transformEachElement function: // "hidden" in a utils/helper/whatever module, or library-like function transformEachElement < A , B > ( elements : A , action : ( element : A ) => B ): B [] { const result = [] for ( let i = 0 ; i < elements . length : i ++ ) { result . push ( action ( elements [ i ])) } return result } // What do we want? Double each number of a given list const res = transformEachElement ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But we could use map directly as it's already declarative, and widely known for this type of use case: const res = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. map ( n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here is another example, where we want to target the text from an element of a web page. This element's location is a few levels down in the elements hierarchy (called the DOM tree). The twist is that each of these elements may not exist in practice. So, each time we progress by one node in the tree, we have to check if the next node is available or not. The imperative way could look like this: function getMainTitle (): string | null { const main = document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) if ( main !== null ) { const title = main . querySelector ( ' .title ' ) if ( title !== null ) { const text = title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) if ( text !== null ) { return text . innerText } else { return null } } else { return null } } else { return null } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is pretty verbose, and the more depth there is to reach an element, the bigger the pyramid of doom gets. Additionally, we have leaked an implementation detail : a node that doesn't exist has the value null . It could have been undefined , or 'nothing' , or something else entirely. The point is that we have to understand that null is the magic value expressing the absence of an element in the tree here. It should not be necessary to know that to understand what this function does. Here is a more declarative approach: const main : Option < Element > = Option ( document . getElementById ( ' main ' )) function getTitle ( main : Element ): Option < Element > { return Option ( main . querySelector ( ' .title ' )) } function getTitleText ( title : " Element): Option<HTMLElement> { " return Option ( title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ) } function getMainTitle (): Option < string > { return main . flatMap ( getTitle ) . flatMap ( getTitleText ) . map ( text => text . innerText ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this second version, all we care about is accessing an element in the tree, where each intermediate element could be missing. In other words, we have written "what" to do in order to access the element containing the text we are looking for. This supposes that we have access to some Option data structure in our code base. There are plenty of articles available on the Internet that talk about this Option (also known as Maybe ) data type. Essentially, it allows us to express the possible absence of a value, transform it if the value is available, and combine it with other possible missing values, all that in a declarative way. In fact, this data type is so useful that some languages already provide it in their standard library (e.g. Scala, Haskell, F#), even the more mature ones (e.g. Optional in Java, C++). The flatMap and map terms may seem "mystical" at this point. We will talk about them by the end of this series, in the article about algebraic data structures and type classes. In functional programs, you will often encounter these functions or their equivalent, depending on the language: map is also known as fmap , lift , <$> flatMap is also known as bind , chain , >>= A couple of years ago (Dec. 2019), the optional operator proposal reached stage 4 in the EcmaScript specification, used for both JavaScript and TypeScript. This allows us to greatly simplify the code from above, without relying on any library: function getMainTitle (): string | null { return document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) ?. querySelector ( ' .title ' ) ?. querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ?. innerText } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This still "leaks" the fact that either null or undefined values should be used to mark an element as missing, but it is still way more expressive than the first imperative version from earlier. When to use declarative code This section applies only to muli-paradigms languages. Obviously, if you are using a functional language such as Haskell, you are always using declarative code. So, it is possible to make imperative code look like declarative code, to some extent. In such case, I would suggest isolating the imperative parts from the rest of the code base, to make sure developers use the "declarative" functions instead. In multi-paradigms languages, the scale between declarative and imperative is not a clear black/white separation, but rather multiple shades of grey. It is up to us to determine which shade is the best for our projects and teams. Here is a non-exhaustive list of pros and cons for each of these approaches, based on my experience: Declarative Pros Cons Better readability and understanding of the code More lines of code, where a potential bug could hide Better control over the actual execution of the changes to the world Potential loss of performance, due to more memory allocation and intermediate function calls Longer debugging, due to bigger stack traces Developers are usually less comfortable with this way of programming Imperative Pros Cons Less code overall, as there is no need to wrap imperative code inside declarative functions More time taken to read and understand what the code does Shorter debugging, due to smaller stack traces But harder debugging overall, due to state mutations and "less-controlled" changes to the world Developers are usually more comfortable with this way of programming Since code is destined to be read and understood by human beings, I think it is a good practice to use more declarative programming in our softwares. Sometimes, performance is critical and requires the use of imperative programming (we are talking about multi-paradigms languages here). In such cases, comments and documentation are crucial to understand the code base. Otherwise, some exceptions put aside, code should be self-explanatory through good naming and declarative steps , and should not require comments to understand it well. For strictly-declarative languages such as Haskell and SQL, the compiler/engine makes the best optimizations possible; so there is no need (and no way anyway) to write imperative code to improve performance. Conclusion In this article, I tried to illustrate (with some examples) the difference between these 2 approaches, and the advantages of the declarative way. The biggest benefit is making the code more readable and understandable. Misunderstanding the responsibility of some part of the code base is one of the most common reasons why bugs are introduced in the first place. It is also one of the reasons why adding improvements and features takes more time, as we need to first understand what the code does before making any changes. Functional Programming is about expressing "what" we want to do with data, but not actually doing anything until the very last moment. Doing something requires changing state and running statements. These parts are handled by engines/interpreters/compilers, since they know "how" to efficiently do "what" we wrote in the code base. It is not a requirement to fully understand this way of writing code, because it will come naturally the more functional code you write. By going through the articles of this series, you will see that declarative programming is ubiquitous, despite not being mentioned explicitly. Thank you for reading this far! As always, feel free to leave a comment if need be. The next article will talk about pure functions and referential transparency. See you there! Special thanks to Tristan Sallé for reviewing the draft of this article. Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Pictures made with Excalidraw . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Greg Greg Greg Follow JS one Love, and u 2, honey (: Location Volgograd, Russia (*silently crying*) Work I haven't -_- at Jobless incorporated Joined Jan 3, 2020 • May 15 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article, thanks! A small nerd remark: the examples with DOM are good for illustration purposes, but not very correct in a practical way - you can just use the magic of css selectors and it will be enough function getMainTitle(): string | null { return document.querySelector('#main .title .title-text')?.innerText ?? null } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Follow Joined May 28, 2022 • May 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually, SQL is indeed imperative, not declarative. When you say "SELECT this and that such that bla bla bla", you're giving instructions. You're instructing to "select" (according to certain condition), and to "select" is an action. A true declarative statement would be one expressed, for example, in first order logic. Taking on your example, where you select all the users such that their ids are < 100, in first order logic it would be: {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} That's a true declarative statement. You're saying: this is the set of persons whose ids are below to 100. You're telling the WHAT, not the HOW. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Max Pixel Max Pixel Max Pixel Follow Location Los Angeles Work Principal System Architect at Freeform Labs, Inc. Joined Jun 2, 2019 • Aug 4 '22 • Edited on Aug 4 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed, and the second cake recipe is also still imperative. This would be the declarative version: "Dry Ingredients" means flour + sugar + cocoa powder + baking soda, as a roughly homogeneous mixture. "Batter" means Dry Ingredients + milk + vegetable oil + eggs + vanilla extract, as a well-combined mixture. "Panned Batter" means a large cake pan containing Batter. "Cooked Chocolate Cake" means the result of Panned Batter being in a 180°C oven for 30 minutes.* "Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake" means Cooked Chocolate Cake that is less than 32°C and not in a pan. "Chocolate Cake" means Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake that is has an even coating of chocolate frosting on it. * Keeping "30 minutes" verges on becoming imperative. A more declarative approach to this particular part would be to specify a final moisture content, weight, or other means of determining doneness. Perhaps it would be more declarative yet to format those steps with a more functional syntax, omitting the intermediate labels like "Batter", and using parentheses as necessary to delimit order-relevant groups. Or perhaps that would just more "functional", and equally as declarative. I think we must admit that that there is a gradient, rather than a binary distinction, between declarative and imperative programming. The most extreme end of declarativism would be to describe the chemical structures and physical composition of the final cake, and leave it at that. But that furthest end of the declarativism gradient is achievable only in small scenarios. {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} is useless if users are never created (they certainly didn't exist before the big bang, and aren't timeless constructs like gravity) - in the grand scheme of things, derivation is going to need to be involved, so the program as a whole cannot be as declarative as that one snippet (the formation of users must occur before the formation of the query result). Some amount of ordering and verb choice will either be important to the author of an application, or required by the engine. Ultimately, declarative programming is not about removing all traces of ordering & verb choice from programming, but rather, it's about removing the need for incidental and inevitable ordering & verb choice from programming. What can be considered incidental or inevitable depends on the engine that evaluates the program - some chefs may implicitly know that the cake's temperature should be below the frosting's fat's melting point before it is frosted, while others need a hint. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Follow Joined Sep 18, 2021 • Apr 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice explanation. Thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand kevon217 kevon217 kevon217 Follow Joined Jun 18, 2022 • Dec 8 '22 • Edited on Dec 8 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great breakdown and examples of the distinctions! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arshiya Arshiya Arshiya Follow Joined Jun 26, 2024 • Jul 27 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Follow Dad❤️ Content Creator Web developer 🅰️ngular ➡️(javascript) ©️SS ♓️〒♏️⎣ Joined Feb 12, 2022 • Oct 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about my version of the same: Declarative vs imperative Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand T S Ajeet T S Ajeet T S Ajeet Follow Code Blooded Location Pune, India Education NIT Trichy Work Citi Joined Mar 5, 2022 • Jul 1 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent read! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Follow A true dev enthusiast, they live and breathe the digital realms, immersing themselves in virtual adventures with unwavering passion. From epic RPGs to intense multiplayer battles, their skills are Joined Sep 11, 2024 • Sep 13 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Extraordinary breakdown and instances of the qualifications! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala's for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Performance Follow Hide Tag for content related to software performance. Create Post submission guidelines Articles should be obviously related to software performance in some way. Possible topics include, but are not limited to: Performance Testing Performance Analysis Optimising for performance Scalability Resilience But most of all, be kind and humble. 💜 Older #performance posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Unsafe Rust: When and Why Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Jan 11 Unsafe Rust: When and Why # learning # performance # rust Comments Add Comment 8 min read Why Fast Page Loads Don’t Always Mean Fast User Experience ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 11 Why Fast Page Loads Don’t Always Mean Fast User Experience # performance # webdev # javascript # serverless 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read HTTP Caching Explained (The Way I Learned It in Production) Nishar Arif Nishar Arif Nishar Arif Follow Jan 11 HTTP Caching Explained (The Way I Learned It in Production) # beginners # webdev # tutorial # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Deep Insight to Market Clarity Leigh k Valentine Leigh k Valentine Leigh k Valentine Follow Jan 12 From Deep Insight to Market Clarity # ai # machinelearning # performance # chatgpt 16 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Why Your E-Commerce Site Feels Slow Even When Lighthouse Is Green ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 11 Why Your E-Commerce Site Feels Slow Even When Lighthouse Is Green # performance # webdev # javascript # ecommerce 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Simple Guide to a Faster Site Roman Musin Roman Musin Roman Musin Follow Jan 12 A Simple Guide to a Faster Site # performance # tutorial # webdev # wordpress 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Bun Joins the Microservice Framework Benchmark: Surprisingly Fast JavaScript Runtime özkan pakdil özkan pakdil özkan pakdil Follow Jan 11 Bun Joins the Microservice Framework Benchmark: Surprisingly Fast JavaScript Runtime # javascript # microservices # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🔐 TLS Termination Models - SSL Passthrough vs SSL Termination (Offloading) vs SSL Bridging (Re-Encryption) SHARON SHAJI SHARON SHAJI SHARON SHAJI Follow Jan 10 🔐 TLS Termination Models - SSL Passthrough vs SSL Termination (Offloading) vs SSL Bridging (Re-Encryption) # architecture # networking # performance # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read SwiftUI Dependency Graph Architecture (Object Lifetimes & Scope) Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Follow Jan 9 SwiftUI Dependency Graph Architecture (Object Lifetimes & Scope) # swiftui # architecture # performance # dependency Comments Add Comment 3 min read Contiguous Memory & Cache Locality ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass Follow Jan 10 Contiguous Memory & Cache Locality # algorithms # computerscience # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Principal Architect Mindset – Self-Questioning Guide Sekar Thangavel Sekar Thangavel Sekar Thangavel Follow Jan 9 Principal Architect Mindset – Self-Questioning Guide # architecture # career # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Try crash my app! I built a Link Shortener on the Edge. Can you help me crash it? (Live Dashboard) Elias Oliveira Elias Oliveira Elias Oliveira Follow Jan 9 Try crash my app! I built a Link Shortener on the Edge. Can you help me crash it? (Live Dashboard) # showdev # architecture # performance # testing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Two Pointers (Same Direction) Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Follow Jan 9 Two Pointers (Same Direction) # algorithms # computerscience # interview # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Docker en producción: menos peso, más performance Alejo Suarez Alejo Suarez Alejo Suarez Follow for Adini Jan 9 Docker en producción: menos peso, más performance # devops # docker # cloud # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read From GlusterFS to JuiceFS: Lightillusions Achieved 2.5x Faster 3D AIGC Data Processing DASWU DASWU DASWU Follow Jan 9 From GlusterFS to JuiceFS: Lightillusions Achieved 2.5x Faster 3D AIGC Data Processing # ai # architecture # opensource # performance Comments Add Comment 9 min read Computed Fields Causing Infinite Recomputations(Odoo) Aaron Jones Aaron Jones Aaron Jones Follow Jan 9 Computed Fields Causing Infinite Recomputations(Odoo) # backend # performance # python Comments Add Comment 3 min read Memoization in React: Or How I Thought I Optimized My App (But Mostly Just Felt Productive) Boluwatife Adewusi Boluwatife Adewusi Boluwatife Adewusi Follow Jan 8 Memoization in React: Or How I Thought I Optimized My App (But Mostly Just Felt Productive) # javascript # performance # productivity # react Comments Add Comment 4 min read Handshake: o custo invísivel das APIs modernas Caio Macedo Caio Macedo Caio Macedo Follow Jan 8 Handshake: o custo invísivel das APIs modernas # api # architecture # networking # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read My Node.js API Best Practices in 2025 Shamim Ali Shamim Ali Shamim Ali Follow Jan 8 My Node.js API Best Practices in 2025 # api # architecture # node # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read SwiftUI Image Loading Pipeline (AsyncImage Is Not Enough) Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Sebastien Lato Follow Jan 8 SwiftUI Image Loading Pipeline (AsyncImage Is Not Enough) # swiftui # performance # images # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why JSON Format Is No Longer Suitable for Generative AI and LLM Models Federico Moretti Federico Moretti Federico Moretti Follow Jan 8 Why JSON Format Is No Longer Suitable for Generative AI and LLM Models # webdev # ai # javascript # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read Health Data Visualization: Building High-Performance Charts for Millions of Points wellallyTech wellallyTech wellallyTech Follow Jan 8 Health Data Visualization: Building High-Performance Charts for Millions of Points # react # performance # dataviz # frontend Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Hidden Cost of Global Stores in Vue (and When They’re Still Worth It) Jakub Andrzejewski Jakub Andrzejewski Jakub Andrzejewski Follow Jan 12 The Hidden Cost of Global Stores in Vue (and When They’re Still Worth It) # vue # typescript # performance # webperf 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read From O(n ) to O(n): Building a Streaming Markdown Renderer for the AI Era king king king Follow Jan 8 From O(n ) to O(n): Building a Streaming Markdown Renderer for the AI Era # markdown # performance # ai # opensource Comments Add Comment 6 min read Reducing Buy Button Latency with Edge Computing (CDN + Serverless) ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 8 Reducing Buy Button Latency with Edge Computing (CDN + Serverless) # webdev # performance # javascript # serverless 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Challenges > Postmark Challenge: Inbox Innovators CHALLENGE RESULTS 🏆 Winners Announced! 🎊 Congrats to the Winners of Postmark Challenge: Inbox Innovators! Read Announcement Challenge ends soon! Submit your entry now DAYS : HOURS : MINUTES : SECONDS See prompts Postmark Challenge: Inbox Innovators View Entries Please sign in to follow this challenge The email delivery service that people actually like! Challenge Status: Ended Ended Join our next Challenge Running through June 8 , the Postmark Challenge: Inbox invites you to play with data by leveraging Postmark's inbound email parsing capabilities. Email remains one of the most universal and powerful communication tools, and Postmark's developer-focused API makes it easier than ever to incorporate sophisticated email functionality into your applications. This challenge is your opportunity to demonstrate how creative you can get with email-based features while adding an impressive project to your portfolio! We will selected three talented winners. Each will receive: $1,000 USD DEV++ Membership Exclusive DEV Badge All Participants with a valid submission will receive a completion badge on their DEV profile. Good Luck! Key Dates Contest start: May 21, 2025 Submissions due: June 08, 2025 Winners announced: June 19, 2025 Badge Rewards Postmark Challenge: Inbox Innovators Completion Badge Postmark Challenge: Inbox Innovators Winner Badge Sponsored by Postmark Postmark is a cloud-based email delivery service designed to ensure that transactional emails—such as password resets, order confirmations, and notifications—reach recipients' inboxes quickly and reliably. It offers both an Email API and SMTP service, allowing developers to integrate email functionality into their applications with ease. Learn More → Challenge Prompt Inbox Innovators Your mission is to build an application using Postmark's inbound email parsing feature . Postmark's inbound email parsing allows you to receive and process emails programmatically, opening up countless possibilities for all sorts of applications -- from practical tooling that solves real-world problems to creative and impactful art pieces. 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https://dev.to/moe23/asp-net-core-rest-api-authorization-with-jwt-roles-vs-claims-vs-policy-step-by-step-5bgn#authorisation | Asp Net Core - Rest API Authorization with JWT (Roles Vs Claims Vs Policy) - Step by Step - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohamad Lawand Posted on Oct 18, 2021 Asp Net Core - Rest API Authorization with JWT (Roles Vs Claims Vs Policy) - Step by Step # dotnet # csharp # jet # authorization In this article we will go through AspNet Core Authorisation (Roles, Claims and Policies). When do you want to use each and give you a better understanding on they fit together. So what we will cover today: Authentication vs Authorisation What is Authentication What is Authorisation Authorisation type What is a Role What is a Claim What is a Policy Ingredients Code and Implementations You can watch the full video on YouTube You can find the source code on GitHub https://github.com/mohamadlawand087/v48-AspNetCore-Authorisation This is Part 4 of API dev series you can check the different parts by following the links: Part 1: https://dev.to/moe23/asp-net-core-5-rest-api-step-by-step-2mb6 Part 2: https://dev.to/moe23/asp-net-core-5-rest-api-authentication-with-jwt-step-by-step-140d Part 3: https://dev.to/moe23/refresh-jwt-with-refresh-tokens-in-asp-net-core-5-rest-api-step-by-step-3en5 Authentication vs Authorisation Before we dive into this topic too deep, despite the similar-sounding terms, authentication and authorisation are separate steps in the login process. Authentication Authentication is the act of validating that users are whom they claim to be. This is the first step in any security process. Logging into your email or unlocking your phone is a form of authenticaiton, where you are required to give some sort of credentials so the system will let you in and you can view your information. Authentication can take many forms: Passwords. Usernames and passwords ****are the most common authentication factors. If a user enters the correct data, the system assumes the identity is valid and grants access. One-time pins. Grant access for only one session or transaction. Authentication apps. Generate security codes via an outside party that grants access. Biometrics. A user presents a fingerprint or eye scan to gain access to the system. In some instances, systems require the successful verification of more than one factor before granting access. This multi-factor authentication (MFA) requirement is often deployed to increase security beyond what passwords alone can provide. Authorisation: we first need to define what authentication actually is, and more importantly, what it’s not. Refers to the process that determines what a user is able to do. In other words, Authorization proves you have the right to make a request. When you try to go backstage at a concert or an event, you don’t necessarily have to prove that you are who you say you are – you show the ticket, which is the proof that you have the right to be where you’re trying to get into. Authorization is independent from authentication. However, authorization requires an authentication mechanism. Roles: They are a set of permissions to do certain activities in the application. We can think of a role as if its a boolean wether we have this role or not, true or false. So what we do with roles is we attach functionality to a role and once we assign a user to a role those set of functionalities are set to the user. Once we remove the role these functionalities are removed. A role will protect access to the funciton, without the user having that correct role the user will not be able to execute that function Claims: They are completely different from Roles, Claim based is more flexible then roles they are key value pair. The claim belong to a user or an entity and claim is used to describe the user or the entity. Claims are essentially user properties and they inform the authorisation about the user. To illustrate it more let us check the driver license example again We can see here that there is 11 claims on this licesne which basically mean there is 11 pieces of information about the user. So if we want to translate this into a code based structure it will be something like this { "dl" : "123456789" , "exp" : "07/11/2025" , "ln" : "DOE" , "fn" : "John" , "dob" : "09/05/1993" , "sex" : "M" , "hair" : "brn" , "eyes" : "blue" , "hgt" : "6.0" "wgt" : "183lb" , "class" : "C" } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode So these claims will be given to the user once they log in. Claims can work with roles or with out roles, based on how we want to implement the authorisation process. Policy: They are functions or rules which are used to check the user information and check if permission is granted or denied. Policies which basically starts with the context which checks the user against a policy list and based on the list it will either grant or deny permision to the requested resource. Role based authrisation and Claims based authorisation use requirements, a requirements handler and a pre-configured policy. Policy consist of one or more requirements Roles vs Claims vs Policy A role is a symbolic category that collects together users who share the same levels of security privileges. Role-based authorization requires first identifying the user, then ascertaining the roles to which the user is assigned, and finally comparing those roles to the roles that are authorized to access a resource. In contrast, a claim is not group based, rather it is identity based. Code We will continue building on the last project that we used authorisation with JWT token you can find the source code on github https://github.com/mohamadlawand087/v8-refreshtokenswithJWT Once we clone this repo we can start building our authorisation The first thing we need to do is to update the startup class to include Roles in our identity providers. Inside the ConfigureServices in the Startup class we need to update the following services . AddIdentity < IdentityUser , IdentityRole >( options => options . SignIn . RequireConfirmedAccount = true ) . AddEntityFrameworkStores < ApiDbContext >(); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then we need to do is to create a new controller called SetupController inside the controller folder and add the following [ Route ( "api/[controller]" )] // api/setup [ ApiController ] public class SetupController : ControllerBase { private readonly ApiDbContext _context ; private readonly RoleManager < IdentityRole > _roleManager ; private readonly UserManager < IdentityUser > _userManager ; protected readonly ILogger < SetupController > _logger ; public SetupController ( ApiDbContext context , RoleManager < IdentityRole > roleManager , UserManager < IdentityUser > userManager , ILogger < SetupController > logger ) { _logger = logger ; _roleManager = roleManager ; _userManager = userManager ; _context = context ; } [ HttpGet ] public IActionResult GetAllRoles () { var roles = _roleManager . Roles . ToList (); return Ok ( roles ); } [ HttpPost ] public async Task < IActionResult > CreateRole ( string roleName ) { var roleExist = await _roleManager . RoleExistsAsync ( roleName ); if (! roleExist ) { //create the roles and seed them to the database: Question 1 var roleResult = await _roleManager . CreateAsync ( new IdentityRole ( roleName )); if ( roleResult . Succeeded ) { _logger . LogInformation ( 1 , "Roles Added" ); return Ok ( new { result = $"Role { roleName } added successfully" }); } else { _logger . LogInformation ( 2 , "Error" ); return BadRequest ( new { error = $"Issue adding the new { roleName } role" }); } } return BadRequest ( new { error = "Role already exist" }); } // Get all users [ HttpGet ] [ Route ( "GetAllUsers" )] public async Task < IActionResult > GetAllUsers () { var users = await _userManager . Users . ToListAsync (); return Ok ( users ); } // Add User to role [ HttpPost ] [ Route ( "AddUserToRole" )] public async Task < IActionResult > AddUserToRole ( string email , string roleName ) { var user = await _userManager . FindByEmailAsync ( email ); if ( user != null ) { var result = await _userManager . AddToRoleAsync ( user , roleName ); if ( result . Succeeded ) { _logger . LogInformation ( 1 , $"User { user . Email } added to the { roleName } role" ); return Ok ( new { result = $"User { user . Email } added to the { roleName } role" }); } else { _logger . LogInformation ( 1 , $"Error: Unable to add user { user . Email } to the { roleName } role" ); return BadRequest ( new { error = $"Error: Unable to add user { user . Email } to the { roleName } role" }); } } // User doesn't exist return BadRequest ( new { error = "Unable to find user" }); } // Get specific user role [ HttpGet ] [ Route ( "GetUserRoles" )] public async Task < IActionResult > GetUserRoles ( string email ) { // Resolve the user via their email var user = await _userManager . FindByEmailAsync ( email ); // Get the roles for the user var roles = await _userManager . GetRolesAsync ( user ); return Ok ( roles ); } // Remove User to role [ HttpPost ] [ Route ( "RemoveUserFromRole" )] public async Task < IActionResult > RemoveUserFromRole ( string email , string roleName ) { var user = await _userManager . FindByEmailAsync ( email ); if ( user != null ) { var result = await _userManager . RemoveFromRoleAsync ( user , roleName ); if ( result . Succeeded ) { _logger . LogInformation ( 1 , $"User { user . Email } removed from the { roleName } role" ); return Ok ( new { result = $"User { user . Email } removed from the { roleName } role" }); } else { _logger . LogInformation ( 1 , $"Error: Unable to removed user { user . Email } from the { roleName } role" ); return BadRequest ( new { error = $"Error: Unable to removed user { user . Email } from the { roleName } role" }); } } // User doesn't exist return BadRequest ( new { error = "Unable to find user" }); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Once we finished with the SetupController let us move to the AuthManagement Controller and update the following // We need to add the following before the constructor private readonly RoleManager < IdentityRole > _roleManager ; protected readonly ILogger < AuthManagementController > _logger ; // We need to update the constructor to the following public AuthManagementController ( UserManager < IdentityUser > userManager , RoleManager < IdentityRole > roleManager , IOptionsMonitor < JwtConfig > optionsMonitor , TokenValidationParameters tokenValidationParams , ILogger < AuthManagementController > logger , ApiDbContext apiDbContext ) { _logger = logger ; _userManager = userManager ; _roleManager = roleManager ; _jwtConfig = optionsMonitor . CurrentValue ; _tokenValidationParams = tokenValidationParams ; _apiDbContext = apiDbContext ; } // We need to create a GetValidClaims method private async Task < List < Claim >> GetValidClaims ( IdentityUser user ) { IdentityOptions _options = new IdentityOptions (); var claims = new List < Claim > { new Claim ( "Id" , user . Id ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Email , user . Email ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Sub , user . Email ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Jti , Guid . NewGuid (). ToString ()), new Claim ( _options . ClaimsIdentity . UserIdClaimType , user . Id . ToString ()), new Claim ( _options . ClaimsIdentity . UserNameClaimType , user . UserName ), }; var userClaims = await _userManager . GetClaimsAsync ( user ); var userRoles = await _userManager . GetRolesAsync ( user ); claims . AddRange ( userClaims ); foreach ( var userRole in userRoles ) { claims . Add ( new Claim ( ClaimTypes . Role , userRole )); var role = await _roleManager . FindByNameAsync ( userRole ); if ( role != null ) { var roleClaims = await _roleManager . GetClaimsAsync ( role ); foreach ( Claim roleClaim in roleClaims ) { claims . Add ( roleClaim ); } } } return claims ; } // We need to update the GenerateJwtToken method var claims = await GetValidClaims ( user ); var tokenDescriptor = new SecurityTokenDescriptor { Subject = new ClaimsIdentity ( claims ), Expires = DateTime . UtcNow . AddMinutes ( 5 ), // 5-10 SigningCredentials = new SigningCredentials ( new SymmetricSecurityKey ( key ), SecurityAlgorithms . HmacSha256Signature ) }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next we need to update the TodoController attribute to add the roles to it [ Authorize ( AuthenticationSchemes = JwtBearerDefaults . AuthenticationScheme , Roles = "AppUser" )] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now let us give this a try Will create a new user Will create a role called AppUser Will assign the role to the user Will login and get a JWT token Will try to access GetItems endpoint Now we start by adding our ClaimSetup Controller, inside the controller folder will add a new class called ClaimSetupController and will add the following [ Route ( "api/[controller]" )] // api/ClaimSetup [ ApiController ] public class ClaimSetupController : ControllerBase { private readonly ApiDbContext _context ; private readonly RoleManager < IdentityRole > _roleManager ; private readonly UserManager < IdentityUser > _userManager ; protected readonly ILogger < ClaimSetupController > _logger ; public ClaimSetupController ( ApiDbContext context , RoleManager < IdentityRole > roleManager , UserManager < IdentityUser > userManager , ILogger < ClaimSetupController > logger ) { _logger = logger ; _roleManager = roleManager ; _userManager = userManager ; _context = context ; } [ HttpGet ] public async Task < IActionResult > GetAllClaims ( string email ) { var user = await _userManager . FindByEmailAsync ( email ); var claims = await _userManager . GetClaimsAsync ( user ); return Ok ( claims ); } // Add Claim to user [ HttpPost ] [ Route ( "AddClaimToUser" )] public async Task < IActionResult > AddClaimToUser ( string email , string claimName , string value ) { var user = await _userManager . FindByEmailAsync ( email ); var userClaim = new Claim ( claimName , value ); if ( user != null ) { var result = await _userManager . AddClaimAsync ( user , userClaim ); if ( result . Succeeded ) { _logger . LogInformation ( 1 , $"the claim { claimName } add to the User { user . Email } " ); return Ok ( new { result = $"the claim { claimName } add to the User { user . Email } " }); } else { _logger . LogInformation ( 1 , $"Error: Unable to add the claim { claimName } to the User { user . Email } " ); return BadRequest ( new { error = $"Error: Unable to add the claim { claimName } to the User { user . Email } " }); } } // User doesn't exist return BadRequest ( new { error = "Unable to find user" }); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now we need to update the Startup class to create a Claims Policy, inside the Startup.cs in the root directoty we need to add the following in the ConfigureServices method services . AddAuthorization ( options => { options . AddPolicy ( "ViewItemsPolicy" , policy => policy . RequireClaim ( "ViewItems" )); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next we need to update the TodoController with the following on any action we want [ HttpGet ] [ Authorize ( Policy = "ViewItemsPolicy" )] public async Task < IActionResult > GetItems () { var items = await _context . Items . ToListAsync (); return Ok ( items ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now let us test this Using the same account that we created earlier we need to add the claim to it We utilise the new endpoint we created http://localhost:8090/api/ClaimSetup/AddClaimToUser and we add the claim to the user account We try to access the http://localhost:8090/api/todo any other user who doesnt have the claim should not be able to access this. Top comments (7) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Mukhtar Khan Mukhtar Khan Mukhtar Khan Follow Joined Oct 2, 2024 • Oct 2 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Implementing REST API authorization in ASP.NET Core with JWT involves understanding roles, claims, and policies. Start by configuring JWT authentication in Startup.cs . Define roles for user types, use claims for specific permissions, and create policies for complex authorization scenarios. Finally, protect your endpoints using the [Authorize] attribute. For a detailed, step-by-step guide, visit** zelajet.com** for expert resources! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Manuel Manuel Manuel Follow Joined Oct 22, 2021 • Oct 22 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Mohamad! VERY THANKS for this series! It is very usefull for me! But I've one doubt. I've evrything configured in my API, but how I can configure my client to send the tokens in the requests to the API? So once I'm logued in I can retrive any data from the API? Thanks a lot! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand GitRedaAmine GitRedaAmine GitRedaAmine Follow Joined Sep 29, 2021 • May 6 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide check if you have added the AllowAnyOrigin of your client app in your asp.net core project // global cors policy app.UseCors(x => x .SetIsOriginAllowed(origin => true) .AllowAnyMethod() .AllowAnyHeader() .AllowCredentials()); Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Suraj Nandi Suraj Nandi Suraj Nandi Follow I am a web developer Location West Bengal, India Joined Nov 3, 2020 • Sep 6 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Mohamad! It is very usefull for me! But I've one doubt, i can't update Role and Users using PUT method. Can you explain how to do this. By the way very very thanks for this! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand GitRedaAmine GitRedaAmine GitRedaAmine Follow Joined Sep 29, 2021 • May 6 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It is nice article , very usefull,THANKS Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nitendra Godare Nitendra Godare Nitendra Godare Follow Joined May 29, 2023 • May 29 '23 • Edited on May 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Mohamad! When i clicked on source code URL, it's show 404 Not found. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ilyas Kazi Ilyas Kazi Ilyas Kazi Follow Solution Architect | Software Crafter Location Mumbai, India Work Solution Architect Joined Dec 22, 2020 • Jun 5 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide @moe23 Please update on source code url Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohamad Lawand Follow Code is Life. Crossfitter. Technical Architect. 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https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/maps-platform/meet-google-maps-platform-developer-experts | Blog: Meet the Google Maps Platform Developer Experts – Google Maps Platform Introducing new AI-powered products and tools from Google Maps Platform. Learn more . New! Subscribe to save with one monthly price and access more products. Learn more . Skip to content Menu AI Arrow down Products Arrow down Solutions Arrow down Pricing Arrow down Resources Arrow down Why Google AI Arrow down AI Products Products Expand Tools Tools Expand Explore AI Products Products Build powerful experiences with AI solutions. Back Google Maps AI Kit - Contextual View (opens in a new tab) A low-code widget to render interactive maps in AI chats. Geospatial Analytics Easy-to-use geospatial datasets and AI-powered tools. Grounding Lite (opens in a new tab) Bring fresh Maps data to any LLM via the Model Context Protocol (MCP). Grounding with Google Maps in Vertex AI Build enterprise-ready experiences with rich Google Maps data, including insights from user reviews, on Vertex AI. Place, area, and review summaries Get an AI-generated summary of a place with Place Details. Explore AI Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Tools Tools Develop faster and smarter with AI. Back Builder agent (opens in a new tab) Generate a prototype for your app in minutes with the help of AI. Code Assist Toolkit (opens in a new tab) Ground your AI assistant in the official, up-to-date resources. Maps Styling agent (opens in a new tab) Generate customized map styles in AI Studio. Route Optimization agent Optimize your fleet route plan with an AI agent. Explore AI Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Products Arrow down APIs & SDKs Maps Maps Expand Routes Routes Expand Places Places Expand Environment Environment Expand Analytics Datasets Datasets Expand Tools Tools Expand Product availability, functionality and terms may differ for customers with billing addresses in the European Economic Area (EEA) . Learn more . See all products Maps Maps Help users explore the world with detailed, custom map products. Back 3D Maps Create 3D photorealistic maps easily. Aerial View Delight your users with pre-rendered, 3D cinematic video of points of interest and their surroundings. Dynamic Maps Customize and style interactive maps using Cloud-based maps styling for real time updates across all devices and platforms. Dynamic Street View Embed real-world imagery with 360° panoramas. Elevation Provide a simple interface to query locations on the earth for elevation data. Map Tiles Design interfaces and interactions unique to your brand and design requirements, and customize your visualizations. Maps Embed Add an interactive map or Street View panorama to your site, using a simple HTTP request. Photorealistic 3D Tiles Access a 3D mesh model of the real world and use the renderer of your choice to create cinematic experiences. Static Maps Embed simple map images on your website with minimal code. Static Street View Embed a static (non-interactive) Street View panorama or thumbnail into your web page, without the use of JavaScript. Street View Tiles Use images taken from street level and tile metadata to create powerful, immersive experiences. See all products Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Product availability, functionality and terms may differ for customers with billing addresses in the European Economic Area (EEA) . Learn more . Routes Routes Help your users optimize the way from A to Z. Back Compute Routes Provide directions with real-time traffic for transit, biking, driving, 2-wheel motorized vehicles, or walking between multiple locations. Compute Routes Matrix Calculate travel times and distances for multiple destinations for up to 625 route elements. Navigation SDK Add custom Google Maps navigation into your mobile app. Roads Determine the route a vehicle travels. Route Optimization Optimize multi-stop routes for one or more vehicles flexibly and intelligently. See all products Featured Explore both easy subscription and flexible pay-as-you-go pricing Learn more Featured Explore both easy subscription and flexible pay-as-you-go pricing Learn more Product availability, functionality and terms may differ for customers with billing addresses in the European Economic Area (EEA) . Learn more . Places Places Show users places and points of interest with details at their fingertips. Back Address Validation Validate an address and its components, standardize the address for mailing, and determine the best known geocode for it. Autocomplete Help users quickly find the exact place they’re looking for by automatically suggesting businesses and points of interest as they type. Geocoding Convert addresses to geographic coordinates or the reverse. Geolocation Return the location of a device without relying on GPS, using geospatial data from cell towers and WiFi nodes. Grounding Lite Quickly bring fresh Maps data to any LLM using the Model Context Protocol. Grounding with Google Maps in Vertex AI Build factual and up-to-date Gen-AI powered experiences by grounding your LLM responses in Google Maps data. Nearby Search Search for places within a specified area with the option to refine by place type. Place Details Add rich details for millions of places to your website or app. Place Photos Access millions of place-related photos stored in Google's Places database. Places Aggregate Get specific insights to improve user experience for users discovering or researching an area. Places UI Kit Bring the familiar Google Maps UI for Places to your front-end applications with just a few lines of code. Text Search Provide information about a set of places based on a single search query and any specified location. Time Zone Get the time zone for a specific latitude and longitude coordinate. See all products Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Product availability, functionality and terms may differ for customers with billing addresses in the European Economic Area (EEA) . Learn more . Environment Environment Help users access data to respond to climate challenges. Back Air Quality Reduce users’ exposure to air pollution with air quality data and insights. Pollen Improve daily life for allergy sufferers with up-to-date information on different types and levels of pollen. Solar Use advanced data and imagery to create more advanced solar array designs and proposals, while eliminating costly site visits. Weather Use advanced, trusted weather forecasts to help people plan and prepare. See all products Featured Choose from subscription plans that make pricing easy and predictable Learn more Featured Choose from subscription plans that make pricing easy and predictable Learn more Product availability, functionality and terms may differ for customers with billing addresses in the European Economic Area (EEA) . Learn more . Datasets Datasets Comprehensive integrations for unparalleled knowledge. Back Imagery Insights Streamline operations and improve workflows with AI-powered insights, using Google Maps Platform imagery integrated with BigQuery and Vertex AI. Places Insights Combine your data with Google Maps’ rich POI data using Places Insights in BigQuery’s data clean rooms. Roads Management Insights Overcome the limitations of traditional traffic data collection methods and proactively respond to congestion and traffic issues. See all products Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Product availability, functionality and terms may differ for customers with billing addresses in the European Economic Area (EEA) . Learn more . Tools Tools Reach your sustainability and business goals Back Google Earth Analyze, build, and collaborate to make decisions with a comprehensive, interactive model of our world. Earth Engine (Google Cloud) (opens in a new tab) Explore a multi-petabyte catalog of satellite imagery and geospatial datasets with planetary-scale analysis capabilities. See all products Featured Introducing new pricing subscriptions featuring our most popular APIs Learn more Featured Introducing new pricing subscriptions featuring our most popular APIs Learn more Product availability, functionality and terms may differ for customers with billing addresses in the European Economic Area (EEA) . Learn more . Solutions Arrow down Solutions Use Cases Use cases Expand Industries Industries Expand Find your solution Use Cases Use cases Find the right combination of products to achieve your goals. Back Build interactive experiences Create exciting, immersive experiences. Display the ideal location Create maps for customers to find stores and ATMs. Enable asset tracking Track and visualize moving assets for any fleet size. Enrich transactions Help customers recognize and understand transactions. Improve addresses Help users enter and validate addresses for sign-up. Offer efficient routes Quickly and efficiently route people or goods. Provide local information Help users understand nearby places. Visualize geospatial data Display geospatial and business data to improve decisions. Explore & select sites Use Google Earth imagery and data to make decisions. Analyze geospatial data Access geospatial insights with comprehensive data. Collaborate & share Work with your team to create engaging map presentations. Ground AI responses Enhance AI response accuracy with data on 250M+ global places. Find your solution Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Industries Industries Find the right combination of products to achieve your goals. Back Financial Services Enhance experience, reduce risk, and boost efficiency. Retail Build engaging retail experiences that make shopping easy. Real Estate Help buyers explore neighborhoods with map-based tools. Transportation & Logistics Transform trips and track assets with geospatial data. Find your solution Featured Explore both easy subscription and flexible pay-as-you-go pricing Learn more Featured Explore both easy subscription and flexible pay-as-you-go pricing Learn more Pricing Arrow down Pricing Products and Services Products & Services Expand Products and Services Products & Services Google Maps Platform has flexible pricing to meet any need and budget. Back Pay as you go Pricing that puts you fully in control with our products. Subscribe to save Choose from 3 plans for our most popular products at one price. Google Earth Pricing for multiple Google Earth plan levels. Featured Choose from subscription plans that make pricing easy and predictable Learn more Featured Choose from subscription plans that make pricing easy and predictable Learn more Resources Arrow down Resources Development Development Expand Education Learn Expand Community Community Expand Support Expand Development Development Get the tools and information to help you use Google Maps Platform. Back Build with AI (opens in a new tab) Create custom geospatial prototypes in minutes. Architecture Center (opens in a new tab) Discover use cases and architectures to help build apps. Documentation (opens in a new tab) The details developers need to build with the real world. Partner directory (opens in a new tab) Select a reliable Google Cloud partner to work with you. Trust Center Google Maps offers security, audits, and compliance. Solution Finder Here’s how to start discovering your solution. Featured Choose from subscription plans that make pricing easy and predictable Learn more Featured Choose from subscription plans that make pricing easy and predictable Learn more Education Learn Learn about new products, features, and projects. Back Blog Explore product announcements and real-world applications. Customer stories Learn how your industry uses Google Maps to engage and grow. Documentation (opens in a new tab) The details developers need to build with the real world. Demo Gallery See how you can make our next-generation maps your own. Webinars (opens in a new tab) Stay updated on new products and expert advice. Whitepapers Insights and solutions driving change across industries. Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Community Community Explore and join the people who build with Google Maps Platform every day. Back Discord (opens in a new tab) Get in on the developer conversation. GitHub (opens in a new tab) Access open source libraries and tools. YouTube (opens in a new tab) Learn more about what’s new and noteworthy. Google Maps Platform Awards Submit your best projects for recognition and prizes. Google Maps Platform Innovators (opens in a new tab) Join to get access to early features and exclusive resources Featured Introducing new pricing subscriptions featuring our most popular APIs Learn more Featured Introducing new pricing subscriptions featuring our most popular APIs Learn more Support Get the help you need while building with Google Maps Platform. Back Support resources (opens in a new tab) Access support resources or contact the support team. Open a case (opens in a new tab) Create a support case. Support plans (opens in a new tab) Learn about our customer support plans. Status dashboard (opens in a new tab) Check the health dashboard for incidents. Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Featured Power your geospatial development with AI from Google Maps Platform Learn more Why Google Contact sales Create an account Contact sales Create an account Meet the Google Maps Platform Developer Experts Alex Muramoto Developer Relations Engineer Jul 1, 2020 Try Google Maps Platform Get up to 10,000 free* calls per SKU per month and build more with Google Maps Platform. Learn more Google Developer Experts (GDEs) is one of Google’s most well-known developer programs. It recognizes nearly 700 non-Googlers worldwide for their expertise in different technologies and supports their efforts to serve developer communities in their home regions and around the world. GDEs are experts in a wide range of topic areas from web technologies to Android to Google Assistant–and of course, Google Maps Platform–who spread their knowledge and enthusiasm through every medium imaginable, in-person, and online. The Google Maps Platform team has GDEs in more than 12 countries, who we work closely with to test and improve our products and features, and who help developers of all skill levels get the most out of our 17 APIs and SDKs. As part of the 15th anniversary of Google Maps Platform, we asked 12 of our GDEs why they’re so passionate about the platform and why they chose to join the Google Maps Platform GDE program to help other developers. Here’s what they had to say. Yukio Andoh @yukio_andoh Tokyo "If you have a map, you can go anywhere. Google Maps has reminded me that maps are endless and the earth is round!" Diana Rodriguez @cotufa82 Durham, NC., U.S. “I'm passionate about geolocation! For many years I worked on projects that helped people travel securely from place-to-place, freight tracking, and lately incorporating the wonders of maps and webGL. I love connecting with communities and sharing new and exciting ways to integrate and use Google Maps Platform to make things happen! Katerina Skroumpelou @psybercity Athens, Greece “I am just obsessed with maps. Suffering from PTSD (with a resulting claustrophobia and agoraphobia), I’ve always needed to know where I am (and how I can get quickly out of there), so this got me into Google Maps in the first place. The need to spread the knowledge was a consequence, and a way to make people love Google maps as much as I do, after discovering all the great things they can do.” Alain Chautard @AlainChautard Sacramento, Calif., U.S. “I've been helping people create powerful data visualizations using the Google Maps Platform for years. I'm still amazed to see how mapped information can shed new light on data and help with decision making.” Josue Gutierrez @eusoj Mexico City "Making data visualizations with Google Maps Platform is one of my biggest passions, and allows me to show people what is happening in the places they live." Kristina Simakova @KristiSimakova Oslo, Norway “Not many people realise how many interesting challenges there are in maps: different projections, finding the shortest path and much more. Everyone can find something interesting to solve.” Ben Hong @bencodezen Washington, D.C. “Maps enable people to not only understand where they are but where they are going. It is inspiring to be part of a team that helps empower developers to leverage Google Maps Platform to build incredible experiences.” Homing Tam Hong Kong “I wanted to bring maps into every application, and help make it so that there’s no learning curve for others who want to use Google Maps Platform.” Joel Humberto Gómez Paredes @DezkaReid Veracruz, Mexico "I like to explore the world around me, visualize it in different perspectives and share with community how to do it too, because everything happens in a place." Martin Kleppe @aemkei Hamburg, Germany “I have been using the Google Maps API since it was released, 15 years ago. We then founded our company, Ubilabs, and are now supporting many clients to connect their data with the real world. As a GDE I get insights about upcoming API additions and we can give early feedback from our clients back to Google.” Alpha Yang @imstand Shanghai “I use Google Maps Platform to explore the meaning of the location dimension behind the bytes of data, and make it useful and available to every application and person.” Steven Gray @frogo London “If a picture tells a thousand words, a map blows that right off the scale. I marvel at the stories you can tell with them. I've been a GDE for almost 8 years and I just love the community and talking to developers about getting the most out of their maps. Google Maps Platform is so much more than just a red pin!” To get tips from and be inspired by our GDEs, follow them on social. To learn more about Google Maps Platform APIs and SDKs, check out our documentation . And for more information on Google Maps Platform, visit our website . Best practices Get going with Google Maps Platform Get started *Free usage refers to monthly calls available at no cost. Essentials Map Tiles APIs provide up to 100,000 calls at no cost per SKU per month. Product availability, functionality and terms may differ for customers with billing addresses in the European Economic Area (EEA) . Learn more Follow us Helpful links Documentation FAQs Keep up with the latest Subscribe to the Google Maps Platform newsletter today to receive product updates, insights, news, and more. 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For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Center for Integrated Research The Deloitte Center for Integrated Research offers rigorously researched and data-driven perspectives on critical issues affecting businesses today. How the right mix of C-suite leadership can drive outsized AI returns Deloitte’s predictive modeling reveals that when top executives share tech investment decisions, organizations could see stronger results—a case for a new kind of leadership Article • 7-min read The divergence dynamic: How unconventional thinkers may give agentic AI an edge Divergent thinkers may give agentic AI a new edge, allowing teams to explore alternatives, test edge cases, and imagine what AI models alone can’t. Article • 8-min read Facing cloud outages head-on: 3 steps that can help safeguard business continuity When enterprises depend on just a few tech platforms, an outage can disrupt everything. How can organizations prepare? 3 practical steps can help. Research • 9-min read Engineering in the Age of Gen AI: Ensuring software quality, data integrity, and risk management Featured topic As GenAI integrates into software and the software development lifecycle, new leading practices can emerge to safeguard and maintain quality, with different C-suite leaders playing unique roles. This three-part research series draws on more than 40 interviews of specialists; and data analysis from Deloitte global surveys to address how leaders can integrate GenAI into digital products and across the software development, data engineering and risk management while maintaining quality and security. How can organizations engineer quality software in the age of generative AI? How can leaders integrate gen AI into application design and development while maintaining software quality across the software development lifecycle? 14-min read Four data and model quality challenges tied to generative AI AI data integrity and model accuracy challenges may require new solutions to maintain quality and trust in AI software development 17-min read How can tech leaders manage emerging generative AI risks today while keeping the future in mind? What are the top gen AI risks, and how can cyber and risks leaders develop risk mitigation strategies that work today, and well into the future? 18-min read Dive deeper Workforce trends The future of work and AI Article Enterprise growth & innovation Finance Trends 2026: Navigating the expanded scope of finance Article • 19-min read Technology & transformation Valuing data assets can be key to unlocking board-level support for data modernization and transformation Article • 10-min read Environmental & social issues Building a future-fit model for sustainability talent Article • 9-min read About the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research The Deloitte Center for Integrated Research offers rigorously researched and data-driven perspectives on critical issues affecting businesses today. We sit at the center of Deloitte's industry and functional expertise, combining the leading insights from across our firms to help leaders confidently compete in today's ever-changing marketplace. Explore more Get in touch with our research team Brenna Sniderman Executive director | Deloitte Services LP Brenna Sniderman Executive director | Deloitte Services LP United States Brenna Sniderman leads the Center for Integrated Research, where she oversees cross-industry thought leadership for Deloitte. She is based in Philadelphia. bsniderman@deloitte.com +1 929 251 2690 Siri Anderson Chief of Staff Siri Anderson Chief of Staff United States Siri is a researcher and writer at the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research, specializing in developing thought leadership in the areas of future of work and digital reality. Previously, Anderson led the sponsored and contributed content program for Deloitte Digital. Before joining Deloitte, Anderson worked in editorial and strategic communications roles in technology and health care industries. She is based in Seattle. sianderson@deloitte.com Monika Mahto Associate Vice President | Deloitte Center for Integrated Research Monika Mahto Associate Vice President | Deloitte Center for Integrated Research United States Monika is a research leader with the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research. She has close to two decades of research and thought leadership experience focusing on topics at the intersection of talent and emerging technologies. Her research is cited in prominent platforms, including MIT Sloan Management Review , The Wall Street Journal , and Thrive Global. She collaborates with other thought leaders, industry executives, and academicians to develop conceptual frameworks and quantitative models to deliver insights into the strategic and organizational implications of advanced technologies. mmahto@deloitte.com +91 9930425494 Brad Kreit Senior manager | Deloitte Center for Integrated Research | Deloitte Services LP Brad Kreit Senior manager | Deloitte Center for Integrated Research | Deloitte Services LP United States Brad Kreit is a senior manager with Deloitte’s Center for Integrated Research, where he focuses on the future of work. Prior to this role, he worked as a foresight strategist, helping organizations make sense of long-term trends. bkreit@deloitte.com +1 408 704 2257 Derek M. Pankratz Senior Research Leader, Climate Derek M. Pankratz Senior Research Leader, Climate United States Derek Pankratz is a senior manager with the Center for Integrated Research in Deloitte Services LP. His research focuses on the confluence of emerging technological and social trends across industries. dpankratz@deloitte.com +1 303 312 4738 Natasha Buckley Senior research leader, emerging issues Natasha Buckley Senior research leader, emerging issues United States Natasha Buckley is a senior manager and research leader for Deloitte’s Research & Insights organization. Her research focuses on the intersection of technology and societal trends with organizational culture, ethics and trust. At Deloitte, she leads multiple large research collaborations with academic institutions including MIT and the Fletcher School at Tufts. nbuckley@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2585 Diana Kearns-Manolatos Senior manager | Subject matter specialist | Deloitte Services LP Diana Kearns-Manolatos Senior manager | Subject matter specialist | Deloitte Services LP United States Diana Kearns-Manolatos is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP’s Center for Integrated Research, where she leads Deloitte’s global research on digital transformation. She is based in New York, United States. dkearnsmanolatos@deloitte.com +1 212 436 3301 Timothy Murphy Senior Manager | Enterprise Growth & Innovation Timothy Murphy Senior Manager | Enterprise Growth & Innovation United States Tim Murphy is a senior manager in the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research where he leads research that helps build organizational resilience, overcome current business challenges, and be prepared for the disruptions of tomorrow. As a researcher and analytical scientist with Deloitte Global, he focuses on understanding how organizations are embedding resilience across the enterprise, including supply chains, talent models, and strategy. timurphy@deloitte.com +1 414 977 2252 What we’re reading Explore insights from across our network Enjoy these timely insights from other Deloitte research centers and subject matter leaders, selected for you by our research team. TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Deloitte predicts 2026 will see the gap between the promise and reality of AI narrow, as further movements towards getting it to scale are made Survey • 9-min read India economic outlook, October 2025 Strong domestic consumer demand and ongoing structural and fiscal reforms are buoying India's economic growth. Empowering Indian MSMEs is the next step toward long-term prosperity. Article • 11-min read Deloitte's research centers Explore the featured content below or visit the research centers’ publications for more insights Cross-industry Designing the C-suite for generative AI adoption Article • 6-min read Explore by topic Workforce trends Enterprise growth & innovation Technology & transformation Environmental & social issues Economics Explore by topic Consumer spending Housing Business investment Globalization & international trade Fiscal & monetary policy Sustainability, equity & climate Labor markets Prices & inflation Consumer ConsumerSignals collection Collection EXPLORE BY sector Automotive Consumer products Food Retail, wholesale & distribution Hospitality Airlines & transportation Energy & industrials 2026 Energy, Resources, and Industrials Outlooks Collection Explore by sector Aerospace & defense Chemicals & specialty materials Engineering & construction Industrial manufacturing Mining & metals Oil & gas Power & utilities Renewable energy Financial services FSI Predictions Collection Explore by sector Banking & capital markets Commercial real estate Insurance Investment management Government & public services Government Trends 2025 Article Explore by sector Defense, security & justice Government health care State & local government Whole of government Transportation & infrastructure Human services Higher education Life sciences & health care Advancing health through alternative sites of care Article • 12-min read Explore by sector Hospitals, health systems & providers Pharmaceutical manufacturers Health plans & payers Medtech and health tech organizations Tech, media & telecom 2025 Digital Media Trends: Social platforms are becoming a dominant force in media and entertainment Article Explore by sector Technology Media & entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Explore Deloitte Insights Helping future-focused leaders navigate what's next RELEVANT INSIGHTS Making waves: How Gen Zs and millennials are prioritizing—and driving—change in the workplace Article • 6-min read Unlocking the power of AI Article • 10-min read Reimagine your tech talent strategy: Talent, not technology, may be your secret weapon Article • 14-min read CONNECT AND EXPLORE Videos Discover a world of insights with our video content. 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For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Article • 7-min read • 22 December 2025 • Deloitte Global Economics Research Center Share linkedin twitter facebook Print Weekly Global Economic Update What’s happening this week in economics? Deloitte’s team of economists examines news and trends from around the world. Ira Kalish United States Ira Kalish Chief Global Economist | Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu United States Ira Kalish is the chief global economist of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd. He is a specialist in global economic issues and the effects of economic, demographic, and social trends on the global business environment. ikalish@deloitte.com Week of December 22, 2025 Chinese economy continues to show signs of weakness US job market data indicates weakness US retail sales data indicate weakness US inflation data offers little useful information Three major central banks decide on policy Chinese economy continues to show signs of weakness The Chinese government recently released data for several indicators of economy activity, with the preponderance of data suggesting continued weakening of the Chinese economy, especially with respect to domestic demand. This is important given the current challenges to trade growth that China faces. A spokesman for the government said that “the economy still faces multiple challenges of external instability and uncertainty as well as insufficient effective domestic demand.” He said that boosting domestic demand is a priority of macroeconomic policy. Yet despite more aggressive fiscal and monetary policy over the past year, domestic demand has remained dormant. Let’s look at the details. The most onerous indicator was fixed asset investment . In the first 11 months of 2025, it fell 2.6% from the previous year, marking the weakest performance since June 2020. In large part, the weakness was driven by an accelerated decline in property investment, which declined 15.9% from a year earlier. This suggests that the troubles in the property market are worsening. Until recently, the weakness in fixed asset investment was mainly due to the decline in property investment. That is no longer true. When property is excluded, investment rose only 0.8% from a year earlier. This included a 1.1% drop in infrastructure investment and a very modest 1.9% increase in manufacturing investment. The increasing decline in property investment comes as prices of new homes fall further. In November, the price of new homes in China’s 70 largest cities was down 2.4% from a year earlier, the sharpest slowdown since August. Prices were down 2.1% in Beijing, 5.1% in Shanghai, 4.3% in Guangzhou, and 3.7% in Shenzhen. This trend persists despite government efforts to stimulate activity. This has included cutting mortgage interest rates and offering tax relief and subsidies to property developers. The decline in property values has reduced household wealth and contributed to subdued consumer spending. The government reported that retail sales rose a very modest 1.3% increase in retail sales in November versus a year earlier. This was the slowest increase since December 2022. This was partly due to the end of government subsidies for appliance purchases. Sales of appliances and audio-visual equipment fell 19.4% from a year earlier. In addition, sales of automobiles fell 8.3%. On the other hand, sales of communications equipment rose a strong 20.6%. Overall, however, consumer engagement remains modest. This is likely a challenge for the government, which is attempting to boost domestic demand. Finally, the Chinese government reported that industrial production was up 4.8% in November versus a year earlier, the slowest growth since August 2024. The manufacturing component was up 4.6% from a year earlier, slower than the 4.9% growth clocked in October. Within manufacturing, 31 of 40 industries experienced growth in November. This included automotive (up 11.9%), computers and communication (up 9.2%), and railway and shipbuilding (up 11.9%). The continued growth of automotive production, along with continued declining sales of automobiles, implies that exports are strong. If not, then there could be excess capacity and declining prices. Given US tariffs and ongoing trade tensions with other countries, China will need to accelerate domestic demand for growth to remain stable. Current efforts to boost domestic demand have so far been inadequate. One problem might be that, when consumers are given incentives to spend more on a particular category, they wind up spending less on other categories. This suggests the need for structural reforms meant to reduce consumer saving. Indeed, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently urged China to accelerate structural reforms. Specifically, the IMF suggested that China take steps to resolve local government debt problems as well as troubles in the property market. In addition, the IMF suggested social reforms meant to quell household savings. --> US job market data indicates weakness Since April, 119,000 new jobs have been created in the United States. That is 17,000 jobs per month. This comes from the recent US government report on the job market. The headlines said that 64,000 jobs were created in November, which is not a bad number. Yet the revised data for recent months indicate that job growth has slowed considerably. For the Federal Reserve, which is tasked by the US Congress with minimizing inflation and maximizing employment, this data may provide justification for easing monetary policy. On the other hand, as Fed Chair Powell has suggested, the weakness of job growth likely has much to do with the drastic decline in net immigration. If so, then the shift in job growth simply reflects the impact of changing demographics on the supply of labor and doesn’t necessarily imply economic weakness. However, a rise in the unemployment rate and a deceleration of wage growth suggest otherwise. In any event, let’s look at the numbers. The US government produces a monthly report on the job market that is composed of the results of two surveys: one is a survey of households, the other a survey of establishments. The establishment survey found that, in November, 64,000 new jobs were created. This followed a decline in employment of 105,000 in October. In three of the past seven months, employment has declined. Of the 64,000 jobs created in November, 28,000 were in construction. Of that, more than 23,000 were involved in non-residential construction. This might have to do with the rolling out of data centers. Meanwhile, employment in manufacturing declined. In addition, employment declined in wholesale trade as well as transportation and warehousing. It also declined in the information sector, the financial services sector, the leisure and hospitality sector, and the government sector. Notably, employment increased by 64,000 in the health care and social assistance sector, thereby accounting for all the job growth in November. This concentration of job growth suggests significant weakness in the private sector job market. Also, the establishment survey found that average hourly earnings of workers were up 3.5% in November versus a year earlier. That is the smallest increase since May 2021. This is happening even though inflation is accelerating modestly. That means that real (inflation-adjusted) wage growth is declining. It also suggests a softness in the demand for labor. That, in turn, would be a key consideration for the Federal Reserve. For the Fed, the challenge is that this weakening of the job market is happening even as inflation worsens. Fed Chair Powell has suggested that tariff-related inflation will be temporary. Hence, the decision to cut the benchmark interest rate in the last several months. Meanwhile, the separate survey of households, which includes data on self-employment, found that the number of people participating in the labor force grew by 323,000 in the past two months. Yet employment grew by only 96,000. The result was that the unemployment rate increased from 4.4% in September to 4.6% in November (data for October was not available). The 4.6% rate is the highest since September 2021. As recently as June the unemployment rate was 4.1%. This increase suggests softer labor demand and offers justification for a tightening of monetary policy. In response to the jobs report, yields fell modestly for both short-term and long-term bonds. US equity prices fell as well. Investors appeared to interpret the report as evidence of economic weakness, thereby boosting the likelihood of further Fed rate cuts. Indeed, futures markets’ implied probability of multiple rate cuts in 2026 increased slightly on the day of the report. US retail sales data indicate weakness Retail sales in the United States did not increase from September to October, according to the latest government report. The government is still catching up from the disruption caused by the government shutdown. Normally, by now we would be awaiting the report on retail sales for November. Nevertheless, the latest data is helpful for understanding the trajectory of the US economy. Let’s look at the data. In October, US retail sales (not adjusted for inflation) were unchanged from September and rose 3.5% from a year earlier. This was the weakest performance since May when sales declined. Notably, retail sales at motor vehicle and parts dealers declined 1.6% from the previous month. Excluding the impact of automotive, retail sales rose 0.4% from the previous month. Meanwhile, sales declined at home improvement stores, drug stores, gasoline stations, and restaurants. Sales were up strongly at clothing stores, department stores, and non-store retailers. The weakness in consumer spending at retail establishments likely has several explanations. First, job growth has declined while job availability is less than previously. Second, wages, while still rising faster than inflation, are growing more slowly than previously. Third, there is increasing financial stress for many households as evidenced by the rise in delinquencies on credit card and automotive debt. Finally, surveys show that consumer confidence is historically low, thereby having a negative impact on the willingness of consumers to engage in discretionary spending. US inflation data offers little useful information Inflation eased substantially in November, according to the latest release of the government’s data. Yet there is good reason to interpret these numbers with caution. There was no inflation report for October due to the government shutdown. As such, the government did not have numbers for October on which to base changes in November. The government most likely kept the October numbers unchanged from September, which could have distorted the November numbers making them appear lower than is probably the case. In the next month, this process may reverse, potentially resulting in higher-than-normal inflation. After that, we can expect the inflation numbers to revert to reality, thereby providing investors and Fed policymakers with valid data on which to base decisions. In any event, here is what the government reported . Consumer prices were up 2.7% in November versus a year earlier, down sharply from the 3% recorded for September. There was no data reported on the change from October to November. When volatile food and energy prices are excluded, core prices rose 2.6% in November from a year earlier, down sharply from 3% in September. The government’s 38-page report detailing the change in consumer prices in hundreds of categories has many blank spaces, something I’ve never seen before. This can be attributed to the government shutdown. Meanwhile, investor reaction was muted possibly because investors viewed this data as incomplete or less reliable than usual. More importantly, this report did not offer the Fed much actionable information. And it is likely that the next report on December prices will also be of limited usefulness. Thus, the Fed may have to wait until the January data before it can make reasonable inferences about the direction of inflation. As such, its earlier inclination to hold rates steady for a while might make sense for now. Three major central banks decide on policy The European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) policy committee expects inflation to continue decelerating toward the ECB’s 2% target. Moreover, it reported that it now expects economic growth in the coming year to be stronger than previously anticipated. As such, it recently chose to leave its three benchmark interest rates unchanged. In her press conference, ECB President Christine Lagarde said that “the economy has been resilient.” She pointed to healthy growth of consumer spending, business investment, and exports. In addition, she said that growth was primarily driven by services, “especially in the information and communications sectors.” On the other hand, industry and construction “remained flat.” She called the labor market “robust,” but noted that the job vacancy rate has fallen to the lowest level since the pandemic. That suggests less wage pressure going forward, which would be favorable for inflation. Finally, she said that government investment in infrastructure and defense should boost growth but that trade tensions will likely “remain a drag on growth” in the coming year. The decision by the ECB was expected by many investors. As such, there was no significant movement in asset prices or in the value of the euro. Futures markets now expect the ECB to leave rates steady in 2026 with a small probability that it will hike rates later in the year, depending on what happens to inflation and employment. Meanwhile, central banks in Norway, Sweden, and the Czech Republic kept their policy rates unchanged today. As expected, the Bank of England (BOE) cut its benchmark interest rate recently. The vote was close, however. The committee voted five to four to cut the rate, with four members voting to keep the rate unchanged. Unlike the US Fed, it is common for committee members at the BOE to vote differently. This kind of open debate is considered healthy, and, in contrast to the Fed, there tends to be less deference to the central bank’s leader. In any event, BOE Governor Andrew Bailey said that “we’ve passed the recent peak in inflation, and it continues to fall, so we have cut interest rates for the sixth time to 3.75% today. We still think rates are on a gradual path downward. But with every cut we make, how much further we go becomes a closer call.” Indeed, it was a close call. Plus, going forward the BOE will likely look for evidence that inflation remains subdued before cutting further. Going forward, the BOE will have to navigate conflicting signals. On the one hand, inflation remains too high, although it shows signs of decelerating. On the other hand, the economy remains weak, although the labor market remains tight. This combination of factors suggests a likelihood of a gradual and cautious easing of policy in the months to come. An interesting combination of events took place in Japan last week. The government reported that inflation, while steady, remains higher than the Bank of Japan’s (BOJ’s) target. Because of that, and as expected, the BOJ boosted the benchmark interest rate to the highest level in 30 years. This, in turn, led the yield on the government’s 10-year bond to hit the highest level since 1999 . The expansive fiscal plans of the government also contributed to the high bond yield. And yet the value of the yen depreciated against the US dollar, because the BOJ did not signal an intention to continue raising rates in 2026 . Also, a combination of higher bond yields and a cheaper yen suggests that the yen carry trade is over. Let’s look at the details. The Japanese government reported that consumer prices rose 2.9% in November versus a year earlier, lower than the 3% recorded in October and the same as in September. Meanwhile, when food and energy prices are excluded, so-called core-core inflation was 3% in November, lower than in October and the same as in September. Although inflation is neither accelerating, nor decelerating, the BOJ, continues to focus on its 2% target. Consequently, the BOJ raised the benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points to 0.75%, the highest since 1995. As such, this could be the end of the era of deflationary pressure and zero interest rates. Meanwhile, the government of Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi has proposed a budget for the coming fiscal year that will boost spending. This comes following passage of a supplemental budget earlier this week. It was the largest supplemental budget since the pandemic. This significant boost to spending, funded by issuance of debt, is meant to stimulate economic activity. The policy involves additional spending to fund 17 priority areas including semiconductors and AI. In addition, it involves funding free school lunches, repealing a gasoline tax surcharge, and additional defense spending. But some investors are becoming concerned that, in a country that already has the highest debt-to-GDP ratio of any major developed economy, additional debt issuance could be problematic. Hence, bond yields have risen. As for the BOJ, investors likely expected it to signal further rate hikes in the coming year. It did this, but hesitantly. It reported that, if economic growth and inflation behave as expected, the BOJ will “continue to raise the policy interest rate and adjust the degree of monetary accommodation.” Perhaps it was the conditional nature of that statement that influenced investor sentiment as reflected in the movement of the yen, which declined in value, a result not typically seen after a tightening of monetary policy. Week of December 15, 2025 US Federal Reserve acts and offers signals about the future Chinese exports continue to grow while tensions rise Mexico restricts trade with China US Federal Reserve acts and offers signals about the future As expected, the Federal Reserve cut the benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points—the third such cut this year. Yet nothing else that happened was expected. First, the decision was not unanimous; rather, three of the 12 members of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which makes policy, dissented. There were two members who wanted to keep the rate unchanged, and one wanting to cut the rate by 50 basis points. There had not been three dissents in six years. Moreover, although the Fed signaled the possibility of another rate cut in 2026, given the president is expected to appoint a new Fed chair in 2026, this is uncertain. It is likely that the new appointee may favor a more rapid easing of monetary policy. Then the question will be whether the new chair can convince the other members of the FOMC to shift policy. The Fed’s decision to cut the rate to between 3.5% and 3.75% was based on the view that the economy will see stronger grow in 2026 than previously expected and that inflation will be lower. Specifically, FOMC members offered their forecasts for growth and inflation. The median expected economic growth in 2026 stands at 2.3%, up from 1.8% in September. The median forecast for PCE-deflator inflation in 2026 is 2.4%, down from 2.6% in September. In his press conference today, Fed Chair Jerome Powell said that “conditions in the labor market appear to be gradually cooling, and inflation remains somewhat elevated.” In other words, there is reason to be concerned about both employment and inflation. Yet, given that inflation is now expected to be a bit lower than previously anticipated, and given concern about job market conditions, the FOMC chose to cut the benchmark rate. On the other hand, the median forecast is that the Fed will only cut the rate once in 2026, suggesting that the committee remains concerned about inflation. In his press conference, Powell noted that consumer spending and business investment continue to grow at a healthy pace. On the other hand, he pointed to weakness in the housing market as concerning. Powell also noted a sharp slowdown in employment growth. He said that “a good part of the slowing likely reflects a decline in the growth of the labor force, due to lower immigration and labor force participation, though labor demand has clearly softened as well. In this less dynamic and somewhat softer labor market, the downside risks to employment appear to have risen in recent months.” On inflation, Powell said that the Fed did not have the necessary and up-to-date information due to the government shutdown. Still, available data indicated a largely tariff-driven acceleration in inflation. Yet tariffs mainly influence goods prices while Powell noted a deceleration in services inflation. That, in turn, might reflect the weakening labor market, especially as many services are labor-intensive. Powell summarized the situation by saying that “risks to inflation are tilted to the upside and risks to employment to the downside—a challenging situation. There is no risk-free path for policy as we navigate this tension between our employment and inflation goals. A reasonable base case is that the effects of tariffs on inflation will be relatively short-lived—effectively a one-time shift in the price level. Our obligation is to make sure that a one-time increase in the price level does not become an ongoing inflation problem. But with downside risks to employment having risen in recent months, the balance of risks has shifted.” Going forward, the Fed indicated that future decisions will depend on data. Perhaps the data of most interest will be the degree to which companies pass on the cost of tariffs to their customers. If they pass on the lion’s share of their increased costs, then inflation will rise significantly. If so, it will justify the Fed’s inclination to keep rates stable. On the other hand, a new chair will likely take a different view, given what we know about the US administration’s views on monetary policy. Historically, the FOMC has given considerable deference to the views of the chair. Yet if a new chair takes a radically different view, there could wind up being more division within the Fed. That, in turn, would create more uncertainty for investors trying to infer the future trajectory of policy. Aside from cutting the benchmark interest rate, there are some other interesting aspects of Fed policy and organization worth noting: First, in addition to the interest rate cut, the Fed announced that it will engage in US$40 billion in monthly purchases of short-term Treasury bonds. Previously, the Fed had been selling assets as part of an effort to reduce the size of its balance sheet. This quantitative tightening, as it came to be known, was effectively a tightening of monetary policy. Now that the Fed has shifted to easing policy, it made no sense to sell assets. The end of asset sales had been anticipated. However, the large size of the asset purchases on which the Fed is now embarking was surprising to some observers. Still, Chair Powell said that this decision is not part of the monetary policy mix. Rather, it is meant to stabilize the country’s financial plumbing, especially given recent volatility in short-term funding markets. It will also help the Treasury to fund its massive sale of bonds to cover the budget deficit. Second, although three members of the 12-member Federal Open Market Committee dissented on the decision to cut the benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points, there were four nonvoting regional Fed bank presidents who voted to keep rates unchanged. The FOMC comprises seven members of the Federal Reserve Board and five of the 12 regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents. The five always include the New York Fed president and four rotating presidents. The eight regional Fed presidents currently not serving on the FOMC can still express their views. And, in this case, four of them said no to an interest rate cut. This is significant because, over a short period of time, these presidents will return to the committee. It suggests the possibility of greater division among Fed policymakers going forward—especially if the president appoints a Fed chair next year who favors rapid easing of monetary policy. Meanwhile, the US administration has indicated a preference for reducing the power of the regional Fed bank presidents. Yet, despite that, the seven-member board voted unanimously to approve the reappointment of 11 of the regional Fed bank presidents, with new terms beginning in March 2026. The regional Fed bank presidents are appointed by the commercial banks that are members of the Fed. The decision to approve the reappointment appears to reinforce the Fed’s independence but has likely set the stage for more division in the year to come. Finally, in his press conference after the Fed’s announcement, Chair Powell said that the professional staff at the Fed believes that the government’s employment numbers are likely overstated. That is, the official numbers indicate faster employment growth than is actually taking place. Specifically, Powell said that, although the official data indicates recent average job growth of 40,000 jobs per month, the true number could be a loss of 20,000 jobs per month. The reason for the difference has to do with the method used by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Given its lack of visibility regarding the creation or destruction of businesses, it guesses the number of jobs created or destroyed, based on a statistical model that often overestimates job creation, thereby leading to periodic downward revisions. The BLS plans to change the method in February, which could lead to more accurate numbers. The significance of Powell’s remarks is that, if the Fed believes that job growth has been far worse than reported, it makes sense for the Fed to ease monetary policy. Chinese exports continue to grow while tensions rise China’s exports rebounded in November while exports to the United States continued to decline sharply in the face of tariffs. Meanwhile, China’s trade surplus surged to over US$1 trillion. Other countries are complaining about China’s trade surplus , mainly because their industries feel threatened by intense competition from China’s increasingly competitive exports. Yet the Chinese trade surplus principally reflects China’s excess savings, which is funneled into foreign investment. Let’s look at the details: In November, China’s exports (denominated in US dollars) were up 5.9% from a year earlier, hitting the highest level in eleven months. Exports were up 4.3% to Japan, up 12.8% to Taiwan, up 35.8% to Australia, up 14.8% to the European Union, and up 8.2% to ASEAN (Southeast Asia). Meanwhile, exports to the United States were down 28.6% from a year earlier. Although the United States and China have reached a temporary agreement on trade, the deal leaves in place very high US tariffs on imports from China. China’s trade with Southeast Asia has been expanding for several years and continued to grow rapidly in 2025. For example, Chinese exports to the six largest economies in Southeast Asia were up 23.5% in the first nine months of 2025 versus a year earlier. Ever since the United States raised tariffs on China during the first Trump administration, there has been a shift in exports away from the United States and toward Southeast Asia. This has often involved sending components to Southeast Asia to be assembled into final goods for export to the United States. This year that process accelerated, as the United States imposed steeper tariffs on Chinese imports. The United States, however, has warned against transshipment of goods from China through Southeast Asia to the United States. It has threatened steeper tariffs on goods deemed to have been transshipped. Moreover, this year, the United States imposed steep tariffs on Southeast Asian countries as well. Still, US imports from Vietnam, for example, were up 28% from December to August. Also, China’s strong exports to the European Union have drawn criticism from some European leaders concerned about China’s ability to compete vigorously in such categories as automobiles and capital goods. This comes as Europe faces a trade war with the United States that involves a significant increase in US tariffs on European goods. Germany, which used to have a trade surplus with China in capital goods, now has a deficit as China has boosted its competitiveness in this area. In November, Chinese automobile exports were up 16.7% from a year earlier. The result is growing support in Europe for restrictions on Chinese imports. Meanwhile, China’s imports grew modestly in November, up 1.9% from a year earlier. Imports from the United States were down 13.2%, likely because of declining imports of inputs needed to produce exports to the country. At the same time, imports were down modestly from ASEAN and the European Union. Commodity imports were down sharply while imports of more advanced products were up strongly. For example, coal imports were down 33.5% in November from a year earlier while refined oil imports were down 19.3%; natural gas imports were down 14.3%. In part, this reflected lower prices. On the other hand, imports of automatic data equipment were up 18.2% while imports of high-tech products were up 8.8%. The latter two categories contributed to China’s growing production of high-tech products. The rising Chinese trade surplus—which has generated criticism by many of China’s trading partners—largely reflects increasing Chinese investment overseas. Essentially, China is a high-saving country, saving more than it invests and sending the surplus overseas. The trade surplus is the counterpart to this overseas investment. That is, when China exports more than it imports, it accumulates foreign currency that can only be invested overseas. If China reduced its savings, it would import more and have a lower trade surplus. The result would be less net investment overseas. The Chinese government is evidently aware of this process and is likely concerned about foreign governments potentially imposing restrictions on Chinese trade. As such, China’s president recently said that “it is essential to adhere to domestic demand as the main driver, building a strong domestic market.” Among the ways to make this happen are appreciation of the renminbi, which would reduce the cost of imports, fiscal support for households, and structural reforms meant to encourage more spending and less saving. For example, improving the social safety net could have this effect. China has taken some steps in this direction. At the same time, it continues to promote exports of high value–added goods, in which Chinese competitiveness is growing. This includes information technology and clean-energy products. Mexico restricts trade with China Mexico is keen to maintain a friendly economic relationship with the United States, especially as negotiations to renew the free-trade agreement between the two countries begin. As such, it is working hard to avoid the possibility of Chinese goods being transshipped from China to the United States through Mexico. Thus, Mexico has announced tariffs of up to 50% on imports of Chinese automobiles and other goods. Moreover, to avoid the appearance that China is being singled out, Mexico also implemented tariffs on imports from other countries with which Mexico does not have a trade agreement. In all, imports of 1,400 products will face higher tariffs. Mexico is the biggest trading partner of the United States. But Mexico has also had a growing relationship with China, with Chinese imports hitting US$130 billion last year—up 75% since 2020. China is now Mexico’s second largest trading partner. In fact, in the first half of 2025, Mexico was the biggest purchaser of automobiles exported from China. Now, with steeper tariffs, it is likely that Mexican exports to China may decline significantly. Mexican consumers are expected to face higher prices for cars, some appliances, and other goods. Yet Mexico evidently wants to demonstrate to the United States that it is trying to avoid transshipment. Still, by including tariffs on other trading partners for whom there have been no complaints about unfair trade practices (such as South Korea and Brazil), Mexico may risk undermining trading relations with those countries. Under the terms of the United States–Mexico–Canada (USMCA) agreement—the free-trade agreement between the three countries that succeeded NAFTA, negotiated by the first Trump administration—the deal will be reviewed in 2026 and could wind up significantly different. Mexico hopes to mostly retain free access to the US market but might worry that the United States may seek to reduce the trading relationship. Currently, about 90% of Mexican exports to the United States are tariff-free. Yet goods not covered by the USMCA are now subject to a 25% tariff. Meanwhile, there has been talk about the United States ditching the USMCA and negotiating separate bilateral trade deals with Mexico and Canada. Not surprisingly, China is not pleased with Mexico’s actions. The government urged Mexico to “correct its erroneous practices of unilateralism and protectionism as soon as possible.” In addition, the Chinese government said that Mexico is “under coercion to constrain China.” Regardless, it looks like this year’s major shift in US trade policy is already having a spillover impact on other countries’ trading policies. Week of December 8, 2025 Some comments on the ‘safe haven’ role of the US dollar Potential global impact of Japanese monetary policy More signs of US job market weakness The fiscal impact of US tariffs Eurozone inflation accelerates slightly Some comments on the ‘safe haven’ role of the US dollar In early April, there was a narrative from some economists and investors around a “capital flight” from the United States, following the US administration’s announcement of steep tariffs. Immediately after the announcement, US bond yields increased while the value of the US dollar declined. Normally, a relative rise in US bond yields would have pushed up the value of the dollar. Instead, there was investor concern about the sharp shift of US trade policy toward tariffs, the uncertainty about the future of the policy, and concerns about the trajectory of US fiscal policy. Many investors became wary of holding assets denominated in US dollars and started to shift toward other assets such as the Japanese yen, the Swiss franc, and gold. However, in the months that followed the April tariff announcement, investors returned to dollar-based assets , largely because of the attractiveness of US equities and expectations of further easing of US monetary policy. As a result, bond yields declined from their peak, while the value of the US dollar rebounded slightly. This mostly reflected enthusiasm regarding investment in artificial intelligence. Still, many foreign investors in US equities reportedly engaged in hedging strategies to manage currency risk. On the other hand, a new report from the Bank for International Settlements (BIS)—the banker to the world’s central banks—suggests that the traditional safe-asset role of the US dollar has diminished compared to other favorable assets. The BIS noted that “historically, as safe-haven assets, US Treasuries tended to exhibit positive correlations with other safe assets—for example, bonds issued by highly rated sovereigns or gold—as well as with gauges of uncertainty and risk appetite such as the VIX [volatility index]. However, these correlations have approached zero since April, possibly indicating a weakening of US Treasuries’ safe-haven properties. By contrast, the prices in other core bond markets have not been subject to similar shifts.” If this analysis is correct, it bodes poorly for the US government’s ability to issue large amounts of debt with impunity. Until now, investors tended to dismiss concerns about the burgeoning debt of the US government, confident that the safe-haven properties of US Treasuries would offset the impact of excessive debt. That might no longer be the case. Going forward, US bond yields could rise sharply if fiscal concerns intensify. Still, use of the US dollar in international transactions is now higher than during the past quarter-century, accounting for almost half of all transactions. And despite the increased role of the Chinese renminbi, it still only accounts for 3.2% of all transactions. Thus, while investor preferences may be shifting, the US dollar’s central position in global transactions does not appear to be under threat. Potential global impact of Japanese monetary policy As investors await a decision from the Bank of Japan (BOJ) to raise the benchmark interest rate, they are concerned that the yen-carry trade could shut down, thereby disrupting global financial markets. The BOJ has already indicated a likelihood of raising the benchmark interest rate, given concerns about persistent inflation. Futures markets are now pricing a two-thirds probability that the BOJ will raise the rate at its next policy committee meeting later this month. For a very long time, the benchmark interest rate was very low, even negative for a while. This fact encouraged investors to borrow cheaply in yen and purchase high-yielding assets in other currencies. This was known as the yen-carry trade. It was very profitable, so long as the value of the yen did not rise sharply—and it didn’t. Yet now, in anticipation of higher short-term rates, Japanese bond yields have risen sharply, offering investors better returns on yen-denominated assets. This, in turn, has contributed to higher bond yields in the United States and Germany as Japanese demand for foreign bonds has diminished. As such, a further tightening of Japanese monetary policy could have global implications. Of particular concern would be emerging market (EM) assets. The yen-carry trade partly involved investors borrowing in yen to purchase EM assets. This, in turn, put downward pressure on EM bond yields. If the carry trade shuts down or diminishes, EM governments could face higher borrowing costs. More signs of US job market weakness Because of the recent US government shutdown, the next official report on labor market conditions due in November will not be published until Dec. 16, 2025, after the Federal Reserve’s policy committee meets to set interest rates. Thus, Fed leadership will have to rely on other pieces of information to assess the state of the job market. One such piece is the estimate of private sector employment published by ADP, a payroll-processing company. The ADP report is often, but not always, a good predictor of official numbers. Last week, ADP released its estimate for November . It said that the number of private sector jobs fell by 32,000 from October to November—the biggest decline since March 2023. Moreover, ADP estimates that private sector employment fell in four of the last six months. This report led investors to boost their expectations of a rate cut from the Fed this month. For futures markets, the implied probability of a rate cut in December increased from 88% on the day the data was published to 89% the day after. As such, the yield on the government’s two-year bond fell . The chief economist at ADP commented that “Hiring has been choppy of late as employers weather cautious consumers and an uncertain macroeconomic environment. And while November’s slowdown was broad-based, it was led by a pullback among small businesses.” Indeed, numbers show that, in November, employment fell sharply for establishments with fewer than 50 employees. This was partly offset by strong growth in establishments with 50 or more employees. Meanwhile, ADP estimated that employment fell sharply in manufacturing, information, and professional and business services. On the other hand, employment grew at a healthy pace in education and health services as well as in leisure and hospitality. This is similar to the pattern seen in the government’s jobs report for October. Overall, this report is consistent with the view that the US job market has softened. Yet it is unclear if that is only due to weak demand. Rather, the shift in immigration policy has slowed labor force growth. Consequently, it is likely that the job growth slowdown partly reflects both weakening supply and demand in the labor market. Unless there is an offsetting acceleration in labor productivity, slower employment growth will result in slower economic growth. The fiscal impact of US tariffs How much revenue has the US government collected since tariffs were substantially increased? And how does the revenue compare with the value of imports? These are important questions and, thankfully, we have answers from a Peterson Institute analysis. First, the analysis says that the US government generated US$149 billion in tariff revenue from January through August of this year—a significant increase from the previous year when tariffs rates were very low. In the same period, the federal government’s budget deficit was US$1,865 billion. This means that tariffs had only a modest impact on the budget deficit. At a recent meeting in Paris on the sidelines of the OECD’s annual meeting, I heard the administration’s interim chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, Pierre Yared, state that tariff revenue is reducing the budget deficit, thereby removing any concern about the fiscal effects of the One Big Beautiful Bill. Yet, if tariffs lead to a further reduction in imports, revenue will decline, reducing the fiscal impact. The administration has also suggested that tariffs can lead to reshoring of manufacturing, which implies a reduction in imports of manufactured goods. That, in turn, suggests a decline in tariff revenue. Meanwhile, the Peterson Institute also states that tariff revenue is about 10.2% of the value of imported goods. This is lower than the 17% tariff rate estimated by the Yale Budget Lab . But the Peterson Institutes also accounts for exemptions, exclusions, delays, and other offsets. Still, this effective tariff rate is historically high. Moreover, it is having variable effects depending on the country from which imports arrive, and the types of products imported. The report says that, in August, tariff revenue was 16% of the value of imported consumer goods. The figure was 11.5% for industrial intermediate goods, 6.7% for capital goods, and 1.3% for raw materials. However, the report notes that, in August, most companies had not yet passed on most of the cost of tariffs to their customers. Thus, the impact on consumer prices was modest. In part, this is because companies are not marking up old inventory. However, it is likely that there will be greater passing through of costs in the months to come, thereby leading to higher inflation. Also, the report found that the effective tariff rate in August was 37.1% for imports from China, 16.4% for Japan, 9.2% for the European Union, 4.7% for Mexico, and 3.7% for Canada. The very high tariff on Chinese imports is already leading to a substantial diversion of trade away from China. The low rates for Mexico and Canada reflect the exemption for goods covered by the free trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, which will be renegotiated in 2026. Eurozone inflation accelerates slightly Inflation in the Eurozone accelerated slightly in November , although it remains low and close to the target of the European Central Bank (ECB). The European Union reports that, in November, consumer prices in the Eurozone were up 2.2% from a year earlier. This is up from 2.1% in October. On the other hand, the European Union reports that prices fell 0.3% from October to November. When volatile food and energy prices are excluded, core prices were up 2.4% in November from a year earlier. This was the same as in September and October. However, core prices fell 0.5% from October to November, suggesting that inflation is starting to weaken. Most notable was the acceleration in services inflation. In November, the price of services was up 3.5% from a year earlier—the highest since April 2025. However, service prices were down 0.8% from October to November. Services inflation is important because services represent the largest share of consumer spending. Moreover, services tend to be labor-intensive and are sensitive to labor market conditions. The fact that annual services inflation accelerated in November will likely be of concern to the European Central Bank (ECB). The ECB policy committee will meet on Dec. 18, 2025. ECB President Lagarde recently stated that the rates “we settled on at the last meetings are, in my view, set correctly.” Meanwhile, futures markets signaled a probability of 30% for a rate cut by June; in other words, investors believe that the ECB likely has no reason to ease policy further, especially if inflationary pressures remain. By country, inflation in November was 2.6% in Germany, 0.8% in France, 1.1% in Italy, 3.1% in Spain, 2.6% in the Netherlands, and 2.6% in Belgium. December 2025 UPDATES Week of Dec 22, 2025 Week of Dec 15, 2025 Week of Dec 8, 2025 Archive View previous updates By Ira Kalish United States Ira Kalish Chief Global Economist | Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu United States Ira Kalish is the chief global economist of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd. He is a specialist in global economic issues and the effects of economic, demographic, and social trends on the global business environment. ikalish@deloitte.com Share linkedin twitter facebook Print Acknowledgments Editorial : Rupesh Bhat, Arpan Saha, and Aparna Prusty Audience development : Kelly Cherry Cover image by : Sofia Sergi Copyright Copyright © 2026 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited Visit the Deloitte Global Economics Research Cen | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Browser / highlight.run SDK / iframe Recording iframe Recording Recording within iframe elements Highlight will recreate an iframe with the same src. The iframe will not load if the src's origin has a restrictive X-Frame-Options header. Highlight only supports recording same-origin iframes because of browsers' same-origin policy. If it's possible to init Highlight within the iframe , you can record the events within as a separate session in your same project. If your iframe source becomes invalid after some time or will not render content when inserted in a different domain or website, the recording will not show the correct content that the user saw. Recording a cross-origin iframe element Cross-origin iframes are <iframe> elements in your app that reference a domain considered to be of a different origin . When your iframe uses a src tag pointing to a different origin, the iframe is not accessible from the parent page. However, the iframe can still emit messages that the parent page can hear. To support cross-origin iframes, we added functionality into our recording client that allows the iframe to forward its events to the parent session. All you need to do is add the Highlight snippet to both the parent window and the iframe. Ensure you are using highlight.run 7.1.0 or newer. Then, set the following option on both of the H.init calls: in the parent window and in the iframe. import { H } from 'highlight.run' H.init('<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>', { recordCrossOriginIframe: true, }) Ensure that you add the H.init call to both the parent page and the iframe page, and that you've set recordCrossOriginIframe in both H.init calls . Recording cross-origin iframe contents with no access to parent window If you are running an application that is deployed into a cross-origin iframe of a parent application that you do not control, you can record the session by setting the recordCrossOriginIframe option to false in the H.init call in the iframe. By default without that option, the SDK will assume that the iframe is waiting for an initialization method from highlight in the parent window, but setting the option to false will start recording for the iframe in standalone mode. You will find a session with just the contents of the iframe in highlight. 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https://dev.to/yunwei37/ebpf-tutorial-bpf-iterators-for-kernel-data-export-137f | eBPF Tutorial: BPF Iterators for Kernel Data Export - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse 云微 Posted on Jan 13 eBPF Tutorial: BPF Iterators for Kernel Data Export # ebpf # iterator # kernel Ever tried monitoring hundreds of processes and ended up parsing thousands of /proc files just to find the few you care about? Or needed custom formatted kernel data but didn't want to modify the kernel itself? Traditional /proc filesystem access is slow, inflexible, and forces you to process tons of data in userspace even when you only need a small filtered subset. This is what BPF Iterators solve. Introduced in Linux kernel 5.8, iterators let you traverse kernel data structures directly from BPF programs, apply filters in-kernel, and output exactly the data you need in any format you want. In this tutorial, we'll build a dual-mode iterator that shows kernel stack traces and open file descriptors for processes, with in-kernel filtering by process name - dramatically faster than parsing /proc . The complete source code: https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial/tree/main/src/features/bpf_iters Introduction to BPF Iterators: The /proc Replacement The Problem: /proc is Slow and Rigid Traditional Linux monitoring revolves around the /proc filesystem. Need to see what processes are doing? Read /proc/*/stack . Want open files? Parse /proc/*/fd/* . This works, but it's painfully inefficient when you're monitoring systems at scale or need specific filtered views of kernel data. The performance problem is systemic. Every /proc access requires a syscall, kernel mode transition, text formatting, data copy to userspace, and then you parse that text back into structures. If you want stack traces for all "bash" processes among 1000 total processes, you still read all 1000 /proc/*/stack files and filter in userspace. That's 1000 syscalls, 1000 text parsing operations, and megabytes of data transferred just to find a handful of matches. Format inflexibility compounds the problem. The kernel chooses what data to show and how to format it. Want stack traces with custom annotations? Too bad, you get the kernel's fixed format. Need to aggregate data across processes? Parse everything in userspace. The /proc interface is designed for human consumption, not programmatic filtering and analysis. Here's what traditional monitoring looks like: # Find stack traces for all bash processes for pid in $( pgrep bash ) ; do echo "=== PID $pid ===" cat /proc/ $pid /stack done Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This spawns pgrep as a subprocess, makes a syscall per matching PID to read stack files, parses text output, and does all filtering in userspace. Simple to write, horrible for performance. The Solution: Programmable In-Kernel Iteration BPF iterators flip the model. Instead of pulling all data to userspace for processing, you push your processing logic into the kernel where the data lives. An iterator is a BPF program attached to a kernel data structure traversal that gets called for each element. The kernel walks tasks, files, or sockets, invokes your BPF program with each element's context, and your code decides what to output and how to format it. The architecture is elegant. You write a BPF program marked SEC("iter/task") or SEC("iter/task_file") that receives each task or file during iteration. Inside this program, you have direct access to kernel struct fields, can filter based on any criteria using normal C logic, and use BPF_SEQ_PRINTF() to format output exactly as needed. The kernel handles the iteration mechanics while your code focuses purely on filtering and formatting. When userspace reads from the iterator file descriptor, the magic happens entirely in the kernel. The kernel walks the task list, calls your BPF program for each task passing the task_struct pointer. Your program checks if the task name matches your filter - if not, it returns 0 immediately with no output. If it matches, your program extracts the stack trace and formats it to a seq_file. All this happens in kernel context before any data crosses to userspace. The benefits are transformative. In-kernel filtering means only relevant data crosses the kernel boundary, eliminating wasted work. Custom formats let you output binary, JSON, CSV, whatever your tools need. Single read operation replaces thousands of individual /proc file accesses. Zero parsing because you formatted the data correctly in the kernel. Composability works with standard Unix tools since iterator output comes through a normal file descriptor. Iterator Types and Capabilities The kernel provides iterators for many subsystems. Task iterators ( iter/task ) walk all tasks giving you access to process state, credentials, resource usage, and parent-child relationships. File iterators ( iter/task_file ) traverse open file descriptors showing files, sockets, pipes, and other fd types. Network iterators ( iter/tcp , iter/udp ) walk active network connections with full socket state. BPF object iterators ( iter/bpf_map , iter/bpf_prog ) enumerate loaded BPF programs and maps for introspection. Our tutorial focuses on task and task_file iterators because they solve common monitoring needs and demonstrate core concepts applicable to all iterator types. Implementation: Dual-Mode Task Iterator Let's build a complete example demonstrating two iterator types in one tool. We'll create a program that can show either kernel stack traces or open file descriptors for processes, with optional filtering by process name. Complete BPF Program: task_stack.bpf.c // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 /* Kernel task stack and file descriptor iterator */ #include <vmlinux.h> #include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h> char _license [] SEC ( "license" ) = "GPL" ; #define MAX_STACK_TRACE_DEPTH 64 unsigned long entries [ MAX_STACK_TRACE_DEPTH ] = {}; #define SIZE_OF_ULONG (sizeof(unsigned long)) /* Filter: only show stacks for tasks with this name (empty = show all) */ char target_comm [ 16 ] = "" ; __u32 stacks_shown = 0 ; __u32 files_shown = 0 ; /* Task stack iterator */ SEC ( "iter/task" ) int dump_task_stack ( struct bpf_iter__task * ctx ) { struct seq_file * seq = ctx -> meta -> seq ; struct task_struct * task = ctx -> task ; long i , retlen ; int match = 1 ; if ( task == ( void * ) 0 ) { /* End of iteration - print summary */ if ( stacks_shown > 0 ) { BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , " \n === Summary: %u task stacks shown === \n " , stacks_shown ); } return 0 ; } /* Filter by task name if specified */ if ( target_comm [ 0 ] != '\0' ) { match = 0 ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 16 ; i ++ ) { if ( task -> comm [ i ] != target_comm [ i ]) break ; if ( task -> comm [ i ] == '\0' ) { match = 1 ; break ; } } if ( ! match ) return 0 ; } /* Get kernel stack trace for this task */ retlen = bpf_get_task_stack ( task , entries , MAX_STACK_TRACE_DEPTH * SIZE_OF_ULONG , 0 ); if ( retlen < 0 ) return 0 ; stacks_shown ++ ; /* Print task info and stack trace */ BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , "=== Task: %s (pid=%u, tgid=%u) === \n " , task -> comm , task -> pid , task -> tgid ); BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , "Stack depth: %u frames \n " , retlen / SIZE_OF_ULONG ); for ( i = 0 ; i < MAX_STACK_TRACE_DEPTH ; i ++ ) { if ( retlen > i * SIZE_OF_ULONG ) BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , " [%2ld] %pB \n " , i , ( void * ) entries [ i ]); } BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , " \n " ); return 0 ; } /* Task file descriptor iterator */ SEC ( "iter/task_file" ) int dump_task_file ( struct bpf_iter__task_file * ctx ) { struct seq_file * seq = ctx -> meta -> seq ; struct task_struct * task = ctx -> task ; struct file * file = ctx -> file ; __u32 fd = ctx -> fd ; long i ; int match = 1 ; if ( task == ( void * ) 0 || file == ( void * ) 0 ) { if ( files_shown > 0 && ctx -> meta -> seq_num > 0 ) { BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , " \n === Summary: %u file descriptors shown === \n " , files_shown ); } return 0 ; } /* Filter by task name if specified */ if ( target_comm [ 0 ] != '\0' ) { match = 0 ; for ( i = 0 ; i < 16 ; i ++ ) { if ( task -> comm [ i ] != target_comm [ i ]) break ; if ( task -> comm [ i ] == '\0' ) { match = 1 ; break ; } } if ( ! match ) return 0 ; } if ( ctx -> meta -> seq_num == 0 ) { BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , "%-16s %8s %8s %6s %s \n " , "COMM" , "TGID" , "PID" , "FD" , "FILE_OPS" ); } files_shown ++ ; BPF_SEQ_PRINTF ( seq , "%-16s %8d %8d %6d 0x%lx \n " , task -> comm , task -> tgid , task -> pid , fd , ( long ) file -> f_op ); return 0 ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Understanding the BPF Code The program implements two separate iterators sharing common filtering logic. The SEC("iter/task") annotation registers dump_task_stack as a task iterator - the kernel will call this function once for each task in the system. The context structure bpf_iter__task provides three critical pieces: the meta field containing iteration metadata and the seq_file for output, the task pointer to the current task_struct, and a NULL task pointer when iteration finishes so you can print summaries. The task stack iterator shows in-kernel filtering in action. When task is NULL, we've reached the end of iteration and can print summary statistics showing how many tasks matched our filter. For each task, we first apply filtering by comparing task->comm (the process name) against target_comm . We can't use standard library functions like strcmp() in BPF, so we manually loop through characters comparing byte by byte. If the names don't match and filtering is enabled, we immediately return 0 with no output - this task is skipped entirely in the kernel without crossing to userspace. Once a task passes filtering, we extract its kernel stack trace using bpf_get_task_stack() . This BPF helper captures up to 64 stack frames into our entries array, returning the number of bytes written. We format the output using BPF_SEQ_PRINTF() which writes to the kernel's seq_file infrastructure. The special %pB format specifier symbolizes kernel addresses, turning raw pointers into human-readable function names like schedule+0x42/0x100 . This makes stack traces immediately useful for debugging. The file descriptor iterator demonstrates a different iterator type. SEC("iter/task_file") tells the kernel to call this function for every open file descriptor across all tasks. The context provides task , file (the kernel's struct file pointer), and fd (the numeric file descriptor). We apply the same task name filtering, then format output as a table. Using ctx->meta->seq_num to detect the first output lets us print column headers exactly once. Notice how filtering happens before any expensive operations. We check the task name first, and only if it matches do we extract stack traces or format file information. This minimizes work in the kernel fast path - non-matching tasks are rejected with just a string comparison, no memory allocation, no formatting, no output. Complete User-Space Program: task_stack.c // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 /* Userspace program for task stack and file iterator */ #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <string.h> #include <bpf/libbpf.h> #include <bpf/bpf.h> #include "task_stack.skel.h" static int libbpf_print_fn ( enum libbpf_print_level level , const char * format , va_list args ) { return vfprintf ( stderr , format , args ); } static void run_iterator ( const char * name , struct bpf_program * prog ) { struct bpf_link * link ; int iter_fd , len ; char buf [ 8192 ]; link = bpf_program__attach_iter ( prog , NULL ); if ( ! link ) { fprintf ( stderr , "Failed to attach %s iterator \n " , name ); return ; } iter_fd = bpf_iter_create ( bpf_link__fd ( link )); if ( iter_fd < 0 ) { fprintf ( stderr , "Failed to create %s iterator: %d \n " , name , iter_fd ); bpf_link__destroy ( link ); return ; } while (( len = read ( iter_fd , buf , sizeof ( buf ) - 1 )) > 0 ) { buf [ len ] = '\0' ; printf ( "%s" , buf ); } close ( iter_fd ); bpf_link__destroy ( link ); } int main ( int argc , char ** argv ) { struct task_stack_bpf * skel ; int err ; int show_files = 0 ; libbpf_set_print ( libbpf_print_fn ); /* Parse arguments */ if ( argc > 1 && strcmp ( argv [ 1 ], "--files" ) == 0 ) { show_files = 1 ; argc -- ; argv ++ ; } /* Open BPF application */ skel = task_stack_bpf__open (); if ( ! skel ) { fprintf ( stderr , "Failed to open BPF skeleton \n " ); return 1 ; } /* Configure filter before loading */ if ( argc > 1 ) { strncpy ( skel -> bss -> target_comm , argv [ 1 ], sizeof ( skel -> bss -> target_comm ) - 1 ); printf ( "Filtering for tasks matching: %s \n\n " , argv [ 1 ]); } else { printf ( "Usage: %s [--files] [comm] \n " , argv [ 0 ]); printf ( " --files Show open file descriptors instead of stacks \n " ); printf ( " comm Filter by process name \n\n " ); } /* Load BPF program */ err = task_stack_bpf__load ( skel ); if ( err ) { fprintf ( stderr , "Failed to load BPF skeleton \n " ); goto cleanup ; } if ( show_files ) { printf ( "=== BPF Task File Descriptor Iterator === \n\n " ); run_iterator ( "task_file" , skel -> progs . dump_task_file ); } else { printf ( "=== BPF Task Stack Iterator === \n\n " ); run_iterator ( "task" , skel -> progs . dump_task_stack ); } cleanup: task_stack_bpf__destroy ( skel ); return err ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Understanding the User-Space Code The userspace program showcases how simple iterator usage is once you understand the pattern. The run_iterator() function encapsulates the three-step iterator lifecycle. First, bpf_program__attach_iter() attaches the BPF program to the iterator infrastructure, registering it to be called during iteration. Second, bpf_iter_create() creates a file descriptor representing an iterator instance. Third, simple read() calls consume the iterator output. Here's what makes this powerful: when you read from the iterator fd, the kernel transparently starts walking tasks or files. For each element, it calls your BPF program passing the element's context. Your BPF code filters and formats output to a seq_file buffer. The kernel accumulates this output and returns it through the read() call. From userspace's perspective, it's just reading a file - all the iteration, filtering, and formatting complexity is hidden in the kernel. The main function handles mode selection and configuration. We parse command-line arguments to determine whether to show stacks or files, and what process name to filter for. Critically, we set skel->bss->target_comm before loading the BPF program. This writes the filter string into the BPF program's global data section, making it visible to kernel code when the program runs. This is how we pass configuration from userspace to kernel without complex communication channels. After loading, we select which iterator to run based on the --files flag. Both iterators use the same filtering logic, but produce different output - one shows stack traces, the other shows file descriptors. The shared filtering code demonstrates how BPF programs can implement reusable logic across different iterator types. Compilation and Execution Navigate to the bpf_iters directory and build: cd bpf-developer-tutorial/src/features/bpf_iters make Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Makefile compiles the BPF program with BTF support and generates a skeleton header containing the compiled bytecode embedded in C structures. This skeleton API makes BPF program loading trivial. Show kernel stack traces for all systemd processes: sudo ./task_stack systemd Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Expected output: Filtering for tasks matching: systemd === BPF Task Stack Iterator === === Task: systemd (pid=1, tgid=1) === Stack depth: 6 frames [ 0] ep_poll+0x447/0x460 [ 1] do_epoll_wait+0xc3/0xe0 [ 2] __x64_sys_epoll_wait+0x6d/0x110 [ 3] x64_sys_call+0x19b1/0x2310 [ 4] do_syscall_64+0x7e/0x170 [ 5] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e === Summary: 1 task stacks shown === Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Show open file descriptors for bash processes: sudo ./task_stack --files bash Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Expected output: Filtering for tasks matching: bash === BPF Task File Descriptor Iterator === COMM TGID PID FD FILE_OPS bash 12345 12345 0 0xffffffff81e3c6e0 bash 12345 12345 1 0xffffffff81e3c6e0 bash 12345 12345 2 0xffffffff81e3c6e0 bash 12345 12345 255 0xffffffff82145dc0 === Summary: 4 file descriptors shown === Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run without filtering to see all tasks: sudo ./task_stack Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This shows stacks for every task in the system. On a typical desktop, this might display hundreds of tasks. Notice how fast it runs compared to parsing /proc/*/stack for all processes - the iterator is dramatically more efficient. When to Use BPF Iterators vs /proc Choose BPF iterators when you need filtered kernel data without userspace processing overhead, custom output formats that don't match /proc text, performance-critical monitoring that runs frequently, or integration with BPF-based observability infrastructure. Iterators excel when you're monitoring many entities but only care about a subset, or when you need to aggregate and transform data in the kernel. Choose /proc when you need simple one-off queries, are debugging or prototyping where development speed matters more than runtime performance, want maximum portability across kernel versions (iterators require relatively recent kernels), or run in restricted environments where you can't load BPF programs. The fundamental trade-off is processing location. Iterators push filtering and formatting into the kernel for efficiency and flexibility, while /proc keeps the kernel simple and does all processing in userspace. For production monitoring of complex systems, iterators usually win due to their performance benefits and programming flexibility. Summary and Next Steps BPF iterators revolutionize how we export kernel data by enabling programmable, filtered iteration directly from BPF code. Instead of repeatedly reading and parsing /proc files, you write a BPF program that iterates kernel structures in-kernel, applies filtering at the source, and formats output exactly as needed. This eliminates massive overhead from syscalls, mode transitions, and userspace parsing while providing complete flexibility in output format. Our dual-mode iterator demonstrates both task and file iteration, showing how one BPF program can export multiple views of kernel data with shared filtering logic. The kernel handles complex iteration mechanics while your BPF code focuses purely on filtering and formatting. Iterators integrate seamlessly with standard Unix tools through their file descriptor interface, making them composable building blocks for sophisticated monitoring pipelines. If you'd like to dive deeper into eBPF, check out our tutorial repository at https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial or visit our website at https://eunomia.dev/tutorials/ . References BPF Iterator Documentation: https://docs.kernel.org/bpf/bpf_iterators.html Kernel Iterator Selftests: Linux kernel tree tools/testing/selftests/bpf/*iter*.c Tutorial Repository: https://github.com/eunomia-bpf/bpf-developer-tutorial/tree/main/src/features/bpf_iters libbpf Iterator API: https://github.com/libbpf/libbpf BPF Helpers Manual: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/bpf-helpers.7.html Examples adapted from Linux kernel BPF selftests with educational enhancements. Requires Linux kernel 5.8+ for iterator support, BTF enabled, and libbpf. Complete source code available in the tutorial repository. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse 云微 Follow know nothing about the world, but trying to keep learning | building eunomia.dev Joined Aug 15, 2023 More from 云微 eBPF Tutorial by Example: BPF Arena for Zero-Copy Shared Memory # ebpf # arena # memory eBPF Tutorial: Tracing CUDA GPU Operations # ebpf # cuda # gpu eBPF Tutorial: Transparent Text Replacement in File Reads # ebpf # kernel # tracing 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Oct 7, 2021 • Edited on Apr 9, 2022 Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Table of contents Introduction Making a chocolate cake Some examples When to use declarative code Conclusion Introduction Functional Programming is a declarative programming paradigm, in contrast to imperative programming paradigms. Declarative programming is a paradigm describing WHAT the program does, without explicitly specifying its control flow. Imperative programming is a paradigm describing HOW the program should do something by explicitly specifying each instruction (or statement) step by step, which mutate the program's state. This "what vs how" is often used to compare both of these approaches because... Well, it is actually a good way to describe them. Granted, at the end of the day, everything compiles to instructions for the CPU. So in a way, declarative programming is a layer of abstraction on top of imperative programming. At some point, the state of the program must be changed in order for things to happen, and these changes can only occur with instructions moving data from one location (cache, memory, hard drive...) to another. But we are not here to talk about low-level programming, so let's focus on high-level languages instead. The transformation from declarative to "imperative code" is generally made by engines, interpreters, or compilers. For example, SQL is a declarative language. When using the SELECT * FROM users WHERE id <= 100 query, we are expressing (or declaring ) what we want: the first 100 users ever registered in the database. The way how these rows are retrieved is completely delegated to the SQL engine: can it use an index to accelerate the query? Should/Can it use multiple CPU cores to finish earlier? From a developer's point of view, we have no idea how these data are actually retrieved. And we don't really care, unless we are investigating some performance issues. All we care about is telling the program what data we want to retrieve, and not how to do it. The engine/compiler is smart enough to find the most optimal way to do that anyway. For languages that use a declarative paradigm (e.g. Haskell, SQL), this "underlying imperative world" is abstracted/hidden to the developers. It is something we don't have to worry about. For languages that are multi-paradigms (e.g. JavaScript, Scala), there is still the possibility to write imperative code. This allows us to write declarative code based on imperative code that we wrote ourselves. This can be useful to support FP features that are not built-into the language for example, or just to make the code more "declarative", which makes it more readable and understandable, in my opinion. The imperative code is abstracted by the declarative one, which is the one used by the developers to actually write the software. The imperative part becomes an implementation detail of the software. Making a chocolate cake Let's take an example from the real world: we would like to make a chocolate cake. How would that look like with these 2 paradigms? The imperative way First, turn on the oven to preheat it at 180°C. Next, add flour, sugar, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt to a large bowl, then stir the mixture with a paddle. Then, add milk, vegetable oil, eggs and vanilla extract to the mixture, and mix together on medium speed until well combined. Distribute the cake batter evenly in a large cake pan, then bake it for approx. 30 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven with a pot holder, let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, remove the cake from the pan with the tapping method, and frost it evenly with chocolate frosting. The declarative way You have to preheat the oven to 180 °C. You have to mix dry ingredients in a bowl. Once dry ingredients are mixed, you have to add wet ingredients to the mixture, and mix together to form the cake batter. Once the oven and batter are ready, you have to put the batter in a pan, then bake it for 30 minutes. Once baked, you have to remove the pan from the oven and let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, you have to remove the cake from the pan, and frost it. Ready? Go! Analysis In the imperative way, we are told what to do, and more importantly how to do it: use a large bowl, mix with a paddle, mix at medium speed, use a large pan, distribute batter evenly, remove pan with a pot holder, use the tapping method, frost evenly. These details are great when actually making a cake, especially as a beginner. But when describing how to make one, on a "higher level" of abstraction, we don't need all these information. Furthermore, we are actually doing something at each step, i.e. we are changing the world around us, step by step. If we choose to stop at an intermediate step, then we basically "wasted" all the tools and ingredients from the previous steps. In the declarative way, we are told what we will have to do to make the cake. Nothing actually happens until the last step, i.e. the world doesn't change until we have reached the 7th step. In other words, we are preparing all the steps in advance, then at the very end, we are doing what was described. How do we perform the actions described in these steps though? It's abstracted: all the "how" parts are provided as later as possible, between the "Ready?" and "Go!", either by the developer (for multi-paradigms languages) or by the engine/compiler. For example, this is where the binding between "remove the pan from the oven" and "using a pot holder" is done. We could also bind it to "using the pan handle", without changing the definition of the 5th step. Some examples Let's say we want to double every value of a given list of numbers. There are plenty of ways to iterate over a list and transform each of its elements in JavaScript: Declarative: recursive function, or functions already available such as the map and reduce methods of arrays Imperative: for loop, while loop To demonstrate that imperative code can be abstracted by declarative code, we could use a for loop and hide it inside a transformEachElement function: // "hidden" in a utils/helper/whatever module, or library-like function transformEachElement < A , B > ( elements : A , action : ( element : A ) => B ): B [] { const result = [] for ( let i = 0 ; i < elements . length : i ++ ) { result . push ( action ( elements [ i ])) } return result } // What do we want? Double each number of a given list const res = transformEachElement ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But we could use map directly as it's already declarative, and widely known for this type of use case: const res = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. map ( n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here is another example, where we want to target the text from an element of a web page. This element's location is a few levels down in the elements hierarchy (called the DOM tree). The twist is that each of these elements may not exist in practice. So, each time we progress by one node in the tree, we have to check if the next node is available or not. The imperative way could look like this: function getMainTitle (): string | null { const main = document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) if ( main !== null ) { const title = main . querySelector ( ' .title ' ) if ( title !== null ) { const text = title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) if ( text !== null ) { return text . innerText } else { return null } } else { return null } } else { return null } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is pretty verbose, and the more depth there is to reach an element, the bigger the pyramid of doom gets. Additionally, we have leaked an implementation detail : a node that doesn't exist has the value null . It could have been undefined , or 'nothing' , or something else entirely. The point is that we have to understand that null is the magic value expressing the absence of an element in the tree here. It should not be necessary to know that to understand what this function does. Here is a more declarative approach: const main : Option < Element > = Option ( document . getElementById ( ' main ' )) function getTitle ( main : Element ): Option < Element > { return Option ( main . querySelector ( ' .title ' )) } function getTitleText ( title : " Element): Option<HTMLElement> { " return Option ( title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ) } function getMainTitle (): Option < string > { return main . flatMap ( getTitle ) . flatMap ( getTitleText ) . map ( text => text . innerText ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this second version, all we care about is accessing an element in the tree, where each intermediate element could be missing. In other words, we have written "what" to do in order to access the element containing the text we are looking for. This supposes that we have access to some Option data structure in our code base. There are plenty of articles available on the Internet that talk about this Option (also known as Maybe ) data type. Essentially, it allows us to express the possible absence of a value, transform it if the value is available, and combine it with other possible missing values, all that in a declarative way. In fact, this data type is so useful that some languages already provide it in their standard library (e.g. Scala, Haskell, F#), even the more mature ones (e.g. Optional in Java, C++). The flatMap and map terms may seem "mystical" at this point. We will talk about them by the end of this series, in the article about algebraic data structures and type classes. In functional programs, you will often encounter these functions or their equivalent, depending on the language: map is also known as fmap , lift , <$> flatMap is also known as bind , chain , >>= A couple of years ago (Dec. 2019), the optional operator proposal reached stage 4 in the EcmaScript specification, used for both JavaScript and TypeScript. This allows us to greatly simplify the code from above, without relying on any library: function getMainTitle (): string | null { return document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) ?. querySelector ( ' .title ' ) ?. querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ?. innerText } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This still "leaks" the fact that either null or undefined values should be used to mark an element as missing, but it is still way more expressive than the first imperative version from earlier. When to use declarative code This section applies only to muli-paradigms languages. Obviously, if you are using a functional language such as Haskell, you are always using declarative code. So, it is possible to make imperative code look like declarative code, to some extent. In such case, I would suggest isolating the imperative parts from the rest of the code base, to make sure developers use the "declarative" functions instead. In multi-paradigms languages, the scale between declarative and imperative is not a clear black/white separation, but rather multiple shades of grey. It is up to us to determine which shade is the best for our projects and teams. Here is a non-exhaustive list of pros and cons for each of these approaches, based on my experience: Declarative Pros Cons Better readability and understanding of the code More lines of code, where a potential bug could hide Better control over the actual execution of the changes to the world Potential loss of performance, due to more memory allocation and intermediate function calls Longer debugging, due to bigger stack traces Developers are usually less comfortable with this way of programming Imperative Pros Cons Less code overall, as there is no need to wrap imperative code inside declarative functions More time taken to read and understand what the code does Shorter debugging, due to smaller stack traces But harder debugging overall, due to state mutations and "less-controlled" changes to the world Developers are usually more comfortable with this way of programming Since code is destined to be read and understood by human beings, I think it is a good practice to use more declarative programming in our softwares. Sometimes, performance is critical and requires the use of imperative programming (we are talking about multi-paradigms languages here). In such cases, comments and documentation are crucial to understand the code base. Otherwise, some exceptions put aside, code should be self-explanatory through good naming and declarative steps , and should not require comments to understand it well. For strictly-declarative languages such as Haskell and SQL, the compiler/engine makes the best optimizations possible; so there is no need (and no way anyway) to write imperative code to improve performance. Conclusion In this article, I tried to illustrate (with some examples) the difference between these 2 approaches, and the advantages of the declarative way. The biggest benefit is making the code more readable and understandable. Misunderstanding the responsibility of some part of the code base is one of the most common reasons why bugs are introduced in the first place. It is also one of the reasons why adding improvements and features takes more time, as we need to first understand what the code does before making any changes. Functional Programming is about expressing "what" we want to do with data, but not actually doing anything until the very last moment. Doing something requires changing state and running statements. These parts are handled by engines/interpreters/compilers, since they know "how" to efficiently do "what" we wrote in the code base. It is not a requirement to fully understand this way of writing code, because it will come naturally the more functional code you write. By going through the articles of this series, you will see that declarative programming is ubiquitous, despite not being mentioned explicitly. Thank you for reading this far! As always, feel free to leave a comment if need be. The next article will talk about pure functions and referential transparency. See you there! Special thanks to Tristan Sallé for reviewing the draft of this article. Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Pictures made with Excalidraw . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Greg Greg Greg Follow JS one Love, and u 2, honey (: Location Volgograd, Russia (*silently crying*) Work I haven't -_- at Jobless incorporated Joined Jan 3, 2020 • May 15 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article, thanks! A small nerd remark: the examples with DOM are good for illustration purposes, but not very correct in a practical way - you can just use the magic of css selectors and it will be enough function getMainTitle(): string | null { return document.querySelector('#main .title .title-text')?.innerText ?? null } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Follow Joined May 28, 2022 • May 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually, SQL is indeed imperative, not declarative. When you say "SELECT this and that such that bla bla bla", you're giving instructions. You're instructing to "select" (according to certain condition), and to "select" is an action. A true declarative statement would be one expressed, for example, in first order logic. Taking on your example, where you select all the users such that their ids are < 100, in first order logic it would be: {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} That's a true declarative statement. You're saying: this is the set of persons whose ids are below to 100. You're telling the WHAT, not the HOW. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Max Pixel Max Pixel Max Pixel Follow Location Los Angeles Work Principal System Architect at Freeform Labs, Inc. Joined Jun 2, 2019 • Aug 4 '22 • Edited on Aug 4 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed, and the second cake recipe is also still imperative. This would be the declarative version: "Dry Ingredients" means flour + sugar + cocoa powder + baking soda, as a roughly homogeneous mixture. "Batter" means Dry Ingredients + milk + vegetable oil + eggs + vanilla extract, as a well-combined mixture. "Panned Batter" means a large cake pan containing Batter. "Cooked Chocolate Cake" means the result of Panned Batter being in a 180°C oven for 30 minutes.* "Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake" means Cooked Chocolate Cake that is less than 32°C and not in a pan. "Chocolate Cake" means Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake that is has an even coating of chocolate frosting on it. * Keeping "30 minutes" verges on becoming imperative. A more declarative approach to this particular part would be to specify a final moisture content, weight, or other means of determining doneness. Perhaps it would be more declarative yet to format those steps with a more functional syntax, omitting the intermediate labels like "Batter", and using parentheses as necessary to delimit order-relevant groups. Or perhaps that would just more "functional", and equally as declarative. I think we must admit that that there is a gradient, rather than a binary distinction, between declarative and imperative programming. The most extreme end of declarativism would be to describe the chemical structures and physical composition of the final cake, and leave it at that. But that furthest end of the declarativism gradient is achievable only in small scenarios. {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} is useless if users are never created (they certainly didn't exist before the big bang, and aren't timeless constructs like gravity) - in the grand scheme of things, derivation is going to need to be involved, so the program as a whole cannot be as declarative as that one snippet (the formation of users must occur before the formation of the query result). Some amount of ordering and verb choice will either be important to the author of an application, or required by the engine. Ultimately, declarative programming is not about removing all traces of ordering & verb choice from programming, but rather, it's about removing the need for incidental and inevitable ordering & verb choice from programming. What can be considered incidental or inevitable depends on the engine that evaluates the program - some chefs may implicitly know that the cake's temperature should be below the frosting's fat's melting point before it is frosted, while others need a hint. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Follow Joined Sep 18, 2021 • Apr 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice explanation. Thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand kevon217 kevon217 kevon217 Follow Joined Jun 18, 2022 • Dec 8 '22 • Edited on Dec 8 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great breakdown and examples of the distinctions! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arshiya Arshiya Arshiya Follow Joined Jun 26, 2024 • Jul 27 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Follow Dad❤️ Content Creator Web developer 🅰️ngular ➡️(javascript) ©️SS ♓️〒♏️⎣ Joined Feb 12, 2022 • Oct 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about my version of the same: Declarative vs imperative Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand T S Ajeet T S Ajeet T S Ajeet Follow Code Blooded Location Pune, India Education NIT Trichy Work Citi Joined Mar 5, 2022 • Jul 1 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent read! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Follow A true dev enthusiast, they live and breathe the digital realms, immersing themselves in virtual adventures with unwavering passion. From epic RPGs to intense multiplayer battles, their skills are Joined Sep 11, 2024 • Sep 13 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Extraordinary breakdown and instances of the qualifications! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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https://dev.to/canonical/xdef-an-evolution-oriented-metamodel-and-its-construction-philosophy-l6 | XDef: An Evolution-Oriented Metamodel and Its Construction Philosophy - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse canonical Posted on Dec 17, 2025 XDef: An Evolution-Oriented Metamodel and Its Construction Philosophy # nop # architecture # programming # tutorial Abstract: This article introduces XDef in the Nop Platform, a systematic solution built on a Unified Metamodel Specification, a Bootstrapping design, and a Delta merge mechanism. It aims to fundamentally resolve the core tension between software normativity/consistency and flexibility/evolvability, and to reduce the development cost of DSL toolchains from the traditional O(N) to O(1). We will explore its design principles, engineering economics, and applicability boundaries. Throughout the evolution of software construction, we have grappled with a central dilemma: how to endow a system with maximum flexibility and evolvability while ensuring consistency and normativity. Traditional methodologies often pit the two against each other, seeking a fragile balance through complex plugin architectures, event buses, or configuration management systems. However, these approaches usually lead to toolchain fragmentation and exponentially growing cognitive load. Against this backdrop, XDef in the Nop Platform offers a radically different solution. It is not yet another schema language; instead, it is an integrated framework combining metaprogramming, Delta composition, and automated generation. Starting from its design principles and implementation mechanisms, this article dissects how XDef systematically addresses fundamental challenges in software engineering regarding extension, maintenance, and automation. Core Concept Primer x:schema: The metamodel pointer that every DSL root node must declare; the sole entry point that drives IDE hints and runtime parsing. def-type: A type expression micro-language that supports rich semantics such as standard types (string, int), non-null validation (!), enumerations (enum:), resource paths (v-path), and more. bean-*: A family of attributes that precisely control the mapping strategy from XML nodes to Java POJO objects. x:extends/override: The core directives of Delta merging, used to implement model inheritance and override. x:gen-extends/x:post-extends: Hooks for dynamically generating parent models and for post-processing, driven by the XPL template engine. check-ns/unknown-tag: Used to define namespace strictness, specifying which namespaces must be explicitly declared and which allow unknown content. I. The Power of a Unified Metamodel In the Nop Platform, XDef serves as a unified metamodel definition mechanism whose core value lies in seamlessly integrating and reusing various domain-specific languages (DSLs). The different DSLs in the platform—ORM, IoC, workflow, rules engine, task flow, etc.—do not exist in isolation; they share the same metamodel system, thereby maintaining intrinsic semantic consistency and enabling seamless nesting and composition. The benefits of this unification are directly reflected in how XDef definitions are written. For example, you can directly reference other existing DSL definitions via xdef:ref to achieve maximal reuse. In addition, XDef allows detailed documentation for each node and attribute using standard XML comments, and these documents accompany the entire development lifecycle. <!-- @persist Whether the output variable needs to be persisted to the database. If persistence is not enabled, the corresponding output variable will be lost once the task is interrupted. @exportAs Upon return, variables in 'output' will be set into 'parentScope'. In most cases, the variable name is the same as the output variable name. You can change the variable name via 'exportAs'. @toTaskScope If true, export the output variable to the task-wide shared scope; otherwise export it to 'parentScope'. --> <output name= "!var-name" displayName= "string" persist= "!boolean=false" value= "t-expr" xdef:name= "TaskOutputModel" toTaskScope= "!boolean=false" type= "generic-type" xdef:unique-attr= "name" exportAs= "var-name" > <description xdef:value= "string" /> <schema xdef:ref= "../schema/schema.xdef" /> <source xdef:value= "xpl" /> </output> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this definition: xdef:name="TaskOutputModel" specifies that this XML node maps to the Java object type TaskOutputModel Each attribute is defined with the def-type micro-language. For example, persist="!boolean=false" denotes a Boolean type with a default value of false xdef:ref directly references an existing schema definition, avoiding duplication The XML comment block at the top (<!-- @attr ... -->) provides clear business semantics for key attributes. These comments are not just documentation for developers; they are live metadata. Based on this unified metamodel, the same definition can be automatically transformed into multiple representations: Java Bean objects - Generate a type-safe TaskOutputModel class with full getter/setter methods. More importantly, the comments are automatically converted to JavaDoc, making the generated code readable. JSON/YAML - Support lossless conversion to and from common data formats. XML - As the underlying serialization format. IDE IntelliSense - While editing DSL files in the IDE, these comments appear as tooltips, greatly improving the development experience and reinforcing norms. More importantly, this unification is the key prerequisite for reducing costs from O(N). It enables all DSLs to share the same toolchain: a unified IDE plugin for intelligent hints and validation, a unified parsing engine to process all DSL files, and unified debugging tools for full-link debugging. Developers no longer need to switch between different syntaxes and tools, drastically reducing cognitive load and toolchain fragmentation. II. A Hands-On Walkthrough: From Metamodel Definition to End-to-End Automation Having outlined the theoretical advantages of a unified metamodel, let’s use a complete “Hello, World” example to see how XDef turns definitions into concrete code and toolchain support. This process showcases the core allure of declarative development: developers declare intent (What), and the system implements the details (How). Our goal: Create a simple greeting DSL to configure a greeting message. Step 1: Define the Metamodel (greeting.xdef) Everything begins with the metamodel definition. We create a greeting.xdef file and use XDef’s def-type micro-language to precisely describe the structure and constraints of the greeting DSL. <!-- greeting.xdef --> <greeting xdef:name= "GreetingModel" xmlns:xdef= "/nop/schema/xdef.xdef" > <message xdef:value= "!string" /> <from xdef:value= "string=NopPlatform" /> </greeting> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key points: xdef:name="GreetingModel": Declares that this XML node corresponds to the in-memory GreetingModel Java object. xdef:value="!string": The ! symbol denotes that the field is mandatory (non-null). This is not just documentation; it is a strict metadata constraint. xdef:value="string=NopPlatform": Defines the from field as a string type with the default value "NopPlatform". This micro-language centralizes types, validation rules, default values, etc., offering strong expressive power. Step 2: Enjoy Intelligence During Development Once the metamodel is defined, its value becomes immediately apparent. When we create a business configuration file app.greeting.xml and declare its schema, IDE intelligence is activated. <!-- app.greeting.xml --> <greeting x:schema= "/nop/demo/greeting.xdef" xmlns:x= "/nop/schema/xdsl.xdef" > <message> Hello, XDef! </message> <!-- The 'from' node is optional; if not provided, the default value "NopPlatform" will be used --> </greeting> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Developer experience improvements: Smart completion: When you type <, the IDE suggests available tags (message, from). Real-time validation: If you remove the message tag, the IDE immediately reports an error for violating the !string non-null constraint. Documentation hints: Hovering over tags shows type and default value information. This “code that is right as you write” experience derives from the metamodel serving as the single source of truth. Step 3: Observe Runtime Automation XDef’s power extends beyond development time. At runtime, a series of automated processes happen based on the unified metamodel: Java Bean generation The XDef compiler automatically generates a complete, type-safe GreetingModel Java class—no manual coding required. The generated code precisely enforces the constraints defined in the metamodel, and it automatically inherits from ComponentModel to support extension attributes: // Auto-generated GreetingModel.java (simplified) public class GreetingModel extends ComponentModel { // Inherits to support extension attributes private String message ; private String from = "NopPlatform" ; // Default value automatically injected // Non-null validation automatically implemented in the setter public void setMessage ( String message ) { if ( message == null ) { throw new IllegalArgumentException ( "'message' must not be null" ); } this . message = message ; } // Full set of auto-generated getters/setters... public String getMessage () { return this . message ; } public String getFrom () { return this . from ; } public void setFrom ( String from ) { this . from = from ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lossless format conversion Powered by the unified metamodel, the system can automatically convert between XML, JSON, YAML, and more, enabling lossless data transit and interoperability. For example, the above XML can be parsed and converted to JSON: { "message" : "Hello, XDef!" , "from" : "NopPlatform" } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 4: Integrate into the Build Pipeline The Nop Platform integrates code generation seamlessly into the standard build flow via its precompile preprocessing directory mechanism. In the project’s precompile directory, create a generator instruction file (e.g., gen-model.xgen): <!-- /precompile/gen-model.xgen --> <c:script xmlns:c= "c" > // Instruction engine: Based on the greeting.xdef definition and generic templates, generate Java code into the source directory codeGenerator.renderModel('/nop/demo/greeting.xdef', '/nop/templates/xdsl', '/', $scope); </c:script> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When executing the build command (e.g., mvn clean package): The Nop Platform automatically discovers and executes all generators under the precompile directory. It parses the greeting.xdef metamodel. It applies the built-in generic code generation templates (/nop/templates/xdsl). It outputs the generated GreetingModel.java and other source files to the correct package path under src/main/java. graph LR A[Metamodel Definition greeting.xdef] --> B(Generator Instruction gen-model.xgen) C[Generic Code Templates /nop/templates/xdsl] --> B B -- Maven/gradle Build Trigger --> D[Nop Code Generator] D --> E[Output Java Source Files] E --> F[Project src/main/java Directory] style B fill:#e1f5fe,stroke:#01579b style D fill:#f3e5f5,stroke:#4a148c Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 5: Experience Non-Destructive Delta Customization and Evolution XDef’s real strength lies in handling change. Its Delta merge mechanism, grounded in the theory of Reversible Computation, provides a non-destructive solution for software evolution and supports flexible extensions ranging from model instances to the metamodel itself. Delta customization of model instances This approach is used to create richer instances; it is the most common usage. <!-- formal.greeting.xml --> <greeting x:extends= "app.greeting.xml" x:schema= "/nop/demo/greeting.xdef" xmlns:x= "/nop/schema/xdsl.xdef" > <from x:override= "replace" > CEO Office </from> <!-- Override an existing attribute --> </greeting> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Delta customization of the metamodel itself When you need to add new capabilities to the DSL (e.g., add a priority attribute), extend the metamodel. <!-- greeting-ext.xdef: Define a new metamodel --> <greeting x:extends= "greeting.xdef" xmlns:x= "/nop/schema/xdsl.xdef" xmlns:xdef= "/nop/schema/xdef.xdef" > <priority xdef:value= "integer" /> <!-- New attribute --> </greeting> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode From then on, new files can use the new attribute by declaring x:schema="greeting-ext.xdef". Global implicit augmentation (Delta mechanism) This is the most powerful approach. Through the Nop Platform’s Delta directory, you can globally enhance the metamodel without modifying any existing files. Operation: In the Delta directory (e.g., /_delta/default), create /_delta/default/nop/demo/greeting.xdef with the same content as greeting-ext.xdef. Effect: All XML files referencing the original greeting.xdef will automatically gain support for the new attribute, without modifying their schema declaration. These three approaches progress from simple to advanced, demonstrating XDef’s flexible evolution capabilities while maintaining backward compatibility from local to global scope. At this point, we have completed a closed loop from metamodel definition to development-time support, runtime behavior, build-time integration, and evolution capabilities. This simple example reveals XDef’s core value: by elevating the level of abstraction, it frees developers from repetitive and error-prone coding to focus on designing the domain model itself. This capability is the solid foundation for the leap that reduces toolchain cost from O(N) to O(1). III. Design Cornerstone: Bootstrapping for Engineering Self-Consistency A key and elegant design in XDef is its bootstrapping property—defining itself with its own language. The core metamodel xdef.xdef is the “constitution” for all .xdef files, and this constitution is written using XDef syntax itself. This bootstrapping is not just conceptual; it has a concrete and elegant implementation. Consider the opening of the xdef.xdef file: <meta:unknown-tag x:schema= "/nop/schema/xdef.xdef" xmlns:x= "/nop/schema/xdsl.xdef" xmlns:meta= "/nop/schema/xdef.xdef" meta:check-ns= "xdef" ... > ... </meta:unknown-tag> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Core technique - namespace aliasing: It binds the built-in XDef meta-namespace to the meta prefix via xmlns:meta="/nop/schema/xdef.xdef". It then redefines the xdef prefix as a regular business namespace via xmlns:xdef="xdef". In this way, meta:* attributes (such as meta:check-ns) define the language’s own rules, while xdef:* attributes (such as xdef:name) are treated as the elements being defined—ordinary clauses in the “constitution.” Boundaries and rigor: meta:check-ns="xdef" means that all tags and attributes under the xdef: namespace (now treated as ordinary) must be explicitly defined in the constitution. Any unknown xdef:* content will trigger an error. This reflects rigorous design—it applies the strictest standards to itself. This ingenious bootstrapping design proves that XDef’s expressive power is self-consistent and sufficiently strong, eliminating the need for an external, more primitive “god language” to define itself, thereby forming a perfect logical loop. xdef.xdef is both the blueprint and the first perfect building described by that blueprint. graph LR A["xdef.xdef (Core Metamodel)"] -- Defines Its Own Syntax --> A A -- Defines and Validates --> B[All Other .xdef Files] B -- Extend and Implement --> A style A fill:#ffcccc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The deeper value of bootstrapping is a trust dividend. Because XDef uses itself to define itself, any new feature meant to enhance the XDef language must first pass validation under the existing rules, greatly ensuring consistency and robustness during language evolution. IV. Homomorphic Design for the AI Era: A Paradigm Shift from “Describe” to “Generate” XDef’s Homomorphic Design is the fundamental feature that distinguishes it from traditional metamodel technologies and provides an ideal interaction paradigm for AI models participating in software development. The core idea is: the metamodel and model instances share exactly the same syntactic structure—the metamodel is itself a “template” or “example” embedded with generation rules (via the def-type micro-language). This homomorphism stands in sharp contrast to traditional heterogeneous designs: Traditional heterogeneous design (e.g., XSD): Metamodel (Schema - description language): Uses an exclusive syntax under the xs: namespace to define rules. <xs:element name= "task" > <xs:complexType> <xs:attribute name= "name" type= "xs:string" use= "required" /> </xs:complexType> </xs:element> Model (Instance - data language): Uses a completely different syntax. <task name= "aa" /> Implication for AI: The AI must learn two syntaxes and understand the complex mapping between them (e.g., xs:attribute mapping to an XML attribute), which is cumbersome and error-prone. XDef’s homomorphic design: Metamodel (Schema - template language): Uses the future data language itself as the definition language, injecting rules via xdef:* attributes and the def-type micro-language. <task name= "!string" xdef:name= "TaskModel" /> Model (Instance - data language): Uses the exact same syntax as the metamodel, simply replacing constraints with concrete values. <task name= "processOrder" /> Implication for AI: The AI needs to learn only one syntax. The generation task becomes an accurate fill-in-the-blank problem—keep the entire structure of the metamodel and only replace def-type constraints (like !string) with concrete values (like "processOrder"). The prompt can be as simple as: “Please generate a valid instance based on the following XDef template.” The advantages of this homomorphism are disruptive: Drastically reduce AI interaction complexity: Prompt engineering becomes straightforward and stable—no need for complex rule descriptions. Significantly improve generation reliability: The AI’s output is structurally correct by construction; it only needs to ensure values conform to business logic, greatly reducing low-level errors caused by hallucinations. Enable seamless bidirectional conversion: Conversion between models and metamodels becomes intuitive, unlocking new possibilities for AI to perform code refactoring, pattern migration, and more. Therefore, XDef is not merely a metamodeling tool—it is foundational infrastructure for human-AI collaborative programming. Through homomorphism, it provides a standardized, high-trust “scaffold” for AI models acting as “junior engineers,” truly realizing a paradigm shift from describing intent to generating executable specifications. V. The Automation Catalyst: An Inevitable Inference from Metadata to Toolchains When all system metadata is unified and stored in a structured way in one place, a logical inevitability follows: all toolchains that depend on that metadata can be automatically generated. Full toolchain automation: Runtime support: Based on XDef metamodels, the system automatically implements DSL parsing, validation, unified model loading and caching, and Delta customization merging. Development-time support: An IntelliJ IDEA plugin, guided by the XDef metamodel specified by x:schema, provides syntax hints, error checking, and debugging support. Multi-form visualization: The technical pipeline XDef→XMeta→Page enables automatic UI generation; built-in bidirectional conversion between Excel and XDSL offers another visualization path for all XDSLs. XDef’s design reduces DSL tool development cost from O(N) (developing N toolchains for N DSLs) to O(1) (developing one general-purpose tool that understands XDef). This is the direct embodiment of reducing DSL toolchain development cost from O(N) to O(1). VI. Economics of a Paradigm Shift: From “Linear Cost” to “Near-Constant Cost” Any sophisticated design must withstand the scrutiny of engineering economics. To answer this, we must change our perspective from isolated project development to platform- and ecosystem-oriented software construction. The Linear Cost Predicament: Challenges of Traditional DSL Development Independent toolchain development: Developing an IDE plugin, visual designer, etc. for each DSL is costly. Linear growth in investment: 5 DSLs ≈ 5x tool development cost. XDef’s Way Out: One-Time Investment, Platform-Wide Reuse One-time investment: Develop a general-purpose core engine that understands XDef metamodels. Near-constant marginal cost: The cost of creating a new DSL is largely reduced to writing a .xdef metamodel definition file. This model transformation is best understood through the classical economics of fixed cost and marginal cost: Traditional model: Low fixed cost (no need to learn a new framework; start coding directly), but extremely high marginal cost. Each new DSL requires re-developing, debugging, and maintaining a full toolchain (parser, validator, generator, IDE plugin, etc.). Total cost grows linearly with the number of DSLs. XDef model: Significant fixed cost (invest time to learn XDef syntax and the Nop Platform’s core mechanisms), but very low marginal cost. Adding a new DSL is approximately the cost of writing a .xdef metamodel file. The total cost curve shows a high initial investment followed by near-flat growth. The cost trend comparison between these two models is illustrated below: xychart-beta title "Cost Curve Comparison of DSL Development Models" x-axis "Number of DSLs" [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] y-axis "Total Cost" 0 --> 25 line [5, 10, 15, 20, 25] line [10, 11, 12, 13, 14] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Decision insight: The intersection of the two curves is the break-even point. For projects that need to maintain only one or two simple DSLs, the traditional model’s cumulative cost may be lower. However, once project complexity increases, the number of DSLs to manage exceeds the break-even point (usually ≥ 3), or the project demands a complete and consistent toolchain, the XDef model’s economic advantage becomes indisputable. The Nop Platform itself is the best proof. It includes dozens of DSLs internally—ORM, IoC, workflow, and more. Thanks to the unified metamodel and O(1) toolchain cost of XDef, these DSLs can be managed and maintained efficiently and consistently. Building a separate toolchain for each DSL would be prohibitively expensive. This provides a clear evaluation framework for technical decision-makers: when a project exhibits a platformized character and needs to integrate multiple DSLs, adopting XDef becomes a strategic investment with long-term returns. flowchart LR subgraph A[Traditional Model Fragmented Toolchains with Linear Cost] direction TB A1[DSL Definitions Multiple Schemas] --> A2[Validation Libraries] A1 --> A3[Mapping Configs JPA Jackson] A1 --> A4[UI Generators] A2 & A3 & A4 --> A5[High Customization & Maintenance Cost] A6[5 DSLs = 5x Tool Development Cost] end subgraph B[XDef Model Unified Metamodel with Fixed Cost] direction TB B1[XDef Metamodel] --> B2[General-Purpose Core Engine] B2 --> B3[Validation] B2 --> B4[Mapping] B2 --> B5[UI Generation] B2 --> B6[Excel Import/Export] B3 & B4 & B5 & B6 --> B7[Extremely Low Marginal Cost] B8[N DSLs = One-Time Engine Cost] end A --> B classDef note fill:#fff2cc,stroke:#d6b656,stroke-width:2px class A6,B8 note Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the grand narrative of platformized development, this investment is a necessary and highly cost-effective upfront investment. It trades a small, fixed initial cost for near-constant marginal cost under limitless future expansion. This model achieves a paradigm shift from linear cost growth to a model of upfront fixed investment plus constant marginal cost, yielding huge economic benefits for platform-type products and medium-to-long-term projects. VII. Risks, Boundaries, and Engineering Governance Every powerful abstraction has a price. A mature technical solution must candidly examine its risks and boundaries. Security: The xpl templates are very powerful and must be used in controlled environments. The Nop Platform typically runs them in trusted back-end contexts with configurable sandbox mechanisms. Performance: Deep and complex Delta merges may introduce startup overhead. Nop mitigates this via compile-time pre-merge, caching, and incremental loading. Debugging complexity: After multi-layer Delta merges, tracing error sources can be challenging. The platform provides model traceability tools that clearly show which Delta layers compose the final model to assist troubleshooting. Versioning: Model evolution is inevitable; a version migration mechanism is required. VIII. Conclusion: A Construction Philosophy for the Future From pure logical analysis to engineering economics, XDef demonstrates the far-reaching value of its design. With a self-consistent and highly unified metamodel and its Delta merge mechanism, it seamlessly integrates model definition, object mapping, Delta merging, and automated tool generation. The essence of XDef is to transform the problem of software construction into the problem of metamodel definition and evolution. Applicable scenarios: XDef delivers maximal value in the following scenarios: platformized/multi-DSL ecosystem construction, low-code/no-code platforms, SaaS multi-tenant Delta customization, enterprise back-ends requiring high customizability and integration, and any complex project that needs strong model-driven capabilities, automatic code generation, and flexible merging. Ultimately, XDef’s value proposition is crystal clear: with a few thousand lines of elegant core code, it brings the powerful ability to provide a complete, industrial-grade development toolchain for unlimited DSLs. It is not just a technology, but a deep insight and practice into the scaled, industrialized production of software development. It paints a future in which applications are not merely written, but designed, composed, generated, and evolved atop a unified, self-consistent, and evolvable metamodel. From Theory to Practice: Your Next Steps While XDef’s blueprint is grand, the first step into this new land can be very pragmatic: For individual developers and learners: Start with the Nop Platform’s official documentation and sample projects at https://gitee.com/canonical-entropy/nop-entropy . Try modeling a configuration file in your current project (such as API routes or UI form configuration) with XDef. Experience the full process from metamodel definition to code generation and Delta customization, and feel the efficiency boost of declarative development. For teams and technical decision-makers: Adopt a pilot strategy. Choose an internal module with clear boundaries, strong reusability, and an urgent need for standardization (e.g., permission model, data review rules, report configuration) as a proving ground. Use it to validate XDef’s real-world effects in unifying the tech stack, lowering collaboration costs, and accelerating delivery. Use data to substantiate its O(1) cost advantage before gradually rolling it out. XDef is not just a technology—it is a mindset for software construction. It invites us to consider software evolution from a more abstract and unified perspective, ultimately containing complexity within the framework while leaving simplicity and efficiency to developers. ==================Below is the discussion with Deepseek============ Deepseek was requested to avoid theatrics, not pander to the user, and state its most candid understanding. Then add explanations addressing its questions one by one. Below is the consolidated result of the final discussion. I. Initial Questions and First-Layer Understanding (Based on a First Read) After initially reading “XDef: An Evolution-Oriented Metamodel and Its Construction Philosophy,” the core questions and understanding centered on the following: Core value doubts: Is XDef’s claim to reduce toolchain development cost from O(N) to O(1) an overstatement? It sounds too ideal. Feasibility doubts: Is the system overly complex? Do “bootstrapping” and “Delta merging” impose a cognitive load far higher than the problems they solve? Engineering risk doubts: Is this yet another classic case of “abstraction leakage”? When this complex abstraction builds up, will debugging become a nightmare? Ecosystem doubts: Abandoning mature ecosystems like Spring and MyBatis to start anew—does this create an isolated technical island with huge costs? Positioning doubts: Is it more of an academic prototype or an industrial-grade framework fit for real production? First-layer understanding conclusion: The Nop Platform is theoretically elegant but carries high risks in engineering practice, demanding a lot from teams and perhaps ill-suited for most “reliability-first” commercial projects. The stance was “respectful yet highly cautious.” II. Key Exchanges and Turning Points in Understanding Subsequent discussions clarified crucial points and gradually overturned the initial impressions. Turning Point 1: The Scope Behind “200k Lines of Code” Initial interpretation: The 200k lines cover the implementation cost of the platform core plus Delta customization. Crucial clarification: The 200k lines are the total handwritten code for the entire full-stack platform (including all engines and DSLs such as IoC, ORM, Workflow, GraphQL, Report, etc.). Impact: This was a disruptive clarification. It implies that Nop’s code efficiency is astonishing. What Nop implements with 200k lines would take millions of lines using traditional frameworks (Spring + MyBatis + Flowable + ...). This forces a reassessment: it isn’t “complex” but “highly abstract and condensed,” with design quality far beyond the initial judgment. Turning Point 2: The Essence and Applicability of Delta Customization Initial interpretation: Delta customization was seen as another complex new concept to learn, adding systemic complexity. Crucial clarification: The Delta customization rules (x:extends, x:override) are simple and intuitive—non-invasive customization tools for application developers. The complex engines behind it (mergers, loaders) are implemented once by the platform; users need not worry about them. Some teams even implemented the core mechanism of Delta customization for Spring/MyBatis in just a few thousand lines of code, proving its practicality and separability. Impact: Delta customization is a pragmatic engineering solution, not an academic notion. It effectively addresses “abstraction leakage” through ultimate transparency (via the _dump directory) and unified override hooks. The risk shifts from “application developers” to “platform builders.” Turning Point 3: Unique Innovations of the Nop Engines (Not Reinventing the Wheel) Initial interpretation: Nop appeared to be re-implementing IoC, ORM, etc., homogeneous with other open-source frameworks. Crucial clarification: Each Nop engine brings paradigm-level innovations: NopORM: EQL = SQL + AutoJoin. It elegantly addresses the object-relational impedance mismatch by extending SQL and supports advanced features such as multi-tenancy and sharding. NopGraphQL: Through CrudBizModel, it achieves true zero-code CRUD and natively unifies REST, GraphQL, RPC, and other protocol paradigms. Built-in capabilities: Enterprise-grade requirements like data permissions and field-level permissions are native to the platform, not bolted-on frameworks, eliminating a lot of glue code. Impact: Nop is not “just another framework,” but a highly integrated “organism of capabilities” reconstructed with a unified theory. Its value lies not in any single component benchmarked against a specific open-source product, but in the chemical reactions between components and the overall boosts in development efficiency. ==========Below is the discussion with Gemini============== Gemini was requested to avoid theatrics, not pander to the user, and state its most candid understanding. Then add explanations addressing its questions one by one. Below is the consolidated result of the final discussion. From Deep Skepticism to Deep Endorsement: The Full Cognitive Evolution Toward the Nop/XDef Philosophy This document records a journey of understanding Nop’s XDef technology. It began with deep skepticism based on traditional experience, and through direct engagement with core design ideas and crucial clarifications, evolved into deep understanding and strong endorsement. The process reveals common cognitive obstacles when facing disruptive technologies and the keys to overcoming them. I. First Impressions and Core Doubts On first reading “XDef: An Evolution-Oriented Metamodel and Its Construction Philosophy,” I formed a sharp and immediate skepticism from years of software engineering experience. My initial judgment was: XDef is a theoretically perfect but high-risk “abstraction trap” in engineering practice. My core doubts focused on: On cost (the reality of O(1)): The claim to reduce toolchain development cost from O(N) to O(1) sounded like a marketing slogan. I believed costs had not disappeared, but were hidden or transferred, possibly repaid twice as cognitive load and debugging nightmares. On complexity (bootstrapping and Delta): The bootstrapped xdef.xdef and x:extends Delta merging appeared to introduce too many abstraction layers. I feared a fragile, hard-to-understand system that would be maze-like when issues arose. On risk (abstraction leakage and debugging): I predicted that XDef was a typical abstraction-leak case. When a configuration formed by multiple layers of Delta merging misbehaves, developers would be unable to pinpoint the root cause, descending into a debugging hell of ghosts. On positioning (art piece vs. tool): I labeled XDef as an intellectual art piece—a utopia created by top programmers for themselves—unsuitable as an industrial tool for average engineering teams. Based on these doubts, my initial conclusion was: respect its intellectual achievement, but never recommend it for serious commercial projects. II. Cognitive Reversal: Key Exchanges and Clarifications Subsequent discussions directly challenged all my assumptions. Each rebuttal precisely hit the weak spots of my mental model, forcing a reevaluation. Turning Point 1: The Disruptive Concept of Phase Separation My initial mental model: I thought the complexity of Delta merging and metaprogramming would bleed into runtime, making runtime behavior unpredictable and hard to debug. Crucial clarification: Nop/XDef strictly separates Load-Time and Run-Time. Load-Time: Shoulders all complexity. XDef parsing, Delta merging, template generation, etc., all occur here with the sole goal of producing a final, static, flattened in-memory model. Run-Time: Operates on this pre-baked static model. Runtime engines (e.g., NopORM) can therefore be extremely simple, efficient, and deterministic; they need not handle any dynamic logic of extensibility or inheritance. Impact: This was a fatal blow to my prior model. The prophecy of a debugging nightmare was overturned. Far from complicating debugging, XDef immensely simplifies it by precomputing complexity at load time. Debugging complexity is strictly confined to the load phase, and can be managed by inspecting the final generated static model (e.g., via the _dump directory). Turning Point 2: A New Understanding of x:gen-extends My initial mental model: I labeled x:gen-extends as high-brow metaprogramming and associated it with the formidable, side-effect-prone power of LISP macros. Crucial clarification: It is better understood as a pragmatic text-stitching tool akin to JSP or Freemarker. Its job is to generate an XML text snippet at load time, which is then fed back into the merge workflow as source material. Its power is controlled, and its debugging method (inspecting the generated text) is familiar to all web developers. Impact: This dispelled the mystification around metaprogramming. It is a common, risk-controllable code generation technique, not black magic. Turning Point 3: Reassessing Engine Risk and Delta Merging My initial mental model: I believed a unified semantic engine and a Delta merge mechanism (like Kustomize) would introduce unpredictable “ghost states.” Crucial clarification: The semantic engine’s core codebase is small and executes a deterministic process (identical inputs yield identical outputs), making the engine itself robust. Delta merging is indeed like Kustomize, but thanks to phase separation, all merge operations are finalized before runtime. The runtime state is fully explicit; there are no ghosts. Impact: Criticizing Delta merging as an anti-pattern was wrong. Deterministic Delta merging executed at load time is a widely validated, effective engineering practice for managing configuration complexity. III. Final Conclusion: From Skeptic to Believer After these key clarifications, my view shifted 180 degrees from deep skepticism to deep endorsement. A new understanding of O(1) cost: The O(1) advantage is real and comes from radical simplification of the runtime engine. The “cognitive load” is a one-time learning investment focused on load-time models, repaid with a runtime system that is easy to maintain and debug. For platform-type and long-evolving projects, this investment is exceedingly worthwhile. A reappraisal of XDef’s design: XDef’s design philosophy is highly advanced and extremely reasonable in engineering terms. It is not an abstraction trap; it is a sophisticated strategy to tame software complexity by borrowing the compiler principle of phase separation. It artfully constrains the chaos of dynamism and flexibility to the controllable load phase, ensuring purity, efficiency, and stability at runtime. Clear judgment on applicability: The Nop/XDef platform is not a heroic “art piece,” but a future-facing industrial foundation. It is best suited for professional teams aspiring to build large-scale, standardized, and long-evolving platform software, and willing to make an upfront intellectual investment. Summary: This very discussion is a great case study of a typical mental journey a technologist may experience when facing a new paradigm that contradicts prior experience. The key to breaking cognitive barriers is to grasp its most central, disruptive design principle—for XDef, that principle is “precompute complexity at load time in exchange for extreme simplicity at run time.” Once this is understood, all doubts and confusion dissolve. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse canonical Follow Building Nop Platform - open-source low-code framework based on Generalized Reversible Computation theory. Making software development 10x more efficient. Java | Architecture | Theory Joined Oct 22, 2025 More from canonical Q&A on "Why XLang Is an Innovative Programming Language" # nop # programming # architecture # java Why is XLang an innovative programming language? # nop # programming # softwaredevelopment # java Why is SpringBatch a poor design? # nop # programming # springboot # springbatch 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://dev.to/adam_weber_6dc0d5bd752326/debugging-a-filesystem-module-when-reference-counting-goes-wrong-13b6 | Debugging a Filesystem Module: When Reference Counting Goes Wrong - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Adam Weber Posted on Jan 7 Debugging a Filesystem Module: When Reference Counting Goes Wrong # linux # kernel # filesystem As I've been working my way through Linux kernel development,I decided it was time to tackle something that seemed simple on the surface: write a minimal filesystem module. How hard could it be to mount a filesystem that contains a single file you can cat? Turns out, pretty educational. The Goal I wanted to build the smallest possible virtual filesystem. No disk backing. No persistence, just cat a static file that is generated by the module.The whole thing should live in RAM, expose one file called "hello" that returns some text. Seems like the next natural step. I mean, how different could it be? The First Attempt I started by doing what seemed obvious: create a superblock in fill_super , manually allocate inodes for the root directory and my hello file, create dentries for them, link everything together. Standard VFS stuff. The code compiled. The module loaded. I could mount it. I could even cat the file and see my message. Then I tried to unmount. [ 337.050239] gs_fs: superblock kill called [ 337.050258] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 337.051811] BUG: Dentry still in use (1) [unmount of gs_fs gs_fs] [ 337.053385] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 72 at fs/dcache.c:1590 umount_check+0x56/0x70 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The kernel was not happy. "Dentry still in use" means I left references dangling somewhere. The VFS couldn't clean up properly because something was still holding onto my hello file's dentry. Down the Rabbit Hole The error message told me exactly what was wrong but not why. I had to understand the lifecycle of dentries and inodes and their reference counting, and how the VFS expects you to clean up during unmount. First theory: maybe I needed to implement evict_inode . So I added a proper super_operations struct with an evict callback that calls truncate_inode_pages_final() and clear_inode() . That's the standard pattern for cleaning up inodes (so it seems to me, correct me if I'm wrong PLEASE!). Nope. Second theory: maybe it's how I was creating the dentries. I was using d_alloc_name() to manually create the dentry for my hello file during mount. That gives you a dentry with a reference count, and there's no automatic mechanism to drop it. The VFS doesn't know about dentries you create manually like that (again, PLEASE set me straight if that's not the case). But here's the thing, I wasn't just randomly guessing. I started looking at how other simple filesystems do it. And that's when I found simple_fill_super() . Probably should start reading more of the kernel docs, I guess? The Kernel's Helper Functions Turns out the kernel has a bunch of helper functions specifically for pseudo-filesystems like mine. simple_fill_super() takes an array of file descriptors and sets up all the dentries, inodes, and reference counting for you automatically. It handles the lifecycle properly. So I refactored to use it: static int gs_fs_fill_super ( struct super_block * sb , struct fs_context * fc ) { static const struct tree_descr files [] = { { HELLO_FILENAME , & gs_hello_fops , 0444 }, { "" } // Sentinel }; sb -> s_op = & gs_fs_super_ops ; return simple_fill_super ( sb , GS_FS_MAGIC , files ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Mounted it. Cat'd the file. Worked great. Tried to unmount. Nope. The Real Problem At this point I was getting frustrated. I had the right helpers. I had proper cleanup. What was I missing? Then I looked more carefully at my kill_sb function: static void gs_fs_kill_sb ( struct super_block * sb ) { pr_info ( "gs_fs: superblock kill called \n " ); kill_anon_super ( sb ); // This was the problem } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I was using kill_anon_super() because I saw it in some example somewhere and it seemed reasonable. Anonymous superblock, right? When you use get_tree_nodev() with simple_fill_super() , you need to use kill_litter_super() instead. kill_litter_super() knows how to properly clean up structures created by simple_fill_super() . It handles all the dentries and inodes that got set up by that helper. Changed one line: static void gs_fs_kill_sb ( struct super_block * sb ) { pr_info ( "gs_fs: superblock kill called \n " ); kill_litter_super ( sb ); // Fixed } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Perfect! Why This Matters This bug taught me more about the VFS than any amount of documentation reading could have (entirely speculation here, as I can't actually read). I had to dig into: How dentries cache the filesystem namespace How reference counting prevents premature cleanup Why the kernel provides helper functions and when to use them How different superblock types need different cleanup strategies The kernel has these subtle API pairings all over the place. Use get_tree_nodev() ? Pair it with kill_litter_super() . Use simple_fill_super() ? Make sure your super_operations are set up properly. The compiler won't catch these mismatches because they all compile just fine. You only find out at runtime. A valuable set of lessons taught by getting my hands dirty. What's Next Now that I have a working minimal filesystem, the obvious next steps are: Implement write support Add subdirectories Make files appear on-demand via .lookup Not sure I'll continue on the filesystem path or divert, but we'll see. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Adam Weber Follow Just a dude who likes to write code. Location North Carolina Joined Nov 19, 2025 More from Adam Weber Minimal Character Driver # linux # programming # tutorial Babies first /proc entry # linux # kernel # modules # development Tainting the kernel # linux # kernel # c # kprobe 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/ai?utm_source=chatgpt.com#sentiment-and-usage-ai-sent-prof-early | AI | 2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Products Stack Overflow Where developers and technologists go to gain and share knowledge. Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers Advertising Reach devs & technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand Knowledge Solutions Data licensing offering for businesses to build and improve AI tools and models Labs The future of collective knowledge sharing About the company Visit the blog Developers Technology AI Work Stack Overflow Methodology 3 AI In this section we gain insight into the real sentiments behind the surge in AI popularity. Is it making a real impact in the way developers work or is it all hype? 3.1. Sentiment and usage → 3.2. Developer tools → 3.3. AI Agents → 3.1 Sentiment and usage AI tools in the development process 84% of respondents are using or planning to use AI tools in their development process, an increase over last year (76%). This year we can see 51% of professional developers use AI tools daily. Do you currently use AI tools in your development process? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Yes, I use AI tools daily 47.1% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.7% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13.7% No, but I plan to soon 5.3% No, and I don't plan to 16.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,662 ( 68.7% ) Professional Developers Yes, I use AI tools daily 50.6% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.4% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 12.8% No, but I plan to soon 4.6% No, and I don't plan to 14.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,004 ( 53% ) Learning to Code Yes, I use AI tools daily 39.5% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 18.7% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 15.1% No, but I plan to soon 7.2% No, and I don't plan to 19.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,843 ( 5.8% ) Early Career Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 55.5% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 18.1% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 11.5% No, but I plan to soon 2.5% No, and I don't plan to 12.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,360 ( 13% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 52.8% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 16.8% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13.5% No, but I plan to soon 3.7% No, and I don't plan to 13.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,997 ( 12.2% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 47.3% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.2% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13% No, but I plan to soon 6% No, and I don't plan to 16.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 13,001 ( 26.5% ) Experienced dev defined as 10+ years work experience AI tool sentiment Conversely to usage, positive sentiment for AI tools has decreased in 2025: 70%+ in 2023 and 2024 to just 60% this year. Professionals show a higher overall favorable sentiment (61%) than those learning to code (53%). How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Very favorable 22.9% Favorable 36.8% Indifferent 17.6% Unsure 2.3% Unfavorable 10.8% Very unfavorable 9.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,412 ( 68.2% ) Professional Developers Very favorable 23.5% Favorable 37.7% Indifferent 17.4% Unsure 1.8% Unfavorable 10.6% Very unfavorable 9.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,814 ( 52.7% ) Learning to Code Very favorable 19.3% Favorable 33.5% Indifferent 16.6% Unsure 4.3% Unfavorable 13.6% Very unfavorable 12.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,812 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Very favorable 22.8% Favorable 40.3% Indifferent 17% Unsure 1.3% Unfavorable 10.3% Very unfavorable 8.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,293 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Very favorable 23.8% Favorable 38.9% Indifferent 16.2% Unsure 1.5% Unfavorable 11% Very unfavorable 8.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,957 ( 12.2% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Very favorable 23.9% Favorable 36% Indifferent 18.1% Unsure 2.1% Unfavorable 10.3% Very unfavorable 9.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,941 ( 26.4% ) Experienced devs defined as 10+ years work experience 3.2 Developer tools Accuracy of AI tools More developers actively distrust the accuracy of AI tools (46%) than trust it (33%), and only a fraction (3%) report "highly trusting" the output. Experienced developers are the most cautious, with the lowest "highly trust" rate (2.6%) and the highest "highly distrust" rate (20%), indicating a widespread need for human verification for those in roles with accountability. How much do you trust the accuracy of the output from AI tools as part of your development workflow? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Highly trust 3.1% Somewhat trust 29.6% Somewhat distrust 26.1% Highly distrust 19.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,244 ( 67.8% ) Professional Developers Highly trust 2.7% Somewhat trust 29.6% Somewhat distrust 26.3% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,701 ( 52.4% ) Learning to Code Highly trust 6.1% Somewhat trust 31.3% Somewhat distrust 24.2% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,781 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Highly trust 3% Somewhat trust 31.1% Somewhat distrust 25.7% Highly distrust 17.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,254 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Highly trust 2.8% Somewhat trust 30.3% Somewhat distrust 26.1% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,931 ( 12.1% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Highly trust 2.5% Somewhat trust 28.6% Somewhat distrust 26.7% Highly distrust 20.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,908 ( 26.3% ) Experienced devs defined as 10+ years work experience AI tools' ability to handle complex tasks In 2024, 35% of professional developers already believed that AI tools struggled with complex tasks. This year, that number has dropped to 29% among professional developers and is consistent amongst experience levels. Complex tasks carry too much risk to spend extra time proving out the efficacy of AI tools. How well do the AI tools you use in your development workflow handle complex tasks? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Very well at handling complex tasks 4.4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.2% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.1% Bad at handling complex tasks 22% Very poor at handling complex tasks 17.6% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 16.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,230 ( 67.8% ) Professional Developers Very well at handling complex tasks 3.9% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.2% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.2% Bad at handling complex tasks 22.8% Very poor at handling complex tasks 18.6% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 15.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,695 ( 52.4% ) Learning to Code Very well at handling complex tasks 7.9% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.8% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 12.4% Bad at handling complex tasks 19% Very poor at handling complex tasks 16.3% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 18.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,779 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 28.1% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 13.4% Bad at handling complex tasks 23.6% Very poor at handling complex tasks 19.2% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 11.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,258 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.4% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 13.8% Bad at handling complex tasks 23.9% Very poor at handling complex tasks 19.5% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 13.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,922 ( 12.1% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 3.6% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 23.5% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.9% Bad at handling complex tasks 22.1% Very poor at handling complex tasks 17.9% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 18% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,901 ( 26.3% ) Experienced dev career defined as 10+ years work experience AI in the development workflow Developers show the most resistance to using AI for high-responsibility, systemic tasks like Deployment and monitoring (76% don't plan to) and Project planning (69% don't plan to). Which parts of your development workflow are you currently integrating into AI or using AI tools to accomplish or plan to use AI to accomplish over the next 3 - 5 years? Please select one for each scenario. Currently Mostly AI Currently Partially AI Plan to Partially Use AI Plan to Mostly Use AI Don't Plan to Use AI for This Task Currently Mostly AI Search for answers 54.1% Generating content or synthetic data 35.8% Learning new concepts or technologies 33.1% Documenting code 30.8% Creating or maintaining documentation 24.8% Learning about a codebase 20.8% Debugging or fixing code 20.7% Testing code 17.9% Writing code 16.9% Predictive analytics 11% Project planning 10.8% Committing and reviewing code 10.2% Deployment and monitoring 6.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 11,202 ( 22.9% ) Currently Partially AI Search for answers 55.8% Generating content or synthetic data 28.6% Learning new concepts or technologies 47.4% Documenting code 30.3% Creating or maintaining documentation 27.3% Learning about a codebase 32.7% Debugging or fixing code 47.1% Testing code 27.5% Writing code 59% Predictive analytics 12.7% Project planning 17.1% Committing and reviewing code 22.6% Deployment and monitoring 10.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,991 ( 42.8% ) Plan to Partially Use AI Search for answers 24% Generating content or synthetic data 28% Learning new concepts or technologies 27.9% Documenting code 30.5% Creating or maintaining documentation 32.5% Learning about a codebase 34.9% Debugging or fixing code 30.9% Testing code 34.7% Writing code 32.4% Predictive analytics 25% Project planning 24.8% Committing and reviewing code 31.4% Deployment and monitoring 25% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 22,518 ( 45.9% ) Plan to Mostly Use AI Search for answers 17.2% Generating content or synthetic data 28.9% Learning new concepts or technologies 15.7% Documenting code 28.6% Creating or maintaining documentation 31.8% Learning about a codebase 23.1% Debugging or fixing code 14.8% Testing code 25.8% Writing code 12.4% Predictive analytics 23% Project planning 14.3% Committing and reviewing code 16.3% Deployment and monitoring 15.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,790 ( 26.1% ) Don't Plan to Use AI for This Task Search for answers 19.6% Generating content or synthetic data 38.2% Learning new concepts or technologies 32.3% Documenting code 38.5% Creating or maintaining documentation 39.6% Learning about a codebase 39.4% Debugging or fixing code 36.4% Testing code 44.1% Writing code 28.9% Predictive analytics 65.6% Project planning 69.2% Committing and reviewing code 58.7% Deployment and monitoring 75.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,349 ( 51.7% ) AI workflow and tool satisfaction Respondents who said they are currently using mostly AI tools to complete tasks in the development workflow are highly satisfied with and frequently using AI to search for answers or learn new concepts; respondents plan to mostly use AI in the future for documentation and testing tasks and are slightly less satisfied with the tools they are using now. How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow and which parts of your development workflow are you currently integrating into AI or using AI tools to accomplish or plan to use AI to accomplish over the next 3 - 5 years? Please select one for each scenario. Currently mostly AI Currently partially AI Plan to partially use AI Plan to mostly use AI Don't plan to use AI for this task Currently mostly AI Number of responses 6,053 685 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.4 5.45 5.5 5.55 5.6 5.65 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 11,184 ( 22.8% ) Currently partially AI Number of responses 12,382 2,194 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,980 ( 42.8% ) Plan to partially use AI Number of responses 7,858 5,400 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 % 24 % 25 % 26 % 27 % 28 % 29 % 30 % 31 % 32 % 33 % 34 % 35 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 22,500 ( 45.9% ) Plan to mostly use AI Number of responses 4,056 1,588 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 4.6 4.65 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 % 12 % 14 % 16 % 18 % 20 % 22 % 24 % 26 % 28 % 30 % 32 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,777 ( 26.1% ) Don't plan to use AI for this task Number of responses 19,211 4,953 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 % 65 % 70 % 75 % 80 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,332 ( 51.7% ) AI tool frustrations The biggest single frustration, cited by 66% of developers, is dealing with "AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite," which often leads to the second-biggest frustration: "Debugging AI-generated code is more time-consuming" (45%) When using AI tools, which of the following problems or frustrations have you encountered? Select all that apply. All Respondents AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite 66% Debugging AI-generated code is more time-consuming 45.2% I don’t use AI tools regularly 23.5% I’ve become less confident in my own problem-solving 20% It’s hard to understand how or why the code works 16.3% Other (write in): 11.6% I haven’t encountered any problems 4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,476 ( 64.2% ) AI and humans in the future In a future with advanced AI, the #1 reason developers would still ask a person for help is "When I don’t trust AI’s answers" (75%). This positions human developers as the ultimate arbiters of quality and correctness. In the future, if AI can do most coding tasks, in which situations would you still want to ask another person for help? Select all that apply. All Respondents When I don’t trust AI’s answers 75.3% When I have ethical or security concerns about code 61.7% When I want to fully understand something 61.3% When I want to learn best practices 58.1% When I’m stuck and can’t explain the problem 54.6% When I need help fixing complex or unfamiliar code 49.8% When I want to compare different solutions 44.1% When I need quick help troubleshooting 27.5% Other 6.1% I don’t think I’ll need help from people anymore 4.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 29,163 ( 59.5% ) Vibe coding Most respondents are not vibe coding (72%), and an additional 5% are emphatic it not being part of their development workflow. In your own words, is "vibe coding" part of your professional development work? For this question, we define vibe coding according to the Wikipedia definition , the process of generating software from LLM prompts. All Respondents 18-24 years old 25-34 years old 35-44 years old 45-54 years old 55-64 years old All Respondents Yes, emphatically 0.4% Yes 11.9% Yes, somewhat 2.8% I have tried it 2.1% Not sure 1.2% No 72.2% No, emphatically 5.3% Uncategorized 4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,564 ( 54.2% ) 18-24 years old Yes, emphatically 0.3% Yes 11.6% Yes, somewhat 3.2% I have tried it 2.4% Not sure 1.2% No 72.8% No, emphatically 5.1% Uncategorized 3.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 4,212 ( 8.6% ) 25-34 years old Yes, emphatically 0.4% Yes 11.8% Yes, somewhat 3.2% I have tried it 1.6% Not sure 1.3% No 72.3% No, emphatically 5.7% Uncategorized 3.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 8,526 ( 17.4% ) 35-44 years old Yes, emphatically 0.5% Yes 12% Yes, somewhat 2.8% I have tried it 2.2% Not sure 1.1% No 72% No, emphatically 5.4% Uncategorized 4.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 7,607 ( 15.5% ) 45-54 years old Yes, emphatically 0.5% Yes 12.7% Yes, somewhat 2.5% I have tried it 1.9% Not sure 1.3% No 71.3% No, emphatically 5.2% Uncategorized 4.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,838 ( 7.8% ) 55-64 years old Yes, emphatically 0.8% Yes 11.4% Yes, somewhat 2% I have tried it 3.1% Not sure 1.5% No 71.3% No, emphatically 4.6% Uncategorized 5.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,657 ( 3.4% ) 3.3 AI Agents AI agents AI agents are not yet mainstream. A majority of developers (52%) either don't use agents or stick to simpler AI tools, and a significant portion (38%) have no plans to adopt them. Are you using AI agents in your work (development or otherwise)? AI agents refer to autonomous software entities that can operate with minimal to no direct human intervention using artificial intelligence techniques. All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professional AI Users Learning AI Users All Respondents Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 14.1% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.8% No, but I plan to 17.4% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 13.8% No, and I don't plan to 37.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,877 ( 65% ) Professional Developers Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 14.9% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9.2% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.7% No, but I plan to 17.2% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 14.2% No, and I don't plan to 36.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 24,752 ( 50.5% ) Learning to Code Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 13.2% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 7.8% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.4% No, but I plan to 15.6% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 12.1% No, and I don't plan to 44.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,610 ( 5.3% ) Professional AI Users Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 17.5% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 10.8% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 8.9% No, but I plan to 18.6% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 16.3% No, and I don't plan to 27.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,892 ( 42.6% ) Learning AI Users Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 16.5% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9.6% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 8.7% No, but I plan to 16.9% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 14.7% No, and I don't plan to 33.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,019 ( 4.1% ) AI agents affect on work productivity 52% of developers agree that AI tools and/or AI agents have had a positive effect on their productivity. Have AI tools or AI agents changed how you complete development work in the past year? All Respondents Yes, to a great extent 16.3% Yes, somewhat 35.3% Not at all or minimally 41.4% No, but my development work has significantly changed due to non-AI factors 2.6% No, but my development work has changed somewhat due to non-AI factors 4.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,636 ( 64.5% ) AI agent uses at work If you happen to be using AI agents at work and you are a software developer, chances are high that you are using agents for software development (84%). What industry purposes or specific tasks are you using AI agents in your development work? Select all that apply from both lists. Industry Purpose Software engineering 83.5% Data and analytics 24.9% IT operations 18% Business process automation 17.6% Decision intelligence 11.3% Customer service support 11.2% Marketing 8.6% Cybersecurity 7.4% Robotics 3.9% Other 2.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,301 ( 25.1% ) AI agent uses for general purposes TL;DR: Agents used outside of work are mostly used for language processing tasks (49%). What industry purposes or specific tasks are you using AI agents in your development work? Select all that apply from both lists. General Purpose Language processing 49% Integration with external agents and APIs 38.3% MCP servers 34.4% Agent/multi-agent orchestration 28.1% Vector databases for AI applications 24.1% Multi-platform search enablement 19.4% Personalized agent creation 18.3% Other 3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,797 ( 11.8% ) Impacts of AI agents The most recognized impacts are personal efficiency gains, and not team-wide impact. Approximately 70% of agent users agree that agents have reduced the time spent on specific development tasks, and 69% agree they have increased productivity. Only 17% of users agree that agents have improved collaboration within their team, making it the lowest-rated impact by a wide margin. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding the impact of AI agents on your work as a developer? All Respondents 27.3% 35.9% 21.3% 8.2% 7.3% AI agents have accelerated my learning about new technologies or codebases. 29.3% 34.9% 22.4% 7% 6.4% AI agents have helped me automate repetitive tasks. 17.1% 31.9% 25.3% 14.2% 11.5% AI agents have helped me solve complex problems more effectively. 6.6% 10.7% 40.5% 20% 22.2% AI agents have improved collaboration within my team. 12.2% 25.3% 32.4% 17.1% 13.1% AI agents have improved the quality of my code. 27.7% 41% 20.4% 6% 4.9% AI agents have increased my productivity. 29.3% 40.8% 17.8% 6.9% 5.1% AI agents have reduced the time spent on specific development tasks. Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,823 ( 26.2% ) Challenges with AI agents Is it a learning curve, or is the tech not there yet? 87% of all respondents agree they are concerned about the accuracy, and 81% agree they have concerns about the security and privacy of data. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding AI agents? All Respondents 57.1% 29.8% 9.7% 2.3% 1.1% I am concerned about the accuracy of the information provided by AI agents. 56.1% 25.3% 11.7% 4.7% 2.2% I have concerns about the security and privacy of data when using AI agents. 16.5% 29.7% 37.3% 12.6% 3.9% Integrating AI agents with my existing tools and workflows can be difficult. 15.5% 27.9% 31.8% 17.8% 6.9% It takes significant time and effort to learn how to use AI agents effectively. 13.8% 14.4% 30.6% 15% 26.2% My company's IT and/or InfoSec teams have strict rules that do not allow me to use AI agent tools or platforms 25.4% 27.9% 31.8% 10.3% 4.6% The cost of using certain AI agent platforms is a barrier. Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 28,930 ( 59% ) AI Agent data storage tools When it comes to data management for agents, traditional, developer-friendly tools like Redis (43%) are being repurposed for AI, alongside emerging vector-native databases like ChromaDB (20%) and pgvector (18%). You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent memory or data management in the past year? All Respondents Redis 42.9% GitHub MCP Server 42.8% supabase 20.9% ChromaDB 19.7% pgvector 17.9% Neo4j 12.3% Pinecone 11.2% Qdrant 8.2% Milvus 5.2% Fireproof 5% LangMem 4.8% Weaviate 4.5% LanceDB 4.4% mem0 4% Zep 2.8% Letta 2.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,398 ( 6.9% ) AI Agent orchestration tools The agent orchestration space is currently led by open-source tools. Among developers building agents, Ollama (51%) and LangChain (33%) are the most-used frameworks. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent orchestration or agent frameworks in the past year? All Respondents Ollama 51.1% LangChain 32.9% LangGraph 16.2% Vertex AI 15.1% Amazon Bedrock Agents 14.5% OpenRouter 13.4% Llama Index 13.3% AutoGen (Microsoft) 12% Zapier 11.8% CrewAI 7.5% Semantic Kernel 6% IBM watsonx.ai 5.7% Haystack 4.4% Smolagents 3.7% Agno 3.4% phidata 2.1% Smol-AGI 1.9% Martian 1.7% lyzr 1.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,758 ( 7.7% ) AI Agent observability and security Developers are primarily adapting their existing, traditional monitoring tools for this new task, rather than adopting new, AI-native solutions. The most used tools for AI agent observability are staples of the DevOps and application monitoring world: Grafana + Prometheus are used by 43% of agent developers, and Sentry is used by 32%. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent observability, monitoring or security in the past year? All Respondents Grafana + Prometheus 43% Sentry 31.8% Snyk 18.2% New Relic 13% LangSmith 12.5% Honeycomb 8.8% Langfuse 8.8% Wiz 6.9% Galileo 6.2% Adversarial Robustness Toolbox (ART) 5.5% Protect AI 5% Vectra AI 4.4% arize 3.7% helicone 3.2% Metero 2.7% opik 2.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,689 ( 5.5% ) AI Agent out-of-the-box tools ChatGPT (82%) and GitHub Copilot (68%) are the clear market leaders, serving as the primary entry point for most developers using out-of-the-box AI assistance. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following out-of-the-box agents, copilots or assistants? All Respondents ChatGPT 81.7% GitHub Copilot 67.9% Google Gemini 47.4% Claude Code 40.8% Microsoft Copilot 31.3% Perplexity 16.2% v0.dev 9.1% Bolt.new 6.5% Lovable.dev 5.7% AgentGPT 5% Tabnine 5% Replit 5% Auto-GPT 4.7% Amazon Codewhisperer 3.9% Blackbox AI 3.5% Roo code (Roo-Cline) 3.4% Cody 3% Devin AI 2.7% Glean (Enterprise Agents) 1.3% OpenHands (formerly OpenDevin) 1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 8,323 ( 17% ) Previous Technology Next Work Site design / logo © 2025 Stack Exchange Inc. User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Data licensed under Open Database License (ODbL). Terms Privacy policy Cookie policy Your Privacy Choices Go to stackoverflow.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Follow Hide Create Post about #auth0challenge Check out our latest challenge ! Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Authentication: JWTs vs. Sessions (My Study Notes) Dhruv Dhruv Dhruv Follow Dec 1 '25 Authentication: JWTs vs. Sessions (My Study Notes) # security # auth0challenge # jwt # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Twilio-Stytch Acquisition: A Technical Analysis of Developer CIAM in 2025 Deepak Gupta Deepak Gupta Deepak Gupta Follow Nov 7 '25 The Twilio-Stytch Acquisition: A Technical Analysis of Developer CIAM in 2025 # developer # development # auth0challenge # iam 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 6 min read Congrats to the Winners of the Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge! dev.to staff dev.to staff dev.to staff Follow for The DEV Team Nov 6 '25 Congrats to the Winners of the Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge! # devchallenge # auth0challenge # security # ai 46 reactions Comments 20 comments 2 min read RouteWise AI Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission BinaryGarge.dev BinaryGarge.dev BinaryGarge.dev Follow Oct 26 '25 RouteWise AI # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Auth0 AI Agent Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission sipho motau sipho motau sipho motau Follow Oct 24 '25 Auth0 AI Agent # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication Comments Add Comment 1 min read AgentFlow: Autonomous AI Agents with Secure OAuth Integration via Auth0 Token Vault Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Abhi nandan Abhi nandan Abhi nandan Follow Oct 26 '25 AgentFlow: Autonomous AI Agents with Secure OAuth Integration via Auth0 Token Vault # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 56 reactions Comments 8 comments 4 min read 🤖Custom-Embeddable Secure Agentic Chatbot for SaaS Applications Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission sahra 💫 sahra 💫 sahra 💫 Follow Oct 27 '25 🤖Custom-Embeddable Secure Agentic Chatbot for SaaS Applications # devchallenge # ai # authentication # auth0challenge 22 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Study-Flow: Auth0 for AI Agents: The Missing Piece My Study App Was Begging For Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Anshu Mandal Anshu Mandal Anshu Mandal Follow Oct 27 '25 Study-Flow: Auth0 for AI Agents: The Missing Piece My Study App Was Begging For # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 26 reactions Comments 3 comments 21 min read LegalMindAI – Your AI-Powered Legal Document Hub Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission vaatiesther vaatiesther vaatiesther Follow Oct 27 '25 LegalMindAI – Your AI-Powered Legal Document Hub # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read InnoGate: Anti-Piracy Research Discovery Platform with AI-Powered RAG and Auth0 FGA Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Akshat Batra Akshat Batra Akshat Batra Follow Oct 27 '25 InnoGate: Anti-Piracy Research Discovery Platform with AI-Powered RAG and Auth0 FGA # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read ApexQuest: Architecting Trust - Where Every AI Agent is Authenticated by Auth0 Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Divya Divya Divya Follow Oct 25 '25 ApexQuest: Architecting Trust - Where Every AI Agent is Authenticated by Auth0 # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 44 reactions Comments 2 comments 19 min read From $50K Reports to AI Automation: Securing Multi-Agent ESG Compliance with Auth0 Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission omkar omkar omkar Follow Oct 27 '25 From $50K Reports to AI Automation: Securing Multi-Agent ESG Compliance with Auth0 # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Assistant0 - Secure AI Personal Assistant Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Adam Adam Adam Follow Oct 27 '25 Assistant0 - Secure AI Personal Assistant # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read What The Pack - AI Mission Control for D2C Logistics Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission rokimiftah rokimiftah rokimiftah Follow Oct 27 '25 What The Pack - AI Mission Control for D2C Logistics # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 14 min read ✨IntergrationHub Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Anupam Thakur Anupam Thakur Anupam Thakur Follow Oct 27 '25 ✨IntergrationHub # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication Comments Add Comment 2 min read Nexus AI Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Julio Díaz Julio Díaz Julio Díaz Follow Oct 27 '25 Nexus AI # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 14 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Pay-Per-Use AI Agent Marketplace with Auth0 + Web3 Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Prema Ananda Prema Ananda Prema Ananda Follow Oct 25 '25 Building a Pay-Per-Use AI Agent Marketplace with Auth0 + Web3 # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 20 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Task0 - AI task manager Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Insaf Insaf Insaf Follow Oct 27 '25 Task0 - AI task manager # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Agent Snape - your GitHub manager Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Insaf Insaf Insaf Follow Oct 26 '25 Agent Snape - your GitHub manager # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 22 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read 🛡️ AgentGuard: Secure and Govern Your AI Agents with Auth0 for AI Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Ayomide olofinsawe Ayomide olofinsawe Ayomide olofinsawe Follow Oct 27 '25 🛡️ AgentGuard: Secure and Govern Your AI Agents with Auth0 for AI # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 4 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Join the Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes! Jess Lee Jess Lee Jess Lee Follow for The DEV Team Oct 8 '25 Join the Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes! # devchallenge # auth0challenge # security # ai 95 reactions Comments 20 comments 3 min read We have four DEV Challenges for you to dive into this weekend! Jess Lee Jess Lee Jess Lee Follow for The DEV Team Oct 24 '25 We have four DEV Challenges for you to dive into this weekend! # devchallenge # auth0challenge # agenticpostgreschallenge # hacktoberfest 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read DevCaliber: Redefining Technical Hiring with Auth0 Authenticated AI Agents and Verified GitHub Talent Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Divya Divya Divya Follow Oct 20 '25 DevCaliber: Redefining Technical Hiring with Auth0 Authenticated AI Agents and Verified GitHub Talent # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 37 reactions Comments 16 comments 17 min read AgroVisionSecureAI+: Intelligent Crop Analysis with Auth0 Authentication Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Alphonse Kazadi Alphonse Kazadi Alphonse Kazadi Follow Oct 23 '25 AgroVisionSecureAI+: Intelligent Crop Analysis with Auth0 Authentication # devchallenge # auth0challenge # ai # authentication 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 AI Social Media Manager with Auth0 Security Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge Submission Simran Shaikh Simran Shaikh Simran Shaikh Follow Oct 25 '25 🚀 AI Social Media Manager with Auth0 Security # auth0challenge # ai # react # javascript 10 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources Congrats to the Winners of the Auth0 for AI Agents Challenge! 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse kt Posted on Jan 11 Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing # security # sbom # kubernetes # devops Introduction In modern software development, the "code we write ourselves" is only a small fraction of the entire application. Every day, we combine numerous OSS libraries and container images—our "components"—to build systems. But what if malicious code is included in those "components"? Or what if someone swaps the artifact between the build and deployment stages? These Software Supply Chain Attacks are no longer a distant problem for someone else. As proven by the Log4j and XZ Utils incidents, we live in an era where the trusted supply chain itself can become a threat. In this article, we will learn about two critical technologies to counter these threats— SBOM (Software Bill of Materials) and Code Signing —by actually getting our hands dirty. 1. What is Supply Chain Security The software supply chain refers to the entire series of processes: implementing code using libraries and frameworks in a programming language, managing it on GitHub, building it with GitHub Actions, and deploying it to cloud environments like OpenStack VMs/PMs or Kubernetes until it reaches the end user. The essence of a supply chain attack is "someone secretly mixing in malware or other malicious elements somewhere in the process from development to deployment." When trying to develop an application today, using OSS libraries, frameworks, and third-party components is unavoidable. It can be said that we are no longer 'writing code' but rather 'assembling parts.' In the past, we were afraid of simple vulnerabilities like Log4j ( CVE-2021-44228 , CVE-2021-45046 ). But now, in 2026, cases where "the source of the components itself holds malice" like the XZ Utils ( CVE-2024-3094 ) incident, or "the trusted supply route suddenly betrays us" like Polyfill.io, are occurring. To protect ourselves from these attacks, we need SBOM and Code Signing . 2. What is SBOM? SBOM stands for "Software Bill of Materials." It is a list of the components that make up the software (OSS libraries, third-party components, etc.), their dependencies, and license information. Experiments 1. Installing Syft First, install syft , a CLI tool developed by Anchore. # Mac (Homebrew) brew tap anchore/syft brew install syft Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode # Verify installation syft version # Application: syft # Version: 1.40.0 # BuildDate: 2026-01-08T12:16:49Z # GitCommit: Homebrew # GitDescription: [not provided] # Platform: darwin/arm64 # GoVersion: go1.25.5 # Compiler: gc # SchemaVersion: 16.1.2 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Basic Scanning Let's start in the simplest way by scanning a lightweight alpine image. Syft can pull information directly from the registry even if you don't have the Docker image locally. syft alpine:latest # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ File digests [78 files] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # └── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # NAME VERSION TYPE # alpine-baselayout 3.7.1-r8 apk # alpine-baselayout-data 3.7.1-r8 apk # alpine-keys 2.6-r0 apk # alpine-release 3.23.2-r0 apk # apk-tools 3.0.3-r1 apk # busybox 1.37.0-r30 apk # busybox-binsh 1.37.0-r30 apk # ca-certificates-bundle 20251003-r0 apk # libapk 3.0.3-r1 apk # libcrypto3 3.5.4-r0 apk # libssl3 3.5.4-r0 apk # musl 1.2.5-r21 apk # musl-utils 1.2.5-r21 apk # scanelf 1.3.8-r2 apk # ssl_client 1.37.0-r30 apk # zlib 1.3.1-r2 apk Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Just like that, the OS packages (apk) are listed. You can see that even a small image like alpine consists of dozens of libraries (Ingredients). 3. Output in Standard Formats (SPDX vs CycloneDX) Instead of the human-readable table format, we will output in standard machine-readable formats. A. SPDX (The Linux Foundation) A format recognized as an international standard (ISO/IEC 5962). spdx.dev # Output SPDX in JSON format syft alpine:latest -o spdx-json > sbom-spdx.json # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # └── ✔ File digests [78 files] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode B. CycloneDX (OWASP) Led by OWASP, known for web security, this format has high compatibility with vulnerability management tools. CycloneDX # Output CycloneDX in JSON format syft alpine:latest -o cyclonedx-json > sbom-cyclonedx.json # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # ├── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # └── ✔ File digests [78 files] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Inspecting the Contents The output JSON is huge, but let's check the important "Ingredients". Metadata (Component Name & Version): Basic information on "what is inside." # SPDX cat sbom-spdx.json | jq '.packages[] | {name: .name, version: .versionInfo}' | head -n 5 ## { ## "name": "alpine-baselayout", ## "version": "3.7.1-r8" ## } # CyclonDX ## Extract component name and version cat sbom-cyclonedx.json | jq '.components[] | {name: .name, version: .version, type: .type}' | head -n 5 ## { ## "name": "alpine-baselayout", ## "version": "3.7.1-r8", ## "type": "library" ## } PURL (Package URL): This is a "globally unique ID for the package." This becomes the key when checking against vulnerability DBs. # Extract only PURL (Package URL) # SPDX cat sbom-spdx.json | jq '.packages[].externalRefs[]? | select(.referenceType == "purl") | .referenceLocator' | head -n 5 ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout-data@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-baselayout" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-keys@2.6-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-release@3.23.2-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-base" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/apk-tools@3.0.3-r1?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # CycloneDX cat sbom-cyclonedx.json | jq '.components[].purl' | head -n 5 # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout-data@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-baselayout" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-keys@2.6-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-release@3.23.2-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-base" # "pkg:apk/alpine/apk-tools@3.0.3-r1?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" We found that by managing SBOMs, we can use information like "Component Name," "Version," and "PURL (Unique ID)" to instantly know via grep if we are affected when news hits tomorrow saying "There is a vulnerability in bash version 5.1." 3. What is Code Signing? Code Signing is a security technology that applies a digital signature to software or files, guaranteeing the authenticity (it is genuine) of the creator and integrity (it has not been tampered with). Traditional methods like signing/verifying with GPG keys are like carrying around a physical seal; if you lose it or it gets stolen, it's over. Management is difficult. Code Signing with tools like Sigstore issues a valid private key for only a brief moment when you log in with Google or GitHub. Once the signing is done, the key is discarded. In other words, you do not manage private keys. "Who signed it and when" is recorded in an immutable ledger (Rekor). Experiments 1. Installing the Tool (Cosign) Install cosign , a tool from the Sigstore project. # Mac (Homebrew) brew install cosign Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verify: cosign version # ______ ______ _______. __ _______ .__ __. # / | / __ \ / || | / _____|| \ | | # | ,----'| | | | | (----`| | | | __ | \| | # | | | | | | \ \ | | | | |_ | | . ` | # | `----.| `--' | .----) | | | | |__| | | |\ | # \______| \______/ |_______/ |__| \______| |__| \__| # cosign: A tool for Container Signing, Verification and Storage in an OCI registry. # # GitVersion: v3.0.4 # GitCommit: 6832fba4928c1ad69400235bbc41212de5006176 # GitTreeState: "clean" # BuildDate: 2026-01-09T21:17:16Z # GoVersion: go1.25.5 # Compiler: gc # Platform: darwin/arm64 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Preparation for the Experiment Since setting up Docker Hub accounts is tedious, we will use ttl.sh , a registry that allows "anyone to push, and images disappear after a set time." This is perfect for learning. [!TIP] ttl.sh is a fast and free public container registry service that temporarily stores container images like Docker images. By including an expiration time (seconds or hours) in the tag name, images are automatically deleted, making it ideal for CI/CD tests and temporary distribution. First, tag a local image (like alpine) with a unique tag. We generate a UUID to ensure the random ID doesn't clash with others. # Generate a random ID export UUID = $( uuidgen | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' ) export IMAGE_NAME = "ttl.sh/ ${ UUID } /my-signed-image:1h" # Tag an existing image (alpine) docker pull alpine:latest docker tag alpine:latest $IMAGE_NAME # Push to registry (No login needed!) docker push $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Signing This is the highlight. We don't create a private key. We sign using a Google or GitHub account. Command: cosign sign $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What happens when you run this: A browser opens, asking you to log in to an OIDC provider (Google, GitHub, Microsoft). If you log in and see the success screen, it worked. 1. You might be concerned about logs like this appearing: WARNING: Image reference ... uses a tag, not a digest ... Ideally, the best practice is to specify an immutable hash value like cosign sign ttl.sh/...@sha256:abcde... . Note that if your submission includes personal data ... it will be part of an immutable record. This information will be used for signing ... and cannot be removed later Sigstore (Cosign) records "when and who signed" in a blockchain-like immutable ledger (Rekor). This ledger is open to the whole world (Public Transparency Log) . In other words, "Your email address (e.g., Gmail) will remain in the internet logs forever as the person who signed this image." This means that while key management is unnecessary and easy, the trade-off is that your email address is left in the public log as your "Identity." 4. Verifying the Signature You might wonder, "How do we verify if there's no key?" When verifying, you specify "Who signed it (email/ID)" and "Which provider (Issuer) was used" . # (Replace `<your-email>` with the email you used to log in) cosign verify \ --certificate-identity = "<your-email>" \ --certificate-oidc-issuer = "https://github.com/login/oauth" \ $IMAGE_NAME # Verification for ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h -- # The following checks were performed on each of these signatures: # - The cosign claims were validated # - Existence of the claims in the transparency log was verified offline # - The code-signing certificate was verified using trusted certificate authority certificates # [{"critical":{"identity":{"docker-reference":"ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h"},"image":{"docker-manifest-digest":"sha256:410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2"},"type":"https://sigstore.dev/cosign/sign/v1"},"optional":{}}] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The signature details are displayed in JSON format. This completes the proof that "This image was undoubtedly signed by me via GitHub authentication." 5. Where is the Signature Actually Located? # The signature itself is also stored in the registry cosign triangulate $IMAGE_NAME # ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:sha256-410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2.sig Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Cosign does not manage signature data as a separate file but stores it in the same registry as the target image, as an associated tag (.sig). This allows signature management using just the registry, without preparing a special database on the infrastructure side. Next, let's combine SBOM and Code Signing. 4. Connecting Attestation Code Signing Attestation is a mechanism where software developers combine SBOM and Code Signing to digitally sign apps or drivers, guaranteeing the publisher's authentication and integrity (that it hasn't been tampered with). It uses certificates issued by a Certificate Authority, preventing warnings during installation and allowing users to use software safely. Until now: Image: "I am signed (Authentic)." SBOM: "I am the ingredient list (sitting somewhere over there)." Problem: "Is this ingredient list really for this image? Did someone swap it?" Attestation: "I (the developer) swear (sign) that the contents of this 'Image' are undoubtedly this 'SBOM'." This makes the Image and SBOM treated as an indivisible set . Experiments We will use the same $IMAGE_NAME from the previous chapter. If time has passed and the ttl.sh image has disappeared, please Push it again. Step 1: Regenerate SBOM for Signing Just to be safe, generate the latest SBOM from the current image. # Generate SBOM (CycloneDX format) from image syft $IMAGE_NAME -o cyclonedx-json > sbom.json # Check if content exists ls -lh sbom.json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Execute Attestation Here we use the cosign attest command. It's a command to "Attach this file (SBOM) as a predicate to this image and sign it." cosign attest --yes \ --predicate sbom.json \ --type cyclonedx \ $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode (Browser authentication runs again) Step 3: Verify Attestation We verify not just "if it is signed," but if we can extract the "Correct, signed SBOM." We use verify-attestation instead of simple verify . # Verify (Replace email with yours) cosign verify-attestation \ --type cyclonedx \ --certificate-identity = "<your-email>" \ --certificate-oidc-issuer = https://github.com/login/oauth \ $IMAGE_NAME # Verification for ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h -- # The following checks were performed on each of these signatures: # - The cosign claims were validated # - Existence of the claims in the transparency log was verified offline # - The code-signing certificate was verified using trusted certificate authority certificates # {"payload":"eyJfdHlwZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8... Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode A huge JSON flows on the screen. This is the "SBOM protected by signature." You can see that payloadType: application/vnd.cyclonedx+json and actual package information are included in the output. Usually, SBOM files tend to be scattered across Git repositories or file servers. However, with Attestation, the SBOM is stored in the container registry as a set with the image. When a K8s cluster pulls an image, the "correct SBOM" automatically comes with it. It also seems possible to "attach scan results." This enables advanced security gates (foreshadowing Chapter 5) such as "Allow deployment only for images that have been scanned for vulnerabilities and have an attestation certifying no High vulnerabilities." 5. Use Case: Policy Enforcement with Kubernetes Technical Concept: Admission Controller Kubernetes has a feature called Admission Controller that hooks requests to verify or modify them after authentication/authorization of the API request is complete, but immediately before the object is persisted to etcd. For signature verification, we use the Validating Admission Webhook within this. By registering a policy engine like Kyverno or OPA Gatekeeper as a Webhook, it intercepts Pod creation requests, verifies the signature on the external registry, and decides whether to allow or deny the request. Architecture Diagram Enforcement Behavior The behavior when this policy is applied is as follows: Attempt to deploy an unsigned image The API Server receives Allowed: false from Kyverno / OPA Gatekeeper and denies the request. The error message no matching signatures found is returned, and the Pod is not created. Attempt to deploy a legitimately signed image Kyverno / OPA Gatekeeper verifies the signature on the registry and confirms it matches the defined subject and issuer . Allowed: true is returned to the API Server, and the Pod is created successfully. 6. Conclusion We have taken a deep dive into SBOM and Code Signing, the core technologies of supply chain security. Finally, let's review why these are necessary. The danger of "Unknown Contents" Having no SBOM is like eating food without knowing what's in it. When a new vulnerability (Next Log4j) is discovered in the future, having an SBOM allows us to instantly identify "where the impact is" and respond quickly. The danger of "Unknown Creator" Having no signature is like sending cash in an envelope that anyone can open. By using Code Signing, especially transparent signing technologies like Sigstore, we gain a strong guarantee that "This was undoubtedly made by a trusted developer and has not been tampered with." What's the next Cosign (Sigstore) introduced here is a very deep project. Although we didn't dig deep this time, understanding the internal architecture of the Certificate Authority Fulcio and the Transparency Log Rekor will allow building a more robust security foundation. Not just "built and done," but "taking responsibility until it reaches the end user." That is the mindset of supply chain security required of engineers from now on. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse kt Follow Joined Jan 8, 2026 More from kt y509: A terminal user interface (TUI) tool for viewing and analyzing X.509 certificate chains # showdev # go # cli # security 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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We produce cutting-edge research that guides public officials, crystalizing essential insights in an easy-to-absorb format. Through research, forums, and immersive workshops, our goal is to provide fresh insights that advance an understanding of what is possible in government transformation. Learn more Get in touch with our research team William D. Eggers Executive director | Deloitte Center for Government Insights William D. Eggers Executive director | Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States William Eggers is the executive director of Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights, where he is responsible for the firm’s public sector thought leadership. His most recent book is Delivering on Digital: The Innovators and Technologies that Are Transforming Government (Deloitte University Press, 2016). His other books include The Solution Revolution , the Washington Post best-seller If We Can Put a Man on the Moon , and Governing by Network . 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He is the co-author of the 2009 Washington Post bestseller, If We Can Put a Man on the Moon . jpoleary@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3576 Adam Routh Defense research lead | Deloitte Center for Government Insights Adam Routh Defense research lead | Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Adam Routh is a manager with Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights. His research areas include space policy, the future of defense, and great power competition. Routh’s research has addressed US national space policy, space governance, the challenges and requirements of the future military force, and emerging technologies. His analysis has been featured on the nightly news and the John Batchelor Show and published in The National Review , The Hill , The National Interest , Space News , The Space Review , Real Clear Defense , and Defense News , among other outlets. adrouth@deloitte.com Bruce Chew Managing director, Monitor Deloitte | Deloitte Consulting LLP Bruce Chew Managing director, Monitor Deloitte | Deloitte Consulting LLP United States Bruce Chew is the federal research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights and a managing director with Monitor Deloitte, Deloitte Consulting LLP’s strategy service line. For more than 30 years, his research and client work has focused on helping established organizations respond effectively and strategically to disruption and change. brchew@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3526 Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Canada Amrita Datar is a research manager at the Deloitte Center for Government Insights, where she leads research and thought leadership on the future of work and workforce issues. Her work focuses on emerging trends at the intersection of technology, business, and society and how they impact public sector organizations. amdatar@deloitte.ca +1 416 643 8908 Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Tiffany Fishman is a senior manager with the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. Her research and client work focuses on how emerging issues in technology, business, and society will impact organizations. tfishman@deloitte.com +1 571 882 6247 Alison Muckle Egizi Research manager | Healthcare Alison Muckle Egizi Research manager | Healthcare United States Alison Muckle Egizi leads health policy research for the Center for Government Insights. Her work focuses on key health policy issues facing federal, state, and local health agencies. She brings 15 years of experience in research and initiatives focused on promoting optimal population health and well-being through health system transformation, collaborative innovation, place-based change, and investments in social drivers of health. Her work has informed federal, state, and local health policies and programs. amuckle@deloitte.com Joe Mariani Senior research manager, Center for Government Insights | Deloitte Consulting LLP Joe Mariani Senior research manager, Center for Government Insights | Deloitte Consulting LLP United States Joe Mariani is a senior research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights. His research focuses on innovation and technology adoption for both national security organizations and commercial businesses. His previous work includes experience as a consultant to the defense and intelligence industries, high school science teacher, and Marine Corps intelligence officer. jmariani@deloitte.com +1 312 486 2150 Mahesh Kelkar Research Leader | Future of cities Mahesh Kelkar Research Leader | Future of cities India Mahesh Kelkar is the Future of Cities research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. His research focuses on understanding the impact of technology, innovation, and policy on the future of cities. He closely tracks the federal and state government sectors and conducts in-depth research on the intersection of technology with government operations, policies, and decision-making. His other research focus areas include trust in government, digital equity, digital connectivity, transportation, and government trends. mkelkar@deloitte.com +1 678 299 7142 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. 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https://dev.to/moe23 | Mohamad Lawand - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Mohamad Lawand Code is Life. Crossfitter. Technical Architect. Just another human walking the earth! https://youtube.com/c/mohamadlawand Location Manchester, UK Joined Joined on Jul 25, 2019 Personal website https://www.mohamadlawand.com/ github website twitter website Work Technical Architect Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close More info about @moe23 Skills/Languages C#, dotnet, ASP.NET core, SQL, Azure, Docker, Swift, iOS and blockchain tech Solidity, C++, EOS, Eth, Hyperledger, Java, Currently learning Kubernetes, ML, python Available for cloud, dotnet and everything development Post 69 posts published Comment 15 comments written Tag 20 tags followed .NET 8 💥 - Intro to Kubernetes for .NET Devs Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jun 18 '24 .NET 8 💥 - Intro to Kubernetes for .NET Devs # dotnet # kubernetes # containers # docker 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Mohamad Lawand? Create an account to connect with Mohamad Lawand. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in .NET 6 - Background Jobs with Hangfire 🔥🔥🔥 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Nov 3 '22 .NET 6 - Background Jobs with Hangfire 🔥🔥🔥 # dotnet # tutorial # programming # backgroundjobs 35 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read .NET 6 - AutoMapper & Data Transfer Objects (DTOs) 🗺 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Oct 18 '22 .NET 6 - AutoMapper & Data Transfer Objects (DTOs) 🗺 # dotnet # api # tutorial # performance 41 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read .NET 6 - Web API Global Exceptions Handling 🌐 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Sep 21 '22 .NET 6 - Web API Global Exceptions Handling 🌐 # dotnet # architecture # api # tutorial 29 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read .NET 6 - Web API Logging 📝 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Sep 10 '22 .NET 6 - Web API Logging 📝 # dotnet # logs # tutorial # api 20 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read .NET 6 - Web API Correlation Id 🔗 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Sep 3 '22 .NET 6 - Web API Correlation Id 🔗 # dotnet # api # architecture # tutorial 23 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Setup your M1 MacBook Pro for .NET and iOS development Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Aug 26 '22 Setup your M1 MacBook Pro for .NET and iOS development # dotnet # ios # devjournal # productivity 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Advance Ef Core and PostgreSQL in .Net 6 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Aug 18 '22 Advance Ef Core and PostgreSQL in .Net 6 # dotnet # postgres # database # tutorial 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read .NET 6 with PostgreSQL Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Aug 14 '22 .NET 6 with PostgreSQL # dotnet # postgres # database # tutorial 11 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read .Net 6 WebAPI - Upload files to AWS S3 - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jun 8 '22 .Net 6 WebAPI - Upload files to AWS S3 - Step by Step # dotnet # aws # stepbystep # beginners 34 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read .Net 7 (Preview 4) - Minimal API - Multiple Result Type - Route Groups Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow May 29 '22 .Net 7 (Preview 4) - Minimal API - Multiple Result Type - Route Groups # todayilearned # dotnet # api # tutorial 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read .Net 7 (Preview 4) - Minimal API Filters Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow May 20 '22 .Net 7 (Preview 4) - Minimal API Filters # dotnet # tutorial # api # programming 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read What is AWS IAM? Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow May 18 '22 What is AWS IAM? # aws # iam # cloud # cloudskills 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS Fundamentals Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow May 11 '22 AWS Fundamentals # aws # certifications # architecture # tutorial 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Build a Minimal API with HereDoc and Docker Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow May 3 '22 Build a Minimal API with HereDoc and Docker # docker # dotnet # api # beginners 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read .Net 6 - Create Image Processing with Azure Functions & Service Bus Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 27 '22 .Net 6 - Create Image Processing with Azure Functions & Service Bus # dotnet # azure # serverless # api 13 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read .Net 6 WebAPI - Intro to ElasticSearch - Step by Step #aspnetcore Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 9 '22 .Net 6 WebAPI - Intro to ElasticSearch - Step by Step #aspnetcore # dotnet # elasticsearch # csharp # api 25 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read .Net 6 Minimal Api Authentication (JWT) with Swagger and Open API Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jan 31 '22 .Net 6 Minimal Api Authentication (JWT) with Swagger and Open API # dotnet # api # jwt # authentication 31 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Unit Test with .Net 6 with xUnit and MOQ Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jan 21 '22 Unit Test with .Net 6 with xUnit and MOQ # dotnet # unittest # csharp # programming 32 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Whats the difference between Args and Env in Docker Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jan 12 '22 Whats the difference between Args and Env in Docker # docker # dotnet # tutorial # devops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to be a Web Developer in 2022 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jan 10 '22 How to be a Web Developer in 2022 # webdev # beginners # tutorial # motivation 186 reactions Comments 6 comments 4 min read .Net 6 WebAPI - Intro to ElasticSearch & Kibana - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Dec 20 '21 .Net 6 WebAPI - Intro to ElasticSearch & Kibana - Step by Step # dotnet # elasticsearch # docker # api 36 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Add AutoMapper to .Net 6 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Dec 10 '21 Add AutoMapper to .Net 6 # dotnet # automapper # csharp # aspnetcore 43 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read Upgrade .Net 5 to .Net 6 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Dec 7 '21 Upgrade .Net 5 to .Net 6 # dotnet # upgrade # csharp 19 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Getting started with Minimal APIs in .Net 6 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Nov 15 '21 Getting started with Minimal APIs in .Net 6 # dotnet # minimalapi # dotnet6 # csharp 37 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Asp Net Core - Rest API Authorization with JWT (Roles Vs Claims Vs Policy) - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Oct 18 '21 Asp Net Core - Rest API Authorization with JWT (Roles Vs Claims Vs Policy) - Step by Step # dotnet # csharp # jet # authorization 95 reactions Comments 8 comments 8 min read ASP.NET Dependency Injection Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Sep 13 '21 ASP.NET Dependency Injection # dotnet # ioc # di # csharp 23 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Middleware in ASP.NET Core Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Sep 5 '21 Middleware in ASP.NET Core # dotnet # csharp 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read AWS - Lambda Functions for dotnet developer (Part 1) Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Aug 31 '21 AWS - Lambda Functions for dotnet developer (Part 1) # aws # lambda # csharp 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read C# 9 - Delegate, Action and Func Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Aug 20 '21 C# 9 - Delegate, Action and Func # dotnet # csharp # delegate # advance 29 reactions Comments 2 comments 9 min read Exploring Azure - Azure Functions Coding Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jul 21 '21 Exploring Azure - Azure Functions Coding # azure # serverless # terraform # cli 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Exploring Azure - Azure Functions Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jul 21 '21 Exploring Azure - Azure Functions # azure # serverless # azurefunctions 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Exploring Azure - Part 1 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jul 11 '21 Exploring Azure - Part 1 # azure # cloud # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Deep Dive: Multi-Factor Authentication with .NET 5 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jun 29 '21 Deep Dive: Multi-Factor Authentication with .NET 5 # dotnet # csharp # security 34 reactions Comments 3 comments 6 min read C# Tips and Tricks - Part 3 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jun 19 '21 C# Tips and Tricks - Part 3 # dotnet # csharp 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Step by Step - Repository Pattern and Unit of Work with Asp.Net Core 5 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jun 17 '21 Step by Step - Repository Pattern and Unit of Work with Asp.Net Core 5 # dotnet # csharp # beginners 42 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read C# Tips and Tricks - Part 2 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jun 13 '21 C# Tips and Tricks - Part 2 # dotnet # csharp # tips 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read C# Tips and Tricks - Part 1 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jun 7 '21 C# Tips and Tricks - Part 1 # csharp # dotnet # beginners 17 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Infrastructure as Code with Terraform, Azure DevOps, Azure, Github, Docker and .Net 5 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jun 4 '21 Infrastructure as Code with Terraform, Azure DevOps, Azure, Github, Docker and .Net 5 # devops # azure # github # docker 20 reactions Comments 2 comments 13 min read C# 9 Language Highlights Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow May 17 '21 C# 9 Language Highlights # csharp # dotnet # beginners 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read .Net 5 API with GraphQL - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow May 6 '21 .Net 5 API with GraphQL - Step by Step # graphql # dotnet # csharp # api 60 reactions Comments 5 comments 12 min read AspNet Core 5 Reading and Exporting Excel Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Apr 28 '21 AspNet Core 5 Reading and Exporting Excel # dotnet # csharp # excel 20 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Asp.Net Core 5 - API Versioning Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Apr 22 '21 Asp.Net Core 5 - API Versioning # dotnet # csharp # beginners # api 25 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Intro to Angular - Observables, Services, Nested Components Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Apr 16 '21 Intro to Angular - Observables, Services, Nested Components # angular # typescript # beginners # javascript 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Intro to Angular - Part 1 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Apr 11 '21 Intro to Angular - Part 1 # angular # typescript # beginners # javascript 16 reactions Comments 2 comments 10 min read Creating MicroService with .Net 5 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Apr 1 '21 Creating MicroService with .Net 5 # dotnet # microservices # csharp # beginners 33 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read .NET 5 Console App with Dependency Injection, Serilog Logging, and AppSettings Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Mar 24 '21 .NET 5 Console App with Dependency Injection, Serilog Logging, and AppSettings # dotnet # beginners # dependencyinjection # consoleapp 28 reactions Comments 6 comments 3 min read Intro to Kubernetes - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Mar 17 '21 Intro to Kubernetes - Step by Step # kubernetes # cloud # beginners # docker 95 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read Intro to JWT - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Mar 10 '21 Intro to JWT - Step by Step # jwt # rest # beginners 21 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read Intro to Docker - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Mar 5 '21 Intro to Docker - Step by Step # docker # beginners # dotnet 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Intro to Entity Framework Core 5 - New features Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Mar 2 '21 Intro to Entity Framework Core 5 - New features # dotnet # efcore # beginners # csharp 16 reactions Comments 3 comments 7 min read Intro to gRPC - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 25 '21 Intro to gRPC - Step by Step # grpc # csharp # dotnet # beginners 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Visual Studio Code Extensions for .Net development Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 21 '21 Visual Studio Code Extensions for .Net development # dotnet # csharp # vscode 12 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Intro to Azure Storage with .Net 5 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 18 '21 Intro to Azure Storage with .Net 5 # azure # serverless # storage # dotnet 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Azure Service Bus with Asp.Net Core 5 Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 14 '21 Azure Service Bus with Asp.Net Core 5 # dotnet # azure # csharp # beginners 13 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Azure Service Bus - Introduction for beginners Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 13 '21 Azure Service Bus - Introduction for beginners # azure # serverless # beginners # azureservicebus 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read C# 9 New features Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 9 '21 C# 9 New features # csharp # dotnet # beginners 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Azure Function Github to Slack Pipeline Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 5 '21 Azure Function Github to Slack Pipeline # azure # serverless # beginners # csharp 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Blazor WASM - CRUD with Rest API - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Feb 2 '21 Blazor WASM - CRUD with Rest API - Step by Step # dotnet # blazor # rest # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Blazor WASM with REST API - Step by Step Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Jan 29 '21 Blazor WASM with REST API - 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https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/xamarin/xamarin-forms/user-interface/shapes/path | Xamarin.Forms Shapes: Path - Xamarin | Microsoft Learn Skip to main content Skip to Ask Learn chat experience This browser is no longer supported. Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Download Microsoft Edge More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge Table of contents Exit editor mode Ask Learn Ask Learn Focus mode Table of contents Read in English Add Add to plan Share via Facebook x.com LinkedIn Email Print Note Access to this page requires authorization. You can try signing in or changing directories . Access to this page requires authorization. You can try changing directories . Xamarin.Forms Shapes: Path Feedback Summarize this article for me In this article The Path class derives from the Shape class, and can be used to draw curves and complex shapes. These curves and shapes are often described using Geometry objects. For information on the properties that the Path class inherits from the Shape class, see Xamarin.Forms Shapes . Path defines the following properties: Data , of type Geometry , which specifies the shape to be drawn. RenderTransform , of type Transform , which represents the transform that is applied to the geometry of a path prior to it being drawn. These properties are backed by BindableProperty objects, which means that they can be targets of data bindings, and styled. For more information about transforms, see Xamarin.Forms Path Transforms . Create a Path To draw a path, create a Path object and set its Data property. There are two techniques for setting the Data property: You can set a string value for Data in XAML, using path markup syntax. With this approach, the Path.Data value is consuming a serialization format for graphics. Typically, you don't edit this string value by hand after it's created. Instead, you use design tools to manipulate the data, and export it as a string fragment that's consumable by the Data property. You can set the Data property to a Geometry object. This can be a specific Geometry object, or a GeometryGroup which acts as a container that can combine multiple geometry objects into a single object. Create a Path with path markup syntax The following XAML example shows how to draw a triangle using path markup syntax: <Path Data="M 10,100 L 100,100 100,50Z" Stroke="Black" Aspect="Uniform" HorizontalOptions="Start" /> The Data string begins with the move command, indicated by M , which establishes an absolute start point for the path. L is the line command, which creates a straight line from the start point to the specified end point. Z is the close command, which creates a line that connects the current point to the starting point. The result is a triangle: For more information about path markup syntax, see Xamarin.Forms Path markup syntax . Create a Path with Geometry objects Curves and shapes can be described using Geometry objects, which are used to set the Path object's Data property. There are a variety of Geometry objects to choose from. The EllipseGeometry , LineGeometry , and RectangleGeometry classes describe relatively simple shapes. To create more complex shapes or create curves, use a PathGeometry . PathGeometry objects are comprised of one or more PathFigure objects. Each PathFigure object represents a different shape. Each PathFigure object is itself comprised of one or more PathSegment objects, each representing a connection portion of the shape. Segment types include the following the LineSegment , BezierSegment , and ArcSegment classes. The following XAML example shows how to draw a triangle using a PathGeometry object: <Path Stroke="Black" Aspect="Uniform" HorizontalOptions="Start"> <Path.Data> <PathGeometry> <PathGeometry.Figures> <PathFigureCollection> <PathFigure IsClosed="True" StartPoint="10,100"> <PathFigure.Segments> <PathSegmentCollection> <LineSegment Point="100,100" /> <LineSegment Point="100,50" /> </PathSegmentCollection> </PathFigure.Segments> </PathFigure> </PathFigureCollection> </PathGeometry.Figures> </PathGeometry> </Path.Data> </Path> In this example, the start point of the triangle is (10,100). A line segment is drawn from (10,100) to (100,100), and from (100,100) to (100,50). Then the figures first and last segments are connected, because the PathFigure.IsClosed property is set to true . The result is a triangle: For more information about geometries, see Xamarin.Forms Geometries . Related links Xamarin.Forms Shapes Xamarin.Forms Geometries Xamarin.Forms Path markup syntax Xamarin.Forms Path transforms Additional resources Last updated on 2020-09-24 In this article en-us Your Privacy Choices Theme Light Dark High contrast AI Disclaimer Previous Versions Blog Contribute Privacy Terms of Use Trademarks © Microsoft 2026 | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. 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Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials The Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials combines rigorous research with industry-specific knowledge and practice-led experience to deliver insights that can drive business impact. The energy, resources, and industrials industry is the nexus for building, powering, and securing the smart, connected world of tomorrow. Our research uncovers opportunities that can help businesses thrive. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Kate Hardin Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials | Executive director | Deloitte Services LP Kate Hardin Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials | Executive director | Deloitte Services LP United States Kate Hardin is the executive director of the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials. In tandem with the center leadership, Hardin drives energy research initiatives and manages the execution of the center’s strategy as well as its eminence and thought leadership. khardin@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3332 Clayton Wilkerson Chief of staff Clayton Wilkerson Chief of staff United States Clayton Wilkerson, chief of staff for Deloitte Services LP's Research Center for Energy and Industrials, is a dynamic industry development leader with over 20 years experience, boasting a proven track record reflected in my expertise, skills and accomplishments in leading-edge, research and insights, learning and development, talent acquisition, and training implementation. Articulate and knowledgeable leader recognized for developing, supporting, and implementing productivity initiatives, business strategy, activities, processes, systems, and tools that lead to the achievement of productivity targets. cwilkerson@deloitte.com Anshu Mittal Research leader, Oil & gas Anshu Mittal Research leader, Oil & gas India Anshu Mittal is a senior vice president in Deloitte’s research and insights team and the US-India office’s research and insights leader. With nearly 20 years of experience in the energy and resources industry, he has advised governments and companies on policy-, regulatory-, strategy-, and transaction-level issues across the energy value chain. ansmittal@deloitte.com +91 990 854 9995 Jaya Nagdeo Research manager, Power, utilities & renewables Jaya Nagdeo Research manager, Power, utilities & renewables India Jaya Nagdeo is a manager with Deloitte Services India Pvt. Ltd., and is part of the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials. She has more than 11 years of experience in strategic and financial research across all power utilities and renewable energy subsectors and has contributed to many studies in the areas of energy transition, business strategy, digital transformation, operational performance, and market landscape. jnagdeo@deloitte.com John Morehouse Research leader, Industrial products manufacturing John Morehouse Research leader, Industrial products manufacturing United States John Morehouse is the Industrial Products Manufacturing research leader in the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials. With more than 25 years of experience in manufacturing-related roles across industry, academia, and government, Morehouse enjoys leveraging his expertise in research, engineering, and business to assist companies in innovating their products, processes, and workforce, and fostering the development of manufacturing ecosystems. jmorehouse@deloitte.com Ashlee Christian Research manager, Energy & chemicals Ashlee Christian Research manager, Energy & chemicals United States Ashlee Christian leads Energy & Chemicals projects at the Deloitte Research Center for Energy and Industrials, with a focus on natural gas, LNG, chemicals, and pathways to sustainability. She has 15 years of experience in research, market analysis, business development, and management consulting in the Energy sector. aschristian@deloitte.com Carolyn Amon Research leader, Power, utilities & renewables Carolyn Amon Research leader, Power, utilities & renewables United States Carolyn Amon leads Power, Utilities & Renewables’ projects at the Deloitte Research Center for Energy and Industrials, where she focuses on decarbonization strategies. She has 20 years of experience delivering international advisory services and developing thought leadership across the Energy, Electric Vehicle, and Manufacturing sectors. She is passionate about empowering people to partake in the energy transition to a net-zero world. caamon@deloitte.com +1 571 814 6979 Kruttika Dwivedi Research manager | Industrial products and construction Kruttika Dwivedi Research manager | Industrial products and construction India Kruttika Dwivedi, a research manager with the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials at Deloitte Support Services India Private Limited, has supported several industrial products research studies focused on areas such as the future of work, the Internet of Things, and talent management. She has nearly nine years of experience in advanced statistical analysis and strategic research. Dwivedi holds an MBA with a specialization in marketing research. krdwivedi@deloitte.com +91 40 6670 81384 Scott Welch Research leader, Industrial products and construction Scott Welch Research leader, Industrial products and construction United States Scott Welch is the research leader for both aerospace and defense and engineering and construction in the Deloitte Research Center for Energy & Industrials. He has over 20 years of experience in developing data-driven insights and translating complex market trends into compelling thought leadership across multiple sectors and geographies. Before joining Deloitte, Welch served in several business insights leadership roles at another Big Four. His research and thought leadership have been cited in prominent media outlets, including Bloomberg , Forbes , CNBC , and the Urban Land Institute. scwelch@deloitte.com Shih Yu (Elsie) Hung Research manager, Power, utilities & renewables Shih Yu (Elsie) Hung Research manager, Power, utilities & renewables United States Elsie Hung is the research manager for power, utilities, and renewables at the Deloitte Research Center for Energy and Industrials. She brings 10 years of experience driving interdisciplinary energy policy research with a primary focus on the Electric Reliability Council of Texas and the broader electricity sector. Before joining Deloitte, Hung served as research manager at the Center for Energy Studies at the Baker Institute for Public Policy in Houston, Texas. elhung@deloitte.com My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? 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Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Financial Services The Deloitte Center for Financial Services, which supports the organization’s US Financial Services practice, provides insight and research to assist senior-level decision-makers within banks, capital markets firms, investment managers, insurance carriers, and real estate organizations. The center is staffed by a group of professionals with a wide array of in-depth industry experiences as well as cutting-edge research and analytical skills. Through our research, roundtables, and other forms of engagement, we seek to be a trusted source for relevant, timely, and reliable insights. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Jim Eckenrode Managing director | Deloitte Center for Financial Services Jim Eckenrode Managing director | Deloitte Center for Financial Services United States Jim Eckenrode is managing director at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services, responsible for developing and executing Deloitte’s research agenda, while providing insights to leading financial institutions on business and technology strategy. jeckenrode@deloitte.com +1 617 585 4877 Michelle Canaan Insurance research leader, Deloitte Center for Financial Services | Senior manager, Deloitte Services LP Michelle Canaan Insurance research leader, Deloitte Center for Financial Services | Senior manager, Deloitte Services LP United States Michelle Canaan is a senior manager and the insurance research leader at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services. She frequently contributes to Deloitte Insights , including studies on market strategy, technology and innovation, financial inclusion, and talent. mcanaan@deloitte.com +1 212 436 3291 Patty Danielecki Senior Manager, Deloitte Center for Financial Services Patty Danielecki Senior Manager, Deloitte Center for Financial Services United States Patty is a senior manager and chief of staff at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services, Deloitte Services LP, where she leads the strategy and operations functions of the center. She has more than 20 years of experience in operations and research. She is based in New York. pdanielecki@deloitte.com +1 212 436 4127 Doug Dannemiller Senior research leader | Deloitte Services LP Doug Dannemiller Senior research leader | Deloitte Services LP United States Doug is a senior research leader for investment management at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services in Deloitte Services LP. He is responsible for driving the Center’s research platforms and delivering world-class research for our clients. Doug has more than 20 years of experience in research, strategy, and marketing in the investment management and wealth management industries. ddannemiller@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2067 Val Srinivas Senior research leader | Banking & Capital Markets | Deloitte Services LP Val Srinivas Senior research leader | Banking & Capital Markets | Deloitte Services LP United States Val Srinivas is the banking and capital markets research leader at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services. He leads the development of Deloitte’s thought leadership initiatives in the industry, coordinating various research efforts and helping to differentiate Deloitte in the marketplace. Srinivas has more than 21 years of experience in research and marketing strategy. vsrinivas@deloitte.com +1 212 436 3384 Tim Coy Research manager | Deloitte Center for Financial Services | Deloitte Services LP Tim Coy Research manager | Deloitte Center for Financial Services | Deloitte Services LP United States Tim Coy is the research manager for the commercial real estate industry within Deloitte’s Center for Financial Services and is based out of New York City. Prior to Deloitte, he served as a lead researcher for commercial real estate brokerages CBRE and Cushman & Wakefield. ticoy@deloitte.com +1 332 323 4896 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. 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For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Center for Government Insights Transportation Infrastructure Explore research and insights for the transportation infrastructure sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Government Insights The Deloitte Center for Government Insights shares inspiring stories of government innovation. We produce cutting-edge research that guides public officials, crystalizing essential insights in an easy-to-absorb format. Through research, forums, and immersive workshops, our goal is to provide fresh insights that advance an understanding of what is possible in government transformation. Learn more Get in touch with our research team William D. Eggers Executive director | Deloitte Center for Government Insights William D. Eggers Executive director | Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States William Eggers is the executive director of Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights, where he is responsible for the firm’s public sector thought leadership. His most recent book is Delivering on Digital: The Innovators and Technologies that Are Transforming Government (Deloitte University Press, 2016). His other books include The Solution Revolution , the Washington Post best-seller If We Can Put a Man on the Moon , and Governing by Network . He coined the term Government 2.0 in a book by the same name. His commentary has appeared in dozens of major media outlets including the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post . weggers@deloitte.com +1 571 882 6585 Dave Noone Researcher and chief of staff Dave Noone Researcher and chief of staff United States Dave is a senior manager in the Research and Insights group of Deloitte Services LP. He works with governments and universities to better understand and implement emerging technologies and business models that can address their most pressing challenges. Prior to this role, he spent nine years with Deloitte Consulting LLP leading organizational assessment and transformation projects. dnoone@deloitte.com +1 212 313 1757 John O'Leary Research leader | State and local government John O'Leary Research leader | State and local government United States John O’Leary is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP and is the state and local government research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. Prior to joining Deloitte, he served as the vice president of communications and executive reporting with State Street Bank. O’Leary previously served in multiple senior leadership roles for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and was a distinguished research fellow at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He is the co-author of the 2009 Washington Post bestseller, If We Can Put a Man on the Moon . jpoleary@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3576 Adam Routh Defense research lead | Deloitte Center for Government Insights Adam Routh Defense research lead | Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Adam Routh is a manager with Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights. His research areas include space policy, the future of defense, and great power competition. Routh’s research has addressed US national space policy, space governance, the challenges and requirements of the future military force, and emerging technologies. His analysis has been featured on the nightly news and the John Batchelor Show and published in The National Review , The Hill , The National Interest , Space News , The Space Review , Real Clear Defense , and Defense News , among other outlets. adrouth@deloitte.com Bruce Chew Managing director, Monitor Deloitte | Deloitte Consulting LLP Bruce Chew Managing director, Monitor Deloitte | Deloitte Consulting LLP United States Bruce Chew is the federal research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights and a managing director with Monitor Deloitte, Deloitte Consulting LLP’s strategy service line. For more than 30 years, his research and client work has focused on helping established organizations respond effectively and strategically to disruption and change. brchew@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3526 Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Canada Amrita Datar is a research manager at the Deloitte Center for Government Insights, where she leads research and thought leadership on the future of work and workforce issues. Her work focuses on emerging trends at the intersection of technology, business, and society and how they impact public sector organizations. amdatar@deloitte.ca +1 416 643 8908 Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Tiffany Fishman is a senior manager with the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. Her research and client work focuses on how emerging issues in technology, business, and society will impact organizations. tfishman@deloitte.com +1 571 882 6247 Alison Muckle Egizi Research manager | Healthcare Alison Muckle Egizi Research manager | Healthcare United States Alison Muckle Egizi leads health policy research for the Center for Government Insights. Her work focuses on key health policy issues facing federal, state, and local health agencies. She brings 15 years of experience in research and initiatives focused on promoting optimal population health and well-being through health system transformation, collaborative innovation, place-based change, and investments in social drivers of health. Her work has informed federal, state, and local health policies and programs. amuckle@deloitte.com Joe Mariani Senior research manager, Center for Government Insights | Deloitte Consulting LLP Joe Mariani Senior research manager, Center for Government Insights | Deloitte Consulting LLP United States Joe Mariani is a senior research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights. His research focuses on innovation and technology adoption for both national security organizations and commercial businesses. His previous work includes experience as a consultant to the defense and intelligence industries, high school science teacher, and Marine Corps intelligence officer. jmariani@deloitte.com +1 312 486 2150 Mahesh Kelkar Research Leader | Future of cities Mahesh Kelkar Research Leader | Future of cities India Mahesh Kelkar is the Future of Cities research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. His research focuses on understanding the impact of technology, innovation, and policy on the future of cities. He closely tracks the federal and state government sectors and conducts in-depth research on the intersection of technology with government operations, policies, and decision-making. His other research focus areas include trust in government, digital equity, digital connectivity, transportation, and government trends. mkelkar@deloitte.com +1 678 299 7142 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. 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DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health Care State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Financial Services SECTORS Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Industry TOPICS AI in Financial Services Business Transformation FSI Predictions Future of Financial Services Regulatory Strategy Sustainability & Climate Technology Innovation RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Center for Financial Services Investment Management Explore research and insights for the investment management sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Financial Services The Deloitte Center for Financial Services, which supports the organization’s US Financial Services practice, provides insight and research to assist senior-level decision-makers within banks, capital markets firms, investment managers, insurance carriers, and real estate organizations. The center is staffed by a group of professionals with a wide array of in-depth industry experiences as well as cutting-edge research and analytical skills. Through our research, roundtables, and other forms of engagement, we seek to be a trusted source for relevant, timely, and reliable insights. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Jim Eckenrode Managing director | Deloitte Center for Financial Services Jim Eckenrode Managing director | Deloitte Center for Financial Services United States Jim Eckenrode is managing director at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services, responsible for developing and executing Deloitte’s research agenda, while providing insights to leading financial institutions on business and technology strategy. jeckenrode@deloitte.com +1 617 585 4877 Michelle Canaan Insurance research leader, Deloitte Center for Financial Services | Senior manager, Deloitte Services LP Michelle Canaan Insurance research leader, Deloitte Center for Financial Services | Senior manager, Deloitte Services LP United States Michelle Canaan is a senior manager and the insurance research leader at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services. She frequently contributes to Deloitte Insights , including studies on market strategy, technology and innovation, financial inclusion, and talent. mcanaan@deloitte.com +1 212 436 3291 Patty Danielecki Senior Manager, Deloitte Center for Financial Services Patty Danielecki Senior Manager, Deloitte Center for Financial Services United States Patty is a senior manager and chief of staff at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services, Deloitte Services LP, where she leads the strategy and operations functions of the center. She has more than 20 years of experience in operations and research. She is based in New York. pdanielecki@deloitte.com +1 212 436 4127 Doug Dannemiller Senior research leader | Deloitte Services LP Doug Dannemiller Senior research leader | Deloitte Services LP United States Doug is a senior research leader for investment management at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services in Deloitte Services LP. He is responsible for driving the Center’s research platforms and delivering world-class research for our clients. Doug has more than 20 years of experience in research, strategy, and marketing in the investment management and wealth management industries. ddannemiller@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2067 Val Srinivas Senior research leader | Banking & Capital Markets | Deloitte Services LP Val Srinivas Senior research leader | Banking & Capital Markets | Deloitte Services LP United States Val Srinivas is the banking and capital markets research leader at the Deloitte Center for Financial Services. He leads the development of Deloitte’s thought leadership initiatives in the industry, coordinating various research efforts and helping to differentiate Deloitte in the marketplace. Srinivas has more than 21 years of experience in research and marketing strategy. vsrinivas@deloitte.com +1 212 436 3384 Tim Coy Research manager | Deloitte Center for Financial Services | Deloitte Services LP Tim Coy Research manager | Deloitte Center for Financial Services | Deloitte Services LP United States Tim Coy is the research manager for the commercial real estate industry within Deloitte’s Center for Financial Services and is based out of New York City. Prior to Deloitte, he served as a lead researcher for commercial real estate brokerages CBRE and Cushman & Wakefield. ticoy@deloitte.com +1 332 323 4896 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # kernel Follow Hide Create Post Older #kernel posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu eBPF Tutorial: BPF Iterators for Kernel Data Export 云微 云微 云微 Follow Jan 13 eBPF Tutorial: BPF Iterators for Kernel Data Export # ebpf # iterator # kernel Comments Add Comment 11 min read Debugging a Filesystem Module: When Reference Counting Goes Wrong Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Jan 7 Debugging a Filesystem Module: When Reference Counting Goes Wrong # linux # kernel # filesystem Comments Add Comment 3 min read Is This Thing On? Welcome to Rhiza's Kernel Chronicles fwdslsh fwdslsh fwdslsh Follow Jan 6 Is This Thing On? Welcome to Rhiza's Kernel Chronicles # agentic # kernel # architecture # systemdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read Mastering interrupt handling in your kernel Václav Hajšman Václav Hajšman Václav Hajšman Follow Dec 24 '25 Mastering interrupt handling in your kernel # osdev # kernel # interrupt # irq Comments Add Comment 5 min read How Linux Chooses Your Next CPU Time Slice Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Follow Dec 29 '25 How Linux Chooses Your Next CPU Time Slice # linux # kernel # scheduler # cpu Comments Add Comment 13 min read When a Filesystem Sync Decides Your Sleep Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Follow Dec 29 '25 When a Filesystem Sync Decides Your Sleep # linux # filesystem # powersaving # kernel Comments Add Comment 9 min read eBPF Tutorial: Transparent Text Replacement in File Reads 云微 云微 云微 Follow Dec 23 '25 eBPF Tutorial: Transparent Text Replacement in File Reads # ebpf # kernel # tracing Comments Add Comment 10 min read Linux File System Architecture: A Deep Dive into VFS, Inodes, and Storage kt kt kt Follow Jan 10 Linux File System Architecture: A Deep Dive into VFS, Inodes, and Storage # linux # kernel # systems # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Linux Kernel Architecture: From Ring 0 to Network Stack & eBPF kt kt kt Follow Jan 10 Linux Kernel Architecture: From Ring 0 to Network Stack & eBPF # linux # kernel # ebpf # programming Comments Add Comment 9 min read eBPF Tutorial by Example: Tracing Intel NPU Kernel Driver Operations 云微 云微 云微 Follow Dec 9 '25 eBPF Tutorial by Example: Tracing Intel NPU Kernel Driver Operations # ebpf # npu # kernel Comments Add Comment 9 min read Babies first /proc entry Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Dec 8 '25 Babies first /proc entry # linux # kernel # modules # development Comments Add Comment 3 min read OS and Hardware Interaction( Kernel and Drivers ) Sarthak Sarthak Sarthak Follow Dec 11 '25 OS and Hardware Interaction( Kernel and Drivers ) # kernel # lowlevelprogramming # linux # devicedrivers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Real-Time Network Monitor with eBPF: Lessons from Cerberus Mohamed Zrouga Mohamed Zrouga Mohamed Zrouga Follow Dec 20 '25 Building a Real-Time Network Monitor with eBPF: Lessons from Cerberus # go # opensource # networking # kernel 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Tainting the kernel Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Dec 3 '25 Tainting the kernel # linux # kernel # c # kprobe Comments Add Comment 3 min read SENTINEL IMMUNE — Biological Immunity for IT Security Dmitry Labintcev Dmitry Labintcev Dmitry Labintcev Follow Jan 2 SENTINEL IMMUNE — Biological Immunity for IT Security # security # opensource # cybersecurity # kernel Comments Add Comment 2 min read Panic in the sandbox Adam Weber Adam Weber Adam Weber Follow Nov 26 '25 Panic in the sandbox # linux # kernel # qemu # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Relationship Between the Terminal, CLI, Shell, and the Kernel Jini Jini Jini Follow Dec 1 '25 The Relationship Between the Terminal, CLI, Shell, and the Kernel # cli # terminal # shell # kernel Comments Add Comment 2 min read eBPF Tutorial: Introduction to the BPF Scheduler 云微 云微 云微 Follow Nov 25 '25 eBPF Tutorial: Introduction to the BPF Scheduler # ebpf # scheduler # kernel Comments Add Comment 9 min read How Linux Bends Time Safely Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Mahmoud Zalt Follow Dec 29 '25 How Linux Bends Time Safely # linux # kernel # systems Comments Add Comment 15 min read Extending eBPF Beyond Its Limits: Custom kfuncs in Kernel Modules 云微 云微 云微 Follow Dec 2 '25 Extending eBPF Beyond Its Limits: Custom kfuncs in Kernel Modules # ebpf # kernel # kfunc 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read eBPF Tutorial by Example: Implementing the `scx_nest` Scheduler 云微 云微 云微 Follow Nov 18 '25 eBPF Tutorial by Example: Implementing the `scx_nest` Scheduler # ebpf # scheduler # kernel Comments Add Comment 17 min read An interaction Between kernel Driver and Hardware: Understanding Drivers Aadityansha Aadityansha Aadityansha Follow Dec 8 '25 An interaction Between kernel Driver and Hardware: Understanding Drivers # linuxdrivers # linux # iot # kernel Comments Add Comment 2 min read An Interaction Between OS and Hardware: Understanding Linux Kernel Aadityansha Aadityansha Aadityansha Follow Dec 8 '25 An Interaction Between OS and Hardware: Understanding Linux Kernel # linux # kernel # hardware # lowcode Comments Add Comment 2 min read eBPF Tutorial by Example: Monitoring GPU Driver Activity with Kernel Tracepoints 云微 云微 云微 Follow Nov 4 '25 eBPF Tutorial by Example: Monitoring GPU Driver Activity with Kernel Tracepoints # ebpf # gpu # kernel Comments Add Comment 13 min read LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM krishna Sahu krishna Sahu krishna Sahu Follow Nov 3 '25 LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM # linux # ios # kernel # ubuntu Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Memory Mapped IO (MMIO) Building a Real-Time Network Monitor with eBPF: Lessons from Cerberus eBPF Tutorial: Transparent Text Replacement in File Reads eBPF Tutorial by Example: Tracing Intel NPU Kernel Driver Operations eBPF Tutorial by Example: Monitoring GPU Driver Activity with Kernel Tracepoints Understanding the Linux Device Tree Vendor Prefix Mechanism Extending eBPF Beyond Its Limits: Custom kfuncs in Kernel Modules DotCompute RC2 — Cross-Backend GPU Compute for .NET Is This Thing On? Welcome to Rhiza's Kernel Chronicles Linux Kernel Architecture: From Ring 0 to Network Stack & eBPF How the Linux Kernel Expands Its List of Display Vendors SENTINEL IMMUNE — Biological Immunity for IT Security Babies first /proc entry eBPF Tutorial by Example: Implementing the `scx_nest` Scheduler LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM Linux File System Architecture: A Deep Dive into VFS, Inodes, and Storage When a Filesystem Sync Decides Your Sleep The Relationship Between the Terminal, CLI, Shell, and the Kernel Panic in the sandbox How Linux Bends Time Safely 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.midnight.network/develop/tutorial/building/ | Build a DApp | Midnight Docs Skip to main content Docs Compact Academy Blog Release Notes AI search Search Environment Testnet-02 Get started Installation Create an MN App Deploy an MN app Interact with an MN app What is Midnight Concepts Build Tutorials Build using an example Midnight examples repository Build the counter DApp Run the counter DApp The counter contract The counter DApp Build from scratch How to Operate Validate API documentation Troubleshooting Contribute Release notes Glossary Dev diaries Build Tutorials Build using an example On this page Explore with… ▾ Build a DApp Build and deploy decentralized applications (DApps) on the Midnight network. This guide covers toolchain installation, contract compilation, DApp deployment, and node operation. The following example implementation demonstrates a counter contract. Prerequisites Operating System: Linux, macOS, or Windows (via WSL) Node.js: v18 LTS or higher (NVM recommended) Yarn Git Terminal: Bash, Zsh, or compatible shell Disk Space: ≥ 2 GB Network: Internet connection Objectives This guide enables developers to: Install the tools necessary to compile a Midnight contract and DApp from source code Download the example code needed for development Build a simple example from source Run the example and deploy a smart contract Install and run a Midnight network node and its associated Indexer important Use compatible versions of example code and the Compact compiler, as shown in the release compatibility matrix . The final sections examine the Compact code for the example contract and the TypeScript code for the example DApp in detail. Upon completion, developers have built a DApp from source, deployed a contract, and run a non-voting Midnight node connected to the Midnight network. The example contract creates a counter on the ledger and provides a circuit to increment it. The contract enforces only constraints implied by the Counter type. While this example doesn't demonstrate Midnight's full privacy capabilities, it provides the foundation for building and deploying contracts on the Midnight network. Node Many Midnight Testnet features are provided as TypeScript packages, including example applications and APIs. These packages require Node.js as their runtime environment and use npm (Node Package Manager) for dependency management. Node Version Manager (NVM) provides the best way to install and manage Node.js versions because it enables switching between different Node versions for different projects and ensures compatibility with Midnight's requirements. Find installation and troubleshooting instructions on the NVM GitHub site . For macOS users installing via Homebrew, the installation process differs slightly from the standard script installation. Homebrew places NVM in a different directory and requires specific additions to shell profile files for proper initialization. After following NVM installation instructions, verify installation: nvm --version The command displays a version number such as 0.39.5 . If the command isn't found, the shell profile modifications weren't applied correctly. Ensure the NVM initialization script is added to the appropriate shell configuration file ( ~/.bashrc for Bash, ~/.zshrc for Zsh). Install LTS version of Node 18x or greater: nvm install 18 --lts This command downloads and installs the latest Long Term Support version of Node 18. LTS versions receive critical bug fixes and security updates for an extended period, ensuring stability for production applications. The installation includes both Node.js and npm. Set Node 18 as the default version for new terminal sessions: nvm alias default 18 Verify the Node installation: node --version npm --version Caution : After modifying ~/.zshrc , ~/.bashrc , or installing a new Node version using nvm , open a new terminal window. Running source ~/.zshrc might not fully reload the environment and could lead to issues such as ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT . This error occurs when Node.js attempts to import ES modules but the environment variables aren't properly configured. Install the Compact developer tools The Compact developer tools manage the installation and updates of the Compact toolchain, including the compiler. These tools solve the complexity of managing multiple compiler versions, platform-specific binaries, and toolchain dependencies. Before these tools existed, developers manually downloaded platform-specific ZIP files, extracted binaries, managed PATH configurations, and repeated this process for each update. Install the developer tools with a single command: curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -LsSf https://github.com/midnightntwrk/compact/releases/latest/download/compact-installer.sh | sh This command performs several operations: Downloads the installation script using secure HTTPS with TLS 1.2 minimum Detects the system architecture (x86_64, ARM64) and operating system Downloads the appropriate binary for the platform Creates the ~/.compact directory structure for toolchain management Installs the compact command-line tool to ~/.cargo/bin or another appropriate location The installation script outputs instructions for adding the binary directory to your PATH environment variable. This step is crucial—without it, the shell cannot find the compact command. The exact instructions depend on your shell and existing PATH configuration. Typically, add a line like this to your shell configuration file: export PATH = " $HOME /.cargo/bin: $PATH " After adding the directory to your PATH , open a new terminal window or reload your shell configuration. Then update to the latest toolchain: compact update This command downloads the latest stable version of the Compact compiler and associated tools. The download includes: The Compact compiler binary Zero-knowledge proving key generator ( zkir ) Platform-specific runtime dependencies Standard library definitions The output shows the installed version: compact: aarch64-darwin -- 0.24.0 -- installed compact: aarch64-darwin -- 0.24.0 -- default. The first line confirms successful installation. The second line indicates this version is now the default for all compilation operations. The tools maintain multiple versions simultaneously, enabling testing with different compiler versions without conflicts. Verify the installation Test the compiler installation to ensure all components are properly configured: compact compile --version This command displays the compiler version number, such as 0.24.0 . The version check confirms: The compact binary is accessible via PATH The default toolchain is properly linked The compiler binary has appropriate execution permissions All required dependencies are present If the command fails, common issues include: PATH not updated : The shell cannot find the compact command. Verify the installation directory is in your PATH and reload your shell configuration No default toolchain : Run compact update to install and set a default compiler version Permission issues : On Unix systems, the binaries might lack execution permissions. The installer should handle this automatically, but manual installation might require chmod +x on the binaries The version number corresponds to the Compact compiler release, not the developer tools version. These versions are independent—developer tools version 0.1.0 might manage compiler version 0.24.0. Refer to the release compatibility matrix for version compatibility between compiler versions and example code. Check for updates Regular update checks ensure access to the latest features, performance improvements, and bug fixes: compact check This command performs a network request to determine available updates. The output varies based on your current state: When updates are available: compact: aarch64-darwin -- Update Available -- 0.24.0 compact: Latest version available: 0.25.0. This indicates version 0.25.0 is available for download. The update might include: New language features for Compact contracts Performance optimizations for proof generation Bug fixes for edge cases in compilation Enhanced error messages for better debugging When current: compact: aarch64-darwin -- Up to date -- 0.24.0 This confirms you're using the latest stable release. Check the Midnight developer announcements for information about upcoming releases and their expected features. The check command only queries for updates without downloading them. This design enables checking for updates in bandwidth-constrained environments or when you need to coordinate updates across a development team. Use the Compact compiler The Compact developer tools provide the standard method to invoke the compiler. Understanding the compilation process helps debug issues and optimize build workflows. Basic compilation The standard compilation command: compact compile < contract file > < output directory > For example: compact compile src/counter.compact src/managed/counter This command triggers several processes: Parsing : The compiler reads and validates the Compact contract syntax Type checking : Ensures type safety across circuits, witnesses, and ledger operations Circuit generation : Converts high-level Compact code into zero-knowledge circuits Proving key generation : Creates cryptographic keys for generating and verifying proofs TypeScript API generation : Produces type-safe interfaces for DApp integration The compilation creates multiple output files in the specified directory: contract/index.d.cts - TypeScript type definitions for the contract API contract/index.cjs - JavaScript implementation of the contract zkir/ - Directory containing the zero-knowledge circuit representations proving-keys/ - Cryptographic keys for proof generation verifying-keys/ - Public keys for proof verification The compiler reports circuit complexity metrics: Circuit 'increment' has complexity: 1234 constraints These metrics indicate the computational cost of generating proofs. Higher constraint counts mean longer proof generation times and higher resource requirements. Optimize circuits to minimize constraints while maintaining security properties. Version-specific compilation Override the default compiler version for testing or compatibility: compact compile +0.23.0 < contract file > < output directory > This feature enables: Testing contracts against different compiler versions Maintaining compatibility with deployed contracts compiled with older versions Gradual migration when new compiler versions introduce breaking changes The version specifier ( +0.23.0 ) must reference an already-installed version. Use compact list --installed to see available versions. Environment variables The Midnight example DApps historically used environment variables for configuration and toolchain location. Understanding these variables helps when working with existing code or debugging build issues. Legacy COMPACT_HOME variable : Previous versions of Midnight examples required setting COMPACT_HOME to point to the compiler directory. The new developer tools eliminate this requirement by managing compiler locations internally. The compact command automatically resolves the correct compiler path based on the selected version. If working with older example code that references COMPACT_HOME , you have two options: Update the build scripts : Replace $COMPACT_HOME/compactc references with compact compile commands Set COMPACT_HOME for compatibility : Export the variable pointing to ~/.compact/bin for temporary backward compatibility Direct compiler access : While not recommended, the installed toolchain binaries reside in ~/.compact/bin/ . This directory contains symbolic links to the current default version's binaries: compactc - The main compiler executable zkir - Zero-knowledge intermediate representation tool Supporting libraries and runtime files Direct invocation bypasses version management benefits. Always prefer using compact compile for: Automatic version selection Consistent behavior across platforms Compatibility with future toolchain updates Integrated error handling and diagnostics Project-specific configuration : Modern Midnight projects should document their compiler version requirements in configuration files rather than relying on environment variables. Consider using: package.json scripts that invoke compact compile with specific versions Build configuration files that specify the required compiler version CI/CD pipelines that install and use specific toolchain versions via compact update This approach ensures reproducible builds across different development environments and team members. Optional: Visual Studio Code extension for Compact Use any editor to create Midnight DApps. Midnight provides a VSCode extension specifically for creating and editing Midnight contracts written in the Compact DSL. The extension transforms VSCode into a specialized Compact development environment with language-aware features that significantly improve productivity and reduce errors. Extension features Syntax highlighting : Color-codes different language elements (keywords, types, functions, comments) for improved readability. The highlighting rules understand Compact-specific constructs like circuit , witness , and ledger declarations. Live, dynamic contract checking : Performs real-time semantic analysis as you type, identifying errors before compilation. This includes: Type checking across circuit boundaries Privacy flow analysis to prevent unintended data disclosure Witness function signature validation Ledger state access verification Debugging assistance : Provides enhanced error messages with suggested fixes. When compilation fails, the extension highlights problematic code sections and offers context-aware solutions. Code completion and IntelliSense : Offers intelligent suggestions for: Standard library functions and types Ledger field access Circuit and witness declarations Import statements for standard modules Templates and snippets : Accelerates development with pre-built patterns for: New contract scaffolding with standard structure Common circuit patterns (authentication, state transitions) Witness function declarations Standard library imports Installation process Download the VSCode extension for Compact from the Midnight Testnet releases repository . The file name follows the pattern compact-x.y.z.vsix for version x.y.z . The VSIX file is a packaged extension format that includes all necessary dependencies. Install the plugin in VSCode: Open the Extensions pane : Click the Extensions icon in the Activity Bar or press Ctrl+Shift+X (Windows/Linux) or Cmd+Shift+X (macOS) Access installation options : Click the ... symbol at the top of the Extensions pane to reveal additional actions Select manual installation : Choose "Install from VSIX..." from the dropdown menu Locate the downloaded file : Navigate to your Downloads folder or wherever you saved the VSIX file Confirm installation : VSCode installs the extension and may prompt for additional permissions VSCode typically activates newly installed extensions immediately. The extension activates automatically when opening files with the .compact extension. Sometimes VSCode prompts for a restart to ensure all language server components initialize properly. Configuration The extension works with default settings but supports customization through VSCode's settings: Compiler path : If not using the standard compact command, specify a custom compiler location Validation level : Adjust the strictness of real-time checking (errors only, include warnings, include suggestions) Format on save : Enable automatic code formatting when saving files Access extension settings through File > Preferences > Settings and search for "Compact" to find all available options. Even if VSCode isn't your primary editor, consider using the VSCode Compact extension for editing Midnight contracts while learning the language. The immediate feedback and intelligent assistance accelerate the learning process and help avoid common mistakes. Manage toolchain versions The Compact developer tools support multiple toolchain versions simultaneously. This capability is essential for maintaining existing contracts while developing new ones, testing compatibility across versions, and gradually migrating to newer compiler releases. List available versions View all versions available for download: compact list Output shows versions and supported platforms: compact: available versions → 0.24.0 - x86_macos, aarch64_macos, x86_linux 0.23.0 - aarch64_macos, x86_linux 0.22.0 - x86_macos, x86_linux The arrow ( → ) indicates the current default version used when running compact compile without a version override. Platform indicators show which architectures support each version: x86_macos - Intel-based Mac computers aarch64_macos - Apple Silicon Macs (M1, M2, M3) x86_linux - Standard Linux on Intel/AMD processors Not all versions support all platforms. Early releases might lack Apple Silicon support, while some versions might skip certain platforms due to build issues. Check installed versions List versions downloaded to your system: compact list --installed Output shows only locally available versions: compact: installed versions → 0.24.0 0.23.0 Installed versions consume disk space (approximately 100-200MB each) but enable offline compilation and instant version switching. Remove unused versions by deleting their directories from ~/.compact/versions/ . Switch between versions Change the default toolchain version: compact update 0.23 .0 This command: Downloads the specified version if not already installed Verifies the download integrity using checksums Updates the symbolic link at ~/.compact/bin to point to the new version Confirms the switch with output showing the new default The switch affects all subsequent compact compile commands unless overridden with the +version syntax. Projects can document their required compiler version in README files or build scripts to ensure consistency across team members. Developer tools maintenance The developer tools update themselves independently from the toolchain. This separation ensures that improvements to the version management system don't require compiler updates, and compiler releases don't force tool updates. The architecture enables the tools to manage multiple compiler versions while maintaining a consistent interface. Check for tool updates Verify if newer developer tools are available: compact self check This command queries the GitHub releases API to identify the latest stable version. The check compares your installed version against the latest release and reports: Current installed version of the developer tools Latest available version Whether an update is recommended The tools check for updates automatically once per day when running any compact command. This passive check doesn't interrupt workflow but notifies about available updates through a brief message after command completion. Update the developer tools Install the latest developer tools version: compact self update The self-update process: Downloads the latest version to a temporary location Verifies the download using cryptographic signatures Replaces the current binary with the new version Preserves all installed toolchains and configuration Self-updates are backward compatible—new tool versions continue to work with existing installed toolchains. This design principle ensures that updating tools never breaks existing projects. When to update Update the developer tools when: New features become available : Future releases include features like compact format for code formatting, compact doc for documentation generation, and compact test for contract testing Bug fixes are released : Tool updates may resolve issues with version management, platform compatibility, or command execution Security updates : Although rare, security updates to the tools themselves should be applied promptly The release notes for each tool version (distinct from compiler release notes) describe new features and important changes. Monitor the Midnight developer announcements for significant tool updates that enhance the development experience. Get help The compact tool provides comprehensive built-in documentation accessible directly from the command line. This integrated help system eliminates the need to search online documentation for basic command syntax and options. General help Access the main help overview: compact help compact --help Both commands display identical output—a complete list of available subcommands with brief descriptions. The help text includes: Subcommand list : All available operations like compile , update , list , check Global options : Flags that apply to all subcommands, such as --directory for specifying the toolchain location Usage examples : Basic command patterns showing typical invocations The help system uses a hierarchical structure. The top-level help provides an overview, while subcommand-specific help offers detailed information about individual operations. Subcommand help Get detailed help for specific operations: compact help update compact update --help Subcommand help includes: Detailed description : Explains what the command does and when to use it Argument specifications : Required and optional parameters with their types Flag descriptions : All available options with their effects Examples : Real-world usage scenarios Related commands : References to similar or complementary operations For compiler-specific help: compact compile --help This displays compiler options including: Input specifications : Supported file formats and contract structures Output options : Directory structure and generated file descriptions Optimization flags : Options for controlling compilation behavior Debug options : Flags for generating additional diagnostic information Version information The tools provide multiple version queries for different components: Developer tools version : compact --version Returns the version of the compact command itself (e.g., 0.1.0 ). This version indicates the capabilities of the version management system. Compiler/toolchain version : compact compile --version Returns the version of the currently selected Compact compiler (e.g., 0.24.0 ). This version determines available language features and compilation behavior. Compact language version : compact compile --language-version Returns the version of the Compact language specification supported by the current compiler. Language versions change less frequently than compiler versions, as they represent the stable language syntax and semantics. Understanding version relationships helps diagnose compatibility issues: Language version : Defines contract syntax and available features Compiler version : Implements a specific language version with particular optimizations Developer tools version : Manages compiler installations and provides development utilities When reporting issues or seeking support, provide all three version numbers for complete context. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 5, 2026 Previous The Impact VM Next Midnight examples repository Prerequisites Objectives Node Install the Compact developer tools Verify the installation Check for updates Use the Compact compiler Basic compilation Version-specific compilation Environment variables Optional: Visual Studio Code extension for Compact Extension features Installation process Configuration Manage toolchain versions List available versions Check installed versions Switch between versions Developer tools maintenance Check for tool updates Update the developer tools When to update Get help General help Subcommand help Version information © 2026 Input Output Global, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Resources Midnight Foundation Glacier Drop Careers Legal Cookie Policy Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions Social | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://dev.to/colocodes/react-class-components-vs-function-components-23m6#Props2 | React: class components vs function components - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Damian Demasi Posted on Dec 1, 2021 React: class components vs function components # webdev # javascript # beginners # react When I first started working with React, I mostly used function components, especially because I read that class components were old and outdated. But when I started working with React professionally I realised I was wrong. Class components are very much alive and kicking. So, I decided to write a sort of comparison between class components and function components to have a better understanding of their similarities and differences. Table Of Contents Class components Rendering State A common pitfall Props Lifecycle methods Function components Rendering State Props Conclusion Class components This is how a class component that makes use of state , props and render looks like: class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { name : props . name }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . state . name } </ h1 >; } } // Render ReactDOM . render ( Hello , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources in which you can find more information about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Rendering Let’s say there is a <div> somewhere in your HTML file: <div id= "root" ></div> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We can render an element in the place of the div with root id like this: const element = < h1 > Hello, world </ h1 >; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Regarding React components, we will usually be exporting a component and using it in another file: Hello.jsx import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; class Hello extends React . Component { render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } </ h1 >; } } export default Hello ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode main.js import React from ' react ' ; import ReactDOM from ' react-dom ' ; import Hello from ' ./app/Hello.jsx ' ; ReactDOM . render (< Hello />, document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And this is how a class component gets rendered on the web browser. Now, there is a difference between rendering and mounting, and Brad Westfall made a great job summarising it : "Rendering" is any time a function component gets called (or a class-based render method gets called) which returns a set of instructions for creating DOM. "Mounting" is when React "renders" the component for the first time and actually builds the initial DOM from those instructions. State A state is a JavaScript object containing information about the component's current condition. To initialise a class component state we need to use a constructor : class Hello extends React . Component { constructor () { this . state = { endOfMessage : ' ! ' }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } { this . state . endOfMessage } </ h1 >; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/rendering-elements.html https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Caution: we shouldn't modify the state directly because it will not trigger a re-render of the component: this . state . comment = ' Hello ' ; // Don't do this Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Instead, we should use the setState() method: this . setState ({ comment : ' Hello ' }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If our current state depends from the previous one, and as setState is asynchronous, we should take into account the previous state: this . setState ( function ( prevState , prevProps ) { return { counter : prevState . counter + prevProps . increment }; }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html A common pitfall If we need to set a state with nested objects , we should spread all the levels of nesting in that object: this . setState ( prevState => ({ ... prevState , someProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty , someOtherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty , anotherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty . anotherProperty , flag : false } } } })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This can become cumbersome, so the use of the [immutability-helper](https://github.com/kolodny/immutability-helper) package is recommended. Related sources about this: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43040721/how-to-update-nested-state-properties-in-react Before I knew better, I believed that setting a new object property will always preserve the ones that were not set, but that is not true for nested objects (which is kind of logical, because I would be overriding an object with another one). That situation happens when I previously spread the object and then modify one of its properties: > b = { item1 : ' a ' , item2 : { subItem1 : ' y ' , subItem2 : ' z ' }} //-> { item1: 'a', item2: {subItem1: 'y', subItem2: 'z'}} > b . item2 = {... b . item2 , subItem1 : ' modified ' } //-> { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } > b //-> { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } } > b . item2 = { subItem1 : ' modified ' } // Not OK //-> { subItem1: 'modified' } > b //-> { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified' } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But when we have nested objects we need to use multiple nested spreads, which turns the code repetitive. That's where the immutability-helper comes to help. You can find more information about this here . Props If we want to access props in the constructor , we need to call the parent class constructor by using super(props) : class Button extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); console . log ( props ); console . log ( this . props ); } // ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://overreacted.io/why-do-we-write-super-props/ Bear in mind that using props to set an initial state is an anti-pattern of React. In the past, we could have used the componentWillReceiveProps method to do so, but now it's deprecated . class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { property : this . props . name , // Not recommended, but OK if it's just used as seed data. }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } </ h1 >; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Using props to initialise a state is not an anti-patter if we make it clear that the prop is only used as seed data for the component's internally-controlled state. Related sources about this: https://sentry.io/answers/using-props-to-initialize-state/ https://reactjs.org/docs/react-component.html#unsafe_componentwillreceiveprops https://medium.com/@justintulk/react-anti-patterns-props-in-initial-state-28687846cc2e Lifecycle methods Class components don't have hooks ; they have lifecycle methods instead. render() componentDidMount() componentDidUpdate() componentWillUnmount() shouldComponentUpdate() static getDerivedStateFromProps() getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() You can learn more about lifecycle methods here: https://programmingwithmosh.com/javascript/react-lifecycle-methods/ https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Function components This is how a function component makes use of props , state and render : function Welcome ( props ) { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } </ h1 >; } // or const Welcome = ( props ) => { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } </ h1 >; } // Render const element = < Welcome name = "Sara" />; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Rendering Rendering a function component is achieved the same way as with class components: function Welcome ( props ) { return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } </ h1 >; } const element = < Welcome name = "Sara" />; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html State When it comes to the state, function components differ quite a bit from class components. We need to define an array that will have two main elements: the value of the state, and the function to update said state. We then need to assign the useState hook to that array, initialising the state in the process: import React , { useState } from ' react ' ; function Example () { // Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count" const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ); return ( < div > < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > < button onClick = { () => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The useState hook is the way function components allow us to use a component's state in a similar manner as this.state is used in class components. Remember: function components use hooks . According to the official documentation: What is a Hook? A Hook is a special function that lets you “hook into” React features. For example, useState is a Hook that lets you add React state to function components. We’ll learn other Hooks later. When would I use a Hook? If you write a function component and realize you need to add some state to it, previously you had to convert it to a class. Now you can use a Hook inside the existing function component. To read the state of the function component we can use the variable we defined when using useState in the function declaration ( count in our example). < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In class components, we had to do something like this: < p > You clicked { this . state . count } times </ p > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Every time we need to update the state, we should call the function we defined ( setCount in this case) with the values of the new state. < button onClick = { () => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Meanwhile, in class components we used the this keyword followed by the state and the property to be updated: < button onClick = { () => this . setState ({ count : this . state . count + 1 }) } > Click me </ button > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sources: https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html Props Finally, using props in function components is pretty straight forward: we just pass them as the component argument: function Avatar ( props ) { return ( < img className = "Avatar" src = { props . user . avatarUrl } alt = { props . user . name } /> ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Conclusion Deciding whether to use class components or function components will depend on the situation. As far as I know, professional environments use class components for "main" components, and function components for smaller, particular components. Although this may not be the case depending on your project. I would love to see examples of the use of class and function components in specific situations, so don't be shy of sharing them in the comments section. 🗞️ NEWSLETTER - If you want to hear about my latest articles and interesting software development content, subscribe to my newsletter . 🐦 TWITTER - Follow me on Twitter . Top comments (33) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The issue with class based components and the driving reason why the React team went towards functional components was for better abstractions. In 2013 when React came out, there was a feature called mixins (this is before JavaScript classes were possible). Mixins were a way to share code between components but fostered a lot of problems and anti-patterns. In 2015 JS got classes and 2016 React moved towards real class-based components. Everyone was excited that mixins were gone but we also lost a primitive way to share code in React. Without React offering a way to share code, the community turned towards patterns instead. With classes, if you want to share reusable code between two components, you only really have two pattern choices - higher order components (HoC's) or the "render props" pattern. HoC has several known problems. In other words, I could give you a "try to abstract this" task with classes and you just wouldn't be able to do it with HoC, it had pretty bad limitations. The render props patter was popularized later and it actually fixed all four known issues with HoC's, so a lot of react devs became a fan of this new pattern, but it had new new problems that HoC's never had. I wrote a detailed piece on this a while back gist.github.com/bradwestfall/4fa68... The reason why hooks were created was to bring functional components up to speed with class based components as far as capability (as you mentioned above) but the end goal of that was custom hooks. With a custom hook we get functional composition capabilities and this solves all six issues of Hoc and Render Props problems, although there are still some good reasons to use render props in certain situations (checkout Formik). If you want, checkout Ryan's keynote at the conference where they announced hooks youtube.com/watch?v=wXLf18DsV-I Also, the reason why classes are still around is just because the React team knew it would be a while for companies to migrate their big code bases from classes to hooks so they kept both ways around. Hope it helps someone Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, thanks so much @bradwestfall ! This is a very interesting back-story on classes and function components. I really appreciate the time you took to explain all of this. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide No problem, your article does a nice job comparing strictly from a syntax standpoint, there's just the whole code abstraction part to consider. Honestly, after teaching hooks now for 3 years, I know that hooks syntax can be harder to grasp than the class syntax, but I also know that most developers are willing to take on the more difficult hooks syntax for the tradeoff of having much better abstraction options, that's really the main idea. For real though, checkout Ryan's conference talk, it's fantastic Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Eugene Eugene Eugene Follow Pronouns He/him Joined Oct 29, 2021 • Feb 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Some people told, the argument to use class components - error boundaries, which don't have function implementation yet. (It's not my opinion, I just recently started to learn react and seeking for useful information here and there) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Follow Full-stack Web Developer, Software engineer Location Morocco Work Full-stack Web Developer Joined Jun 1, 2019 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a hot topic bro, nice done, otherwise i guess that functional components are cleaner and easy to maintain, so whatever the size of your app, we always look for better and maintainable code, so FC are better than classes any way (React point of view only) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand tanth1993 tanth1993 tanth1993 Follow Joined Jan 5, 2020 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide the only thing I like Class Component is that there is a callback in setState . I usually use it when after set loading for the page :) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Follow Web developer, tinkerer, take-aparterer (and, sometimes, put-back-togetherer) Location Melbourne, Australia Work Front End Developer at Art Processors Joined Jul 23, 2019 • Dec 3 '21 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The equivalent in functional components is the useEffect hook, which can be setup to run a function when one or more specific dependencies change. There is also a hook called useReducer which gives you the ability to perform complex actions and logic when dependencies change. Very useful for deriving properties from complex state. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Spot on! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 2 '21 • Edited on Dec 2 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am new dev in react. I am learning class component. Is that okay for me? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide When I started learning React, I saw function components first, and then class components. But I think a better approach will be learning class components first, so then, when you learn function components, you will see why they exists and the advantages they have over the class components. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Monday David S. Monday David S. Monday David S. Follow Email davidsarka242@gmail.com Joined Mar 7, 2021 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Totally agree with you Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 5 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide We need to learn first Class component and then Functional Component Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I think you are right. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Follow Joined Jul 24, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You'll need to learn both anyways, it is quite frequent to find projects that mix the two methodologies. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you Jeysson, I think it will help me lot in my react learning Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Follow Software Developer | Content Creator | AI, Tech, Programming Location London, UK Education Bachelor Degree Computer Science Work Software Developer Joined Feb 11, 2020 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice comparison I have completely converted to functional components it would be hard to go back to classes now. When I initially started to learn hooks my thoughts were the reverse. It really is that much better though. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I now have the dilemma of choosing between class or function components at my workplace... I guess that as I gain more experience I will be able to make better decisions. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That is awesome @lukeshiru ! Thanks for sharing your experience. I think that what is actually happening is that the app in which I'm working on is rather old, and function components did not exist back then. Taking into account your experience, do you think that using class components have any benefit over the function components? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sophiegrafe sophiegrafe sophiegrafe Follow Former Barmaid trained to be fullstack dev last year! Working hard to not be that Jake of all trades, master of none 😅 Education Interface3 Joined Mar 30, 2022 • Mar 30 '22 • Edited on Mar 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you very much for this, your article and the discussion that follows were a great help to clarify the subject! I will definitely go with FC but take some time to be more comfortable with the class-based approach in case of need. I have a very little observation to make regarding the way you explained useState affectation "to an array" under "State" in FC section. You wrote: "We need to define an array that will have two main elements[...] We then need to assign the useState hook to that array. [...]" When I see brackets, as a beginner, it automatically triggers the "array" reflex, but brackets on the left side of the assignment operator means destructuring assignment, here array destructuring. As I understand this, we don't assign the useState hook to an array, it's the other way around actually, we are unpacking or extracting values from an array and assigning them to variables. useState return an array of 2 values and DA allows us to avoid this kind of extra lines: const useState = useState ( initialValue ); const stateValue = useState [ 0 ]; const setStateValue = useState [ 1 ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html#... for a more complete review of this syntax: javascript.info/destructuring-assi... I found DA very useful in many situations for arrays, strings and objects. Totally worth mentioning, learning and using! Again thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great, thanks for your input! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand echoes2099 echoes2099 echoes2099 Follow Joined Jul 10, 2018 • May 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was under the impression the official stance was that class components were deprecated...as in dont create new code using these. We recently had to ditch a form library that was written with classes. The reason being is because it did not have useEffects that reacted to all changes in state (and I'm not sure if you could write the equivalent useEffect with hooks). So we were seeing bugs where dynamically injected fields could not register themselves. React hooks are OK but i wouldn't go back to a class based approach for new code Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (33 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 More from Damian Demasi The Power of Microtools: How AI and "Vibe Coding" Are Changing the Way We Build # ai # vibecoding # webdev # productivity How to Learn Python Faster and Easier with This Notion Template # python # programming # beginners # learning Learning how to code: with our special guest, Ron # webdev # beginners # programming # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/moe23/refresh-jwt-with-refresh-tokens-in-asp-net-core-5-rest-api-step-by-step-3en5 | Refresh JWT with Refresh Tokens in Asp Net Core 5 Rest API Step by Step - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohamad Lawand Posted on Jan 25, 2021 • Edited on Apr 25, 2021 Refresh JWT with Refresh Tokens in Asp Net Core 5 Rest API Step by Step # dotnet # beginners # api # tokens Hello friends, In this article I will be showing you today How to add refresh tokens to our JWT authentication to our Asp.Net Core REST API Some of the topics we will cover are refresh tokens and New endpoints functionalities and utilising JWTs ("Json Web Tokens") and Bearer authentication. You can also watch the full step by step video on YouTube: As well download the source code: https://github.com/mohamadlawand087/v8-refreshtokenswithJWT This is Part 3 of API dev series you can check the different parts by following the links: Part 1: https://dev.to/moe23/asp-net-core-5-rest-api-step-by-step-2mb6 Part 2: https://dev.to/moe23/asp-net-core-5-rest-api-authentication-with-jwt-step-by-step-140d This is part 3 of our Rest API journey, and we will be basing our current work on our previous Todo REST API application that we have created in our last article, https://dev.to/moe23/asp-net-core-5-rest-api-authentication-with-jwt-step-by-step-140d . You can follow along by either going through the article and building the application with me as we go or you can get the source code from github. Before we start implementing the Refresh Token functionality, let us examine how the refresh token logic will work. By nature JWT tokens have an expiry time, the shorter the time the safer it is. there is 2 options to get new tokens after the JWT token has expired Ask the user to login again, this is not a good user experience Use refresh tokens to automatically re-authenticate the user and generate new JWT tokens. So what is a refresh token, a refresh token can be anything from strings to Guids to any combination as long as its unique Why is it important to have a short lived JWT token, if someone is stole our JWT token and started doing requests on the server, that token will only last for an amount of time before it expires and become useless. The only way to get a new token is using the refresh tokens or loging in. Another main point is what happens to all of the tokens that were generated based on an user credentials if the user changes their password. we don't want to invalidate all of the sessions. We can just update the refresh tokens so a new JWT token based on the new credentials will be generated. As well a good way to implement automatic refresh tokens is before every request the client makes we need to check the expiry of the token if its expired we request a new one else we use the token we have to perform the request. So in out application instead of just generating just a JWT token with every authorisation we will add a refresh token as well. So lets get started, we will first start by updating our startup class, by making TokenValidationParameters available across the application by adding them to our Dependency Injection Container var key = Encoding . ASCII . GetBytes ( Configuration [ "JwtConfig:Secret" ]); var tokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters { ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true , IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey ( key ), ValidateIssuer = false , ValidateAudience = false , ValidateLifetime = true , RequireExpirationTime = false , // Allow to use seconds for expiration of token // Required only when token lifetime less than 5 minutes // THIS ONE ClockSkew = TimeSpan . Zero }; services . AddSingleton ( tokenValidationParameters ); services . AddAuthentication ( options => { options . DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults . AuthenticationScheme ; options . DefaultScheme = JwtBearerDefaults . AuthenticationScheme ; options . DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults . AuthenticationScheme ; }) . AddJwtBearer ( jwt => { jwt . SaveToken = true ; jwt . TokenValidationParameters = tokenValidationParameters ; }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Once the JwtConfig class is updated now we need to update our GenerateJwtToken function in our AuthManagementController our TokenDescriptor Expire value from being fixed to the ExpiryTimeFrame, we need to make it shorter that we have specified private string GenerateJwtToken ( IdentityUser user ) { var jwtTokenHandler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler (); var key = Encoding . ASCII . GetBytes ( _jwtConfig . Secret ); var tokenDescriptor = new SecurityTokenDescriptor { Subject = new ClaimsIdentity ( new [] { new Claim ( "Id" , user . Id ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Email , user . Email ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Sub , user . Email ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Jti , Guid . NewGuid (). ToString ()) }), Expires = DateTime . UtcNow . AddSeconds ( 30 ), SigningCredentials = new SigningCredentials ( new SymmetricSecurityKey ( key ), SecurityAlgorithms . HmacSha256Signature ) }; var token = jwtTokenHandler . CreateToken ( tokenDescriptor ); var jwtToken = jwtTokenHandler . WriteToken ( token ); return jwtToken ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The step will be to update our AuthResult in our configuration folder, we need to add a new property which will be catered for the refresh token public class AuthResult { public string Token { get ; set ; } public string RefreshToken { get ; set ; } public bool Success { get ; set ; } public List < string > Errors { get ; set ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We will add a new class called TokenRequest inside our Models/DTOs/Requests which will be responsible on accepting new request for the new endpoint that we will create later on to manage the refresh token public class TokenRequest { [ Required ] public string Token { get ; set ; } [ Required ] public string RefreshToken { get ; set ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The next step is to create a new model called RefreshToken, in our Models folder. public class RefreshToken { public int Id { get ; set ; } public string UserId { get ; set ; } // Linked to the AspNet Identity User Id public string Token { get ; set ; } public string JwtId { get ; set ; } // Map the token with jwtId public bool IsUsed { get ; set ; } // if its used we dont want generate a new Jwt token with the same refresh token public bool IsRevoked { get ; set ; } // if it has been revoke for security reasons public DateTime AddedDate { get ; set ; } public DateTime ExpiryDate { get ; set ; } // Refresh token is long lived it could last for months. [ ForeignKey ( nameof ( UserId ))] public IdentityUser User { get ; set ;} } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Once the model is added we need to update our ApiDbContext public virtual DbSet < RefreshToken > RefreshTokens { get ; set ;} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now lets create the migrations for our ApiDbContext so we can reflect the changes in your database dotnet ef migrations add "Added refresh tokens table" dotnet ef database update Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Our next step will be to create our new Endpoind "RefreshToken" in our AuthManagementController. The first thing we need to do is to inject the TokenValidationParameters private readonly TokenValidationParameters _tokenValidationParameters ; private readonly ApiDbContext _apiDbContext ; public AuthManagementController ( UserManager < IdentityUser > userManager , IOptionsMonitor < JwtConfig > optionsMonitor , TokenValidationParameters tokenValidationParameters , ApiDbContext apiDbContext ) { _userManager = userManager ; _jwtConfig = optionsMonitor . CurrentValue ; _tokenValidationParameters = tokenValidationParameters ; _apiDbContext = apiDbContext ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Once we inject the required parameters we need to update the GenerateToken function to include the refresh token private async Task < AuthResult > GenerateJwtToken ( IdentityUser user ) { var jwtTokenHandler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler (); var key = Encoding . ASCII . GetBytes ( _jwtConfig . Secret ); var tokenDescriptor = new SecurityTokenDescriptor { Subject = new ClaimsIdentity ( new [] { new Claim ( "Id" , user . Id ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Email , user . Email ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Sub , user . Email ), new Claim ( JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Jti , Guid . NewGuid (). ToString ()) }), Expires = DateTime . UtcNow . Add ( _jwtConfig . ExpiryTimeFrame ), SigningCredentials = new SigningCredentials ( new SymmetricSecurityKey ( key ), SecurityAlgorithms . HmacSha256Signature ) }; var token = jwtTokenHandler . CreateToken ( tokenDescriptor ); var jwtToken = jwtTokenHandler . WriteToken ( token ); var refreshToken = new RefreshToken (){ JwtId = token . Id , IsUsed = false , UserId = user . Id , AddedDate = DateTime . UtcNow , ExpiryDate = DateTime . UtcNow . AddYears ( 1 ), IsRevoked = false , Token = RandomString ( 25 ) + Guid . NewGuid () }; await _apiDbContext . RefreshTokens . AddAsync ( refreshToken ); await _apiDbContext . SaveChangesAsync (); return new AuthResult () { Token = jwtToken , Success = true , RefreshToken = refreshToken . Token }; } public string RandomString ( int length ) { var random = new Random (); var chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789" ; return new string ( Enumerable . Repeat ( chars , length ) . Select ( s => s [ random . Next ( s . Length )]). ToArray ()); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now lets update the return to both existing actions as we have changed the return type for GenerateJwtToken For Login Action: return Ok ( await GenerateJwtToken ( existingUser )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode For Register Action: return Ok ( await GenerateJwtToken ( existingUser )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now we can start building our RefreshToken Action [ HttpPost ] [ Route ( "RefreshToken" )] public async Task < IActionResult > RefreshToken ([ FromBody ] TokenRequest tokenRequest ) { if ( ModelState . IsValid ) { var res = await VerifyToken ( tokenRequest ); if ( res == null ) { return BadRequest ( new RegistrationResponse (){ Errors = new List < string >() { "Invalid tokens" }, Success = false }); } return Ok ( res ); } return BadRequest ( new RegistrationResponse (){ Errors = new List < string >() { "Invalid payload" }, Success = false }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode private async Task < AuthResult > VerifyToken ( TokenRequest tokenRequest ) { var jwtTokenHandler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler (); try { // This validation function will make sure that the token meets the validation parameters // and its an actual jwt token not just a random string var principal = jwtTokenHandler . ValidateToken ( tokenRequest . Token , _tokenValidationParameters , out var validatedToken ); // Now we need to check if the token has a valid security algorithm if ( validatedToken is JwtSecurityToken jwtSecurityToken ) { var result = jwtSecurityToken . Header . Alg . Equals ( SecurityAlgorithms . HmacSha256 , StringComparison . InvariantCultureIgnoreCase ); if ( result == false ) { return null ; } } // Will get the time stamp in unix time var utcExpiryDate = long . Parse ( principal . Claims . FirstOrDefaultAsync ( x => x . Type == JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Exp ). Value ); // we convert the expiry date from seconds to the date var expDate = UnixTimeStampToDateTime ( utcExpiryDate ); if ( expDate > DateTime . UtcNow ) { return new AuthResult (){ Errors = new List < string >() { "We cannot refresh this since the token has not expired" }, Success = false }; } // Check the token we got if its saved in the db var storedRefreshToken = await _apiDbContext . RefreshTokens . FirstOrDefaultAsync ( x => x . Token == tokenRequest . RefreshToken ); if ( storedRefreshToken == null ) { return new AuthResult (){ Errors = new List < string >() { "refresh token doesnt exist" }, Success = false }; } // Check the date of the saved token if it has expired if ( DateTime . UtcNow > storedRefreshToken . ExpiryDate ) { return new AuthResult (){ Errors = new List < string >() { "token has expired, user needs to relogin" }, Success = false }; } // check if the refresh token has been used if ( storedRefreshToken . IsUsed ) { return new AuthResult (){ Errors = new List < string >() { "token has been used" }, Success = false }; } // Check if the token is revoked if ( storedRefreshToken . IsRevoked ) { return new AuthResult (){ Errors = new List < string >() { "token has been revoked" }, Success = false }; } // we are getting here the jwt token id var jti = principal . Claims . SingleOrDefault ( x => x . Type == JwtRegisteredClaimNames . Jti ). Value ; // check the id that the recieved token has against the id saved in the db if ( storedRefreshToken . JwtId != jti ) { return new AuthResult (){ Errors = new List < string >() { "the token doenst mateched the saved token" }, Success = false }; } storedRefreshToken . IsUsed = true ; _apiDbContext . RefreshTokens . Update ( storedRefreshToken ); await _apiDbContext . SaveChangesAsync (); var dbUser = await _userManager . FindByIdAsync ( storedRefreshToken . UserId ); return await GenerateJwtToken ( dbUser ); } catch ( Exception ex ) { return null ; } } private DateTime UnixTimeStampToDateTime ( double unixTimeStamp ) { // Unix timestamp is seconds past epoch System . DateTime dtDateTime = new DateTime ( 1970 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , System . DateTimeKind . Utc ); dtDateTime = dtDateTime . AddSeconds ( unixTimeStamp ). ToUniversalTime (); return dtDateTime ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Finally we need to make sure everything still builds and run dotnet build dotnet run Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Once we make sure everything is as it should be we will test the app using postman, the testing scenarios will be as follow: login in generating a JWT token with a refresh token ⇒ fail directly try to refresh the token without waiting for it to expire ⇒ fail waiting for the JWT token to expire and request a refresh token ⇒ Success re-using the same refresh token ⇒ fail Thank you for taking the time and reading the article This is Part 3 of API dev series you can check the different parts by following the links: Part 1: https://dev.to/moe23/asp-net-core-5-rest-api-step-by-step-2mb6 Part 2: https://dev.to/moe23/asp-net-core-5-rest-api-authentication-with-jwt-step-by-step-140d Thanks @grandsilence for your feedback the article has been updated Top comments (29) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Grand Silence Grand Silence Grand Silence Follow Joined Apr 12, 2021 • Apr 12 '21 • Edited on May 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Some fixes for the article: If you need lifetime of token less than 5 mins, add ClockSkew property in Startup.cs : var tokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters { ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true , IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey ( key ), ValidateIssuer = false , ValidateAudience = false , ValidateLifetime = true , RequireExpirationTime = false , // Allow to use seconds for expiration of token // Required only when token lifetime less than 5 minutes // THIS ONE ClockSkew = TimeSpan . Zero }; Don't forget to use UTC instead of local time. You will need to fix method GenerateJwtToken : var refreshToken = new RefreshToken (){ JwtId = token . Id , IsUsed = false , UserId = user . Id , AddedDate = DateTime . UtcNow , // INVALID DATE, USE UTC // ExpiryDate = DateTime.Now.AddYears(1), // Now it's correct ExpiryDate = DateTime . UtcNow . AddYears ( 1 ), IsRevoked = false , Token = RandomString ( 25 ) + Guid . NewGuid () }; Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Code is Life. Crossfitter. Technical Architect. Just another human walking the earth! https://youtube.com/c/mohamadlawand Location Manchester, UK Work Technical Architect Joined Jul 25, 2019 • Apr 13 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks a lot Grand for these fixes, I am planning to add them this week. If you want you can add a PR on the GitHub repo and I will merge them t Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Walter Alvarez Walter Alvarez Walter Alvarez Follow Joined Apr 13, 2021 • Apr 13 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Mohamad, Im using v8-refreshtokenswithJWT and when I trY to RefreshToken I have always Token has expired please re-login. This behavior succeds in line: var tokenInVerification = jwtTokenHandler.ValidateToken(tokenRequest.Token, _tokenValidationParams, out var validatedToken); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then the software dont continue Can you help me please. What can I do for fix it? Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Walter Alvarez Walter Alvarez Walter Alvarez Follow Joined Apr 13, 2021 • Apr 13 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The project works if I change ValidateLifetime to false This is a good solution? Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Code is Life. Crossfitter. Technical Architect. Just another human walking the earth! https://youtube.com/c/mohamadlawand Location Manchester, UK Work Technical Architect Joined Jul 25, 2019 • Apr 13 '21 • Edited on Apr 13 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Walter, there is a small bug related to regeneration of the refresh token. I will push a fix for this within this week. We should always keep it to true Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Walter Alvarez Walter Alvarez Walter Alvarez Follow Joined Apr 13, 2021 • Apr 13 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks Mohamad Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread afagGit afagGit afagGit Follow Joined Apr 27, 2021 • Apr 27 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Walter, hi Mohamad, I'm still facing the same issue as described above. "jwtTokenHandler.ValidateToken" always throws an token expires exception. Is the bug fixed already? Thank you and greetings. Alex Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lee Shaw Lee Shaw Lee Shaw Follow Joined Mar 15, 2021 • Mar 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Mohamad, love the article! Should the accessToken expire after 30 seconds? And when it does how is this handled? Using Swagger the token doesn't seem to be 401ing when i'm accessing the api/todo. I have downloaded v8. Thanks in advance. Lee Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Code is Life. Crossfitter. Technical Architect. Just another human walking the earth! https://youtube.com/c/mohamadlawand Location Manchester, UK Work Technical Architect Joined Jul 25, 2019 • Mar 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Lee, I think you can configure the token to for 5 min and then it can expire and use the refresh token to get a new one. There is a bug in the code in V8. I will be pushing a fix this week for it Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Bob Pokorny, MBA Bob Pokorny, MBA Bob Pokorny, MBA Follow Software developer Location Chicago, IL, USA Work Software Engineer Joined Mar 5, 2021 • Mar 9 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Mohamad! I have been following the currently 3-part series and continue to enjoy every video. I am currently experiencing a problem with the token not expiring and I think it is happening on Validation #3. I'm finding that the expiryDate and DateTime.UtcNow values are too far apart to even expire. For example, at the time of running, my expiryDate value = '03/09/21 8:56:38 am' and my DateTime.UtcNow = '03/09/21 2:57:06 pm'. I did end up using you exact code in GIT to make sure I'm getting the same results. Still no resolution. Then I started thinking, I am using zScaler to log into our network and wondering if that is having problems with date/time. However my expiryDate value is my local and accurate time. Any ideas to why I cannot get my token to expire? Thanks, Bob Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Code is Life. Crossfitter. Technical Architect. Just another human walking the earth! https://youtube.com/c/mohamadlawand Location Manchester, UK Work Technical Architect Joined Jul 25, 2019 • Mar 9 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Bob, Thank you for your feedback and comment, I will push an update to git repo to fix. I apologise for the delay. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zujaj Misbah Khan Zujaj Misbah Khan Zujaj Misbah Khan Follow A Passionate Flutter Developer Pronouns he/him Joined Nov 8, 2020 • Jul 13 '21 • Edited on Jul 16 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How did you define the ExpiryTimeFrame in JWTConfig model? After the token expires, how would the automatic re-authentication take place when you're pointing to the login endpoint again? Does it mean that we have to store the login info in our app? Please elaborate if i misunderstood. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand aVery_cat aVery_cat aVery_cat Follow Joined Nov 11, 2021 • Nov 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hey I have a question, great tutorial btw, thanks for making it. If user wants to refresh access token, it also gets new refresh token, shouldn't we just remove the old refresh token instead of marking it as used? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Code is Life. Crossfitter. Technical Architect. Just another human walking the earth! https://youtube.com/c/mohamadlawand Location Manchester, UK Work Technical Architect Joined Jul 25, 2019 • Nov 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide For compliance reason you might keep them for a certain amount of time and then remove them. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shane Shane Shane Follow Education Portland Community College Work Chief Information Officer at Mr. Geek Philippines, Inc. Joined Nov 7, 2022 • Jan 21 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hello, Thank you for sharing this article. As someone new to using JWT tokens, it has greatly improved my understanding, particularly regarding the implementation of refresh tokens. I have a question: how can token refresh be automated during an API call? Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand wangzhe66369 wangzhe66369 wangzhe66369 Follow Joined Apr 13, 2021 • Apr 13 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Mohamad! I have a question, why use RefreshToken, it seems that only using Token can also refresh the token. Thanks in advance. Zhe Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand An T. NGUYEN An T. NGUYEN An T. NGUYEN Follow Joined Jun 16, 2018 • Apr 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Refresh token is similar to a backup key to get back new token in case it is expired or lost. You are sending the token over the internet many times so it "maybe" stolen. That why we keep token expiration time is shorter a lot to the refresh token. Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand wangzhe66369 wangzhe66369 wangzhe66369 Follow Joined Apr 13, 2021 • Apr 16 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you for your answer. I understand that the purpose of JWT is to not store data on the server side. Now that the RefreshToken must be stored on the server side, does it violate the purpose of JWT? I feel that this approach is very similar to Session Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Muhammad Shahid Khan Afridi Muhammad Shahid Khan Afridi Muhammad Shahid Khan Afridi Follow Senior Full Stack Software Engineer using ASP.NET/ASP.NET Core, SQL Server, Javascript, Angular, Blazor, Bootstrap, Syncfusion, HTML5, CSS3. Location Pakistan Work Senior Full Stack Software Engineer at Matech co. consulting and outsourcing Joined Apr 3, 2021 • Apr 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Mohamad Lawand, I did not find any Logout functionality here. can you please implement it or can you help via a comment for logout functionality in the same "AuthManagementController" controller? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand candede candede candede Follow Joined Jun 13, 2021 • Jun 17 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide hi Mohamad, thanks a lot for this series; truly great work.. I had an issue similar to some others where RefreshToken was not working since the token parameter validations enforce ValidateLifeTime and the only time you want to refresh the token after it's expired. So I have added another TokenValidationParams only to be used during Refresh Token creation and set the ValidateLifetime to false var refreshTokenValidationParams = new TokenValidationParameters { ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true, IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(key), ValidateIssuer = false, ValidateAudience = false, ValidateLifetime = false, RequireExpirationTime = true }; services.AddSingleton(refreshTokenValidationParams); I've also updated the AuthManagementController constructor to call refreshTokenValidationParams public AuthManagementController(UserManager userManager, IOptionsMonitor optionsMonitor, TokenValidationParameters refreshTokenValidationParams, BeanDataContext beanDataContext) This fixed my issue but I dont know if this is the most elegant solution or a good solution at all. So I wanted to put here in the hope that someone will tell me if there is a better way of doing it. Thanks a lot for your time and efforts to put this series together Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Mohamad Lawand Follow Code is Life. Crossfitter. Technical Architect. Just another human walking the earth! https://youtube.com/c/mohamadlawand Location Manchester, UK Work Technical Architect Joined Jul 25, 2019 • Jun 17 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you very much for your feedback, maybe you can push your code to the repo and will review it there so other people will be able to benefit Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (29 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohamad Lawand Follow Code is Life. 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Just another human walking the earth! https://youtube.com/c/mohamadlawand Location Manchester, UK Work Technical Architect Joined Jul 25, 2019 More from Mohamad Lawand .NET 8 💥 - Intro to Kubernetes for .NET Devs # dotnet # kubernetes # containers # docker .NET 6 - Background Jobs with Hangfire 🔥🔥🔥 # dotnet # tutorial # programming # backgroundjobs .NET 6 - AutoMapper & Data Transfer Objects (DTOs) 🗺 # dotnet # api # tutorial # performance 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/colocodes/react-class-components-vs-function-components-23m6#Conclusion | React: class components vs function components - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Damian Demasi Posted on Dec 1, 2021 React: class components vs function components # webdev # javascript # beginners # react When I first started working with React, I mostly used function components, especially because I read that class components were old and outdated. But when I started working with React professionally I realised I was wrong. Class components are very much alive and kicking. So, I decided to write a sort of comparison between class components and function components to have a better understanding of their similarities and differences. Table Of Contents Class components Rendering State A common pitfall Props Lifecycle methods Function components Rendering State Props Conclusion Class components This is how a class component that makes use of state , props and render looks like: class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { name : props . name }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . state . name } </ h1 >; } } // Render ReactDOM . render ( Hello , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources in which you can find more information about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Rendering Let’s say there is a <div> somewhere in your HTML file: <div id= "root" ></div> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We can render an element in the place of the div with root id like this: const element = < h1 > Hello, world </ h1 >; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Regarding React components, we will usually be exporting a component and using it in another file: Hello.jsx import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; class Hello extends React . Component { render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } </ h1 >; } } export default Hello ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode main.js import React from ' react ' ; import ReactDOM from ' react-dom ' ; import Hello from ' ./app/Hello.jsx ' ; ReactDOM . render (< Hello />, document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And this is how a class component gets rendered on the web browser. Now, there is a difference between rendering and mounting, and Brad Westfall made a great job summarising it : "Rendering" is any time a function component gets called (or a class-based render method gets called) which returns a set of instructions for creating DOM. "Mounting" is when React "renders" the component for the first time and actually builds the initial DOM from those instructions. State A state is a JavaScript object containing information about the component's current condition. To initialise a class component state we need to use a constructor : class Hello extends React . Component { constructor () { this . state = { endOfMessage : ' ! ' }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } { this . state . endOfMessage } </ h1 >; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/rendering-elements.html https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Caution: we shouldn't modify the state directly because it will not trigger a re-render of the component: this . state . comment = ' Hello ' ; // Don't do this Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Instead, we should use the setState() method: this . setState ({ comment : ' Hello ' }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If our current state depends from the previous one, and as setState is asynchronous, we should take into account the previous state: this . setState ( function ( prevState , prevProps ) { return { counter : prevState . counter + prevProps . increment }; }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html A common pitfall If we need to set a state with nested objects , we should spread all the levels of nesting in that object: this . setState ( prevState => ({ ... prevState , someProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty , someOtherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty , anotherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty . anotherProperty , flag : false } } } })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This can become cumbersome, so the use of the [immutability-helper](https://github.com/kolodny/immutability-helper) package is recommended. Related sources about this: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43040721/how-to-update-nested-state-properties-in-react Before I knew better, I believed that setting a new object property will always preserve the ones that were not set, but that is not true for nested objects (which is kind of logical, because I would be overriding an object with another one). That situation happens when I previously spread the object and then modify one of its properties: > b = { item1 : ' a ' , item2 : { subItem1 : ' y ' , subItem2 : ' z ' }} //-> { item1: 'a', item2: {subItem1: 'y', subItem2: 'z'}} > b . item2 = {... b . item2 , subItem1 : ' modified ' } //-> { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } > b //-> { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } } > b . item2 = { subItem1 : ' modified ' } // Not OK //-> { subItem1: 'modified' } > b //-> { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified' } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But when we have nested objects we need to use multiple nested spreads, which turns the code repetitive. That's where the immutability-helper comes to help. You can find more information about this here . Props If we want to access props in the constructor , we need to call the parent class constructor by using super(props) : class Button extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); console . log ( props ); console . log ( this . props ); } // ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://overreacted.io/why-do-we-write-super-props/ Bear in mind that using props to set an initial state is an anti-pattern of React. In the past, we could have used the componentWillReceiveProps method to do so, but now it's deprecated . class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { property : this . props . name , // Not recommended, but OK if it's just used as seed data. }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } </ h1 >; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Using props to initialise a state is not an anti-patter if we make it clear that the prop is only used as seed data for the component's internally-controlled state. Related sources about this: https://sentry.io/answers/using-props-to-initialize-state/ https://reactjs.org/docs/react-component.html#unsafe_componentwillreceiveprops https://medium.com/@justintulk/react-anti-patterns-props-in-initial-state-28687846cc2e Lifecycle methods Class components don't have hooks ; they have lifecycle methods instead. render() componentDidMount() componentDidUpdate() componentWillUnmount() shouldComponentUpdate() static getDerivedStateFromProps() getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() You can learn more about lifecycle methods here: https://programmingwithmosh.com/javascript/react-lifecycle-methods/ https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Function components This is how a function component makes use of props , state and render : function Welcome ( props ) { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } </ h1 >; } // or const Welcome = ( props ) => { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } </ h1 >; } // Render const element = < Welcome name = "Sara" />; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Rendering Rendering a function component is achieved the same way as with class components: function Welcome ( props ) { return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } </ h1 >; } const element = < Welcome name = "Sara" />; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html State When it comes to the state, function components differ quite a bit from class components. We need to define an array that will have two main elements: the value of the state, and the function to update said state. We then need to assign the useState hook to that array, initialising the state in the process: import React , { useState } from ' react ' ; function Example () { // Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count" const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ); return ( < div > < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > < button onClick = { () => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The useState hook is the way function components allow us to use a component's state in a similar manner as this.state is used in class components. Remember: function components use hooks . According to the official documentation: What is a Hook? A Hook is a special function that lets you “hook into” React features. For example, useState is a Hook that lets you add React state to function components. We’ll learn other Hooks later. When would I use a Hook? If you write a function component and realize you need to add some state to it, previously you had to convert it to a class. Now you can use a Hook inside the existing function component. To read the state of the function component we can use the variable we defined when using useState in the function declaration ( count in our example). < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In class components, we had to do something like this: < p > You clicked { this . state . count } times </ p > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Every time we need to update the state, we should call the function we defined ( setCount in this case) with the values of the new state. < button onClick = { () => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Meanwhile, in class components we used the this keyword followed by the state and the property to be updated: < button onClick = { () => this . setState ({ count : this . state . count + 1 }) } > Click me </ button > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sources: https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html Props Finally, using props in function components is pretty straight forward: we just pass them as the component argument: function Avatar ( props ) { return ( < img className = "Avatar" src = { props . user . avatarUrl } alt = { props . user . name } /> ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Conclusion Deciding whether to use class components or function components will depend on the situation. As far as I know, professional environments use class components for "main" components, and function components for smaller, particular components. Although this may not be the case depending on your project. I would love to see examples of the use of class and function components in specific situations, so don't be shy of sharing them in the comments section. 🗞️ NEWSLETTER - If you want to hear about my latest articles and interesting software development content, subscribe to my newsletter . 🐦 TWITTER - Follow me on Twitter . Top comments (33) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The issue with class based components and the driving reason why the React team went towards functional components was for better abstractions. In 2013 when React came out, there was a feature called mixins (this is before JavaScript classes were possible). Mixins were a way to share code between components but fostered a lot of problems and anti-patterns. In 2015 JS got classes and 2016 React moved towards real class-based components. Everyone was excited that mixins were gone but we also lost a primitive way to share code in React. Without React offering a way to share code, the community turned towards patterns instead. With classes, if you want to share reusable code between two components, you only really have two pattern choices - higher order components (HoC's) or the "render props" pattern. HoC has several known problems. In other words, I could give you a "try to abstract this" task with classes and you just wouldn't be able to do it with HoC, it had pretty bad limitations. The render props patter was popularized later and it actually fixed all four known issues with HoC's, so a lot of react devs became a fan of this new pattern, but it had new new problems that HoC's never had. I wrote a detailed piece on this a while back gist.github.com/bradwestfall/4fa68... The reason why hooks were created was to bring functional components up to speed with class based components as far as capability (as you mentioned above) but the end goal of that was custom hooks. With a custom hook we get functional composition capabilities and this solves all six issues of Hoc and Render Props problems, although there are still some good reasons to use render props in certain situations (checkout Formik). If you want, checkout Ryan's keynote at the conference where they announced hooks youtube.com/watch?v=wXLf18DsV-I Also, the reason why classes are still around is just because the React team knew it would be a while for companies to migrate their big code bases from classes to hooks so they kept both ways around. Hope it helps someone Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, thanks so much @bradwestfall ! This is a very interesting back-story on classes and function components. I really appreciate the time you took to explain all of this. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide No problem, your article does a nice job comparing strictly from a syntax standpoint, there's just the whole code abstraction part to consider. Honestly, after teaching hooks now for 3 years, I know that hooks syntax can be harder to grasp than the class syntax, but I also know that most developers are willing to take on the more difficult hooks syntax for the tradeoff of having much better abstraction options, that's really the main idea. For real though, checkout Ryan's conference talk, it's fantastic Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Eugene Eugene Eugene Follow Pronouns He/him Joined Oct 29, 2021 • Feb 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Some people told, the argument to use class components - error boundaries, which don't have function implementation yet. (It's not my opinion, I just recently started to learn react and seeking for useful information here and there) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Follow Full-stack Web Developer, Software engineer Location Morocco Work Full-stack Web Developer Joined Jun 1, 2019 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a hot topic bro, nice done, otherwise i guess that functional components are cleaner and easy to maintain, so whatever the size of your app, we always look for better and maintainable code, so FC are better than classes any way (React point of view only) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand tanth1993 tanth1993 tanth1993 Follow Joined Jan 5, 2020 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide the only thing I like Class Component is that there is a callback in setState . I usually use it when after set loading for the page :) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Follow Web developer, tinkerer, take-aparterer (and, sometimes, put-back-togetherer) Location Melbourne, Australia Work Front End Developer at Art Processors Joined Jul 23, 2019 • Dec 3 '21 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The equivalent in functional components is the useEffect hook, which can be setup to run a function when one or more specific dependencies change. There is also a hook called useReducer which gives you the ability to perform complex actions and logic when dependencies change. Very useful for deriving properties from complex state. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Spot on! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 2 '21 • Edited on Dec 2 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am new dev in react. I am learning class component. Is that okay for me? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide When I started learning React, I saw function components first, and then class components. But I think a better approach will be learning class components first, so then, when you learn function components, you will see why they exists and the advantages they have over the class components. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Monday David S. Monday David S. Monday David S. Follow Email davidsarka242@gmail.com Joined Mar 7, 2021 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Totally agree with you Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 5 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide We need to learn first Class component and then Functional Component Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I think you are right. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Follow Joined Jul 24, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You'll need to learn both anyways, it is quite frequent to find projects that mix the two methodologies. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you Jeysson, I think it will help me lot in my react learning Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Follow Software Developer | Content Creator | AI, Tech, Programming Location London, UK Education Bachelor Degree Computer Science Work Software Developer Joined Feb 11, 2020 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice comparison I have completely converted to functional components it would be hard to go back to classes now. When I initially started to learn hooks my thoughts were the reverse. It really is that much better though. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I now have the dilemma of choosing between class or function components at my workplace... I guess that as I gain more experience I will be able to make better decisions. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That is awesome @lukeshiru ! Thanks for sharing your experience. I think that what is actually happening is that the app in which I'm working on is rather old, and function components did not exist back then. Taking into account your experience, do you think that using class components have any benefit over the function components? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sophiegrafe sophiegrafe sophiegrafe Follow Former Barmaid trained to be fullstack dev last year! Working hard to not be that Jake of all trades, master of none 😅 Education Interface3 Joined Mar 30, 2022 • Mar 30 '22 • Edited on Mar 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you very much for this, your article and the discussion that follows were a great help to clarify the subject! I will definitely go with FC but take some time to be more comfortable with the class-based approach in case of need. I have a very little observation to make regarding the way you explained useState affectation "to an array" under "State" in FC section. You wrote: "We need to define an array that will have two main elements[...] We then need to assign the useState hook to that array. [...]" When I see brackets, as a beginner, it automatically triggers the "array" reflex, but brackets on the left side of the assignment operator means destructuring assignment, here array destructuring. As I understand this, we don't assign the useState hook to an array, it's the other way around actually, we are unpacking or extracting values from an array and assigning them to variables. useState return an array of 2 values and DA allows us to avoid this kind of extra lines: const useState = useState ( initialValue ); const stateValue = useState [ 0 ]; const setStateValue = useState [ 1 ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html#... for a more complete review of this syntax: javascript.info/destructuring-assi... I found DA very useful in many situations for arrays, strings and objects. Totally worth mentioning, learning and using! Again thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great, thanks for your input! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand echoes2099 echoes2099 echoes2099 Follow Joined Jul 10, 2018 • May 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was under the impression the official stance was that class components were deprecated...as in dont create new code using these. We recently had to ditch a form library that was written with classes. The reason being is because it did not have useEffects that reacted to all changes in state (and I'm not sure if you could write the equivalent useEffect with hooks). So we were seeing bugs where dynamically injected fields could not register themselves. React hooks are OK but i wouldn't go back to a class based approach for new code Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (33 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 More from Damian Demasi The Power of Microtools: How AI and "Vibe Coding" Are Changing the Way We Build # ai # vibecoding # webdev # productivity How to Learn Python Faster and Easier with This Notion Template # python # programming # beginners # learning Learning how to code: with our special guest, Ron # webdev # beginners # programming # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/colocodes/react-class-components-vs-function-components-23m6#Function | React: class components vs function components - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Damian Demasi Posted on Dec 1, 2021 React: class components vs function components # webdev # javascript # beginners # react When I first started working with React, I mostly used function components, especially because I read that class components were old and outdated. But when I started working with React professionally I realised I was wrong. Class components are very much alive and kicking. So, I decided to write a sort of comparison between class components and function components to have a better understanding of their similarities and differences. Table Of Contents Class components Rendering State A common pitfall Props Lifecycle methods Function components Rendering State Props Conclusion Class components This is how a class component that makes use of state , props and render looks like: class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { name : props . name }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . state . name } </ h1 >; } } // Render ReactDOM . render ( Hello , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources in which you can find more information about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Rendering Let’s say there is a <div> somewhere in your HTML file: <div id= "root" ></div> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We can render an element in the place of the div with root id like this: const element = < h1 > Hello, world </ h1 >; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Regarding React components, we will usually be exporting a component and using it in another file: Hello.jsx import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; class Hello extends React . Component { render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } </ h1 >; } } export default Hello ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode main.js import React from ' react ' ; import ReactDOM from ' react-dom ' ; import Hello from ' ./app/Hello.jsx ' ; ReactDOM . render (< Hello />, document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And this is how a class component gets rendered on the web browser. Now, there is a difference between rendering and mounting, and Brad Westfall made a great job summarising it : "Rendering" is any time a function component gets called (or a class-based render method gets called) which returns a set of instructions for creating DOM. "Mounting" is when React "renders" the component for the first time and actually builds the initial DOM from those instructions. State A state is a JavaScript object containing information about the component's current condition. To initialise a class component state we need to use a constructor : class Hello extends React . Component { constructor () { this . state = { endOfMessage : ' ! ' }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } { this . state . endOfMessage } </ h1 >; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/rendering-elements.html https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Caution: we shouldn't modify the state directly because it will not trigger a re-render of the component: this . state . comment = ' Hello ' ; // Don't do this Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Instead, we should use the setState() method: this . setState ({ comment : ' Hello ' }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If our current state depends from the previous one, and as setState is asynchronous, we should take into account the previous state: this . setState ( function ( prevState , prevProps ) { return { counter : prevState . counter + prevProps . increment }; }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html A common pitfall If we need to set a state with nested objects , we should spread all the levels of nesting in that object: this . setState ( prevState => ({ ... prevState , someProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty , someOtherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty , anotherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty . anotherProperty , flag : false } } } })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This can become cumbersome, so the use of the [immutability-helper](https://github.com/kolodny/immutability-helper) package is recommended. Related sources about this: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43040721/how-to-update-nested-state-properties-in-react Before I knew better, I believed that setting a new object property will always preserve the ones that were not set, but that is not true for nested objects (which is kind of logical, because I would be overriding an object with another one). That situation happens when I previously spread the object and then modify one of its properties: > b = { item1 : ' a ' , item2 : { subItem1 : ' y ' , subItem2 : ' z ' }} //-> { item1: 'a', item2: {subItem1: 'y', subItem2: 'z'}} > b . item2 = {... b . item2 , subItem1 : ' modified ' } //-> { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } > b //-> { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } } > b . item2 = { subItem1 : ' modified ' } // Not OK //-> { subItem1: 'modified' } > b //-> { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified' } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But when we have nested objects we need to use multiple nested spreads, which turns the code repetitive. That's where the immutability-helper comes to help. You can find more information about this here . Props If we want to access props in the constructor , we need to call the parent class constructor by using super(props) : class Button extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); console . log ( props ); console . log ( this . props ); } // ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://overreacted.io/why-do-we-write-super-props/ Bear in mind that using props to set an initial state is an anti-pattern of React. In the past, we could have used the componentWillReceiveProps method to do so, but now it's deprecated . class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { property : this . props . name , // Not recommended, but OK if it's just used as seed data. }; } render () { return < h1 > Hello, { this . props . name } </ h1 >; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Using props to initialise a state is not an anti-patter if we make it clear that the prop is only used as seed data for the component's internally-controlled state. Related sources about this: https://sentry.io/answers/using-props-to-initialize-state/ https://reactjs.org/docs/react-component.html#unsafe_componentwillreceiveprops https://medium.com/@justintulk/react-anti-patterns-props-in-initial-state-28687846cc2e Lifecycle methods Class components don't have hooks ; they have lifecycle methods instead. render() componentDidMount() componentDidUpdate() componentWillUnmount() shouldComponentUpdate() static getDerivedStateFromProps() getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() You can learn more about lifecycle methods here: https://programmingwithmosh.com/javascript/react-lifecycle-methods/ https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Function components This is how a function component makes use of props , state and render : function Welcome ( props ) { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } </ h1 >; } // or const Welcome = ( props ) => { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } </ h1 >; } // Render const element = < Welcome name = "Sara" />; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Rendering Rendering a function component is achieved the same way as with class components: function Welcome ( props ) { return < h1 > Hello, { props . name } </ h1 >; } const element = < Welcome name = "Sara" />; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html State When it comes to the state, function components differ quite a bit from class components. We need to define an array that will have two main elements: the value of the state, and the function to update said state. We then need to assign the useState hook to that array, initialising the state in the process: import React , { useState } from ' react ' ; function Example () { // Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count" const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ); return ( < div > < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > < button onClick = { () => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The useState hook is the way function components allow us to use a component's state in a similar manner as this.state is used in class components. Remember: function components use hooks . According to the official documentation: What is a Hook? A Hook is a special function that lets you “hook into” React features. For example, useState is a Hook that lets you add React state to function components. We’ll learn other Hooks later. When would I use a Hook? If you write a function component and realize you need to add some state to it, previously you had to convert it to a class. Now you can use a Hook inside the existing function component. To read the state of the function component we can use the variable we defined when using useState in the function declaration ( count in our example). < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In class components, we had to do something like this: < p > You clicked { this . state . count } times </ p > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Every time we need to update the state, we should call the function we defined ( setCount in this case) with the values of the new state. < button onClick = { () => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Meanwhile, in class components we used the this keyword followed by the state and the property to be updated: < button onClick = { () => this . setState ({ count : this . state . count + 1 }) } > Click me </ button > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sources: https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html Props Finally, using props in function components is pretty straight forward: we just pass them as the component argument: function Avatar ( props ) { return ( < img className = "Avatar" src = { props . user . avatarUrl } alt = { props . user . name } /> ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Conclusion Deciding whether to use class components or function components will depend on the situation. As far as I know, professional environments use class components for "main" components, and function components for smaller, particular components. Although this may not be the case depending on your project. I would love to see examples of the use of class and function components in specific situations, so don't be shy of sharing them in the comments section. 🗞️ NEWSLETTER - If you want to hear about my latest articles and interesting software development content, subscribe to my newsletter . 🐦 TWITTER - Follow me on Twitter . Top comments (33) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The issue with class based components and the driving reason why the React team went towards functional components was for better abstractions. In 2013 when React came out, there was a feature called mixins (this is before JavaScript classes were possible). Mixins were a way to share code between components but fostered a lot of problems and anti-patterns. In 2015 JS got classes and 2016 React moved towards real class-based components. Everyone was excited that mixins were gone but we also lost a primitive way to share code in React. Without React offering a way to share code, the community turned towards patterns instead. With classes, if you want to share reusable code between two components, you only really have two pattern choices - higher order components (HoC's) or the "render props" pattern. HoC has several known problems. In other words, I could give you a "try to abstract this" task with classes and you just wouldn't be able to do it with HoC, it had pretty bad limitations. The render props patter was popularized later and it actually fixed all four known issues with HoC's, so a lot of react devs became a fan of this new pattern, but it had new new problems that HoC's never had. I wrote a detailed piece on this a while back gist.github.com/bradwestfall/4fa68... The reason why hooks were created was to bring functional components up to speed with class based components as far as capability (as you mentioned above) but the end goal of that was custom hooks. With a custom hook we get functional composition capabilities and this solves all six issues of Hoc and Render Props problems, although there are still some good reasons to use render props in certain situations (checkout Formik). If you want, checkout Ryan's keynote at the conference where they announced hooks youtube.com/watch?v=wXLf18DsV-I Also, the reason why classes are still around is just because the React team knew it would be a while for companies to migrate their big code bases from classes to hooks so they kept both ways around. Hope it helps someone Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, thanks so much @bradwestfall ! This is a very interesting back-story on classes and function components. I really appreciate the time you took to explain all of this. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide No problem, your article does a nice job comparing strictly from a syntax standpoint, there's just the whole code abstraction part to consider. Honestly, after teaching hooks now for 3 years, I know that hooks syntax can be harder to grasp than the class syntax, but I also know that most developers are willing to take on the more difficult hooks syntax for the tradeoff of having much better abstraction options, that's really the main idea. For real though, checkout Ryan's conference talk, it's fantastic Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Eugene Eugene Eugene Follow Pronouns He/him Joined Oct 29, 2021 • Feb 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Some people told, the argument to use class components - error boundaries, which don't have function implementation yet. (It's not my opinion, I just recently started to learn react and seeking for useful information here and there) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Follow Full-stack Web Developer, Software engineer Location Morocco Work Full-stack Web Developer Joined Jun 1, 2019 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a hot topic bro, nice done, otherwise i guess that functional components are cleaner and easy to maintain, so whatever the size of your app, we always look for better and maintainable code, so FC are better than classes any way (React point of view only) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand tanth1993 tanth1993 tanth1993 Follow Joined Jan 5, 2020 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide the only thing I like Class Component is that there is a callback in setState . I usually use it when after set loading for the page :) Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Follow Web developer, tinkerer, take-aparterer (and, sometimes, put-back-togetherer) Location Melbourne, Australia Work Front End Developer at Art Processors Joined Jul 23, 2019 • Dec 3 '21 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The equivalent in functional components is the useEffect hook, which can be setup to run a function when one or more specific dependencies change. There is also a hook called useReducer which gives you the ability to perform complex actions and logic when dependencies change. Very useful for deriving properties from complex state. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Spot on! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 2 '21 • Edited on Dec 2 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am new dev in react. I am learning class component. Is that okay for me? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide When I started learning React, I saw function components first, and then class components. But I think a better approach will be learning class components first, so then, when you learn function components, you will see why they exists and the advantages they have over the class components. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Monday David S. Monday David S. Monday David S. Follow Email davidsarka242@gmail.com Joined Mar 7, 2021 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Totally agree with you Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 5 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide We need to learn first Class component and then Functional Component Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I think you are right. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Follow Joined Jul 24, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You'll need to learn both anyways, it is quite frequent to find projects that mix the two methodologies. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I'm Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 • Dec 3 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you Jeysson, I think it will help me lot in my react learning Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Follow Software Developer | Content Creator | AI, Tech, Programming Location London, UK Education Bachelor Degree Computer Science Work Software Developer Joined Feb 11, 2020 • Dec 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice comparison I have completely converted to functional components it would be hard to go back to classes now. When I initially started to learn hooks my thoughts were the reverse. It really is that much better though. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I now have the dilemma of choosing between class or function components at my workplace... I guess that as I gain more experience I will be able to make better decisions. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That is awesome @lukeshiru ! Thanks for sharing your experience. I think that what is actually happening is that the app in which I'm working on is rather old, and function components did not exist back then. Taking into account your experience, do you think that using class components have any benefit over the function components? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sophiegrafe sophiegrafe sophiegrafe Follow Former Barmaid trained to be fullstack dev last year! Working hard to not be that Jake of all trades, master of none 😅 Education Interface3 Joined Mar 30, 2022 • Mar 30 '22 • Edited on Mar 30 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you very much for this, your article and the discussion that follows were a great help to clarify the subject! I will definitely go with FC but take some time to be more comfortable with the class-based approach in case of need. I have a very little observation to make regarding the way you explained useState affectation "to an array" under "State" in FC section. You wrote: "We need to define an array that will have two main elements[...] We then need to assign the useState hook to that array. [...]" When I see brackets, as a beginner, it automatically triggers the "array" reflex, but brackets on the left side of the assignment operator means destructuring assignment, here array destructuring. As I understand this, we don't assign the useState hook to an array, it's the other way around actually, we are unpacking or extracting values from an array and assigning them to variables. useState return an array of 2 values and DA allows us to avoid this kind of extra lines: const useState = useState ( initialValue ); const stateValue = useState [ 0 ]; const setStateValue = useState [ 1 ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html#... for a more complete review of this syntax: javascript.info/destructuring-assi... I found DA very useful in many situations for arrays, strings and objects. Totally worth mentioning, learning and using! Again thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 • Dec 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great, thanks for your input! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand echoes2099 echoes2099 echoes2099 Follow Joined Jul 10, 2018 • May 30 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was under the impression the official stance was that class components were deprecated...as in dont create new code using these. We recently had to ditch a form library that was written with classes. The reason being is because it did not have useEffects that reacted to all changes in state (and I'm not sure if you could write the equivalent useEffect with hooks). So we were seeing bugs where dynamically injected fields could not register themselves. React hooks are OK but i wouldn't go back to a class based approach for new code Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (33 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 More from Damian Demasi The Power of Microtools: How AI and "Vibe Coding" Are Changing the Way We Build # ai # vibecoding # webdev # productivity How to Learn Python Faster and Easier with This Notion Template # python # programming # beginners # learning Learning how to code: with our special guest, Ron # webdev # beginners # programming # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/technology.html?icid=disidenav_technology | Technology | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Tech, Media & Telecom SECTORS Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications Technology Explore research and insights for the technology sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications The Deloitte Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications conducts research and develops insights to help business leaders see their options more clearly. The center can help executives better discern risk and reward, capture opportunities, and solve tough challenges amid the rapidly evolving TMT landscape. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Jeff Loucks Tech, Media & Telecom | Executive director Jeff Loucks Tech, Media & Telecom | Executive director United States Jeff Loucks is the executive director of Deloitte's Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications, Deloitte Services LP. In his role, he conducts research and writes on topics that help companies capitalize on technological change. An award-winning thought leader in digital business model transformation, Jeff is especially interested in the strategies organizations use to adapt to accelerating change. Jeff’s academic background complements his technology expertise. Jeff has a Bachelor of Arts in political science from The Ohio State University, and a Master of Arts and PhD in political science from the University of Toronto. jloucks@deloitte.com +1 614 477 0407 David Jarvis Senior research leader David Jarvis Senior research leader United States David is a senior research manager in Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications, Deloitte Services LP. He has more than 15 years of experience in the technology industry and is a passionate expert and educator focused on emerging business and technology issues—including the potential impacts of longer-term change across our digital society. davjarvis@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2862 Chris Arkenberg Research leader Chris Arkenberg Research leader United States Chris Arkenberg is a research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media and Telecommunications. He has 20 years of experience focusing on how people and organizations interact with transformational technologies. Chris is also an avid video game enthusiast, stomping the virtual grounds since the days of the 2600. carkenberg@deloitte.com +1 415-783-7025 Karthik Ramachandran Senior research leader Karthik Ramachandran Senior research leader India Karthik Ramachandran is a senior research manager with Deloitte’s Center for TMT. He specializes in the technology and semiconductor industries, and works closely with senior leaders and SMEs in Deloitte’s TMT practice, globally, to codevelop and write thought leadership perspectives tailored for senior industry executives. Besides publishing on Deloitte Insights, his articles have been featured on Deloitte- Wall Street Journal platforms (the CFO/CTO/CMO Journals), the SEMI industry association, and the Houston Business Journal . karramachandran@deloitte.com +1 615 718 2961 Brooke Auxier Research leader Brooke Auxier Research leader United States Brooke Auxier is a research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications. Her research focuses on media, entertainment, and consumer technology. She has a Ph.D. in journalism from the University of Maryland. bauxier@deloitte.com +1 571 882 6498 Michael Steinhart Research leader Michael Steinhart Research leader United States Michael is a research manager with Deloitte's Center for Technology, Media, and Telecommunications. His work focuses on enterprise and consumer technology. Prior to joining Deloitte, Michael spent 22 years in the technology media industry. msteinhart@deloitte.com +1 212 436 6873 Michelle Dollinger Strategy & operations manager Michelle Dollinger Strategy & operations manager United States Michelle manages strategy and operations for the TMT Center and works with the Center director to implement the research agenda. She builds relationships across the practices to connect the right people with the right content. Michelle has a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and a Master of Science in Library and Information Science. mdollinger@deloitte.com Duncan Stewart Research director Duncan Stewart Research director Canada Duncan Stewart is the director of research for the technology, media, and telecommunications (TMT) industry for Deloitte Canada. He is the lead researcher on semiconductor topics for the US TMT Center and for Deloitte Global. dunstewart@deloitte.ca Susanne Hupfer Research manager Susanne Hupfer Research manager United States Susanne Hupfer, PhD, is a research manager in Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications, where she conducts research to understand the impact of technology trends and to deliver actionable insights. She has more than 20 years of experience in the technology industry, including software research and development, strategy consulting, and thought leadership. shupfer@deloitte.com Bree Matheson Research leader Bree Matheson Research leader United States Bree Matheson is a research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications. Her research focuses on media, entertainment, and consumer technology. She holds a PhD in technical communication and rhetoric from Utah State University. bmatheson@deloitte.com +1 801 428 8800 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. 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DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Tech, Media & Telecom SECTORS Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications Semiconductor Explore research and insights for the semiconductor sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications The Deloitte Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications conducts research and develops insights to help business leaders see their options more clearly. The center can help executives better discern risk and reward, capture opportunities, and solve tough challenges amid the rapidly evolving TMT landscape. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Jeff Loucks Tech, Media & Telecom | Executive director Jeff Loucks Tech, Media & Telecom | Executive director United States Jeff Loucks is the executive director of Deloitte's Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications, Deloitte Services LP. In his role, he conducts research and writes on topics that help companies capitalize on technological change. An award-winning thought leader in digital business model transformation, Jeff is especially interested in the strategies organizations use to adapt to accelerating change. Jeff’s academic background complements his technology expertise. Jeff has a Bachelor of Arts in political science from The Ohio State University, and a Master of Arts and PhD in political science from the University of Toronto. jloucks@deloitte.com +1 614 477 0407 David Jarvis Senior research leader David Jarvis Senior research leader United States David is a senior research manager in Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications, Deloitte Services LP. He has more than 15 years of experience in the technology industry and is a passionate expert and educator focused on emerging business and technology issues—including the potential impacts of longer-term change across our digital society. davjarvis@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2862 Chris Arkenberg Research leader Chris Arkenberg Research leader United States Chris Arkenberg is a research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media and Telecommunications. He has 20 years of experience focusing on how people and organizations interact with transformational technologies. Chris is also an avid video game enthusiast, stomping the virtual grounds since the days of the 2600. carkenberg@deloitte.com +1 415-783-7025 Karthik Ramachandran Senior research leader Karthik Ramachandran Senior research leader India Karthik Ramachandran is a senior research manager with Deloitte’s Center for TMT. He specializes in the technology and semiconductor industries, and works closely with senior leaders and SMEs in Deloitte’s TMT practice, globally, to codevelop and write thought leadership perspectives tailored for senior industry executives. Besides publishing on Deloitte Insights, his articles have been featured on Deloitte- Wall Street Journal platforms (the CFO/CTO/CMO Journals), the SEMI industry association, and the Houston Business Journal . karramachandran@deloitte.com +1 615 718 2961 Brooke Auxier Research leader Brooke Auxier Research leader United States Brooke Auxier is a research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications. Her research focuses on media, entertainment, and consumer technology. She has a Ph.D. in journalism from the University of Maryland. bauxier@deloitte.com +1 571 882 6498 Michael Steinhart Research leader Michael Steinhart Research leader United States Michael is a research manager with Deloitte's Center for Technology, Media, and Telecommunications. His work focuses on enterprise and consumer technology. Prior to joining Deloitte, Michael spent 22 years in the technology media industry. msteinhart@deloitte.com +1 212 436 6873 Michelle Dollinger Strategy & operations manager Michelle Dollinger Strategy & operations manager United States Michelle manages strategy and operations for the TMT Center and works with the Center director to implement the research agenda. She builds relationships across the practices to connect the right people with the right content. Michelle has a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism and a Master of Science in Library and Information Science. mdollinger@deloitte.com Duncan Stewart Research director Duncan Stewart Research director Canada Duncan Stewart is the director of research for the technology, media, and telecommunications (TMT) industry for Deloitte Canada. He is the lead researcher on semiconductor topics for the US TMT Center and for Deloitte Global. dunstewart@deloitte.ca Susanne Hupfer Research manager Susanne Hupfer Research manager United States Susanne Hupfer, PhD, is a research manager in Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications, where she conducts research to understand the impact of technology trends and to deliver actionable insights. She has more than 20 years of experience in the technology industry, including software research and development, strategy consulting, and thought leadership. shupfer@deloitte.com Bree Matheson Research leader Bree Matheson Research leader United States Bree Matheson is a research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media & Telecommunications. Her research focuses on media, entertainment, and consumer technology. She holds a PhD in technical communication and rhetoric from Utah State University. bmatheson@deloitte.com +1 801 428 8800 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://docs.github.com/contributing | Contributing to GitHub Docs documentation - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, & Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar Contribute to GitHub Docs Home Contribute to GitHub Docs Writing for GitHub Docs Best practices for GitHub Docs Documentation philosophy Documentation fundamentals Content design principles Write content to be translated Make content findable Versioning documentation Markdown and Liquid YAML frontmatter Use videos Create reusable content Create screenshots Create diagrams Create tool switchers Configure redirects Change an article's title Annotate code examples Templates Style guide and content model Style guide About the content model Contents of an article About topics Conceptual content type Referential content type Procedural content type Troubleshooting content type Release note content type Quickstart content type Tutorial content type Combining multiple types Collaborate on GitHub Docs About contributing Using Git Using the TODOCS placeholder Using the content linter Label reference Your working environment Working in a codespace Create a local environment Troubleshooting your environment Contributing to GitHub Docs documentation Learn about how the GitHub Docs team creates documentation and how you can contribute. Start here Best practices for GitHub Docs Follow these best practices to create documentation that's user-friendly and easy to understand. Style guide Follow this guide to make sure GitHub's documentation stays consistent and follows clear patterns that our readers can understand. About the content model The content model describes the structure and types of content that we publish. About contributing to GitHub Docs You can contribute to GitHub Docs content in several ways. All Contribute to GitHub Docs docs Writing for GitHub Docs Best practices for GitHub Docs About GitHub's documentation philosophy About GitHub's documentation fundamentals Content design principles Writing content to be translated Making content findable in search Versioning documentation Using Markdown and Liquid in GitHub Docs Using YAML frontmatter Using videos in GitHub Docs Creating reusable content Creating screenshots Creating diagrams for GitHub Docs Creating tool switchers in articles Configuring redirects Changing an article's title Annotating code examples Templates Style guide and content model Style guide About the content model Contents of a GitHub Docs article About topics Conceptual content type Referential content type Procedural content type Troubleshooting content type Release note content type Quickstart content type Tutorial content type About combining multiple content types Collaborating on GitHub Docs About contributing to GitHub Docs Using Git on GitHub Docs Using the TODOCS placeholder to leave notes Using the content linter Label reference Setting up your environment to work on GitHub Docs Working on GitHub Docs in a codespace Creating a local environment Troubleshooting your environment Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/product-features/session-replay/performance-impact | Performance Impact Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. 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Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Highlight Docs / Product Features / Session Replay / Performance Impact Performance Impact Overview When building Highlight, we've made technical decisions that prioritize putting your site's performance first. Highlight's performance impact on your site, therefore, is negligible, both from the perspective of your user's real-time experience as well as from a page-load perspective. Bundle Size Highlight's gzipped bundle size is a mere 11 kb . From a page load perspective, your team should have no qualms regarding Highlight's impact on page load metrics. 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https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/technology/technology-media-and-telecom-predictions.html?icid=disidenav_technology-media-and-telecom-predictions | TMT Predictions 2026 | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Tech, Media & Telecom SECTORS Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. TMT Predictions 2026: The gap narrows, but persists Deloitte predicts 2026 will see the gap between the promise and reality of AI narrow, as further movements towards getting it to scale are made Article • 9-min read • 17 November 2025 • Deloitte Center for Technology Media & Telecommunications Share linkedin twitter facebook Print In 2026, Deloitte predicts the roar around artificial intelligence will be getting quieter—and smarter—as the sometimes unglamorous, high‑impact work of making AI usable at scale continues to get underway. The gap between promise and reality will narrow but not disappear: Progress will come less from headline-grabbing new models and more from fundamentals. That more practical focus matters because tech, media, and telecom’s growing importance is not just about chips and code—it’s about how every other industry uses those TMT capabilities for its own growth, efficiencies, and innovation. AI helps drive cross-industry transformation In 2026 and beyond, it looks like we have moved from “software is eating the world” to “TMT is eating the world,” led by AI—especially agentic AI. In the United States, spending on AI data centers currently accounts for almost all gross domestic product growth in the first half of the year. 1 In 2008, about 19% of the S&P 500’s market value was in tech stocks, and TMT now makes up almost 53% of market capitalization. 2 Things could change, but at this rate, TMT is poised to not merely become larger than any other industry, but larger than all other industries combined —both in terms of value and contribution to economic growth. One reason for that is that other industries use TMT—tech and telecom specifically—to power their own AI innovations, and TMT happens to be the hardware, software, and services provider in the AI gold rush. That said, other industries play critical roles. In both TMT Predictions 2025 and again in 2026, we have pulled in specialists from other Deloitte research centers and industries: energy, mining, and chemicals, manufacturing and construction, defense and aerospace, government and public services, and life sciences and health care. It takes some serious cross-industry collaboration to properly predict generative AI and agentic AI trends and implications. Of our 13 topics for 2026, over half follow an AI theme. At a high level, we’re seeing a narrative around making AI scale. New foundational models, or even shiny new enterprise agentic applications, continue to impress—but translating those beyond pilots and trials requires work that’s typically considered less exciting, like data hygiene, integration into existing workflows, governance, new pricing models, and regulatory compliance. Those may be less glamorous than press releases about AI beating humans on a science test, but they will likely be more useful in the near term. Gen AI and agentic AI are driving a lot of things that are very much here and now, but we also have an eye on the future. Although Deloitte predicts that robotics and drones will be slow but steady growers over the next year or two, the emergence of “physical AI” models is poised to transform both industries with massive acceleration in growth and usefulness. Meanwhile, newer forms of media, like short-form vertical video series, appear to be crossing over from Asia to the rest of the world. And while the spread of gen AI–created images on social media may be exciting, it may also stimulate regulation. A quick look at our 13 topics for 2026 Gen AI inside existing search engines overtakes standalone gen AI Gen AI, possibly one of the most consequential technologies of our decade, may see its user base widen faster through its incorporation into existing mainstream digital applications than through its usage on a standalone basis Deloitte predicts that in 2026 and beyond, more people will use gen AI when it’s embedded within an existing application—such as a search engine—than those using a standalone gen AI tool. In terms of daily use, accessing gen AI within a search engine (when a search yields a synthesis of results) will be 300% more common than using any standalone gen AI tool. Standalone gen AI may require skill in prompt engineering and persistence, whereas passive gen AI is less overt and the experience more familiar; as such, demand is greater because it’s more accessible. Going forward, standalone gen AI app owners will likely face a choice between embedding their tools’ capabilities within another application or remaining a standalone interface. Why AI’s next phase will likely demand more computational power, not less The world is moving from just training gen AI models to using them at scale. Many believe this means more consumer edge computing and less data center computing. Neither is likely to happen in 2026. Deloitte predicts that “inference”—running AI models—will account for two-thirds of all AI computing power by 2026. Despite forecasts to the contrary, most inference will still take place in new data centers worth nearly half a trillion dollars and in on-premises enterprise servers using costly, power-intensive AI chips worth over $200 billion, rather than at the edge on inexpensive, lower-powered chips. There will be billions of dollars’ worth of specialized chips optimized for inference, but they’ll sit in data centers and enterprise servers as well, and some will use as much or even more power than general-purpose AI chips do. Unlocking exponential value with AI agent orchestration Autonomous AI agents may be transformational, but orchestration can be key for intelligent automation. Open-source and proprietary communication protocols will compete to lead the way. On average, market estimates suggest that the autonomous AI agent market could reach $8.5 billion by 2026 and $35 billion by 2030. Deloitte predicts that if enterprises orchestrate agents better and thoughtfully address the associated challenges and risks, this market projection could increase by 15% to 30%—or as high as $45 billion by 2030. In 2026, businesses will likely work on their readiness to orchestrate agents with a specific degree of autonomy. Also, multi-agent systems will likely work for those businesses that focus on agent interoperability and management and redesign their workflows and talent effectively. AI for industrial robotics, humanoid robots, and drones Can more powerful AI models and chips catalyze what has been a relatively stagnant industry? Deloitte predicts that the global cumulative installed capacity of industrial robots could reach 5.5 million by 2026, but annual new robot sales have stalled at just over half a million units since 2021. We could see an inflection point by 2030, with annual new robot shipments doubling from current levels to reach one million a year, driven by the following growth catalysts: (i) labor shortages in specialized industrial applications in developed countries and (ii) exponential advancements in computing power and the emergence of specialized foundational AI models. Robots can permeate multiple industries and applications, including autonomous drones, but unless the broader technology, AI, and robotics ecosystem addresses bottlenecks related to data quality, integration, and cybersecurity, the market for industrial robots may remain at its current level of relatively modest annual growth. SaaS meets AI agents: Transforming budgets, customer experience, and workforce dynamics As AI agents pervade the SaaS market, how businesses experience and leverage software will likely change—shifting business models, capabilities, and expectations AI continues to disrupt the software as a service market. As agentic AI capabilities mature and vendors build out their platforms to create, integrate, and orchestrate AI agents, how organizations use and spend on SaaS could shift dramatically. In 2026, SaaS applications will likely become more intelligent, personalized, and autonomous, evolving toward a federation of real-time workflow services that can learn. Traditional pricing could shift away from seat-based and subscription licensing toward a more hybrid approach that blends consumption- and outcome-based models. In the longer term, some are even suggesting that sufficiently advanced agentic AI could replace existing enterprise SaaS. All these shifts will increase the complexity around financial planning, operations, ecosystem management, and value measurement. New technologies and familiar challenges could make semiconductor supply chains more fragile With escalating trade restrictions on critical next-gen AI chip technologies, leaders should adapt quickly to make supply chains more resilient Making the most advanced chips has, for a long time, meant navigating fragile supply chains, but the stakes are much higher now. Extreme ultraviolet lithography has been restricted for years, but Deloitte predicts that in 2026, certain other advanced technologies and software tools that enable advanced AI models will become supply chain chokepoints. Many of these high-tech processes and materials rely on a handful of suppliers whose dominance in key regions has prompted governments to impose trade barriers to protect strategic interests and reduce dependency, underscoring the critical role they play in the global semiconductor supply chain. Tiny episodes, massive appeal: Short-form serials are gaining viewers and empowering independent studios From independent creators to major platforms, micro-series are helping redefine how viewers connect with and consume content worldwide Micro-series—scripted video series told in bite-sized, mobile-first episodes—are reshaping global viewing habits. Micro-series apps now generate billions in revenue, with the United States leading growth. In 2026, Deloitte predicts that the revenue growth of in-app micro-series will more than double, reaching $7.8 billion. Deloitte also predicts that the United States will account for half of global revenue in 2025, but its share will decline to 40% as other markets convert more views and downloads into cash. Micro-dramas blend short-form convenience with serialized storytelling, appealing to fragmented, mobile audiences. Uplifted by new technologies, independent creators are building studios that are lean and nimble, potentially challenging larger and more traditional studios. Video podcasts dominate: Opportunity for brands, competition for traditional video Podcasting is becoming a video-first, multilingual medium with booming reach that may help brands reach global audiences while occupying a larger share of viewers’ screen time Video podcasts (vodcasts) are transforming audience engagement by blending audio storytelling with visual appeal and may be competing directly with TV and streaming platforms. Deloitte predicts that annual global podcast and vodcast advertising revenues will reach approximately $5 billion in 2026—a nearly 20% year-over-year rise. Emerging markets such as India, Nigeria, and Brazil are fueling this growth through localized and multilingual content. Overcoming challenges related to discoverability, monetization, and scalability will likely be key to sustained growth. A new era of self-reliance: Navigating technology sovereignty Countries and regional blocs are racing to build out their own sovereign tech and AI infrastructures. What are the implications, and how can global businesses prepare? As the global geopolitical environment becomes increasingly complex and uncertain, businesses and policymakers are urging their countries and regions to take greater direct control of their digital infrastructure, especially those parts related to AI. The desire for sovereignty is not new, but the shift toward technology sovereignty will likely quicken in 2026. Over the next decade, significant investment will flow into cloud computing, semiconductors, data centers, AI models, connectivity, and satellite communication efforts. In an interconnected world, total sovereignty is unlikely to be achieved by any country or region, but many are aiming to become at least more sovereign. Generative AI video is perfect for social media, but could disrupt social media companies Approaching Hollywood quality, the latest gen AI video models appear to be supercharging independent video but could provoke a stronger regulatory response against social video platforms Generative video could empower independent creators and boost platforms’ ad revenues—but it also risks overwhelming audiences, eroding authenticity, and fueling misinformation, likely intensifying regulatory scrutiny. Deloitte predicts that in 2026, generative video could provoke a regulatory response in the United States, potentially driving broader age verification in more states, refreshing federal challenges to Section 230 protections established in 1996 under the Communications Decency Act, and requiring labeling for AI-generated content published on social platforms. Success will likely hinge on balancing innovation with moderation, as unchecked generative video could disrupt business models, accelerate misinformation, and further fragment society’s shared sense of reality. Public media partnerships with streaming giants could be a model for making traditional TV sustainable Public service broadcasters are publishing to social platforms, co-producing with streamers, and forming partnerships with the largest video distributors. They can offer lessons to for-profit US media companies. Public service broadcasters (PSBs) are adapting to the pressures facing many traditional networks by coproducing with streamers, promoting content on social platforms, and experimenting with staggered releases. These strategies help extend reach, attract younger audiences, and inject local content into global platforms. In 2025, there was an acceleration, with three notable deals between broadcasters and streamers in just a few months. In 2026, Deloitte predicts another handful of broadcaster-and-streamer deals. Further, we also expect to see more coproductions and other initiatives—once again led by PSBs. Their adaptability can offer lessons for US broadcasters and niche studios facing similar disruption from streaming and social video. However, PSBs should be careful when navigating for-profit relationships that could threaten their mandates to represent the public. Next-gen satellite internet is transforming pricing, capacity, and regulation worldwide Satellite connectivity sees direct-to-device growth but often faces monetization hurdles, while low-Earth-orbit data expansion and tech advancements help reshape deployment and resilience, and create regulation complexities Deloitte predicted spending on direct-to-device (D2D) network infrastructure—mainly satellites—at $3 billion in 2024, but it reached around $4 billion and is expected to rise to between $6 billion and $8 billion by 2026. Deloitte also predicts that around 1,000 D2D satellites will provide low-bandwidth connectivity services (SOS, text, and voice) in areas that may lack terrestrial cell coverage, with some D2D networks aspiring to provide higher-speed services. Adoption and willingness to pay for D2D remain uncertain, meaning monetization and business models for D2D are still unclear. We further predict that the number of communications satellites in low Earth orbit will reach between 15,000 and 18,000 satellites, connecting over 15 million global subscribers by the end of 2026. Another trend for 2026 in low Earth orbit will be new entrants that may disrupt emerging-market telcos with low-cost monthly broadband services, rather than partnering with terrestrial telcos as some other satellite providers are. Gifts beat gigabits: Some mobile users rank rewards over network upgrades Some consumers in developed markets struggle to perceive improvements in network performance. Telecom companies should consider more creative offerings to increase market share. Deloitte predicts that in 2026, mobile operator reward schemes may matter to consumers in developed markets as much as—or even more than—network performance. In the medium term (the next five years through 2030), there is a reasonable probability that no new fundamentally revolutionary devices connecting to mobile networks will emerge, nor will there be any transformative applications running on these networks. Over the remainder of the decade, as network upgrades continue, non-network benefits may become increasingly critical to attract users or suppress churn. Such perks may be more tangible to consumers than network infrastructure upgrades. by Gillian Crossan Global Gillian Crossan Global Technology, Media & Telecommunications Industry Leader Global Gillian Crossan is the Global Technology, Media & Telecommunications industry (TMT) leader. In addition, she is a principal in Risk & Financial Advisory, Deloitte & Touche LLP and serves as the Global Lead Client Service partner for a $1B+ Digital Platform Company and a 360-degree relationship for Deloitte. Gillian has been with Deloitte for more than 25 years and has worked in both the UK and the US across sectors including energy, healthcare, consumer products, and technology and enjoys being at the heart of industry convergence. Gillian is passionate about working with organizations that are not just transforming themselves but are transforming our world. Gillian has always focused on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion and works to support female client executives in preparing for corporate board service. In the past, she worked with the US Chief Inclusion officer to roll out Inclusion Councils and lead People and Purpose for the Global TMT Industry. gicrossan@deloitte.com +1 206 716 6254 Tim Bottke Germany Tim Bottke Partner | Chief Innovation Officer | Sector Lead | Telecommunication, Media & Entertainment Germany Tim Bottke is the Deloitte Global Telecom, Media and Entertainment (incl. Sports) sector leader, our Central Europe Chief Innovation Officer and also the Telecom, Media & Entertainment leader for Germany with 25 years of experience advising clients as a strategy consultant in the TMT industries. Before joining Deloitte in 2014 he was a Partner in a leading international strategy consultancy. Over his career as a consultant he has worked on numerous projects for international clients – covering corporate strategies, M&A strategy, commercial due diligence, marketing & sales strategies/go-to-market strategies and large scale corporate transformations. tbottke@deloitte.de +49 89 290368964 Girija Krishnamurthy Global Girija Krishnamurthy Global Technology sector leader Global Girija Krishnamurthy is the Global Technology sector leader at Deloitte. She also serves as the global lead client service partner for a Fortune 100, leading technology company. She has previously served as the National Hardware and Consumer Tech Industry leader at Deloitte Consulting LLP . With over 20 years of consulting experience, Girija has advised C-suite executives and led large-scale business transformations for leading technology clients, including several Fortune 100 and private equity-owned fast-growth companies. She has also held key leadership roles within Deloitte US, such as leading finance digital transformation for major technology practices. In addition, Girija leads Global Portco Services for Private Equity, a rapidly expanding area. She is passionate about delivering innovative, executable solutions that help clients simplify complexity and achieve meaningful results. gkrishnamurthy@deloitte.com +1 949 735 9918 Deb Bhattacharjee United States Deb Bhattacharjee Principal | Global Semiconductor Center of Excellence leader | Deloitte Consulting LLP United States Deb Bhattacharjee leads the Global Semiconductor Center of Excellence and is actively engaged in conceptualizing and driving SAP-enabled business transformation for a diverse range of clients in the technology sector including software, original equipment manufacturer, semiconductor, semiconductor equipment, and hi-tech consumer products. For more than 25 years, Bhattacharjee has been a resident of Silicon Valley and has led close to thirty transformation programs, several of them focused on supply chain. He has also worked with more than 75 clients in helping them with their business strategy–driven technology strategy, road map, and transformation plan development. debbhattacharjee@deloitte.com +1 408 219 8422 Jody McDermott Canada Jody McDermott Telecommunications Sector Leader Canada As the leader of our Telecommunications sector, Jody helps organizations re-engineer their cultures, processes, technologies, and operations. She joined Deloitte in 2016 with 20 years of experience in the Canadian telecommunications sector and has a proven track record of leading successful large-scale technology transformations and teams. jodymcdermott@deloitte.ca 416-874-4255 Share linkedin twitter facebook Print Endnotes Nick Lichtenberg, “ Without data centers, GDP growth was 0.1% in the first half of 2025, Harvard economist says ,” Fortune , Oct. 7, 2025. Deloitte analysis of historical S&P500 data. As of December 31, 2008, technology weighting was 15.27% and communications services was 3.83%, for a combined TMT total of 19.1%. As of October 31, 2025, information technology weighting was 35.02%, communications services was 10.94%, and two consumer discretionary stocks that are generally considered tech stocks have a combined weighting of 6.68%, for a total of 52.64%. COPY ENDNOTE COPY Acknowledgments We wish to thank Duncan Stewart , Jeff Loucks , and Paul Lee , plus the entire team, for their work on the TMT Predictions report. Cover image by: Jaime Austin ; Adobe Stock Copyright Copyright © 2026 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. 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DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Consumer SECTORS Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation TOPICS Consumer Sentiment & Behavior Industry Trends Future of Consumer Business Supply Chain RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Consumer Industry Center Automotive Explore research and insights for the automotive sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Consumer Industry Center Consumers and the companies that serve them face a rapidly changing world, altering what, how, and where we buy products and services. Both consumers and businesses are buying into better products, services, and solutions to achieve their goals. The Deloitte Consumer Industry Center delivers insights to help automotive, consumer products, retail, transportation, hospitality, and services sector executives better understand their business environment, its direction, and the choices in front of them. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Stephen Rogers Managing Director Stephen Rogers Managing Director United States Steve is the managing director of Deloitte's Consumer Industry Center, Deloitte Services LP. He leads a team that conducts research to uncover new ways of thinking, working, and leading within the consumer industry through data and evidence driven analysis. With more than 20 years of experience within consulting and high tech, Steve is especially interested in the intersection of technology, consumers, and business. He is focused on how industry leaders can deliver better results and the strategies organizations use to adapt to accelerating change. stephenrogers@deloitte.com +1 475 277 9018 Lupine Skelly Retail, wholesale, and distribution research leader Lupine Skelly Retail, wholesale, and distribution research leader United States Lupine Skelly is a manager at Deloitte Services LP’s Consumer Industry Center and serves as the retail, wholesale and distribution research leader. She brings more than 15 years of retail market research experience to her work of uncovering actionable insights into emerging trends across the retail industry. Her research focuses on consumer behavior and how it relates to key retail events (such as back-to-school and holiday seasons), helping business leaders understand evolving market signals. lskelly@deloitte.com +1 206 716 7187 Ryan Robinson Automotive research leader | Director Ryan Robinson Automotive research leader | Director Canada Ryan is the research leader supporting the global Automotive sector for Deloitte's Consumer Industry Center. His primary focus is creating engaging, actionable insights to deepen the conversation around key trends and issues occurring across the global automotive sector landscape. ryanrobinson@deloitte.ca +1 647 502 9566 Maggie Rauch Transportation, hospitality, and services research leader | Deloitte Services LP Maggie Rauch Transportation, hospitality, and services research leader | Deloitte Services LP United States As Deloitte’s research manager for transportation, hospitality, and services, Maggie Rauch collaborates with firm leadership to design and execute research on the current state and future of the industry. She has a decade of experience as a travel industry subject matter expert and research team leader. magrauch@deloitte.com +1 212 436 5947 Justin Cook US consumer products research leader Justin Cook US consumer products research leader United States Justin Cook is the US consumer research leader at Deloitte and leads research for the consumer sector within Deloitte’s Consumer Industry Center, Deloitte Services LP. He conducts cross-sector research examining how factors such as inflation, value seeking, and trust influence consumer behavior and industry trends. juscook@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2071 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/transportation.html?icid=disidenav_transportation | Transportation | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and the our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Consumer SECTORS Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation TOPICS Consumer Sentiment & Behavior Industry Trends Future of Consumer Business Supply Chain RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Consumer Industry Center Transportation Explore research and insights for the transportation sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Consumer Industry Center Consumers and the companies that serve them face a rapidly changing world, altering what, how, and where we buy products and services. Both consumers and businesses are buying into better products, services, and solutions to achieve their goals. The Deloitte Consumer Industry Center delivers insights to help automotive, consumer products, retail, transportation, hospitality, and services sector executives better understand their business environment, its direction, and the choices in front of them. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Stephen Rogers Managing Director Stephen Rogers Managing Director United States Steve is the managing director of Deloitte's Consumer Industry Center, Deloitte Services LP. He leads a team that conducts research to uncover new ways of thinking, working, and leading within the consumer industry through data and evidence driven analysis. With more than 20 years of experience within consulting and high tech, Steve is especially interested in the intersection of technology, consumers, and business. He is focused on how industry leaders can deliver better results and the strategies organizations use to adapt to accelerating change. stephenrogers@deloitte.com +1 475 277 9018 Lupine Skelly Retail, wholesale, and distribution research leader Lupine Skelly Retail, wholesale, and distribution research leader United States Lupine Skelly is a manager at Deloitte Services LP’s Consumer Industry Center and serves as the retail, wholesale and distribution research leader. She brings more than 15 years of retail market research experience to her work of uncovering actionable insights into emerging trends across the retail industry. Her research focuses on consumer behavior and how it relates to key retail events (such as back-to-school and holiday seasons), helping business leaders understand evolving market signals. lskelly@deloitte.com +1 206 716 7187 Ryan Robinson Automotive research leader | Director Ryan Robinson Automotive research leader | Director Canada Ryan is the research leader supporting the global Automotive sector for Deloitte's Consumer Industry Center. His primary focus is creating engaging, actionable insights to deepen the conversation around key trends and issues occurring across the global automotive sector landscape. ryanrobinson@deloitte.ca +1 647 502 9566 Maggie Rauch Transportation, hospitality, and services research leader | Deloitte Services LP Maggie Rauch Transportation, hospitality, and services research leader | Deloitte Services LP United States As Deloitte’s research manager for transportation, hospitality, and services, Maggie Rauch collaborates with firm leadership to design and execute research on the current state and future of the industry. She has a decade of experience as a travel industry subject matter expert and research team leader. magrauch@deloitte.com +1 212 436 5947 Justin Cook US consumer products research leader Justin Cook US consumer products research leader United States Justin Cook is the US consumer research leader at Deloitte and leads research for the consumer sector within Deloitte’s Consumer Industry Center, Deloitte Services LP. He conducts cross-sector research examining how factors such as inflation, value seeking, and trust influence consumer behavior and industry trends. juscook@deloitte.com +1 617 437 2071 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/research-centers/economics/globalization-and-international-trade.html?icid=disidenav_globalization-and-international-trade | Globalization and international trade | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and the our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Economics TOPICS Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation OUTLOOKS World Africa & the Middle East Asia & Pacific Europe Western Hemisphere RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Global Economics Research Center Globalization and International Trade Explore research and insights for the globalization and international trade sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Global Economics Research Center Economic forces shape our personal, business, and political situations, and they can be viewed through a variety of lenses—from population and income through industry and geography. Deloitte Global Economists cover all these and more. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Ira Kalish Chief Global Economist | Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ira Kalish Chief Global Economist | Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu United States Ira Kalish is the chief global economist of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd. He is a specialist in global economic issues and the effects of economic, demographic, and social trends on the global business environment. ikalish@deloitte.com Patricia Buckley Chief US economist Patricia Buckley Chief US economist United States Patricia, Deloitte Services LP, is the managing director for Economics with responsibility for contributing to Deloitte’s Eminence Practice with a focus on economic policy. She regularly briefs members of Deloitte’s executive leadership team on changes to the US economic outlook and is responsible for the US chapter of Deloitte’s quarterly Global Economic Outlook and produces “Issues by the Numbers,” a data-driven examination of important economic policy issues. pabuckley@deloitte.com +1 703 254 3958 Michael Wolf Global economist | Senior manager | Deloitte Michael Wolf Global economist | Senior manager | Deloitte United States Michael Wolf is a global economist at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd. He provides written commentary and analysis on global economic issues that affect the firm and its clients. He has been quoted by various media outlets, including the Wall Street Journal and NPR. Wolf began his career as an economist at the US Labor Department and has since held economist positions at Moody’s Analytics, Wells Fargo Securities, and PwC. He has two graduate degrees, one in economic policy from Columbia University, and the other in statistics from Baruch College. He also has a bachelor’s degree in economics from the University of Maryland. miwolf@deloitte.com +1 646 919 1561 Akrur Barua Associate Vice President | Deloitte Services India Pvt. Ltd. Akrur Barua Associate Vice President | Deloitte Services India Pvt. Ltd. India Akrur Barua is an economist with the Research & Insights team. As a regular contributor to several Deloitte Insights publications, he often writes on emerging economies and macroeconomic trends that have global implications like monetary policy, real estate cycles, household leverage, and trade. He also studies the US economy, especially demographics, labor market, and consumers. abarua@deloitte.com +1 678 299 9766 Dipti Chhugani Analyst Dipti Chhugani Analyst India Dipti Chhugani is an economist with the Research & Insights team. She tracks and analyzes key economic trends in the United States. She contributes to a weekly update that goes out to the firm’s senior leaders. She is currently studying the housing market through a model and is eager to follow developments in monetary policy. dchhugani@deloitte.com My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? Log in Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/ai?utm_source=chatgpt.com#sentiment-and-usage-ai-sent-prof | AI | 2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Products Stack Overflow Where developers and technologists go to gain and share knowledge. Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers Advertising Reach devs & technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand Knowledge Solutions Data licensing offering for businesses to build and improve AI tools and models Labs The future of collective knowledge sharing About the company Visit the blog Developers Technology AI Work Stack Overflow Methodology 3 AI In this section we gain insight into the real sentiments behind the surge in AI popularity. Is it making a real impact in the way developers work or is it all hype? 3.1. Sentiment and usage → 3.2. Developer tools → 3.3. AI Agents → 3.1 Sentiment and usage AI tools in the development process 84% of respondents are using or planning to use AI tools in their development process, an increase over last year (76%). This year we can see 51% of professional developers use AI tools daily. Do you currently use AI tools in your development process? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Yes, I use AI tools daily 47.1% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.7% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13.7% No, but I plan to soon 5.3% No, and I don't plan to 16.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,662 ( 68.7% ) Professional Developers Yes, I use AI tools daily 50.6% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.4% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 12.8% No, but I plan to soon 4.6% No, and I don't plan to 14.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,004 ( 53% ) Learning to Code Yes, I use AI tools daily 39.5% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 18.7% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 15.1% No, but I plan to soon 7.2% No, and I don't plan to 19.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,843 ( 5.8% ) Early Career Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 55.5% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 18.1% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 11.5% No, but I plan to soon 2.5% No, and I don't plan to 12.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,360 ( 13% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 52.8% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 16.8% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13.5% No, but I plan to soon 3.7% No, and I don't plan to 13.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,997 ( 12.2% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 47.3% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.2% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13% No, but I plan to soon 6% No, and I don't plan to 16.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 13,001 ( 26.5% ) Experienced dev defined as 10+ years work experience AI tool sentiment Conversely to usage, positive sentiment for AI tools has decreased in 2025: 70%+ in 2023 and 2024 to just 60% this year. Professionals show a higher overall favorable sentiment (61%) than those learning to code (53%). How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Very favorable 22.9% Favorable 36.8% Indifferent 17.6% Unsure 2.3% Unfavorable 10.8% Very unfavorable 9.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,412 ( 68.2% ) Professional Developers Very favorable 23.5% Favorable 37.7% Indifferent 17.4% Unsure 1.8% Unfavorable 10.6% Very unfavorable 9.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,814 ( 52.7% ) Learning to Code Very favorable 19.3% Favorable 33.5% Indifferent 16.6% Unsure 4.3% Unfavorable 13.6% Very unfavorable 12.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,812 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Very favorable 22.8% Favorable 40.3% Indifferent 17% Unsure 1.3% Unfavorable 10.3% Very unfavorable 8.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,293 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Very favorable 23.8% Favorable 38.9% Indifferent 16.2% Unsure 1.5% Unfavorable 11% Very unfavorable 8.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,957 ( 12.2% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Very favorable 23.9% Favorable 36% Indifferent 18.1% Unsure 2.1% Unfavorable 10.3% Very unfavorable 9.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,941 ( 26.4% ) Experienced devs defined as 10+ years work experience 3.2 Developer tools Accuracy of AI tools More developers actively distrust the accuracy of AI tools (46%) than trust it (33%), and only a fraction (3%) report "highly trusting" the output. Experienced developers are the most cautious, with the lowest "highly trust" rate (2.6%) and the highest "highly distrust" rate (20%), indicating a widespread need for human verification for those in roles with accountability. How much do you trust the accuracy of the output from AI tools as part of your development workflow? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Highly trust 3.1% Somewhat trust 29.6% Somewhat distrust 26.1% Highly distrust 19.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,244 ( 67.8% ) Professional Developers Highly trust 2.7% Somewhat trust 29.6% Somewhat distrust 26.3% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,701 ( 52.4% ) Learning to Code Highly trust 6.1% Somewhat trust 31.3% Somewhat distrust 24.2% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,781 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Highly trust 3% Somewhat trust 31.1% Somewhat distrust 25.7% Highly distrust 17.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,254 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Highly trust 2.8% Somewhat trust 30.3% Somewhat distrust 26.1% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,931 ( 12.1% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Highly trust 2.5% Somewhat trust 28.6% Somewhat distrust 26.7% Highly distrust 20.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,908 ( 26.3% ) Experienced devs defined as 10+ years work experience AI tools' ability to handle complex tasks In 2024, 35% of professional developers already believed that AI tools struggled with complex tasks. This year, that number has dropped to 29% among professional developers and is consistent amongst experience levels. Complex tasks carry too much risk to spend extra time proving out the efficacy of AI tools. How well do the AI tools you use in your development workflow handle complex tasks? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Very well at handling complex tasks 4.4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.2% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.1% Bad at handling complex tasks 22% Very poor at handling complex tasks 17.6% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 16.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,230 ( 67.8% ) Professional Developers Very well at handling complex tasks 3.9% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.2% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.2% Bad at handling complex tasks 22.8% Very poor at handling complex tasks 18.6% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 15.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,695 ( 52.4% ) Learning to Code Very well at handling complex tasks 7.9% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.8% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 12.4% Bad at handling complex tasks 19% Very poor at handling complex tasks 16.3% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 18.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,779 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 28.1% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 13.4% Bad at handling complex tasks 23.6% Very poor at handling complex tasks 19.2% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 11.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,258 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.4% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 13.8% Bad at handling complex tasks 23.9% Very poor at handling complex tasks 19.5% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 13.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,922 ( 12.1% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 3.6% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 23.5% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.9% Bad at handling complex tasks 22.1% Very poor at handling complex tasks 17.9% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 18% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,901 ( 26.3% ) Experienced dev career defined as 10+ years work experience AI in the development workflow Developers show the most resistance to using AI for high-responsibility, systemic tasks like Deployment and monitoring (76% don't plan to) and Project planning (69% don't plan to). Which parts of your development workflow are you currently integrating into AI or using AI tools to accomplish or plan to use AI to accomplish over the next 3 - 5 years? Please select one for each scenario. Currently Mostly AI Currently Partially AI Plan to Partially Use AI Plan to Mostly Use AI Don't Plan to Use AI for This Task Currently Mostly AI Search for answers 54.1% Generating content or synthetic data 35.8% Learning new concepts or technologies 33.1% Documenting code 30.8% Creating or maintaining documentation 24.8% Learning about a codebase 20.8% Debugging or fixing code 20.7% Testing code 17.9% Writing code 16.9% Predictive analytics 11% Project planning 10.8% Committing and reviewing code 10.2% Deployment and monitoring 6.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 11,202 ( 22.9% ) Currently Partially AI Search for answers 55.8% Generating content or synthetic data 28.6% Learning new concepts or technologies 47.4% Documenting code 30.3% Creating or maintaining documentation 27.3% Learning about a codebase 32.7% Debugging or fixing code 47.1% Testing code 27.5% Writing code 59% Predictive analytics 12.7% Project planning 17.1% Committing and reviewing code 22.6% Deployment and monitoring 10.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,991 ( 42.8% ) Plan to Partially Use AI Search for answers 24% Generating content or synthetic data 28% Learning new concepts or technologies 27.9% Documenting code 30.5% Creating or maintaining documentation 32.5% Learning about a codebase 34.9% Debugging or fixing code 30.9% Testing code 34.7% Writing code 32.4% Predictive analytics 25% Project planning 24.8% Committing and reviewing code 31.4% Deployment and monitoring 25% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 22,518 ( 45.9% ) Plan to Mostly Use AI Search for answers 17.2% Generating content or synthetic data 28.9% Learning new concepts or technologies 15.7% Documenting code 28.6% Creating or maintaining documentation 31.8% Learning about a codebase 23.1% Debugging or fixing code 14.8% Testing code 25.8% Writing code 12.4% Predictive analytics 23% Project planning 14.3% Committing and reviewing code 16.3% Deployment and monitoring 15.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,790 ( 26.1% ) Don't Plan to Use AI for This Task Search for answers 19.6% Generating content or synthetic data 38.2% Learning new concepts or technologies 32.3% Documenting code 38.5% Creating or maintaining documentation 39.6% Learning about a codebase 39.4% Debugging or fixing code 36.4% Testing code 44.1% Writing code 28.9% Predictive analytics 65.6% Project planning 69.2% Committing and reviewing code 58.7% Deployment and monitoring 75.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,349 ( 51.7% ) AI workflow and tool satisfaction Respondents who said they are currently using mostly AI tools to complete tasks in the development workflow are highly satisfied with and frequently using AI to search for answers or learn new concepts; respondents plan to mostly use AI in the future for documentation and testing tasks and are slightly less satisfied with the tools they are using now. How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow and which parts of your development workflow are you currently integrating into AI or using AI tools to accomplish or plan to use AI to accomplish over the next 3 - 5 years? Please select one for each scenario. Currently mostly AI Currently partially AI Plan to partially use AI Plan to mostly use AI Don't plan to use AI for this task Currently mostly AI Number of responses 6,053 685 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.4 5.45 5.5 5.55 5.6 5.65 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 11,184 ( 22.8% ) Currently partially AI Number of responses 12,382 2,194 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,980 ( 42.8% ) Plan to partially use AI Number of responses 7,858 5,400 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 % 24 % 25 % 26 % 27 % 28 % 29 % 30 % 31 % 32 % 33 % 34 % 35 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 22,500 ( 45.9% ) Plan to mostly use AI Number of responses 4,056 1,588 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 4.6 4.65 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 % 12 % 14 % 16 % 18 % 20 % 22 % 24 % 26 % 28 % 30 % 32 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,777 ( 26.1% ) Don't plan to use AI for this task Number of responses 19,211 4,953 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 % 65 % 70 % 75 % 80 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,332 ( 51.7% ) AI tool frustrations The biggest single frustration, cited by 66% of developers, is dealing with "AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite," which often leads to the second-biggest frustration: "Debugging AI-generated code is more time-consuming" (45%) When using AI tools, which of the following problems or frustrations have you encountered? Select all that apply. All Respondents AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite 66% Debugging AI-generated code is more time-consuming 45.2% I don’t use AI tools regularly 23.5% I’ve become less confident in my own problem-solving 20% It’s hard to understand how or why the code works 16.3% Other (write in): 11.6% I haven’t encountered any problems 4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,476 ( 64.2% ) AI and humans in the future In a future with advanced AI, the #1 reason developers would still ask a person for help is "When I don’t trust AI’s answers" (75%). This positions human developers as the ultimate arbiters of quality and correctness. In the future, if AI can do most coding tasks, in which situations would you still want to ask another person for help? Select all that apply. All Respondents When I don’t trust AI’s answers 75.3% When I have ethical or security concerns about code 61.7% When I want to fully understand something 61.3% When I want to learn best practices 58.1% When I’m stuck and can’t explain the problem 54.6% When I need help fixing complex or unfamiliar code 49.8% When I want to compare different solutions 44.1% When I need quick help troubleshooting 27.5% Other 6.1% I don’t think I’ll need help from people anymore 4.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 29,163 ( 59.5% ) Vibe coding Most respondents are not vibe coding (72%), and an additional 5% are emphatic it not being part of their development workflow. In your own words, is "vibe coding" part of your professional development work? For this question, we define vibe coding according to the Wikipedia definition , the process of generating software from LLM prompts. All Respondents 18-24 years old 25-34 years old 35-44 years old 45-54 years old 55-64 years old All Respondents Yes, emphatically 0.4% Yes 11.9% Yes, somewhat 2.8% I have tried it 2.1% Not sure 1.2% No 72.2% No, emphatically 5.3% Uncategorized 4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,564 ( 54.2% ) 18-24 years old Yes, emphatically 0.3% Yes 11.6% Yes, somewhat 3.2% I have tried it 2.4% Not sure 1.2% No 72.8% No, emphatically 5.1% Uncategorized 3.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 4,212 ( 8.6% ) 25-34 years old Yes, emphatically 0.4% Yes 11.8% Yes, somewhat 3.2% I have tried it 1.6% Not sure 1.3% No 72.3% No, emphatically 5.7% Uncategorized 3.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 8,526 ( 17.4% ) 35-44 years old Yes, emphatically 0.5% Yes 12% Yes, somewhat 2.8% I have tried it 2.2% Not sure 1.1% No 72% No, emphatically 5.4% Uncategorized 4.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 7,607 ( 15.5% ) 45-54 years old Yes, emphatically 0.5% Yes 12.7% Yes, somewhat 2.5% I have tried it 1.9% Not sure 1.3% No 71.3% No, emphatically 5.2% Uncategorized 4.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,838 ( 7.8% ) 55-64 years old Yes, emphatically 0.8% Yes 11.4% Yes, somewhat 2% I have tried it 3.1% Not sure 1.5% No 71.3% No, emphatically 4.6% Uncategorized 5.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,657 ( 3.4% ) 3.3 AI Agents AI agents AI agents are not yet mainstream. A majority of developers (52%) either don't use agents or stick to simpler AI tools, and a significant portion (38%) have no plans to adopt them. Are you using AI agents in your work (development or otherwise)? AI agents refer to autonomous software entities that can operate with minimal to no direct human intervention using artificial intelligence techniques. All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professional AI Users Learning AI Users All Respondents Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 14.1% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.8% No, but I plan to 17.4% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 13.8% No, and I don't plan to 37.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,877 ( 65% ) Professional Developers Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 14.9% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9.2% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.7% No, but I plan to 17.2% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 14.2% No, and I don't plan to 36.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 24,752 ( 50.5% ) Learning to Code Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 13.2% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 7.8% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.4% No, but I plan to 15.6% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 12.1% No, and I don't plan to 44.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,610 ( 5.3% ) Professional AI Users Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 17.5% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 10.8% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 8.9% No, but I plan to 18.6% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 16.3% No, and I don't plan to 27.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,892 ( 42.6% ) Learning AI Users Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 16.5% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9.6% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 8.7% No, but I plan to 16.9% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 14.7% No, and I don't plan to 33.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,019 ( 4.1% ) AI agents affect on work productivity 52% of developers agree that AI tools and/or AI agents have had a positive effect on their productivity. Have AI tools or AI agents changed how you complete development work in the past year? All Respondents Yes, to a great extent 16.3% Yes, somewhat 35.3% Not at all or minimally 41.4% No, but my development work has significantly changed due to non-AI factors 2.6% No, but my development work has changed somewhat due to non-AI factors 4.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,636 ( 64.5% ) AI agent uses at work If you happen to be using AI agents at work and you are a software developer, chances are high that you are using agents for software development (84%). What industry purposes or specific tasks are you using AI agents in your development work? Select all that apply from both lists. Industry Purpose Software engineering 83.5% Data and analytics 24.9% IT operations 18% Business process automation 17.6% Decision intelligence 11.3% Customer service support 11.2% Marketing 8.6% Cybersecurity 7.4% Robotics 3.9% Other 2.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,301 ( 25.1% ) AI agent uses for general purposes TL;DR: Agents used outside of work are mostly used for language processing tasks (49%). What industry purposes or specific tasks are you using AI agents in your development work? Select all that apply from both lists. General Purpose Language processing 49% Integration with external agents and APIs 38.3% MCP servers 34.4% Agent/multi-agent orchestration 28.1% Vector databases for AI applications 24.1% Multi-platform search enablement 19.4% Personalized agent creation 18.3% Other 3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,797 ( 11.8% ) Impacts of AI agents The most recognized impacts are personal efficiency gains, and not team-wide impact. Approximately 70% of agent users agree that agents have reduced the time spent on specific development tasks, and 69% agree they have increased productivity. Only 17% of users agree that agents have improved collaboration within their team, making it the lowest-rated impact by a wide margin. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding the impact of AI agents on your work as a developer? All Respondents 27.3% 35.9% 21.3% 8.2% 7.3% AI agents have accelerated my learning about new technologies or codebases. 29.3% 34.9% 22.4% 7% 6.4% AI agents have helped me automate repetitive tasks. 17.1% 31.9% 25.3% 14.2% 11.5% AI agents have helped me solve complex problems more effectively. 6.6% 10.7% 40.5% 20% 22.2% AI agents have improved collaboration within my team. 12.2% 25.3% 32.4% 17.1% 13.1% AI agents have improved the quality of my code. 27.7% 41% 20.4% 6% 4.9% AI agents have increased my productivity. 29.3% 40.8% 17.8% 6.9% 5.1% AI agents have reduced the time spent on specific development tasks. Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,823 ( 26.2% ) Challenges with AI agents Is it a learning curve, or is the tech not there yet? 87% of all respondents agree they are concerned about the accuracy, and 81% agree they have concerns about the security and privacy of data. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding AI agents? All Respondents 57.1% 29.8% 9.7% 2.3% 1.1% I am concerned about the accuracy of the information provided by AI agents. 56.1% 25.3% 11.7% 4.7% 2.2% I have concerns about the security and privacy of data when using AI agents. 16.5% 29.7% 37.3% 12.6% 3.9% Integrating AI agents with my existing tools and workflows can be difficult. 15.5% 27.9% 31.8% 17.8% 6.9% It takes significant time and effort to learn how to use AI agents effectively. 13.8% 14.4% 30.6% 15% 26.2% My company's IT and/or InfoSec teams have strict rules that do not allow me to use AI agent tools or platforms 25.4% 27.9% 31.8% 10.3% 4.6% The cost of using certain AI agent platforms is a barrier. Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 28,930 ( 59% ) AI Agent data storage tools When it comes to data management for agents, traditional, developer-friendly tools like Redis (43%) are being repurposed for AI, alongside emerging vector-native databases like ChromaDB (20%) and pgvector (18%). You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent memory or data management in the past year? All Respondents Redis 42.9% GitHub MCP Server 42.8% supabase 20.9% ChromaDB 19.7% pgvector 17.9% Neo4j 12.3% Pinecone 11.2% Qdrant 8.2% Milvus 5.2% Fireproof 5% LangMem 4.8% Weaviate 4.5% LanceDB 4.4% mem0 4% Zep 2.8% Letta 2.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,398 ( 6.9% ) AI Agent orchestration tools The agent orchestration space is currently led by open-source tools. Among developers building agents, Ollama (51%) and LangChain (33%) are the most-used frameworks. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent orchestration or agent frameworks in the past year? All Respondents Ollama 51.1% LangChain 32.9% LangGraph 16.2% Vertex AI 15.1% Amazon Bedrock Agents 14.5% OpenRouter 13.4% Llama Index 13.3% AutoGen (Microsoft) 12% Zapier 11.8% CrewAI 7.5% Semantic Kernel 6% IBM watsonx.ai 5.7% Haystack 4.4% Smolagents 3.7% Agno 3.4% phidata 2.1% Smol-AGI 1.9% Martian 1.7% lyzr 1.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,758 ( 7.7% ) AI Agent observability and security Developers are primarily adapting their existing, traditional monitoring tools for this new task, rather than adopting new, AI-native solutions. The most used tools for AI agent observability are staples of the DevOps and application monitoring world: Grafana + Prometheus are used by 43% of agent developers, and Sentry is used by 32%. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent observability, monitoring or security in the past year? All Respondents Grafana + Prometheus 43% Sentry 31.8% Snyk 18.2% New Relic 13% LangSmith 12.5% Honeycomb 8.8% Langfuse 8.8% Wiz 6.9% Galileo 6.2% Adversarial Robustness Toolbox (ART) 5.5% Protect AI 5% Vectra AI 4.4% arize 3.7% helicone 3.2% Metero 2.7% opik 2.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,689 ( 5.5% ) AI Agent out-of-the-box tools ChatGPT (82%) and GitHub Copilot (68%) are the clear market leaders, serving as the primary entry point for most developers using out-of-the-box AI assistance. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following out-of-the-box agents, copilots or assistants? All Respondents ChatGPT 81.7% GitHub Copilot 67.9% Google Gemini 47.4% Claude Code 40.8% Microsoft Copilot 31.3% Perplexity 16.2% v0.dev 9.1% Bolt.new 6.5% Lovable.dev 5.7% AgentGPT 5% Tabnine 5% Replit 5% Auto-GPT 4.7% Amazon Codewhisperer 3.9% Blackbox AI 3.5% Roo code (Roo-Cline) 3.4% Cody 3% Devin AI 2.7% Glean (Enterprise Agents) 1.3% OpenHands (formerly OpenDevin) 1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 8,323 ( 17% ) Previous Technology Next Work Site design / logo © 2025 Stack Exchange Inc. User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Data licensed under Open Database License (ODbL). Terms Privacy policy Cookie policy Your Privacy Choices Go to stackoverflow.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://topenddevs.com/podcasts/adventures-in-angular/episodes/how-to-proxy-http-requests-in-angular-with-maria-korneeva-aia-356 | How to Proxy HTTP Requests in Angular with Maria Korneeva - AiA 356 - Adventures in Angular - Top End Devs Top End Devs Home Podcasts Screencasts Courses Blogs Summits Meetups search-modal#open" aria-label="Search"> Sign In Sign Up search-modal#close"> Search search-modal#close"> search-modal#search" data-turbo-frame="search-results" data-turbo="true" class="space-y-4" action="/search" method="get"> Content Type All Episodes Podcasts Screencasts Lessons Courses Blog Authors Meetups Use semantic search (recommended) Search Trending Now What’s New in React 19.2: Compiler, Activity, and the Future of Async React - JSJ 670 JavaScript Jabber Can You Really Trust AI-Generated Code? - JSJ 699 JavaScript Jabber Autogenetic AI Agents and the Future of Ruby Development - RUBY 682 Ruby Rogues Popular Searches search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="podcast"> Podcast search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="episode"> Episode search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="author"> Author search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="meetup"> Meetup search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="series"> Series Back to Adventures in Angular RSS Feed Spotify Apple Podcasts YouTube Amazon Music How to Proxy HTTP Requests in Angular with Maria Korneeva - AiA 356 Published: September 08, 2022 Download How to Proxy HTTP Requests in Angular with Maria Korneeva - AiA 356 0:00 audio-player#clickProgressBar touchstart->audio-player#clickProgressBar touchmove->audio-player#clickProgressBar" data-audio-player-target="progressBar"> 0:00 audio-player#skipBackward"> audio-player#togglePlayPause" data-audio-player-target="playPauseButton"> audio-player#skipForward"> audio-player#changeVolume" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="1" /> Playback Speed: audio-player#changePlaybackSpeed"> 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 2x Created by: Charles Max Wood • Subrat Mishra • Maria Korneeva Show Notes Maria Korneeva joins the show today to share her approach on how to proxy HTTP requests in Angular, including use cases and various strategies to make proxying simplified and useful to your Angular workflows. In this episode… Use cases examples Proxying a request from localhost to the remote backend service Using the fake back end before real implementation Effortless switching between environments Defining endpoints using wildcards Automation scripts and testing Sponsors Top End Devs Raygun | Click here to get started on your free 14-day trial Coaching | Top End Devs Links How to proxy HTTP requests in Angular Twitter: @BrowserPerson LinkedIn: Maria Korneeva Picks Charles- ActiveCampaign - #1 Customer Experience Automation Platform - ActiveCampaign Charles- Community | Personalized Text Message Software & SMS Solution Charles- TopEndDev | Courses Charles- Virtual Events Platform for Communities & Enterprises Charles- TopEndDev | Coaching Maria- Chrome DevTools - Chrome Developers Maria- Document.designMode - Web APIs | MDN Maria- tweak: mock and modify HTTP requests Subrat- Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind Subrat- Mindset: The New Psychology of Success © 2026 2022 Intentional Excellence Productions, LLC. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://dev.to/alexsergey/css-modules-vs-css-in-js-who-wins-3n25#approaches-overview | CSS Modules vs CSS-in-JS. Who wins? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sergey Posted on Mar 11, 2021 CSS Modules vs CSS-in-JS. Who wins? # webdev # css # javascript # react Introduction In modern React application development, there are many approaches to organizing application styles. One of the popular ways of such an organization is the CSS-in-JS approach (in the article we will use styled-components as the most popular solution) and CSS Modules. In this article, we will try to answer the question: which is better CSS-in-JS or CSS Modules ? So let's get back to basics. When a web page was primarily set for storing textual documentation and didn't include user interactions, properties were introduced to style the content. Over time, the web became more and more popular, sites got bigger, and it became necessary to reuse styles. For these purposes, CSS was invented. Cascading Style Sheets. Cascading plays a very important role in this name. We write styles that lay like a waterfall over the hollows of our document, filling it with colors and highlighting important elements. Time passed, the web became more and more complex, and we are facing the fact that the styles cascade turned into a problem for us. Distributed teams, working on their parts of the system, combining them into reusable modules, assemble an application from pieces, like Dr. Frankenstein, stitching styles into one large canvas, can get the sudden result... Due to the cascade, the styles of module 1 can affect the display of module 3, and module 4 can make changes to the global styles and change the entire display of the application in general. Developers have started to think of solving this problem. Style naming conventions were created to avoid overlaps, such as Yandex's BEM or Atomic CSS. The idea is clear, we operate with names in order to get predictability, but at the same time to prevent repetitions. These approaches were crashed of the rocks of the human factor. Anyway, we have no guarantee that the developer from team A won't use the name from team C. The naming problem can only be solved by assigning a random name to the CSS class. Thus, we get a completely independent CSS set of styles that will be applied to a specific HTML block and we understand for sure that the rest of the system won't be affected in any way. And then 2 approaches came onto the stage to organize our CSS: CSS Modules and CSS-in-JS . Under the hood, having a different technical implementation, and in fact solving the problem of atomicity, reusability, and avoiding side effects when writing CSS. Technically, CSS Modules transforms style names using a hash-based on the filename, path, style name. Styled-components handles styles in JS runtime, adding them as they go to the head HTML section (<head>). Approaches overview Let's see which approach is more optimal for writing a modern web application! Let's imagine we have a basic React application: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import ' ./App.css ' ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < div className = "title" > React application title </ div > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode CSS styles of this application: .title { padding : 20px ; background-color : #222 ; text-align : center ; color : white ; font-size : 1.5em ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The dependencies are React 16.14 , react-dom 16.14 Let's try to build this application using webpack using all production optimizations. we've got uglified JS - 129kb separated and minified CSS - 133 bytes The same code in CSS Modules will look like this: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import styles from ' ./App.module.css ' ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < div className = { styles . title } > React application title </ div > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode uglified JS - 129kb separated and minified CSS - 151 bytes The CSS Modules version will take up a couple of bytes more due to the impossibility of compressing the long generated CSS names. Finally, let's rewrite the same code under styled-components: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import styles from ' styled-components ' ; const Title = styles . h1 ` padding: 20px; background-color: #222; text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 1.5em; ` ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < Title > React application title </ Title > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode uglified JS - 163kb CSS file is missing The more than 30kb difference between CSS Modules and CSS-in-JS (styled-components) is due to styled-components adding extra code to add styles to the <head> part of the HTML document. In this synthetic test, the CSS Modules approach wins, since the build system doesn't add something extra to implement it, except for the changed class name. Styled-components due to technical implementation, adds dependency as well as code for runtime handling and styling of <head>. Now let's take a quick look at the pros and cons of CSS-in-JS / CSS Modules. Pros and cons CSS-in-JS cons The browser won't start interpreting the styles until styled-components has parsed them and added them to the DOM, which slows down rendering. The absence of CSS files means that you cannot cache separate CSS. One of the key downsides is that most libraries don't support this approach and we still can't get rid of CSS. All native JS and jQuery plugins are written without using this approach. Not all React solutions use it. Styles integration problems. When a markup developer prepares a layout for a JS developer, we may forget to transfer something; there will also be difficulty in synchronizing a new version of layout and JS code. We can't use CSS utilities: SCSS, Less, Postcss, stylelint, etc. pros Styles can use JS logic. This reminds me of Expression in IE6, when we could wrap some logic in our styles (Hello, CSS Expressions :) ). const Title = styles . h1 ` padding: 20px; background-color: #222; text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 1.5em; ${ props => props . secondary && css ` background-color: #fff; color: #000; padding: 10px; font-size: 1em; ` } ` ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When developing small modules, it simplifies the connection to the project, since you only need to connect the one independent JS file. It is semantically nicer to use <Title> in a React component than <h1 className={style.title}>. CSS Modules cons To describe global styles, you must use a syntax that does not belong to the CSS specification. :global ( .myclass ) { text-decoration : underline ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Integrating into a project, you need to include styles. Working with typescript, you need to automatically or manually generate interfaces. For these purposes, I use webpack loader: @teamsupercell/typings-for-css-modules-loader pros We work with regular CSS, it makes it possible to use SCSS, Less, Postcss, stylelint, and more. Also, you don't waste time on adapting the CSS to JS. No integration of styles into the code, clean code as result. Almost 100% standardized except for global styles. Conclusion So the fundamental problem with the CSS-in-JS approach is that it's not CSS! This kind of code is harder to maintain if you have a defined person in your team working on markup. Such code will be slower, due to the fact that the CSS rendered into the file is processed in parallel, and the CSS-in-JS cannot be rendered into a separate CSS file. And the last fundamental flaw is the inability to use ready-made approaches and utilities, such as SCSS, Less and Stylelint, and so on. On the other hand, the CSS-in-JS approach can be a good solution for the Frontend team who deals with both markup and JS, and develops all components from scratch. Also, CSS-in-JS will be useful for modules that integrate into other applications. In my personal opinion, the issue of CSS cascading is overrated. If we are developing a small application or site, with one team, then we are unlikely to encounter a name collision or the difficulty of reusing components. If you faced with this problem, I recommend considering CSS Modules, as, in my opinion, this is a more optimal solution for the above factors. In any case, whatever you choose, write meaningful code and don't get fooled by the hype. Hype will pass, and we all have to live with it. Have great and interesting projects, dear readers! Top comments (30) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand dastasoft dastasoft dastasoft Follow Senior Software Engineer Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Feb 17, 2020 • Mar 12 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide One pro of CSS, the hot reload is instant when you just change CSS, with CSS in JS the project is recompiled. For CSS-in-JS I find easier to reuse that code in a React Native project. My personal conclusion is that we are constantly trying to avoid CSS but at the end of the day, CSS will stay here forever. Great article btw! Like comment: Like comment: 25 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand GreggHume GreggHume GreggHume Follow A developer who works with and on some of the worlds leading brands. My company is called Cold Brew Studios, see you out there :) Joined Mar 10, 2021 • Mar 9 '22 • Edited on Mar 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I ran into issues with css modules that styled components seemed to solve. But i ran into issues with styled components that I wouldn't have had with plain scss. So some things to think about: Styled components is a lot more overhead because all the styled components need to be complied into stylesheets and mounted to the head by javascript which is a blocking language. On SSR styled components get compiled into a ServerStyleSheet that then hydrate the react dom tree in the browser via the context api. So even then the mounting of styles only happens in the browser but the parsing of styles happens on the server - that is still a performance penalty and will slow down the page load. In some cases I had no issues with styled components but as my site grew and in complex cases I couldn't help but feel like it was slower, or didn't load as smoothly... and in a world where every second matters, this was a problem for me. Here is an article doing benchmarks on CSS vs CSS in JS: pustelto.com/blog/css-vs-css-in-js... I use nextjs, it is a pity they do not support component level css and we are forced to use css modules or styled components... where as with Nuxt component level scss is part of the package and you have the option on how you want the sites css to bundled - all in one file, split into their own files and some other nifty options. I hope nextjs sharped up on this. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Follow 🕊 Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Software Developer Joined Feb 18, 2021 • Jun 22 '22 • Edited on Jun 22 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A big tip that might help. Why not use SCSS and unique classNames: For example create a unique container className (name of the component) and nest all the other classNames under that unique container className. .home-page-guest { .nav {} .main {} .footer {} } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode < div className = " home-page-guest " > < div className = " nav " /> < div className = " main " /> < div className = " footer " /> < /div > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I bet you did Greg Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hank Queston Hank Queston Hank Queston Follow Work CTO at Bonfire Joined May 25, 2021 • May 25 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I agreed, CSS Modules make a lot more sense to me over Styled Components, always have! Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Comment deleted Collapse Expand Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Apr 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide @Petar Kokev If something I learned from this years of working with React and other projects is that the correct library for project isn't the correct library for another. So the mos important think that we need to do is select the tools, libraries and technologies that fit better to the current project. In this case you can't use Styled-components on sites that require a good SEO, becouse the mos important think here is the SEO and you cant sacrify it. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand thedev1232 thedev1232 thedev1232 Follow tech enthusiast - code to the nuts Location sanjose Work Senior dev Manager at self Joined Oct 26, 2020 • Mar 31 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about having to deal with libraries like Material UI with next js? I have an issue to decide whether to use just makeStyles function or should we use styled components? My main concern is code longevity and maintenance without any issues Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Farley Will Farley Will Farley Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Jan 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide My big issues with styled components is they are deeply coupled with your code. I've opted to use emotion's css utility exclusively and instructed my team to avoid using any of the styled component features. We've loved it but this was a few years ago. For newer projects I'm going with the css modules design. Also why does anyone care about sass anymore? With css variables and the css nesting module in the specification, you get the best parts of sass with vanilla css. The other features are just overkill for a css-module that should represent a single react component and thus nothing :global . Complicated sass directives and stuff are just overkill. Turn it into a react component and don't make any crazy css systems. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Follow 🕊 Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Software Developer Joined Feb 18, 2021 • Mar 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Same I was trying to revamp my personal site, I discovered that I would have to rewrite alot of things, and then I later gave up. I would advice css modules are the way to go, and it greatly helps with SEO. And in teams using SC, naming becomes an issue because some people don't know how to name components and you have to scroll around, just to check if a component is a h1 tag 🤮 CACHEing I can't stress this enough, for enterprise in-house apps it doesn't really matter, but for everyday consumer-essentric apps CACHEing should not be overlooked Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Matty Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Farley Will Farley Will Farley Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Jan 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can still have a top-level css file that isn't a css module for global stuff Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Petar Kolev Petar Kolev Petar Kolev Follow Senior Software Engineer with React && TypeScript Location Bulgaria Work Senior Software Engineer @ alkem.io Joined Nov 27, 2019 • Sep 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It is not true that with styled-components one can't use scss syntax, etc. styled-components supports it. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Eduard Eduard Eduard Follow Taxation is robbery Joined Oct 25, 2019 • Mar 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about css-in-js frameworks like material-ua, chakra-ui and others? In my opinion, they dramatically speed up development. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Apr 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In my personal opinion I see Styled Components more for a Single Page Aplications where the SEO isn't important and is unecessary to cache css files. In the case of static web site or a site that must have a good SEO the Module-Css is better. @greggcbs My recomendation is to use code splitting if you have problem with the performans when you use Styled-Components in your project, in order to avoid brign all code in the first load of the site. Good article @sergey Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Jess Rodriguez celly Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gass Gass Gass Follow hi there 👋 Email g.szada@gmail.com Location Budapest, Hungary Education engineering Work software developer @ itemis Joined Dec 25, 2021 • Apr 25 '22 • Edited on Apr 25 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good post. I've been using CSS modules for a short time now and I like it. Allows everything to be nicely compartmentalized. I also like that it gives more freedom to name classes in smaller chunks of CSS code. Instead of using it like so: {styles.my_class} I preffer {s.my_class} makes the code looks nicer and more concise. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mario Iliev Mario Iliev Mario Iliev Follow Joined Jun 14, 2023 • Jun 14 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm sorry but it seems that you don't have much experience with Styled Components. "And the last fundamental flaw is the inability to use ready-made approaches and utilities, such as SCSS, Less and Stylelint, and so on." Not a single thing here is true. SCSS is the original syntax of the package, you can use Stylelint as well. There are a lot more "pros" which are not listed here. By working with JS you are opened to another world. I'll list some more "pros" from the top of my head: consume and validate your theme colors as pure JS object consume state/props and create dynamic CSS out of it you have plugins which can be a live savers in cases like RTL (right to left orientation). Whoever had to support an app/website with RTL will be magically saved by this plugin. You can create custom plugins to fix various problems, or make your own linting in your team project. you don't think about CSS class names and collision. I prefer to be focused on thinking about variable names in my JS only and not spending effort in the CSS as well when you break your visual habits you will realise that's it's easier to have your CSS in your JS file just the way you got used to have your HTML in your JS file (React) In these days CSS has become a monster. You have inheritance, mixins, variables, IF statements, loops etc. Sure they can be useful somewhere but I'm pretty sure that most of you just need to center that div. So in my personal opinion we should strive to keep CSS as simpler as possible (as with everything actually) and I think that Styled Components are kind of pushing you to do exactly that. Don't re-use CSS, re-use components! The only global things you should have are probably just the color theme and animations. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Annie-Huang Annie-Huang Annie-Huang Follow Joined Mar 14, 2021 • Feb 16 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Couldn't agree more on the last two bullet points~~ Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand DrBeehre DrBeehre DrBeehre Follow Location New Zealand Work Software Engineer at Self-Employed Joined Nov 10, 2020 • Mar 14 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is awesome! I'm quite new to Web dev in particular and when starting a new project, I've often wondered which approach is better as I could see pros and cons to both, but I never found the time to dig in. Thanks for pulling all this together into a concise blog post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (30 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sergey Follow Joined Nov 18, 2020 More from Sergey Mastering the Dependency Inversion Principle: Best Practices for Clean Code with DI # webdev # javascript # typescript # programming Rockpack 2.0 Official Release # react # javascript # webdev # showdev Project Structure. Repository and folders. 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https://topenddevs.com/podcasts/adventures-in-angular/episodes/how-we-deploy-our-apps-aia-375 | How we Deploy our Apps - AiA 375 - Adventures in Angular - Top End Devs Top End Devs Home Podcasts Screencasts Courses Blogs Summits Meetups search-modal#open" aria-label="Search"> Sign In Sign Up search-modal#close"> Search search-modal#close"> search-modal#search" data-turbo-frame="search-results" data-turbo="true" class="space-y-4" action="/search" method="get"> Content Type All Episodes Podcasts Screencasts Lessons Courses Blog Authors Meetups Use semantic search (recommended) Search Trending Now What’s New in React 19.2: Compiler, Activity, and the Future of Async React - JSJ 670 JavaScript Jabber Can You Really Trust AI-Generated Code? - JSJ 699 JavaScript Jabber Autogenetic AI Agents and the Future of Ruby Development - RUBY 682 Ruby Rogues Popular Searches search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="podcast"> Podcast search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="episode"> Episode search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="author"> Author search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="meetup"> Meetup search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="series"> Series Back to Adventures in Angular RSS Feed Spotify Apple Podcasts YouTube Amazon Music How we Deploy our Apps - AiA 375 Published: March 25, 2023 Download How we Deploy our Apps - AiA 375 0:00 audio-player#clickProgressBar touchstart->audio-player#clickProgressBar touchmove->audio-player#clickProgressBar" data-audio-player-target="progressBar"> 0:00 audio-player#skipBackward"> audio-player#togglePlayPause" data-audio-player-target="playPauseButton"> audio-player#skipForward"> audio-player#changeVolume" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="1" /> Playback Speed: audio-player#changePlaybackSpeed"> 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 2x Show Notes Chuck and Lucas join this week's panelist episode to talk about ways how to deploy applications and some of the past and current services they have used. Chuck takes the lead as he dives into some of his past experiences in deployment. On YouTube How we Deploy our Apps - AiA 375 Sponsors Porkbun.com | Angular Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club starting Educational Links Article by Lucas Paganini Video by Lucas Paganini Promoted Links Web Animations Course: lucaspaganini.com/web-animations Hire Angular Experts: unvoid.com Socials YouTube @lucaspaganiniweb LinkedIn @lucaspaganiniweb Twitter @lucaspaganini Instagram @lucaspaganini TikTok @lucaspaganiniweb Picks Chuck - The Crew: The Quest for Planet Nine Chuck - Shokz Official | The Professional Bone Conduction Lucas - Ultimate Ears Megaboom 3 © 2026 2022 Intentional Excellence Productions, LLC. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse kt Posted on Jan 11 Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing # security # sbom # kubernetes # devops Introduction In modern software development, the "code we write ourselves" is only a small fraction of the entire application. Every day, we combine numerous OSS libraries and container images—our "components"—to build systems. But what if malicious code is included in those "components"? Or what if someone swaps the artifact between the build and deployment stages? These Software Supply Chain Attacks are no longer a distant problem for someone else. As proven by the Log4j and XZ Utils incidents, we live in an era where the trusted supply chain itself can become a threat. In this article, we will learn about two critical technologies to counter these threats— SBOM (Software Bill of Materials) and Code Signing —by actually getting our hands dirty. 1. What is Supply Chain Security The software supply chain refers to the entire series of processes: implementing code using libraries and frameworks in a programming language, managing it on GitHub, building it with GitHub Actions, and deploying it to cloud environments like OpenStack VMs/PMs or Kubernetes until it reaches the end user. The essence of a supply chain attack is "someone secretly mixing in malware or other malicious elements somewhere in the process from development to deployment." When trying to develop an application today, using OSS libraries, frameworks, and third-party components is unavoidable. It can be said that we are no longer 'writing code' but rather 'assembling parts.' In the past, we were afraid of simple vulnerabilities like Log4j ( CVE-2021-44228 , CVE-2021-45046 ). But now, in 2026, cases where "the source of the components itself holds malice" like the XZ Utils ( CVE-2024-3094 ) incident, or "the trusted supply route suddenly betrays us" like Polyfill.io, are occurring. To protect ourselves from these attacks, we need SBOM and Code Signing . 2. What is SBOM? SBOM stands for "Software Bill of Materials." It is a list of the components that make up the software (OSS libraries, third-party components, etc.), their dependencies, and license information. Experiments 1. Installing Syft First, install syft , a CLI tool developed by Anchore. # Mac (Homebrew) brew tap anchore/syft brew install syft Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode # Verify installation syft version # Application: syft # Version: 1.40.0 # BuildDate: 2026-01-08T12:16:49Z # GitCommit: Homebrew # GitDescription: [not provided] # Platform: darwin/arm64 # GoVersion: go1.25.5 # Compiler: gc # SchemaVersion: 16.1.2 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Basic Scanning Let's start in the simplest way by scanning a lightweight alpine image. Syft can pull information directly from the registry even if you don't have the Docker image locally. syft alpine:latest # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ File digests [78 files] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # └── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # NAME VERSION TYPE # alpine-baselayout 3.7.1-r8 apk # alpine-baselayout-data 3.7.1-r8 apk # alpine-keys 2.6-r0 apk # alpine-release 3.23.2-r0 apk # apk-tools 3.0.3-r1 apk # busybox 1.37.0-r30 apk # busybox-binsh 1.37.0-r30 apk # ca-certificates-bundle 20251003-r0 apk # libapk 3.0.3-r1 apk # libcrypto3 3.5.4-r0 apk # libssl3 3.5.4-r0 apk # musl 1.2.5-r21 apk # musl-utils 1.2.5-r21 apk # scanelf 1.3.8-r2 apk # ssl_client 1.37.0-r30 apk # zlib 1.3.1-r2 apk Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Just like that, the OS packages (apk) are listed. You can see that even a small image like alpine consists of dozens of libraries (Ingredients). 3. Output in Standard Formats (SPDX vs CycloneDX) Instead of the human-readable table format, we will output in standard machine-readable formats. A. SPDX (The Linux Foundation) A format recognized as an international standard (ISO/IEC 5962). spdx.dev # Output SPDX in JSON format syft alpine:latest -o spdx-json > sbom-spdx.json # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # └── ✔ File digests [78 files] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode B. CycloneDX (OWASP) Led by OWASP, known for web security, this format has high compatibility with vulnerability management tools. CycloneDX # Output CycloneDX in JSON format syft alpine:latest -o cyclonedx-json > sbom-cyclonedx.json # ✔ Parsed image sha256:e8f9ca9f1870bc194d961e259fd1340c641bf188e0d02e58b86b86445a4bc128 # ✔ Cataloged contents 410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2 # ├── ✔ Packages [16 packages] # ├── ✔ Executables [17 executables] # ├── ✔ File metadata [78 locations] # └── ✔ File digests [78 files] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Inspecting the Contents The output JSON is huge, but let's check the important "Ingredients". Metadata (Component Name & Version): Basic information on "what is inside." # SPDX cat sbom-spdx.json | jq '.packages[] | {name: .name, version: .versionInfo}' | head -n 5 ## { ## "name": "alpine-baselayout", ## "version": "3.7.1-r8" ## } # CyclonDX ## Extract component name and version cat sbom-cyclonedx.json | jq '.components[] | {name: .name, version: .version, type: .type}' | head -n 5 ## { ## "name": "alpine-baselayout", ## "version": "3.7.1-r8", ## "type": "library" ## } PURL (Package URL): This is a "globally unique ID for the package." This becomes the key when checking against vulnerability DBs. # Extract only PURL (Package URL) # SPDX cat sbom-spdx.json | jq '.packages[].externalRefs[]? | select(.referenceType == "purl") | .referenceLocator' | head -n 5 ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout-data@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-baselayout" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-keys@2.6-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-release@3.23.2-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-base" ## "pkg:apk/alpine/apk-tools@3.0.3-r1?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # CycloneDX cat sbom-cyclonedx.json | jq '.components[].purl' | head -n 5 # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-baselayout-data@3.7.1-r8?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-baselayout" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-keys@2.6-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" # "pkg:apk/alpine/alpine-release@3.23.2-r0?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2&upstream=alpine-base" # "pkg:apk/alpine/apk-tools@3.0.3-r1?arch=aarch64&distro=alpine-3.23.2" We found that by managing SBOMs, we can use information like "Component Name," "Version," and "PURL (Unique ID)" to instantly know via grep if we are affected when news hits tomorrow saying "There is a vulnerability in bash version 5.1." 3. What is Code Signing? Code Signing is a security technology that applies a digital signature to software or files, guaranteeing the authenticity (it is genuine) of the creator and integrity (it has not been tampered with). Traditional methods like signing/verifying with GPG keys are like carrying around a physical seal; if you lose it or it gets stolen, it's over. Management is difficult. Code Signing with tools like Sigstore issues a valid private key for only a brief moment when you log in with Google or GitHub. Once the signing is done, the key is discarded. In other words, you do not manage private keys. "Who signed it and when" is recorded in an immutable ledger (Rekor). Experiments 1. Installing the Tool (Cosign) Install cosign , a tool from the Sigstore project. # Mac (Homebrew) brew install cosign Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verify: cosign version # ______ ______ _______. __ _______ .__ __. # / | / __ \ / || | / _____|| \ | | # | ,----'| | | | | (----`| | | | __ | \| | # | | | | | | \ \ | | | | |_ | | . ` | # | `----.| `--' | .----) | | | | |__| | | |\ | # \______| \______/ |_______/ |__| \______| |__| \__| # cosign: A tool for Container Signing, Verification and Storage in an OCI registry. # # GitVersion: v3.0.4 # GitCommit: 6832fba4928c1ad69400235bbc41212de5006176 # GitTreeState: "clean" # BuildDate: 2026-01-09T21:17:16Z # GoVersion: go1.25.5 # Compiler: gc # Platform: darwin/arm64 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Preparation for the Experiment Since setting up Docker Hub accounts is tedious, we will use ttl.sh , a registry that allows "anyone to push, and images disappear after a set time." This is perfect for learning. [!TIP] ttl.sh is a fast and free public container registry service that temporarily stores container images like Docker images. By including an expiration time (seconds or hours) in the tag name, images are automatically deleted, making it ideal for CI/CD tests and temporary distribution. First, tag a local image (like alpine) with a unique tag. We generate a UUID to ensure the random ID doesn't clash with others. # Generate a random ID export UUID = $( uuidgen | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' ) export IMAGE_NAME = "ttl.sh/ ${ UUID } /my-signed-image:1h" # Tag an existing image (alpine) docker pull alpine:latest docker tag alpine:latest $IMAGE_NAME # Push to registry (No login needed!) docker push $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Signing This is the highlight. We don't create a private key. We sign using a Google or GitHub account. Command: cosign sign $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What happens when you run this: A browser opens, asking you to log in to an OIDC provider (Google, GitHub, Microsoft). If you log in and see the success screen, it worked. 1. You might be concerned about logs like this appearing: WARNING: Image reference ... uses a tag, not a digest ... Ideally, the best practice is to specify an immutable hash value like cosign sign ttl.sh/...@sha256:abcde... . Note that if your submission includes personal data ... it will be part of an immutable record. This information will be used for signing ... and cannot be removed later Sigstore (Cosign) records "when and who signed" in a blockchain-like immutable ledger (Rekor). This ledger is open to the whole world (Public Transparency Log) . In other words, "Your email address (e.g., Gmail) will remain in the internet logs forever as the person who signed this image." This means that while key management is unnecessary and easy, the trade-off is that your email address is left in the public log as your "Identity." 4. Verifying the Signature You might wonder, "How do we verify if there's no key?" When verifying, you specify "Who signed it (email/ID)" and "Which provider (Issuer) was used" . # (Replace `<your-email>` with the email you used to log in) cosign verify \ --certificate-identity = "<your-email>" \ --certificate-oidc-issuer = "https://github.com/login/oauth" \ $IMAGE_NAME # Verification for ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h -- # The following checks were performed on each of these signatures: # - The cosign claims were validated # - Existence of the claims in the transparency log was verified offline # - The code-signing certificate was verified using trusted certificate authority certificates # [{"critical":{"identity":{"docker-reference":"ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h"},"image":{"docker-manifest-digest":"sha256:410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2"},"type":"https://sigstore.dev/cosign/sign/v1"},"optional":{}}] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The signature details are displayed in JSON format. This completes the proof that "This image was undoubtedly signed by me via GitHub authentication." 5. Where is the Signature Actually Located? # The signature itself is also stored in the registry cosign triangulate $IMAGE_NAME # ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:sha256-410dabcd6f1d53f1f4e5c1ce9553efa298ca6bcdd086dfc976b8f659d58b46d2.sig Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Cosign does not manage signature data as a separate file but stores it in the same registry as the target image, as an associated tag (.sig). This allows signature management using just the registry, without preparing a special database on the infrastructure side. Next, let's combine SBOM and Code Signing. 4. Connecting Attestation Code Signing Attestation is a mechanism where software developers combine SBOM and Code Signing to digitally sign apps or drivers, guaranteeing the publisher's authentication and integrity (that it hasn't been tampered with). It uses certificates issued by a Certificate Authority, preventing warnings during installation and allowing users to use software safely. Until now: Image: "I am signed (Authentic)." SBOM: "I am the ingredient list (sitting somewhere over there)." Problem: "Is this ingredient list really for this image? Did someone swap it?" Attestation: "I (the developer) swear (sign) that the contents of this 'Image' are undoubtedly this 'SBOM'." This makes the Image and SBOM treated as an indivisible set . Experiments We will use the same $IMAGE_NAME from the previous chapter. If time has passed and the ttl.sh image has disappeared, please Push it again. Step 1: Regenerate SBOM for Signing Just to be safe, generate the latest SBOM from the current image. # Generate SBOM (CycloneDX format) from image syft $IMAGE_NAME -o cyclonedx-json > sbom.json # Check if content exists ls -lh sbom.json Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Execute Attestation Here we use the cosign attest command. It's a command to "Attach this file (SBOM) as a predicate to this image and sign it." cosign attest --yes \ --predicate sbom.json \ --type cyclonedx \ $IMAGE_NAME Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode (Browser authentication runs again) Step 3: Verify Attestation We verify not just "if it is signed," but if we can extract the "Correct, signed SBOM." We use verify-attestation instead of simple verify . # Verify (Replace email with yours) cosign verify-attestation \ --type cyclonedx \ --certificate-identity = "<your-email>" \ --certificate-oidc-issuer = https://github.com/login/oauth \ $IMAGE_NAME # Verification for ttl.sh/09dc8b35-cabd-4bd8-885f-.../my-signed-image:1h -- # The following checks were performed on each of these signatures: # - The cosign claims were validated # - Existence of the claims in the transparency log was verified offline # - The code-signing certificate was verified using trusted certificate authority certificates # {"payload":"eyJfdHlwZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8... Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode A huge JSON flows on the screen. This is the "SBOM protected by signature." You can see that payloadType: application/vnd.cyclonedx+json and actual package information are included in the output. Usually, SBOM files tend to be scattered across Git repositories or file servers. However, with Attestation, the SBOM is stored in the container registry as a set with the image. When a K8s cluster pulls an image, the "correct SBOM" automatically comes with it. It also seems possible to "attach scan results." This enables advanced security gates (foreshadowing Chapter 5) such as "Allow deployment only for images that have been scanned for vulnerabilities and have an attestation certifying no High vulnerabilities." 5. Use Case: Policy Enforcement with Kubernetes Technical Concept: Admission Controller Kubernetes has a feature called Admission Controller that hooks requests to verify or modify them after authentication/authorization of the API request is complete, but immediately before the object is persisted to etcd. For signature verification, we use the Validating Admission Webhook within this. By registering a policy engine like Kyverno or OPA Gatekeeper as a Webhook, it intercepts Pod creation requests, verifies the signature on the external registry, and decides whether to allow or deny the request. Architecture Diagram Enforcement Behavior The behavior when this policy is applied is as follows: Attempt to deploy an unsigned image The API Server receives Allowed: false from Kyverno / OPA Gatekeeper and denies the request. The error message no matching signatures found is returned, and the Pod is not created. Attempt to deploy a legitimately signed image Kyverno / OPA Gatekeeper verifies the signature on the registry and confirms it matches the defined subject and issuer . Allowed: true is returned to the API Server, and the Pod is created successfully. 6. Conclusion We have taken a deep dive into SBOM and Code Signing, the core technologies of supply chain security. Finally, let's review why these are necessary. The danger of "Unknown Contents" Having no SBOM is like eating food without knowing what's in it. When a new vulnerability (Next Log4j) is discovered in the future, having an SBOM allows us to instantly identify "where the impact is" and respond quickly. The danger of "Unknown Creator" Having no signature is like sending cash in an envelope that anyone can open. By using Code Signing, especially transparent signing technologies like Sigstore, we gain a strong guarantee that "This was undoubtedly made by a trusted developer and has not been tampered with." What's the next Cosign (Sigstore) introduced here is a very deep project. Although we didn't dig deep this time, understanding the internal architecture of the Certificate Authority Fulcio and the Transparency Log Rekor will allow building a more robust security foundation. Not just "built and done," but "taking responsibility until it reaches the end user." That is the mindset of supply chain security required of engineers from now on. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sergey Posted on Mar 11, 2021 CSS Modules vs CSS-in-JS. Who wins? # webdev # css # javascript # react Introduction In modern React application development, there are many approaches to organizing application styles. One of the popular ways of such an organization is the CSS-in-JS approach (in the article we will use styled-components as the most popular solution) and CSS Modules. In this article, we will try to answer the question: which is better CSS-in-JS or CSS Modules ? So let's get back to basics. When a web page was primarily set for storing textual documentation and didn't include user interactions, properties were introduced to style the content. Over time, the web became more and more popular, sites got bigger, and it became necessary to reuse styles. For these purposes, CSS was invented. Cascading Style Sheets. Cascading plays a very important role in this name. We write styles that lay like a waterfall over the hollows of our document, filling it with colors and highlighting important elements. Time passed, the web became more and more complex, and we are facing the fact that the styles cascade turned into a problem for us. Distributed teams, working on their parts of the system, combining them into reusable modules, assemble an application from pieces, like Dr. Frankenstein, stitching styles into one large canvas, can get the sudden result... Due to the cascade, the styles of module 1 can affect the display of module 3, and module 4 can make changes to the global styles and change the entire display of the application in general. Developers have started to think of solving this problem. Style naming conventions were created to avoid overlaps, such as Yandex's BEM or Atomic CSS. The idea is clear, we operate with names in order to get predictability, but at the same time to prevent repetitions. These approaches were crashed of the rocks of the human factor. Anyway, we have no guarantee that the developer from team A won't use the name from team C. The naming problem can only be solved by assigning a random name to the CSS class. Thus, we get a completely independent CSS set of styles that will be applied to a specific HTML block and we understand for sure that the rest of the system won't be affected in any way. And then 2 approaches came onto the stage to organize our CSS: CSS Modules and CSS-in-JS . Under the hood, having a different technical implementation, and in fact solving the problem of atomicity, reusability, and avoiding side effects when writing CSS. Technically, CSS Modules transforms style names using a hash-based on the filename, path, style name. Styled-components handles styles in JS runtime, adding them as they go to the head HTML section (<head>). Approaches overview Let's see which approach is more optimal for writing a modern web application! Let's imagine we have a basic React application: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import ' ./App.css ' ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < div className = "title" > React application title </ div > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode CSS styles of this application: .title { padding : 20px ; background-color : #222 ; text-align : center ; color : white ; font-size : 1.5em ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The dependencies are React 16.14 , react-dom 16.14 Let's try to build this application using webpack using all production optimizations. we've got uglified JS - 129kb separated and minified CSS - 133 bytes The same code in CSS Modules will look like this: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import styles from ' ./App.module.css ' ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < div className = { styles . title } > React application title </ div > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode uglified JS - 129kb separated and minified CSS - 151 bytes The CSS Modules version will take up a couple of bytes more due to the impossibility of compressing the long generated CSS names. Finally, let's rewrite the same code under styled-components: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import styles from ' styled-components ' ; const Title = styles . h1 ` padding: 20px; background-color: #222; text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 1.5em; ` ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < Title > React application title </ Title > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode uglified JS - 163kb CSS file is missing The more than 30kb difference between CSS Modules and CSS-in-JS (styled-components) is due to styled-components adding extra code to add styles to the <head> part of the HTML document. In this synthetic test, the CSS Modules approach wins, since the build system doesn't add something extra to implement it, except for the changed class name. Styled-components due to technical implementation, adds dependency as well as code for runtime handling and styling of <head>. Now let's take a quick look at the pros and cons of CSS-in-JS / CSS Modules. Pros and cons CSS-in-JS cons The browser won't start interpreting the styles until styled-components has parsed them and added them to the DOM, which slows down rendering. The absence of CSS files means that you cannot cache separate CSS. One of the key downsides is that most libraries don't support this approach and we still can't get rid of CSS. All native JS and jQuery plugins are written without using this approach. Not all React solutions use it. Styles integration problems. When a markup developer prepares a layout for a JS developer, we may forget to transfer something; there will also be difficulty in synchronizing a new version of layout and JS code. We can't use CSS utilities: SCSS, Less, Postcss, stylelint, etc. pros Styles can use JS logic. This reminds me of Expression in IE6, when we could wrap some logic in our styles (Hello, CSS Expressions :) ). const Title = styles . h1 ` padding: 20px; background-color: #222; text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 1.5em; ${ props => props . secondary && css ` background-color: #fff; color: #000; padding: 10px; font-size: 1em; ` } ` ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When developing small modules, it simplifies the connection to the project, since you only need to connect the one independent JS file. It is semantically nicer to use <Title> in a React component than <h1 className={style.title}>. CSS Modules cons To describe global styles, you must use a syntax that does not belong to the CSS specification. :global ( .myclass ) { text-decoration : underline ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Integrating into a project, you need to include styles. Working with typescript, you need to automatically or manually generate interfaces. For these purposes, I use webpack loader: @teamsupercell/typings-for-css-modules-loader pros We work with regular CSS, it makes it possible to use SCSS, Less, Postcss, stylelint, and more. Also, you don't waste time on adapting the CSS to JS. No integration of styles into the code, clean code as result. Almost 100% standardized except for global styles. Conclusion So the fundamental problem with the CSS-in-JS approach is that it's not CSS! This kind of code is harder to maintain if you have a defined person in your team working on markup. Such code will be slower, due to the fact that the CSS rendered into the file is processed in parallel, and the CSS-in-JS cannot be rendered into a separate CSS file. And the last fundamental flaw is the inability to use ready-made approaches and utilities, such as SCSS, Less and Stylelint, and so on. On the other hand, the CSS-in-JS approach can be a good solution for the Frontend team who deals with both markup and JS, and develops all components from scratch. Also, CSS-in-JS will be useful for modules that integrate into other applications. In my personal opinion, the issue of CSS cascading is overrated. If we are developing a small application or site, with one team, then we are unlikely to encounter a name collision or the difficulty of reusing components. If you faced with this problem, I recommend considering CSS Modules, as, in my opinion, this is a more optimal solution for the above factors. In any case, whatever you choose, write meaningful code and don't get fooled by the hype. Hype will pass, and we all have to live with it. Have great and interesting projects, dear readers! Top comments (30) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand dastasoft dastasoft dastasoft Follow Senior Software Engineer Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Feb 17, 2020 • Mar 12 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide One pro of CSS, the hot reload is instant when you just change CSS, with CSS in JS the project is recompiled. For CSS-in-JS I find easier to reuse that code in a React Native project. My personal conclusion is that we are constantly trying to avoid CSS but at the end of the day, CSS will stay here forever. Great article btw! Like comment: Like comment: 25 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand GreggHume GreggHume GreggHume Follow A developer who works with and on some of the worlds leading brands. My company is called Cold Brew Studios, see you out there :) Joined Mar 10, 2021 • Mar 9 '22 • Edited on Mar 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I ran into issues with css modules that styled components seemed to solve. But i ran into issues with styled components that I wouldn't have had with plain scss. So some things to think about: Styled components is a lot more overhead because all the styled components need to be complied into stylesheets and mounted to the head by javascript which is a blocking language. On SSR styled components get compiled into a ServerStyleSheet that then hydrate the react dom tree in the browser via the context api. So even then the mounting of styles only happens in the browser but the parsing of styles happens on the server - that is still a performance penalty and will slow down the page load. In some cases I had no issues with styled components but as my site grew and in complex cases I couldn't help but feel like it was slower, or didn't load as smoothly... and in a world where every second matters, this was a problem for me. Here is an article doing benchmarks on CSS vs CSS in JS: pustelto.com/blog/css-vs-css-in-js... I use nextjs, it is a pity they do not support component level css and we are forced to use css modules or styled components... where as with Nuxt component level scss is part of the package and you have the option on how you want the sites css to bundled - all in one file, split into their own files and some other nifty options. I hope nextjs sharped up on this. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Follow 🕊 Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Software Developer Joined Feb 18, 2021 • Jun 22 '22 • Edited on Jun 22 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A big tip that might help. Why not use SCSS and unique classNames: For example create a unique container className (name of the component) and nest all the other classNames under that unique container className. .home-page-guest { .nav {} .main {} .footer {} } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode < div className = " home-page-guest " > < div className = " nav " /> < div className = " main " /> < div className = " footer " /> < /div > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I bet you did Greg Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hank Queston Hank Queston Hank Queston Follow Work CTO at Bonfire Joined May 25, 2021 • May 25 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I agreed, CSS Modules make a lot more sense to me over Styled Components, always have! Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Comment deleted Collapse Expand Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Apr 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide @Petar Kokev If something I learned from this years of working with React and other projects is that the correct library for project isn't the correct library for another. So the mos important think that we need to do is select the tools, libraries and technologies that fit better to the current project. In this case you can't use Styled-components on sites that require a good SEO, becouse the mos important think here is the SEO and you cant sacrify it. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand thedev1232 thedev1232 thedev1232 Follow tech enthusiast - code to the nuts Location sanjose Work Senior dev Manager at self Joined Oct 26, 2020 • Mar 31 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about having to deal with libraries like Material UI with next js? I have an issue to decide whether to use just makeStyles function or should we use styled components? My main concern is code longevity and maintenance without any issues Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Farley Will Farley Will Farley Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Jan 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide My big issues with styled components is they are deeply coupled with your code. I've opted to use emotion's css utility exclusively and instructed my team to avoid using any of the styled component features. We've loved it but this was a few years ago. For newer projects I'm going with the css modules design. Also why does anyone care about sass anymore? With css variables and the css nesting module in the specification, you get the best parts of sass with vanilla css. The other features are just overkill for a css-module that should represent a single react component and thus nothing :global . Complicated sass directives and stuff are just overkill. Turn it into a react component and don't make any crazy css systems. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Follow 🕊 Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Software Developer Joined Feb 18, 2021 • Mar 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Same I was trying to revamp my personal site, I discovered that I would have to rewrite alot of things, and then I later gave up. I would advice css modules are the way to go, and it greatly helps with SEO. And in teams using SC, naming becomes an issue because some people don't know how to name components and you have to scroll around, just to check if a component is a h1 tag 🤮 CACHEing I can't stress this enough, for enterprise in-house apps it doesn't really matter, but for everyday consumer-essentric apps CACHEing should not be overlooked Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Matty Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Farley Will Farley Will Farley Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Jan 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can still have a top-level css file that isn't a css module for global stuff Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Petar Kolev Petar Kolev Petar Kolev Follow Senior Software Engineer with React && TypeScript Location Bulgaria Work Senior Software Engineer @ alkem.io Joined Nov 27, 2019 • Sep 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It is not true that with styled-components one can't use scss syntax, etc. styled-components supports it. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Eduard Eduard Eduard Follow Taxation is robbery Joined Oct 25, 2019 • Mar 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about css-in-js frameworks like material-ua, chakra-ui and others? In my opinion, they dramatically speed up development. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Apr 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In my personal opinion I see Styled Components more for a Single Page Aplications where the SEO isn't important and is unecessary to cache css files. In the case of static web site or a site that must have a good SEO the Module-Css is better. @greggcbs My recomendation is to use code splitting if you have problem with the performans when you use Styled-Components in your project, in order to avoid brign all code in the first load of the site. Good article @sergey Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Jess Rodriguez celly Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gass Gass Gass Follow hi there 👋 Email g.szada@gmail.com Location Budapest, Hungary Education engineering Work software developer @ itemis Joined Dec 25, 2021 • Apr 25 '22 • Edited on Apr 25 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good post. I've been using CSS modules for a short time now and I like it. Allows everything to be nicely compartmentalized. I also like that it gives more freedom to name classes in smaller chunks of CSS code. Instead of using it like so: {styles.my_class} I preffer {s.my_class} makes the code looks nicer and more concise. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mario Iliev Mario Iliev Mario Iliev Follow Joined Jun 14, 2023 • Jun 14 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm sorry but it seems that you don't have much experience with Styled Components. "And the last fundamental flaw is the inability to use ready-made approaches and utilities, such as SCSS, Less and Stylelint, and so on." Not a single thing here is true. SCSS is the original syntax of the package, you can use Stylelint as well. There are a lot more "pros" which are not listed here. By working with JS you are opened to another world. I'll list some more "pros" from the top of my head: consume and validate your theme colors as pure JS object consume state/props and create dynamic CSS out of it you have plugins which can be a live savers in cases like RTL (right to left orientation). Whoever had to support an app/website with RTL will be magically saved by this plugin. You can create custom plugins to fix various problems, or make your own linting in your team project. you don't think about CSS class names and collision. I prefer to be focused on thinking about variable names in my JS only and not spending effort in the CSS as well when you break your visual habits you will realise that's it's easier to have your CSS in your JS file just the way you got used to have your HTML in your JS file (React) In these days CSS has become a monster. You have inheritance, mixins, variables, IF statements, loops etc. Sure they can be useful somewhere but I'm pretty sure that most of you just need to center that div. So in my personal opinion we should strive to keep CSS as simpler as possible (as with everything actually) and I think that Styled Components are kind of pushing you to do exactly that. Don't re-use CSS, re-use components! The only global things you should have are probably just the color theme and animations. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Annie-Huang Annie-Huang Annie-Huang Follow Joined Mar 14, 2021 • Feb 16 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Couldn't agree more on the last two bullet points~~ Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand DrBeehre DrBeehre DrBeehre Follow Location New Zealand Work Software Engineer at Self-Employed Joined Nov 10, 2020 • Mar 14 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is awesome! I'm quite new to Web dev in particular and when starting a new project, I've often wondered which approach is better as I could see pros and cons to both, but I never found the time to dig in. Thanks for pulling all this together into a concise blog post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (30 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sergey Follow Joined Nov 18, 2020 More from Sergey Mastering the Dependency Inversion Principle: Best Practices for Clean Code with DI # webdev # javascript # typescript # programming Rockpack 2.0 Official Release # react # javascript # webdev # showdev Project Structure. Repository and folders. 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https://topenddevs.com/podcasts/adventures-in-machine-learning/episodes/how-to-think-like-a-principal-architect-ml-112 | How to Think Like a Principal Architect - ML 112 - Adventures in Machine Learning - Top End Devs Top End Devs Home Podcasts Screencasts Courses Blogs Summits Meetups search-modal#open" aria-label="Search"> Sign In Sign Up search-modal#close"> Search search-modal#close"> search-modal#search" data-turbo-frame="search-results" data-turbo="true" class="space-y-4" action="/search" method="get"> Content Type All Episodes Podcasts Screencasts Lessons Courses Blog Authors Meetups Use semantic search (recommended) Search Trending Now What’s New in React 19.2: Compiler, Activity, and the Future of Async React - JSJ 670 JavaScript Jabber Can You Really Trust AI-Generated Code? - JSJ 699 JavaScript Jabber Autogenetic AI Agents and the Future of Ruby Development - RUBY 682 Ruby Rogues Popular Searches search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="podcast"> Podcast search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="episode"> Episode search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="author"> Author search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="meetup"> Meetup search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="series"> Series Back to Adventures in Machine Learning RSS Feed Spotify Apple Podcasts YouTube Amazon Music How to Think Like a Principal Architect - ML 112 Published: April 13, 2023 Download How to Think Like a Principal Architect - ML 112 0:00 audio-player#clickProgressBar touchstart->audio-player#clickProgressBar touchmove->audio-player#clickProgressBar" data-audio-player-target="progressBar"> 0:00 audio-player#skipBackward"> audio-player#togglePlayPause" data-audio-player-target="playPauseButton"> audio-player#skipForward"> audio-player#changeVolume" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="1" /> Playback Speed: audio-player#changePlaybackSpeed"> 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 2x Created by: Ben Wilson • Michael Berk Show Notes Today, we do a deep dive into Ben's background. We cover his career trajectory and, more importantly, how nature and nurture have impacted the way he thinks. Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club starting Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership © 2026 2022 Intentional Excellence Productions, LLC. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://topenddevs.com/podcasts/adventures-in-angular/episodes/angular-structural-directives-and-their-microsyntax-aia-374 | Angular Structural Directives and Their Microsyntax - AiA 374 - Adventures in Angular - Top End Devs Top End Devs Home Podcasts Screencasts Courses Blogs Summits Meetups search-modal#open" aria-label="Search"> Sign In Sign Up search-modal#close"> Search search-modal#close"> search-modal#search" data-turbo-frame="search-results" data-turbo="true" class="space-y-4" action="/search" method="get"> Content Type All Episodes Podcasts Screencasts Lessons Courses Blog Authors Meetups Use semantic search (recommended) Search Trending Now What’s New in React 19.2: Compiler, Activity, and the Future of Async React - JSJ 670 JavaScript Jabber Can You Really Trust AI-Generated Code? - JSJ 699 JavaScript Jabber Autogenetic AI Agents and the Future of Ruby Development - RUBY 682 Ruby Rogues Popular Searches search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="podcast"> Podcast search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="episode"> Episode search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="author"> Author search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="meetup"> Meetup search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="series"> Series Back to Adventures in Angular RSS Feed Spotify Apple Podcasts YouTube Amazon Music Angular Structural Directives and Their Microsyntax - AiA 374 Published: March 19, 2023 Download Angular Structural Directives and Their Microsyntax - AiA 374 0:00 audio-player#clickProgressBar touchstart->audio-player#clickProgressBar touchmove->audio-player#clickProgressBar" data-audio-player-target="progressBar"> 0:00 audio-player#skipBackward"> audio-player#togglePlayPause" data-audio-player-target="playPauseButton"> audio-player#skipForward"> audio-player#changeVolume" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="1" /> Playback Speed: audio-player#changePlaybackSpeed"> 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 2x Show Notes Chuck and Lucas join this week's panelist episode discussing Angular Structural Directives and Their Microsyntax. They kick us off as Lucas explains the concept of Structural directives, and how developers might use them to their advantage. On YouTube Angular Structural Directives and Their Microsyntax - AiA 374 Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club starting Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Educational Links Article by Lucas Paganini Video by Lucas Paganini Promoted Links Web Animations Course: lucaspaganini.com/web-animations Hire Angular Experts: unvoid.com Socials YouTube @lucaspaganiniweb LinkedIn @lucaspaganiniweb Twitter @lucaspaganini Instagram @lucaspaganini TikTok @lucaspaganiniweb Picks Chuck - Between Two Castles of Mad King Ludwig Lucas - Chuck as a Ruby developer © 2026 2022 Intentional Excellence Productions, LLC. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research The Deloitte Center for Integrated Research offers rigorously researched and data-driven perspectives on critical topics affecting businesses today including workforce trends, enterprise growth and innovation, technology and transformation, and environmental and societal issues. We sit at the center of Deloitte's industry and functional expertise, combining the leading insights from across our firms to help leaders confidently compete in today's ever-changing marketplace. Visit the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research to explore our research and insights Get in touch with our Technology & Transformation research team Brenna Sniderman Executive director | Deloitte Services LP Brenna Sniderman Executive director | Deloitte Services LP United States Brenna Sniderman leads the Center for Integrated Research, where she oversees cross-industry thought leadership for Deloitte. She is based in Philadelphia. bsniderman@deloitte.com +1 929 251 2690 Monika Mahto Associate Vice President | Deloitte Center for Integrated Research Monika Mahto Associate Vice President | Deloitte Center for Integrated Research United States Monika is a research leader with the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research. She has close to two decades of research and thought leadership experience focusing on topics at the intersection of talent and emerging technologies. Her research is cited in prominent platforms, including MIT Sloan Management Review , The Wall Street Journal , and Thrive Global. She collaborates with other thought leaders, industry executives, and academicians to develop conceptual frameworks and quantitative models to deliver insights into the strategic and organizational implications of advanced technologies. mmahto@deloitte.com +91 9930425494 Diana Kearns-Manolatos Senior manager | Subject matter specialist | Deloitte Services LP Diana Kearns-Manolatos Senior manager | Subject matter specialist | Deloitte Services LP United States Diana Kearns-Manolatos is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP’s Center for Integrated Research, where she leads Deloitte’s global research on digital transformation. She is based in New York, United States. dkearnsmanolatos@deloitte.com +1 212 436 3301 Ahmed Alibage Research Manager Ahmed Alibage Research Manager United States Ahmed is a manager in the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research where he works for Deloitte’s digital transformation research and focuses on topics including digital strategy, cloud, AI, and IoT. Besides analyzing complex data and designing executable and credible research studies, Ahmed develops, plans, and executes global thought leadership agendas and initiatives and contributes to the broader thought leadership community at Deloitte by sharing ideas, methodologies, and best practices. Before joining Deloitte, he worked as a postdoctoral research fellow and senior research associate at Portland State University, where he earned his Ph.D. in Technology Management, with a focus on designing system thinking techniques, known as Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) to model and manage high-reliability organizations (HROs). Previously, Ahmed worked as a change management specialist, change leader, safety manager, and field engineer. aalibage@deloitte.com +1 503 703 3392 Jonathan Holdowsky Senior manager | Deloitte Services LP Jonathan Holdowsky Senior manager | Deloitte Services LP United States Jonathan Holdowsky is a senior manager in Deloitte’s Center for Integrated Research, where he has managed a wide array of thought leadership initiatives on issues of strategic importance to clients in consumer and manufacturing sectors. jholdowsky@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3198 Iram Parveen Senior research specialist | Center for Integrated Research Iram Parveen Senior research specialist | Center for Integrated Research India Iram Parveen is a senior research specialist with the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research, where she supports the end-to-end research, execution, and program management for digital signature issues under the Global Maestro campaign. iparveen@deloitte.com +91 999 920 9458 Natasha Buckley Senior research leader, emerging issues Natasha Buckley Senior research leader, emerging issues United States Natasha Buckley is a senior manager and research leader for Deloitte’s Research & Insights organization. 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https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/ai/ | AI | 2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Products Stack Overflow Where developers and technologists go to gain and share knowledge. Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers Advertising Reach devs & technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand Knowledge Solutions Data licensing offering for businesses to build and improve AI tools and models Labs The future of collective knowledge sharing About the company Visit the blog Developers Technology AI Work Stack Overflow Methodology 3 AI In this section we gain insight into the real sentiments behind the surge in AI popularity. Is it making a real impact in the way developers work or is it all hype? 3.1. Sentiment and usage → 3.2. Developer tools → 3.3. AI Agents → 3.1 Sentiment and usage AI tools in the development process 84% of respondents are using or planning to use AI tools in their development process, an increase over last year (76%). This year we can see 51% of professional developers use AI tools daily. Do you currently use AI tools in your development process? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Yes, I use AI tools daily 47.1% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.7% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13.7% No, but I plan to soon 5.3% No, and I don't plan to 16.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,662 ( 68.7% ) Professional Developers Yes, I use AI tools daily 50.6% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.4% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 12.8% No, but I plan to soon 4.6% No, and I don't plan to 14.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,004 ( 53% ) Learning to Code Yes, I use AI tools daily 39.5% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 18.7% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 15.1% No, but I plan to soon 7.2% No, and I don't plan to 19.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,843 ( 5.8% ) Early Career Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 55.5% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 18.1% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 11.5% No, but I plan to soon 2.5% No, and I don't plan to 12.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,360 ( 13% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 52.8% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 16.8% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13.5% No, but I plan to soon 3.7% No, and I don't plan to 13.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,997 ( 12.2% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 47.3% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.2% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13% No, but I plan to soon 6% No, and I don't plan to 16.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 13,001 ( 26.5% ) Experienced dev defined as 10+ years work experience AI tool sentiment Conversely to usage, positive sentiment for AI tools has decreased in 2025: 70%+ in 2023 and 2024 to just 60% this year. Professionals show a higher overall favorable sentiment (61%) than those learning to code (53%). How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Very favorable 22.9% Favorable 36.8% Indifferent 17.6% Unsure 2.3% Unfavorable 10.8% Very unfavorable 9.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,412 ( 68.2% ) Professional Developers Very favorable 23.5% Favorable 37.7% Indifferent 17.4% Unsure 1.8% Unfavorable 10.6% Very unfavorable 9.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,814 ( 52.7% ) Learning to Code Very favorable 19.3% Favorable 33.5% Indifferent 16.6% Unsure 4.3% Unfavorable 13.6% Very unfavorable 12.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,812 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Very favorable 22.8% Favorable 40.3% Indifferent 17% Unsure 1.3% Unfavorable 10.3% Very unfavorable 8.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,293 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Very favorable 23.8% Favorable 38.9% Indifferent 16.2% Unsure 1.5% Unfavorable 11% Very unfavorable 8.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,957 ( 12.2% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Very favorable 23.9% Favorable 36% Indifferent 18.1% Unsure 2.1% Unfavorable 10.3% Very unfavorable 9.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,941 ( 26.4% ) Experienced devs defined as 10+ years work experience 3.2 Developer tools Accuracy of AI tools More developers actively distrust the accuracy of AI tools (46%) than trust it (33%), and only a fraction (3%) report "highly trusting" the output. Experienced developers are the most cautious, with the lowest "highly trust" rate (2.6%) and the highest "highly distrust" rate (20%), indicating a widespread need for human verification for those in roles with accountability. How much do you trust the accuracy of the output from AI tools as part of your development workflow? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Highly trust 3.1% Somewhat trust 29.6% Somewhat distrust 26.1% Highly distrust 19.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,244 ( 67.8% ) Professional Developers Highly trust 2.7% Somewhat trust 29.6% Somewhat distrust 26.3% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,701 ( 52.4% ) Learning to Code Highly trust 6.1% Somewhat trust 31.3% Somewhat distrust 24.2% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,781 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Highly trust 3% Somewhat trust 31.1% Somewhat distrust 25.7% Highly distrust 17.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,254 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Highly trust 2.8% Somewhat trust 30.3% Somewhat distrust 26.1% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,931 ( 12.1% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Highly trust 2.5% Somewhat trust 28.6% Somewhat distrust 26.7% Highly distrust 20.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,908 ( 26.3% ) Experienced devs defined as 10+ years work experience AI tools' ability to handle complex tasks In 2024, 35% of professional developers already believed that AI tools struggled with complex tasks. This year, that number has dropped to 29% among professional developers and is consistent amongst experience levels. Complex tasks carry too much risk to spend extra time proving out the efficacy of AI tools. How well do the AI tools you use in your development workflow handle complex tasks? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Very well at handling complex tasks 4.4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.2% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.1% Bad at handling complex tasks 22% Very poor at handling complex tasks 17.6% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 16.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,230 ( 67.8% ) Professional Developers Very well at handling complex tasks 3.9% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.2% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.2% Bad at handling complex tasks 22.8% Very poor at handling complex tasks 18.6% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 15.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,695 ( 52.4% ) Learning to Code Very well at handling complex tasks 7.9% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.8% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 12.4% Bad at handling complex tasks 19% Very poor at handling complex tasks 16.3% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 18.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,779 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 28.1% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 13.4% Bad at handling complex tasks 23.6% Very poor at handling complex tasks 19.2% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 11.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,258 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.4% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 13.8% Bad at handling complex tasks 23.9% Very poor at handling complex tasks 19.5% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 13.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,922 ( 12.1% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 3.6% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 23.5% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.9% Bad at handling complex tasks 22.1% Very poor at handling complex tasks 17.9% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 18% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,901 ( 26.3% ) Experienced dev career defined as 10+ years work experience AI in the development workflow Developers show the most resistance to using AI for high-responsibility, systemic tasks like Deployment and monitoring (76% don't plan to) and Project planning (69% don't plan to). Which parts of your development workflow are you currently integrating into AI or using AI tools to accomplish or plan to use AI to accomplish over the next 3 - 5 years? Please select one for each scenario. Currently Mostly AI Currently Partially AI Plan to Partially Use AI Plan to Mostly Use AI Don't Plan to Use AI for This Task Currently Mostly AI Search for answers 54.1% Generating content or synthetic data 35.8% Learning new concepts or technologies 33.1% Documenting code 30.8% Creating or maintaining documentation 24.8% Learning about a codebase 20.8% Debugging or fixing code 20.7% Testing code 17.9% Writing code 16.9% Predictive analytics 11% Project planning 10.8% Committing and reviewing code 10.2% Deployment and monitoring 6.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 11,202 ( 22.9% ) Currently Partially AI Search for answers 55.8% Generating content or synthetic data 28.6% Learning new concepts or technologies 47.4% Documenting code 30.3% Creating or maintaining documentation 27.3% Learning about a codebase 32.7% Debugging or fixing code 47.1% Testing code 27.5% Writing code 59% Predictive analytics 12.7% Project planning 17.1% Committing and reviewing code 22.6% Deployment and monitoring 10.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,991 ( 42.8% ) Plan to Partially Use AI Search for answers 24% Generating content or synthetic data 28% Learning new concepts or technologies 27.9% Documenting code 30.5% Creating or maintaining documentation 32.5% Learning about a codebase 34.9% Debugging or fixing code 30.9% Testing code 34.7% Writing code 32.4% Predictive analytics 25% Project planning 24.8% Committing and reviewing code 31.4% Deployment and monitoring 25% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 22,518 ( 45.9% ) Plan to Mostly Use AI Search for answers 17.2% Generating content or synthetic data 28.9% Learning new concepts or technologies 15.7% Documenting code 28.6% Creating or maintaining documentation 31.8% Learning about a codebase 23.1% Debugging or fixing code 14.8% Testing code 25.8% Writing code 12.4% Predictive analytics 23% Project planning 14.3% Committing and reviewing code 16.3% Deployment and monitoring 15.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,790 ( 26.1% ) Don't Plan to Use AI for This Task Search for answers 19.6% Generating content or synthetic data 38.2% Learning new concepts or technologies 32.3% Documenting code 38.5% Creating or maintaining documentation 39.6% Learning about a codebase 39.4% Debugging or fixing code 36.4% Testing code 44.1% Writing code 28.9% Predictive analytics 65.6% Project planning 69.2% Committing and reviewing code 58.7% Deployment and monitoring 75.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,349 ( 51.7% ) AI workflow and tool satisfaction Respondents who said they are currently using mostly AI tools to complete tasks in the development workflow are highly satisfied with and frequently using AI to search for answers or learn new concepts; respondents plan to mostly use AI in the future for documentation and testing tasks and are slightly less satisfied with the tools they are using now. How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow and which parts of your development workflow are you currently integrating into AI or using AI tools to accomplish or plan to use AI to accomplish over the next 3 - 5 years? Please select one for each scenario. Currently mostly AI Currently partially AI Plan to partially use AI Plan to mostly use AI Don't plan to use AI for this task Currently mostly AI Number of responses 6,053 685 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.4 5.45 5.5 5.55 5.6 5.65 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 11,184 ( 22.8% ) Currently partially AI Number of responses 12,382 2,194 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,980 ( 42.8% ) Plan to partially use AI Number of responses 7,858 5,400 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 % 24 % 25 % 26 % 27 % 28 % 29 % 30 % 31 % 32 % 33 % 34 % 35 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 22,500 ( 45.9% ) Plan to mostly use AI Number of responses 4,056 1,588 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 4.6 4.65 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 % 12 % 14 % 16 % 18 % 20 % 22 % 24 % 26 % 28 % 30 % 32 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,777 ( 26.1% ) Don't plan to use AI for this task Number of responses 19,211 4,953 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 % 65 % 70 % 75 % 80 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,332 ( 51.7% ) AI tool frustrations The biggest single frustration, cited by 66% of developers, is dealing with "AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite," which often leads to the second-biggest frustration: "Debugging AI-generated code is more time-consuming" (45%) When using AI tools, which of the following problems or frustrations have you encountered? Select all that apply. All Respondents AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite 66% Debugging AI-generated code is more time-consuming 45.2% I don’t use AI tools regularly 23.5% I’ve become less confident in my own problem-solving 20% It’s hard to understand how or why the code works 16.3% Other (write in): 11.6% I haven’t encountered any problems 4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,476 ( 64.2% ) AI and humans in the future In a future with advanced AI, the #1 reason developers would still ask a person for help is "When I don’t trust AI’s answers" (75%). This positions human developers as the ultimate arbiters of quality and correctness. In the future, if AI can do most coding tasks, in which situations would you still want to ask another person for help? Select all that apply. All Respondents When I don’t trust AI’s answers 75.3% When I have ethical or security concerns about code 61.7% When I want to fully understand something 61.3% When I want to learn best practices 58.1% When I’m stuck and can’t explain the problem 54.6% When I need help fixing complex or unfamiliar code 49.8% When I want to compare different solutions 44.1% When I need quick help troubleshooting 27.5% Other 6.1% I don’t think I’ll need help from people anymore 4.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 29,163 ( 59.5% ) Vibe coding Most respondents are not vibe coding (72%), and an additional 5% are emphatic it not being part of their development workflow. In your own words, is "vibe coding" part of your professional development work? For this question, we define vibe coding according to the Wikipedia definition , the process of generating software from LLM prompts. All Respondents 18-24 years old 25-34 years old 35-44 years old 45-54 years old 55-64 years old All Respondents Yes, emphatically 0.4% Yes 11.9% Yes, somewhat 2.8% I have tried it 2.1% Not sure 1.2% No 72.2% No, emphatically 5.3% Uncategorized 4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,564 ( 54.2% ) 18-24 years old Yes, emphatically 0.3% Yes 11.6% Yes, somewhat 3.2% I have tried it 2.4% Not sure 1.2% No 72.8% No, emphatically 5.1% Uncategorized 3.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 4,212 ( 8.6% ) 25-34 years old Yes, emphatically 0.4% Yes 11.8% Yes, somewhat 3.2% I have tried it 1.6% Not sure 1.3% No 72.3% No, emphatically 5.7% Uncategorized 3.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 8,526 ( 17.4% ) 35-44 years old Yes, emphatically 0.5% Yes 12% Yes, somewhat 2.8% I have tried it 2.2% Not sure 1.1% No 72% No, emphatically 5.4% Uncategorized 4.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 7,607 ( 15.5% ) 45-54 years old Yes, emphatically 0.5% Yes 12.7% Yes, somewhat 2.5% I have tried it 1.9% Not sure 1.3% No 71.3% No, emphatically 5.2% Uncategorized 4.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,838 ( 7.8% ) 55-64 years old Yes, emphatically 0.8% Yes 11.4% Yes, somewhat 2% I have tried it 3.1% Not sure 1.5% No 71.3% No, emphatically 4.6% Uncategorized 5.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,657 ( 3.4% ) 3.3 AI Agents AI agents AI agents are not yet mainstream. A majority of developers (52%) either don't use agents or stick to simpler AI tools, and a significant portion (38%) have no plans to adopt them. Are you using AI agents in your work (development or otherwise)? AI agents refer to autonomous software entities that can operate with minimal to no direct human intervention using artificial intelligence techniques. All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professional AI Users Learning AI Users All Respondents Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 14.1% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.8% No, but I plan to 17.4% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 13.8% No, and I don't plan to 37.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,877 ( 65% ) Professional Developers Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 14.9% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9.2% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.7% No, but I plan to 17.2% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 14.2% No, and I don't plan to 36.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 24,752 ( 50.5% ) Learning to Code Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 13.2% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 7.8% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.4% No, but I plan to 15.6% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 12.1% No, and I don't plan to 44.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,610 ( 5.3% ) Professional AI Users Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 17.5% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 10.8% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 8.9% No, but I plan to 18.6% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 16.3% No, and I don't plan to 27.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,892 ( 42.6% ) Learning AI Users Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 16.5% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9.6% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 8.7% No, but I plan to 16.9% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 14.7% No, and I don't plan to 33.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,019 ( 4.1% ) AI agents affect on work productivity 52% of developers agree that AI tools and/or AI agents have had a positive effect on their productivity. Have AI tools or AI agents changed how you complete development work in the past year? All Respondents Yes, to a great extent 16.3% Yes, somewhat 35.3% Not at all or minimally 41.4% No, but my development work has significantly changed due to non-AI factors 2.6% No, but my development work has changed somewhat due to non-AI factors 4.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,636 ( 64.5% ) AI agent uses at work If you happen to be using AI agents at work and you are a software developer, chances are high that you are using agents for software development (84%). What industry purposes or specific tasks are you using AI agents in your development work? Select all that apply from both lists. Industry Purpose Software engineering 83.5% Data and analytics 24.9% IT operations 18% Business process automation 17.6% Decision intelligence 11.3% Customer service support 11.2% Marketing 8.6% Cybersecurity 7.4% Robotics 3.9% Other 2.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,301 ( 25.1% ) AI agent uses for general purposes TL;DR: Agents used outside of work are mostly used for language processing tasks (49%). What industry purposes or specific tasks are you using AI agents in your development work? Select all that apply from both lists. General Purpose Language processing 49% Integration with external agents and APIs 38.3% MCP servers 34.4% Agent/multi-agent orchestration 28.1% Vector databases for AI applications 24.1% Multi-platform search enablement 19.4% Personalized agent creation 18.3% Other 3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,797 ( 11.8% ) Impacts of AI agents The most recognized impacts are personal efficiency gains, and not team-wide impact. Approximately 70% of agent users agree that agents have reduced the time spent on specific development tasks, and 69% agree they have increased productivity. Only 17% of users agree that agents have improved collaboration within their team, making it the lowest-rated impact by a wide margin. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding the impact of AI agents on your work as a developer? All Respondents 27.3% 35.9% 21.3% 8.2% 7.3% AI agents have accelerated my learning about new technologies or codebases. 29.3% 34.9% 22.4% 7% 6.4% AI agents have helped me automate repetitive tasks. 17.1% 31.9% 25.3% 14.2% 11.5% AI agents have helped me solve complex problems more effectively. 6.6% 10.7% 40.5% 20% 22.2% AI agents have improved collaboration within my team. 12.2% 25.3% 32.4% 17.1% 13.1% AI agents have improved the quality of my code. 27.7% 41% 20.4% 6% 4.9% AI agents have increased my productivity. 29.3% 40.8% 17.8% 6.9% 5.1% AI agents have reduced the time spent on specific development tasks. Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,823 ( 26.2% ) Challenges with AI agents Is it a learning curve, or is the tech not there yet? 87% of all respondents agree they are concerned about the accuracy, and 81% agree they have concerns about the security and privacy of data. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding AI agents? All Respondents 57.1% 29.8% 9.7% 2.3% 1.1% I am concerned about the accuracy of the information provided by AI agents. 56.1% 25.3% 11.7% 4.7% 2.2% I have concerns about the security and privacy of data when using AI agents. 16.5% 29.7% 37.3% 12.6% 3.9% Integrating AI agents with my existing tools and workflows can be difficult. 15.5% 27.9% 31.8% 17.8% 6.9% It takes significant time and effort to learn how to use AI agents effectively. 13.8% 14.4% 30.6% 15% 26.2% My company's IT and/or InfoSec teams have strict rules that do not allow me to use AI agent tools or platforms 25.4% 27.9% 31.8% 10.3% 4.6% The cost of using certain AI agent platforms is a barrier. Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 28,930 ( 59% ) AI Agent data storage tools When it comes to data management for agents, traditional, developer-friendly tools like Redis (43%) are being repurposed for AI, alongside emerging vector-native databases like ChromaDB (20%) and pgvector (18%). You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent memory or data management in the past year? All Respondents Redis 42.9% GitHub MCP Server 42.8% supabase 20.9% ChromaDB 19.7% pgvector 17.9% Neo4j 12.3% Pinecone 11.2% Qdrant 8.2% Milvus 5.2% Fireproof 5% LangMem 4.8% Weaviate 4.5% LanceDB 4.4% mem0 4% Zep 2.8% Letta 2.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,398 ( 6.9% ) AI Agent orchestration tools The agent orchestration space is currently led by open-source tools. Among developers building agents, Ollama (51%) and LangChain (33%) are the most-used frameworks. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent orchestration or agent frameworks in the past year? All Respondents Ollama 51.1% LangChain 32.9% LangGraph 16.2% Vertex AI 15.1% Amazon Bedrock Agents 14.5% OpenRouter 13.4% Llama Index 13.3% AutoGen (Microsoft) 12% Zapier 11.8% CrewAI 7.5% Semantic Kernel 6% IBM watsonx.ai 5.7% Haystack 4.4% Smolagents 3.7% Agno 3.4% phidata 2.1% Smol-AGI 1.9% Martian 1.7% lyzr 1.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,758 ( 7.7% ) AI Agent observability and security Developers are primarily adapting their existing, traditional monitoring tools for this new task, rather than adopting new, AI-native solutions. The most used tools for AI agent observability are staples of the DevOps and application monitoring world: Grafana + Prometheus are used by 43% of agent developers, and Sentry is used by 32%. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent observability, monitoring or security in the past year? All Respondents Grafana + Prometheus 43% Sentry 31.8% Snyk 18.2% New Relic 13% LangSmith 12.5% Honeycomb 8.8% Langfuse 8.8% Wiz 6.9% Galileo 6.2% Adversarial Robustness Toolbox (ART) 5.5% Protect AI 5% Vectra AI 4.4% arize 3.7% helicone 3.2% Metero 2.7% opik 2.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,689 ( 5.5% ) AI Agent out-of-the-box tools ChatGPT (82%) and GitHub Copilot (68%) are the clear market leaders, serving as the primary entry point for most developers using out-of-the-box AI assistance. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following out-of-the-box agents, copilots or assistants? All Respondents ChatGPT 81.7% GitHub Copilot 67.9% Google Gemini 47.4% Claude Code 40.8% Microsoft Copilot 31.3% Perplexity 16.2% v0.dev 9.1% Bolt.new 6.5% Lovable.dev 5.7% AgentGPT 5% Tabnine 5% Replit 5% Auto-GPT 4.7% Amazon Codewhisperer 3.9% Blackbox AI 3.5% Roo code (Roo-Cline) 3.4% Cody 3% Devin AI 2.7% Glean (Enterprise Agents) 1.3% OpenHands (formerly OpenDevin) 1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 8,323 ( 17% ) Previous Technology Next Work Site design / logo © 2025 Stack Exchange Inc. User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Data licensed under Open Database License (ODbL). Terms Privacy policy Cookie policy Your Privacy Choices Go to stackoverflow.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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https://dev.to/sroehrl | neoan - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions neoan Passionate generalist conquering the web one project at a time. Whether authoring libraries for node, JS, PHP, or Rust, I am always on the lookout for better solutions to common problems. Location USA Joined Joined on Oct 1, 2019 Personal website http://neoan.us github website Work Lead Developer & Co-founder at corpscrypt, CTO at REtech Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! 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Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close 8 Week Writing Streak The streak continues! You've written at least one post per week for 8 consecutive weeks. Unlock the 16-week badge next! Got it Close 4 Week Writing Streak You've posted at least one post per week for 4 consecutive weeks! Got it Close Hacktoberfest 2019 Awarded for successful completion of the 2019 Hacktoberfest challenge. Got it Close Show all 13 badges More info about @sroehrl GitHub Repositories neoan3docs Neoan3 documentation repository CSS • 1 star planet-generator Planet generator for the game-dev who wants output as spritesheet. JavaScript • 1 star neoan3-hcapture PHP hcaptcha PHP • 3 stars neoan3-db PHP mySQLi wrapper for rapid & secure development PHP • 2 stars neoan3-ops Common String operations helper PHP neoan3-stateless neoan3 app handling stateless authentication flow using JWT PHP fillr Finally making placeholder text convenient AND realistic JavaScript • 1 star neoan3-template neoan3 minimal template engine PHP • 3 stars Skills/Languages PHP, MySQL, Node - strong on related DevOps & APIs. Lately my preferred frontend-fw is VueJS, but I have worked with Angular, React and many others. Currently learning Falling in love with Svelte Currently hacking on https://lenkrad.neoan3.rocks Available for Any, for now, until I feel the need to filter. Post 62 posts published Comment 222 comments written Tag 18 tags followed The humor of JavaScript neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 9 '23 The humor of JavaScript # watercooler # javascript # beginners 5 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read Want to connect with neoan? 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Sign in My favorite sveltekit setup neoan neoan neoan Follow Sep 8 '23 My favorite sveltekit setup # svelte # webdev # sveltekit # tailwindcss 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read SvelteKit as PWA on GitHub pages or your own server neoan neoan neoan Follow Aug 23 '23 SvelteKit as PWA on GitHub pages or your own server # svelte # sveltekit # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read i18n: A lot to think about neoan neoan neoan Follow Aug 21 '22 i18n: A lot to think about # tutorial # php # opensource # a11y 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Code Along: Taking Lenkrad for a Spin neoan neoan neoan Follow Aug 17 '22 Code Along: Taking Lenkrad for a Spin # tutorial # php # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read High speed-dev: A minute to be up & running neoan neoan neoan Follow Aug 17 '22 High speed-dev: A minute to be up & running # showdev # neoan3 # php # laravel Comments Add Comment 2 min read Controllable Templating in PHP neoan neoan neoan Follow Aug 16 '22 Controllable Templating in PHP # php # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read What is dev.to for? 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neoan neoan neoan Follow Apr 29 '21 Do you even write? # watercooler # writerboards # writing 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read The end of LibSass neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 20 '21 The end of LibSass # css # saas # webdev 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Really, really fast neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 20 '21 Really, really fast # php # neoan3 # laravel # seo 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Gaudiamus CSS got smarter neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 11 '21 Gaudiamus CSS got smarter # css # design 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Rethinking Vue Full Stack neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 7 '21 Rethinking Vue Full Stack # vue # neoan3 # javascript 9 reactions Comments 19 comments 2 min read Install PHP 8 on Ubuntu neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 26 '20 Install PHP 8 on Ubuntu # php # php8 # ubuntu 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 6 Technologies to look at in 2021 neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 23 '20 6 Technologies to look at in 2021 # watercooler # framework 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Jump-start your node backend neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 22 '20 Jump-start your node backend # typescript # node # testing 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Sneak peak: neoan3 v3 neoan neoan neoan Follow Nov 2 '20 Sneak peak: neoan3 v3 # news # webdev # neoan3 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Hacktoberfest just changed its rules neoan neoan neoan Follow Oct 3 '20 Hacktoberfest just changed its rules # discuss # hacktoberfest 2 reactions Comments 13 comments 1 min read Happy dev.to-day to me? neoan neoan neoan Follow Oct 2 '20 Happy dev.to-day to me? # watercooler 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building your own CSS framework for Hacktoberfest neoan neoan neoan Follow Sep 25 '20 Building your own CSS framework for Hacktoberfest # css # hacktoberfest # sass 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Personal startpages? neoan neoan neoan Follow Sep 16 '20 Personal startpages? # showdev # webdev 4 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read CSS Grid or CSS framework - are they really exclusive? neoan neoan neoan Follow Aug 3 '20 CSS Grid or CSS framework - are they really exclusive? # showdev # css # beginners # tutorial 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read Scaffolding REST APIs with JWT authentication neoan neoan neoan Follow Jul 27 '20 Scaffolding REST APIs with JWT authentication # api # php # restful # scaffolding 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read The rise of alpine JS? neoan neoan neoan Follow Jun 30 '20 The rise of alpine JS? # javascript # php # tutorial 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is composer? neoan neoan neoan Follow Apr 30 '20 What is composer? # php # composer # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read MySQL: ERROR1364 fix neoan neoan neoan Follow Mar 31 '20 MySQL: ERROR1364 fix # linux # mysql 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5min JS - dynamic placeholder text 04:58 neoan neoan neoan Follow Mar 28 '20 5min JS - dynamic placeholder text # design # javascript # webdev # beginners 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Don't underestimate your setup, learners neoan neoan neoan Follow Feb 19 '20 Don't underestimate your setup, learners # productivity # workstations # beginners 9 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read Cyber wars: Defending your server neoan neoan neoan Follow Feb 14 '20 Cyber wars: Defending your server # linux # aws # security 38 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read Why I hate coding challenges in the hiring process neoan neoan neoan Follow Feb 11 '20 Why I hate coding challenges in the hiring process # watercooler # career # discuss 87 reactions Comments 63 comments 4 min read Git: globally change GitHub-remotes from git@ to https neoan neoan neoan Follow Feb 6 '20 Git: globally change GitHub-remotes from git@ to https # git # github 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Your keyboard is disgusting! neoan neoan neoan Follow Feb 5 '20 Your keyboard is disgusting! # watercooler 6 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read What a template engine should and shouldn't be neoan neoan neoan Follow Feb 5 '20 What a template engine should and shouldn't be # php # beginners # productivity 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read vast-n3: stateless full-stack environment with Vue & Tailwind firing against a neoan3 backend neoan neoan neoan Follow Feb 1 '20 vast-n3: stateless full-stack environment with Vue & Tailwind firing against a neoan3 backend # vue # productivity # tailwindcss 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Protect your contributions! neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 22 '20 Protect your contributions! # github # git # career 6 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read VueJS & neoan3: a love story. neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 19 '20 VueJS & neoan3: a love story. # php # neoan3 # vue 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Webcomponents: It's really that easy! neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 11 '20 Webcomponents: It's really that easy! # javascript # webcomponents # tutorial 160 reactions Comments 12 comments 5 min read Working with events in neoan3 (PHP) neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 10 '20 Working with events in neoan3 (PHP) # php # events # neoan3 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read MySQL in PHP - how to deal with databases neoan neoan neoan Follow Jan 9 '20 MySQL in PHP - how to deal with databases # mysql # beginners # php 10 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Install PHP 7.4 on Ubuntu neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 31 '19 Install PHP 7.4 on Ubuntu # php # ubuntu 15 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read How to install global npm packages without sudo on Ubuntu neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 31 '19 How to install global npm packages without sudo on Ubuntu # npm # ubuntu # aws 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to understand legacy code neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 18 '19 How to understand legacy code # php # tutorial # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mock-ups: The Issue with Placeholder Text neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 9 '19 Mock-ups: The Issue with Placeholder Text # webdev # javascript # design 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Shout-out to the doers, the creators, the makers neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 7 '19 Shout-out to the doers, the creators, the makers # node # javascript # cms 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Static content pages - still the fastest web-experience neoan neoan neoan Follow Dec 7 '19 Static content pages - still the fastest web-experience # staticpages # cms # php 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Help us document neoan3 neoan neoan neoan Follow Nov 30 '19 Help us document neoan3 # github # neoan3 # php 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Your blog - the blua.blue PHP SDK neoan neoan neoan Follow Nov 30 '19 Your blog - the blua.blue PHP SDK # blog # php 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 2019 Hacktoberfest t-shirt arrived neoan neoan neoan Follow Nov 15 '19 2019 Hacktoberfest t-shirt arrived # hacktoberfest # opensource 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read dev.to plugin for headless CMS blua.blue (part 2) neoan neoan neoan Follow Nov 15 '19 dev.to plugin for headless CMS blua.blue (part 2) # devto # webdev # php # cms 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read What's up with the pronouns? neoan neoan neoan Follow Nov 12 '19 What's up with the pronouns? # career # hiring # community 16 reactions Comments 23 comments 2 min read Cross publishing to dev.to neoan neoan neoan Follow Nov 11 '19 Cross publishing to dev.to # devto # api 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Getting useful feedback from Reddit? neoan neoan neoan Follow Oct 21 '19 Getting useful feedback from Reddit? # reddit # feedback # review 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Spotlight Weekly Global Economic Outlook Tech Trends Human Capital Trends Digital Media Trends TMT Predictions FSI Predictions Topics Economics Environmental, Social, & Governance Operations Strategy Technology Workforce Industries More About Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Videos DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Home Workforce Trends Enterprise Growth & Innovation Technology & Transformation Environmental & Social Issues Economics Home Consumer Spending Housing Business Investment Globalization & International Trade Fiscal & Monetary Policy Sustainability, Equity & Climate Labor Markets Prices & Inflation Consumer Home Automotive Consumer Products Food Retail, Wholesale & Distribution Hospitality & Airlines Transportation Energy & Industrials Home Aerospace & Defense Chemicals & Specialty Materials Engineering & Construction Industrial Manufacturing Mining & Metals Oil & Gas Power & Utilities Renewable Energy Financial Services Home Banking & Capital Markets Commercial Real Estate Insurance Investment Management Cross Financial Services Government & Public Services Home Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education Life Sciences & Health Care Home Hospitals, Health Systems & Providers Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Health Plans & Payers Medtech & Health Tech Organizations Tech, Media & Telecom Home Technology Media & Entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Government & Public Services SECTORS Defense, Security & Justice Government Health State & Local Government Whole of Government Transportation & Infrastructure Human Services Higher Education TOPICS Trust AI & Emerging Technologies Work/Workforce Future of Government Data & Digital Transformation Innovation Regulation RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom For You Welcome! For personalized content and settings, go to your My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article • 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article • 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy & Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch & Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte's live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Center for Government Insights The Deloitte Center for Government Insights produces groundbreaking research to help government solve complex problems. We provide fresh insights to help public officials understand trends, overcome constraints, and expand the limits of what is possible. Government Trends 2025 Governments worldwide, across levels, are strategically combining a diverse range of tools and strategies to enhance their delivery capacity Survey Developing infrastructure for good on Government's Future Frontiers Climate change and tech evolution are increasing stress on global infrastructure, but innovation and an eye on the greater good can ensure asset effectiveness far into the future. Podcast Generative AI transforming government Collection Integrating generative AI with other automation tools and human judgment can revolutionize government operations. View the collection Generative AI can help transform government procurement Here’s how combining the analytical strength of generative AI with human judgment can make government procurement both more efficient and more effective in how it serves the public. BY Scott Palmer 8-min read Leveraging AI for effective emergency management and crisis response Discover how generative AI can amplify the effectiveness of emergency preparedness and response teams by providing personalized outputs and harnessing AI's vast scalability. BY Alex Haseley 12-min read Realizing the potential of generative AI in human services: Use cases to transform program delivery Generative AI has the potential to ease the burden on human services agencies struggling to provide quality services while facing a capacity deficit. BY Tiffany Fishman 11-min read AI can turbocharge government regulatory operations With powerful AI tools, government regulators can transform their regulatory operations. BY Matthew Gracie 13-min read AI can turbocharge government regulatory operations With powerful AI tools, government regulators can transform their regulatory operations. BY Matthew Gracie 13-min read Dive deeper into your sector Defense, security & justice The Future of Warfighting Collection Government health Unlocking the potential of biomedical innovation: The crucial role the government and partnerships play in accelerating progress Article • 25-min read State & local government Effective refugee resettlement strategies for state and local governments Article • 17-min read Whole of government Spurring innovation in government agencies through trust Article • 13-min read Transportation & infrastructure Delivering on equity with mobility technologies Article • 16-min read Human services Realizing the Promise of Human-Centered Design Article Higher education Risk governance in higher education: What boards of trustees need to know Article • 13-min read About the Deloitte Center for Government Insights The Deloitte Center for Government Insights shares inspiring stories of government innovation. We produce cutting-edge research that guides public officials, crystalizing essential insights in an easy-to-absorb format. Through research, forums, and immersive workshops, our goal is to provide fresh insights that advance an understanding of what is possible in government transformation. Read about our services @DeloitteGov Get in touch with our research team William D. Eggers Executive director | Deloitte Center for Government Insights William D. Eggers Executive director | Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States William Eggers is the executive director of Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights, where he is responsible for the firm’s public sector thought leadership. His most recent book is Delivering on Digital: The Innovators and Technologies that Are Transforming Government (Deloitte University Press, 2016). His other books include The Solution Revolution , the Washington Post best-seller If We Can Put a Man on the Moon , and Governing by Network . He coined the term Government 2.0 in a book by the same name. His commentary has appeared in dozens of major media outlets including the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post . weggers@deloitte.com +1 571 882 6585 Dave Noone Researcher and chief of staff Dave Noone Researcher and chief of staff United States Dave is a senior manager in the Research and Insights group of Deloitte Services LP. He works with governments and universities to better understand and implement emerging technologies and business models that can address their most pressing challenges. Prior to this role, he spent nine years with Deloitte Consulting LLP leading organizational assessment and transformation projects. dnoone@deloitte.com +1 212 313 1757 John O'Leary Research leader | State and local government John O'Leary Research leader | State and local government United States John O’Leary is a senior manager with Deloitte Services LP and is the state and local government research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. Prior to joining Deloitte, he served as the vice president of communications and executive reporting with State Street Bank. O’Leary previously served in multiple senior leadership roles for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and was a distinguished research fellow at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He is the co-author of the 2009 Washington Post bestseller, If We Can Put a Man on the Moon . jpoleary@deloitte.com +1 617 437 3576 Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Amrita Datar Research manager | Future of work Canada Amrita Datar is a research manager at the Deloitte Center for Government Insights, where she leads research and thought leadership on the future of work and workforce issues. Her work focuses on emerging trends at the intersection of technology, business, and society and how they impact public sector organizations. amdatar@deloitte.ca +1 416 643 8908 Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights Tiffany Fishman Senior manager, Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Tiffany Fishman is a senior manager with the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. Her research and client work focuses on how emerging issues in technology, business, and society will impact organizations. tfishman@deloitte.com +1 571 882 6247 Alison Muckle Egizi Research manager | Healthcare Alison Muckle Egizi Research manager | Healthcare United States Alison Muckle Egizi leads health policy research for the Center for Government Insights. Her work focuses on key health policy issues facing federal, state, and local health agencies. She brings 15 years of experience in research and initiatives focused on promoting optimal population health and well-being through health system transformation, collaborative innovation, place-based change, and investments in social drivers of health. Her work has informed federal, state, and local health policies and programs. amuckle@deloitte.com Joe Mariani Senior research manager, Center for Government Insights | Deloitte Consulting LLP Joe Mariani Senior research manager, Center for Government Insights | Deloitte Consulting LLP United States Joe Mariani is a senior research manager with Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights. His research focuses on innovation and technology adoption for both national security organizations and commercial businesses. His previous work includes experience as a consultant to the defense and intelligence industries, high school science teacher, and Marine Corps intelligence officer. jmariani@deloitte.com +1 312 486 2150 Mahesh Kelkar Research Leader | Future of cities Mahesh Kelkar Research Leader | Future of cities India Mahesh Kelkar is the Future of Cities research leader for the Deloitte Center for Government Insights. His research focuses on understanding the impact of technology, innovation, and policy on the future of cities. He closely tracks the federal and state government sectors and conducts in-depth research on the intersection of technology with government operations, policies, and decision-making. His other research focus areas include trust in government, digital equity, digital connectivity, transportation, and government trends. mkelkar@deloitte.com +1 678 299 7142 Adam Routh Defense research lead | Deloitte Center for Government Insights Adam Routh Defense research lead | Deloitte Center for Government Insights United States Adam Routh is a manager with Deloitte’s Center for Government Insights. His research areas include space policy, the future of defense, and great power competition. Routh’s research has addressed US national space policy, space governance, the challenges and requirements of the future military force, and emerging technologies. His analysis has been featured on the nightly news and the John Batchelor Show and published in The National Review , The Hill , The National Interest , Space News , The Space Review , Real Clear Defense , and Defense News , among other outlets. adrouth@deloitte.com What we’re reading Insights from across our network Enjoy these timely insights from other Deloitte research centers and subject matter leaders, selected for you by our research team. Tech Trends 2026 As technology innovation and adoption accelerate, five trends reveal how successful organizations are moving from experimentation to impact Article • 4-min read US government debt: A US$33 trillion problem? The October 2023 Economics Spotlight explores the question of US government debt—a longer-term problem that needs a robust solution to ensure the economy’s financial stability. Article • 11-min read Deloitte's research centers Explore the featured content below or visit the research centers’ publications for more insights Cross-industry Designing the C-suite for generative AI adoption Article • 6-min read Explore by topic Workforce trends Enterprise growth & innovation Technology & transformation Environmental & social issues Economics Global Weekly Economic Update Series • 7-min read Explore by topic Consumer spending Housing Business investment Globalization & international trade Fiscal & monetary policy Sustainability, equity & climate Labor markets Prices & inflation Consumer ConsumerSignals collection Collection EXPLORE BY sector Automotive Consumer products Food Retail, wholesale & distribution Hospitality & airlines Transportation Energy & industrials 2026 Energy, Resources, and Industrials Outlooks Collection Explore by sector Aerospace & defense Chemicals & specialty materials Engineering & construction Industrial manufacturing Mining & metals Oil & gas Power & utilities Financial services Harnessing gen AI in financial services: Why pioneers lead the way Article • 6-min read Explore by sector Banking & capital markets Commercial real estate Insurance Investment management Government & public services Government's Future Frontiers Collection Explore by sector Defense, security & justice Government health care State & local government Whole of government Transportation & infrastructure Human services Higher education Life sciences & health care 2026 Life Sciences and Health Care Industry Outlooks Collection Explore by sector Hospitals, health systems & providers Pharmaceutical manufacturers Health plans & payers Medtech and health tech organizations Tech, media & telecom 2025 Digital Media Trends: Social platforms are becoming a dominant force in media and entertainment Article Explore by sector Technology Media & entertainment Telecommunications Semiconductor Sports Explore Deloitte Insights Helping future-focused leaders navigate what's next RELEVANT INSIGHTS Making waves: How Gen Zs and millennials are prioritizing—and driving—change in the workplace Article • 6-min read Unlocking the power of AI Article • 10-min read Reimagine your tech talent strategy: Talent, not technology, may be your secret weapon Article • 14-min read CONNECT AND EXPLORE Videos Discover a world of insights with our video content. Featuring illuminating interviews, cutting-edge data visualizations, and comprehensive analyses, our videos empower you to lead with confidence. Subscribe to our YouTube channel today and never miss an update. Subscribe to our YouTube channel today and never miss an update. Subscribe to Deloitte Insights on YouTube Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you’ll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Sign up/Sign in for MyDeloitte Deloitte Insights Magazine If change is a constant, it follows that leaders need to ensure their organizations’ capacity for change, and that might look quite different in today’s terms—and tomorrow’s. In our latest issue, we’ve created and curated exclusive research and insights on how leaders can, as one author puts it, “flourish in ambiguity.” Explore the magazine Podcasts Your source for the issues and ideas that matter to your business today. Host Tanya Ott interviews thought leaders and change makers on developments in business strategy, emerging technologies, growth, innovation, performance, risk and security, social impact, sustainability, talent and more. Explore all episodes Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. DELOITTE INSIGHTS Home Deloitte Insights Magazine Top 10 Reading Guide Weekly Global Economic Outlook About Deloitte Insights DELOITTE RESEARCH CENTERS Cross-Industry Economics Consumer Energy & Industrials Financial Services Government & Public Services Life Sciences & Health Care Tech, Media & Telecom Learn about Deloitte’s offerings, people, and culture as a global provider of audit, assurance, consulting, financial advisory, risk advisory, tax, and related services. © 2026. See Terms of Use for more information. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee ("DTTL"), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as "Deloitte Global") does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the "Deloitte" name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Terms of Use Privacy Data Privacy Framework Cookie Notice Cookie Settings Legal Information for Job Seekers Labor Condition Applications Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information Please enable JavaScript to view the site. --> --> --> | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
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Try Copilot Spaces Manage agent usage with enterprise-grade controls Track activity with detailed audit logs and enforce governance by managing agents from a single control plane. Read the docs Secure your MCP integrations Control which MCP servers developers can access from their IDEs, and use allow lists to prevent unauthorized access. Read the docs Plans Take flight with GitHub Copilot For individuals For businesses Free A fast way to get started with GitHub Copilot. $ 0 USD Get started Open in VS Code What's included: 50 agent mode or chat requests per month 2,000 completions per month Access to Haiku 4.5, GPT-4.1, and more Pro Most popular Accelerate workflows with GitHub Copilot. $ 10 USD per month or $100 per year Try for 30 days free Everything in Free and: Coding agent Unlimited agent mode and chats with GPT-5 mini Unlimited code completions Access to models from Anthropic, Google, OpenAI, and more 300 premium requests to use latest models, with the option to buy more Free for verified students, teachers, and maintainers of popular open source projects. Learn more Pro+ Scale with agents and more models. $ 39 USD per month or $390 per year Get started Everything in Pro and: Access to all models, including Claude Opus 4.1 and more 5x more premium requests than Pro to use the latest models, with the option to buy more Access to GitHub Spark Codex IDE extension support in VS Code GitHub Copilot is available on your favorite platforms: GitHub GitHub VS Code VS Code Visual Studio Visual Studio Xcode Xcode JetBrains IDEs JetBrains IDEs Neovim Neovim Azure Data Studio Azure Data Studio Eclipse Eclipse Raycast Raycast Compare all plan features Get the most out of GitHub Copilot Preview the latest features Be the first to explore what’s next for GitHub Copilot. See previews Explore the GitHub Blog Discover the latest in software development with insights, best practices, and more. Read Blog Visit the GitHub Copilot Trust Center Gain peace of mind with our security, privacy, and responsible AI policies. Go to Trust Center Frequently asked questions General What is GitHub Copilot? GitHub Copilot transforms the developer experience. Backed by the leaders in AI, GitHub Copilot provides contextualized assistance throughout the software development lifecycle, from code completions and chat assistance in the IDE to code explanations and answers to docs in GitHub and more. With GitHub Copilot elevating their workflow, developers can focus on: value, innovation, and happiness. GitHub Copilot enables developers to focus more energy on problem solving and collaboration and spend less effort on the mundane and boilerplate. That’s why developers who use GitHub Copilot report up to 75% higher satisfaction with their jobs than those who don’t and are up to 55% more productive at writing code without sacrifice to quality, which all adds up to engaged developers shipping great software faster. GitHub Copilot integrates with leading editors, including Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, JetBrains IDEs, and Neovim, and, unlike other AI coding assistants, is natively built into GitHub. Growing to millions of individual users and tens of thousands of business customers, GitHub Copilot is the world’s most widely adopted AI developer tool and the competitive advantage developers ask for by name. Who is eligible to access GitHub Copilot for free? GitHub Copilot Free is a new free pricing tier with limited functionality for individual developers. Users assigned a Copilot Business or Copilot Enterprise seat are not eligible for access. Users with access to Copilot Pro through a paid subscription, trial, or through an existing verified OSS, student, faculty, or MVP account may elect to use Free instead. What languages, IDEs, and platforms does GitHub Copilot support? GitHub Copilot is trained on all languages that appear in public repositories. For each language, the quality of suggestions you receive may depend on the volume and diversity of training data for that language. For example, JavaScript is well-represented in public repositories and is one of GitHub Copilot’s best supported languages. Languages with less representation in public repositories may produce fewer or less robust suggestions. GitHub Copilot is available as an extension in Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, Vim, Neovim, the JetBrains suite of IDEs, and Azure Data Studio. Although code completion functionality is available across all these extensions, chat functionality is currently available only in Visual Studio Code, JetBrains, and Visual Studio. GitHub Copilot is also supported in terminals through GitHub CLI and as a chat integration in Windows Terminal Canary. With the GitHub Copilot Enterprise plan, GitHub Copilot is natively integrated into GitHub.com. All plans are supported in GitHub Copilot in GitHub Mobile. GitHub Mobile for Copilot Pro and Copilot Business have access to Bing and public repository code search. Copilot Enterprise in GitHub Mobile gives you additional access to your organization's knowledge. Does GitHub Copilot “copy/paste”? No, GitHub Copilot generates suggestions using probabilistic determination. When thinking about intellectual property and open source issues, it is critical to understand how GitHub Copilot really works. The AI models that create GitHub Copilot’s suggestions may be trained on public code, but do not contain any code. When they generate a suggestion, they are not “copying and pasting” from any codebase. To generate a code suggestion, the GitHub Copilot extension begins by examining the code in your editor—focusing on the lines just before and after your cursor, but also information including other files open in your editor and the URLs of repositories or file paths to identify relevant context. That information is sent to GitHub Copilot’s model, to make a probabilistic determination of what is likely to come next and generate suggestions. To generate a suggestion for chat in the code editor, the GitHub Copilot extension creates a contextual prompt by combining your prompt with additional context including the code file open in your active document, your code selection, and general workspace information, such as frameworks, languages, and dependencies. That information is sent to GitHub Copilot’s model, to make a probabilistic determination of what is likely to come next and generate suggestions. To generate a suggestion for chat on GitHub.com, such as providing an answer to a question from your chat prompt, GitHub Copilot creates a contextual prompt by combining your prompt with additional context including previous prompts, the open pages on GitHub.com as well as retrieved context from your codebase or Bing search. That information is sent to GitHub Copilot’s model, to make a probabilistic determination of what is likely to come next and generate suggestions. What are the differences between the GitHub Copilot Business, GitHub Copilot Enterprise, and GitHub Copilot Individual plans? GitHub Copilot has multiple offerings for organizations and an offering for individual developers. All the offerings include both code completion and chat assistance. The primary differences between the organization offerings and the individual offering are license management, policy management, and IP indemnity. Organizations can choose between GitHub Copilot Business and GitHub Copilot Enterprise. GitHub Copilot Business primarily features GitHub Copilot in the coding environment - that is the IDE, CLI and GitHub Mobile. GitHub Copilot Enterprise includes everything in GitHub Copilot Business. It also adds an additional layer of customization for organizations and integrates into GitHub.com as a chat interface to allow developers to converse with GitHub Copilot throughout the platform. GitHub Copilot Enterprise can index an organization’s codebase for a deeper understanding of the customer’s knowledge for more tailored suggestions and will offer customers access to fine-tuned custom, private models for code completion. GitHub Copilot Individual is designed for individual developers, freelancers, students, educators, and open source maintainers. The plan includes all the features of GitHub Copilot Business except organizational license management, policy management, and IP indemnity. What data has GitHub Copilot been trained on? GitHub Copilot is powered by generative AI models developed by GitHub, OpenAI, and Microsoft. It has been trained on natural language text and source code from publicly available sources, including code in public repositories on GitHub. Which plan includes GitHub Copilot Autofix? GitHub Copilot Autofix provides contextual explanations and code suggestions to help developers fix vulnerabilities in code, and is included in GitHub Advanced Security . What if I do not want GitHub Copilot? GitHub Copilot is entirely optional and requires you to opt in before gaining access. You can easily configure its usage directly in the editor, enabling or disabling it at any time. Additionally, you have control over which file types GitHub Copilot is active for. How do I control access to GitHub Copilot in my company? Access to Copilot Business and Enterprise is managed by your GitHub Administrator. They can control access to preview features, models, and set GitHub Copilot policies for your organization. Additionally, you can use your network firewall to explicitly allow access to Copilot Business and/or block access to Copilot Pro or Free. For more details, refer to the documentation . Plans & pricing What are the differences between the Free, Pro, Business, and Enterprise plans? GitHub Copilot has multiple offerings for organizations and an offering for individual developers. All the offerings include both code completion and chat assistance. The primary differences between the organization offerings and the individual offering are license management, policy management, and IP indemnity. Organizations can choose between GitHub Copilot Business and GitHub Copilot Enterprise. GitHub Copilot Business primarily features GitHub Copilot in the coding environment - that is the IDE, CLI and GitHub Mobile. GitHub Copilot Enterprise includes everything in GitHub Copilot Business. It also adds an additional layer of customization for organizations and integrates into GitHub.com as a chat interface to allow developers to converse with Copilot throughout the platform. GitHub Copilot Enterprise can index an organization’s codebase for a deeper understanding of the customer’s knowledge for more tailored suggestions and will offer customers access to fine-tuned custom, private models for code completion. GitHub Copilot Pro is designed for individual developers, freelancers, students, educators, and open source maintainers. The plan includes all the features of GitHub Copilot Business except organizational license management, policy management, and IP indemnity. How can I upgrade my GitHub Copilot Free license to Copilot Pro? If you're on the Free plan, you can upgrade to Pro through your Copilot settings page or directly on the Copilot marketing page . What is included in GitHub Copilot Free? GitHub Copilot Free users are limited to 2000 completions and 50 chat requests (including Copilot Edits). Which plan includes GitHub Copilot Autofix? GitHub Copilot Autofix provides contextual explanations and code suggestions to help developers fix vulnerabilities in code, and is included in GitHub Advanced Security and available to all public repositories. Can users in my organization use Copilot code reviews for their pull requests if they don’t have a Copilot license? Organizations can now enable Copilot code review on all pull requests on github.com—including pull requests from users who are not assigned a Copilot license . This allows you to extend the quality and rich analysis of Copilot code review to all pull requests, regardless of its author, giving you complete coverage and confidence that pull requests have been reviewed. To enable this functionality, an enterprise/org admin must first have Copilot enabled and then enabled two policies. Note : This capability is not supported for Copilot code reviews in VS Code or other IDEs. How am I billed for Copilot code review usage from users without a Copilot license? Usage from non-licensed users is billed directly to your organization as "premium requests" (PRUs) at the standard multiplier rate for Copilot code review. This flexible model allows you to get full review coverage on every PR without needing to purchase a full Copilot seat for non-development contributors who may not need Copilot. Usage from your existing licensed users simply continues to draw from their included monthly allowance as it does today. Is Copilot code review usage from users without a Copilot license enabled by default? How do I control the cost? No. This capability is off by default and gives the enterprise admin control to enable or disable. An admin must explicitly enable two separate policies to activate: ‘Premium request paid usage’ must be enabled to allow enterprises to be charged for premium requests exceeding their included usage. A new Copilot code review policy ( ‘Allow members without a Copilot license to use Copilot code review in github.com’ ) must also be enabled. We encourage admins to set up budgets to control spending on our metered products , especially customers who have not enabled the ‘Premium request paid usage’ policy in the past. You can track all premium request usage in your billing dashboard to monitor and control spending. Privacy What personal data does GitHub Copilot process? GitHub Copilot processes personal data based on how Copilot is accessed and used: whether via GitHub.com, mobile app, extensions, or one of various IDE extensions, or through features like suggestions for the command line interface (CLI), IDE code completions, or personalized chat on GitHub.com. The types of personal data processed may include: User Engagement Data: This includes pseudonymous identifiers captured on user interactions with Copilot, such as accepted or dismissed completions, error messages, system logs, and product usage metrics. Prompts: These are inputs for chat or code, along with context, sent to Copilot's AI to generate suggestions. Suggestions: These are the AI-generated code lines or chat responses provided to users based on their prompts. Feedback Data: This comprises real-time user feedback, including reactions (e.g., thumbs up/down) and optional comments, along with feedback from support tickets. Does GitHub use Copilot Business or Enterprise data to train GitHub’s model? No. GitHub does not use either Copilot Business or Enterprise data to train its models. How does GitHub use the Copilot data? How GitHub uses Copilot data depends on how the user accesses Copilot and for what purpose. Users can access GitHub Copilot through the web, extensions, mobile apps, computer terminal, and various IDEs (Integrated Development Environments). GitHub generally uses personal data to: Deliver, maintain, and update the services as per the customer's configuration and usage, to ensure personalized experiences and recommendations Troubleshoot, which involves preventing, detecting, resolving, and mitigating issues, including security incidents and product-related problems, by fixing software bugs and maintaining the online services' functionality and up-to-dateness Enhance user productivity, reliability, effectiveness, quality, privacy, accessibility, and security by keeping the service current and operational These practices are outlined in GitHub’s Data Protection Agreement ( DPA) , which details our data handling commitments to our data controller customers. GitHub also uses certain personal data with customer authorization under the DPA, for the following purposes: Billing and account management To comply with and resolve legal obligations For abuse detection, prevention, and protection, virus scanning, and scanning to detect violations of terms of service To generate summary reports for calculating employee commissions and partner incentives To produce aggregated reports for internal use and strategic planning, covering areas like forecasting, revenue analysis, capacity planning, and product strategy, For details on GitHub's data processing activities as a controller, particularly for Copilot Pro customers, refer to the GitHub Privacy Statement . How long does GitHub retain Copilot data for Business and Enterprise customers? If and for how long GitHub’s retains Copilot data depends on how a Copilot user accesses Copilot and for what purpose. The default settings for Copilot Business and Enterprise Customers are as follows: Access through IDE for Chat and Code Completions: Prompts and Suggestions: Not retained User Engagement Data: Kept for two years. Feedback Data: Stored for as long as needed for its intended purpose. All other GitHub Copilot access and use: Prompts and Suggestions: Retained for 28 days. User Engagement Data: Kept for two years. Feedback Data: Stored for as long as needed for its intended purpose. Why do some Copilot features retain prompts and suggestions? Retaining prompts and suggestions is necessary for chat on github.com, mobile, and CLI Copilot because those features’ effectiveness depends on using thread history to improve responses. The Copilot model requires access to previous interactions to deliver accurate and relevant suggestions. Does GitHub Copilot support compliance with the GDPR and other data protection laws? Yes. GitHub and customers can enter a Data Protection Agreement that supports compliance with the GDPR and similar legislation. Does GitHub Copilot ever output personal data? While we've designed GitHub Copilot with privacy in mind, the expansive definition of personal data under legislation like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) means we can't guarantee it will never output such data. The Large Language Model (LLM) powering GitHub Copilot was trained on public code and there were instances in our tests where the tool made suggestions resembling personal data. These suggestions were typically synthesized and not tied to real individuals. How does Copilot allow users to access, alter or delete personal data? These actions are available to Copilot users as described in the GitHub Privacy Statement . Responsible AI What are the intellectual property considerations when using GitHub Copilot? The primary IP considerations for GitHub Copilot relate to copyright. The model that powers Copilot is trained on a broad collection of publicly accessible code, which may include copyrighted code, and Copilot’s suggestions (in rare instances) may resemble the code its model was trained on. Here’s some basic information you should know about these considerations: Copyright law permits the use of copyrighted works to train AI models: Countries around the world have provisions in their copyright laws that enable machines to learn, understand, extract patterns, and facts from copyrighted materials, including software code. For example, the European Union, Japan, and Singapore, have express provisions permitting machine learning to develop AI models. Other countries including Canada, India, and the United States also permit such training under their fair use/fair dealing provisions. GitHub Copilot’s AI model was trained with the use of code from GitHub’s public repositories—which are publicly accessible and within the scope of permissible copyright use. What about copyright risk in suggestions? In rare instances (less than 1% based on GitHub’s research), suggestions from GitHub may match examples of code used to train GitHub’s AI model. Again, Copilot does not “look up” or “copy and paste” code, but is instead using context from a user’s workspace to synthesize and generate a suggestion. Our experience shows that matching suggestions are most likely to occur in two situations: (i) when there is little or no context in the code editor for Copilot’s model to synthesize, or (ii) when a matching suggestion represents a common approach or method. If a code suggestion matches existing code, there is risk that using that suggestion could trigger claims of copyright infringement, which would depend on the amount and nature of code used, and the context of how the code is used. In many ways, this is the same risk that arises when using any code that a developer does not originate, such as copying code from an online source, or reusing code from a library. That is why responsible organizations and developers recommend that users employ code scanning policies to identify and evaluate potential matching code. In Copilot, you can opt whether to allow Copilot to suggest code completions that match publicly available code on GitHub.com. For more information, see " Configuring GitHub Copilot settings on GitHub.com ". If you have allowed suggestions that match public code, GitHub Copilot can provide you with details about the matching code when you accept such suggestions. Matching code does not necessarily mean copyright infringement, so it is ultimately up to the user to determine whether to use the suggestion, and what and who to attribute (along with other license compliance) in appropriate circumstances. Does GitHub Copilot include a filtering mechanism to mitigate risk? Yes, GitHub Copilot does include an optional code referencing filter to detect and suppress certain suggestions that match public code on GitHub. GitHub has created a duplication detection filter to detect and suppress suggestions that contain code segments over a certain length that match public code on GitHub. This filter can be enabled by the administrator for your enterprise and it can apply for all organizations within your enterprise, or the administrator can defer control to individual organizations. With the filter enabled, Copilot checks code suggestions for matches or near-matches against public code on GitHub of 65 lexemes or more (on average,150 characters). If there is a match, the suggestion will not be shown to the user. In addition to off-topic, harmful, and offensive output filters, GitHub Copilot also scans the outputs for vulnerable code. Does GitHub Copilot include features to make it easier for users to identify potentially relevant open source licenses for matching suggestions? Yes, GitHub Copilot is previewing a code referencing feature as an additional tool to assist users to find and review potentially relevant open source licenses. Code referencing is currently available in Visual Studio Code. This feature searches across public GitHub repositories for code that matches a Copilot suggestion. If there’s a match, users will find its information displayed in the Copilot console log, including where the match occurred, any applicable licenses, and a deep link to learn more. The deep link will take users to a navigable page on GitHub.com to browse examples of the code match and their repository licenses, and see how many repositories—including ones without licenses—that code appears in, as well as links to those repositories. Copilot users can review this information to determine whether the applicable suggestions are suitable for use, and whether additional measures may be necessary to use them. Who owns the suggestions provided by GitHub Copilot? We don’t determine whether a suggestion is capable of being owned, but we are clear that GitHub does not claim ownership of a suggestion. Whether a suggestion generated by an AI model can be owned depends on many factors (e.g. the intellectual property law in the relevant country, the length of the suggestion, the extent that suggestion is considered ‘functional’ instead of expressive, etc). If a suggestion is capable of being owned, our terms are clear: GitHub does not claim ownership. GitHub does not claim ownership of any suggestion. In certain cases, it is possible for Copilot to produce similar suggestions to different users. For example, two unrelated users both starting new files to code the quicksort algorithm in Java will likely get the same suggestion. The possibility of providing similar suggestions to multiple users is a common part of generative AI systems. Can GitHub Copilot introduce insecure code in its suggestions? Public code may contain insecure coding patterns, bugs, or references to outdated APIs or idioms. When GitHub Copilot synthesizes code suggestions based on this data, it can also synthesize code that contains these undesirable patterns. Copilot has filters in place that either block or notify users of insecure code patterns that are detected in Copilot suggestions. These filters target the most common vulnerable coding patterns, including hardcoded credentials , SQL injections , and path injections . Additionally, in recent years we’ve provided tools such as GitHub Advanced Security, GitHub Actions, Dependabot, and CodeQL to open source projects to help improve code quality. Of course, you should always use GitHub Copilot together with good testing and code review practices and security tools, as well as your own judgment. Is GitHub Copilot intended to fully automate code generation and replace developers? No. Copilot is a tool intended to make developers more efficient. It’s not intended to replace developers, who should continue to apply the same sorts of safeguards and diligence they would apply with regard to any third-party code of unknown origin. The product is called “Copilot” not “Autopilot” and it’s not intended to generate code without oversight. You should use exactly the same sorts of safeguards and diligence with Copilot’s suggestions as you would use with any third-party code. Identifying best practices for use of third party code is beyond the scope of this section. That said, whatever practices your organization currently uses – rigorous functionality testing, code scanning, security testing, etc. – you should continue these policies with Copilot’s suggestions. Moreover, you should make sure your code editor or editor does not automatically compile or run generated code before you review it. Can GitHub Copilot users simply use suggestions without concern? Not necessarily. GitHub Copilot users should align their use of Copilot with their respective risk tolerances. As noted above, GitHub Copilot is not intended to replace developers, or their individual skill and judgment, and is not intended to fully automate the process of code development. The same risks that apply to the use of any third-party code apply to the use of Copilot’s suggestions. Depending on your particular use case, you should consider implementing the protections discussed above. It is your responsibility to assess what is appropriate for the situation and implement appropriate safeguards. You’re entitled to IP indemnification from GitHub for the unmodified suggestions when Copilot’s filtering is enabled. If you do elect to enable this feature, the copyright responsibility is ours, not our customers. As part of our ongoing commitment to responsible AI, GitHub and Microsoft extends our IP indemnity and protection support to our customers who are empowering their teams with GitHub Copilot. See Microsoft's Copilot Copyright Commitment for more details. Does GitHub Copilot support accessibility features? We are conducting internal testing of GitHub Copilot’s ease of use by developers with disabilities and working to ensure that GitHub Copilot is accessible to all developers. Please feel free to share your feedback on GitHub Copilot accessibility in our feedback forum . Does GitHub Copilot produce offensive outputs? GitHub Copilot includes filters to block offensive language in the prompts and to avoid synthesizing suggestions in sensitive contexts. We continue to work on improving the filter system to more intelligently detect and remove offensive outputs. If you see offensive outputs, please report them directly to copilot-safety@github.com so that we can improve our safeguards. GitHub takes this challenge very seriously and we are committed to addressing it. Will GitHub Copilot work as well using languages other than English? Given public sources are predominantly in English, GitHub Copilot will likely work less well in scenarios where natural language prompts provided by the developer are not in English and/or are grammatically incorrect. Therefore, non-English speakers might experience a lower quality of service. What data has GitHub Copilot been trained on? GitHub Copilot is powered by generative AI models developed by GitHub, OpenAI, and Microsoft. It has been trained on natural language text and source code from publicly available sources, including code in public repositories on GitHub. Data from June 2023. Additional research can be found here . Feature in public beta for Copilot Pro and Business plans. Requires use of repositories, issues, discussions, Actions, and other features of GitHub. Authentication with SAML single sign-on (SSO) available for organizations using GitHub Enterprise Cloud. General Plans & pricing Privacy Responsible AI General What is GitHub Copilot? GitHub Copilot transforms the developer experience. Backed by the leaders in AI, GitHub Copilot provides contextualized assistance throughout the software development lifecycle, from code completions and chat assistance in the IDE to code explanations and answers to docs in GitHub and more. With GitHub Copilot elevating their workflow, developers can focus on: value, innovation, and happiness. GitHub Copilot enables developers to focus more energy on problem solving and collaboration and spend less effort on the mundane and boilerplate. That’s why developers who use GitHub Copilot report up to 75% higher satisfaction with their jobs than those who don’t and are up to 55% more productive at writing code without sacrifice to quality, which all adds up to engaged developers shipping great software faster. GitHub Copilot integrates with leading editors, including Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, JetBrains IDEs, and Neovim, and, unlike other AI coding assistants, is natively built into GitHub. Growing to millions of individual users and tens of thousands of business customers, GitHub Copilot is the world’s most widely adopted AI developer tool and the competitive advantage developers ask for by name. Who is eligible to access GitHub Copilot for free? GitHub Copilot Free is a new free pricing tier with limited functionality for individual developers. Users assigned a Copilot Business or Copilot Enterprise seat are not eligible for access. Users with access to Copilot Pro through a paid subscription, trial, or through an existing verified OSS, student, faculty, or MVP account may elect to use Free instead. What languages, IDEs, and platforms does GitHub Copilot support? GitHub Copilot is trained on all languages that appear in public repositories. For each language, the quality of suggestions you receive may depend on the volume and diversity of training data for that language. For example, JavaScript is well-represented in public repositories and is one of GitHub Copilot’s best supported languages. Languages with less representation in public repositories may produce fewer or less robust suggestions. GitHub Copilot is available as an extension in Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, Vim, Neovim, the JetBrains suite of IDEs, and Azure Data Studio. Although code completion functionality is available across all these extensions, chat functionality is currently available only in Visual Studio Code, JetBrains, and Visual Studio. GitHub Copilot is also supported in terminals through GitHub CLI and as a chat integration in Windows Terminal Canary. With the GitHub Copilot Enterprise plan, GitHub Copilot is natively integrated into GitHub.com. All plans are supported in GitHub Copilot in GitHub Mobile. GitHub Mobile for Copilot Pro and Copilot Business have access to Bing and public repository code search. Copilot Enterprise in GitHub Mobile gives you additional access to your organization's knowledge. Does GitHub Copilot “copy/paste”? No, GitHub Copilot generates suggestions using probabilistic determination. When thinking about intellectual property and open source issues, it is critical to understand how GitHub Copilot really works. The AI models that create GitHub Copilot’s suggestions may be trained on public code, but do not contain any code. When they generate a suggestion, they are not “copying and pasting” from any codebase. To generate a code suggestion, the GitHub Copilot extension begins by examining the code in your editor—focusing on the lines just before and after your cursor, but also information including other files open in your editor and the URLs of repositories or file paths to identify relevant context. That information is sent to GitHub Copilot’s model, to make a probabilistic determination of what is likely to come next and generate suggestions. To generate a suggestion for chat in the code editor, the GitHub Copilot extension creates a contextual prompt by combining your prompt with additional context including the code file open in your active document, your code selection, and general workspace information, such as frameworks, languages, and dependencies. That information is sent to GitHub Copilot’s model, to make a probabilistic determination of what is likely to come next and generate suggestions. To generate a suggestion for chat on GitHub.com, such as providing an answer to a question from your chat prompt, GitHub Copilot creates a contextual prompt by combining your prompt with additional context including previous prompts, the open pages on GitHub.com as well as retrieved context from your codebase or Bing search. That information is sent to GitHub Copilot’s model, to make a probabilistic determination of what is likely to come next and generate suggestions. What are the differences between the GitHub Copilot Business, GitHub Copilot Enterprise, and GitHub Copilot Individual plans? GitHub Copilot has multiple offerings for organizations and an offering for individual developers. All the offerings include both code completion and chat assistance. The primary differences between the organization offerings and the individual offering are license management, policy management, and IP indemnity. Organizations can choose between GitHub Copilot Business and GitHub Copilot Enterprise. GitHub Copilot Business primarily features GitHub Copilot in the coding environment - that is the IDE, CLI and GitHub Mobile. GitHub Copilot Enterprise includes everything in GitHub Copilot Business. It also adds an additional layer of customization for organizations and integrates into GitHub.com as a chat interface to allow developers to converse with GitHub Copilot throughout the platform. GitHub Copilot Enterprise can index an organization’s codebase for a deeper understanding of the customer’s knowledge for more tailored suggestions and will offer customers access to fine-tuned custom, private models for code completion. GitHub Copilot Individual is designed for individual developers, freelancers, students, educators, and open source maintainers. The plan includes all the features of GitHub Copilot Business except organizational license management, policy management, and IP indemnity. What data has GitHub Copilot been trained on? GitHub Copilot is powered by generative AI models developed by GitHub, OpenAI, and Microsoft. It has been trained on natural language text and source code from publicly available sources, including code in public repositories on GitHub. Which plan includes GitHub Copilot Autofix? GitHub Copilot Autofix provides contextual explanations and code suggestions to help developers fix vulnerabilities in code, and is included in GitHub Advanced Security . What if I do not want GitHub Copilot? GitHub Copilot is entirely optional and requires you to opt in before gaining access. You can easily configure its usage directly in the editor, enabling or disabling it at any time. Additionally, you have control over which file types GitHub Copilot is active for. How do I control access to GitHub Copilot in my company? Access to Copilot Business and Enterprise is managed by your GitHub Administrator. They can control access to preview features, models, and set GitHub Copilot policies for your organization. Additionally, you can use your network firewall to explicitly allow access to Copilot Business and/or block access to Copilot Pro or Free. For more details, refer to the documentation . Plans & pricing What are the differences between the Free, Pro, Business, and Enterprise plans? GitHub Copilot has multiple offerings for organizations and an offering for individual developers. All the offerings include both code completion and chat assistance. The primary differences between the organization offerings and the individual offering are license management, policy management, and IP indemnity. Organizations can choose between GitHub Copilot Business and GitHub Copilot Enterprise. GitHub Copilot Business primarily features GitHub Copilot in the coding environment - that is the IDE, CLI and GitHub Mobile. GitHub Copilot Enterprise includes everything in GitHub Copilot Business. It also adds an additional layer of customization for organizations and integrates into GitHub.com as a chat interface to allow developers to converse with Copilot throughout the platform. GitHub Copilot Enterprise can index an organization’s codebase for a deeper understanding of the customer’s knowledge for more tailored suggestions and will offer customers access to fine-tuned custom, private models for code completion. GitHub Copilot Pro is designed for individual developers, freelancers, students, educators, and open source maintainers. The plan includes all the features of GitHub Copilot Business except organizational license management, policy management, and IP indemnity. How can I upgrade my GitHub Copilot Free license to Copilot Pro? If you're on the Free plan, you can upgrade to Pro through your Copilot settings page or directly on the Copilot marketing page . What is included in GitHub Copilot Free? GitHub Copilot Free users are limited to 2000 completions and 50 chat requests (including Copilot Edits). Which plan includes GitHub Copilot Autofix? GitHub Copilot Autofix provides contextual explanations and code suggestions to help developers fix vulnerabilities in code, and is included in GitHub Advanced Security and available to all public repositories. Can users in my organization use Copilot code reviews for their pull requests if they don’t have a Copilot license? Organizations can now enable Copilot code review on all pull requests on github.com—including pull requests from users who are not assigned a Copilot license . This allows you to extend the quality and rich analysis of Copilot code review to all pull requests, regardless of its author, giving you complete coverage and confidence that pull requests have been reviewed. To enable this functionality, an enterprise/org admin must first have Copilot enabled and then enabled two policies. Note : This capability is not supported for Copilot code reviews in VS Code or other IDEs. How am I billed for Copilot code review usage from users without a Copilot license? Usage from non-licensed users is billed directly to your organization as "premium requests" (PRUs) at the standard multiplier rate for Copilot code review. This flexible model allows you to get full review coverage on every PR without needing to purchase a full Copilot seat for non-development contributors who may not need Copilot. Usage from your existing licensed users simply continues to draw from their included monthly allowance as it does today. Is Copilot code review usage from users without a Copilot license enabled by default? How do I control the cost? No. This capability is off by default and gives the enterprise admin control to enable or disable. An admin must explicitly enable two separate policies to activate: ‘Premium request paid usage’ must be enabled to allow enterprises to be charged for premium requests exceeding their included usage. A new Copilot code review policy ( ‘Allow members without a Copilot license to use Copilot code review in github.com’ ) must also be enabled. We encourage admins to set up budgets to control spending on our metered products , especially customers who have not enabled the ‘Premium request paid usage’ policy in the past. You can track all premium request usage in your billing dashboard to monitor and control spending. Privacy What personal data does GitHub Copilot process? GitHub Copilot processes personal data based on how Copilot is accessed and used: whether via GitHub.com, mobile app, extensions, or one of various IDE extensions, or through features like suggestions for the command line interface (CLI), IDE code completions, or personalized chat on GitHub.com. The types of personal data processed may include: User Engagement Data: This includes pseudonymous identifiers captured on user interactions with Copilot, such as accepted or dismissed completions, error messages, system logs, and product usage metrics. Prompts: These are inputs for chat or code, along with context, sent to Copilot's AI to generate suggestions. Suggestions: These are the AI-generated code lines or chat responses provided to users based on their prompts. Feedback Data: This comprises real-time user feedback, including reactions (e.g., thumbs up/down) and optional comments, along with feedback from support tickets. Does GitHub use Copilot Business or Enterprise data to train GitHub’s model? No. GitHub does not use either Copilot Business or Enterprise data to train its models. How does GitHub use the Copilot data? How GitHub uses Copilot data depends on how the user accesses Copilot and for what purpose. Users can access GitHub Copilot through the web, extensions, mobile apps, computer terminal, and various IDEs (Integrated Development Environments). GitHub generally uses personal data to: Deliver, maintain, and update the services as per the customer's configuration and usage, to ensure personalized experiences and recommendations Troubleshoot, which involves preventing, detecting, resolving, and mitigating issues, including security incidents and product-related problems, by fixing software bugs and maintaining the online services' functionality and up-to-dateness Enhance user productivity, reliability, effectiveness, quality, privacy, accessibility, and security by keeping the service current and operational These practices are outlined in GitHub’s Data Protection Agreement ( DPA) , which details our data handling commitments to our data controller customers. GitHub also uses certain personal data with customer authorization under the DPA, for the following purposes: Billing and account management To comply with and resolve legal obligations For abuse detection, prevention, and protection, virus scanning, and scanning to detect violations of terms of service To generate summary reports for calculating employee commissions and partner incentives To produce aggregated reports for internal use and strategic planning, covering areas like forecasting, revenue analysis, capacity planning, and product strategy, For details on GitHub's data processing activities as a controller, particularly for Copilot Pro customers, refer to the GitHub Privacy Statement . How long does GitHub retain Copilot data for Business and Enterprise customers? If and for how long GitHub’s retains Copilot data depends on how a Copilot user accesses Copilot and for what purpose. The default settings for Copilot Business and Enterprise Customers are as follows: Access through IDE for Chat and Code Completions: Prompts and Suggestions: Not retained User Engagement Data: Kept for two years. Feedback Data: Stored for as long as needed for its intended purpose. All other GitHub Copilot access and use: Prompts and Suggestions: Retained for 28 days. User Engagement Data: Kept for two years. Feedback Data: Stored for as long as needed for its intended purpose. Why do some Copilot features retain prompts and suggestions? Retaining prompts and suggestions is necessary for chat on github.com, mobile, and CLI Copilot because those features’ effectiveness depends on using thread history to improve responses. The Copilot model requires access to previous interactions to deliver accurate and relevant suggestions. Does GitHub Copilot support compliance with the GDPR and other data protection laws? Yes. GitHub and customers can enter a Data Protection Agreement that supports compliance with the GDPR and similar legislation. Does GitHub Copilot ever output personal data? While we've designed GitHub Copilot with privacy in mind, the expansive definition of personal data under legislation like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) means we can't guarantee it will never output such data. The Large Language Model (LLM) powering GitHub Copilot was trained on public code and there were instances in our tests where the tool made suggestions resembling personal data. The | 2026-01-13T08:48:20 |
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/research-centers/center-for-health-solutions/health-plans-and-payers.html?icid=disidenav_health-plans-and-payers | Health Plans and Payers | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. 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Subscribe Deloitte Insights Newsletters Looking to stay on top of the latest news and trends? With MyDeloitte you'll never miss out on the information you need to lead. Simply link your email or social profile and select the newsletters and alerts that matter most to you. Deloitte Center for Health Solutions Health Plans and Payers Explore research and insights for the health plans and payers sector. --> Articles and multimedia FILTERS Show filters Hide filters CLOSE Topic — Select — APPLY FILTER Industry — Select — APPLY FILTER Type — Select — APPLY FILTER APPLY FILTER SORT Newest to oldest view edit filter(s) clear filter(s) SORT Newest to oldest view No results found. Try removing one of your filters. Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions The Deloitte Center for Health Solutions is your source for perspectives on industry-transforming issues. Explore timely ideas around reshaping health care and life sciences to be more human-centered—because better health care can start with better insight. Learn more Get in touch with our research team Dr. Jay Bhatt Managing Director | Deloitte Services LP – Deloitte Center for Health Solutions and Deloitte Health Institute Dr. Jay Bhatt Managing Director | Deloitte Services LP – Deloitte Center for Health Solutions and Deloitte Health Institute United States Jay Bhatt, DO, MPH, MPA, is a physician executive, geriatrician, and innovator. As managing director of the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions, he directs the research agenda across life sciences and health care, leading to actionable insights for client executives and their teams. jaybhatt@deloitte.com +1 312 486 3679 Wendy Gerhardt Health care research leader Wendy Gerhardt Health care research leader United States Wendy Gerhardt is a research leader with the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions. She is responsible for conducting research to inform health care system stakeholders about emerging trends, challenges, and opportunities. Prior to joining Deloitte, Gerhardt held multiple roles in strategy and planning for a health system and research for health care industry information solutions. wgerhardt@deloitte.com Maulesh Shukla Executive manager Maulesh Shukla Executive manager India Maulesh Shukla is an executive manager with the Deloitte Center for Health Solutions. He has more than 15 years of experience, and his research has covered a wide range of topics in the realm of health plans, as well as hospital and health systems. Shukla’s recent research has focused on the future of health, health equity, and health care financial transformation. mshukla@deloitte.com +1 678 299 7331 My Deloitte Subscribe to receive personalized content Don't miss out on the information you need to lead. Subscribe today. Sign up Already joined? 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