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2026-01-13 08:47:33
2026-01-13 09:30:40
https://dev.to/adventuresinangular/how-we-deploy-our-apps-aia-375#main-content
How we Deploy our Apps - AiA 375 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Adventures in Angular Follow How we Deploy our Apps - AiA 375 Mar 25 '23 play Chuck and Lucas join this week's panelist episode to talk about ways how to deploy applications and some of the past and current services they have used. Chuck takes the lead as he dives into some of his past experiences in deployment. Sponsors Porkbun.com | Angular Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club starting   Educational Links Article by Lucas Paganini Video by Lucas Paganini Promoted Links Web Animations Course:  lucaspaganini.com/web-animations Hire Angular Experts:  unvoid.com Socials YouTube @lucaspaganiniweb LinkedIn @lucaspaganiniweb Twitter @lucaspaganini  Instagram @lucaspaganini TikTok @lucaspaganiniweb Picks Chuck -  The Crew: The Quest for Planet Nine Chuck -  Shokz Official | The Professional Bone Conduction Lucas -  Ultimate Ears Megaboom 3  Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands Privacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/djuleayo
djuleayo - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions djuleayo Building graph-first systems, dynamically constructed parsers. Into DX, and composable automation. I write about real system design problems — not trends Joined Joined on  Jul 25, 2025 Personal website https://www.djuleayo.com github website Education BCS CS Work Lead Software Engineer More info about @djuleayo Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 6 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 7 tags followed Service as Architecture Reversal djuleayo djuleayo djuleayo Follow Jan 12 Service as Architecture Reversal # discuss # architecture # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read Want to connect with djuleayo? Create an account to connect with djuleayo. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Truth of IT, AI and sense djuleayo djuleayo djuleayo Follow Jan 10 Truth of IT, AI and sense # discuss # ai # automation Comments Add Comment 4 min read TS API Spec djuleayo djuleayo djuleayo Follow Dec 20 '25 TS API Spec # tooling # api # typescript # opensource Comments Add Comment 7 min read You Should Not Outsource Your Topological Sort djuleayo djuleayo djuleayo Follow Dec 20 '25 You Should Not Outsource Your Topological Sort # algorithms # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 4 min read Recursive "parser/grammar" type TS metaprogramming djuleayo djuleayo djuleayo Follow Jul 25 '25 Recursive "parser/grammar" type TS metaprogramming Comments Add Comment 3 min read FP vs IP and Microservices vs Monoliths are the same argument djuleayo djuleayo djuleayo Follow Dec 20 '25 FP vs IP and Microservices vs Monoliths are the same argument Comments Add Comment 8 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/2026/
GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what's new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what's new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem & accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects & Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply January Jan 2026 January Jan 2026 Jan.12 Improvement Selectively showing "act on your behalf" warning for GitHub Apps is in public preview ecosystem & accessibility Jan.12 Improvement Controlling who can request apps for your organization is now generally available enterprise management tools Jan.12 Retired Deprecation of user to organization account transformation account management Jan.06 Release Gemini 3 Flash is now available in Visual Studio, JetBrains IDEs, Xcode, and Eclipse copilot Jan.01 Release Reduced pricing for GitHub-hosted runners usage actions Pagination Prev 2026 2025 2024 ... 2018 2026 2025 ... 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. See the GitHub Privacy Statement for more details. Back to top Site-wide Links Product Features Security Enterprise Customer Stories Pricing Resources Platform Developer API Partners Atom Electron GitHub Desktop Support Docs Community Forum Training Status Contact Company About Blog Careers Press Shop © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Manage Cookies Do not share my personal information LinkedIn icon GitHub on LinkedIn Instagram icon GitHub on Instagram YouTube icon GitHub on YouTube X icon GitHub on X TikTok icon GitHub on TikTok Twitch icon GitHub on Twitch GitHub icon GitHub’s organization on GitHub
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://www.11ty.dev/speedlify/
Speedlify Eleventy Leaderboards Return to the Eleventy Documentation . Benchmark web sites Built with Eleventy over time. Created by zachleat . Add your Eleventy site to this list. Deploy your own instance of Speedlify . 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/page/wlh-challenge-v25-07-01-contest-rules
World&#39;s Largest Hackathon Writing Challenge Contest Rules - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close World&#39;s Largest Hackathon Writing Challenge Contest Rules Contest Announcement World's Largest Hackathon Writing Challenge Sponsored by Dev Community Inc.(" Sponsor ") NO ENTRY FEE. NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED. We urge you to carefully read the terms and conditions of this Contest Landing Page located here and the DEV Community Inc. General Contest Official Rules located here ("Official Rules"), incorporated herein by reference. The following contest specific details on this Contest Announcement Page, together with the Official Rules , govern your participation in the named contest defined below (the "Contest"). Sponsor does not claim ownership rights in your Entry. The Official Rules describe the rights you give to Sponsor by submitting an Entry to participate in the named Contest. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Contest Announcement Page and the Official Rules, the Official Rules will govern and control. Contest Name : World's Largest Hackathon Writing Challenge Entry Period : The Contest begins on July 1, 2025 at 9:00 AM PDT and ends on July 31, 2025 at 11:59 PM PDT (the " Entry Period ") How to Enter : All entries must be submitted no later than the end of the Entry Period. You may enter the Contest during the Entry Period as follows: Visit the Contest webpage part of the DEV Community Site located here (the " Contest Page "); and Follow any instructions on the Contest Page and submit your completed entry (each an " Entry "). There is no limit on the number of Entries you may submit during the Entry Period. Required Elements for Entries : Without limiting any terms of the Official Rules, each Entry must include, at a minimum, the following elements: A published submission post on DEV using the submission template provided. Judging Criteria : All qualified entries will be judged by a panel as selected by Sponsor as set forth in the Official Rules. Judges will award one winner to each prompt based on the following criteria: Style and Presentation Clarity Originality In the event of a tie in scoring between judges, the judges will select the entry that received the highest number of positive reactions on their DEV post to determine the winner. In the event that a participant may win two or more prompts, and the submissions are a tie, we will favor the participant that has not already won a prompt. Prize(s) : The prizes to be awarded from the Contest are as follows: Prompt Winner (3) will receive: DEV++ Membership Exclusive DEV Badge Participant Winner (who submits a valid and qualified entry) will receive: A completion badge on their DEV profile 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://www.suprsend.com/smtp-error-solution/smtp-error-422-solution-causes-and-error-message-syntax-in-your-email-server
SMTP Error 422 Solution, Causes and Error Message Syntax in Your Email Server Product FEATURES Template Engine Powerful template editors for all channels App Inbox Fully customizable inbox for your app &amp; website Analytics Deep data insights on notification performance Logs Real-time notifications logs for all channels Smart Routing Reach users where they are Branding Seamlessly manage multi-brand customization Workflows Craft complex notification workflows Bifrost Run notifications natively on data warehouse Preferences Develop user focused notifications Integrations Integrate any channel and provider within mins Solutions BY USECASES Transactional Real-time alerts like authentication, activity updates Batching &amp; Digest Aggregate multiple alerts into one Collaboration &amp; Action Alerts on cross-user activity Scheduled Notifications One-time or recurring alerts like reminders Multi-tenant Alerts tailored to your customer&#x27;s preferences Announcement / Newsletters Feature releases, achievements, product &amp; policy updates Pricing Docs Customers Blog Login Get Started For Free Login Sign up SMTP Error 422 What causes this error and solutions TABLE OF CONTENTS SMTP Error 422 is a permanent or &quot;5xx&quot; error code returned by a mail server, indicating the rejection of an email message due to the recipient&#x27;s mailbox or account being over quota or exceeding storage limits. This error denotes that the recipient&#x27;s mailbox cannot accept new messages until the storage issue is resolved. What&#x27;s Causing This Error? SMTP Error 422 can be attributed to various factors, including: Server Congestion: The mail server handling a high volume of incoming email traffic, causing delays in processing new messages. Greylisting: Some mail servers employ greylisting as a spam-fighting technique. Initially, an unknown sender&#x27;s email may be rejected with a 420 error, requiring the sending server to retry after a delay for acceptance. Temporary Server Issues: Server hardware, software problems, network issues, or other transient factors can lead to SMTP Error 422. How to Resolve SMTP Error 422 - Step-by-Step Solution: To address SMTP Error 422, follow these steps: Contact the Recipient: If encountering SMTP Error 422 while sending an email to a specific recipient, reach out to them through an alternative method (e.g., phone) and inform them of the storage issue. The recipient needs to free up space in their mailbox. Archive or Delete Emails: The recipient can alleviate storage issues by archiving or deleting old emails, especially large attachments or unnecessary messages. Increase Mailbox Storage: Contact the email provider or administrator to request an increase in mailbox storage capacity if persistent storage issues occur. Empty the Trash or Deleted Items Folder: Ensure that the recipient empties the &quot;trash&quot; or &quot;deleted items&quot; folder to free up space. SMTP Error 422 Examples: &quot;422 4.2.2 Mailbox over quota. Unable to accept new messages until space is freed up.&quot; &quot;422 5.7.0 Mailbox storage limit exceeded. Archive or delete old emails to resolve.&quot; &quot;422 5.2.3 Recipient&#x27;s mailbox is full. Contact recipient to clear space for new emails.&quot; SMTP Error 422 in phpmailer Instances &amp; Examples: Case 1: &quot;SMTP Error 422 - Server congestion in phpmailer.&quot; Case 2: &quot;SMTP Error 422 - Greylisting issue in phpmailer.&quot; Case 3: &quot;SMTP Error 422 - Temporary server issues in phpmailer.&quot; SMTP Error 422 in Jenkins Instances &amp; Examples: Case 1: &quot;SMTP Error 422 - Server congestion in Jenkins.&quot; Case 2: &quot;SMTP Error 422 - Greylisting issue in Jenkins.&quot; Case 3: &quot;SMTP Error 422 - Temporary server issues in Jenkins.&quot; ‍ Say Goodbye to all SMTP Errors in Development SuprSend eliminates the need to build and configure email servers from scratch, ensuring you steer clear of SMTP errors. Here&#x27;s how SuprSend would work for your application, building a reliable notification system. Get Started For Free Share this blog on: Written by: Sanjeev Kumar Engineering, SuprSend Get a powerful notification engine with SuprSend Build smart notifications across channels in minutes with a single API and frontend components Get started for free Say Goodbye to all SMTP Errors in Development SuprSend eliminates the need to build and configure email servers from scratch, ensuring you steer clear of SMTP errors. Here&#x27;s how SuprSend would work for your application, building a reliable notification system. Get Started For Free More to explore Error: SMTP is not working on the server Error: Suddenlink SMTP Server Not Working Error - SMTP not working in python Error: SMTP mail not Working  Error: SMTP Error Could not authenticate SMTP Connect Error 10060  SMTP Error from Remote Mail Server After End of Data SMTP Error: Data Not Accepted SMTP Error 554 SMTP Error 553 Implement a powerful stack for your notifications Get Started For Free Book Demo Company About us Signup Login Integrations Pricing Security Privacy Terms Contact Us Support SuprSend for Startups API Status Sign Up Channels Email SMS Notification Inbox Android Push iOS Push Web Push Xiaomi Push Whatsapp SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Android SDK React Native SDK iOS SDK Flutter SDK Go SDK Resources Documentation Changelog Blogs Write for us SMTP Error Codes SMS Providers Comparisons Email Providers Comparisons SMS Providers Alternatives Join us on Slack We are building a community of developers and product builders from across the globe to make notifications a pleasant experience. © 2025 All rights reserved. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/2026/?label=copilot
GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what&#039;s new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Copilot Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects &amp; Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply January Jan 2026 January Jan 2026 Jan.06 Release Gemini 3 Flash is now available in Visual Studio, JetBrains IDEs, Xcode, and Eclipse copilot Pagination Prev 2026 2025 2024 ... 2018 2026 2025 ... 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. See the GitHub Privacy Statement for more details. Back to top Site-wide Links Product Features Security Enterprise Customer Stories Pricing Resources Platform Developer API Partners Atom Electron GitHub Desktop Support Docs Community Forum Training Status Contact Company About Blog Careers Press Shop &copy; 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Manage Cookies Do not share my personal information LinkedIn icon GitHub on LinkedIn Instagram icon GitHub on Instagram YouTube icon GitHub on YouTube X icon GitHub on X TikTok icon GitHub on TikTok Twitch icon GitHub on Twitch GitHub icon GitHub’s organization on GitHub
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/2026/?label=ecosystem-and-accessibility
GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what&#039;s new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects &amp; Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply January Jan 2026 January Jan 2026 Jan.12 Improvement Selectively showing &quot;act on your behalf&quot; warning for GitHub Apps is in public preview ecosystem &amp; accessibility Pagination Prev 2026 2025 2024 ... 2018 2026 2025 ... 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. See the GitHub Privacy Statement for more details. Back to top Site-wide Links Product Features Security Enterprise Customer Stories Pricing Resources Platform Developer API Partners Atom Electron GitHub Desktop Support Docs Community Forum Training Status Contact Company About Blog Careers Press Shop &copy; 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Manage Cookies Do not share my personal information LinkedIn icon GitHub on LinkedIn Instagram icon GitHub on Instagram YouTube icon GitHub on YouTube X icon GitHub on X TikTok icon GitHub on TikTok Twitch icon GitHub on Twitch GitHub icon GitHub’s organization on GitHub
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/page/ai-agents-intensive-course-writing-challenge-contest-rules
AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Contest Rules - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Contest Rules Contest Announcement AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Sponsored by Dev Community Inc.(" Sponsor ") NO ENTRY FEE. NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED. We urge you to carefully read the terms and conditions of this Contest Landing Page located here and the DEV Community Inc. General Contest Official Rules located here ("Official Rules"), incorporated herein by reference. The following contest specific details on this Contest Announcement Page, together with the Official Rules , govern your participation in the named contest defined below (the "Contest"). Sponsor does not claim ownership rights in your Entry. The Official Rules describe the rights you give to Sponsor by submitting an Entry to participate in the named Contest. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Contest Announcement Page and the Official Rules, the Official Rules will govern and control. Contest Name : AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Entry Period : The Contest begins on November 10, 2025 at 9:00 AM PST and ends on December 7, 2025 December 14, 2025 at 11:59 PM PST (the " Entry Period ") How to Enter : All entries must be submitted no later than the end of the Entry Period. You may enter the Contest during the Entry Period as follows: Visit the Contest webpage part of the DEV Community Site located here (the " Contest Page "); and Follow any instructions on the Contest Page and submit your completed entry (each an " Entry "). There is no limit on the number of Entries you may submit during the Entry Period. Required Elements for Entries : Without limiting any terms of the Official Rules, each Entry must include, at a minimum, the following elements: A published submission post on DEV that follows the submission template provided on the Contest Page. Participants must be enrolled in or have participated in the 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Course with Google and Kaggle (November 10-14, 2025). Judging Criteria : All qualified entries will be judged by a panel as selected by Sponsor as set forth in the Official Rules. Judges will award one winner to the prompt based on the following criteria: Style and Presentation Clarity Originality In the event of a tie in scoring between judges, the judges will select the entry that received the highest number of positive reactions on their DEV post to determine the winner. Prize(s) : The prizes to be awarded from the Contest are as follows: Prompt Winner (1) will receive: Exclusive DEV Badge 6-month DEV++ Membership Participants (who submit a valid and qualified entry) will receive: A completion badge on their DEV profile 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/ruizb/declarative-vs-imperative-4a7l#when-to-use-declarative-code
Declarative vs imperative - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Oct 7, 2021 &bull; Edited on Apr 9, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Table of contents Introduction Making a chocolate cake Some examples When to use declarative code Conclusion Introduction Functional Programming is a declarative programming paradigm, in contrast to imperative programming paradigms. Declarative programming is a paradigm describing WHAT the program does, without explicitly specifying its control flow. Imperative programming is a paradigm describing HOW the program should do something by explicitly specifying each instruction (or statement) step by step, which mutate the program's state. This "what vs how" is often used to compare both of these approaches because... Well, it is actually a good way to describe them. Granted, at the end of the day, everything compiles to instructions for the CPU. So in a way, declarative programming is a layer of abstraction on top of imperative programming. At some point, the state of the program must be changed in order for things to happen, and these changes can only occur with instructions moving data from one location (cache, memory, hard drive...) to another. But we are not here to talk about low-level programming, so let's focus on high-level languages instead. The transformation from declarative to "imperative code" is generally made by engines, interpreters, or compilers. For example, SQL is a declarative language. When using the SELECT * FROM users WHERE id &lt;= 100 query, we are expressing (or declaring ) what we want: the first 100 users ever registered in the database. The way how these rows are retrieved is completely delegated to the SQL engine: can it use an index to accelerate the query? Should/Can it use multiple CPU cores to finish earlier? From a developer's point of view, we have no idea how these data are actually retrieved. And we don't really care, unless we are investigating some performance issues. All we care about is telling the program what data we want to retrieve, and not how to do it. The engine/compiler is smart enough to find the most optimal way to do that anyway. For languages that use a declarative paradigm (e.g. Haskell, SQL), this "underlying imperative world" is abstracted/hidden to the developers. It is something we don't have to worry about. For languages that are multi-paradigms (e.g. JavaScript, Scala), there is still the possibility to write imperative code. This allows us to write declarative code based on imperative code that we wrote ourselves. This can be useful to support FP features that are not built-into the language for example, or just to make the code more "declarative", which makes it more readable and understandable, in my opinion. The imperative code is abstracted by the declarative one, which is the one used by the developers to actually write the software. The imperative part becomes an implementation detail of the software. Making a chocolate cake Let's take an example from the real world: we would like to make a chocolate cake. How would that look like with these 2 paradigms? The imperative way First, turn on the oven to preheat it at 180°C. Next, add flour, sugar, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt to a large bowl, then stir the mixture with a paddle. Then, add milk, vegetable oil, eggs and vanilla extract to the mixture, and mix together on medium speed until well combined. Distribute the cake batter evenly in a large cake pan, then bake it for approx. 30 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven with a pot holder, let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, remove the cake from the pan with the tapping method, and frost it evenly with chocolate frosting. The declarative way You have to preheat the oven to 180 °C. You have to mix dry ingredients in a bowl. Once dry ingredients are mixed, you have to add wet ingredients to the mixture, and mix together to form the cake batter. Once the oven and batter are ready, you have to put the batter in a pan, then bake it for 30 minutes. Once baked, you have to remove the pan from the oven and let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, you have to remove the cake from the pan, and frost it. Ready? Go! Analysis In the imperative way, we are told what to do, and more importantly how to do it: use a large bowl, mix with a paddle, mix at medium speed, use a large pan, distribute batter evenly, remove pan with a pot holder, use the tapping method, frost evenly. These details are great when actually making a cake, especially as a beginner. But when describing how to make one, on a "higher level" of abstraction, we don't need all these information. Furthermore, we are actually doing something at each step, i.e. we are changing the world around us, step by step. If we choose to stop at an intermediate step, then we basically "wasted" all the tools and ingredients from the previous steps. In the declarative way, we are told what we will have to do to make the cake. Nothing actually happens until the last step, i.e. the world doesn't change until we have reached the 7th step. In other words, we are preparing all the steps in advance, then at the very end, we are doing what was described. How do we perform the actions described in these steps though? It's abstracted: all the "how" parts are provided as later as possible, between the "Ready?" and "Go!", either by the developer (for multi-paradigms languages) or by the engine/compiler. For example, this is where the binding between "remove the pan from the oven" and "using a pot holder" is done. We could also bind it to "using the pan handle", without changing the definition of the 5th step. Some examples Let's say we want to double every value of a given list of numbers. There are plenty of ways to iterate over a list and transform each of its elements in JavaScript: Declarative: recursive function, or functions already available such as the map and reduce methods of arrays Imperative: for loop, while loop To demonstrate that imperative code can be abstracted by declarative code, we could use a for loop and hide it inside a transformEachElement function: // "hidden" in a utils/helper/whatever module, or library-like function transformEachElement &lt; A , B &gt; ( elements : A , action : ( element : A ) =&gt; B ): B [] { const result = [] for ( let i = 0 ; i &lt; elements . length : i ++ ) { result . push ( action ( elements [ i ])) } return result } // What do we want? Double each number of a given list const res = transformEachElement ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], n =&gt; n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But we could use map directly as it's already declarative, and widely known for this type of use case: const res = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. map ( n =&gt; n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here is another example, where we want to target the text from an element of a web page. This element's location is a few levels down in the elements hierarchy (called the DOM tree). The twist is that each of these elements may not exist in practice. So, each time we progress by one node in the tree, we have to check if the next node is available or not. The imperative way could look like this: function getMainTitle (): string | null { const main = document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) if ( main !== null ) { const title = main . querySelector ( ' .title ' ) if ( title !== null ) { const text = title . querySelector &lt; HTMLElement &gt; ( ' .title-text ' ) if ( text !== null ) { return text . innerText } else { return null } } else { return null } } else { return null } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is pretty verbose, and the more depth there is to reach an element, the bigger the pyramid of doom gets. Additionally, we have leaked an implementation detail : a node that doesn't exist has the value null . It could have been undefined , or 'nothing' , or something else entirely. The point is that we have to understand that null is the magic value expressing the absence of an element in the tree here. It should not be necessary to know that to understand what this function does. Here is a more declarative approach: const main : Option &lt; Element &gt; = Option ( document . getElementById ( ' main ' )) function getTitle ( main : Element ): Option &lt; Element &gt; { return Option ( main . querySelector ( ' .title ' )) } function getTitleText ( title : " Element): Option&lt;HTMLElement&gt; { " return Option ( title . querySelector &lt; HTMLElement &gt; ( ' .title-text ' ) ) } function getMainTitle (): Option &lt; string &gt; { return main . flatMap ( getTitle ) . flatMap ( getTitleText ) . map ( text =&gt; text . innerText ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this second version, all we care about is accessing an element in the tree, where each intermediate element could be missing. In other words, we have written "what" to do in order to access the element containing the text we are looking for. This supposes that we have access to some Option data structure in our code base. There are plenty of articles available on the Internet that talk about this Option (also known as Maybe ) data type. Essentially, it allows us to express the possible absence of a value, transform it if the value is available, and combine it with other possible missing values, all that in a declarative way. In fact, this data type is so useful that some languages already provide it in their standard library (e.g. Scala, Haskell, F#), even the more mature ones (e.g. Optional in Java, C++). The flatMap and map terms may seem "mystical" at this point. We will talk about them by the end of this series, in the article about algebraic data structures and type classes. In functional programs, you will often encounter these functions or their equivalent, depending on the language: map is also known as fmap , lift , &lt;$&gt; flatMap is also known as bind , chain , &gt;&gt;= A couple of years ago (Dec. 2019), the optional operator proposal reached stage 4 in the EcmaScript specification, used for both JavaScript and TypeScript. This allows us to greatly simplify the code from above, without relying on any library: function getMainTitle (): string | null { return document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) ?. querySelector ( ' .title ' ) ?. querySelector &lt; HTMLElement &gt; ( ' .title-text ' ) ?. innerText } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This still "leaks" the fact that either null or undefined values should be used to mark an element as missing, but it is still way more expressive than the first imperative version from earlier. When to use declarative code This section applies only to muli-paradigms languages. Obviously, if you are using a functional language such as Haskell, you are always using declarative code. So, it is possible to make imperative code look like declarative code, to some extent. In such case, I would suggest isolating the imperative parts from the rest of the code base, to make sure developers use the "declarative" functions instead. In multi-paradigms languages, the scale between declarative and imperative is not a clear black/white separation, but rather multiple shades of grey. It is up to us to determine which shade is the best for our projects and teams. Here is a non-exhaustive list of pros and cons for each of these approaches, based on my experience: Declarative Pros Cons Better readability and understanding of the code More lines of code, where a potential bug could hide Better control over the actual execution of the changes to the world Potential loss of performance, due to more memory allocation and intermediate function calls Longer debugging, due to bigger stack traces Developers are usually less comfortable with this way of programming Imperative Pros Cons Less code overall, as there is no need to wrap imperative code inside declarative functions More time taken to read and understand what the code does Shorter debugging, due to smaller stack traces But harder debugging overall, due to state mutations and "less-controlled" changes to the world Developers are usually more comfortable with this way of programming Since code is destined to be read and understood by human beings, I think it is a good practice to use more declarative programming in our softwares. Sometimes, performance is critical and requires the use of imperative programming (we are talking about multi-paradigms languages here). In such cases, comments and documentation are crucial to understand the code base. Otherwise, some exceptions put aside, code should be self-explanatory through good naming and declarative steps , and should not require comments to understand it well. For strictly-declarative languages such as Haskell and SQL, the compiler/engine makes the best optimizations possible; so there is no need (and no way anyway) to write imperative code to improve performance. Conclusion In this article, I tried to illustrate (with some examples) the difference between these 2 approaches, and the advantages of the declarative way. The biggest benefit is making the code more readable and understandable. Misunderstanding the responsibility of some part of the code base is one of the most common reasons why bugs are introduced in the first place. It is also one of the reasons why adding improvements and features takes more time, as we need to first understand what the code does before making any changes. Functional Programming is about expressing "what" we want to do with data, but not actually doing anything until the very last moment. Doing something requires changing state and running statements. These parts are handled by engines/interpreters/compilers, since they know "how" to efficiently do "what" we wrote in the code base. It is not a requirement to fully understand this way of writing code, because it will come naturally the more functional code you write. By going through the articles of this series, you will see that declarative programming is ubiquitous, despite not being mentioned explicitly. Thank you for reading this far! As always, feel free to leave a comment if need be. The next article will talk about pure functions and referential transparency. See you there! Special thanks to Tristan Sallé for reviewing the draft of this article. Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Pictures made with Excalidraw . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Greg Greg Greg Follow JS one Love, and u 2, honey (: Location Volgograd, Russia (*silently crying*) Work I haven&#39;t -_- at Jobless incorporated Joined Jan 3, 2020 &bull; May 15 &#39;23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article, thanks! A small nerd remark: the examples with DOM are good for illustration purposes, but not very correct in a practical way - you can just use the magic of css selectors and it will be enough function getMainTitle(): string | null { return document.querySelector('#main .title .title-text')?.innerText ?? null } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Follow Joined May 28, 2022 &bull; May 28 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually, SQL is indeed imperative, not declarative. When you say "SELECT this and that such that bla bla bla", you're giving instructions. You're instructing to "select" (according to certain condition), and to "select" is an action. A true declarative statement would be one expressed, for example, in first order logic. Taking on your example, where you select all the users such that their ids are &lt; 100, in first order logic it would be: {x / x ∈ users and x.id &lt; 100} That's a true declarative statement. You're saying: this is the set of persons whose ids are below to 100. You're telling the WHAT, not the HOW. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Max Pixel Max Pixel Max Pixel Follow Location Los Angeles Work Principal System Architect at Freeform Labs, Inc. Joined Jun 2, 2019 &bull; Aug 4 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Aug 4 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed, and the second cake recipe is also still imperative. This would be the declarative version: "Dry Ingredients" means flour + sugar + cocoa powder + baking soda, as a roughly homogeneous mixture. "Batter" means Dry Ingredients + milk + vegetable oil + eggs + vanilla extract, as a well-combined mixture. "Panned Batter" means a large cake pan containing Batter. "Cooked Chocolate Cake" means the result of Panned Batter being in a 180°C oven for 30 minutes.* "Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake" means Cooked Chocolate Cake that is less than 32°C and not in a pan. "Chocolate Cake" means Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake that is has an even coating of chocolate frosting on it. * Keeping "30 minutes" verges on becoming imperative. A more declarative approach to this particular part would be to specify a final moisture content, weight, or other means of determining doneness. Perhaps it would be more declarative yet to format those steps with a more functional syntax, omitting the intermediate labels like "Batter", and using parentheses as necessary to delimit order-relevant groups. Or perhaps that would just more "functional", and equally as declarative. I think we must admit that that there is a gradient, rather than a binary distinction, between declarative and imperative programming. The most extreme end of declarativism would be to describe the chemical structures and physical composition of the final cake, and leave it at that. But that furthest end of the declarativism gradient is achievable only in small scenarios. {x / x ∈ users and x.id &lt; 100} is useless if users are never created (they certainly didn't exist before the big bang, and aren't timeless constructs like gravity) - in the grand scheme of things, derivation is going to need to be involved, so the program as a whole cannot be as declarative as that one snippet (the formation of users must occur before the formation of the query result). Some amount of ordering and verb choice will either be important to the author of an application, or required by the engine. Ultimately, declarative programming is not about removing all traces of ordering &amp; verb choice from programming, but rather, it's about removing the need for incidental and inevitable ordering &amp; verb choice from programming. What can be considered incidental or inevitable depends on the engine that evaluates the program - some chefs may implicitly know that the cake's temperature should be below the frosting's fat's melting point before it is frosted, while others need a hint. Like comment: Like comment: 6 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Follow Joined Sep 18, 2021 &bull; Apr 18 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice explanation. Thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; kevon217 kevon217 kevon217 Follow Joined Jun 18, 2022 &bull; Dec 8 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Dec 8 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great breakdown and examples of the distinctions! Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Arshiya Arshiya Arshiya Follow Joined Jun 26, 2024 &bull; Jul 27 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Follow Dad❤️ Content Creator Web developer 🅰️ngular ➡️(javascript) ©️SS ♓️〒♏️⎣  Joined Feb 12, 2022 &bull; Oct 17 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about my version of the same: Declarative vs imperative Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; T S Ajeet T S Ajeet T S Ajeet Follow Code Blooded Location Pune, India Education NIT Trichy Work Citi Joined Mar 5, 2022 &bull; Jul 1 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent read! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Follow A true dev enthusiast, they live and breathe the digital realms, immersing themselves in virtual adventures with unwavering passion. From epic RPGs to intense multiplayer battles, their skills are Joined Sep 11, 2024 &bull; Sep 13 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Extraordinary breakdown and instances of the qualifications! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala&#39;s for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/djuleayo/service-as-architecture-reversal-2gli
Service as Architecture Reversal - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse djuleayo Posted on Jan 12 &bull; Originally published at e3690c49.personalpage-ahl.pages.dev on Jan 12 Service as Architecture Reversal # architecture # discuss # webdev Service as Architecture Reversal Link to heading In the early internet, the intent was simple: distribute textual files with minimal markup. To support this, a client–server architecture was adopted. The naming was not accidental. A server served . The client was the master . The server could not act unless requested. It could not speak unless spoken to. This asymmetry was a core design principle of the internet. Today, our intuition feels inverted. We scroll. We are notified. We are fed. It feels as if we are no longer the masters of the system, but its dependents. How did this reversal happen? Capability Link to heading A service exposes a capability. Take a barber. A haircut is a convenience — until you cannot cut your own hair. At that point, convenience becomes dependency. The moment you lose capability, the service becomes a control surface . This is exactly what happened to software. Software as a Service is an architectural reversal : instead of software serving on request, access to capability itself is mediated. You no longer act directly. You must go through the service. Control Surfaces Link to heading Consider a simple example: taking a screenshot in WhatsApp. You own the hardware. The hardware is capable. The action is legal. You want to do it. Yet you cannot. The application forbids it. And who grants the application that authority? The operating system. This is the root. Modern operating systems increasingly allow applications to define rules over hardware you own. Capability is no longer assumed — it is granted. A second example is even more revealing: offline functionality . Your computer is powerful enough to edit documents, organize files, or process data locally. Yet many tools refuse to function without an internet connection. Not because computation is impossible — but because capability has been relocated behind a service boundary. When the network disappears, so does your ability to act. The Reversal Link to heading Most people will never modify an operating system. They will never build tools. They will accept the service. And so the architecture completes its reversal. The system that was meant to serve becomes a gatekeeper. The user that was meant to command becomes dependent. This is not a conspiracy. It is the cumulative result of convenience traded for capability. Resolution Link to heading The loss of freedom did not begin with surveillance or advertising. It began earlier — with the quiet removal of user capability. The way forward is not rejecting services. It is refusing to confuse convenience with ownership . Use services where they save time. Avoid them where they become gates. Prefer tools that work locally. Prefer systems that degrade gracefully. Prefer architectures where capability exists before permission. Because in the end, whoever holds capability holds agency. Freedom didn’t disappear when we were watched. It disappeared when we stopped being capable. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse djuleayo Follow Building graph-first systems, dynamically constructed parsers. Into DX, and composable automation. I write about real system design problems — not trends Education BCS CS Work Lead Software Engineer Joined Jul 25, 2025 More from djuleayo You Should Not Outsource Your Topological Sort # algorithms # architecture # computerscience 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/page/assemblyai-challenge-v25-07-16-contest-rules
AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge Contest Rules - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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The Official Rules describe the rights you give to Sponsor by submitting an Entry to participate in the named Contest. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Contest Announcement Page and the Official Rules, the Official Rules will govern and control. Contest Name : AssemblyAI Challenge Entry Period : The Contest begins on July 16, 2025 at 7:00 AM PDT and ends on July 27, 2025 at 11:59 PM PDT (the " Entry Period ") How to Enter : All entries must be submitted no later than the end of the Entry Period. You may enter the Contest during the Entry Period as follows: Visit the Contest webpage part of the DEV Community Site located here (the " Contest Page "); and Follow any instructions on the Contest Page and submit your completed entry (each an " Entry "). There is no limit on the number of Entries you may submit during the Entry Period. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://coderabbit.ai/startup-program
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/ruizb/what-is-functional-programming-3cn0
What is Functional Programming? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Sep 10, 2021 &bull; Edited on Sep 16, 2021 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; What is Functional Programming? # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Functional Programming is a declarative programming paradigm where developers write software by: Composing pure functions, While avoiding mutable data and shared state, And pushing side-effects to the edge of the program. Don't worry about all these terms for now, I'll explain them later in this series, with dedicated articles. Hmmm... Ok sure, but what is a "paradigm", and what does declarative mean? A programming paradigm is a way to classify a programming language based on some features. Basically, a programming paradigm is a way to write programs . Some languages use only 1 paradigm, while others can use multiple paradigms. For example, Haskell uses a single paradigm: functional programming. JavaScript uses multiple paradigms, as we can write programs using procedural programming, "object-oriented" programming (OOP for short), functional programming, or even reactive programming. For single paradigm languages, since there's only 1 way of writing programs, it's easy to "stay on the track". For multi-paradigms languages, it's harder to stay on the same track, as the frontier between 2 paradigms depends solely on the developer writing the program. One piece of the software can be written in FP, while the other can be written in OOP. Both pieces can coexist, as long as the code is adapted to jump from one way to the other. This flexibility can be both a good and a bad thing, but we won't cover this topic here. I think it's important to say that FP is not a replacement for object-oriented programming, or any other paradigm whatsoever. It's just a different way of writing programs, which comes with some advantages we'll see in the next article. Well that covers the paradigm part, what about the declarative part? I won't go into many details here since I've planned on writing an article about declarative vs imperative code, later in this series. In a nutshell, declarative programming is a style of building the structure and elements of a program by describing what the program does, and not how it does it (that's the imperative way). A declarative program expresses the logic of a computation ("what") whereas an imperative program expresses the steps to perform a computation, explicitly ("how"). Don't worry if this is still blurry, we'll cover this part more thoroughly later. Requirement All languages are not born equal. There is actually one requirement for writing FP code: functions must be first-class citizens of the language. First-class what now? A first-class citizen is an entity of the language that supports the following operations: Storing the entity in a variable Passing the entity as an argument of a function Returning the entity when calling a function Let's take an example: are functions first-class citizens in JavaScript? Can they* be stored in variables? Yes. Can they be passed as arguments of other functions? Yes. Can they be returned when calling other functions? Yes. Therefore, functions are first-class citizens in JavaScript, meaning we can write FP programs using this language. * Small detail: we are not talking about the functions directly here, but rather their references. If the language you use every day fulfills this requirement, then you can definitely implement some - if not all - of the concepts and tools we'll talk about in this series. If that's not the case (e.g. Java &lt; 8), then you can still learn through this series, but you probably won't be able to play with these concepts in your favorite language. And there's nothing better than some practice to actually learn new things. Last but not least, Functional Programming comes with some "restrictions" that are better enforced with a compiler. So my recommendation would be to use a programming language that has a compiler that offers static typing. You can still write FP programs in JavaScript - an interpreted language - for example, but you won't benefit from the greatness provided by a typed language such as TypeScript. Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Andrew011002 Andrew011002 Andrew011002 Follow Joined Dec 17, 2023 &bull; Jan 8 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I really appreciate this post. I’ve never* typed a line of JavaScript or TypeScript and your examples were clear alongside your explanations when defining declarative and imperative programming. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala&#39;s for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/archdemondeveloper/roman-numerals-in-go-the-self-correcting-one-pass-trick-43oh#comments
Roman Numerals in Go: The Self‑Correcting One‑Pass Trick - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Archdemon Posted on Dec 17, 2025 Roman Numerals in Go: The Self‑Correcting One‑Pass Trick # programming # go # learning # algorithms Today we’ll look at a classic interview problem: converting a Roman numeral to an integer . To be honest, this is not something most of us use in real life. In 10+ years of programming, I haven’t needed it once. But it does show up in interviews, and more importantly, it’s a great problem for learning how to reason about algorithms instead of memorising tricks. Let’s take it step by step. Understanding the Problem You’re given a string made up of Roman numeral characters: I, V, X, L, C, D, M Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each character has a fixed numeric value: I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000 Your task is simple: Convert the Roman numeral string into its integer value. The problem guarantees that: the input is always valid you don’t need to worry about malformed Roman numerals That lets us focus entirely on the logic. A Straightforward (Brute‑Force) Approach The most natural way to solve this is to lean directly on the Roman numeral rules. Some pairs are special : IV = 4 IX = 9 XL = 40 XC = 90 CD = 400 CM = 900 Everything else is just addition. So a brute‑force approach looks like this: Walk through the string from left to right If the current character and the next character form a subtractive pair, add that value and skip both Otherwise, add the value of the current character and move on This works. It’s clear. And for this problem, it’s completely acceptable. But there’s a small cost: you have to explicitly encode all subtractive pairs you need lookahead ( i + 1 ), which adds branching and edge checks At this point, it’s reasonable to pause and ask: Can we do this in a single pass, without treating some cases as special? That question leads to a more interesting solution. The Core Idea Here’s the idea we’ll build everything on: Always add. Correct only when proven wrong. Roman numerals follow two simple rules: Values normally add If a smaller value appears before a larger one, the smaller value should be subtracted Examples: VI = 5 + 1 = 6 IV = 5 − 1 = 4 XL = 50 − 10 = 40 Instead of handling these cases up front, we’ll assume everything adds — and fix things only when we realise that assumption was wrong. Pause for a Moment Before looking at code, stop here and think about this question: If I always add values, how would I undo a mistake when I later discover that a value should have been subtracted? Keep that question in mind. The answer is the key to the whole solution. The Invariant (This Is Everything) The algorithm relies on one simple invariant: At the start of each iteration, the running total already includes the previous symbol exactly once. Everything that follows is just a consequence of that statement. Why the Correction Works Let’s walk through a concrete example: "XL" . Step 1: 'X' Value = 10 There is no previous symbol yet We add 10 Running total: 10 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Nothing to fix. Step 2: 'L' Value = 50 The previous value was 10 According to Roman rules, that 10 should have been subtracted But here’s the important part: We already added 10 in the previous step. To correct this, we need to: remove the earlier +10 apply -10 instead That’s a net change of: -2 * previous_value Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode So the update becomes: current_value - 2 * previous_value Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Which gives: 50 - 2*10 = 30 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Add that to the running total: 10 + 30 = 40 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Correct. Why We Subtract the Previous Value This part is subtle and important. We are not correcting the total . We are correcting the contribution of the previous symbol . previous is just the numeric value of the symbol we saw last the running total already includes it once That’s why this line works even on the first iteration: current - 2*previous Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When previous is 0 , there’s nothing to correct. The Code (Go) Once the idea is clear, the code becomes very straightforward. func romanToInt ( s string ) int { num , prev := 0 , 0 for _ , r := range s { curr := val ( r ) if curr &lt;= prev { num += curr } else { num += curr - 2 * prev } prev = curr } return num } func val ( r rune ) int { switch r { case 'I' : return 1 case 'V' : return 5 case 'X' : return 10 case 'L' : return 50 case 'C' : return 100 case 'D' : return 500 case 'M' : return 1000 } return 0 } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why This Is a Good Interview Solution Single pass O(1) extra space No lookahead No special cases More importantly, it demonstrates that you can: maintain a clear invariant make simple assumptions correct them cleanly when new information appears One‑Sentence Mental Model “I always add the current value. If I later realise the previous value should have been subtracted, I undo it by subtracting it twice.” If that sentence makes sense, the solution will always make sense. Final Thoughts This problem isn’t really about Roman numerals. It’s about writing algorithms that: start with a simple assumption stay linear and readable correct themselves when needed Once you see it that way, the 2 * previous no longer feels clever, it feels inevitable. Final Thought My goal here was to help you actually understand why this algorithm works and not just walk away with something to memorize. Once that idea clicks, implementing it in your favorite language becomes a fun little exercise. If this helped you see the problem differently, feel free to share it with someone who might enjoy the same “aha” moment. And if you have questions, feedback, or a different mental model altogether, drop a comment. Those conversations are half the fun. Happy coding 👋 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Archdemon Follow I am a software dev with 10+ years of backend dev experience. I program in Java professionally, and learning Go currently. I also have experience working on GCP. Location Hyderabad, India Education University of Nottingham Work Lead Software Developer Joined Jan 19, 2024 More from Archdemon Majority Element: Easy Problem, Sneaky Insight # programming # go # learning # algorithms 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/ruizb/introduction-179d
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Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Sep 10, 2021 &bull; Edited on May 1, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Introduction # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Hello and welcome! Today I'm introducing a new series about Functional Programming, or FP for short. Functional Programming is an amazing world, but it can be quite challenging to walk on these lands and learn its concepts without feeling overwhelmed. At least that's how I felt when I discovered this paradigm. When trying to learn FP, one of the first walls we bump into is the vocabulary . Functor, monad, algebraic data types, referential transparency, side-effects, higher-kinded types. All these buzzwords sounded mystical to me. It took some time (several years actually) to learn what they mean, how I could use them, and what were the relationships that tight them together. Although there are quite a lot of articles about functors, monads, and the likes, I think there is still a lack of content regarding all the "surroundings". More specifically, there are root concepts that are essential and used everywhere when doing FP. In this series, I will try my best at introducing and explaining the following: What is FP, and why we should learn and use it Function composition and higher-order functions Declarative vs imperative Side-effects Function purity and referential transparency Data immutability Function currying, partial application and tacit programming Parametric polymorphism (aka "generics") Inversion of control Algebraic Data Types (ADTs) Kinds and higher-kinded types (HKTs) A word on category and set theories Algebraic structures and type classes Bonus (possibly): map filter reduce, tagless final, optics, transducers I will not talk about (or maybe briefly) functors, monads, applicatives, etc. as I believe there is already a lot of great material out there explaining these great tools. Hopefully by the end of this series, you will have all the means necessary to walk on these lands peacefully. Who am I? Before diving into the subject, let me tell you about my experience with FP, and what you can expect from the quality and depth of this series. My adventure began about 4 years ago, in 2017. I am still climbing the learning curve, I haven't mastered this paradigm. Though, I don't feel like I'm at the bottom anymore, which is nice. I have been applying these concepts in TypeScript and Scala for the past years, as they are the main languages I have been using. I have seen the limitations of TypeScript compared to Scala or Haskell for example. Nonetheless, it is still possible to do FP in TypeScript, although it may feel less natural than with a language that has built-in FP concepts. I have read a lot of articles and blog posts, and I still do. These are mainly the ones that helped me in this journey: Composing Software by Eric Elliott Mostly Adequate Guide to Functional Programming by Brian Lonsdorf, aka DrBoolean John De Goes' blog Fantas, Eel, and Specification by Tom Harding James Sinclair's blog I started reading Category Theory for Programmers (Scala Edition) by Bartosz Milewski a few years ago, although I never finished the book. I stopped at around 30%. I would not advise reading this book at the beginning of the journey. As the book name suggests, there is a lot of theory in these pages! That being said, once you have grasped the main concepts, it is definitely a good book to dive deeper into the essential "components" that make FP possible. Since my learning revolves mainly around TypeScript/JavaScript and Scala, the examples I will share will be written in these languages. However, this should not be an issue as the majority of these concepts are language-agnostic and can be implemented, or applied, in pretty much any language. So, as you see, I am not some FP guru. I am still not able to write Haskell code like it's child's play. Some of my explanations may be incomplete, or partially wrong. If that is the case then please leave a comment so I can learn and fix these mistakes. I may lack some formality in my explanations, though I think it is better to present these concepts in a more informal way , if one wants to convince people to learn and try FP. I hope this series will help you dip a toe in the water, and convince you that Functional Programming is not that mystical after all! Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala&#39;s for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#parsing
Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#2-what-happens-internally-when-executing-a-python-program
Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
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https://dev.to/fromaline/jsxelement-vs-reactelement-vs-reactnode-2mh2#-raw-reactnode-endraw-
JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nick Posted on Feb 14, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode # beginners # javascript # react # webdev React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode These three types usually confuse novice React developers. It seems like they are the same thing, just named differently. But it's not quite right. JSX.Element vs ReactElement Both types are the result of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. They are both objects with: type props key a couple of other "hidden" properties, like ref, $$typeof, etc ReactElement ReactElement type is the most basic of all. It's even defined in React source code using flow! // ./packages/shared/ReactElementType.js export type ReactElement = { | $ $typeof : any , type : any , key : any , ref : any , props : any , // ReactFiber _owner : any , // __DEV__ _store : { validated : boolean , ...}, _self : React$Element &lt; any &gt; , _shadowChildren : any , _source : Source , | }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This type is also defined in DefinitelyTyped package . interface ReactElement &lt; P = any , T extends string | JSXElementConstructor &lt; any &gt; = string | JSXElementConstructor &lt; any &gt;&gt; { type : T ; props : P ; key : Key | null ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode JSX.Element It's more generic type. The key difference is that props and type are typed as any in JSX.Element . declare global { namespace JSX { interface Element extends React . ReactElement &lt; any , any &gt; { } // ... } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This gives flexibility in how different libraries implement JSX. For example, Preact has its own implementation with different API . ReactNode ReactNode type is a different thing. It's not a return value of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. const Component = () =&gt; { // Here it's ReactElement return &lt; div &gt; Hello world! &lt;/ div &gt; } // Here it's ReactNode const Example = Component (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode React node itself is a representation of the virtual DOM. So ReactNode is the set of all possible return values of a component. type ReactChild = ReactElement | ReactText ; type ReactFragment = {} | Iterable &lt; ReactNode &gt; ; interface ReactPortal extends ReactElement { key : Key | null ; children : ReactNode ; } type ReactNode = | ReactChild | ReactFragment | ReactPortal | boolean | null | undefined ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What to use for children ? Generally speaking, ReactNode is the correct way to type the children prop. It gives the most flexibility while maintaining the proper type checking. But it has a caveat, because ReactFragment allows a {} type. const Item = ({ children }: { children : ReactNode }) =&gt; { return &lt; li &gt; { children } &lt;/ li &gt;; } const App = () =&gt; { return ( &lt; ul &gt; // Run-time error here, objects are not valid children! &lt; Item &gt; { {} } &lt;/ Item &gt; &lt;/ ul &gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode P.S. Follow me on Twitter for more content like this! React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 &bull; Feb 14 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Check out React+Typescript Cheatsheets for more info. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Follow Joined May 23, 2019 &bull; Jul 3 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide But in React 18 intrinsic property of children won't work for FC from react. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 More from Nick 10 Must-Have Tools for Every Developer in 2023 # ai # chatgpt # webdev # tooling My dream habit tracker # javascript # vue # pocketbase # webdev How do React Fragments work under the hood? # javascript # react # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/alexsergey/css-modules-vs-css-in-js-who-wins-3n25#cons
CSS Modules vs CSS-in-JS. Who wins? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sergey Posted on Mar 11, 2021 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; CSS Modules vs CSS-in-JS. Who wins? # webdev # css # javascript # react Introduction In modern React application development, there are many approaches to organizing application styles. One of the popular ways of such an organization is the CSS-in-JS approach (in the article we will use styled-components as the most popular solution) and CSS Modules. In this article, we will try to answer the question: which is better CSS-in-JS or CSS Modules ? So let's get back to basics. When a web page was primarily set for storing textual documentation and didn't include user interactions, properties were introduced to style the content. Over time, the web became more and more popular, sites got bigger, and it became necessary to reuse styles. For these purposes, CSS was invented. Cascading Style Sheets. Cascading plays a very important role in this name. We write styles that lay like a waterfall over the hollows of our document, filling it with colors and highlighting important elements. Time passed, the web became more and more complex, and we are facing the fact that the styles cascade turned into a problem for us. Distributed teams, working on their parts of the system, combining them into reusable modules, assemble an application from pieces, like Dr. Frankenstein, stitching styles into one large canvas, can get the sudden result... Due to the cascade, the styles of module 1 can affect the display of module 3, and module 4 can make changes to the global styles and change the entire display of the application in general. Developers have started to think of solving this problem. Style naming conventions were created to avoid overlaps, such as Yandex's BEM or Atomic CSS. The idea is clear, we operate with names in order to get predictability, but at the same time to prevent repetitions. These approaches were crashed of the rocks of the human factor. Anyway, we have no guarantee that the developer from team A won't use the name from team C. The naming problem can only be solved by assigning a random name to the CSS class. Thus, we get a completely independent CSS set of styles that will be applied to a specific HTML block and we understand for sure that the rest of the system won't be affected in any way. And then 2 approaches came onto the stage to organize our CSS: CSS Modules and CSS-in-JS . Under the hood, having a different technical implementation, and in fact solving the problem of atomicity, reusability, and avoiding side effects when writing CSS. Technically, CSS Modules transforms style names using a hash-based on the filename, path, style name. Styled-components handles styles in JS runtime, adding them as they go to the head HTML section (&lt;head&gt;). Approaches overview Let's see which approach is more optimal for writing a modern web application! Let's imagine we have a basic React application: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import ' ./App.css ' ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( &lt; div className = "title" &gt; React application title &lt;/ div &gt; ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode CSS styles of this application: .title { padding : 20px ; background-color : #222 ; text-align : center ; color : white ; font-size : 1.5em ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The dependencies are React 16.14 , react-dom 16.14 Let's try to build this application using webpack using all production optimizations. we've got uglified JS - 129kb separated and minified CSS - 133 bytes The same code in CSS Modules will look like this: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import styles from ' ./App.module.css ' ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( &lt; div className = { styles . title } &gt; React application title &lt;/ div &gt; ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode uglified JS - 129kb separated and minified CSS - 151 bytes The CSS Modules version will take up a couple of bytes more due to the impossibility of compressing the long generated CSS names. Finally, let's rewrite the same code under styled-components: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import styles from ' styled-components ' ; const Title = styles . h1 ` padding: 20px; background-color: #222; text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 1.5em; ` ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( &lt; Title &gt; React application title &lt;/ Title &gt; ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode uglified JS - 163kb CSS file is missing The more than 30kb difference between CSS Modules and CSS-in-JS (styled-components) is due to styled-components adding extra code to add styles to the &lt;head&gt; part of the HTML document. In this synthetic test, the CSS Modules approach wins, since the build system doesn't add something extra to implement it, except for the changed class name. Styled-components due to technical implementation, adds dependency as well as code for runtime handling and styling of &lt;head&gt;. Now let's take a quick look at the pros and cons of CSS-in-JS / CSS Modules. Pros and cons CSS-in-JS cons The browser won't start interpreting the styles until styled-components has parsed them and added them to the DOM, which slows down rendering. The absence of CSS files means that you cannot cache separate CSS. One of the key downsides is that most libraries don't support this approach and we still can't get rid of CSS. All native JS and jQuery plugins are written without using this approach. Not all React solutions use it. Styles integration problems. When a markup developer prepares a layout for a JS developer, we may forget to transfer something; there will also be difficulty in synchronizing a new version of layout and JS code. We can't use CSS utilities: SCSS, Less, Postcss, stylelint, etc. pros Styles can use JS logic. This reminds me of Expression in IE6, when we could wrap some logic in our styles (Hello, CSS Expressions :) ). const Title = styles . h1 ` padding: 20px; background-color: #222; text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 1.5em; ${ props =&gt; props . secondary &amp;&amp; css ` background-color: #fff; color: #000; padding: 10px; font-size: 1em; ` } ` ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When developing small modules, it simplifies the connection to the project, since you only need to connect the one independent JS file. It is semantically nicer to use &lt;Title&gt; in a React component than &lt;h1 className={style.title}&gt;. CSS Modules cons To describe global styles, you must use a syntax that does not belong to the CSS specification. :global ( .myclass ) { text-decoration : underline ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Integrating into a project, you need to include styles. Working with typescript, you need to automatically or manually generate interfaces. For these purposes, I use webpack loader: @teamsupercell/typings-for-css-modules-loader pros We work with regular CSS, it makes it possible to use SCSS, Less, Postcss, stylelint, and more. Also, you don't waste time on adapting the CSS to JS. No integration of styles into the code, clean code as result. Almost 100% standardized except for global styles. Conclusion So the fundamental problem with the CSS-in-JS approach is that it's not CSS! This kind of code is harder to maintain if you have a defined person in your team working on markup. Such code will be slower, due to the fact that the CSS rendered into the file is processed in parallel, and the CSS-in-JS cannot be rendered into a separate CSS file. And the last fundamental flaw is the inability to use ready-made approaches and utilities, such as SCSS, Less and Stylelint, and so on. On the other hand, the CSS-in-JS approach can be a good solution for the Frontend team who deals with both markup and JS, and develops all components from scratch. Also, CSS-in-JS will be useful for modules that integrate into other applications. In my personal opinion, the issue of CSS cascading is overrated. If we are developing a small application or site, with one team, then we are unlikely to encounter a name collision or the difficulty of reusing components. If you faced with this problem, I recommend considering CSS Modules, as, in my opinion, this is a more optimal solution for the above factors. In any case, whatever you choose, write meaningful code and don't get fooled by the hype. Hype will pass, and we all have to live with it. Have great and interesting projects, dear readers! Top comments (30) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; dastasoft dastasoft dastasoft Follow Senior Software Engineer Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Feb 17, 2020 &bull; Mar 12 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide One pro of CSS, the hot reload is instant when you just change CSS, with CSS in JS the project is recompiled. For CSS-in-JS I find easier to reuse that code in a React Native project. My personal conclusion is that we are constantly trying to avoid CSS but at the end of the day, CSS will stay here forever. Great article btw! Like comment: Like comment: 25 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; GreggHume GreggHume GreggHume Follow A developer who works with and on some of the worlds leading brands. My company is called Cold Brew Studios, see you out there :) Joined Mar 10, 2021 &bull; Mar 9 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Mar 9 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I ran into issues with css modules that styled components seemed to solve. But i ran into issues with styled components that I wouldn't have had with plain scss. So some things to think about: Styled components is a lot more overhead because all the styled components need to be complied into stylesheets and mounted to the head by javascript which is a blocking language. On SSR styled components get compiled into a ServerStyleSheet that then hydrate the react dom tree in the browser via the context api. So even then the mounting of styles only happens in the browser but the parsing of styles happens on the server - that is still a performance penalty and will slow down the page load. In some cases I had no issues with styled components but as my site grew and in complex cases I couldn't help but feel like it was slower, or didn't load as smoothly... and in a world where every second matters, this was a problem for me. Here is an article doing benchmarks on CSS vs CSS in JS: pustelto.com/blog/css-vs-css-in-js... I use nextjs, it is a pity they do not support component level css and we are forced to use css modules or styled components... where as with Nuxt component level scss is part of the package and you have the option on how you want the sites css to bundled - all in one file, split into their own files and some other nifty options. I hope nextjs sharped up on this. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Follow 🕊 Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Software Developer Joined Feb 18, 2021 &bull; Jun 22 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Jun 22 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A big tip that might help. Why not use SCSS and unique classNames: For example create a unique container className (name of the component) and nest all the other classNames under that unique container className. .home-page-guest { .nav {} .main {} .footer {} } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode &lt; div className = " home-page-guest " &gt; &lt; div className = " nav " /&gt; &lt; div className = " main " /&gt; &lt; div className = " footer " /&gt; &lt; /div &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 &bull; Sep 15 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I bet you did Greg Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Hank Queston Hank Queston Hank Queston Follow Work CTO at Bonfire Joined May 25, 2021 &bull; May 25 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I agreed, CSS Modules make a lot more sense to me over Styled Components, always have! Like comment: Like comment: 7 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Comment deleted Collapse Expand &nbsp; Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 &bull; Apr 23 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide @Petar Kokev If something I learned from this years of working with React and other projects is that the correct library for project isn't the correct library for another. So the mos important think that we need to do is select the tools, libraries and technologies that fit better to the current project. In this case you can't use Styled-components on sites that require a good SEO, becouse the mos important think here is the SEO and you cant sacrify it. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; thedev1232 thedev1232 thedev1232 Follow tech enthusiast - code to the nuts Location sanjose Work Senior dev Manager at self Joined Oct 26, 2020 &bull; Mar 31 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about having to deal with libraries like Material UI with next js? I have an issue to decide whether to use just makeStyles function or should we use styled components? My main concern is code longevity and maintenance without any issues Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Will Farley Will Farley Will Farley Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 &bull; Jan 24 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide My big issues with styled components is they are deeply coupled with your code. I've opted to use emotion's css utility exclusively and instructed my team to avoid using any of the styled component features. We've loved it but this was a few years ago. For newer projects I'm going with the css modules design. Also why does anyone care about sass anymore? With css variables and the css nesting module in the specification, you get the best parts of sass with vanilla css. The other features are just overkill for a css-module that should represent a single react component and thus nothing :global . Complicated sass directives and stuff are just overkill. Turn it into a react component and don't make any crazy css systems. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Follow 🕊 Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Software Developer Joined Feb 18, 2021 &bull; Mar 23 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Same I was trying to revamp my personal site, I discovered that I would have to rewrite alot of things, and then I later gave up. I would advice css modules are the way to go, and it greatly helps with SEO. And in teams using SC, naming becomes an issue because some people don't know how to name components and you have to scroll around, just to check if a component is a h1 tag 🤮 CACHEing I can't stress this enough, for enterprise in-house apps it doesn't really matter, but for everyday consumer-essentric apps CACHEing should not be overlooked Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 &bull; Sep 15 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Matty Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Will Farley Will Farley Will Farley Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 &bull; Jan 24 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can still have a top-level css file that isn't a css module for global stuff Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Petar Kolev Petar Kolev Petar Kolev Follow Senior Software Engineer with React &amp;&amp; TypeScript Location Bulgaria Work Senior Software Engineer @ alkem.io Joined Nov 27, 2019 &bull; Sep 10 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It is not true that with styled-components one can't use scss syntax, etc. styled-components supports it. Like comment: Like comment: 6 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Eduard Eduard Eduard Follow Taxation is robbery Joined Oct 25, 2019 &bull; Mar 28 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about css-in-js frameworks like material-ua, chakra-ui and others? In my opinion, they dramatically speed up development. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 &bull; Apr 23 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In my personal opinion I see Styled Components more for a Single Page Aplications where the SEO isn't important and is unecessary to cache css files. In the case of static web site or a site that must have a good SEO the Module-Css is better. @greggcbs My recomendation is to use code splitting if you have problem with the performans when you use Styled-Components in your project, in order to avoid brign all code in the first load of the site. Good article @sergey Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 &bull; Sep 15 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Jess Rodriguez celly Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Gass Gass Gass Follow hi there 👋 Email g.szada@gmail.com Location Budapest, Hungary Education engineering Work software developer @ itemis Joined Dec 25, 2021 &bull; Apr 25 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Apr 25 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good post. I've been using CSS modules for a short time now and I like it. Allows everything to be nicely compartmentalized. I also like that it gives more freedom to name classes in smaller chunks of CSS code. Instead of using it like so: {styles.my_class} I preffer {s.my_class} makes the code looks nicer and more concise. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Mario Iliev Mario Iliev Mario Iliev Follow Joined Jun 14, 2023 &bull; Jun 14 &#39;23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm sorry but it seems that you don't have much experience with Styled Components. "And the last fundamental flaw is the inability to use ready-made approaches and utilities, such as SCSS, Less and Stylelint, and so on." Not a single thing here is true. SCSS is the original syntax of the package, you can use Stylelint as well. There are a lot more "pros" which are not listed here. By working with JS you are opened to another world. I'll list some more "pros" from the top of my head: consume and validate your theme colors as pure JS object consume state/props and create dynamic CSS out of it you have plugins which can be a live savers in cases like RTL (right to left orientation). Whoever had to support an app/website with RTL will be magically saved by this plugin. You can create custom plugins to fix various problems, or make your own linting in your team project. you don't think about CSS class names and collision. I prefer to be focused on thinking about variable names in my JS only and not spending effort in the CSS as well when you break your visual habits you will realise that's it's easier to have your CSS in your JS file just the way you got used to have your HTML in your JS file (React) In these days CSS has become a monster. You have inheritance, mixins, variables, IF statements, loops etc. Sure they can be useful somewhere but I'm pretty sure that most of you just need to center that div. So in my personal opinion we should strive to keep CSS as simpler as possible (as with everything actually) and I think that Styled Components are kind of pushing you to do exactly that. Don't re-use CSS, re-use components! The only global things you should have are probably just the color theme and animations. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Annie-Huang Annie-Huang Annie-Huang Follow Joined Mar 14, 2021 &bull; Feb 16 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Couldn't agree more on the last two bullet points~~ Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; DrBeehre DrBeehre DrBeehre Follow Location New Zealand Work Software Engineer at Self-Employed Joined Nov 10, 2020 &bull; Mar 14 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is awesome! I'm quite new to Web dev in particular and when starting a new project, I've often wondered which approach is better as I could see pros and cons to both, but I never found the time to dig in. Thanks for pulling all this together into a concise blog post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (30 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sergey Follow Joined Nov 18, 2020 More from Sergey Mastering the Dependency Inversion Principle: Best Practices for Clean Code with DI # webdev # javascript # typescript # programming Rockpack 2.0 Official Release # react # javascript # webdev # showdev Project Structure. Repository and folders. Review of approaches. # javascript # react # webdev # codenewbie 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/adventuresinangular/standalone-components-with-marek-panti-aia-364#main-content
Standalone Components With Marek Panti - AiA 364 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Adventures in Angular Follow Standalone Components With Marek Panti - AiA 364 Jan 5 &#39;23 play Marek Panti is an Angular developer at UNIQA Insurance Group AG. He joins the panel to talk about his article, "Angular Standalone Components". Standalone components simplify the process of creating Angular applications. He explains how he was able to come up with the idea for his article. About This Episode Advantages of Standalone Components Maintaining Angular Apps in the long run On YouTube Standalone Components With Marek Panti - AiA 364 Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club starting with Clean Architecture by Robert C. Martin Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Links Angular standalone components Web Animations Course Hire Web Development Experts:  unvoid.com LinkedIn: Marek Panti Picks Lucas -  Logi Tune software to customize Logitech hardware Marek -  Remarkable Subrat -  Deno — A modern runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands Privacy &amp; Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/page/2/
GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what&#039;s new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects &amp; Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply January Jan 2026 January Jan 2026 Jan.12 Improvement Selectively showing &quot;act on your behalf&quot; warning for GitHub Apps is in public preview ecosystem &amp; accessibility Jan.12 Improvement Controlling who can request apps for your organization is now generally available enterprise management tools Jan.12 Retired Deprecation of user to organization account transformation account management Jan.06 Release Gemini 3 Flash is now available in Visual Studio, JetBrains IDEs, Xcode, and Eclipse copilot Jan.01 Release Reduced pricing for GitHub-hosted runners usage actions Pagination Prev 2026 2025 2024 ... 2018 2026 2025 ... 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. See the GitHub Privacy Statement for more details. Back to top Site-wide Links Product Features Security Enterprise Customer Stories Pricing Resources Platform Developer API Partners Atom Electron GitHub Desktop Support Docs Community Forum Training Status Contact Company About Blog Careers Press Shop &copy; 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Manage Cookies Do not share my personal information LinkedIn icon GitHub on LinkedIn Instagram icon GitHub on Instagram YouTube icon GitHub on YouTube X icon GitHub on X TikTok icon GitHub on TikTok Twitch icon GitHub on Twitch GitHub icon GitHub’s organization on GitHub
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/fromaline/jsxelement-vs-reactelement-vs-reactnode-2mh2#what-to-use-for-raw-children-endraw-
JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nick Posted on Feb 14, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode # beginners # javascript # react # webdev React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode These three types usually confuse novice React developers. It seems like they are the same thing, just named differently. But it's not quite right. JSX.Element vs ReactElement Both types are the result of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. They are both objects with: type props key a couple of other "hidden" properties, like ref, $$typeof, etc ReactElement ReactElement type is the most basic of all. It's even defined in React source code using flow! // ./packages/shared/ReactElementType.js export type ReactElement = { | $ $typeof : any , type : any , key : any , ref : any , props : any , // ReactFiber _owner : any , // __DEV__ _store : { validated : boolean , ...}, _self : React$Element &lt; any &gt; , _shadowChildren : any , _source : Source , | }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This type is also defined in DefinitelyTyped package . interface ReactElement &lt; P = any , T extends string | JSXElementConstructor &lt; any &gt; = string | JSXElementConstructor &lt; any &gt;&gt; { type : T ; props : P ; key : Key | null ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode JSX.Element It's more generic type. The key difference is that props and type are typed as any in JSX.Element . declare global { namespace JSX { interface Element extends React . ReactElement &lt; any , any &gt; { } // ... } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This gives flexibility in how different libraries implement JSX. For example, Preact has its own implementation with different API . ReactNode ReactNode type is a different thing. It's not a return value of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. const Component = () =&gt; { // Here it's ReactElement return &lt; div &gt; Hello world! &lt;/ div &gt; } // Here it's ReactNode const Example = Component (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode React node itself is a representation of the virtual DOM. So ReactNode is the set of all possible return values of a component. type ReactChild = ReactElement | ReactText ; type ReactFragment = {} | Iterable &lt; ReactNode &gt; ; interface ReactPortal extends ReactElement { key : Key | null ; children : ReactNode ; } type ReactNode = | ReactChild | ReactFragment | ReactPortal | boolean | null | undefined ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What to use for children ? Generally speaking, ReactNode is the correct way to type the children prop. It gives the most flexibility while maintaining the proper type checking. But it has a caveat, because ReactFragment allows a {} type. const Item = ({ children }: { children : ReactNode }) =&gt; { return &lt; li &gt; { children } &lt;/ li &gt;; } const App = () =&gt; { return ( &lt; ul &gt; // Run-time error here, objects are not valid children! &lt; Item &gt; { {} } &lt;/ Item &gt; &lt;/ ul &gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode P.S. Follow me on Twitter for more content like this! React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 &bull; Feb 14 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Check out React+Typescript Cheatsheets for more info. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Follow Joined May 23, 2019 &bull; Jul 3 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide But in React 18 intrinsic property of children won't work for FC from react. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 More from Nick 10 Must-Have Tools for Every Developer in 2023 # ai # chatgpt # webdev # tooling My dream habit tracker # javascript # vue # pocketbase # webdev How do React Fragments work under the hood? # javascript # react # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/hb
Henry Boisdequin - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Henry Boisdequin Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Joined Joined on  Oct 12, 2020 Email address boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com github website Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close Show all 19 badges More info about @hb Skills/Languages 🗣️ - Javascript, Typescript, HTML/CSS, Python, SQL, Rust 🔧 - React, PostgreSQL, GraphQL, Tensorflow, Next.js, Node.js, Bash Commands, Tokio Currently learning DevOps, Rust, Rocket, Diesel, Advanced Git, Systems Programming Currently hacking on stonks - stock CLI tool, rust-lang/rust - working on improving Rust error messages, vsreivew - code review from VSCode Available for Partnerships, projects, questions, and more! Post 30 posts published Comment 289 comments written Tag 15 tags followed Pin Pinned 7 Fullstack Projects You Need to Make in 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 8 &#39;21 7 Fullstack Projects You Need to Make in 2021 # javascript # node # python # beginners 2511  reactions Comments 70  comments 3 min read 30 Programming YouTubers You Need to Subscribe To Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow May 25 &#39;23 30 Programming YouTubers You Need to Subscribe To # python # javascript # productivity # learning 23  reactions Comments 3  comments 4 min read Want to connect with Henry Boisdequin? Create an account to connect with Henry Boisdequin. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in How to Come Back From Burnout Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow May 19 &#39;23 How to Come Back From Burnout # mentalhealth # learning # coding # beginners 133  reactions Comments 26  comments 5 min read Programming Again After 2 Years... | Mental Health &amp; Burn Out Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow May 15 &#39;23 Programming Again After 2 Years... | Mental Health &amp; Burn Out # mentalhealth # programming # coding 9  reactions Comments 4  comments 1 min read 10 Advanced Projects to Build in 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 28 &#39;21 10 Advanced Projects to Build in 2021 # productivity # systems # career # c 272  reactions Comments 32  comments 5 min read Cargo (Rust Package Manager) Cheatsheet Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 26 &#39;21 Cargo (Rust Package Manager) Cheatsheet # todayilearned # rust # beginners # tooling 21  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Weekly Update #3 - 24th Jan 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 24 &#39;21 Weekly Update #3 - 24th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # opensource # git 10  reactions Comments 3  comments 2 min read How to Fetch a Web API with Rust 🦀 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 18 &#39;21 How to Fetch a Web API with Rust 🦀 # rust # webdev # tutorial # beginners 71  reactions Comments 7  comments 5 min read Weekly Update #2 - 17th Jan 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 17 &#39;21 Weekly Update #2 - 17th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # git 8  reactions Comments 2  comments 2 min read Snake Case vs Camel Case Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 15 &#39;21 Snake Case vs Camel Case # discuss # healthydebate # python # javascript 21  reactions Comments 23  comments 1 min read Top 5 IDEs/Code Editors for Web Development Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 14 &#39;21 Top 5 IDEs/Code Editors for Web Development # productivity # git # webdev # javascript 49  reactions Comments 30  comments 4 min read Rust: Initial thoughts Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 12 &#39;21 Rust: Initial thoughts # discuss # rust # devjournal # security 41  reactions Comments 24  comments 4 min read Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 10 &#39;21 Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # svelte 12  reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read My 2021 Learning Plan Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Jan 6 &#39;21 My 2021 Learning Plan # javascript # python # webdev # bash 221  reactions Comments 19  comments 2 min read 10 Fun APIs to Use For Your Next Project Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 30 &#39;20 10 Fun APIs to Use For Your Next Project # todayilearned # javascript # webdev # productivity 2107  reactions Comments 71  comments 4 min read The Best Holiday Themed Codepens Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 24 &#39;20 The Best Holiday Themed Codepens # watercooler # javascript # codepen # css 16  reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Python Developer Roadmap in 2021 🗺 Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 23 &#39;20 Python Developer Roadmap in 2021 🗺 # python # productivity # beginners # codenewbie 281  reactions Comments 10  comments 2 min read 30 Machine Learning, AI, &amp; Data Science Project Ideas Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Dec 21 &#39;20 30 Machine Learning, AI, &amp; Data Science Project Ideas # python # machinelearning # datascience # beginners 243  reactions Comments 3  comments 4 min read Where do you get your icons? 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Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Oct 23 &#39;20 Time to stop using REST... # javascript # graphql # api # programming 63  reactions Comments 18  comments 4 min read Top 10 VSCode Extensions as a Web Developer Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Oct 17 &#39;20 Top 10 VSCode Extensions as a Web Developer # vscode # productivity # webdev # programming 158  reactions Comments 11  comments 4 min read The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Oct 12 &#39;20 The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free # webdev # react # javascript # programming 130  reactions Comments 2  comments 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://gist.github.com/AlexanderKaran/666d7a80e92b7f87c4f81f47211a6145?ref=apisyouwonthate.com
AWS Lambda Example · GitHub Skip to content --> Search Gists Search Gists All gists Back to GitHub Sign in Sign up Sign&nbsp;in Sign&nbsp;up You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. Dismiss alert {{ message }} Instantly share code, notes, and snippets. AlexanderKaran / http_lambda.js Created January 6, 2022 12:27 Show Gist options Download ZIP Star 0 ( 0 ) You must be signed in to star a gist Fork 0 ( 0 ) You must be signed in to fork a gist Embed Select an option Embed Embed this gist in your website. Share Copy sharable link for this gist. Clone via HTTPS Clone using the web URL. No results found Learn more about clone URLs Clone this repository at &amp;lt;script src=&amp;quot;https://gist.github.com/AlexanderKaran/666d7a80e92b7f87c4f81f47211a6145.js&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt; Save AlexanderKaran/666d7a80e92b7f87c4f81f47211a6145 to your computer and use it in GitHub Desktop. Code Revisions 1 Embed Select an option Embed Embed this gist in your website. Share Copy sharable link for this gist. Clone via HTTPS Clone using the web URL. No results found Learn more about clone URLs Clone this repository at &amp;lt;script src=&amp;quot;https://gist.github.com/AlexanderKaran/666d7a80e92b7f87c4f81f47211a6145.js&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt; Save AlexanderKaran/666d7a80e92b7f87c4f81f47211a6145 to your computer and use it in GitHub Desktop. Download ZIP AWS Lambda Example Raw http_lambda.js This file contains hidden or bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters Show hidden characters const AWS = require ( &#39;aws-sdk&#39; ) ; const dynamo = new AWS . DynamoDB . DocumentClient ( ) ; /** * Demonstrates a simple HTTP endpoint using API Gateway. You have full * access to the request and response payload, including headers and * status code. * * To scan a DynamoDB table, make a GET request with the TableName as a * query string parameter. To put, update, or delete an item, make a POST, * PUT, or DELETE request respectively, passing in the payload to the * DynamoDB API as a JSON body. */ exports . handler = async ( event , context ) =&gt; { //console.log(&#39;Received event:&#39;, JSON.stringify(event, null, 2)); let body ; let statusCode = &#39;200&#39; ; const headers = { &#39;Content-Type&#39; : &#39;application/json&#39; , } ; try { switch ( event . httpMethod ) { case &#39;DELETE&#39; : body = await dynamo . delete ( JSON . parse ( event . body ) ) . promise ( ) ; break ; case &#39;GET&#39; : body = await dynamo . scan ( { TableName : event . queryStringParameters . TableName } ) . promise ( ) ; break ; case &#39;POST&#39; : body = await dynamo . put ( JSON . parse ( event . body ) ) . promise ( ) ; break ; case &#39;PUT&#39; : body = await dynamo . update ( JSON . parse ( event . body ) ) . promise ( ) ; break ; default : throw new Error ( `Unsupported method &quot; ${ event . httpMethod } &quot;` ) ; } } catch ( err ) { statusCode = &#39;400&#39; ; body = err . message ; } finally { body = JSON . stringify ( body ) ; } return { statusCode , body , headers , } ; } ; Sign up for free to join this conversation on GitHub . Already have an account? Sign in to comment Footer &copy; 2026 GitHub,&nbsp;Inc. Footer navigation Terms Privacy Security Status Community Docs Contact Manage cookies Do not share my personal information You can’t perform that action at this time.
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/t/saas
Saas - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. 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https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#generate-code-objects-from-the-ast
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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/accessibility-improvements-in-visual-studio-2019-for-mac/#mainContent
Accessibility Improvements in Visual Studio 2019 for Mac - Visual Studio Blog Skip to main content Microsoft Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Home Developer Microsoft for Developers Visual Studio Visual Studio Code Develop from the cloud All things Azure Xcode DevOps Windows Developer ISE Developer Azure SDK Command Line Aspire Technology DirectX Semantic Kernel Languages C++ C# F# TypeScript PowerShell Team Python Java Java Blog in Chinese Go .NET All .NET posts .NET Aspire .NET MAUI AI ASP.NET Core Blazor Entity Framework NuGet Servicing .NET Blog in Chinese Platform Development #ifdef Windows Microsoft Foundry Azure Government Azure VM Runtime Team Bing Dev Center Microsoft Edge Dev Microsoft Azure Microsoft 365 Developer Microsoft Entra Identity Developer Old New Thing Power Platform Data Development Azure Cosmos DB Azure Data Studio Azure SQL OData Revolutions R Unified Data Model (IDEAs) Microsoft Entra PowerShell More Search Search No results Cancel Dev Blogs Visual Studio Blog Accessibility Improvements in Visual Studio 2019 for Mac February 10th, 2020 0 reactions Accessibility Improvements in Visual Studio 2019 for Mac Václav Vančura Senior Designer, Visual Studio for Mac Show more Visual Studio for Mac is retired Visual Studio for Mac was retired on August 31, 2024 in accordance with Microsoft&apos;s Modern Lifecycle Policy . While you can continue to work with Visual Studio for Mac, there are several other options for developers on Mac such as the preview version of the new C# Dev Kit extension for VS Code. &nbsp; Learn more about support timelines and alternatives. The release of Visual Studio 2019 for Mac version 8.4.4 includes numerous developments in the color representation of icons, and to warning and error status messages. The new appearance is easy to spot, and the new color palette is highly noticeable. Let me explain why these changes were necessary, and what exactly was changed. Currently, more than 1 billion people experience some form of disability. There are various types of obstacles people must live with – mobility, cognitive, neural, speech, and hearing. But let’s talk about our visual accessibility enhancements, and what you can experience in the most recent versions of Visual Studio for Mac. The World Health Organization calculated that approximately 200 million people currently live with some form of vision impairment. Our goal is for Visual Studio for Mac to be accessible to everyone. We must make sure that we deliver the best user interface experience to every user, whether they are visually impaired or not. There are many visual accessibility issues users may suffer from: low vision, color or total blindness, cataracts. Even such a common thing as sun glare could be a problem when using an application UI. One of the methods to empower visually impaired users to interact with applications more effectively is through color accessibility. One of the fundamental ways for us to deliver an accessible UI is to boost the contrast ratio threshold of all interactive content – primarily text and icons. On a Mac, the background-to-text contrast ratio must be at least 3:1, and at least 4.5:1 in High Contrast mode. We’ll talk more about later in the blog post. Another essential requirement here is that we shouldn’t display information differences with just a color shift, such as a status change between an inactive and active icon. Similarly, no information should rely only on color to show its severity. That means elements such as error or warning messages should not use only the background color to communicate their status. We need something more: for example, a highly visible error or warning symbol. In older versions of Visual Studio for Mac, there were numerous instances where we showed a status difference using just a color. Now, we use a more distinctive rendering of activated, disabled and stopped icons, not relying solely only on color. We’ve eliminated those sorts of situations in the interest of greater visual clarity. High Contrast Mode On a Mac, you can toggle the setting for High Contrast Mode by visiting Accessibility Preferences in System Preferences and clicking the Increase Contrast checkbox: High Contrast Mode increases the color contrast of the whole system’s UI. Controls begin to use strokes and more easily visible shapes and labels. The colors are adjusted to appear more vibrant, and the difference in brightness between the foreground and the background is much more noticeable. Unfortunately, not all applications on our desktops support High Contrast Mode. Native macOS controls provide High Contrast rendering for free, but it’s up to developers to update their custom controls. Some parts of the Visual Studio for Mac shell are heavily customized, so we still have some way to go. Of course, using new colors and icons isn&#8217;t the only way to improve accessibility. We also wanted to ensure we enhance the experience for users of screen readers and to make sure keyboard shortcuts are available everywhere. We have many more improvements we’ll talk about, and others we’ll introduce soon. For now, we’ll focus on the new color palette and improved icon set, new features that are currently visible to every Visual Studio for Mac user. New Color Palette Our old Visual Studio for Mac color palette, which was created many years ago, used contrast ratios that were too low, especially in the light IDE theme. Hence, it was finally time for us to update on this front. You can see a comparison between our old and new palettes below, with contrast ratios between the background and foreground. The old palette had two variants: one for the light and one for the dark IDE theme. As you can see above, the old palette suffered from many problems, especially the color contrast ratio of light-theme warning icons, which was less than ideal. Yellow on white or light gray is extremely difficult for anyone to see. The new palette fixes all these issues and is also simpler, with better semantic meaning of the color groups. Plus, it’s ready for High Contrast Mode. Improved Icons We always had tons of icons in Visual Studio for Mac. By the time we released the changes detailed in this post, there were 1142 icons. Most of the icons came in four flavors: two for light and dark theme, and two for selected states (usually white-only glyph, displayed on the top of the system-wide accent color). We had all these a second time because we needed icons available for standard and high DPI (@2x) resolutions. Now, we have twice as many icons, and it was a gigantic job. Every one had to be checked for accessibility issues as described above, converted to the new palette, duplicated, and repainted using the new High Contrast palette. That means we’re not just introducing new High Contrast icons; we’re also improving all our already existing ones. At this very moment Visual Studio for Mac uses 13704 icon files. Some icons needed to be redrawn or adjusted, as they relied solely on color to show differences, such as the difference between normal and active states: New Warning and Error Colors We also took this opportunity to change colors of warning- and error-related messages Visual Studio for Mac shows. You’ll notice this most with light theme warning text, which was previously brighter than ideal and potentially challenging to read. We now have new colors for error popovers, with a better appearance in general and when in High Contrast Mode: Helpful to Everybody The changes described above aim to make the UI of Visual Studio for Mac easier for all developers to use. Now we have not only highly readable icons for visually-impaired users, but our already established standard icon set sports new, more prominent contrast in colors as well – helping the users with no accessibility demands at all. In any case, we still have much work ahead of us, but we’re getting better every day. If you have feedback on these changes, please let us know by reaching out to us in the comments below. You can also reach out to us on Twitter at @VisualStudioMac . If you run into any issues using Visual Studio for Mac, you can use Report a Problem to notify us. We also welcome your feature suggestions on the Visual Studio Developer Community website. 0 7 67 Share on Facebook Share on X Share on Linkedin Copy Link --> Category Visual Studio Topics Accessibility Visual Studio 2019 for Mac Visual Studio for Mac Share Author Václav Vančura Senior Designer, Visual Studio for Mac Václav is a Senior Designer for Visual Studio For Mac, focusing on the shell design, icons, and overall user interface and experience. He also works on several other Microsoft products: VS IDE, Live Share, and others. Before joining Xamarin and Microsoft, he was a web developer, game designer and coder, Flash engineer and animator, comic book artist, and advertisement illustrator. He's got three kids, a wife, and two cats. 7 comments Discussion is closed. Login to edit/delete existing comments. Code of Conduct Sort by : Newest Newest Popular Oldest J Green --> J Green --> February 21, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I have a slight red-green colorblindness. It is now more difficult for me to distinguish between the red error icons and brownish warning icons with just a quick glance. Is there a way to revert to the previous palette? The yellow worked perfectly for me. Václav Vančura --> Václav Vančura Author --> February 24, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Thanks for the feedback! We considered the color blindness obstacles, and we had to make some compromises. Before this release, people with color vision deficiencies identified the difference between warning yellow and error red only by recognizing the change in brightness – yellow was way brighter than red. Yet, this particular yellow was too bright for people who need a higher contrast between background and foreground. We were required to increase the background-to-text contrast to be at least 3:1 (and 4.5:1 in the High Contrast mode), but that meant we had to make yellow darker, resulting in the brightness difference against red... Read more Thanks for the feedback! We considered the color blindness obstacles, and we had to make some compromises. Before this release, people with color vision deficiencies identified the difference between warning yellow and error red only by recognizing the change in brightness – yellow was way brighter than red. Yet, this particular yellow was too bright for people who need a higher contrast between background and foreground. We were required to increase the background-to-text contrast to be at least 3:1 (and 4.5:1 in the High Contrast mode), but that meant we had to make yellow darker, resulting in the brightness difference against red being much subtler. We realize that for some people, this design change made it more challenging to distinguish between a warning and an error with a quick glance. We did this to ensure we were hitting minimum contrast requirements. For this reason, it’s imperative that we don’t rely solely on color to show the difference, and that we use highly readable symbols and other visual treatments to help fast parsing of the information. I hope the introduction of new symbols to icons, where we used colors only before, helps with the problem. If you find a detail where we could do a better job, please let us know. We know we can keep improving the experience in Visual Studio for Mac, and we’ll continue to work on accessibility improvements. Thank you for pointing out how these changes affected you. We’ll make sure to use your input to help us moving forward. Read less J Green --> J Green --> February 24, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I understand why the changes were made and certainly support the effort to make the interface more accessible. Sadly, the chosen colors land exactly on my personal problem. I have no trouble with high value/saturation yellows and reds but the difference between browns and reds are an issue at times. Is it possible to make the icons customizable? Or can they be modified via a Visual Studio extension? I&#8217;ve never had to write one before but this has become something of a frustration for me. Dominic Nahous --> Dominic Nahous --> March 4, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Thanks again for the feedback! We&#8217;re sorry to hear the changes we implemented are detrimental to your experience. At the moment, there&#8217;s no ability to customize or otherwise modify icons via an extension. We&#8217;d certainly like to learn more about your issue and whether there&#8217;s perhaps something we can do with icon shape/details that would assist you. If you&#8217;d like to get in touch, please reach out to me via dominicn at microsoft. com. HÄsh HÄsh --> HÄsh HÄsh --> February 17, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> hello , is there for MacOSX Split ( design and source code ) like in windows ? Dominic Nahous --> Dominic Nahous --> March 18, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> You should be able to access split view for showing a designer and source code in Visual Studio for Mac depending on file/project type. What types of projects are you working on? Linda Sturling Graphic Design --> Linda Sturling Graphic Design --> February 10, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Very good post, Thank you! Read next February 11, 2020 Making our Unity Analyzers Open-Source  Jb Evain February 12, 2020 Creating .NET Core global tools on macOS Sayed Ibrahim Hashimi Stay informed Get notified when new posts are published. Email * Country/Region * Select... 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/2026/?label=enterprise-management-tools
GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what&#039;s new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Enterprise management tools Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects &amp; Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply January Jan 2026 January Jan 2026 Jan.12 Improvement Controlling who can request apps for your organization is now generally available enterprise management tools Pagination Prev 2026 2025 2024 ... 2018 2026 2025 ... 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. See the GitHub Privacy Statement for more details. Back to top Site-wide Links Product Features Security Enterprise Customer Stories Pricing Resources Platform Developer API Partners Atom Electron GitHub Desktop Support Docs Community Forum Training Status Contact Company About Blog Careers Press Shop &copy; 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Manage Cookies Do not share my personal information LinkedIn icon GitHub on LinkedIn Instagram icon GitHub on Instagram YouTube icon GitHub on YouTube X icon GitHub on X TikTok icon GitHub on TikTok Twitch icon GitHub on Twitch GitHub icon GitHub’s organization on GitHub
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/2026/?label=account-management
GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what&#039;s new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Account management Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects &amp; Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply January Jan 2026 January Jan 2026 Jan.12 Retired Deprecation of user to organization account transformation account management Pagination Prev 2026 2025 2024 ... 2018 2026 2025 ... 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. See the GitHub Privacy Statement for more details. Back to top Site-wide Links Product Features Security Enterprise Customer Stories Pricing Resources Platform Developer API Partners Atom Electron GitHub Desktop Support Docs Community Forum Training Status Contact Company About Blog Careers Press Shop &copy; 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Manage Cookies Do not share my personal information LinkedIn icon GitHub on LinkedIn Instagram icon GitHub on Instagram YouTube icon GitHub on YouTube X icon GitHub on X TikTok icon GitHub on TikTok Twitch icon GitHub on Twitch GitHub icon GitHub’s organization on GitHub
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/challenges/google-kaggle-ai-agents-2025-11-10#main-content
AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge - DEV Challenge - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Challenges &gt; AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge CHALLENGE RESULTS 🏆 Winners Announced! 🎊 Congrats to the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Winners! Read Announcement Challenge ends soon! Submit your entry now DAYS : HOURS : MINUTES : SECONDS See prompts AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge View Entries Please sign in to follow this challenge Share your journey from the 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Course Challenge Status: Ended Ended Join our next Challenge We're excited to announce a writing challenge for participants of the 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Course with Google and Kaggle ! Running from November 10-14 , the 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Course is designed to help you master AI agents: the next frontier of artificial intelligence. Whether you're just starting with agents or looking to advance your expertise, this immersive experience will guide you through the architectures, tools, and best practices shaping the future of intelligent, autonomous systems. You can register for the course anytime from now through the duration of the challenge! Late registrants won't receive the earlier emails, but all materials are available on Kaggle's Discord and in the Learn Guide on Kaggle . 👉 Register for the Course 👈 After completing the course, share your learning journey and insights through December 7 December 14 for a chance to win exciting prizes! We'll select one winner to receive: Exclusive Winner Badge DEV++ Membership All qualifying participants will receive a completion badge on their DEV profile. Key Dates Contest start: November 10, 2025 Submissions due: December 14, 2025 Winners announced: January 08, 2026 Badge Rewards AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Completion Badge AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Winner Badge Find Out More Ask questions and share your ideas on the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Launch Post. View Launch Post Challenge Prompt Learning Reflections Share your key learnings and insights from the AI Agents Intensive course. What concepts resonated most with you? How has your understanding of AI agents evolved? Show off your capstone project and tell us what you learned! (optional) By the end of the course, you'll put your skills into practice through a capstone project and be able to build everything from simple AI agents to sophisticated multi-agent systems. Course participants will have through December 7 December 14 to solidify and share their learnings and takeaways from the intensive in our writing challenge! Reflect on the course content, hands-on labs, or discussions that shaped your perspective on agentic AI. Submission Template Judging Criteria: Style and Presentation Clarity Originality Helpful Links &amp; Resources About the Course The 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Course with Google and Kaggle runs from November 10-14 and is designed to help you master AI agents: the next frontier of artificial intelligence. Whether you're just starting with agents or looking to advance your expertise, this immersive experience will guide you through the architectures, tools, and best practices shaping the future of intelligent, autonomous systems. You can register for the course anytime from now through the start of the course! Late registrants won't receive the earlier emails, but all materials are available on Kaggle's Discord and in the Learn Guide on Kaggle . Register for the Course Key Dates November 10-14: Google &amp; Kaggle AI Agents Intensive Course November 14-30: Capstone Project publics and live on Kaggle December 7 December 14: Writing Submissions due at 11:59 PM PST December 18 January 8: Winners Announced Connect: Join Kaggle's Discord Frequently Asked Questions Participation Can I submit to the prompt more than once? Yes, you can submit multiple submissions but you'll need to publish a separate post for each submission. In the event that you may win two or more submissions, and your submissions are very close with another participant, we will favor the other participant. In the event that you do win with multiple submissions, you will only receive one winner badge. Do I have to complete the course to participate? While we encourage everyone to take the full course to get the most out of the experience, you can participate in the writing challenge if you've engaged with the course materials in a meaningful way. Do submissions have to be in English? Non-english submissions are eligible for a completion badge but not eligible for prizes due to the current limitations of our judges. We will not be judging on mastery of the English language, so please don't let this deter you from submitting if you are not a native English speaker! We hope to evolve this in the future to be more accommodating. Judging and Prizing How will I know if I won? Winners will be announced in a DEV post on the winner announcement date noted in our key dates section. When will I receive my DEV badge? Both participation and winner badges will be awarded, in most cases, the same day as the winner announcement. When will I receive my prizes? Winners will receive a DEV++ Membership and exclusive Winner's Badge on their profile. AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Rules NO PURCHASE NECESSARY. Open only to 18+. Contest entry period ends December 7 December 14, 2025 at 11:59 PM PST. Contest is void where prohibited or restricted by law or regulation. All entries must be submitted during the contest period. Participants must be enrolled in or have participated in the 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Course with Google and Kaggle. For Official Rules, see AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Contest Rules and General Contest Official Rules . 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/ruizb
Benoit Ruiz - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Benoit Ruiz 404 bio not found Location France Joined Joined on  Aug 2, 2020 github website Work Software Engineer at Datadog Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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TypeScript &bull; 50 stars glossary-typescript A glossary of TypeScript. 42 stars Post 16 posts published Comment 10 comments written Tag 13 tags followed Advices from a Software Engineer with 8 Years of Experience Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Mar 14 &#39;23 Advices from a Software Engineer with 8 Years of Experience # career # devjournal 160  reactions Comments 18  comments 22 min read Want to connect with Benoit Ruiz? Create an account to connect with Benoit Ruiz. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Data immutability Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow May 4 &#39;22 Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 11  reactions Comments Add Comment 16 min read Function purity and referential transparency Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Apr 12 &#39;22 Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 9  reactions Comments 4  comments 9 min read Equivalent of Scala&#39;s for-comprehension using fp-ts Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Feb 17 &#39;22 Equivalent of Scala&#39;s for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 9  reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Side effects Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Feb 16 &#39;22 Side effects # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 18  reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Declarative vs imperative Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Oct 7 &#39;21 Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 220  reactions Comments 9  comments 9 min read Function composition and higher-order function Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Sep 16 &#39;21 Function composition and higher-order function # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 29  reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why should we learn and use FP? Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Sep 10 &#39;21 Why should we learn and use FP? # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 19  reactions Comments 5  comments 10 min read What is Functional Programming? Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Sep 10 &#39;21 What is Functional Programming? # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 16  reactions Comments 1  comment 3 min read Introduction Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Sep 10 &#39;21 Introduction # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 34  reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read My takes on Dan Abramov&#39;s &quot;Goodbye, Clean Code&quot; Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Aug 4 &#39;21 My takes on Dan Abramov&#39;s &quot;Goodbye, Clean Code&quot; # programming # career # codequality 5  reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Using fp-ts and io-ts: types and implementation Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Mar 24 &#39;21 Using fp-ts and io-ts: types and implementation # typescript # functional 56  reactions Comments 6  comments 7 min read Using fp-ts and newtype-ts: implementation Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Mar 24 &#39;21 Using fp-ts and newtype-ts: implementation # typescript # functional 30  reactions Comments 2  comments 9 min read Using fp-ts and newtype-ts: types Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Mar 24 &#39;21 Using fp-ts and newtype-ts: types # typescript # functional 29  reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read The domain and some concepts Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Mar 24 &#39;21 The domain and some concepts # typescript # functional 27  reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Introduction Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Mar 24 &#39;21 Introduction # typescript # functional 18  reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/research-centers/center-for-integrated-research.html?icid=disubnav_center-for-integrated-research
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/adam_weber_6dc0d5bd752326/debugging-a-filesystem-module-when-reference-counting-goes-wrong-13b6
Debugging a Filesystem Module: When Reference Counting Goes Wrong - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Adam Weber Posted on Jan 7 Debugging a Filesystem Module: When Reference Counting Goes Wrong # linux # kernel # filesystem As I've been working my way through Linux kernel development,I decided it was time to tackle something that seemed simple on the surface: write a minimal filesystem module. How hard could it be to mount a filesystem that contains a single file you can cat? Turns out, pretty educational. The Goal I wanted to build the smallest possible virtual filesystem. No disk backing. No persistence, just cat a static file that is generated by the module.The whole thing should live in RAM, expose one file called "hello" that returns some text. Seems like the next natural step. I mean, how different could it be? The First Attempt I started by doing what seemed obvious: create a superblock in fill_super , manually allocate inodes for the root directory and my hello file, create dentries for them, link everything together. Standard VFS stuff. The code compiled. The module loaded. I could mount it. I could even cat the file and see my message. Then I tried to unmount. [ 337.050239] gs_fs: superblock kill called [ 337.050258] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 337.051811] BUG: Dentry still in use (1) [unmount of gs_fs gs_fs] [ 337.053385] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 72 at fs/dcache.c:1590 umount_check+0x56/0x70 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The kernel was not happy. "Dentry still in use" means I left references dangling somewhere. The VFS couldn't clean up properly because something was still holding onto my hello file's dentry. Down the Rabbit Hole The error message told me exactly what was wrong but not why. I had to understand the lifecycle of dentries and inodes and their reference counting, and how the VFS expects you to clean up during unmount. First theory: maybe I needed to implement evict_inode . So I added a proper super_operations struct with an evict callback that calls truncate_inode_pages_final() and clear_inode() . That's the standard pattern for cleaning up inodes (so it seems to me, correct me if I'm wrong PLEASE!). Nope. Second theory: maybe it's how I was creating the dentries. I was using d_alloc_name() to manually create the dentry for my hello file during mount. That gives you a dentry with a reference count, and there's no automatic mechanism to drop it. The VFS doesn't know about dentries you create manually like that (again, PLEASE set me straight if that's not the case). But here's the thing, I wasn't just randomly guessing. I started looking at how other simple filesystems do it. And that's when I found simple_fill_super() . Probably should start reading more of the kernel docs, I guess? The Kernel's Helper Functions Turns out the kernel has a bunch of helper functions specifically for pseudo-filesystems like mine. simple_fill_super() takes an array of file descriptors and sets up all the dentries, inodes, and reference counting for you automatically. It handles the lifecycle properly. So I refactored to use it: static int gs_fs_fill_super ( struct super_block * sb , struct fs_context * fc ) { static const struct tree_descr files [] = { { HELLO_FILENAME , &amp; gs_hello_fops , 0444 }, { "" } // Sentinel }; sb -&gt; s_op = &amp; gs_fs_super_ops ; return simple_fill_super ( sb , GS_FS_MAGIC , files ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Mounted it. Cat'd the file. Worked great. Tried to unmount. Nope. The Real Problem At this point I was getting frustrated. I had the right helpers. I had proper cleanup. What was I missing? Then I looked more carefully at my kill_sb function: static void gs_fs_kill_sb ( struct super_block * sb ) { pr_info ( "gs_fs: superblock kill called \n " ); kill_anon_super ( sb ); // This was the problem } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I was using kill_anon_super() because I saw it in some example somewhere and it seemed reasonable. Anonymous superblock, right? When you use get_tree_nodev() with simple_fill_super() , you need to use kill_litter_super() instead. kill_litter_super() knows how to properly clean up structures created by simple_fill_super() . It handles all the dentries and inodes that got set up by that helper. Changed one line: static void gs_fs_kill_sb ( struct super_block * sb ) { pr_info ( "gs_fs: superblock kill called \n " ); kill_litter_super ( sb ); // Fixed } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Perfect! Why This Matters This bug taught me more about the VFS than any amount of documentation reading could have (entirely speculation here, as I can't actually read). I had to dig into: How dentries cache the filesystem namespace How reference counting prevents premature cleanup Why the kernel provides helper functions and when to use them How different superblock types need different cleanup strategies The kernel has these subtle API pairings all over the place. Use get_tree_nodev() ? Pair it with kill_litter_super() . Use simple_fill_super() ? Make sure your super_operations are set up properly. The compiler won't catch these mismatches because they all compile just fine. You only find out at runtime. A valuable set of lessons taught by getting my hands dirty. What's Next Now that I have a working minimal filesystem, the obvious next steps are: Implement write support Add subdirectories Make files appear on-demand via .lookup Not sure I'll continue on the filesystem path or divert, but we'll see. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Adam Weber Follow Just a dude who likes to write code. Location North Carolina Joined Nov 19, 2025 More from Adam Weber Minimal Character Driver # linux # programming # tutorial Babies first /proc entry # linux # kernel # modules # development Tainting the kernel # linux # kernel # c # kprobe 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://topenddevs.com/podcasts/adventures-in-machine-learning/episodes/how-does-chatgpt-work-ml-107
How Does ChatGPT Work? - ML 107 - Adventures in Machine Learning - Top End Devs Top End Devs Home Podcasts Screencasts Courses Blogs Summits Meetups search-modal#open" aria-label="Search"> Sign In Sign Up search-modal#close"> Search search-modal#close"> search-modal#search" data-turbo-frame="search-results" data-turbo="true" class="space-y-4" action="/search" method="get"> Content Type All Episodes Podcasts Screencasts Lessons Courses Blog Authors Meetups Use semantic search (recommended) Search Trending Now What’s New in React 19.2: Compiler, Activity, and the Future of Async React - JSJ 670 JavaScript Jabber Can You Really Trust AI-Generated Code? - JSJ 699 JavaScript Jabber Autogenetic AI Agents and the Future of Ruby Development - RUBY 682 Ruby Rogues Popular Searches search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="podcast"> Podcast search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="episode"> Episode search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="author"> Author search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="meetup"> Meetup search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="series"> Series Back to Adventures in Machine Learning RSS Feed Spotify Apple Podcasts YouTube Amazon Music How Does ChatGPT Work? - ML 107 Published: March 10, 2023 Download How Does ChatGPT Work? - ML 107 0:00 audio-player#clickProgressBar touchstart->audio-player#clickProgressBar touchmove->audio-player#clickProgressBar" data-audio-player-target="progressBar"> 0:00 audio-player#skipBackward"> audio-player#togglePlayPause" data-audio-player-target="playPauseButton"> audio-player#skipForward"> audio-player#changeVolume" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="1" /> Playback Speed: audio-player#changePlaybackSpeed"> 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 2x Created by: Ben Wilson • Michael Berk Show Notes ChatGPT is the most robust free chatbot. It can answer questions, write code, and summarize text. Today we will talk about the creation of ChatGPT, its implications for society, and how the model actually works.&nbsp; On YouTube How Does ChatGPT Work? - ML 107 Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club starting Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership © 2026 2022 Intentional Excellence Productions, LLC. All rights reserved.
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/2018/
Archive: 2018 - GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what&#039;s new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects &amp; Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply December Dec 2018 December Dec 2018 Dec.20 Improvement Strikethrough old titles in event timelines Dec.20 Improvement Lengthen README intro on mobile Dec.20 Improvement Reference entire comment body when opening new issue from comment Dec.19 Improvement Download your GitHub data Dec.17 Improvement Restricting open new issue for repositories with issue templates Dec.17 Release GitHub for Unity 1.2.0 Dec.13 Improvement Pinned issues Dec.12 Improvement Related issues (public beta) update Dec.11 Release GitHub Enterprise 2.15.4, 2.14.11, 2.13.17, 2.12.25 now available Dec.11 Release New GitHub Status Site Dec.10 Release Content Attachments API beta Dec.07 Release GitHub for Visual Studio 2.6.0 release Dec.07 Improvement Suggest leaving a reaction Dec.05 Improvement Issue template automation improvements Dec.04 Improvement Pull request file filter November Nov 2018 November Nov 2018 October Oct 2018 October Oct 2018 September Sep 2018 September Sep 2018 August Aug 2018 August Aug 2018 July Jul 2018 July Jul 2018 June Jun 2018 June Jun 2018 May May 2018 May May 2018 April Apr 2018 April Apr 2018 Pagination Prev 2026 ... 2020 2019 2018 2026 ... 2019 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. See the GitHub Privacy Statement for more details. Back to top Site-wide Links Product Features Security Enterprise Customer Stories Pricing Resources Platform Developer API Partners Atom Electron GitHub Desktop Support Docs Community Forum Training Status Contact Company About Blog Careers Press Shop &copy; 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Manage Cookies Do not share my personal information LinkedIn icon GitHub on LinkedIn Instagram icon GitHub on Instagram YouTube icon GitHub on YouTube X icon GitHub on X TikTok icon GitHub on TikTok Twitch icon GitHub on Twitch GitHub icon GitHub’s organization on GitHub
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://forem.com/enter?signup_subforem=41#main-content
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/android-push-template
Android Push Template - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Design Template Channel Editors Email Template In-App Inbox Template SMS Template Whatsapp Template Android Push Template iOS Push Template Web Push Template Slack Template Microsoft teams Template Testing the Template Handlebars Helpers Internationalization Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING &amp; DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Channel Editors Android Push Template Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Channel Editors Android Push Template OpenAI Open in ChatGPT How to design advanced Android Push template with customisation options to send silent, sticky notifications, and more. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT ​ Design Template You can design template with a simple form editor tool. You can add variables with Handlebars language. You can check how the message will look in the preview section on the right side. Once designed, you can save the push notification template by clicking on Save Draft. When you are ready, you can Publish Draft by providing a name to the version. This will become the Live version, and will be used whenever the associated workflow is triggered. ​ Android Push notification fields description Field Description Title Small message text box. Note that this field will be displayed in single line only, and very long content can get curtailed. Use handlebars to add variables. Small Icon Small icon is displayed on the top status bar as well as the notification itself. Developer needs to set this to your logo in your app. Default shown is bell icon. The color used is your brand color set in ‘Organisation Settings’ Large Icon The large icon will show up to the left of the notification text on Android 4.0.3 - 6.0 devices, and shows on the right for Android 7.0+ devices. SuprSend puts your organisation logo as default in the large icon, which you can set from ‘Organisations Tab’. Message Large message text box. Use handlebars to add variables. Subtext Optional Subtext appears on top, next to your brand name. Banner Image Optional For dynamic images: Banner filetypes: PNG, JPG, JPEG. Recommended aspect ratio: 2:1 Recommended maximum size: 700 KB For static images (that are uploaded): -SuprSend will auto-scale your image so that it doesn’t get cropped -SuprSend will optimise the image size so that it is loaded faster on low internet connections. Action URL Provide a URL where a user will go when he clicks on the push notification. You can give your android deeplink URL as well. Action Buttons Optional Enter up to 3 Button names and URL. You can use variable names using handlebars in both action name and URL. You can give your android deeplink URL as well. The action button name color is picked up from your organisation settings. You cannot change button color in a template once it is created. ​ Android Push Advanced Configurations ( Optional ) Field Type Description Silent Boolean With Silent “ON”, users won’t see this message on their device. Instead, these notifications trigger background activities within the application using the notification payload. For instance, they could be utilized to send breaking news alerts or notify users that the latest episode of their favorite TV show is available for offline viewing. Silent notifications are particularly useful for delivering sporadic but time-sensitive content, where immediate access is crucial and the delay associated with background fetches may not be tolerable. Timeout Numeric You can use timeout if you want your notifications to auto-dismiss after a certain time period in case your user has not interacted with that notification. You can add time in seconds in this field. Sticky Notifications Boolean With Sticky Notifications “ON”, the user will not be able to dismiss the notification by left swiping on the notification tray. However, notification will be removed from the tray if the user has clicked on the notification Notification group Single line Text Add a group name to the notification if you want your notifications to be stacked together in the tray. Notifications belonging to the same group will be stacked together. App icon (Small icon) Single line Text Small icon name without extension. The small icon is displayed on the top status bar and on the left side of notification header. By default SuprSend will show a bell icon, however you can customize this to show your app icon instead. Sound Single line Text Sound file name without extension or with extension. This is used to play custom sound on notification delivery. If left blank, the default notification sound of the device will be played. To set custom sound, you’ll have to add raw sound file in your android app folder Custom key-value pair key-value pair You can use this field to send custom key-value pairs to users’ device. This is generally used for storing and retrieving data for caching, app metadata, or user settings. You can combine it with silent notification if the purpose is to update data in user’s applications without notifying them. Both key and value is passed as string in the notification payload. e.g., if you are passing this json: {&quot;foo&quot;:1, &quot;bar:1} . It will be passed as &quot;json&quot;: &quot;{\&quot;foo\&quot;:1,\&quot;bar\&quot;:1}&quot; in the payload. You can add variables in both key and value to programmatically pass custom data based on your event or workflow input. Please note that your app’s backend must be able to process custom key-value pairs for the data payload to function properly. Required- Supported SDK version for app icon and sound: App icon functionality is supported in Android native and react native version 0.1.8 and above. Custom Sound is supported in Android native and react native version 2.2.0 and above. If you are using an older SDK version, please upgrade to the latest SDK version ​ Adding dynamic content in Android Push There will always be the case where you would be required to add dynamic content to a template, so as to personalise it for your users. To achieve this, you can add variables in the template, which will be replaced with the dynamic content at the time of sending push. To send actual values to replace variables at the time of communication trigger, use one of our frontend or backend SDKs. Here is a step by step guide on how to add dynamic content in android push: 1 Declaring Variables in the global &#x27;Variables&#x27; button: If you are at this stage, it is assumed that you have declared the variables along with sample values in the global Mock data button. To see how to declare variables before using them in designing templates, refer to this section in the Templates documentation . 2 Using variables in the templates: Once the variables are declared, you can use them while designing the android push template. We support handlebars to add variables in the template. As a general rule, all the variables have to be entered within double curly brackets: {{variable_name}} If you have declared the variables in the global ‘Variables’ button, then they will come as auto-suggestions when you type a curly bracket { . This will remove the chances of error like variable mismatch at the time of template rendering. Note that you will be able to enter a variable name even when you have not declared it inside the ‘Variables’ button. To manually enter the variable name, follow the handlerbars guide here . Below are some examples of how to enter variables in the template design. For illustration, we are using the same sample variable names that we declared in the ‘ Templates ’ section: json Copy Ask AI { &quot;array&quot; : [ { &quot;product_name&quot; : &quot;Aldo Sling Bag&quot; , &quot;product_price&quot; : &quot;3,950.00&quot; }, { &quot;product_name&quot; : &quot;Clarles &amp; Keith Women Slipper, Biege, 38UK&quot; , &quot;product_price&quot; : &quot;2,549.00&quot; }, { &quot;product_name&quot; : &quot;RayBan Sunglasses&quot; , &quot;product_price&quot; : &quot;7,899.00&quot; } ], &quot;event&quot; : { &quot;location&quot; : { &quot;city&quot; : &quot;Bangalore&quot; , &quot;state&quot; : &quot;KA&quot; }, &quot;order_id&quot; : &quot;11200123&quot; , &quot;first_name&quot; : &quot;Nikita&quot; }, &quot;product_page&quot; : &quot;https://www.suprsend.com&quot; } To enter a nested variable, enter in the format {{var1.var2.var3}} . Eg. to refer to city in the example above, you need to enter {{event.location.city}} To refer to an array element, enter in format {{var1.[_index_].var2}}. Eg. to refer to product_name of the first element of the array array , enter {{array.[0].product_name}}` If you have any space in the variable name, enclose it in square bracket {{event.[first name]}} You will be able to see the sample values in the Preview section, as well as in the Live version when you publish a draft. If you cannot see your variable being rendered with the sample value, check one of the following: Make sure you have entered the variable name and the sample value in the Variables button. Make sure you have entered the correct variable name in the template, as per the handlebars guideline. What happens if there is variable mismatch at the time of sending? At the time of sending communication, if there is a variable present in the template whose value is not rendered due to mismatch or missing, SuprSend will simply discard the template and not send that particular notification to your user. Please note that the rest of the templates will be sent. Eg. if there is an error in rendering Android Push template, but email template is successfully rendered, Android Push notification will not be triggered, but email notification will be triggered by SuprSend. ​ How to change the small icon for a notification? To show a small app icon in your notification, you’ll have to add a small icon in the drawable folder of application modules. You can either use a vector drawable or a png image. We recommend naming this file as ic_suprsend_app_icon Generate icon images with alpha transparency: Note that Android only uses the alpha channel for the icon. It will display monochrome in the status bar but an accent color can be applied to the left side the notification itself. Option A. Adding a vector drawable You can add a vector drawable icon to the default drawable folder of your application module(androidApp/src/main/res/drawable/). Check out a sample vector drawable link . Option B. Adding a png icon for small icon You can add a icon in .png format. To render this png icon as a small icon in your push notification, you will have to create icons of below sizes and place them in their respective folders. Refer below table: Density (dp) Size (px) MDPI 24x24 HDPI 36x36 XHDPI 48x48 XXHDPI 72x72 XXXHDPI 96x96 Follow below steps to add icons in .png format 1 Generate icon Option A. Using Android Asset Studio (Recommended) To quickly generate small icons with the correct settings, you can use Android Asset Studio . Option B. Manually create icons If you prefer to create your own icons, you must make your icons for all sizes and make the small ones in white with a transparent background. 2 Create project paths Make sure the following paths exist in your App -&gt; main folder, create any folders you are missing. Place images of each size in their respective folders. SDK File path Android Native res/drawable-mdpi/ (24x24) res/drawable-hdpi/ (36x36) res/drawable-xhdpi/ (48x48) res/drawable-xxhdpi/ (72x72) res/drawable-xxxhdpi/ (96x96) React Native android/app/src/main/res/drawable-mdpi/ (24x24) android/app/src/main/res/drawable-hdpi/ (36x36) android/app/src/main/res/drawable-xhdpi/ (48x48) android/app/src/main/res/drawable-xxhdpi/ (72x72) android/app/src/main/res/drawable-xxxhdpi/ (96x96) Your project should look similar to this depending on your SDK. Sample png drawable link Troubleshooting Icons Not Showing: If you see the default SuprSend bell icon even after adding app icon in your template, you did not add all icon sizes. Please add all icons sizes and correct paths. If you see a solid square, you set the image to the correct path, but the image does not have alpha transparency. For more help, try using images from this Android Asset Studio clipart . ​ How to add a custom sound file in your android project? From Android O onwards, notification sound became a property of notification channel and is only set at the time of new category creation (Notification channel is identified as notification category in SuprSend). This means that for a user when you first time send the notification in a particular category, the sound is set for that category and even if you change the sound in your template, the sound in that category will not change. The updated sound will play for the user either if you send notification in a new category or user uninstalls and re-installs the app. For devices on android version before O, the sound will be set at individual notification level and whenever you change the sound on a template, it will play the new sound for user. Leaving the sound field blank will play the default notification sound on the device. To change the notification sound you will have to add the sound file to the raw folder of your android app. Location Copy Ask AI projectroot/app/res/raw Please keep the file name in lower case and avoid using space in the file name instead you can use underscore(_) in place of space E.g.- notification.mp3, notificationMusic.mp3,notification_music.mp3 Sound is set at channel level for android version &gt;= 8.0: From Android O onwards (~95% of the android users), notification sound became a property of notification channel and is only set at the time of new category creation . So, the new sound set at template will only change for users if you are sending the notification in a new notification category user is installing the app for the first time or getting notification in that category for the first time user has uninstalled and reinstalled the app ​ Image optimisations SuprSend does some image optimisations in push notifications for images that are static in nature, ie. image is uploaded in ‘Banner Image’ field on template, so that the push notification delivery rate increases and the time of delivery for push notification reduces. These optimisations are as below: 1. Image optimisation based on Screen Width If there is a very large image in the “Banner Image” field, SuprSend will reduce the image size to fit as per the mobile screen width of your user. 2. Image optimisation based on network Your users might be on different network, namely wifi, 4G, 3G, 2G. And therefore, depending on your user’s network we optimise the image size. This improves the push notification delivery for users whose network is not very fast. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous iOS Push Template How to design simple iOS Push template with click action and image. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Design Template Android Push notification fields description Android Push Advanced Configurations (Optional) Adding dynamic content in Android Push How to change the small icon for a notification? How to add a custom sound file in your android project? Image optimisations
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://www.paypal.com/uk/webapps/mpp/country-worldwide
PayPal Global | List of Countries and Currencies | PayPal UK PayPal logo Sign Up Personal PayPal for You Shopping &amp; Rewards PayPal+ Pay in 3 PayPal Credit PayPal Credit card PayPal Debit Card Earn Credit Cards Rewards Paying with PayPal Send &amp; Receive Send Money Request Money Pool Money Start Selling Manage Your Money Add Payment Method Security and safety Spend Smarter Guide Subscriptions Cryptocurrency Get the App How PayPal Works Money Hub Business PayPal Open The platform for all business Business Types Enterprises Small Businesses Solopreneurs Partners Industries Developers Accept Payments Online Checkout Instalment Payments Guest Checkout POS System Invoicing Payment Links Enterprise Payments Cross Border Trade Risk &amp; Operations Make Payments Risk Management Fraud Protection Reporting Tools Shipping Financial Services PayPal Working Capital Business Debit Card Get Started Fees Payment Methods 3rd Party Integrations Business Resource Center Developer Help Log In Sign Up We get where you’re coming from. We are available in more than 200 countries/regions and support 25 currencies. Send and receive payments easily over borders and language barriers. We’re here for you, wherever you are. Skip to a region Africa Americas Asia Pacific Europe Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Chad Comoros Cote d&#39;Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Republic Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Republic of the Congo Rwanda Saint Helena Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Falkland Islands Greenland Grenada Guatemala Guyana Honduras Jamaica Mexico Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Pacific Armenia Australia Bahrain Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Mainland China Cook Islands Fiji French Polynesia Hong Kong SAR, China India Indonesia Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia Maldives Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Mongolia Nauru Nepal New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Oman Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Pitcairn Islands Qatar Samoa Saudi Arabia Singapore Solomon Islands South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan, China Tajikistan Thailand Tonga Turkmenistan Tuvalu United Arab Emirates Vanuatu Vietnam Wallis and Futuna Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Republic Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg North Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Svalbard and Jan Mayen Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Help Contact Fees PSR Quotation Tool Security Apps Shop Enterprise Business Resource Centre Money Hub Modern Slavery Statement About Newsroom Jobs Developers Partners © 1999–2026 Accessibility Privacy Cookies Legal Complaints PayPal UK Ltd is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) as an electronic money institution (firm reference number 994790); in relation to its regulated consumer credit activities (firm reference number 996405); and for the provision of cryptocurrency services (firm reference number 1000741). Some products and services, such as PayPal Pay in 3 and PayPal Working Capital, are not regulated by the FCA and may offer a lower level of protection. Please read product terms for further details. PayPal UK Ltd's company number is 14741686. Its registered office is 5 Fleet Place, London, United Kingdom, EC4M 7RD.
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/rgbos
Rashi - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Rashi Software engineer specializing in scalable, user-focused applications. Skilled in full-stack development and cloud technologies, with a passion for elegant, efficient solutions. Joined Joined on  Sep 13, 2025 More info about @rgbos Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#main-content
Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#invoke-a-system-call-handled-by-the-operating-system-kernel
Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#invoke-the-builtin-raw-print-endraw-function
Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
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Serverless Computing - AWS Lambda - Amazon Web Services Skip to main content Filter: All English Contact us AWS Marketplace Support My account Search Filter: All Sign in to console Create account AWS Lambda Overview Features Pricing Getting Started Resources More Products › Compute › AWS Lambda 1 million requests free per month with the AWS Free Tier AWS Lambda Run code without thinking about servers or clusters Get started with AWS Lambda See the documentation Why AWS Lambda? AWS Lambda empowers you to focus solely on your code, while it handles all infrastructure management, enabling faster development, improved performance, enhanced security, and cost efficiency. Play Benefits of AWS Lambda Increase developer agility Write less code, perform less maintenance, and build applications faster. Boost application performance Leverage AWS’ operational excellence by offloading tasks associated with high availability and resilience, ensuring critical performance for your business. 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https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#execute-the-bytecode-on-the-python-virtual-machine
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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/t/svelte
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # svelte Follow Hide Tag to discuss Svelte, a JavaScript component framework, which aims at being simple and efficient. Create Post submission guidelines Guidelines as of 14th Oct 2019 1- All posts must be clearly related to Svelte. If you only make a passing comment, avoid using the tag. 2- You needn't be a master of the framework in order to post. Any level of knowledge and skill is acceptable. 3- Feel free to post all sorts of stuff (tutorials, questions, thoughts, critiques, etc.) as long as you stay on topic. about #svelte Svelte is a component framework for JavaScript that runs at build time. It turns components into imperative code and forgoes virtual DOM. Older #svelte posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Bringing the Jetpack Compose Mental Model to the Web: Introducing Compose-Svelted Daniel Imbert Daniel Imbert Daniel Imbert Follow Jan 11 Bringing the Jetpack Compose Mental Model to the Web: Introducing Compose-Svelted # svelte Comments Add Comment 4 min read New Incremark DevTools Release: Built with Svelte, Now with Multi-Parser Support king king king Follow Jan 11 New Incremark DevTools Release: Built with Svelte, Now with Multi-Parser Support # devtools # svelte # opensource # markdown Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Advanced Interactive Data Tables with Custom Sorting, Filtering, and Inline Editing using PowerTable in Svelte Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Follow Jan 10 Building Advanced Interactive Data Tables with Custom Sorting, Filtering, and Inline Editing using PowerTable in Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Forms with RetroUI Svelte Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Follow Jan 10 Building Forms with RetroUI Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Forms with Quaff in Svelte Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Follow Jan 10 Building Forms with Quaff in Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Evolution of Meta-Frameworks: Beyond the JavaScript Ecosystem Denis Donici Denis Donici Denis Donici Follow Jan 10 The Evolution of Meta-Frameworks: Beyond the JavaScript Ecosystem # svelte # inertia # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read Advanced Animation Techniques with svelte-animations in Svelte Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Follow Jan 10 Advanced Animation Techniques with svelte-animations in Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Accessible Dialog Components with Melt UI in Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Accessible Dialog Components with Melt UI in Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 8 min read Building Advanced Data Tables with Server-Side Processing in flowbite-svelte and Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Advanced Data Tables with Server-Side Processing in flowbite-svelte and Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 10 min read Building Forms with Validation in carbon-components-svelte and Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Forms with Validation in carbon-components-svelte and Svelte # webdev # svelte # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Native Mobile Features with Capacitor and ionic-svelte in Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Native Mobile Features with Capacitor and ionic-svelte in Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # javascript Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Advanced Modal Systems with State Management in daisyUI and Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Advanced Modal Systems with State Management in daisyUI and Svelte # webdev # svelte # tutorial # productivity Comments Add Comment 7 min read Advanced Theme Customization and Dynamic Color Schemes with m3-svelte in Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Advanced Theme Customization and Dynamic Color Schemes with m3-svelte in Svelte # themes # svelte # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 10 min read Building Advanced Component Scaffolding with lomer-ui CLI in Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Advanced Component Scaffolding with lomer-ui CLI in Svelte # svelte # programming # webdev # javascript Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Accessible Forms with Validation in AgnosticUI and Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Accessible Forms with Validation in AgnosticUI and Svelte # webdev # programming # svelte # buildinpublic Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Interactive Data Tables with AgnosUI in Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Interactive Data Tables with AgnosUI in Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # javascript Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Forms with Validation in Attractions and Svelte Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Ethan Walker Follow Jan 9 Building Forms with Validation in Attractions and Svelte # svelte # webdev # programming # javascript Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Collapsible Components with Melt UI in Svelte Fabricio Viskor Fabricio Viskor Fabricio Viskor Follow Jan 6 Building Collapsible Components with Melt UI in Svelte # webdev # svelte # webcomponents # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Built a Zero-Latency Chrome Extension with Svelte 5 (Runes) &amp; Tailwind v4 Zayan Mohamed Zayan Mohamed Zayan Mohamed Follow Jan 5 I Built a Zero-Latency Chrome Extension with Svelte 5 (Runes) &amp; Tailwind v4 # svelte # opensource # chromeextension # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I built a Serverless Stack Overflow alternative with AI (SvelteKit + Cloudflare) Mobin Poursalami Mobin Poursalami Mobin Poursalami Follow Jan 5 How I built a Serverless Stack Overflow alternative with AI (SvelteKit + Cloudflare) # showdev # ai # serverless # svelte Comments Add Comment 2 min read Day 11: New Year, New Security (Password Generator) Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Follow Dec 31 &#39;25 Day 11: New Year, New Security (Password Generator) # security # svelte # privacy # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Day 12: The Grand Finale &amp; New App Launch! (Countdown Timer) Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Follow Dec 31 &#39;25 Day 12: The Grand Finale &amp; New App Launch! (Countdown Timer) # svelte # sveltekit # newyear # launch Comments Add Comment 1 min read Day 10: Visualize Your 2024 Code Journey (GitHub Tracker) Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Follow Dec 31 &#39;25 Day 10: Visualize Your 2024 Code Journey (GitHub Tracker) # github # svelte # yearincode # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read Day 7: Holiday Word of the Day (English Dictionary App) Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Follow Dec 31 &#39;25 Day 7: Holiday Word of the Day (English Dictionary App) # svelte # sveltekit # learning # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read Day 9: Smart Holiday Shopping &amp; Travel (Currency Converter) Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Follow Dec 31 &#39;25 Day 9: Smart Holiday Shopping &amp; Travel (Currency Converter) # svelte # sveltekit # travel # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources How to Create Never-Ending Fun (🎢RollerCoaster.js + React Three Fiber + AI) SvelteKit Remote Functions Workaround Helpers Supercharge Your Svelte Development with shadcn-svelte-mcp Raffi: a modern Stremio‑compatible streaming client I built at 16 Extend shadcn-svelte with more-shadcn-svelte Components Self-hosting SvelteKit app - the easy way Real-world Svelte 5: Handling high-frequency real-time data with Runes The Last SVG Tool You’ll Ever Need: A Zero-Dependency Alternative to SVGR 🚀 Boost Your Svelte DX: A Guide to the Vite Svelte Inspector Svelte SEO: Meta Tag Manager for Search and Social SVAR Gantt 2.4: A Free, Modern Gantt Chart for React &amp; Svelte Day 29 - Add a Loader and Error State Svelte-MiniApps: A Collection of Single-Purpose Svelte 5 Applications Why We Left Vercel and Switched to Self-Hosting Svelte Bash: A Lightweight Terminal Component for Svelte 5 (Autoplay, VFS, Themes, Custom Commands) Building a &quot;Text-to-GIS&quot; Engine with SvelteKit, PostGIS and Open-Source LLMs React vs Vue vs Svelte — Which One Should You Learn in 2025? Day 1: Building a Holiday Budget Tracker with Svelte 5 💸 Testing svelte5 with vitest and playwright for non svelte-kit projects Announcing SvelteKit OG v4: An alternative to @vercel/og for sveltekit 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/2024/
Archive: 2024 - GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what&#039;s new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects &amp; Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply December Dec 2024 December Dec 2024 Dec.30 Release Expanding Access to the GitHub Copilot Workspace Technical Preview copilot Dec.20 Release Copilot Workspace Changelog (December 20th, 2024) copilot Dec.20 Release REST API insights for organizations is now generally available enterprise management tools Dec.20 Improvement Audit log and webhook events for secret scan completions platform governance Dec.20 Release OpenAI o1 is now available in GitHub Copilot Chat (preview) copilot Dec.20 Release OpenAI o1 is now available in GitHub Models ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.19 Release GitHub Copilot for JetBrains (update to support Free Plan) [GA] copilot Dec.19 Retired Dependabot updates ceases supporting npm version 6 [Closing Down] ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.19 Release Windows Server 2025 is now in public preview actions Dec.18 Release You can now view real-time token and latency usage in GitHub Models (GA) ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.18 Release Organization Private Registry Configuration for Java and C# CodeQL Scans application security Dec.18 Release Announcing GitHub Copilot Free copilot Dec.18 Release Copilot Chat on GitHub is now generally available for all users copilot Dec.17 Improvement Improved filtering for secret scanning alerts application security Dec.17 Release GitHub Models introduces AI-powered system prompt enhancement [GA] ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.17 Release Find and fix Actions workflows vulnerabilities with CodeQL (Public Preview) actions application security ... +1 Dec.17 Release Copilot Autofix can now be generated with the REST API (Public Preview) copilot Dec.13 Improvement Replacement of announcement banner GraphQL fields ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.13 Release Mistral Large 24.11 is now available on GitHub Models (GA) ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.13 Release Llama 3.3 70B Instruct is now available on GitHub Models (GA) ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.12 Release GitHub Issues &amp; Projects &#8211; Close issue as a duplicate, REST API for sub-issues, and more! projects &amp; issues Dec.12 Release Code security configurations now available at the enterprise level platform governance Dec.12 Improvement VS Code November release (v0.23): Productivity enhancements for multi-file editing, debugging, and chat context copilot Dec.12 Release Refreshed pull request commits page now generally available collaboration tools Dec.11 Release Incidents will now post in Community Discussions community engagement Dec.11 Release Now you can fork public repositories on GitHub Mobile client apps Dec.10 Retired Notice of breaking changes: Security manager REST API will be retired and replaced with the organization roles REST API platform governance Dec.10 Release Persistent commit signature verification is generally available repositories supply chain security supply-chain ... +2 Dec.09 Improvement Reviewers can add a comment on push protection bypass requests for secret scanning application security Dec.09 Improvement Enhanced CodeQL pull request alerts report application security Dec.09 Release GitHub Copilot Extensions now understand context in your environment copilot Dec.09 Release GitHub Skyline CLI extension now available community engagement Dec.06 Release Copilot Workspace Changelog (December 6th, 2024) copilot Dec.06 Improvement Copilot Chat now has a 64k context window with OpenAI GPT-4o copilot Dec.06 Improvement Actions metrics improvements: adding runner labels actions Dec.06 Improvement GitHub Models now supports the ability to retrieve structured JSON responses in the UI ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.06 Release The latest GitHub and GitHub Copilot SOC reports are now available platform governance Dec.05 Retired Deprecation notice: GitHub Pages actions to require artifacts actions v4 on GitHub.com ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.05 Retired Notice of upcoming releases and breaking changes for GitHub Actions actions Dec.05 Release GitHub Copilot is now available on your GitHub dashboard in public preview copilot Dec.04 Release Full compatibility and enhanced authentication for GitHub Copilot in JetBrains IDEs 2024.3 copilot Dec.04 Release Pull request merge method rule &#8211; Public Preview collaboration tools Dec.04 Release Artifact Attestations now support multiple subjects supply chain security Dec.04 Release Enterprise repository properties, policies and rulesets &#8211; Public Preview platform governance Dec.04 Improvement Code scanning now creates alert-related events in audit log application security Dec.03 Release Improved pull request merge experience now in public preview collaboration tools Dec.03 Improvement Improved support for labeled Actions runners in CodeQL code scanning application security Dec.03 Release GitHub Enterprise Server 3.15 is now generally available enterprise management tools Dec.03 Improvement Enhanced billing platform for Team plan for organizations account management Dec.03 Release Announcing npm&#8217;s New Simplified Search Experience [GA] ecosystem &amp; accessibility Dec.02 Release GitHub Copilot Extensions now supported in JetBrains IDEs copilot November Nov 2024 November Nov 2024 October Oct 2024 October Oct 2024 September Sep 2024 September Sep 2024 August Aug 2024 August Aug 2024 July Jul 2024 July Jul 2024 June Jun 2024 June Jun 2024 May May 2024 May May 2024 April Apr 2024 April Apr 2024 March Mar 2024 March Mar 2024 February Feb 2024 February Feb 2024 January Jan 2024 January Jan 2024 Pagination Prev 2026 2025 2024 2023 ... 2018 2026 ... 2024 ... 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/
Home - The GitHub Blog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new AI &amp; ML AI &amp; ML Learn about artificial intelligence and machine learning across the GitHub ecosystem and the wider industry. Generative AI Learn how to build with generative AI. GitHub Copilot Change how you work with GitHub Copilot. LLMs Everything developers need to know about LLMs. Machine learning Machine learning tips, tricks, and best practices. How AI code generation works Explore the capabilities and benefits of AI code generation and how it can improve your developer experience. Learn more Developer skills Developer skills Resources for developers to grow in their skills and careers. Application development Insights and best practices for building apps. Career growth Tips &amp; tricks to grow as a professional developer. GitHub Improve how you use GitHub at work. GitHub Education Learn how to move into your first professional role. 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User experience Find out what goes into making GitHub the home for all developers. How we use GitHub to be more productive, collaborative, and secure Our engineering and security teams do some incredible work. Let’s take a look at how we use GitHub to be more productive, build collaboratively, and shift security left. Learn more Enterprise software Back Enterprise software Explore how to write, build, and deploy enterprise software at scale. Automation Automating your way to faster and more secure ships. CI/CD Guides on continuous integration and delivery. Collaboration Tips, tools, and tricks to improve developer collaboration. DevOps DevOps resources for enterprise engineering teams. DevSecOps How to integrate security into the SDLC. Governance &amp; compliance Ensuring your builds stay clean. GitHub recognized as a Leader in the Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for AI Code Assistants Learn why Gartner positioned GitHub as a Leader for the second year in a row. 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Christina Warren · January 12, 2026 Gaming Light waves, rising tides, and drifting ships: Game Off 2025 winners Out of more than 700 games submitted to Game Off 2025, these ten winners stand out for creativity, craft, and bold interpretations of the WAVES theme. All are free to play, with source code available to explore. Lee Reilly · January 10, 2026 AI &amp; ML Why AI is pushing developers toward typed languages AI is settling the “typed vs. untyped” debate by turning type systems into the safety net for code you didn’t write yourself. Cassidy Williams · January 8, 2026 AI &amp; ML Agentic AI, MCP, and spec-driven development: Top blog posts of 2025 Explore the GitHub Blog’s top posts covering the biggest software development topics of the year. Natalie Guevara · December 30, 2025 We do newsletters, too Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Your email address * Your email address Subscribe Yes please, I&#8217;d like GitHub and affiliates to use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising and campaign effectiveness. See the GitHub Privacy Statement for more details. Subscribe Latest View all Security Bugs that survive the heat of continuous fuzzing Learn why some long-enrolled OSS-Fuzz projects still contain vulnerabilities and how you can find them. Antonio Morales · December 29, 2025 AI &amp; ML WRAP up your backlog with GitHub Copilot coding agent An easy-to-remember acronym, WRAP will help you write effective issues, refine your instructions, and get the most out of Copilot coding agent. Brittany Ellich &#038; Jason Etcovitch · December 26, 2025 Security Strengthening supply chain security: Preparing for the next malware campaign Security advice for users and maintainers to help reduce the impact of the next supply chain malware attack. Madison Oliver · December 23, 2025 Popular All categories All categories AI &amp; ML Company Developer skills Engineering Enterprise software News &amp; insights Open Source Security AI &amp; ML Spec-driven development with AI: Get started with a new open source toolkit Developers can use their AI tool of choice for spec-driven development with this open source toolkit. Den Delimarsky · September 2, 2025 AI &amp; ML Why AI is pushing developers toward typed languages AI is settling the “typed vs. untyped” debate by turning type systems into the safety net for code you didn’t write yourself. Cassidy Williams · January 8, 2026 News &amp; insights Octoverse: A new developer joins GitHub every second as AI leads TypeScript to #1 In this year’s Octoverse, we uncover how AI, agents, and typed languages are driving the biggest shifts in software development in more than a decade. GitHub Staff · October 28, 2025 Changelog View all changes Selectively showing &quot;act on your behalf&quot; warning for GitHub Apps is in public preview January 12, 2026 Controlling who can request apps for your organization is now generally available January 12, 2026 Deprecation of user to organization account transformation January 12, 2026 Gemini 3 Flash is now available in Visual Studio, JetBrains IDEs, Xcode, and Eclipse January 6, 2026 View all changes Engineering More engineering articles Post-quantum security for SSH access on GitHub GitHub is introducing post-quantum secure key exchange methods for SSH access to better protect Git data in transit. brian m. carlson &#038; Taylor Blau · September 15, 2025 How GitHub engineers tackle platform problems Our best practices for quickly identifying, resolving, and preventing issues at scale. Fabian Aguilar Gomez · June 10, 2025 GitHub Issues search now supports nested queries and boolean operators: Here&#8217;s how we (re)built it Plus, considerations in updating one of GitHub&#8217;s oldest and most heavily used features. Deborah Digges · May 13, 2025 Design system annotations, part 2: Advanced methods of annotating components How to build custom annotations for your design system components or use Figma’s Code Connect to help capture important accessibility details before development. Jan Maarten · May 9, 2025 Design system annotations, part 1: How accessibility gets left out of components The Accessibility Design team created a set of annotations to bridge the gaps that design systems alone can’t fix and proactively addresses accessibility issues within Primer components. Jan Maarten · May 9, 2025 Spotlight View GitHub on YouTube Octoverse 2025: AI, India, and the new #1 programming language Dive into the key findings from Octoverse 2025! This year saw record-breaking growth with over 180 million developers now on GitHub. We explore three big shifts: generative AI becoming ordinary engineering, TypeScript&#8217;s rise to the #1 language, and how AI is influencing developer choices. See how the developer map is redrawing itself faster than ever. The untold story of Log4j and Log4Shell In late 2021, the Log4Shell vulnerability sent shockwaves through the global tech community. Hear the untold, inside story from Christian Grobmeier, a maintainer of the Log4j project. Two decades of Git: A conversation with creator Linus Torvalds Twenty years ago, Linus Torvalds created the basis for Git in just 10 days, forever changing how developers collaborate on code. In this interview, Linus Torvalds discusses Git&#8217;s unexpected journey. Featured playlists View all playlists Explore GitHub Universe 2025 Learn about GitHub Copilot Stay informed with The Download Explore GitHub for Beginners News &amp; insights More News &amp; insights articles The future of AI-powered software optimization (and how it can help your team) We envision the future of AI-enabled tooling to look like near-effortless engineering for sustainability. We call it Continuous Efficiency. Paull Young · December 12, 2025 Let’s talk about GitHub Actions A look at how we rebuilt GitHub Actions’ core architecture and shipped long-requested upgrades to improve performance, workflow flexibility, reliability, and everyday developer experience. Ben De St Paer-Gotch · December 11, 2025 GitHub Availability Report: November 2025 In November, we experienced three incidents that resulted in degraded performance across GitHub services. Jakub Oleksy · December 11, 2025 The new identity of a developer: What changes and what doesn’t in the AI era Discover how advanced AI users are redefining software development—shifting from code producers to strategic orchestrators—through delegation, verification, and a new era of AI-fluent engineering. Eirini Kalliamvakou · December 8, 2025 Your stack, your rules: Introducing custom agents in GitHub Copilot for observability, IaC, and security Use partner-built Copilot agents to debug, secure, and automate engineering workflows across your terminal, editor, and github.com. Griffin Ashe · December 3, 2025 The ultimate gift guide for the developer in your life Finding the perfect gift for your favorite developer is easy with our top tips. Lavinia Sfetcu · November 28, 2025 The world&#039;s largest developer platform Docs Everything you need to master GitHub, all in one place. Go to Docs GitHub Build what&#8217;s next on GitHub, the place for anyone from anywhere to build anything. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://blog.google/technology/developers/ai-agents-intensive/
Google and Kaggle launch AI Agents Intensive course Skip to main content The Keyword Join the 5-day AI Agents Intensive course with Google and Kaggle. Share x.com Facebook LinkedIn Mail Copy link Home Innovation &amp; AI Innovation &amp; AI Models &amp; Research Google DeepMind Google Research Google Labs Gemini models See all Products Developer tools Gemini app NotebookLM See all Infrastructure &amp; cloud Global network Google Cloud See all See all AI updates Models &amp; Research Google DeepMind Google Research Google Labs Gemini models See all Products Developer tools Gemini app NotebookLM See all Infrastructure &amp; cloud Global network Google Cloud See all See all AI updates Products &amp; platforms Products &amp; platforms Products Search Maps Chrome Google Workspace Learning &amp; Education Photos Shopping See all Platforms Android Google Play Wear OS See all Devices Pixel Google Nest Fitbit Chromebooks See all See all product updates Products Search Maps Chrome Google Workspace Learning &amp; Education Photos Shopping See all Platforms Android Google Play Wear OS See all Devices Pixel Google Nest Fitbit Chromebooks See all See all product updates Company news Company news Outreach &amp; initiatives Creating opportunity Safety &amp; security Google.org Public policy Sustainability Health See all Leadership Sundar Pichai, CEO More authors See all Inside Google Around the globe Life at Google See all Outreach &amp; initiatives Creating opportunity Safety &amp; security Google.org Public policy Sustainability Health See all Leadership Sundar Pichai, CEO More authors See all Inside Google Around the globe Life at Google See all Feed Subscribe Global (English) Africa (English) Australia (English) Brasil (Português) Canada (English) Canada (Français) Česko (Čeština) Deutschland (Deutsch) España (Español) France (Français) India (English) Indonesia (Bahasa Indonesia) Italia (Italiano) 日本 (日本語) 대한민국 (한국어) Latinoamérica (Español) الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا (اللغة العربية) MENA (English) Nederlands (Nederland) New Zealand (English) Polska (Polski) Portugal (Português) ประเทศไทย (ไทย) Türkiye (Türkçe) 台灣 (中文) [&quot;How does Gemini work in Google Maps?&quot;, &quot;What is quantum computing?&quot;, &quot;What are the camera features on Pixel 10?&quot;] Subscribe The Keyword Home Innovation &amp; AI Innovation &amp; AI Models &amp; Research Google DeepMind Google Research Google Labs Gemini models See all Products Developer tools Gemini app NotebookLM See all Infrastructure &amp; cloud Global network Google Cloud See all See all AI updates Products &amp; platforms Products &amp; platforms Products Search Maps Chrome Google Workspace Learning &amp; Education Photos Shopping See all Platforms Android Google Play Wear OS See all Devices Pixel Google Nest Fitbit Chromebooks See all See all product updates Company news Company news Outreach &amp; initiatives Creating opportunity Safety &amp; security Google.org Public policy Sustainability Health See all Leadership Sundar Pichai, CEO More authors See all Inside Google Around the globe Life at Google See all Feed Press corner RSS feed Subscribe Breadcrumb Innovation &amp; AI Technology Developer tools Earlier this year, we launched the second iteration of our GenAI Intensive course , which attracted over 280,000 learners. Now, we're taking things to the next level with the 5-Day AI Agents Intensive, designed to help you master AI agents: the next frontier of artificial intelligence. Crafted by Google’s own AI researchers and engineers, you’ll learn to build everything from simple AI agents to sophisticated multi-agent systems. The curriculum covers agent architectures, tools, memory and evaluation, moving from prototype to production. Each day blends deep dives with hands-on codelabs, live discussions on Discord and YouTube livestreams with our experts. Apply your new skills in a capstone project for a chance to win prizes and be featured on Google’s and Kaggle’s social channels. Whether you're just starting out or advancing your expertise, this is your chance to build the future of intelligent, autonomous systems. Learn more and register here to attend November 10-14. POSTED IN: Developer tools Gemini models Google Cloud AI Products Related stories Let’s stay in touch. Get the latest news from Google in your inbox. Subscribe No thanks Follow Us Privacy Terms About Google Google Products About the Keyword Help Global (English) Africa (English) Australia (English) Brasil (Português) Canada (English) Canada (Français) Česko (Čeština) Deutschland (Deutsch) España (Español) France (Français) India (English) Indonesia (Bahasa Indonesia) Italia (Italiano) 日本 (日本語) 대한민국 (한국어) Latinoamérica (Español) الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا (اللغة العربية) MENA (English) Nederlands (Nederland) New Zealand (English) Polska (Polski) Portugal (Português) ประเทศไทย (ไทย) Türkiye (Türkçe) 台灣 (中文)
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/rgbos
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Rashi Software engineer specializing in scalable, user-focused applications. Skilled in full-stack development and cloud technologies, with a passion for elegant, efficient solutions. Joined Joined on  Sep 13, 2025 More info about @rgbos Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/ruizb/declarative-vs-imperative-4a7l#table-of-contents
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Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Oct 7, 2021 &bull; Edited on Apr 9, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Table of contents Introduction Making a chocolate cake Some examples When to use declarative code Conclusion Introduction Functional Programming is a declarative programming paradigm, in contrast to imperative programming paradigms. Declarative programming is a paradigm describing WHAT the program does, without explicitly specifying its control flow. Imperative programming is a paradigm describing HOW the program should do something by explicitly specifying each instruction (or statement) step by step, which mutate the program's state. This "what vs how" is often used to compare both of these approaches because... Well, it is actually a good way to describe them. Granted, at the end of the day, everything compiles to instructions for the CPU. So in a way, declarative programming is a layer of abstraction on top of imperative programming. At some point, the state of the program must be changed in order for things to happen, and these changes can only occur with instructions moving data from one location (cache, memory, hard drive...) to another. But we are not here to talk about low-level programming, so let's focus on high-level languages instead. The transformation from declarative to "imperative code" is generally made by engines, interpreters, or compilers. For example, SQL is a declarative language. When using the SELECT * FROM users WHERE id &lt;= 100 query, we are expressing (or declaring ) what we want: the first 100 users ever registered in the database. The way how these rows are retrieved is completely delegated to the SQL engine: can it use an index to accelerate the query? Should/Can it use multiple CPU cores to finish earlier? From a developer's point of view, we have no idea how these data are actually retrieved. And we don't really care, unless we are investigating some performance issues. All we care about is telling the program what data we want to retrieve, and not how to do it. The engine/compiler is smart enough to find the most optimal way to do that anyway. For languages that use a declarative paradigm (e.g. Haskell, SQL), this "underlying imperative world" is abstracted/hidden to the developers. It is something we don't have to worry about. For languages that are multi-paradigms (e.g. JavaScript, Scala), there is still the possibility to write imperative code. This allows us to write declarative code based on imperative code that we wrote ourselves. This can be useful to support FP features that are not built-into the language for example, or just to make the code more "declarative", which makes it more readable and understandable, in my opinion. The imperative code is abstracted by the declarative one, which is the one used by the developers to actually write the software. The imperative part becomes an implementation detail of the software. Making a chocolate cake Let's take an example from the real world: we would like to make a chocolate cake. How would that look like with these 2 paradigms? The imperative way First, turn on the oven to preheat it at 180°C. Next, add flour, sugar, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt to a large bowl, then stir the mixture with a paddle. Then, add milk, vegetable oil, eggs and vanilla extract to the mixture, and mix together on medium speed until well combined. Distribute the cake batter evenly in a large cake pan, then bake it for approx. 30 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven with a pot holder, let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, remove the cake from the pan with the tapping method, and frost it evenly with chocolate frosting. The declarative way You have to preheat the oven to 180 °C. You have to mix dry ingredients in a bowl. Once dry ingredients are mixed, you have to add wet ingredients to the mixture, and mix together to form the cake batter. Once the oven and batter are ready, you have to put the batter in a pan, then bake it for 30 minutes. Once baked, you have to remove the pan from the oven and let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, you have to remove the cake from the pan, and frost it. Ready? Go! Analysis In the imperative way, we are told what to do, and more importantly how to do it: use a large bowl, mix with a paddle, mix at medium speed, use a large pan, distribute batter evenly, remove pan with a pot holder, use the tapping method, frost evenly. These details are great when actually making a cake, especially as a beginner. But when describing how to make one, on a "higher level" of abstraction, we don't need all these information. Furthermore, we are actually doing something at each step, i.e. we are changing the world around us, step by step. If we choose to stop at an intermediate step, then we basically "wasted" all the tools and ingredients from the previous steps. In the declarative way, we are told what we will have to do to make the cake. Nothing actually happens until the last step, i.e. the world doesn't change until we have reached the 7th step. In other words, we are preparing all the steps in advance, then at the very end, we are doing what was described. How do we perform the actions described in these steps though? It's abstracted: all the "how" parts are provided as later as possible, between the "Ready?" and "Go!", either by the developer (for multi-paradigms languages) or by the engine/compiler. For example, this is where the binding between "remove the pan from the oven" and "using a pot holder" is done. We could also bind it to "using the pan handle", without changing the definition of the 5th step. Some examples Let's say we want to double every value of a given list of numbers. There are plenty of ways to iterate over a list and transform each of its elements in JavaScript: Declarative: recursive function, or functions already available such as the map and reduce methods of arrays Imperative: for loop, while loop To demonstrate that imperative code can be abstracted by declarative code, we could use a for loop and hide it inside a transformEachElement function: // "hidden" in a utils/helper/whatever module, or library-like function transformEachElement &lt; A , B &gt; ( elements : A , action : ( element : A ) =&gt; B ): B [] { const result = [] for ( let i = 0 ; i &lt; elements . length : i ++ ) { result . push ( action ( elements [ i ])) } return result } // What do we want? Double each number of a given list const res = transformEachElement ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], n =&gt; n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But we could use map directly as it's already declarative, and widely known for this type of use case: const res = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. map ( n =&gt; n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here is another example, where we want to target the text from an element of a web page. This element's location is a few levels down in the elements hierarchy (called the DOM tree). The twist is that each of these elements may not exist in practice. So, each time we progress by one node in the tree, we have to check if the next node is available or not. The imperative way could look like this: function getMainTitle (): string | null { const main = document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) if ( main !== null ) { const title = main . querySelector ( ' .title ' ) if ( title !== null ) { const text = title . querySelector &lt; HTMLElement &gt; ( ' .title-text ' ) if ( text !== null ) { return text . innerText } else { return null } } else { return null } } else { return null } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is pretty verbose, and the more depth there is to reach an element, the bigger the pyramid of doom gets. Additionally, we have leaked an implementation detail : a node that doesn't exist has the value null . It could have been undefined , or 'nothing' , or something else entirely. The point is that we have to understand that null is the magic value expressing the absence of an element in the tree here. It should not be necessary to know that to understand what this function does. Here is a more declarative approach: const main : Option &lt; Element &gt; = Option ( document . getElementById ( ' main ' )) function getTitle ( main : Element ): Option &lt; Element &gt; { return Option ( main . querySelector ( ' .title ' )) } function getTitleText ( title : " Element): Option&lt;HTMLElement&gt; { " return Option ( title . querySelector &lt; HTMLElement &gt; ( ' .title-text ' ) ) } function getMainTitle (): Option &lt; string &gt; { return main . flatMap ( getTitle ) . flatMap ( getTitleText ) . map ( text =&gt; text . innerText ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this second version, all we care about is accessing an element in the tree, where each intermediate element could be missing. In other words, we have written "what" to do in order to access the element containing the text we are looking for. This supposes that we have access to some Option data structure in our code base. There are plenty of articles available on the Internet that talk about this Option (also known as Maybe ) data type. Essentially, it allows us to express the possible absence of a value, transform it if the value is available, and combine it with other possible missing values, all that in a declarative way. In fact, this data type is so useful that some languages already provide it in their standard library (e.g. Scala, Haskell, F#), even the more mature ones (e.g. Optional in Java, C++). The flatMap and map terms may seem "mystical" at this point. We will talk about them by the end of this series, in the article about algebraic data structures and type classes. In functional programs, you will often encounter these functions or their equivalent, depending on the language: map is also known as fmap , lift , &lt;$&gt; flatMap is also known as bind , chain , &gt;&gt;= A couple of years ago (Dec. 2019), the optional operator proposal reached stage 4 in the EcmaScript specification, used for both JavaScript and TypeScript. This allows us to greatly simplify the code from above, without relying on any library: function getMainTitle (): string | null { return document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) ?. querySelector ( ' .title ' ) ?. querySelector &lt; HTMLElement &gt; ( ' .title-text ' ) ?. innerText } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This still "leaks" the fact that either null or undefined values should be used to mark an element as missing, but it is still way more expressive than the first imperative version from earlier. When to use declarative code This section applies only to muli-paradigms languages. Obviously, if you are using a functional language such as Haskell, you are always using declarative code. So, it is possible to make imperative code look like declarative code, to some extent. In such case, I would suggest isolating the imperative parts from the rest of the code base, to make sure developers use the "declarative" functions instead. In multi-paradigms languages, the scale between declarative and imperative is not a clear black/white separation, but rather multiple shades of grey. It is up to us to determine which shade is the best for our projects and teams. Here is a non-exhaustive list of pros and cons for each of these approaches, based on my experience: Declarative Pros Cons Better readability and understanding of the code More lines of code, where a potential bug could hide Better control over the actual execution of the changes to the world Potential loss of performance, due to more memory allocation and intermediate function calls Longer debugging, due to bigger stack traces Developers are usually less comfortable with this way of programming Imperative Pros Cons Less code overall, as there is no need to wrap imperative code inside declarative functions More time taken to read and understand what the code does Shorter debugging, due to smaller stack traces But harder debugging overall, due to state mutations and "less-controlled" changes to the world Developers are usually more comfortable with this way of programming Since code is destined to be read and understood by human beings, I think it is a good practice to use more declarative programming in our softwares. Sometimes, performance is critical and requires the use of imperative programming (we are talking about multi-paradigms languages here). In such cases, comments and documentation are crucial to understand the code base. Otherwise, some exceptions put aside, code should be self-explanatory through good naming and declarative steps , and should not require comments to understand it well. For strictly-declarative languages such as Haskell and SQL, the compiler/engine makes the best optimizations possible; so there is no need (and no way anyway) to write imperative code to improve performance. Conclusion In this article, I tried to illustrate (with some examples) the difference between these 2 approaches, and the advantages of the declarative way. The biggest benefit is making the code more readable and understandable. Misunderstanding the responsibility of some part of the code base is one of the most common reasons why bugs are introduced in the first place. It is also one of the reasons why adding improvements and features takes more time, as we need to first understand what the code does before making any changes. Functional Programming is about expressing "what" we want to do with data, but not actually doing anything until the very last moment. Doing something requires changing state and running statements. These parts are handled by engines/interpreters/compilers, since they know "how" to efficiently do "what" we wrote in the code base. It is not a requirement to fully understand this way of writing code, because it will come naturally the more functional code you write. By going through the articles of this series, you will see that declarative programming is ubiquitous, despite not being mentioned explicitly. Thank you for reading this far! As always, feel free to leave a comment if need be. The next article will talk about pure functions and referential transparency. See you there! Special thanks to Tristan Sallé for reviewing the draft of this article. Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Pictures made with Excalidraw . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Greg Greg Greg Follow JS one Love, and u 2, honey (: Location Volgograd, Russia (*silently crying*) Work I haven&#39;t -_- at Jobless incorporated Joined Jan 3, 2020 &bull; May 15 &#39;23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article, thanks! A small nerd remark: the examples with DOM are good for illustration purposes, but not very correct in a practical way - you can just use the magic of css selectors and it will be enough function getMainTitle(): string | null { return document.querySelector('#main .title .title-text')?.innerText ?? null } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Follow Joined May 28, 2022 &bull; May 28 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually, SQL is indeed imperative, not declarative. When you say "SELECT this and that such that bla bla bla", you're giving instructions. You're instructing to "select" (according to certain condition), and to "select" is an action. A true declarative statement would be one expressed, for example, in first order logic. Taking on your example, where you select all the users such that their ids are &lt; 100, in first order logic it would be: {x / x ∈ users and x.id &lt; 100} That's a true declarative statement. You're saying: this is the set of persons whose ids are below to 100. You're telling the WHAT, not the HOW. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Max Pixel Max Pixel Max Pixel Follow Location Los Angeles Work Principal System Architect at Freeform Labs, Inc. Joined Jun 2, 2019 &bull; Aug 4 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Aug 4 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed, and the second cake recipe is also still imperative. This would be the declarative version: "Dry Ingredients" means flour + sugar + cocoa powder + baking soda, as a roughly homogeneous mixture. "Batter" means Dry Ingredients + milk + vegetable oil + eggs + vanilla extract, as a well-combined mixture. "Panned Batter" means a large cake pan containing Batter. "Cooked Chocolate Cake" means the result of Panned Batter being in a 180°C oven for 30 minutes.* "Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake" means Cooked Chocolate Cake that is less than 32°C and not in a pan. "Chocolate Cake" means Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake that is has an even coating of chocolate frosting on it. * Keeping "30 minutes" verges on becoming imperative. A more declarative approach to this particular part would be to specify a final moisture content, weight, or other means of determining doneness. Perhaps it would be more declarative yet to format those steps with a more functional syntax, omitting the intermediate labels like "Batter", and using parentheses as necessary to delimit order-relevant groups. Or perhaps that would just more "functional", and equally as declarative. I think we must admit that that there is a gradient, rather than a binary distinction, between declarative and imperative programming. The most extreme end of declarativism would be to describe the chemical structures and physical composition of the final cake, and leave it at that. But that furthest end of the declarativism gradient is achievable only in small scenarios. {x / x ∈ users and x.id &lt; 100} is useless if users are never created (they certainly didn't exist before the big bang, and aren't timeless constructs like gravity) - in the grand scheme of things, derivation is going to need to be involved, so the program as a whole cannot be as declarative as that one snippet (the formation of users must occur before the formation of the query result). Some amount of ordering and verb choice will either be important to the author of an application, or required by the engine. Ultimately, declarative programming is not about removing all traces of ordering &amp; verb choice from programming, but rather, it's about removing the need for incidental and inevitable ordering &amp; verb choice from programming. What can be considered incidental or inevitable depends on the engine that evaluates the program - some chefs may implicitly know that the cake's temperature should be below the frosting's fat's melting point before it is frosted, while others need a hint. Like comment: Like comment: 6 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Follow Joined Sep 18, 2021 &bull; Apr 18 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice explanation. Thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; kevon217 kevon217 kevon217 Follow Joined Jun 18, 2022 &bull; Dec 8 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Dec 8 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great breakdown and examples of the distinctions! Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Arshiya Arshiya Arshiya Follow Joined Jun 26, 2024 &bull; Jul 27 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Follow Dad❤️ Content Creator Web developer 🅰️ngular ➡️(javascript) ©️SS ♓️〒♏️⎣  Joined Feb 12, 2022 &bull; Oct 17 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about my version of the same: Declarative vs imperative Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; T S Ajeet T S Ajeet T S Ajeet Follow Code Blooded Location Pune, India Education NIT Trichy Work Citi Joined Mar 5, 2022 &bull; Jul 1 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent read! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Follow A true dev enthusiast, they live and breathe the digital realms, immersing themselves in virtual adventures with unwavering passion. From epic RPGs to intense multiplayer battles, their skills are Joined Sep 11, 2024 &bull; Sep 13 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Extraordinary breakdown and instances of the qualifications! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala&#39;s for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Andrea Griffiths · December 4, 2025 AI &amp; ML Your stack, your rules: Introducing custom agents in GitHub Copilot for observability, IaC, and security Use partner-built Copilot agents to debug, secure, and automate engineering workflows across your terminal, editor, and github.com. Griffin Ashe · December 3, 2025 Maintainers “The local-first rebellion”: How Home Assistant became the most important project in your house Learn how one of GitHub’s fastest-growing open source projects is redefining smart homes without the cloud. Andrea Griffiths · December 2, 2025 AI &amp; ML How to orchestrate agents using mission control Run multiple Copilot agents from one place. Learn prompt techniques, how to spot drift early, and how to review agent work efficiently. Matt Nigh · December 1, 2025 Company news The ultimate gift guide for the developer in your life Finding the perfect gift for your favorite developer is easy with our top tips. Lavinia Sfetcu · November 28, 2025 Developer skills Why developers still flock to Python: Guido van Rossum on readability, AI, and the future of programming Discover how Python changed developer culture—and see why it keeps evolving. Natalie Guevara · November 25, 2025 Posts pagination Page 1 Page 2 &hellip; Page 190 Next The world&#039;s largest developer platform Docs Everything you need to master GitHub, all in one place. Go to Docs GitHub Build what&#8217;s next on GitHub, the place for anyone from anywhere to build anything. Start building Customer stories Meet the companies and engineering teams that build with GitHub. Learn more The GitHub Podcast Catch up on the GitHub podcast, a show dedicated to the topics, trends, stories and culture in and around the open source developer community on GitHub. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/ruizb/series/14544
Demystifying Functional Programming Series&#39; Articles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Demystifying Functional Programming Series&#39; Articles Back to Benoit Ruiz&#39;s Series Introduction Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Sep 10 &#39;21 Introduction # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 34  reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read What is Functional Programming? Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Sep 10 &#39;21 What is Functional Programming? # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 16  reactions Comments 1  comment 3 min read Why should we learn and use FP? Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Sep 10 &#39;21 Why should we learn and use FP? # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 19  reactions Comments 5  comments 10 min read Function composition and higher-order function Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Sep 16 &#39;21 Function composition and higher-order function # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 29  reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Declarative vs imperative Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Oct 7 &#39;21 Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 220  reactions Comments 9  comments 9 min read Side effects Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Feb 16 &#39;22 Side effects # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 18  reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Function purity and referential transparency Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Apr 12 &#39;22 Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 9  reactions Comments 4  comments 9 min read Data immutability Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow May 4 &#39;22 Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 11  reactions Comments Add Comment 16 min read 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/rgbos
Rashi - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Rashi Software engineer specializing in scalable, user-focused applications. Skilled in full-stack development and cloud technologies, with a passion for elegant, efficient solutions. Joined Joined on  Sep 13, 2025 More info about @rgbos Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 13 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 1 tag followed The Quiet Shift: Why My Browser Tab Now Stays on Gemini Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Jan 12 The Quiet Shift: Why My Browser Tab Now Stays on Gemini # ai # chatgpt # gemini # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Danger of Letting AI Think for You Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Dec 27 &#39;25 The Danger of Letting AI Think for You # discuss # ai # productivity 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Beyond the Chatbot: The AI Tools Defining 2026 Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Dec 24 &#39;25 Beyond the Chatbot: The AI Tools Defining 2026 # agents # ai # llm Comments Add Comment 3 min read Beyond Speed: Why Quality Code is as Critical as Efficiency in Software Development Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Oct 8 &#39;25 Beyond Speed: Why Quality Code is as Critical as Efficiency in Software Development # discuss # performance # softwareengineering 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Mastering Modern Infrastructure: The Power of Cloud-Native and Serverless Architectures Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Oct 8 &#39;25 Mastering Modern Infrastructure: The Power of Cloud-Native and Serverless Architectures # cloudnative # microservices # containers # serverless Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Next Shift in Development: From Coding to AI Orchestration Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Oct 2 &#39;25 The Next Shift in Development: From Coding to AI Orchestration # ai # career # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mastering EF Core Pagination: Efficient Data Retrieval Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Oct 1 &#39;25 Mastering EF Core Pagination: Efficient Data Retrieval # database # performance # dotnet # csharp 2  reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read SQL Query optimization techniques Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Sep 29 &#39;25 SQL Query optimization techniques # database # tutorial # performance # sql Comments Add Comment 3 min read Progressive Web Apps: Bringing App-like Experiences to the Web Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Sep 29 &#39;25 Progressive Web Apps: Bringing App-like Experiences to the Web # mobile # performance # javascript # webdev 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Green Software Development: Building for Efficiency and Sustainability Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Sep 29 &#39;25 Green Software Development: Building for Efficiency and Sustainability # architecture # performance # softwaredevelopment 5  reactions Comments 1  comment 1 min read Your New Pair Programmer: The AI Assistant Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Sep 28 &#39;25 Your New Pair Programmer: The AI Assistant # programming # productivity # tooling # ai 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read First() and FirstOrDefaut Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Sep 23 &#39;25 First() and FirstOrDefaut # csharp # tutorial # beginners # dotnet Comments Add Comment 3 min read From Digital Art to Automation: My Journey Building ListGenie Rashi Rashi Rashi Follow Sep 15 &#39;25 From Digital Art to Automation: My Journey Building ListGenie # kiro # ai # webdev # kirodotdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/favour_okhioya_9b7d7bd62f/hi-new-here-actually-i-am-currently-working-on-an-app-want-to-get-an-insight-kindly-dm-2nhd
Hi new here actually I am currently working on an app want to get an insight kindly DM - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Favour Okhioya Posted on Jun 16, 2025 Hi new here actually I am currently working on an app want to get an insight kindly DM # webdev # programming Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Favour Okhioya Follow I just that person with ideas Location Lagos Nigeria Joined Jun 16, 2025 More from Favour Okhioya How to turn my idea to reality # webdev # ai 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://www.grammarly.com/
Grammarly: Free AI Writing Assistance Grammarly Home Product Learn Features AI agents AI assistant AI at Grammarly Trust &amp; security Superhuman Use Grammarly Docs Desktop Mobile Browser Languages Work By team size Enterprise Teams &amp; businesses Individuals By team function Customer support Marketing IT Sales HR Education Students Institutions Pricing Resources Learn Blog Customer stories Business Events &amp; Resources Education Events &amp; Resources Agentic AI Grammar guide Writing guide Essay writing Career guides Help center Tools AI Writing Tools Grammar Checker Plagiarism Checker AI Detector AI Humanizer Paraphrasing Tool Citation Generator Word Counter AI agents Citation Finder AI Grader Reader Reactions Expert Review Contact Sales Try Pro for free Log in Get Grammarly It’s free Contact Sales Try Pro for free Log in Get Grammarly It’s free Grammarly Home Product Learn Features AI agents AI assistant AI at Grammarly Trust &amp; security Superhuman Use Grammarly Docs Desktop Mobile Browser Languages Work By team size Enterprise Teams &amp; businesses Individuals By team function Customer support Marketing IT Sales HR Education Students Institutions Pricing Resources Learn Blog Customer stories Business Events &amp; Resources Education Events &amp; Resources Agentic AI Grammar guide Writing guide Essay writing Career guides Help center Tools AI Writing Tools Grammar Checker Plagiarism Checker AI Detector AI Humanizer Paraphrasing Tool Citation Generator Word Counter AI agents Citation Finder AI Grader Reader Reactions Expert Review Try Pro for free Get Grammarly It’s free Contact Sales Log in You think big. We’ll take care of the details. Work with an AI partner that helps turn your thoughts into writing that’s clear, credible, and impossible to ignore. Sign up It’s free Sign up with Google By signing up, you agree to the  Terms and Conditions  and  Privacy Policy . California residents, see our  CA Notice at Collection . Sorry, your browser doesn&#x27;t support embedded videos The user can use writing suggestions to add a deadline to a Slack message being sent, the user composes a project proposal using Grammarly, User can use Grammarly to get reader reaction feedback from their manager. Trusted by 50,000 organizations and 40 million people Better writing, better results Be perfectly professional, clear, and convincing in a few clicks, not a few hours. Expert advice at your fingertips Strengthen your work with insights from subject-matter experts and trusted sources, so your writing stands up to scrutiny. Keep your voice , make it clear Get suggestions that help you strike the right tone without losing your authentic voice—whether writing for yourself or your brand. Get a read on your writing See your work through your audience’s eyes and make sure your message is understood the first time. This is responsible AI Don&#x27;t compromise on security. We do not sell or monetize user content, or provide it for advertising purposes, or allow our third party service providers to train their models on user content. Learn more Sorry, your browser doesn&#x27;t support embedded videos An animation of Grammarly’s product shows an example of rephrased text where typos from the original text are fixed, and the sentence is made more concise. Sorry, your browser doesn&#x27;t support embedded videos An animation of Grammarly’s product shows an example of Grammarly providing text recommendations based on a historical expert&#x27;s feedback. Sorry, your browser doesn&#x27;t support embedded videos An animation shows Grammarly within a Zendesk text box providing suggestions to follow the brand style guide, and achieve a more confident tone. Sorry, your browser doesn&#x27;t support embedded videos An animation shows Grammarly can review your existing text and apply feedback based on various reader reactions. Sorry, your browser doesn&#x27;t support embedded videos An animation showing Grammarly’s logo at the center of nine rotating bubbles containing graphics representing Grammarly’s various security accreditations. Choose the right Grammarly plan Monthly Yearly Save up to 60% For individuals Free Get peace of mind with writing that’s mistake-free. $0 USD / month Create Account Write without mistakes See your writing tone Generate text with 100 AI prompts Most popular For individuals or teams Pro Deliver impactful writing, whether working alone or as a team. $12 USD / member / month, billed annually $30 when billed monthly Get started Everything included in Free Rewrite full sentences Adjust your writing tone Stay on-brand Generate text with 2,000 AI prompts For larger organizations Enterprise Drive results across your entire organization with trusted AI. 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Contact Sales Everything included in Pro Unlimited members Dedicated support Confidential mode Granular roles and permissions Data loss prevention Unlimited generative AI prompts For Enterprise What’s the ROI on better writing? 17x. Organizations that deploy Grammarly save an average of $5,000 per employee per year. Data stays private, productivity rises, inbox numbers drop, and teams can focus on what they should do, not on how they should say it. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/hb/react-vs-vue-vs-angular-vs-svelte-1fdm#svelte
React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Henry Boisdequin Posted on Nov 29, 2020 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte # react # vue # angular # svelte In this article, I'm going to cover which of the top Javascript frontend frameworks: React, Vue, Angular, or Svelte is the best at certain factors and which one is the best for you. There are going to be 5 factors which we are going to look at: popularity, community/resources, performance, learning curve, and real-world examples. Before diving into any of these factors, let's take a look at what these frameworks are. 🔵 React Developed By : Facebook Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : March 2013 Github Repo : https://github.com/facebook/react Description : React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Pros : Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Performant and fast Large community Cons : JSX is required Poor documentation 🟢 Vue Developed By : Evan You Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : Feburary 2014 Github Repo : https://github.com/vuejs/vue Description : Vue.js is a progressive, incrementally-adoptable JavaScript framework for building UI on the web. Pros : Performant and fast Component-based: reusable code Easy to learn and use Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Fewer resources compared to a framework like React Over flexibility at times 🔴 Angular Developed By : Google Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : September 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/angular/angular Description : Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using Typescript/JavaScript and other languages. Pros : Fast server performance MVC Architecture implementation Component-based: reusable code Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Steep learning curve Angular is very complex 🟠 Svelte Developed By : Rich Harris Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : November 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte Description : Svelte is a new way to build web applications. It's a compiler that takes your declarative components and converts them into efficient JavaScript that surgically updates the DOM. Pros : No virtual DOM Truly reactive Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Cons : Small community Confusion in variable names and syntax The 1st Factor: Popularity All of these options are extremely popular and are used by loads of developers. I'm going to compare these 4 frameworks in google trends, NPM trends, and the Stackoverflow 2020 survey results to see which one is the most popular. Note: Remember that popularity doesn't mean it has the largest community and resources. Google Trends Google trends measures the number of searches for a certain topic. Let's have a look at the results: Note: React is blue, Angular is red, Svelte is gold, Vue is green. The image above contains the trends for these 4 frontend frameworks over the past 5 years. As you can see, Angular and React are by far the most searched, with React being searched more than Angular. While Vue sits in the middle, Svelte is the clear least searched framework. Although Google Trends gives us the number of search results, it may be a bit deceiving so lets of on to NPM trends. NPM Trends NPM Trends is a tool created by John Potter, used to compare NPM packages popularity. This measures how many times a certain NPM package was downloaded. As you can see, React is clearly the most popular in terms of NPM package downloads. Angular and Vue are very similar on the chart, with them going back and forth while Svelte sits at the bottom once again. Stackoverflow 2020 Survey In February of 2020, close to 65 thousand developers filled out the Stackoverflow survey. This survey is the best in terms of what the actual developer community uses, loves, dreads, and wants. Above is the info for the most popular web frameworks. As you can see React and Angular are 2nd and 3rd but React still has a monumental lead. Vue sits happily in the middle but Svelte is nowhere to be seen. Above are the results for the most loved web frameworks. As you can see, React is still 2nd and this time Vue sits in 3rd. Angular is in the middle of the bunch, but yet again Svelte is not there. Note: Angular.js is not Angular Above are the most dreaded web frameworks. As you can see React and Vue are towards the bottom (which is good) while Angular is one of the most dreaded web frameworks. This is because React and Vue developers tend to make fun of Angular, mostly because of its predecessor Angular.js . Svelte is not on this list which is good for the framework. Explaining Svelte's "Bad" Results Some may say that Svelte performed poorly compared to the other 3 frameworks in this category. You would be right. Svelte is the new kid on the block, not many people are using it or know about it. Think of React, Vue, or Angular in their early stages: that's what Svelte is currently. Most of these frontend frameworks comparisons are between React, Vue, or Angular but since I think that Svelte is promising, I wanted to include it in this comparison. Most of the other factors, Svelte is ranking quite highly in. Wrapping up the 1st Factor: Popularity From the three different trends/surveys, we can conclude that React is the most popular out of the three but with Vue and Angular just behind. Popularity: React Angular Vue Svelte Note: it was very hard to choose between Angular and Vue since they are very close together but I think Angular just edges out Vue in the present day. The 2nd Factor: Community &amp; Resources This factor will be about which framework has the best community and resources. This is a crucial factor as this helps you learn the technology and get help when you are stuck. We are going to be looking at the courses available and the community size behind these frameworks. Let's jump right into it! React React has a massive amount of resources and community members behind it. Firstly, they have a Spectrum chat which usually has around 200 developers looking to help you online. Also, they have a massive amount of Stackoverflow developers looking to help you. There are 262,951 Stackoverflow questions on React, one of the most active Stackoverflow tags. React also has a bunch of resources and tutorials. If you search up React tutorial there will be countless tutorials waiting for you. Here are my recommended React tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/4UZrsTqkcW4 Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/complete-react-developer-zero-to-mastery/ Vue Vue also has loads of resources and a large community but not as large as React. Vue has a Gitter chat with over 19,000 members. In addition, they have a massive Stackoverflow community with 68,778 questions. Where Vue really shines is its resources. Vue has more resources than I could imagine. Here are my recommended Vue tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/e-E0UB-YDRk Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/vuejs-2-the-complete-guide/ Angular Angular has a massive community. Their Gitter chat has over 22,489 people waiting to help you. Also, their Stackoverflow questions asked is over 238,506. Like React and Vue, Angular has a massive amount of resources to help you learn the framework. A downfall to these resources is that most of them are outdated (1-2 years old) but you can still find some great tutorials. Here are my recommended Angular tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/Fdf5aTYRW0E Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/the-complete-guide-to-angular-2/ Svelte Svelte has a growing community yet still has many quality tutorials and resources. An awesome guide to Svelte and their community is here: https://svelte-community.netlify.app . They have a decent Stackoverflow community with over 1,300 questions asked. Also, they have an awesome Discord community with over 1,500 members online on average. Svelte has a lot of great tutorials and resources, despite it only coming on to the world stage quite recently. Here are my recommended Svelte tutorials for getting started: Free: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zojEMeQGGHs&amp;list=PL4cUxeGkcC9hlbrVO_2QFVqVPhlZmz7tO Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/sveltejs-the-complete-guide/ Wrapping up the 2nd Factor: Community &amp; Resources From just looking at the Stackoverflow community and the available resources, we can conclude that all of these 4 frameworks have a massive community and available resources. Community &amp; Resources: React Vue &amp; Angular* Svelte *I really couldn't decide between the two! The 3rd Factor: Performance In this factor, I will be going over which of these frameworks are the most performant. There are going to be three main components to this factor: speed test, startup test, and the memory allocation test. I will be using this website to compare the speed of all frameworks. Speed Test This test will compare each of the frameworks in a set of tasks and find out the speed of which they complete them. Let's have a look at the results. As you can see, just by the colours that Svelte and Vue are indeed the most performant in this category. This table has the name of the actions on one side and the results on the other. At the bottom of the table, we can see something called slowdown geometric mean. Slowdown geometric mean is an indicator of overall performance and speed by a framework. From this, we can conclude that this category ranking: Vue - 1.17 slowdown geometric mean Svelte - 1.19 slowdown geometric mean React &amp; Angular - 1.27 slowdown geometric mean Startup Test The startup test measures how long it takes for one of these frameworks to "startup". Let's see the table. As you can see, Svelte is the clear winner. For every single one of these performance tests, Svelte is blazing fast (if you want to know how Svelte does this, move to the "Why is Svelte so performant?" section). From these results, we can create this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Memory Test The memory test sees which framework takes up the least amount of memory for the same test. Let's jump into the results. Similarly to the startup test, Svelte is clearly on top. Vue and React are quite similar while Angular (once again) is the least performant. From this, we can derive this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Why is Svelte so performant? TL;DR: No Virtual DOM Compiled to just JS Small bundles Before looking at why Svelte is how performant, we need to understand how Svelte works. Svelte is not compiled to JS, HTML, and CSS files. You might be thinking: what!? But that's right, instead of doing that it compiles highly optimized JS files. This means that the application needs no dependencies to start and it's blazing fast. This way no virtual DOM is needed. Your components are compiled to Javascript and the DOM doesn't need to update. Also, it also takes up little memory as it complies in highly optimized, small bundles of Javascript. Wrapping up the 3rd Factor: Performance Svelte made a huge push in this factor, blowing away the others! From the three categories, let's rank these frameworks in terms of performance. Svelte Vue React Angular The 4th Factor: Learning Curve In this factor, we will be looking at how long and how easy it is to be able to build real-world (frontend-only) applications. This is one of the most important factors if you are looking to get going with this framework quickly. Let's dive right into it. React React is super easy to learn. React almost takes no time to learn, I would even say if you are proficient at Javascript and HTML, you can learn the basics in a day. Since we are looking about how long it takes to build a real-world project, this is the list of things you need to learn: How React works JSX State Props Main Hooks useState useEffect useRef useMemo Components NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Functional Components vs Class Components React Router Create React App, Next.js, or Gatsby Optional but recommended: Redux, Recoil, Zustand, or Providers Vue In my opinion, Vue takes a bit more time than React to build a real project. With a bit of work, you could learn the Vue fundamentals in less than 3 days. Although Vue takes longer to learn, it is definitely one of the fastest popular Javascript frameworks to learn. Here is the list of things you need to learn: How Vue Works .vue files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ State management Vuex Components create-vue-app/Vue CLI Vue Router Declarative Rendering Conditionals and Loops Vue Instance Vue Shorthands Optional: Nuxt.js, Vuetify, NativeScript-Vue Angular Angular is a massive framework, much larger than any other in this comparison. This may be why Angular is not as performant as other frameworks such as React, Svelte, or Vue. To learn the basics of Angular, it could take a week or more. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Angular: How Angular Works Typescript Data Types Defining Types Type Inference Interfaces Union Types Function type definitions Two-way data binding Dependency Injection Components Routing NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Directives Templates HTTP Client Svelte One could argue that Svelte is the easiest framework to learn in this comparison. I would agree with that. Svelte's syntax is very similar to an HTML file. I would say that you could learn the Svelte basics in a day. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Svelte: How Svelte Works .svelte files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Reactivity Props If, Else, Else ifs/Logic Events Binding Lifecycle Methods Context API State in Svelte Svelte Routing Wrapping up the 4th Factor: Learning Curve All these frameworks (especially Vue, Svelte, and React) are extremely easy to learn, very much so when one is already proficient with Javascript and HTML. Let's rank these technologies in terms of their learning curve! (ordered in fastest to learn to longest to learn) Svelte React Vue Angular The 5th Factor: Real-world examples In this factor, the final factor, we will be looking at some real-world examples of apps using that particular framework. At the end of this factor, the technologies won't be ranking but it's up to you to see which of these framework's syntax and way of doing things you like best. Let's dive right into it! React Top 5 Real-world companies using React : Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Yahoo!, Netflix Displaying "Hello World" in React : import React from ' react ' ; function App () { return ( &lt; div &gt; Hello World &lt;/ div &gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Vue Top 5 Real-world companies using Vue : NASA, Gitlab, Nintendo, Grammarly, Adobe Displaying "Hello World" in Vue : &lt; template &gt; &lt;h1&gt; Hello World &lt;/h1&gt; &lt;/ template &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Angular Top 5 Real-world companies using Angular : Google, Microsoft, Deutsche Bank, Forbes, PayPal Displaying "Hello World" in Angular : import { Component } from ' @angular/core ' ; @ Component ({ selector : ' my-app ' , template : &amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Hello World&amp;lt;/h1&amp;gt; , }) export class AppComponent ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Svelte Top 5 Real-world companies using Svelte : Alaska Air, Godaddy, Philips, Spotify, New York Times Displaying "Hello World" in Svelte : &lt;h1&gt; Hello world &lt;/h1&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Wrapping up the 5th Factor: Real-world Examples Wow! Some huge companies that we use on a daily basis use the frameworks that we use. This shows that all of these frameworks can be used to build apps as big as these household names. Also, the syntax of all of these frameworks is extremely intuitive and easy to learn. You can decide which one you like best! Conculsion I know, you're looking for a ranking of all of these frameworks. It really depends but to fulfil your craving for a ranking, I'll give you my personal opinion : Svelte React Vue Angular This would be my ranking but based on these 5 factors, choose whichever framework you like best and feel yourself coding every day in, all of them are awesome. I hope that you found this article interesting and maybe picked a new framework to learn (I'm going to learn Svelte)! Please let me know which frontend framework you use and why you use it. Thanks for reading! Henry Top comments (47) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Henry, I mostly agree with the point 1,2,3. But point 4 is subjective depending on your background and previous knowledge. To improve your post, you should add a note explaining what's your background. Finally point 5 are not similar at all. The vue example is a complete page using a reactive property. Anyway as @johnpapa said in a talk, you can achieve almost the same result with any framework, pick the one which feels right for you... :) Like comment: Like comment: 13 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I agree with you! I would recommend anyone to learn the framework which feels right for you. For the Vue example, I'm not an expert at Vue and don't know a better way to do it (if you have a smaller, more concise 'hello world' example, please comment it). I will definitely work an a 'what's my background section'. To explain it know: I've been using React in all my web dev projects. I have basic knowledge of Vue, Angular, and Svelte. After looking at these 5 factors, I plan to use Svelte for my coming projects. Thanks, @stefanovualto for the feedback! Like comment: Like comment: 8 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Follow Email chris@sol.company Location Pasco, WA Education Western Governors University Work Senior Software Engineer at Soltech Joined Jan 14, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 &bull; Edited on Nov 29 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In the Vue example you are using data components. For the others just plain html. You could have a Vue component with a template of just the h1 tag and no script. It would look more like the svelte example. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide ✅ Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Thread Thread &nbsp; stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 &bull; Edited on Nov 29 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In your vue example, I think that you should expect to be in a .vue file lik le it seems to be in the others (I mean that you have the whole bundling machinery working under the hood). Then something similar would be: &lt;template&gt; &lt;h1&gt; Hello world! &lt;/h1&gt; &lt;/template&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Maybe a pro' for vue is that it can be adopted/used progressively without having to rely on building process (which I am assuming are mandatory for react, svelte and maybe angular). What I mean is that your previous example worked, but it wasn't comparable to the others. Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm usually using Svelte for my projects. Because, it's simple, write less, and get more Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 &bull; Edited on Dec 3 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A couple thoughts. "Requires JSX" a downside??? I almost stopped reading at that point. Template DSLs are more or less the same. If that's a con, doesn't support JSX could easily be seen as one. There are reasonable arguments for both sides and this shows extreme bias. Vue is "truly reactive" as well. Whatever that means. Your JS Framework Benchmark results are over 2 years old. Svelte and Vue 3 are both out and in the current results. He now publishes them per Chrome version. Here are the latest: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... . It doesn't change the final positions much, but Svelte and Vue look much more favorable in newer results. If anyone is interested in how those benchmarks work in more detail I suggest reading: dev.to/ryansolid/making-sense-of-t... Like comment: Like comment: 6 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm a React dev and it's my favourite framework out of the bunch. When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. I know that my benchmarks were two years old and I addressed this multiple times before: For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html. Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. Thanks for the new benchmark website, I will definitely be using that in the future. Also, I just read your benchmark article and its a good explanation on how these benchmarks work. Thanks for your input. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 &bull; Edited on Dec 3 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Here's the index page where he posts new results as they come up: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. Svelte has good marketing clearly. Is this HTML? &lt;label&gt; &lt;input type= "checkbox" bind:checked= {visible} &gt; visible &lt;/label&gt; {#if visible} &lt;p transition:fade &gt; Fades in and out &lt;/p&gt; {/if} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or this HTML? &lt;a @ [event]= "doSomething" &gt; ... &lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul id= "example-1" &gt; &lt;li v-for= "item in items" :key= "item.message" &gt; {{ item.message }} &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode How about this? &lt;form onSubmit= {handleSubmit} &gt; &lt;label htmlFor= "new-todo" &gt; What needs to be done? &lt;/label&gt; &lt;input id= "new-todo" onChange= {handleChange} value= {text} /&gt; &lt;button&gt; Add #{items.length + 1} &lt;/button&gt; &lt;/form&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That's why a con of Svelte is its syntax (I added that in my post). This is more explanation to that point: Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide why svelte is not seen in search trend? because, svelte's docs is very easy to new comer in this framework Like comment: Like comment: 7 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm not really sure @mzaini30 . A great pro of Svelte is its docs and tutorial on its website. I think in 1-2 years, you are going to see Svelte at least where Vue is in the search trends. Most of the search trends come from developers asking questions like how to fix this error, or how to do this but since not many people use Svelte (compared to the other frameworks) there are not many questions being asked. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Bergamof Bergamof Bergamof Follow Location Bordeaux, France Education 3iL Work Senior Developer at IPPON Technologies Joined Nov 30, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sure! Too bad the great Svelte tutorial was not mentioned. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's a great tutorial, but I decided to just add video tutorials. In the community factor, I give a link to the Svelte community website which features that tutorial! Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sad that Solid not even mentioned, although it's the one of the best performing frameworks. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've never actually heard of solid. I'll check it out! Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, author of the Solid is even commented in this topic. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 &bull; Dec 16 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide To be fair, performance is only one area and arguably the least important. Even if Solid completely dominates across the board in all things performance by a considerable margin, we have a long way before popularity, community, or realworld usage really makes it worth even being in a comparison of this nature. But I appreciate the sentiment. Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 &bull; Dec 16 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, good performance across the board usually is a clear sign of high technical quality of design and implementation. Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; dallgoot dallgoot dallgoot Follow Location France Joined Oct 3, 2017 &bull; Jan 2 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't want to start a flamewar but i see a trend where React is considered the -only- viable framework and -some- people reacting like religious zealots against any critics because "it's the best ! it's made by Facebook!" React is too hyped IMHO. Svelte is a a true innovation. And yes performance matters. Angular and Vue may lose traction with time... i think... i fail to see their distinctive useful points. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Jan 2 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I completely agree with you. Most React devs now will not try any other framework and just make fun of the others. I completely agree that React is too hyped. Unfortunately, as you stated, Angular and Vue are losing some traction. I also agree with you that Svelte is a true innovation, this is why I put Svelte at number 1! For 2021, I will focus on using Svelte. Thanks for reading! Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide React with a smaller learning curve than Vue.js 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide They were very tight but I would say that React has a smaller learning curve as its more intuitive and has easier syntax than Vue. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 &bull; Dec 4 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sorry @hb , you've decided to go on a touchy subject by writing this article! I will have to disagree with you on that point. I think it's perfectly okay to prefer using React. There are many reasons why it is a good choice. However, an easy learning curve isn't part of it. Just so there is no ambiguity, after having used all the Frameworks from this article - my choice goes towards Vue.js and Svelte, but I'll try to remain as objective as possible. 1) According to the State of JS survey 2018 (not using 2019, because that same question wasn't part of last year's survey). From 20,268 developers interrogated, the number #1 argument about Vue.js is an easy learning curve. For React it comes at position #11 (top 3 beings: elegant programming style, rick package ecosystem, and well-established): 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2) Main reason why Vue.js is labelled "The Progressive JavaScript Framework", is because it is progressive to implement and to learn. Before you can get started with React, you need to know about JSX and build systems. On the other end, Vue.js can be used just by dropping a single script tag into your page and using plain HTML and CSS. This makes a huge difference in terms of approachability of the Framework. 3) Maybe less objective on this one - but from my own professional experience with both Frameworks and leading teams of developers - it usually takes Junior Developers almost twice the time to become proficient with React than with Vue.js. Firstly because of what I mentioned in point number 2. Secondly, because React has few abstraction leaks that makes performance optimisation something developers have to deal with themselves (using memoize hooks). It's a concept that is hard to understand, but essentials if working on large applications. Thirdly, because of the documentation (as you mentioned in your article). And lastly because of the fragmented ecosystem of libraries that can quickly be overwhelming for Junior Devs. Again, I think there are a lot of reasons why React can be a good choice. But not because of the learning curve. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Follow Joined Feb 5, 2017 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular 6? Well, they just released version 11 and there was the switch to Ivy since version 6, so what about a more recent benchmark? And looking at the Google trends chart I wonder why all 3 (React/Angular/Vue) lost quite a bit of their popularity during the past months... any new kid on the block? It's obviously not Svelte, which could hardly benefit from the others' losses. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html . Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. For the search results, they are unpredictable. To my knowledge, there is no new kid on the block in terms of frontend Javascript frameworks. If anything, more people are using Web Assembly. As you can see from the search results graph, it goes up and down, changing all the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Also, it would be great if you could give a little explanation of this point Confusion in variable names and syntax Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It makes syntax simpler TBH. React isn't even a direct comparison to Svelte. The only syntax that users will get accustomed to is $ assignments. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You forgot to mention that Svelte has a great discord :) Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I just had a look at it, a great tool! I'll add it to the post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular con: it is complex? what.... Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Follow A JavaScript one trick pony who loves to code. I live and breath NodeJS, currently learning React and Angular. Location Toronto, Ontario, Canada Education High School Work Back End Developer at Ensemble Education Joined Jun 18, 2020 &bull; Dec 1 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Learning Angular is actually no that bad until RXJS comes in Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 1 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You need to learn Typescript Smart/Dumb Components One-way Dataflow and Immutability And much more It's much more complex and harder to understand than the other frameworks on this list. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 &bull; Dec 1 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide learn typescript? You mean to start writing it... it's easy and intuitive, I'm writing Angular, React, and Node code only in typescript. Smart/Dumb Components? I really don't understand what is this referred to? Angular has two-way data biding, and even easier data passing to the child and back to the parent. And of course, it has more features, its framework, React is more like a library compared to Angular. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Hanster Hanster Hanster Follow Joined Oct 19, 2021 &bull; Oct 19 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I fully agree. Comparing framework e.g angular against library e.g react, is like comparing a smart tv against a traditional tv. Of course smart tv is more challenging to learn it's usage, not because it's lousy, but it has more features beyond watching tv. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (47 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Joined Oct 12, 2020 More from Henry Boisdequin Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # svelte The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free # webdev # react # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/new/tooling
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/t/programming/page/70
Programming Page 70 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Programming Follow Hide The magic behind computers. 💻 🪄 Create Post Older #programming posts 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu VeriBiota v0.2.1: Deterministic Verification with Proven Guarantees Omnis Coder Omnis Coder Omnis Coder Follow Dec 18 &#39;25 VeriBiota v0.2.1: Deterministic Verification with Proven Guarantees # programming # biology # tutorial # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read Proxy, Reverse Proxy e Load Balancer: Spiegati come in un Ristorante Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Follow Dec 18 &#39;25 Proxy, Reverse Proxy e Load Balancer: Spiegati come in un Ristorante # devops # networking # programming # cloud Comments Add Comment 4 min read SOLID: Understanding the Principles That Make Code Cleaner and More Maintainable Jean Klebert de A Modesto Jean Klebert de A Modesto Jean Klebert de A Modesto Follow Dec 24 &#39;25 SOLID: Understanding the Principles That Make Code Cleaner and More Maintainable # solidprinciples # oop # softwaredevelopment # programming 4  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building ScrapeForge in public starting tomorrow 🚀 Vishwas Batra Vishwas Batra Vishwas Batra Follow Dec 19 &#39;25 Building ScrapeForge in public starting tomorrow 🚀 # webdev # programming # buildinpublic # marketing Comments 1  comment 1 min read Day 70: Python Wildcard Matching – DP Solution for &#39;?&#39; and &#39;*&#39; Patterns in O(n*m) (LeetCode #44 Mastery) Shahrouz Nikseresht Shahrouz Nikseresht Shahrouz Nikseresht Follow Dec 20 &#39;25 Day 70: Python Wildcard Matching – DP Solution for &#39;?&#39; and &#39;*&#39; Patterns in O(n*m) (LeetCode #44 Mastery) # challenge # python # algorithms # programming 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Revolutionizes IT: A New Era for IT Service Management? Malik Abualzait Malik Abualzait Malik Abualzait Follow Dec 19 &#39;25 AI Revolutionizes IT: A New Era for IT Service Management? # ai # tech # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Brevity Tanner Iverson Tanner Iverson Tanner Iverson Follow Dec 19 &#39;25 Brevity # writing # cleancode # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read LAN Party Robert Mion Robert Mion Robert Mion Follow Dec 19 &#39;25 LAN Party # adventofcode # algorithms # javascript # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read File Management Beyond Copy-Paste: Compressing, Splitting, and Why tar.gz Isn&#39;t Scary NJEI NJEI NJEI Follow Dec 18 &#39;25 File Management Beyond Copy-Paste: Compressing, Splitting, and Why tar.gz Isn&#39;t Scary # devops # linux # tutorial # programming 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Stop Juggling .env Files: Meet Fana-Envy, a Go-based TTY with Env Manager Adrian Fathan Adrian Fathan Adrian Fathan Follow Dec 18 &#39;25 Stop Juggling .env Files: Meet Fana-Envy, a Go-based TTY with Env Manager # go # productivity # programming # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a 10,000-Level Puzzle with Swift 6 and SwiftUI: My Journey as a Student Developer shane shane shane Follow Jan 9 Building a 10,000-Level Puzzle with Swift 6 and SwiftUI: My Journey as a Student Developer # programming # swift # ios # mobile 4  reactions Comments 1  comment 2 min read Building a Guided Tour Library for Angular: ngx-web-tour mgz coding mgz coding mgz coding Follow Dec 18 &#39;25 Building a Guided Tour Library for Angular: ngx-web-tour # angular # programming # tutorial # typescript Comments Add Comment 2 min read Top 5 TypeScript AI Agent Frameworks You Should Know in 2026 Ali Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim Follow Jan 1 Top 5 TypeScript AI Agent Frameworks You Should Know in 2026 # webdev # programming # ai # javascript 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Introducing rn-animation-kit: The Easiest Way to Add Beautiful Animations to Your React Native App noman akram noman akram noman akram Follow Dec 19 &#39;25 Introducing rn-animation-kit: The Easiest Way to Add Beautiful Animations to Your React Native App # programming # javascript # reactnative # android 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Built a React Framework in 2025 - Here&#39;s What I Learned Pease Ernest Pease Ernest Pease Ernest Follow Dec 19 &#39;25 I Built a React Framework in 2025 - Here&#39;s What I Learned # webdev # programming # javascript # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read I scaled from 1K to 100M tasks with zero memory growth — here&#39;s the cryptographic proof SeasonedAsh SeasonedAsh SeasonedAsh Follow Dec 23 &#39;25 I scaled from 1K to 100M tasks with zero memory growth — here&#39;s the cryptographic proof # ai # programming # javascript # architecture Comments Add Comment 1 min read Horizontal Navigation Bar Guide 2025: Design, Code &amp; Best Practices Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Follow Dec 19 &#39;25 Horizontal Navigation Bar Guide 2025: Design, Code &amp; Best Practices # css # webdev # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 6 min read AI app builders shouldn’t stop at the UI ideatr ideatr ideatr Follow Dec 20 &#39;25 AI app builders shouldn’t stop at the UI # vibecoding # programming # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Python Automation: Add or Delete Images in Excel Jeremy K. 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Follow Dec 18 &#39;25 Python Automation: Add or Delete Images in Excel # python # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Quiet Developer Community (and Why Text-Based Conferences Matter) Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Follow Jan 1 Building a Quiet Developer Community (and Why Text-Based Conferences Matter) # discuss # programming # learning # tutorial 2  reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hoppscotch: The Modern, Lightweight Alternative to Postman and Bruno Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Follow Dec 18 &#39;25 Hoppscotch: The Modern, Lightweight Alternative to Postman and Bruno # api # webdev # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Reusable Angular Components Library in a Monorepo (Without Nx Overkill) kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 &#39;25 Reusable Angular Components Library in a Monorepo (Without Nx Overkill) # webdev # programming # angular # beginners Comments Add Comment 8 min read PHP Snippets: Property Hooks Travis van der F. Travis van der F. Travis van der F. Follow Jan 9 PHP Snippets: Property Hooks # php # coding # programming # syntax 5  reactions Comments 4  comments 1 min read AI for NetSuite: Key Steps to Prepare Your ERP Nick Peterson Nick Peterson Nick Peterson Follow Dec 18 &#39;25 AI for NetSuite: Key Steps to Prepare Your ERP # ai # programming # productivity # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Test run Delight Iwenofu Delight Iwenofu Delight Iwenofu Follow Dec 19 &#39;25 Test run # codepen # webdev # programming # javascript 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/devteam/join-the-assemblyai-voice-agents-challenge-3000-in-prizes-109a
Join the AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes! - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jess Lee for The DEV Team Posted on Jul 16, 2025 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Join the AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes! # devchallenge # assemblyaichallenge # ai # api We are so excited to bring the community our next challenge with AssemblyAI . Running through July 27 , the AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge is all about building with Universal-Streaming, AssemblyAI's most advanced real-time transcription API. Universal-Streaming is ultra fast (300ms latency!), ultra accurate, and offers intelligent endpointing to keep conversations flowing naturally. There are three distinct prompts for this challenge, with three opportunities to win. We can't wait to see what you build with this transformative technology! Our Prompts Business Automation Voice Agent Build a voice agent that automates real business processes - sales calls, customer support, appointment scheduling, lead qualification, etc. Showcase Universal-Streaming's accuracy in professional contexts with proper nouns, business terminology, and multi-step workflows. Focus on practical B2B/B2C applications that could actually be deployed. Real-Time Voice Performance Create the fastest, most responsive voice experience possible using Universal-Streaming. Build an application where sub-300ms latency matters - voice-controlled interfaces, gaming, live translation, instant commands. Demonstrate technical optimization, performance benchmarking, and creative speed-dependent use cases. Domain Expert Voice Agent Build a specialized voice agent with deep domain knowledge that can learn and improve from conversations . Focus on expertise in specific fields (legal, medical, technical support, education, etc.) and incorporate RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) or conversation learning capabilities. Demonstrate how Universal-Streaming enables accurate domain-specific terminology recognition. Prizes Each prompt winner will receive: $1,000 USD 6-month DEV++ Membership Exclusive DEV Badge All Participants with a valid submission will receive a completion badge on their DEV profile. How To Participate Sign up for AssemblyAI to get your free API key. There is no credit card required and AssemblyAI provides $50 worth of credits for new users, which should be sufficient for most challenge projects. In order to participate, you will need to publish a post using the submission template provided. All submissions must: Use AssemblyAI's Universal-Streaming technology Include an embed of your GitHub repository with the source code You can use LiveKit as an orchestration framework or explore other options mentioned in AssemblyAI's documentation. AssemblyAI Challenge Submission Template Please review our judging criteria, rules, guidelines, and FAQ page before submitting so you understand our participation guidelines and official contests rules such as eligibility requirements. Need Help? Join the AssemblyAI Slack Community for support from the Applied AI team! Challenge participants can ask API questions and connect with other developers. Get familiar with AssemblyAI's capabilities: Developer Docs Streaming Guides Slack Community Important Dates July 16: AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge begins! July 27: Submissions due at 11:59 PM PDT August 7: Winners Announced We can't wait to see what innovative voice experiences you create! Questions about the challenge? Ask them below. Good luck and happy coding! Top comments (26) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Peter Kim Frank The DEV Team Peter Kim Frank The DEV Team Peter Kim Frank Follow Doing a bit of everything at DEV / Forem Email peter@dev.to Education Wesleyan University Pronouns He/Him Work Co-Founder Joined Jan 3, 2017 &bull; Jul 16 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck to everyone participating! I've personally been utilizing voice-to-text and realtime conversations with AI Agents more and more. Look forward to seeing what everyone builds. Like comment: Like comment: 11 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Follow Founder &amp; CTO at NikoLabs LLC, building Axrisi—an AI-powered browser extension for seamless on-page text processing and productivity. Opened Chicos restaurant in Tbilisi, Georgia. Email turazashvili@gmail.com Location Tbilisi, Georgia Education EXCELIA La Rochelle Pronouns He/Him Work Founder &amp; CTO at NikoLabs LLC and Axrisi Joined May 30, 2025 &bull; Jul 17 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I have crazy idea for using it in gaming! Will submit this weekend! Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Follow Founder &amp; CTO at NikoLabs LLC, building Axrisi—an AI-powered browser extension for seamless on-page text processing and productivity. Opened Chicos restaurant in Tbilisi, Georgia. Email turazashvili@gmail.com Location Tbilisi, Georgia Education EXCELIA La Rochelle Pronouns He/Him Work Founder &amp; CTO at NikoLabs LLC and Axrisi Joined May 30, 2025 &bull; Jul 20 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Who wants to Enroll to Hogwarts? :) ⚡ Hogwarts Spell Caster: Real-Time Voice Magic with AssemblyAI Universal-Streaming Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) ・ Jul 20 #devchallenge #assemblyaichallenge #ai #api Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Noah Brinker The DEV Team Noah Brinker The DEV Team Noah Brinker Follow Marketing @ DEV Joined Apr 4, 2022 &bull; Jul 16 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excited to see the ideas that get created. Best of luck! Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Follow Web Developer | Technical Writer | OSS Contributor | Musician | Gamer | Cyclist Location Mars Education Bachelors of Science in Computer Science Pronouns He/Him Joined Jan 6, 2019 &bull; Jul 17 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Can I use an old submission from a different challenge? Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Ben Halpern The DEV Team Ben Halpern The DEV Team Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 &bull; Jul 16 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck everyone! Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; James Hoang James Hoang James Hoang Follow Good morning 😎 Joined Jul 10, 2025 &bull; Jul 17 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Let's goo, I will be joining 🔥 Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Kevin Brown Kevin Brown Kevin Brown Follow Founder of Canvas Cloud AI, We allow developers to get certified in the four major Cloud (AWS, GCP, Azure, and Oracle) providers in a hands on way. Joined Jul 2, 2025 &bull; Jul 17 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I may do this challenge for fun. May not be able to make an official entry because of the following line item in the competition: Include an embed of your GitHub repository with the source code Good luck, All Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Kerstin Iris Kerstin Iris Kerstin Iris Follow Joined Jun 29, 2025 &bull; Jul 17 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck everyone Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Muhib ur Rahman Bakar Muhib ur Rahman Bakar Muhib ur Rahman Bakar Follow Principal Software Engineer | ReactJs | NextJs | Javascript/Typescript Location Lahore, Pakistan Education PUCIT Work Principal Software Engineer - Northbay Solutions Joined Dec 8, 2022 &bull; Jul 16 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck everyone! Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Pratik sharma Pratik sharma Pratik sharma Follow Full stack developer Email sharma.pratik2016@gmail.com Location New delhi Work Web developer Joined Jan 4, 2020 &bull; Jul 16 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Let's go Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; pablo b pablo b pablo b Follow I am Pablo Web Developer Joined Apr 6, 2025 &bull; Jul 17 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck to the participants Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (26 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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Contribute to Forem More from The DEV Team Congrats to the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Winners! # googleaichallenge # devchallenge # ai # agents Join the Algolia Agent Studio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes! # algoliachallenge # devchallenge # agents # webdev Congrats to the Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Winners! # xanochallenge # backend # api # ai 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/ajtiti/ajtiti-45-czy-na-pewno-potrzebujesz-mikroserwisow#main-content
AjTiTi #45 - Czy na pewno potrzebujesz mikroserwisów? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close AjTiTi [PL] Follow AjTiTi #45 - Czy na pewno potrzebujesz mikroserwisów? Jul 8 &#39;22 play Czy mikroserwisy wyszły już z mody? A może stały się po prostu naszą codziennością? W dzisiejszym odcinku przyglądamy się temu tematowi z perspektywy kilku lat hype'u. Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/users/password/new#main-content
Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Send me a Sign-in Link Enter the email address associated with your account, and we&#39;ll send you a one-time link or password reset. Email Go back 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://github.blog/changelog/2025/
Archive: 2025 - GitHub Changelog Skip to content / Blog Changelog Docs Customer stories Try GitHub Copilot See what&#039;s new Search Changelog Docs Customer stories See what&#039;s new Try GitHub Copilot Back to blog Changelog Copy RSS feed URL Follow @ghchangelog on X All New Releases Improvements Retired Filters ( 0 selected ) Clear all Filters ( 0 selected ) Match: Any All Tags Account management Actions Application Security Client apps Collaboration tools Community engagement Copilot Ecosystem &amp; accessibility Enterprise management tools Platform governance Projects &amp; Issues Supply chain security Universe ‘25 Clear all Apply December Dec 2025 December Dec 2025 Dec.22 Improvement Improved performance for GitHub Actions workflows page actions Dec.22 Improvement Control who can request apps for your organization now in public preview enterprise management tools Dec.19 Improvement You can now require reviews before closing Dependabot alerts with delegated alert dismissal supply chain security Dec.19 Release Copilot memory early access for Pro and Pro+ copilot Dec.18 Improvement CodeQL 2.23.7 and 2.23.8 add security queries for Go and Rust application security Dec.18 Improvement Assigning GitHub Copilot to an issue now adds you as an assignee copilot projects &amp; issues ... +1 Dec.18 Improvement GitHub Advanced Security trials now available for more GitHub Enterprise customers application security Dec.18 Release GitHub Copilot now supports Agent Skills copilot Dec.18 Release Claude Opus 4.5 is now generally available in GitHub Copilot copilot Dec.18 Release GitHub Enterprise Cloud data residency in Japan is generally available enterprise management tools Dec.18 Improvement Teams management now moved to Settings collaboration tools Dec.18 Improvement Copilot code review preview features now supported in GitHub Enterprise Cloud with data residency copilot Dec.18 Release Enterprise-level pull request activity now included in Copilot Usage Metrics in public preview copilot Dec.17 Release GPT-5.2 is now generally available in GitHub Copilot copilot Dec.17 Release GPT-5.1-Codex-Max is now generally available in GitHub Copilot copilot Dec.17 Release GPT-5.1 and GPT-5.1-Codex are now generally available in GitHub Copilot copilot Dec.17 Release Copilot code review now available for organization members without a license copilot Dec.17 Improvement Dynamic Copilot prompts on GitHub Docs copilot Dec.17 Release Gemini 3 Flash is now in public preview for GitHub Copilot copilot Dec.16 Improvement Enterprise governance and policy improvements for secret scanning application security Dec.16 Release C++ code editing tools for GitHub Copilot in public preview copilot Dec.16 Improvement Conda ecosystem support for Dependabot version updates now generally available supply chain security Dec.16 Release Dependabot version updates now support Julia supply chain security Dec.16 Release Dependabot version updates now support Bazel supply chain security Dec.16 Release Dependabot version updates now support OpenTofu supply chain security Dec.16 Release Dependabot security updates now support uv supply chain security Dec.16 Release Update to GitHub Actions pricing actions Dec.16 Release Track organization Copilot usage copilot Dec.16 Improvement More accurate Copilot Autofix usage metrics on security overview application security Dec.16 Improvement More direct access to agent session creation across GitHub Mobile client apps copilot ... +1 Dec.16 Release Code scanning alert assignees are now generally available application security Dec.12 Release Gemini 3 Pro is now available in Visual Studio, JetBrains IDEs, Xcode, and Eclipse copilot Dec.12 Improvement Better diagnostics for VNET injected runners and required self-hosted runner upgrades actions Dec.11 Improvement Review commit-by-commit, improved filtering, and more in the pull request &#8220;Files changed&#8221; public preview collaboration tools Dec.11 Release Post as Admin now available in GitHub Discussions community engagement Dec.11 Release Repository dashboard: Find, search, and save queries in preview collaboration tools Dec.11 Release OpenAI&#8217;s GPT-5.2 is now in public preview for GitHub Copilot copilot Dec.10 Release Auto model selection is generally available in GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio Code copilot Dec.10 Improvement GitHub Spark: Improvements, DPA coverage, &amp; dedicated SKU copilot Dec.10 Release GitHub Enterprise Server 3.19 is now generally available collaboration tools Dec.10 Release The GitHub MCP Server adds support for tool-specific configuration, and more copilot Dec.09 Improvement Repository custom properties: GraphQL API and URL type enterprise management tools platform governance ... +1 Dec.09 Retired npm classic tokens revoked, session-based auth and CLI token management now available supply chain security Dec.09 Improvement Dependabot-based dependency graphs for Go supply chain security Dec.08 Improvement Enterprise teams product limits increased by over 10x enterprise management tools Dec.08 Release Model picker for Copilot coding agent for Copilot Pro and Pro+ subscribers copilot Dec.05 Release Track Copilot code generation metrics in a dashboard copilot Dec.04 Improvement Actions workflow dispatch workflows now support 25 inputs actions Dec.04 Improvement Notifications triggered by spam accounts are now correctly hidden collaboration tools Dec.04 Release OpenAI&#8217;s GPT-5.1-Codex-Max is now in public preview for GitHub Copilot copilot Dec.04 Improvement CodeQL 2.23.6 adds Swift 6.2.1 and new C# security queries application security Dec.03 Release GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio — November update copilot Dec.03 Release Claude Opus 4.5 is now available in Visual Studio, JetBrains IDEs, Xcode, and Eclipse copilot Dec.03 Improvement Assign issues to Copilot using the API copilot projects &amp; issues ... +1 Dec.02 Release GitHub Enterprise Server 3.19 release candidate is now available collaboration tools Dec.02 Improvement Secret scanning updates — November 2025 application security Dec.01 Release Copilot Spaces: Public spaces and code view support copilot Dec.01 Improvement Block repository administrators from installing GitHub Apps on their own now generally available enterprise management tools November Nov 2025 November Nov 2025 October Oct 2025 October Oct 2025 September Sep 2025 September Sep 2025 August Aug 2025 August Aug 2025 July Jul 2025 July Jul 2025 June Jun 2025 June Jun 2025 May May 2025 May May 2025 April Apr 2025 April Apr 2025 March Mar 2025 March Mar 2025 February Feb 2025 February Feb 2025 January Jan 2025 January Jan 2025 Pagination Prev 2026 2025 2024 ... 2018 2026 2025 ... 2018 Next Subscribe to our developer newsletter Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs. Enter your email * Subscribe By submitting, I agree to let GitHub and its affiliates use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising, and campaign effectiveness. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/t/tmux
Tmux - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tmux Follow Hide Terminal multiplexer Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow joe-re joe-re joe-re Follow Jan 12 I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow # claudecode # tauri # productivity # tmux 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read iTerm2 + tmux -CC: The Remote Development Setup Nobody Talks About Eugene Oleinik Eugene Oleinik Eugene Oleinik Follow Dec 25 &#39;25 iTerm2 + tmux -CC: The Remote Development Setup Nobody Talks About # terminal # tmux # ssh # remotedevelopment Comments Add Comment 4 min read ☕ coffee.tmux: A Modern tmux Plugin Manager Praanesh S Praanesh S Praanesh S Follow Oct 7 &#39;25 ☕ coffee.tmux: A Modern tmux Plugin Manager # tmux # coffeetmux # opensource # terminal 10  reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Wait a minute, Mr POSTman Boyd Duffee Boyd Duffee Boyd Duffee Follow Oct 16 &#39;25 Wait a minute, Mr POSTman # perl # restapi # tmux # tdd 2  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Desto: A Web Dashboard for Long-Running Background Processes Yannis Yannis Yannis Follow Sep 21 &#39;25 Desto: A Web Dashboard for Long-Running Background Processes # productivity # python # bash # tmux 5  reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Master tmux Like a Pro: Boost Your Terminal Workflow 🚀 masoomjethwa masoomjethwa masoomjethwa Follow Sep 21 &#39;25 Master tmux Like a Pro: Boost Your Terminal Workflow 🚀 # tmux # productivity # linux # cli Comments 1  comment 4 min read Opening Files in Neovim from Terminal Output with tmux-fzf-open-files-nvim Peter-McKinney Peter-McKinney Peter-McKinney Follow Jul 27 &#39;25 Opening Files in Neovim from Terminal Output with tmux-fzf-open-files-nvim # tmux # neovim # tpm # terminal Comments Add Comment 3 min read Managing Multiple SSH Servers Across Windows &amp; macOS with SSH Config &amp; Tmux Yousuf Basir Yousuf Basir Yousuf Basir Follow Aug 20 &#39;25 Managing Multiple SSH Servers Across Windows &amp; macOS with SSH Config &amp; Tmux # ssh # linux # pem # tmux 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Work Smarter with Tmux in Red Hat Linux — Keep Your Terminal Tasks Safe and Organized Alexand Alexand Alexand Follow Jul 12 &#39;25 Work Smarter with Tmux in Red Hat Linux — Keep Your Terminal Tasks Safe and Organized # cloudwhistler # tmux # linux # commandline Comments Add Comment 2 min read tmux Cheatsheet Zen Oh Zen Oh Zen Oh Follow Jul 9 &#39;25 tmux Cheatsheet # tmux # cli # productivity # networking Comments Add Comment 1 min read Created a new tool called wye (rust) gusto gusto gusto Follow Jun 20 &#39;25 Created a new tool called wye (rust) # rust # cli # linux # tmux Comments Add Comment 1 min read XTide86: A Terminal IDE That Brings Neovim, tmux, C/C++, and Python Together Pavle Dzakula Pavle Dzakula Pavle Dzakula Follow May 26 &#39;25 XTide86: A Terminal IDE That Brings Neovim, tmux, C/C++, and Python Together # terminal # neovim # tmux # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read Easily Set Up Your Usual tmux Pane Layout xrc xrc xrc Follow Jun 15 &#39;25 Easily Set Up Your Usual tmux Pane Layout # tmux # cli # terminal 1  reaction Comments 2  comments 2 min read Split, Zoom, Detach: tmux is the Productivity Tool You’re Missing Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow May 1 &#39;25 Split, Zoom, Detach: tmux is the Productivity Tool You’re Missing # tmux # developer # productivity 16  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mastering Tmux: The Terminal Multiplexer Every Developer Should Know Govind Govind Govind Follow Apr 22 &#39;25 Mastering Tmux: The Terminal Multiplexer Every Developer Should Know # tmux # terminal # productivity # linux 3  reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read My text editor setup in 2025 and how I came out of extension hell Giuseppe Gallitto Giuseppe Gallitto Giuseppe Gallitto Follow Jan 4 &#39;25 My text editor setup in 2025 and how I came out of extension hell # vscode # vim # tmux # gdb Comments Add Comment 3 min read Aumentare la produttività con Tmux e Vim Marco Bollero Marco Bollero Marco Bollero Follow Jan 28 &#39;25 Aumentare la produttività con Tmux e Vim # vim # neovim # tmux 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Faster Terminal Navigation with Tmux and Fuzzy finder Siddarth Siddarth Siddarth Follow Jan 21 &#39;25 Faster Terminal Navigation with Tmux and Fuzzy finder # linux # tmux # cli 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Enable Undercurl in Neovim: Terminal and Tmux Setup Guide Anurag Pramanik Anurag Pramanik Anurag Pramanik Follow Jan 14 &#39;25 How to Enable Undercurl in Neovim: Terminal and Tmux Setup Guide # neovim # tmux # undercurl 5  reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read foot with true-color tmux support (à la Alacritty) sailorfe sailorfe sailorfe Follow Jan 6 &#39;25 foot with true-color tmux support (à la Alacritty) # wayland # linux # tmux 3  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read TMUX: Terminal Multiplexer Mohammad Ridowan Sikder Mohammad Ridowan Sikder Mohammad Ridowan Sikder Follow Oct 4 &#39;24 TMUX: Terminal Multiplexer # linux # bash # shell # tmux 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Minha saga com Tmux: Copiar e colar com Clipboard Lukasveiga Lukasveiga Lukasveiga Follow Aug 30 &#39;24 Minha saga com Tmux: Copiar e colar com Clipboard # linux # tmux Comments Add Comment 2 min read Best Way to Open URLs in Your Terminal via Tmux Tömő Viktor Tömő Viktor Tömő Viktor Follow Jul 7 &#39;24 Best Way to Open URLs in Your Terminal via Tmux # tmux # fzf # linux 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Two Simple Tmux Keybinds that Help Me Everyday Tömő Viktor Tömő Viktor Tömő Viktor Follow Jul 7 &#39;24 Two Simple Tmux Keybinds that Help Me Everyday # fzf # tmux # keybinds 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read WSL com Neovim + Tmux + WezTerm Pedro Henrique Pedro Henrique Pedro Henrique Follow Apr 7 &#39;24 WSL com Neovim + Tmux + WezTerm # wsl # neovim # tmux # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources iTerm2 + tmux -CC: The Remote Development Setup Nobody Talks About I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/t/tauri
Tauri - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # tauri Follow Hide Create Post Older #tauri posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow joe-re joe-re joe-re Follow Jan 12 I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow # claudecode # tauri # productivity # tmux 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read DLMan :: the download manager I always wanted Shayan Shayan Shayan Follow Jan 8 DLMan :: the download manager I always wanted # programming # opensource # rust # tauri Comments Add Comment 2 min read Adding RISC-V Support to Armbian Imager: A Tale of QEMU, Tauri, and Deja Vu Bruno Verachten Bruno Verachten Bruno Verachten Follow Dec 23 &#39;25 Adding RISC-V Support to Armbian Imager: A Tale of QEMU, Tauri, and Deja Vu # riscv # tauri # rust # armbian 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read The Old Dog Learns a New Trick: Cross-Compiling Tauri CLI for RISC-V Bruno Verachten Bruno Verachten Bruno Verachten Follow Dec 23 &#39;25 The Old Dog Learns a New Trick: Cross-Compiling Tauri CLI for RISC-V # riscv64 # tauri # rust # crossrs 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Access Tauri Documentation Directly in Your Editor with tauri-docs MCP Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Follow Dec 16 &#39;25 Access Tauri Documentation Directly in Your Editor with tauri-docs MCP # tauri # mcp # rust # mobile Comments Add Comment 2 min read Orbis: Building a Plugin-Driven Desktop Platform with Rust and React Emanuele Balsamo Emanuele Balsamo Emanuele Balsamo Follow for CyberPath Dec 28 &#39;25 Orbis: Building a Plugin-Driven Desktop Platform with Rust and React # rust # react # tauri Comments Add Comment 5 min read Build your own tunnel in Rust: Expose local sites to the Web Bohdan Bohdan Bohdan Follow Dec 6 &#39;25 Build your own tunnel in Rust: Expose local sites to the Web # rust # tauri # pwa # javascript 5  reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read &quot;THIS Is Not My Child&quot; - Integrating PIXI.js in Tauri Vite React Emre Tekinalp Emre Tekinalp Emre Tekinalp Follow Nov 30 &#39;25 &quot;THIS Is Not My Child&quot; - Integrating PIXI.js in Tauri Vite React # react # tauri # pixijs # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Built Kerminal: A Free, Open-Source Terminal &amp; SSH Manager with Multi-Device Sync klpod221 klpod221 klpod221 Follow Nov 7 &#39;25 How I Built Kerminal: A Free, Open-Source Terminal &amp; SSH Manager with Multi-Device Sync # tauri # vue # rust # terminal Comments Add Comment 7 min read Things I Wish I Knew Before Building My First Tauri App TheDevSide TheDevSide TheDevSide Follow Dec 5 &#39;25 Things I Wish I Knew Before Building My First Tauri App # rust # tauri # desktop # productivity 6  reactions Comments 2  comments 2 min read Tauri in Hoppscotch codebase. Ramu Narasinga Ramu Narasinga Ramu Narasinga Follow Oct 28 &#39;25 Tauri in Hoppscotch codebase. # tauri # opensource # hoppscotch # rust Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Timer App you can fully control with keyboard shortcuts Ko1103 Ko1103 Ko1103 Follow Oct 27 &#39;25 A Timer App you can fully control with keyboard shortcuts # productivity # tauri # rust # typescript Comments Add Comment 1 min read Pawn Appétit: Professional Chess Analysis, Zero Cost Gaspar Limarc Gaspar Limarc Gaspar Limarc Follow Oct 14 &#39;25 Pawn Appétit: Professional Chess Analysis, Zero Cost # chess # opensource # rust # tauri 8  reactions Comments 1  comment 2 min read FFStudio - a node-based FFmpeg frontend Aleksei Aleksei Aleksei Follow Oct 13 &#39;25 FFStudio - a node-based FFmpeg frontend # ffmpeg # rust # tauri # programming 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why We&#39;re Moving SecureBit.chat to Tauri v2 — The Future of Decentralized P2P Communication Volodymyr Volodymyr Volodymyr Follow Nov 5 &#39;25 Why We&#39;re Moving SecureBit.chat to Tauri v2 — The Future of Decentralized P2P Communication # tauri # webrtc # security # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Phoenix LiveView Desktop App with Tauri: A Step-by-Step Guide David Teren David Teren David Teren Follow Nov 13 &#39;25 Building a Phoenix LiveView Desktop App with Tauri: A Step-by-Step Guide # elixir # phoenix # tauri 6  reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Gestionar múltiples bases de datos en Docker sin tener 50 comandos guardados en Notion AbianS AbianS AbianS Follow Oct 6 &#39;25 Gestionar múltiples bases de datos en Docker sin tener 50 comandos guardados en Notion # docker # database # postgres # tauri 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read BLoC (Business Logic Component) in Rust Mykhailo Krainik Mykhailo Krainik Mykhailo Krainik Follow Oct 3 &#39;25 BLoC (Business Logic Component) in Rust # rust # bloc # tauri # dioxus Comments Add Comment 2 min read Plugged: Instant Backend Integration for Developers Little Prince Little Prince Little Prince Follow Sep 22 &#39;25 Plugged: Instant Backend Integration for Developers # webdev # programming # tauri # backend Comments Add Comment 1 min read Claw: The Cross-Platform Clipboard Manager Built for Linux Power Users GitHubOpenSource GitHubOpenSource GitHubOpenSource Follow Oct 7 &#39;25 Claw: The Cross-Platform Clipboard Manager Built for Linux Power Users # clipboard # tauri # linux # wayland 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Managing multiple databases in Docker without having 50 commands saved in Notion AbianS AbianS AbianS Follow Oct 6 &#39;25 Managing multiple databases in Docker without having 50 commands saved in Notion # docker # database # tauri # postgres 3  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read My First Tauri CI/CD Pipeline: Lessons from Building VaultNote with SvelteKit Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Follow Sep 24 &#39;25 My First Tauri CI/CD Pipeline: Lessons from Building VaultNote with SvelteKit # tauri # sveltekit # cicd # crossplatform 3  reactions Comments 9  comments 5 min read tauri-helper: A Rust Utility to Auto-Collect Tauri Commands RiadYan RiadYan RiadYan Follow Sep 20 &#39;25 tauri-helper: A Rust Utility to Auto-Collect Tauri Commands # programming # rust # tauri # productivity 5  reactions Comments 1  comment 4 min read Personal Empirical App Demo Matthew Ricci Matthew Ricci Matthew Ricci Follow Aug 9 &#39;25 Personal Empirical App Demo # tauri # rust # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read MarkFlowy: Your New AI-Powered Markdown Editor GitHubOpenSource GitHubOpenSource GitHubOpenSource Follow Sep 5 &#39;25 MarkFlowy: Your New AI-Powered Markdown Editor # markdown # editor # ai # tauri 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources How I Built Kerminal: A Free, Open-Source Terminal &amp; SSH Manager with Multi-Device Sync Access Tauri Documentation Directly in Your Editor with tauri-docs MCP The Old Dog Learns a New Trick: Cross-Compiling Tauri CLI for RISC-V Things I Wish I Knew Before Building My First Tauri App Build your own tunnel in Rust: Expose local sites to the Web Building a Phoenix LiveView Desktop App with Tauri: A Step-by-Step Guide Why We&#39;re Moving SecureBit.chat to Tauri v2 — The Future of Decentralized P2P Communication DLMan :: the download manager I always wanted Adding RISC-V Support to Armbian Imager: A Tale of QEMU, Tauri, and Deja Vu I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow &quot;THIS Is Not My Child&quot; - Integrating PIXI.js in Tauri Vite React Orbis: Building a Plugin-Driven Desktop Platform with Rust and React 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/archdemondeveloper/roman-numerals-in-go-the-self-correcting-one-pass-trick-43oh
Roman Numerals in Go: The Self‑Correcting One‑Pass Trick - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Archdemon Posted on Dec 17, 2025 Roman Numerals in Go: The Self‑Correcting One‑Pass Trick # programming # go # learning # algorithms Today we’ll look at a classic interview problem: converting a Roman numeral to an integer . To be honest, this is not something most of us use in real life. In 10+ years of programming, I haven’t needed it once. But it does show up in interviews, and more importantly, it’s a great problem for learning how to reason about algorithms instead of memorising tricks. Let’s take it step by step. Understanding the Problem You’re given a string made up of Roman numeral characters: I, V, X, L, C, D, M Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each character has a fixed numeric value: I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000 Your task is simple: Convert the Roman numeral string into its integer value. The problem guarantees that: the input is always valid you don’t need to worry about malformed Roman numerals That lets us focus entirely on the logic. A Straightforward (Brute‑Force) Approach The most natural way to solve this is to lean directly on the Roman numeral rules. Some pairs are special : IV = 4 IX = 9 XL = 40 XC = 90 CD = 400 CM = 900 Everything else is just addition. So a brute‑force approach looks like this: Walk through the string from left to right If the current character and the next character form a subtractive pair, add that value and skip both Otherwise, add the value of the current character and move on This works. It’s clear. And for this problem, it’s completely acceptable. But there’s a small cost: you have to explicitly encode all subtractive pairs you need lookahead ( i + 1 ), which adds branching and edge checks At this point, it’s reasonable to pause and ask: Can we do this in a single pass, without treating some cases as special? That question leads to a more interesting solution. The Core Idea Here’s the idea we’ll build everything on: Always add. Correct only when proven wrong. Roman numerals follow two simple rules: Values normally add If a smaller value appears before a larger one, the smaller value should be subtracted Examples: VI = 5 + 1 = 6 IV = 5 − 1 = 4 XL = 50 − 10 = 40 Instead of handling these cases up front, we’ll assume everything adds — and fix things only when we realise that assumption was wrong. Pause for a Moment Before looking at code, stop here and think about this question: If I always add values, how would I undo a mistake when I later discover that a value should have been subtracted? Keep that question in mind. The answer is the key to the whole solution. The Invariant (This Is Everything) The algorithm relies on one simple invariant: At the start of each iteration, the running total already includes the previous symbol exactly once. Everything that follows is just a consequence of that statement. Why the Correction Works Let’s walk through a concrete example: "XL" . Step 1: 'X' Value = 10 There is no previous symbol yet We add 10 Running total: 10 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Nothing to fix. Step 2: 'L' Value = 50 The previous value was 10 According to Roman rules, that 10 should have been subtracted But here’s the important part: We already added 10 in the previous step. To correct this, we need to: remove the earlier +10 apply -10 instead That’s a net change of: -2 * previous_value Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode So the update becomes: current_value - 2 * previous_value Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Which gives: 50 - 2*10 = 30 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Add that to the running total: 10 + 30 = 40 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Correct. Why We Subtract the Previous Value This part is subtle and important. We are not correcting the total . We are correcting the contribution of the previous symbol . previous is just the numeric value of the symbol we saw last the running total already includes it once That’s why this line works even on the first iteration: current - 2*previous Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When previous is 0 , there’s nothing to correct. The Code (Go) Once the idea is clear, the code becomes very straightforward. func romanToInt ( s string ) int { num , prev := 0 , 0 for _ , r := range s { curr := val ( r ) if curr &lt;= prev { num += curr } else { num += curr - 2 * prev } prev = curr } return num } func val ( r rune ) int { switch r { case 'I' : return 1 case 'V' : return 5 case 'X' : return 10 case 'L' : return 50 case 'C' : return 100 case 'D' : return 500 case 'M' : return 1000 } return 0 } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why This Is a Good Interview Solution Single pass O(1) extra space No lookahead No special cases More importantly, it demonstrates that you can: maintain a clear invariant make simple assumptions correct them cleanly when new information appears One‑Sentence Mental Model “I always add the current value. If I later realise the previous value should have been subtracted, I undo it by subtracting it twice.” If that sentence makes sense, the solution will always make sense. Final Thoughts This problem isn’t really about Roman numerals. It’s about writing algorithms that: start with a simple assumption stay linear and readable correct themselves when needed Once you see it that way, the 2 * previous no longer feels clever, it feels inevitable. Final Thought My goal here was to help you actually understand why this algorithm works and not just walk away with something to memorize. Once that idea clicks, implementing it in your favorite language becomes a fun little exercise. If this helped you see the problem differently, feel free to share it with someone who might enjoy the same “aha” moment. And if you have questions, feedback, or a different mental model altogether, drop a comment. Those conversations are half the fun. Happy coding 👋 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Archdemon Follow I am a software dev with 10+ years of backend dev experience. I program in Java professionally, and learning Go currently. I also have experience working on GCP. Location Hyderabad, India Education University of Nottingham Work Lead Software Developer Joined Jan 19, 2024 More from Archdemon Majority Element: Easy Problem, Sneaky Insight # programming # go # learning # algorithms 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#1-example-of-a-tle-despite-using-an-efficient-algorithm
Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/devteam/join-the-ai-agents-intensive-course-writing-challenge-with-google-and-kaggle-1i46
Join the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge with Google and Kaggle - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jess Lee for The DEV Team Posted on Oct 31, 2025 &bull; Edited on Dec 26, 2025 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Join the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge with Google and Kaggle # googleaichallenge # kaggle # machinelearning # ai We're excited to announce a writing challenge for participants of the 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Course with Google and Kaggle ! Running from November 10-14 , the 5-Day AI Agents Intensive Course is designed to help you master AI agents: the next frontier of artificial intelligence. Whether you’re just starting with agents or looking to advance your expertise, this immersive experience will guide you through the architectures, tools, and best practices shaping the future of intelligent, autonomous systems. Course registration closes on Tuesday, November 4 at 11:59pm Registration is open from now through the start of the course! We recommend signing up ASAP so you can start the course on time. Late registrants won’t receive earlier emails, but all materials are available on Kaggle’s Discord and in the Learn Guide on Kaggle . Register Now By the end of the course, you'll put your skills into practice through a capstone project and be able to build everything from simple AI agents to sophisticated multi-agent systems. Course participants will have through December 7 December 14 to solidify and share their learnings and takeaways from the intensive in our writing challenge! Our Writing Prompt Learning Reflections Share your key learnings and insights from the AI Agents Intensive course. What concepts resonated most with you? How has your understanding of AI agents evolved? Show off your capstone project and tell us what you learned! (optional) Challenge Submission Template Reflect on the course content, hands-on labs, or discussions that shaped your perspective on agentic AI. Judging Criteria and Prizes All qualified entries will be judged by a panel selected by DEV based on the following criteria: Style and Presentation Clarity Originality We'll select one winner to receive: Exclusive Winner's Badge DEV++ Membership All qualifying participants will receive a completion badge. How To Participate In order to participate, you must publish a post with the submission template below. Note: You can start writing from Day 1! Any learnings and reflections are welcome, even if you don't end up completing the full course. Google AI Agents Writing Challenge Submission Template Please review our judging criteria, rules, guidelines, and FAQ page before submitting so you understand our participation guidelines and official contest rules such as eligibility requirements. Important Dates November 10-14: Google &amp; Kaggle AI Agents Intensive Course November 14-30: Capstone Projects public and live on Kaggle December 7 December 14: Writing Submissions due at 11:59 PM PST Jan 8: Winners Announced Questions about the writing challenge? Ask them below. Good luck and happy writing! Top comments (12) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Tom Tom Tom Follow I’m Tome Gera, Digital Marketing Manager at DC Wine &amp; Spirits. I enjoy exploring new places, discovering food and wine, and spending time outdoors. Location Washington DC Education Post Graduate Work Digital Marketing Manager | eCommerce &amp; SEO Enthusiast Joined Oct 31, 2025 &bull; Nov 1 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This sounds like an exciting opportunity! Like comment: Like comment: 7 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Dmitrii Efimov Dmitrii Efimov Dmitrii Efimov Follow Location Beograd, Serbija Pronouns he/him Joined Aug 28, 2022 &bull; Nov 1 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck everyone! Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; donna oftadeh donna oftadeh donna oftadeh Follow In search for the truth Joined Nov 21, 2024 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Can we participate as a team ? Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Gergely Csoti Gergely Csoti Gergely Csoti Follow Joined Nov 5, 2025 &bull; Nov 5 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide At this moment I registered :) Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; shemith mohanan shemith mohanan shemith mohanan Follow AI Startup Founder | Creator of BusinessAdBooster.pro — an AI-powered marketing tool that generates human-sounding, SEO, AEO &amp; GEO-optimized content for small businesses and digital marketers. Helping Joined Oct 8, 2025 &bull; Nov 1 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This sounds like an incredible opportunity — combining hands-on learning from Google and Kaggle with a writing challenge is such a smart way to deepen understanding. Reflecting on what we learn often brings more clarity than the course itself. I’m really looking forward to seeing how people describe their capstone projects and AI agent experiments. Exciting times ahead for anyone exploring agentic AI! 🤖🔥 Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Stemonitis Stemonitis Stemonitis Follow Joined Apr 23, 2025 &bull; Nov 10 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Looks like registration for this course is closed Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Anh Anh Anh Follow Sr. Software Engineer | AI/ML Engineer | Mobile App Developer | 8+ years Location Toronto, Canada Joined Jul 4, 2024 &bull; Nov 1 &#39;25 &bull; Edited on Nov 1 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Awesome!!! happy halloween! Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Aravind d Aravind d Aravind d Follow Cloud-native engineer ☁️ DevOps + SRE | K8s wizard | Multi-cloud mindset Location India Work Site Reliability Engineer @SES Joined Jul 1, 2024 &bull; Nov 8 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck everyone Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Karthikeyan Karthikeyan Karthikeyan Follow Passionate about tech | Gamer | Front End engineer Location Bangalore Education B.E Computer Science @ Velammal Engineering College Work Front End Engineer @ Granicus Joined Sep 25, 2019 &bull; Nov 12 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Registration is closed Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Alphonse Kazadi Alphonse Kazadi Alphonse Kazadi Follow Full Stack Developer &amp; ML Enthusiast. I love turning ideas into real-world apps, solving tough problems &amp; exploring new tech. Always pushing boundaries, always eager to collaborate globally! Location Mbujimayi, DRC Education Official University of Mbujimayi Pronouns He/Him Joined Apr 5, 2024 &bull; Nov 3 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Exciting ! Good luck to everyone. I'll be there. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (12 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse The DEV Team Follow The hardworking team behind DEV ❤️ Want to contribute to open source and help make the DEV community stronger? 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Contribute to Forem More from The DEV Team Congrats to the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Winners! # googleaichallenge # devchallenge # ai # agents Congrats to the Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Winners! # xanochallenge # backend # api # ai Join the New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes + Feedback from Google AI Team (For Winners and Runner Ups!) # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # career # gemini 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/devteam/congrats-to-the-assemblyai-voice-agents-challenge-winners-1ppk
Congrats to the AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge Winners! - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jess Lee for The DEV Team Posted on Aug 7, 2025 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Congrats to the AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge Winners! # devchallenge # assemblyaichallenge # ai # api Today's the day! We are excited to announce the winners of the AssemblyAI Voice Agents Challenge . From accessibility-focused transcription tools that bridge communication gaps to elder care companions that enhance quality of life, participants demonstrated remarkable creativity and consideration in leveraging AssemblyAI's Universal-Streaming technology. We were impressed by the community's technical skill and diverse approaches to creating entirely new categories of high-impact, voice-powered solutions. Thank you to everyone who participated! We hope you enjoyed working on your submission and are proud of what you accomplished. Without further ado, our winners. Congratulations To… Business Automation Voice Agent Winner @neilblaze and @achalbajpai created Wynnie, an AI shopping companion that transforms how people interact with e-commerce through natural language. Wynnie 🦄 — 𝘠𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘚𝘩𝘰𝘱𝘱𝘪𝘯𝘨, 𝘯𝘰𝘸 𝘰𝘯 𝘈𝘶𝘵𝘰𝘱𝘪𝘭𝘰𝘵! Pratyay Banerjee ・ Jul 28 #devchallenge #assemblyaichallenge #ai #api From multi-language voice recognition supporting 50+ languages to intelligent deal optimization and seamless payment processing, Wynnie does it all. Real-Time Voice Performance Winner The Hogwarts Spell Caster transforms spoken Harry Potter spells into instant keyboard actions for the Hogwarts Legacy game, bringing magical immersion to gaming through ultra-low latency voice commands. ⚡ Hogwarts Spell Caster: Real-Time Voice Magic with AssemblyAI Universal-Streaming Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) ・ Jul 20 #devchallenge #assemblyaichallenge #ai #api @axrisi created an experience where voice commands feel as natural as pressing keys. The project perfectly demonstrates how sub-300ms latency can enable entirely new categories of interactive entertainment. Domain Expert Voice Agent Winner Enter @nadinev 's AI Debate Room to meet an opponent that provides real-time domain expertise and topic-aware counter-arguments. AI✧Debate Nadine ・ Jul 26 #devchallenge #assemblyaichallenge #ai #api This intellectually rigorous debate partner combines real-time voice processing with a curated philosophical knowledge base. Our three prompt winners will each receive $1,000 , DEV++ Membership , and an exclusive DEV badge. All participants with valid submissions will receive a completion badge for rising to the challenge! Our Sponsor We want to give a big shout out to AssemblyAI for partnering with us on their second challenge! If you ever need to build a voice-enabled app, we hope you turn to AssemblyAI first. They are truly at the forefront of voice technology. What's next? We try to have at least one challenge running at all times, so be sure to keep an eye on our challenges page or follow the tag so you don't miss an opportunity to showcase your skills: # devchallenge Follow This is the official tag for submissions and announcements related to DEV Challenges. We hope you had fun, felt challenged, and maybe added a thing or two to your professional profile. See you next time! Interested in being a volunteer judge for future challenges? Learn more here ! Top comments (25) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Noah Brinker The DEV Team Noah Brinker The DEV Team Noah Brinker Follow Marketing @ DEV Joined Apr 4, 2022 &bull; Aug 7 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congrats to the winners! @neilblaze , @achalbajpai , @axrisi , @nadinev Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Pratyay Banerjee Pratyay Banerjee Pratyay Banerjee Follow Just another being in this metamorphic universe trying to find the infinite array of hash functions to make my life more peaceful ;) Location India Education IITG / IISc Bangalore Pronouns He/Him Work Independent Researcher ❯ Someone who ❤️ intersecting Web and ML for fun 👨‍🔬✨ Joined Oct 4, 2019 &bull; Aug 8 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks! 🫶 Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Fayaz Fayaz Fayaz Follow Software Engineer 𑁍 Thinker 𑁍 Problem Solver. Interests: AI, Software Development, Web Security, Privacy, Nature, Philosophy, History, Spirituality, Politics, Conversation. Location Bangladesh Education BSc. in Computer Science &amp; Engineering Work Building a new SaaS Joined Nov 12, 2017 &bull; Aug 7 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congrats to @neilblaze @achalbajpai @axrisi and @nadinev - all cool projects! 🥳 Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nadine Nadine Nadine Follow 💫 About Me: I operate with a results-driven, self-directed methodology. My approach prioritizes rapid, on-the-fly acquisition of necessary skills to meet project goals. Education BA, BSc, AWS Certified, GitHub 300 Work Contractor Joined May 31, 2025 &bull; Aug 7 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much 🙌🥲 Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow AWS Community Builder Bridging critical thinking and innovation, from philosophy to DevOps. Email programmerpravesh@gmail.com Location India Education Hindu College, Delhi University, India Pronouns he/him Work Freelance DevOps Engineer At Fiverr Joined Jul 19, 2024 &bull; Aug 7 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congrats buddy, win for Philosophy 😅 Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Nadine Nadine Nadine Follow 💫 About Me: I operate with a results-driven, self-directed methodology. My approach prioritizes rapid, on-the-fly acquisition of necessary skills to meet project goals. Education BA, BSc, AWS Certified, GitHub 300 Work Contractor Joined May 31, 2025 &bull; Aug 7 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Haha thanks 😁 Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Pratyay Banerjee Pratyay Banerjee Pratyay Banerjee Follow Just another being in this metamorphic universe trying to find the infinite array of hash functions to make my life more peaceful ;) Location India Education IITG / IISc Bangalore Pronouns He/Him Work Independent Researcher ❯ Someone who ❤️ intersecting Web and ML for fun 👨‍🔬✨ Joined Oct 4, 2019 &bull; Aug 8 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks @fm ! 🫶 Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Follow Founder &amp; CTO at NikoLabs LLC, building Axrisi—an AI-powered browser extension for seamless on-page text processing and productivity. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#3-what-happens-when-the-raw-print-endraw-function-is-called
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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://docs.github.com/en/copilot/how-tos/get-code-suggestions/get-ide-code-suggestions
Getting code suggestions in your IDE with GitHub Copilot - GitHub Docs Skip to main content GitHub Docs Version: Free, Pro, &amp; Team Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Select language: current language is English Search or ask Copilot Search or ask Copilot Open menu Open Sidebar GitHub Copilot / How-tos / Get code suggestions / Get IDE code suggestions Home GitHub Copilot Get started Quickstart What is GitHub Copilot? 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technical debt Review AI code Learn a new language Modernize legacy code Modernize Java applications Migrate a project Plan a project Vibe coding Upgrade projects Responsible use Copilot inline suggestions Chat in your IDE Chat in GitHub Chat in GitHub Mobile Copilot CLI Copilot in Windows Terminal Copilot in GitHub Desktop Pull request summaries Copilot text completion Commit message generation Code review Copilot coding agent Spark Copilot Spaces GitHub Copilot / How-tos / Get code suggestions / Get IDE code suggestions Getting code suggestions in your IDE with GitHub Copilot Use GitHub Copilot to get code suggestions in your editor. Tool navigation Visual Studio Code JetBrains IDEs Visual Studio Eclipse Vim/Neovim Azure Data Studio Xcode View page as Markdown In this article Introduction Prerequisites Getting code suggestions Showing alternative suggestions Showing multiple suggestions in a new tab Accepting partial suggestions Introduction Prerequisites Getting code suggestions Showing alternative suggestions Getting comment suggestions Navigating and accepting next edit suggestions Introduction Prerequisites Getting code suggestions Showing alternative suggestions Showing multiple suggestions in a new tab Accepting partial suggestions Navigating and accepting next edit suggestions Changing the AI model Introduction Prerequisites Learning to use GitHub Copilot in Vim/Neovim Introduction Prerequisites Getting code suggestions Showing alternative suggestions Accepting partial suggestions Introduction Prerequisites Getting code suggestions Navigating and accepting next edit suggestions Introduction Prerequisites Getting code suggestions Manually triggering inline suggestions Accepting partial suggestions Navigating and accepting next edit suggestions Next steps Further reading Get started for free Open in Visual Studio Code Introduction This guide demonstrates how to get coding suggestions from GitHub Copilot in a JetBrains IDE. To see instructions for other popular coding environments, use the tool switcher at the top of the page. The examples in this guide use Java, however other languages will work similarly. For more information, see GitHub Copilot code suggestions in your IDE . Prerequisites Access to Copilot . To use GitHub Copilot in JetBrains, you need either limited access through Copilot Free or a paid Copilot plan for full access. See What is GitHub Copilot? . Compatible JetBrains IDE . To use GitHub Copilot in JetBrains, you must have a compatible JetBrains IDE installed. GitHub Copilot is compatible with the following IDEs: IntelliJ IDEA (Ultimate, Community, Educational) Android Studio AppCode CLion Code With Me Guest DataGrip DataSpell GoLand JetBrains Client MPS PhpStorm PyCharm (Professional, Community, Educational) Rider RubyMine RustRover WebStorm Writerside See the JetBrains IDEs tool finder to download. Latest version of the GitHub Copilot extension . See the GitHub Copilot plugin in the JetBrains Marketplace. For installation instructions, see Installing the GitHub Copilot extension in your environment . Sign in to GitHub in your JetBrains IDE . For authentication instructions, see Installing the GitHub Copilot extension in your environment . Getting code suggestions GitHub Copilot offers coding suggestions as you type. For example, in a Java file, create a class by typing class Test . GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest a class body in grayed text. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . You can also describe something you want to do using natural language within a comment, and Copilot will suggest the code to accomplish your goal. For example, type this comment in a Java file: Java // find all images without alternate text // and give them a red border void process () { // find all images without alternate text // and give them a red border void process () { GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest code. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . GitHub Copilot will attempt to match the context and style of your code. You can always edit the suggested code. Tip If you receive limited or no suggestions from Copilot, you may have duplication detection enabled. For more information about duplication detection, see Managing GitHub Copilot policies as an individual subscriber . Showing alternative suggestions For any given input, GitHub Copilot may offer multiple suggestions. You can select which suggestion to use, or reject all suggestions. For example, type the following line in a Java file, and press Enter : Java private int calculateDaysBetweenDates(Date date1, private int calculateDaysBetweenDates (Date date1, GitHub Copilot will show you a suggestion. Now hover over the suggestion to show the GitHub Copilot control for choosing suggestions. To display next or previous suggestions, click the forward or back arrow button in the control. You can also use keyboard shortcuts to show alternative suggestions: OS See next suggestion See previous suggestion macOS Option + ] Option + [ Windows or Linux Alt + ] Alt + [ To accept a suggestion, click "Accept" in the Copilot command palette, or press Tab . To reject all suggestions, press Esc . Showing multiple suggestions in a new tab If you don't want to use any of the initial suggestions GitHub Copilot offers, you can show multiple suggestions in a new tab. For example, type the following line in a Java file: Java private int calculateDaysBetweenDates(Date date1, private int calculateDaysBetweenDates (Date date1, GitHub Copilot will show you a suggestion. To open a new tab with multiple additional suggestions, use the following keyboard shortcut, then click Open GitHub Copilot : OS Open multiple suggestions macOS Command + Shift + A Windows or Linux Ctrl + Enter To accept a suggestion, below the suggestion, click Accept suggestion NUMBER . To reject all suggestions, close the tab. Accepting partial suggestions If you don't want to accept an entire suggestion from GitHub Copilot, you can accept the next word or the next line of a suggestion. For example, type the following line in a Java file: Java private int calculateDaysBetweenDates(Date date1, private int calculateDaysBetweenDates (Date date1, GitHub Copilot will show a suggestion in grayed text. The exact suggestion may vary. Now hover over the suggestion to show the GitHub Copilot control for choosing suggestions. To accept only the next word of the suggestion, click Accept Word in the control. Alternatively, you can use a keyboard shortcut to accept the next word of a suggestion: OS Accept Next Word Accept Next Line macOS Command + → Command + Control + → Windows or Linux Control + → Control + Alt + → If you want to accept the next line of a suggestion, you will need to set a custom keyboard shortcut for the command editor.action.inlineSuggest.acceptNextLine . For more information on setting custom keyboard shortcuts, see Configuring GitHub Copilot in your environment . Introduction This guide demonstrates how to get coding suggestions from GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio for Windows. To see instructions for other popular coding environments, use the tool switcher at the top of the page. The examples in this guide use C#, however other languages will work similarly. For more information, see GitHub Copilot code suggestions in your IDE . Prerequisites Access to Copilot . To use GitHub Copilot in GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio, you need either limited access through Copilot Free or a paid Copilot plan for full access. See What is GitHub Copilot? . Compatible version of Visual Studio . To use GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio, you must have version 2022 17.8 or later of Visual Studio for Windows installed. For more information, see Install Visual Studio in the Microsoft documentation. GitHub Copilot extension for Visual Studio . For instructions on how to install the Copilot extension, see Install GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio in the Microsoft documentation. Add your GitHub account to Visual Studio . See Add your GitHub accounts to your Visual Studio keychain in the Microsoft documentation. Getting code suggestions GitHub Copilot offers coding suggestions as you type. For example, type this function signature in a C# file: C# int CalculateDaysBetweenDates( int CalculateDaysBetweenDates ( GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest an entire function body in grayed text. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . You can also describe something you want to do using natural language within a comment, and Copilot will suggest the code to accomplish your goal. For example, type this comment in the C# file: C# using System.Xml.Linq; var doc = XDocument.Load("index.xhml"); // find all images using System.Xml.Linq; var doc = XDocument.Load( "index.xhml" ); // find all images GitHub Copilot will suggest an implementation of the function. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . Tip If you receive limited or no suggestions from Copilot, you may have duplication detection enabled. For more information about duplication detection, see Managing GitHub Copilot policies as an individual subscriber . Showing alternative suggestions For any given input, GitHub Copilot may offer multiple suggestions. You can select which suggestion to use, or reject all suggestions. For example, type this function signature in a C# file: C# int CalculateDaysBetweenDates( int CalculateDaysBetweenDates ( GitHub Copilot will show you a suggestion. Now hover over the suggestion to show the GitHub Copilot control for choosing suggestions. To display next or previous suggestions, click the forward or back arrow button in the control. Alternatively, you can show alternate suggestions by pressing Alt + . (or Alt + , ) on your keyboard. To accept a suggestion, click "Accept" in the Copilot command palette, or press Tab . To reject all suggestions, press Esc . Getting comment suggestions Note Comment suggestions are available in Visual Studio 17.14 Preview 2 and later. GitHub Copilot can suggest comments for your code, by analyzing the code you write and generating comments that describe what the code does. For Copilot Free users, comment suggestions count towards your monthly Copilot Chat usage, not your code suggestions usage. Comment suggestions are available in the following languages: C# C++ Enabling comment suggestions To enable comment suggestions, you need to configure the comment style in Visual Studio. For C++ In Visual Studio, in the Tools menu, click Options . In the left-side panel, click Text Editor . Click C++ , then Code Style . Under the Code Style heading, click General . Under "Comments," select Xml Doc Comments from the dropdown. Select Insert existing comment style at the start of new lines when writing comments and Continue single line comments. Then click OK . In the Options tab, in the left-side panel, click GitHub . Click Copilot , then Editor . Select Enable AI generated descriptions for auto-inserted documentation comments in supported languages . For C# In Visual Studio, in the Tools menu, click Options . In the left-side panel, click Languages . Click C# , then More Settings , then Advanced . Under "Comments," select Generate XML documentation comments for /// , Insert // at the start of new lines when writing // comments , and Insert * at the start of new lines when writing /* */ comments. Then click OK . In the Options tab, in the left-side panel, click GitHub . Click Copilot , then Editor . Select Enable AI generated descriptions for auto-inserted documentation comments in supported languages . Using comment suggestions To initiate comment suggestions, type the standard comment initiator for the language you are writing in (for example, /// ), before the code you want to comment, and wait for the suggestion to appear. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . To modify the suggestion, press Alt + / . To reject the suggestion, press Esc . Navigating and accepting next edit suggestions Based on the edits you are making, Copilot will predict the location of the next edit you are likely to make and suggest a completion for it. You can navigate suggested code changes using Tab , making it easier to find the next relevant edit without manually searching through files or references. Press Tab again to accept a suggestion. An arrow in the gutter indicates an available edit suggestion. Click the arrow to access the edit suggestion menu, which provides keyboard shortcuts. If an edit suggestion is outside the current editor view, the arrow will point up or down to indicate where the next suggestion is. Introduction This guide demonstrates how to get coding suggestions from GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio Code. To see instructions for other popular coding environments, use the tool switcher at the top of the page. The examples in this guide use JavaScript, however other languages will work similarly. For more information, see GitHub Copilot code suggestions in your IDE . Prerequisites Access to Copilot . To use GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio Code, you need either limited access through Copilot Free or a paid Copilot plan for full access. See What is GitHub Copilot? . Sign in to GitHub in Visual Studio Code . See Set up GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio Code in the VS Code documentation.. Visual Studio Code . To use GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio Code, you must have Visual Studio Code installed. For more information, see the Visual Studio Code download page . Copilot in Visual Studio Code . When you set up GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio Code for the first time, the required extensions are installed automatically. You don't need to download or install them manually. For detailed instructions, see Set up GitHub Copilot in Visual Studio Code in the Visual Studio Code documentation. Getting code suggestions GitHub Copilot offers coding suggestions as you type. For example, type this function header in a JavaScript file: JavaScript function calculateDaysBetweenDates(begin, end) { function calculateDaysBetweenDates ( begin, end ) { GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest the rest of the function. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . You can also describe something you want to do using natural language within a comment, and Copilot will suggest the code to accomplish your goal. For example, type this comment in a JavaScript file: JavaScript // write a function to // find all images without alternate text // and give them a red border // write a function to // find all images without alternate text // and give them a red border GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest code. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . Tip If you receive limited or no suggestions from Copilot, you may have duplication detection enabled. For more information about duplication detection, see Managing GitHub Copilot policies as an individual subscriber . Showing alternative suggestions For any given input, GitHub Copilot may offer multiple suggestions. You can select which suggestion to use, or reject all suggestions. For example, type this function header in a JavaScript file, and press Enter : JavaScript function calculateDaysBetweenDates(begin, end) { function calculateDaysBetweenDates ( begin, end ) { GitHub Copilot will show you a suggestion. Now hover over the suggestion to show the GitHub Copilot control for choosing suggestions. To display next or previous suggestions, click the forward or back arrow button in the control. You can also use keyboard shortcuts to show alternative suggestions: OS See next suggestion See previous suggestion macOS Option (⌥) or Alt + ] Option (⌥) or Alt + [ Windows or Linux Alt + ] Alt + [ To accept a suggestion, click "Accept" in the Copilot command palette, or press Tab . To reject all suggestions, press Esc . Showing multiple suggestions in a new tab If you don't want to use any of the initial suggestions GitHub Copilot offers, you can show multiple suggestions in a new tab. For example, type this function header in a JavaScript file, and press Enter : JavaScript function calculateDaysBetweenDates(begin, end) { function calculateDaysBetweenDates ( begin, end ) { GitHub Copilot will show you a suggestion. Now press Ctrl + Enter to open a new tab with multiple additional options. To accept a suggestion, below the suggestion, click Accept suggestion NUMBER . To reject all suggestions, close the tab. Accepting partial suggestions If you don't want to accept an entire suggestion from GitHub Copilot, you can accept the next word or the next line of a suggestion. For example, type this function header in a JavaScript file, and press Enter : JavaScript function calculateDaysBetweenDates(begin, end) { function calculateDaysBetweenDates ( begin, end ) { GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest an entire function body in grayed text. The exact suggestion may vary. Now hover over the suggestion to show the GitHub Copilot control for choosing suggestions. To accept only the next word of the suggestion, click Accept Word in the control. Alternatively, you can use a keyboard shortcut to accept the next word of a suggestion: OS Accept Next Word macOS Command + → Windows or Linux Control + → If you want to accept the next line of a suggestion, you will need to set a custom keyboard shortcut for the command editor.action.inlineSuggest.acceptNextLine . For more information on setting custom keyboard shortcuts, see Configuring GitHub Copilot in your environment . Navigating and accepting next edit suggestions Next edit suggestions predicts where and what edits may be needed based on ongoing changes. You can navigate suggested code changes using Tab , making it easier to find the next relevant edit without manually searching through files or references. Press Tab again to accept a suggestion. An arrow in the gutter indicates an available edit suggestion. Hover over the arrow to access the edit suggestion menu, which provides keyboard shortcuts and settings options. If an edit suggestion is outside the current editor view, the arrow will point up or down to indicate where the next suggestion is. For more details and examples, see Inline suggestions with GitHub Copilot in VS Code in the Visual Studio Code documentation. Changing the AI model You can change the large language model that's used to generate inline suggestions. For more information, see Changing the AI model for GitHub Copilot inline suggestions . Introduction This guide demonstrates how to get coding suggestions from GitHub Copilot in Vim/Neovim. To see instructions for other popular coding environments, use the tool switcher at the top of the page. Prerequisites Access to Copilot . To use GitHub Copilot in Vim/Neovim, you need either limited access through Copilot Free or a paid Copilot plan for full access. See What is GitHub Copilot? . Compatible version of Vim/Neovim . To use GitHub Copilot in Vim/Neovim you must have Vim version 9.0.0185 / Neovim version 0.6 or above and Node.js version 18 or above installed. For more information, see the Vim / Neovim documentation and the Node.js website . GitHub Copilot extension for Vim/Neovim . To use GitHub Copilot in Vim/Neovim, you must install the GitHub Copilot plugin. For more information, see Installing the GitHub Copilot extension in your environment . Learning to use GitHub Copilot in Vim/Neovim GitHub Copilot provides suggestions inline as you type in Vim/Neovim. To accept a suggestion, press the tab key. For more information and guidance on using GitHub Copilot in Vim/Neovim run the following command to view the plugin documentation: Shell :help copilot :help copilot Introduction This guide demonstrates how to get coding suggestions from GitHub Copilot in Azure Data Studio. To see instructions for other popular coding environments, use the tool switcher at the top of the page. Prerequisites Access to Copilot . To use GitHub Copilot in Azure Data Studio, you need either limited access through Copilot Free or a paid Copilot plan for full access. See What is GitHub Copilot? . Compatible version of Azure Data Studio . To use GitHub Copilot in Azure Data Studio, you must have Azure Data Studio version 1.44.0 or later installed. For more information, see the Azure Data Studio download page in the Azure Data Studio documentation. GitHub Copilot extension for Azure Data Studio . To use GitHub Copilot in Azure Data Studio, you must install the GitHub Copilot extension. For more information, see Installing the GitHub Copilot extension in your environment . Getting code suggestions GitHub Copilot can provide you with inline suggestions as you create SQL databases in Azure Data Studio. For example, if you're writing a query that joins two tables, Copilot may suggest the join condition from columns in the open editor, other files in the workspace, and common syntax patterns. In a SQL file, type the following query: SQL SELECT [UserId], [Red], [Orange], [Yellow], [Green], [Blue], [Purple], [Rainbow] FROM [Tag].[Scoreboard] INNER JOIN SELECT [UserId], [Red], [Orange], [Yellow], [Green], [Blue], [Purple], [Rainbow] FROM [Tag].[Scoreboard] INNER JOIN GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest a join condition in grayed text. The exact suggestion may vary. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . You can also describe something you want to do using natural language within a comment, and Copilot will suggest the code to accomplish your goal. For example, type this comment in a SQL file: SQL SELECT TokenColor, COUNT(UserID) AS UserCount FROM Tag.Users GROUP BY TokenColor -- pivot that query on tokencolor for Purple, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red -- and rename the columns to match the colors SELECT [Purple], [Blue], [Green], [Yellow], [Orange], [Red] SELECT TokenColor, COUNT (UserID) AS UserCount FROM Tag.Users GROUP BY TokenColor -- pivot that query on tokencolor for Purple, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red -- and rename the columns to match the colors SELECT [Purple], [Blue], [Green], [Yellow], [Orange], [Red] GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest code. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . Tip If you receive limited or no suggestions from Copilot, you may have duplication detection enabled. For more information on duplication detection, see Managing GitHub Copilot policies as an individual subscriber . Showing alternative suggestions For some suggestions, GitHub Copilot may provide multiple alternatives. You can select which suggestion you want to use, or reject all suggestions. For example, type this query in a SQL file: SQL SELECT [UserId], [Red], [Orange], [Yellow], [Green], [Blue], [Purple], [Rainbow] FROM [Tag].[Scoreboard] INNER JOIN SELECT [UserId], [Red], [Orange], [Yellow], [Green], [Blue], [Purple], [Rainbow] FROM [Tag].[Scoreboard] INNER JOIN GitHub Copilot will show you a suggestion. Now hover over the suggestion to show the GitHub Copilot control for choosing suggestions. To display next or previous suggestions, click the forward or back arrow button in the control. You can also use keyboard shortcuts to show alternative suggestions: OS See next suggestion See previous suggestion macOS Option + [ Option + ] Windows or Linux Alt + [ Alt + ] To accept a suggestion, click "Accept" in the Copilot control, or press Tab . To reject all suggestions, press Esc . Accepting partial suggestions If you don't want to accept an entire suggestion from GitHub Copilot, you can accept the next word or the next line of a suggestion. For example, type this query in a SQL file: SQL SELECT [UserId], [Red], [Orange], [Yellow], [Green], [Blue], [Purple], [Rainbow] FROM [Tag].[Scoreboard] INNER JOIN SELECT [UserId], [Red], [Orange], [Yellow], [Green], [Blue], [Purple], [Rainbow] FROM [Tag].[Scoreboard] INNER JOIN GitHub Copilot will show you a suggestion in grayed text. The exact suggestion may vary. Now hover over the suggestion to show the GitHub Copilot control for choosing suggestions. To accept only the next word of the suggestion, click Accept Word in the control. Alternatively, you can use a keyboard shortcut to accept the next word of a suggestion: OS Accept Next Word macOS Command + → Windows or Linux Control + → If you want to accept the next line of the suggestion, you will need to set a custom keyboard shortcut for the command editor.action.inlineSuggest.acceptNextLine . For more information on setting custom keyboard shortcuts, see Keyboard shortcuts in Azure Data Studio in the Microsoft documentation. Introduction This guide demonstrates how to get coding suggestions from GitHub Copilot in Xcode. To see instructions for other popular coding environments, use the tool switcher at the top of the page. Prerequisites Access to Copilot . To use GitHub Copilot in Xcode, you need either limited access through Copilot Free or a paid Copilot plan for full access. See What is GitHub Copilot? . GitHub Copilot extension for Xcode . To use GitHub Copilot for Xcode, you must install the GitHub Copilot for Xcode extension. See Installing the GitHub Copilot extension in your environment . Getting code suggestions GitHub Copilot offers coding suggestions as you type. For example, type this function signature in a Swift file: Swift func calculateDaysBetweenDates( func calculateDaysBetweenDates ( GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest an entire function body in grayed text. To accept the first line of a suggestion, press Tab . To view the full suggestion, hold Option , and to accept the full suggestion, press Option + Tab . Improving code suggestions If you encounter issues with code suggestions, such as conflicting or missing suggestions, you can try the following: Disable Xcode's native predictive text completion: To avoid receiving two sets of code suggestions, you can disable Xcode's native predictive text completion. You can find this setting in the Xcode settings in the "Editing" tab under "Text Editing." Check for duplication detection in Copilot: If you receive limited or no suggestions from Copilot, you may have duplication detection enabled. For more information on duplication detection, see Managing GitHub Copilot policies as an individual subscriber . Check for updates and restart Xcode: Ensure you have the latest version of Copilot for Xcode in the extension application and restart Xcode. You can also open an issue in the Copilot for Xcode repository . Navigating and accepting next edit suggestions Next edit suggestions predicts where and what edits may be needed based on ongoing changes. You can navigate suggested code changes using Tab , making it easier to find the next relevant edit without manually searching through files or references. Press Tab again to accept a suggestion (unless you have disabled the "Accept suggestions with Tab" setting for the GitHub Copilot for Xcode extension). An arrow in the gutter indicates an available edit suggestion. Hover over the arrow to access the edit suggestion menu, which provides keyboard shortcuts and settings options. Introduction This guide demonstrates how to get coding suggestions from GitHub Copilot in Eclipse. To see instructions for other popular coding environments, use the tool switcher at the top of the page. Prerequisites Access to Copilot . To use GitHub Copilot in Eclipse, you need either limited access through Copilot Free or a paid Copilot plan for full access. See What is GitHub Copilot? . GitHub Copilot extension for Eclipse .To use GitHub Copilot in Eclipse, you must install the GitHub Copilot extension. See Installing the GitHub Copilot extension in your environment . Getting code suggestions GitHub Copilot offers coding suggestions as you type. For example, type this function header in a Java file: Java public int getDiff(int a, int b) public int getDiff ( int a, int b) GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest the rest of the function. To accept the suggestion, press Tab . To discard the suggestion, press Esc . You can also describe something you want to do using natural language within a comment, and Copilot will suggest the code to accomplish your goal. For example, type this comment in a Java file: Java /* * Return the difference between two different integers. */ /* * Return the difference between two different integers. */ GitHub Copilot will automatically suggest code. Tip If you receive limited or no suggestions from Copilot, you may have duplication detection enabled. For more information about duplication detection, see Managing GitHub Copilot policies as an individual subscriber . Manually triggering inline suggestions You can also use keyboard shortcuts to trigger inline suggestions. OS Trigger inline suggestions macOS Option + Command + / Windows or Linux Ctrl + Alt + / Accepting partial suggestions If you don't want to accept an entire suggestion from Copilot, you can accept the next word of a suggestion. OS Accept next word macOS Command + → Windows or Linux Ctrl + → Navigating and accepting next edit suggestions Next edit suggestions predicts where and what edits may be needed based on ongoing changes. You can navigate suggested code changes using Tab , making it easier to find the next relevant edit without manually searching through files or references. Press Tab again to accept a suggestion. An arrow in the gutter indicates an available edit suggestion. Hover over the arrow to access the edit suggestion menu, which provides keyboard shortcuts and settings options. Next steps Learn how to write effective prompts - See Prompt engineering for GitHub Copilot Chat . Configure Copilot in your editor - You can enable or disable GitHub Copilot from within your editor, and create your own preferred keyboard shortcuts for Copilot. See Configuring GitHub Copilot in your environment . Get started with GitHub Copilot Chat - Learn how to ask Copilot for information and assistance, using GitHub Copilot Chat. See Asking GitHub Copilot questions in your IDE . Troubleshoot issues - Learn more about how to troubleshoot common issues with GitHub Copilot. See Troubleshoot GitHub Copilot . Further reading GitHub Copilot code suggestions in your IDE Help and support Did you find what you needed? Yes No Privacy policy Help us make these docs great! All GitHub docs are open source. See something that&#x27;s wrong or unclear? Submit a pull request. Make a contribution Learn how to contribute Still need help? Ask the GitHub community Contact support Legal © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Terms Privacy Status Pricing Expert services Blog
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights.html?icid=disidenav_insights
Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. 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For personalized content and settings, go to your  My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article &nbsp;&bull;&nbsp; 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article &nbsp;&bull;&nbsp; 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy &amp; Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch &amp; Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte&#39;s live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. 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Generative AI in enterprise software: Don&#39;t expect a revenue boom just yet The CEO’s new challenge: Designing systems—not just strategy and culture—to drive real change Deloitte Insights Magazine Advancing the AI conversation Issue 33 Artificial intelligence has gone from a fringe technology to what many consider to be must-have, market-making and -shaping tech. And with each passing day, the AI conversation is evolving in real time, spurred on, of course, by all things generative-AI–related and the more readily apparent impact AI can and will have on organizations, industries, and economies. In this issue, we’re featuring some of Deloitte’s latest proprietary research and insights to help move the AI conversation forward, offering fresh perspectives and foresight on what those organizational and economic impacts might be. We look at what it takes to scale from gen AI pilots to full implementation, which success metrics business and tech leaders turn to when determining the impact of their AI investments, what AI’s potential impact on work and the workforce might be, how prepared organizations feel for the associated risk and governance issues, and much more. Read on . Featured Articles Generative AI in Asia Pacific: Young employees lead as employers play catch-up Article &nbsp;&bull;&nbsp; 25-min read Generative AI and the labor market: A case for techno-optimism Article &nbsp;&bull;&nbsp; 11-min read The more AI-enabled work becomes, the more important human imagination is Article &nbsp;&bull;&nbsp; 16-min read Generative AI and government work: An in-depth analysis of 19,000 tasks Article &nbsp;&bull;&nbsp; 10-min read Organizations talk about equity in AI, but are they following through? 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https://dev.to/archdemondeveloper
Archdemon - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Archdemon I am a software dev with 10+ years of backend dev experience. I program in Java professionally, and learning Go currently. I also have experience working on GCP. Location Hyderabad, India Joined Joined on  Jan 19, 2024 Personal website https://gitlab.com/archdemon.developer github website Education University of Nottingham Work Lead Software Developer More info about @archdemondeveloper Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Skills/Languages My expertise lives in Java, but these days i've been interested in go. Its been a couple of weeks and ive been able to code in it without hiccups. Currently learning I am in currently in the process of learning Go, and I plan to study Software design, Architecture, Distributed systems and Kubernetes. Currently hacking on I have been building a Task management system. Its in early design phase, i just wrote down the DB schema for it yesterday. Its an incremental project. :) Available for Anything related to tech, My experiences in the Software industry and anything in general. Post 2 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 6 tags followed Roman Numerals in Go: The Self‑Correcting One‑Pass Trick Archdemon Archdemon Archdemon Follow Dec 17 &#39;25 Roman Numerals in Go: The Self‑Correcting One‑Pass Trick # programming # algorithms # go # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Majority Element: Easy Problem, Sneaky Insight Archdemon Archdemon Archdemon Follow Dec 14 &#39;25 Majority Element: Easy Problem, Sneaky Insight # programming # go # learning # algorithms Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/hb/react-vs-vue-vs-angular-vs-svelte-1fdm#the-1st-factor-popularity
React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Henry Boisdequin Posted on Nov 29, 2020 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte # react # vue # angular # svelte In this article, I'm going to cover which of the top Javascript frontend frameworks: React, Vue, Angular, or Svelte is the best at certain factors and which one is the best for you. There are going to be 5 factors which we are going to look at: popularity, community/resources, performance, learning curve, and real-world examples. Before diving into any of these factors, let's take a look at what these frameworks are. 🔵 React Developed By : Facebook Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : March 2013 Github Repo : https://github.com/facebook/react Description : React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Pros : Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Performant and fast Large community Cons : JSX is required Poor documentation 🟢 Vue Developed By : Evan You Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : Feburary 2014 Github Repo : https://github.com/vuejs/vue Description : Vue.js is a progressive, incrementally-adoptable JavaScript framework for building UI on the web. Pros : Performant and fast Component-based: reusable code Easy to learn and use Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Fewer resources compared to a framework like React Over flexibility at times 🔴 Angular Developed By : Google Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : September 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/angular/angular Description : Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using Typescript/JavaScript and other languages. Pros : Fast server performance MVC Architecture implementation Component-based: reusable code Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Steep learning curve Angular is very complex 🟠 Svelte Developed By : Rich Harris Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : November 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte Description : Svelte is a new way to build web applications. It's a compiler that takes your declarative components and converts them into efficient JavaScript that surgically updates the DOM. Pros : No virtual DOM Truly reactive Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Cons : Small community Confusion in variable names and syntax The 1st Factor: Popularity All of these options are extremely popular and are used by loads of developers. I'm going to compare these 4 frameworks in google trends, NPM trends, and the Stackoverflow 2020 survey results to see which one is the most popular. Note: Remember that popularity doesn't mean it has the largest community and resources. Google Trends Google trends measures the number of searches for a certain topic. Let's have a look at the results: Note: React is blue, Angular is red, Svelte is gold, Vue is green. The image above contains the trends for these 4 frontend frameworks over the past 5 years. As you can see, Angular and React are by far the most searched, with React being searched more than Angular. While Vue sits in the middle, Svelte is the clear least searched framework. Although Google Trends gives us the number of search results, it may be a bit deceiving so lets of on to NPM trends. NPM Trends NPM Trends is a tool created by John Potter, used to compare NPM packages popularity. This measures how many times a certain NPM package was downloaded. As you can see, React is clearly the most popular in terms of NPM package downloads. Angular and Vue are very similar on the chart, with them going back and forth while Svelte sits at the bottom once again. Stackoverflow 2020 Survey In February of 2020, close to 65 thousand developers filled out the Stackoverflow survey. This survey is the best in terms of what the actual developer community uses, loves, dreads, and wants. Above is the info for the most popular web frameworks. As you can see React and Angular are 2nd and 3rd but React still has a monumental lead. Vue sits happily in the middle but Svelte is nowhere to be seen. Above are the results for the most loved web frameworks. As you can see, React is still 2nd and this time Vue sits in 3rd. Angular is in the middle of the bunch, but yet again Svelte is not there. Note: Angular.js is not Angular Above are the most dreaded web frameworks. As you can see React and Vue are towards the bottom (which is good) while Angular is one of the most dreaded web frameworks. This is because React and Vue developers tend to make fun of Angular, mostly because of its predecessor Angular.js . Svelte is not on this list which is good for the framework. Explaining Svelte's "Bad" Results Some may say that Svelte performed poorly compared to the other 3 frameworks in this category. You would be right. Svelte is the new kid on the block, not many people are using it or know about it. Think of React, Vue, or Angular in their early stages: that's what Svelte is currently. Most of these frontend frameworks comparisons are between React, Vue, or Angular but since I think that Svelte is promising, I wanted to include it in this comparison. Most of the other factors, Svelte is ranking quite highly in. Wrapping up the 1st Factor: Popularity From the three different trends/surveys, we can conclude that React is the most popular out of the three but with Vue and Angular just behind. Popularity: React Angular Vue Svelte Note: it was very hard to choose between Angular and Vue since they are very close together but I think Angular just edges out Vue in the present day. The 2nd Factor: Community &amp; Resources This factor will be about which framework has the best community and resources. This is a crucial factor as this helps you learn the technology and get help when you are stuck. We are going to be looking at the courses available and the community size behind these frameworks. Let's jump right into it! React React has a massive amount of resources and community members behind it. Firstly, they have a Spectrum chat which usually has around 200 developers looking to help you online. Also, they have a massive amount of Stackoverflow developers looking to help you. There are 262,951 Stackoverflow questions on React, one of the most active Stackoverflow tags. React also has a bunch of resources and tutorials. If you search up React tutorial there will be countless tutorials waiting for you. Here are my recommended React tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/4UZrsTqkcW4 Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/complete-react-developer-zero-to-mastery/ Vue Vue also has loads of resources and a large community but not as large as React. Vue has a Gitter chat with over 19,000 members. In addition, they have a massive Stackoverflow community with 68,778 questions. Where Vue really shines is its resources. Vue has more resources than I could imagine. Here are my recommended Vue tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/e-E0UB-YDRk Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/vuejs-2-the-complete-guide/ Angular Angular has a massive community. Their Gitter chat has over 22,489 people waiting to help you. Also, their Stackoverflow questions asked is over 238,506. Like React and Vue, Angular has a massive amount of resources to help you learn the framework. A downfall to these resources is that most of them are outdated (1-2 years old) but you can still find some great tutorials. Here are my recommended Angular tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/Fdf5aTYRW0E Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/the-complete-guide-to-angular-2/ Svelte Svelte has a growing community yet still has many quality tutorials and resources. An awesome guide to Svelte and their community is here: https://svelte-community.netlify.app . They have a decent Stackoverflow community with over 1,300 questions asked. Also, they have an awesome Discord community with over 1,500 members online on average. Svelte has a lot of great tutorials and resources, despite it only coming on to the world stage quite recently. Here are my recommended Svelte tutorials for getting started: Free: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zojEMeQGGHs&amp;list=PL4cUxeGkcC9hlbrVO_2QFVqVPhlZmz7tO Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/sveltejs-the-complete-guide/ Wrapping up the 2nd Factor: Community &amp; Resources From just looking at the Stackoverflow community and the available resources, we can conclude that all of these 4 frameworks have a massive community and available resources. Community &amp; Resources: React Vue &amp; Angular* Svelte *I really couldn't decide between the two! The 3rd Factor: Performance In this factor, I will be going over which of these frameworks are the most performant. There are going to be three main components to this factor: speed test, startup test, and the memory allocation test. I will be using this website to compare the speed of all frameworks. Speed Test This test will compare each of the frameworks in a set of tasks and find out the speed of which they complete them. Let's have a look at the results. As you can see, just by the colours that Svelte and Vue are indeed the most performant in this category. This table has the name of the actions on one side and the results on the other. At the bottom of the table, we can see something called slowdown geometric mean. Slowdown geometric mean is an indicator of overall performance and speed by a framework. From this, we can conclude that this category ranking: Vue - 1.17 slowdown geometric mean Svelte - 1.19 slowdown geometric mean React &amp; Angular - 1.27 slowdown geometric mean Startup Test The startup test measures how long it takes for one of these frameworks to "startup". Let's see the table. As you can see, Svelte is the clear winner. For every single one of these performance tests, Svelte is blazing fast (if you want to know how Svelte does this, move to the "Why is Svelte so performant?" section). From these results, we can create this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Memory Test The memory test sees which framework takes up the least amount of memory for the same test. Let's jump into the results. Similarly to the startup test, Svelte is clearly on top. Vue and React are quite similar while Angular (once again) is the least performant. From this, we can derive this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Why is Svelte so performant? TL;DR: No Virtual DOM Compiled to just JS Small bundles Before looking at why Svelte is how performant, we need to understand how Svelte works. Svelte is not compiled to JS, HTML, and CSS files. You might be thinking: what!? But that's right, instead of doing that it compiles highly optimized JS files. This means that the application needs no dependencies to start and it's blazing fast. This way no virtual DOM is needed. Your components are compiled to Javascript and the DOM doesn't need to update. Also, it also takes up little memory as it complies in highly optimized, small bundles of Javascript. Wrapping up the 3rd Factor: Performance Svelte made a huge push in this factor, blowing away the others! From the three categories, let's rank these frameworks in terms of performance. Svelte Vue React Angular The 4th Factor: Learning Curve In this factor, we will be looking at how long and how easy it is to be able to build real-world (frontend-only) applications. This is one of the most important factors if you are looking to get going with this framework quickly. Let's dive right into it. React React is super easy to learn. React almost takes no time to learn, I would even say if you are proficient at Javascript and HTML, you can learn the basics in a day. Since we are looking about how long it takes to build a real-world project, this is the list of things you need to learn: How React works JSX State Props Main Hooks useState useEffect useRef useMemo Components NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Functional Components vs Class Components React Router Create React App, Next.js, or Gatsby Optional but recommended: Redux, Recoil, Zustand, or Providers Vue In my opinion, Vue takes a bit more time than React to build a real project. With a bit of work, you could learn the Vue fundamentals in less than 3 days. Although Vue takes longer to learn, it is definitely one of the fastest popular Javascript frameworks to learn. Here is the list of things you need to learn: How Vue Works .vue files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ State management Vuex Components create-vue-app/Vue CLI Vue Router Declarative Rendering Conditionals and Loops Vue Instance Vue Shorthands Optional: Nuxt.js, Vuetify, NativeScript-Vue Angular Angular is a massive framework, much larger than any other in this comparison. This may be why Angular is not as performant as other frameworks such as React, Svelte, or Vue. To learn the basics of Angular, it could take a week or more. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Angular: How Angular Works Typescript Data Types Defining Types Type Inference Interfaces Union Types Function type definitions Two-way data binding Dependency Injection Components Routing NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Directives Templates HTTP Client Svelte One could argue that Svelte is the easiest framework to learn in this comparison. I would agree with that. Svelte's syntax is very similar to an HTML file. I would say that you could learn the Svelte basics in a day. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Svelte: How Svelte Works .svelte files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Reactivity Props If, Else, Else ifs/Logic Events Binding Lifecycle Methods Context API State in Svelte Svelte Routing Wrapping up the 4th Factor: Learning Curve All these frameworks (especially Vue, Svelte, and React) are extremely easy to learn, very much so when one is already proficient with Javascript and HTML. Let's rank these technologies in terms of their learning curve! (ordered in fastest to learn to longest to learn) Svelte React Vue Angular The 5th Factor: Real-world examples In this factor, the final factor, we will be looking at some real-world examples of apps using that particular framework. At the end of this factor, the technologies won't be ranking but it's up to you to see which of these framework's syntax and way of doing things you like best. Let's dive right into it! React Top 5 Real-world companies using React : Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Yahoo!, Netflix Displaying "Hello World" in React : import React from ' react ' ; function App () { return ( &lt; div &gt; Hello World &lt;/ div &gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Vue Top 5 Real-world companies using Vue : NASA, Gitlab, Nintendo, Grammarly, Adobe Displaying "Hello World" in Vue : &lt; template &gt; &lt;h1&gt; Hello World &lt;/h1&gt; &lt;/ template &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Angular Top 5 Real-world companies using Angular : Google, Microsoft, Deutsche Bank, Forbes, PayPal Displaying "Hello World" in Angular : import { Component } from ' @angular/core ' ; @ Component ({ selector : ' my-app ' , template : &amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Hello World&amp;lt;/h1&amp;gt; , }) export class AppComponent ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Svelte Top 5 Real-world companies using Svelte : Alaska Air, Godaddy, Philips, Spotify, New York Times Displaying "Hello World" in Svelte : &lt;h1&gt; Hello world &lt;/h1&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Wrapping up the 5th Factor: Real-world Examples Wow! Some huge companies that we use on a daily basis use the frameworks that we use. This shows that all of these frameworks can be used to build apps as big as these household names. Also, the syntax of all of these frameworks is extremely intuitive and easy to learn. You can decide which one you like best! Conculsion I know, you're looking for a ranking of all of these frameworks. It really depends but to fulfil your craving for a ranking, I'll give you my personal opinion : Svelte React Vue Angular This would be my ranking but based on these 5 factors, choose whichever framework you like best and feel yourself coding every day in, all of them are awesome. I hope that you found this article interesting and maybe picked a new framework to learn (I'm going to learn Svelte)! Please let me know which frontend framework you use and why you use it. Thanks for reading! Henry Top comments (47) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Henry, I mostly agree with the point 1,2,3. But point 4 is subjective depending on your background and previous knowledge. To improve your post, you should add a note explaining what's your background. Finally point 5 are not similar at all. The vue example is a complete page using a reactive property. Anyway as @johnpapa said in a talk, you can achieve almost the same result with any framework, pick the one which feels right for you... :) Like comment: Like comment: 13 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I agree with you! I would recommend anyone to learn the framework which feels right for you. For the Vue example, I'm not an expert at Vue and don't know a better way to do it (if you have a smaller, more concise 'hello world' example, please comment it). I will definitely work an a 'what's my background section'. To explain it know: I've been using React in all my web dev projects. I have basic knowledge of Vue, Angular, and Svelte. After looking at these 5 factors, I plan to use Svelte for my coming projects. Thanks, @stefanovualto for the feedback! Like comment: Like comment: 8 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Follow Email chris@sol.company Location Pasco, WA Education Western Governors University Work Senior Software Engineer at Soltech Joined Jan 14, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 &bull; Edited on Nov 29 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In the Vue example you are using data components. For the others just plain html. You could have a Vue component with a template of just the h1 tag and no script. It would look more like the svelte example. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide ✅ Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Thread Thread &nbsp; stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 &bull; Edited on Nov 29 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In your vue example, I think that you should expect to be in a .vue file lik le it seems to be in the others (I mean that you have the whole bundling machinery working under the hood). Then something similar would be: &lt;template&gt; &lt;h1&gt; Hello world! &lt;/h1&gt; &lt;/template&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Maybe a pro' for vue is that it can be adopted/used progressively without having to rely on building process (which I am assuming are mandatory for react, svelte and maybe angular). What I mean is that your previous example worked, but it wasn't comparable to the others. Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm usually using Svelte for my projects. Because, it's simple, write less, and get more Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 &bull; Edited on Dec 3 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A couple thoughts. "Requires JSX" a downside??? I almost stopped reading at that point. Template DSLs are more or less the same. If that's a con, doesn't support JSX could easily be seen as one. There are reasonable arguments for both sides and this shows extreme bias. Vue is "truly reactive" as well. Whatever that means. Your JS Framework Benchmark results are over 2 years old. Svelte and Vue 3 are both out and in the current results. He now publishes them per Chrome version. Here are the latest: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... . It doesn't change the final positions much, but Svelte and Vue look much more favorable in newer results. If anyone is interested in how those benchmarks work in more detail I suggest reading: dev.to/ryansolid/making-sense-of-t... Like comment: Like comment: 6 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm a React dev and it's my favourite framework out of the bunch. When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. I know that my benchmarks were two years old and I addressed this multiple times before: For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html. Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. Thanks for the new benchmark website, I will definitely be using that in the future. Also, I just read your benchmark article and its a good explanation on how these benchmarks work. Thanks for your input. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 &bull; Edited on Dec 3 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Here's the index page where he posts new results as they come up: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. Svelte has good marketing clearly. Is this HTML? &lt;label&gt; &lt;input type= "checkbox" bind:checked= {visible} &gt; visible &lt;/label&gt; {#if visible} &lt;p transition:fade &gt; Fades in and out &lt;/p&gt; {/if} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or this HTML? &lt;a @ [event]= "doSomething" &gt; ... &lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul id= "example-1" &gt; &lt;li v-for= "item in items" :key= "item.message" &gt; {{ item.message }} &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode How about this? &lt;form onSubmit= {handleSubmit} &gt; &lt;label htmlFor= "new-todo" &gt; What needs to be done? &lt;/label&gt; &lt;input id= "new-todo" onChange= {handleChange} value= {text} /&gt; &lt;button&gt; Add #{items.length + 1} &lt;/button&gt; &lt;/form&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That's why a con of Svelte is its syntax (I added that in my post). This is more explanation to that point: Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide why svelte is not seen in search trend? because, svelte's docs is very easy to new comer in this framework Like comment: Like comment: 7 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm not really sure @mzaini30 . A great pro of Svelte is its docs and tutorial on its website. I think in 1-2 years, you are going to see Svelte at least where Vue is in the search trends. Most of the search trends come from developers asking questions like how to fix this error, or how to do this but since not many people use Svelte (compared to the other frameworks) there are not many questions being asked. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Bergamof Bergamof Bergamof Follow Location Bordeaux, France Education 3iL Work Senior Developer at IPPON Technologies Joined Nov 30, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sure! Too bad the great Svelte tutorial was not mentioned. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's a great tutorial, but I decided to just add video tutorials. In the community factor, I give a link to the Svelte community website which features that tutorial! Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sad that Solid not even mentioned, although it's the one of the best performing frameworks. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've never actually heard of solid. I'll check it out! Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, author of the Solid is even commented in this topic. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 &bull; Dec 16 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide To be fair, performance is only one area and arguably the least important. Even if Solid completely dominates across the board in all things performance by a considerable margin, we have a long way before popularity, community, or realworld usage really makes it worth even being in a comparison of this nature. But I appreciate the sentiment. Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 &bull; Dec 16 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, good performance across the board usually is a clear sign of high technical quality of design and implementation. Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; dallgoot dallgoot dallgoot Follow Location France Joined Oct 3, 2017 &bull; Jan 2 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't want to start a flamewar but i see a trend where React is considered the -only- viable framework and -some- people reacting like religious zealots against any critics because "it's the best ! it's made by Facebook!" React is too hyped IMHO. Svelte is a a true innovation. And yes performance matters. Angular and Vue may lose traction with time... i think... i fail to see their distinctive useful points. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Jan 2 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I completely agree with you. Most React devs now will not try any other framework and just make fun of the others. I completely agree that React is too hyped. Unfortunately, as you stated, Angular and Vue are losing some traction. I also agree with you that Svelte is a true innovation, this is why I put Svelte at number 1! For 2021, I will focus on using Svelte. Thanks for reading! Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide React with a smaller learning curve than Vue.js 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide They were very tight but I would say that React has a smaller learning curve as its more intuitive and has easier syntax than Vue. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 &bull; Dec 4 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sorry @hb , you've decided to go on a touchy subject by writing this article! I will have to disagree with you on that point. I think it's perfectly okay to prefer using React. There are many reasons why it is a good choice. However, an easy learning curve isn't part of it. Just so there is no ambiguity, after having used all the Frameworks from this article - my choice goes towards Vue.js and Svelte, but I'll try to remain as objective as possible. 1) According to the State of JS survey 2018 (not using 2019, because that same question wasn't part of last year's survey). From 20,268 developers interrogated, the number #1 argument about Vue.js is an easy learning curve. For React it comes at position #11 (top 3 beings: elegant programming style, rick package ecosystem, and well-established): 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2) Main reason why Vue.js is labelled "The Progressive JavaScript Framework", is because it is progressive to implement and to learn. Before you can get started with React, you need to know about JSX and build systems. On the other end, Vue.js can be used just by dropping a single script tag into your page and using plain HTML and CSS. This makes a huge difference in terms of approachability of the Framework. 3) Maybe less objective on this one - but from my own professional experience with both Frameworks and leading teams of developers - it usually takes Junior Developers almost twice the time to become proficient with React than with Vue.js. Firstly because of what I mentioned in point number 2. Secondly, because React has few abstraction leaks that makes performance optimisation something developers have to deal with themselves (using memoize hooks). It's a concept that is hard to understand, but essentials if working on large applications. Thirdly, because of the documentation (as you mentioned in your article). And lastly because of the fragmented ecosystem of libraries that can quickly be overwhelming for Junior Devs. Again, I think there are a lot of reasons why React can be a good choice. But not because of the learning curve. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Follow Joined Feb 5, 2017 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular 6? Well, they just released version 11 and there was the switch to Ivy since version 6, so what about a more recent benchmark? And looking at the Google trends chart I wonder why all 3 (React/Angular/Vue) lost quite a bit of their popularity during the past months... any new kid on the block? It's obviously not Svelte, which could hardly benefit from the others' losses. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html . Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. For the search results, they are unpredictable. To my knowledge, there is no new kid on the block in terms of frontend Javascript frameworks. If anything, more people are using Web Assembly. As you can see from the search results graph, it goes up and down, changing all the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Also, it would be great if you could give a little explanation of this point Confusion in variable names and syntax Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It makes syntax simpler TBH. React isn't even a direct comparison to Svelte. The only syntax that users will get accustomed to is $ assignments. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You forgot to mention that Svelte has a great discord :) Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Nov 29 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I just had a look at it, a great tool! I'll add it to the post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 &bull; Nov 30 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular con: it is complex? what.... Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Follow A JavaScript one trick pony who loves to code. I live and breath NodeJS, currently learning React and Angular. Location Toronto, Ontario, Canada Education High School Work Back End Developer at Ensemble Education Joined Jun 18, 2020 &bull; Dec 1 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Learning Angular is actually no that bad until RXJS comes in Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 &bull; Dec 1 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You need to learn Typescript Smart/Dumb Components One-way Dataflow and Immutability And much more It's much more complex and harder to understand than the other frameworks on this list. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 &bull; Dec 1 &#39;20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide learn typescript? You mean to start writing it... it's easy and intuitive, I'm writing Angular, React, and Node code only in typescript. Smart/Dumb Components? I really don't understand what is this referred to? Angular has two-way data biding, and even easier data passing to the child and back to the parent. And of course, it has more features, its framework, React is more like a library compared to Angular. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Hanster Hanster Hanster Follow Joined Oct 19, 2021 &bull; Oct 19 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I fully agree. Comparing framework e.g angular against library e.g react, is like comparing a smart tv against a traditional tv. Of course smart tv is more challenging to learn it's usage, not because it's lousy, but it has more features beyond watching tv. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (47 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Joined Oct 12, 2020 More from Henry Boisdequin Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # svelte The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free # webdev # react # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/devteam/reflect-and-share-your-worlds-largest-hackathon-journey-writing-challenge-now-open-g82
Reflect and Share Your World&#39;s Largest Hackathon Journey: Writing Challenge Now Open 🌟 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jess Lee for The DEV Team Posted on Jul 1, 2025 &bull; Edited on Jul 17, 2025 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Reflect and Share Your World&#39;s Largest Hackathon Journey: Writing Challenge Now Open 🌟 # wlhchallenge # devchallenge # ai # startup The building period for the World's Largest Hackathon has officially wrapped up, and what an incredible month it was! With over 130,000 builders registered, this event truly lived up to its name as a launchpad for the next generation of creators. Now it's time to reflect, share, and celebrate the journey. Running through July 31 , the World's Largest Hackathon Writing Challenge offers everyone a chance to document their building experience and share it with the community. Maybe you joined your first hackathon team, discovered the power of AI-assisted development, or found that your project took on a life of its own beyond any competition. Each of our three prompts captures a different aspect of the WLH experience, giving you the freedom to share what mattered most to you. Read on for the prompts! Our Prompts Building with Bolt Share your project development experience and technical journey. You might cover what you built, how Bolt.new transformed your development process, any sponsor challenges you tackled, favorite code snippets or prompts, or how AI-powered development changed your approach to building. Building with Bolt Submission Template Beyond the Code Tell us about the human side of your hackathon experience. You might cover your team collaboration dynamics, IRL events you attended, connections you made, mentors who helped you, community moments that stood out, networking experiences, or shout-outs to people who made your hackathon memorable. Beyond the Code Submission Template After the Hack Share what's next for you and your project, and reflect on what you learned. Whether you're continuing development, launching a startup, or found that building became more important than competing, tell us about your future plans, personal transformation, skills gained, or how this month of creation changed your trajectory. After the Hack Submission Template Judging Criteria and Prizes All prompts will be judged on the following: Style and presentation Clarity Originality There will be at least one winner per prompt, and each winner will receive an exclusive DEV badge . All valid submissions will earn a completion badge. How To Participate In order to participate, you will need to publish a post using the submission template associated with each prompt. Please review our full rules, guidelines, and FAQ page before submitting so you understand our participation guidelines and official contests rules such eligibility requirements. Prizing Update: We'll be awarding prizes to ten talented writers: We're adding prizes to the World's Largest Hackathon Writing Challenge! Jess Lee ・ Jul 17 #wlhchallenge #devchallenge #ai #startup Important Dates July 01: World's Largest Hackathon Writing Challenge begins! July 31: Submissions due at 11:59 PM PDT August 21: Winners Announced We hope you enjoy this opportunity to reflect on your building journey and share your story with the community. Questions about the challenge? Ask them below. Good luck and happy writing! Top comments (26) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Peter Kim Frank The DEV Team Peter Kim Frank The DEV Team Peter Kim Frank Follow Doing a bit of everything at DEV / Forem Email peter@dev.to Education Wesleyan University Pronouns He/Him Work Co-Founder Joined Jan 3, 2017 &bull; Jul 1 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This has been an epic hackathon that brought a bunch of new builders into the ecosystem. Look forward to reading the reflections and learnings, especially from folks that are brand new to building with software. Like comment: Like comment: 12 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Ben Halpern The DEV Team Ben Halpern The DEV Team Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 &bull; Jul 1 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good luck to everyone! And welcome to DEV for new folks. Like comment: Like comment: 10 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; dahmzy13 dahmzy13 dahmzy13 Follow Location USA Work Founder at Wetrocloud Joined Jun 3, 2020 &bull; Jul 18 &#39;25 &bull; Edited on Jul 18 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Just wrapped up my hackathon post on the experience building OSERIN, an emergency response platform for Nigerians that connects people to the nearest ambulance and hospital, even on low bandwidth. Excited to share what I built and the lessons learned along the way using Bolt! Check it out here: ( dev.to/dahmzy13/oserin-emergency-r... ) Thank you to Bolt and DEV for giving me the opportunity to impact over 200M Nigerians who face this issue everyday. Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Pradeep Patel Pradeep Patel Pradeep Patel Follow Joined Jul 2, 2025 &bull; Jul 26 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Amazing 😍 Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nathan Tarbert Nathan Tarbert Nathan Tarbert Follow I am a developer and open-source evangelist! Location Florida, USA Education Kingsland University Work Community Engineer Joined Feb 22, 2023 &bull; Jul 1 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide super cool, just seeing how many builders came together is next level i’m curious what surprised you most about working with such a massive group Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Besworks Besworks Besworks Follow Web Component Evangelist ☕ ko-fi.com/besworks Location Canada Education The Internet Pronouns Guru Work Freelance Web Developer Joined Apr 3, 2022 &bull; Jul 2 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've been too busy hacking away to write here lately but I'll definitely be submitting something for this! Can't wait for the Devpost project gallery to open up for this hackathon too, I'm sure we'll be seeing a lot of interesting projects. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Aima Atigari Aima Atigari Aima Atigari Follow Data, AI Driven Product &amp; Growth Professional Location Global Education Msc - Data Science Management Work Searching... but building anyway Joined Jun 13, 2025 &bull; Jul 9 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Totally understand you mate Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Angel Angel Angel Follow AI entrepreneur blending street culture, branding &amp; tech. Creator of GetFake.ai – the world’s first luxury fake detector powered by GPT-4 Vision. Building fast, thinking bold. Location Spain, Bilbao Work Founder &amp; Builder at GetFake.ai · AI-powered luxury authentication tools Joined Jul 3, 2025 &bull; Jul 4 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It was a pleasure to learn from the bests, to grow as a dev and a creator, and to surround myself with people who also believe in building the future one insane idea at a time. Much love to all the entrepreneurs, tinkerers, late night coders and pixel warriors out here. And Good luck with Hackathon Results :) Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Aishwarya Dixit Aishwarya Dixit Aishwarya Dixit Follow Joined Jul 3, 2025 &bull; Jul 12 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Building with Bolt: My AI-Powered Development Journey Building with Bolt has been an exciting learning journey! As someone new to coding, I explored ideas like a personal CRM, journaling app, and more—all with the help of Bolt. What started as curiosity turned into real projects, thanks to Bolt’s AI-powered development tools. It's not just a platform, it's a spark for creativity. No limits, just possibilities. Technical Journey Bolt helped me: Kickstart faster with pre-built components and AI-generated code Debug efficiently using natural language prompts to explain issues Iterate quickly with real-time previews and smart suggestions One of my favorite moments? Prompting Bolt with: I simply typed a one-word prompt, and Bolt instantly generated a beautiful websites &amp; apps —organized by tags, color-coded, and cleanly styled—in just seconds! One of my favorite experiences was the curiosity it sparked; it made me want to build more and more. I absolutely loved it! Challenges I Faced While Using Bolt. New : 1- State Management: As a beginner, handling context across components was tricky. I had to refactor how data flowed between them. Thankfully, Bolt’s AI suggestions helped modularize the logic and improve code readability. 2-Deployment Config: Faced an issue with CORS – Bolt's AI chat helped resolve it with a clear explanation and code block. 3- Understanding AI Prompts: At times, I struggled to frame the right prompt to get the exact output I wanted. But trial and error helped me learn fast, and now I'm more confident using prompts effectively. Why Bolt Changed My Workflow I no longer start from scratch—I start with AI + my idea. Instead of hours of boilerplate, I focus on logic and creativity. Bolt feels like a pair programmer who doesn’t sleep. Thanks to the Bolt team and community—your product allowed me to ship faster, learn better, and stay inspired. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Angel Angel Angel Follow AI entrepreneur blending street culture, branding &amp; tech. Creator of GetFake.ai – the world’s first luxury fake detector powered by GPT-4 Vision. Building fast, thinking bold. Location Spain, Bilbao Work Founder &amp; Builder at GetFake.ai · AI-powered luxury authentication tools Joined Jul 3, 2025 &bull; Jul 5 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide dev.to/getappsai/getfakeai-the-peo... dev.to/getappsai/getfakeai-now-its... Thanks ALL for this! #Bolt #Hackathon Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Mart Lepik Mart Lepik Mart Lepik Follow I am just ordinary person who likes to challenge and push limits. No coding experience but good common sense. Joined Jul 1, 2025 &bull; Jul 1 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It was a interesting journey, at least for me. It's far from over I keep building and will push hard. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; goldenekpendu goldenekpendu goldenekpendu Follow I&#39;m a guy exploring the world of web development and design Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Graphic Designer at BUOST Asia Joined Dec 1, 2021 &bull; Jul 8 &#39;25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great news! Looking forward to reading amazing articles Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (26 comments) Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse The DEV Team Follow The hardworking team behind DEV ❤️ Want to contribute to open source and help make the DEV community stronger? The code that powers DEV is called Forem and is freely available on GitHub. 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Contribute to Forem More from The DEV Team Congrats to the AI Agents Intensive Course Writing Challenge Winners! # googleaichallenge # devchallenge # ai # agents Join the Algolia Agent Studio Challenge: $3,000 in Prizes! # algoliachallenge # devchallenge # agents # webdev Congrats to the Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Winners! # xanochallenge # backend # api # ai 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#transition-from-user-space-to-kernel-space
Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
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How does React allow creating custom components? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nick Posted on Feb 13, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; How does React allow creating custom components? # react # webdev # javascript # programming React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode React strives to give its users the ability to build encapsulated, reusable components, but how does it implement this logic in JSX? Here is a simple example of a custom user-defined component, named Greeting . It renders inside a well-known App component. // Greeting.jsx const Greeting = ({ name }) =&gt; { return &lt; span &gt; Hi, { name } 👋 &lt;/ span &gt;; } // App.jsx const App = () =&gt; { return ( &lt; div &gt; &lt; Greeting name = "Nikita" /&gt; &lt;/ div &gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Let's break it down! 👉 How Greeting works? Greeting is just a function, which returns JSX. JSX is syntax sugar for calling React.createElement React.createElement expects three arguments: type props children Let's rewrite our Greeting component with this new knowledge. // Greeting.jsx const Greeting = ({ name }) =&gt; { return React . createElement ( ' span ' , null , ' Hi, ' , name , ' 👋 ' ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 👉 How to use the Greeting now? Turns out, createElement expects three values as type: tag name, like div or span a class or a function, that defines custom component React fragment type // App.jsx const App = () =&gt; { return React . createElement ( ' div ' , null , React . createElement ( Greeting , { name }) ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Simply put, createElement calls the passed function internally and uses its return value to form the component tree. // Internal intermediate result const App = () =&gt; { return React . createElement ( ' div ' , null , React . createElement ( ' span ' , null , ' Hi, ' , ' Nikita ' , ' 👋 ' ) ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 👉 Verify that it works yourself! Go to reactjs.org, open the console and paste the last code snippet there. Then call the App() and see the end result. If it's the same as here 👇, you've done a great job! { " type " : " div " , " key " : null , " ref " : null , " props " : { " children " : { " type " : " span " , " key " : null , " ref " : null , " props " : { " children " : [ " Hi, " , " Nikita " , " 👋 " ] }, " _owner " : null } }, " _owner " : null } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode P.S. Follow me on Twitter for more content like this! React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode Top comments (4) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; vijaysingh26 vijaysingh26 vijaysingh26 Follow Joined Jul 20, 2022 &bull; Feb 4 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article!! I now understand how React uses React.createElement to create the elements. But when I looked at the javascript files of a React application using the "developer tools" I still saw the JSX snippets. I expected the JSX to be converted to Javascript by Babel before the code was deployed. Can you please explain why I still see JSX snippets in the javascript files? Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 &bull; Feb 4 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi! Thanks for the feedback! Really appreciate it. I suspect it's because you have source maps. Source maps are an industry standard, so you're probably using them. In a nutshell, they map Babel-processed JS files to the source code to make it easier to find bugs. Check out this StackOverflow question stackoverflow.com/questions/580572... Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; vijaysingh26 vijaysingh26 vijaysingh26 Follow Joined Jul 20, 2022 &bull; Feb 5 &#39;24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide @fromaline Thanks for that link about the source maps. After disabling the source maps I was able to see the "bundle.js". But the file doesn't contain direct calls to "React.createElement" function. Is it because of something Babel does during compilation? Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; vijaysingh26 vijaysingh26 vijaysingh26 Follow Joined Jul 20, 2022 &bull; Feb 5 &#39;24 &bull; Edited on Feb 5 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In the code below, is the return statement a valid javascript? There are no quotes around the start and end of the value being returned. If I understand it correctly, Babel converts it to React.createElement function. How does Babel know that this snippet is a JSX snippet and not just an HTML? // Greeting.jsx const Greeting = ({name}) =&gt; { return &lt;span&gt;Hi, {name} 👋&lt;/span&gt;; } Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 More from Nick 10 Must-Have Tools for Every Developer in 2023 # ai # chatgpt # webdev # tooling My dream habit tracker # javascript # vue # pocketbase # webdev What&#39;s the difference between compiler, transpiler, and interpreter? # programming # computerscience 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://aws.amazon.com/amplify/?ref=apisyouwonthate.com
Full Stack Development - Web and Mobile Apps - AWS Amplify Skip to main content Filter: All English Contact us AWS Marketplace Support My account Search Filter: All Sign in to console Create account AWS Amplify Overview Features Pricing Getting Started Customers Product › Front-End Web and Mobile › AWS Amplify Fullstack TypeScript. Frontend DX for AWS. AWS Amplify is everything you need to build web and mobile apps. Easy to start, easy to scale. Deploy an app Try a hands-on tutorial Go from idea to app in hours Deploy server-side rendered and static frontend apps, develop UI, add features like auth and storage, connect to real-time data sources, and scale to millions of users. No cloud expertise required. Play Deploy web frameworks globally Deploy an app frontend with easy Git-based workflows and support for any server-side web framework. Zero-config Next.js and Nuxt deployments offer global availability, reliability, and lower latency from the Amazon CloudFront Global Edge Network in just a few clicks. Fully-managed CI/CD and automatic scale make pushing new features to high-traffic web applications seamless. Learn about Amplify Hosting Go from frontend to fullstack, fast With fullstack TypeScript capabilities, Amplify brings the power and breadth of AWS services to a familiar frontend developer experience. Simply author app requirements like data models, business logic, and auth rules in TypeScript. Amplify automatically configures the correct cloud resources and deploys them to per-developer cloud sandbox environments for fast, local iteration. Build fullstack apps with TypeScript Commit, collaborate, and ship confidently Easily spin up new environments by connecting branches from Git. Pull request previews allow team members to test changes and merge to production with confidence. At deployment, managed CI/CD pipelines with fullstack branching require zero configuration. Learn about fullstack workflows Amplify features Data Build secure, real-time APIs backed by AWS databases quickly and easily. Connect your app to data Auth Enable secure authentication flows and control access to data, files, and more. Enable authentication and authorization Storage Store and manage app content and data. Build a backend with storage Functions Add functions and configure environment variables. Get started with functions Extensibility Add, extend, and customize any AWS service by simply authoring CDK code. Learn about Amplify + CDK Mobile Leverage a single backend across web and mobile apps. Learn about Amplify for Flutter Works with frameworks and languages you love What can you build with Amplify? SSR web applications Deploy and host server-side rendered applications with Next.js and Nuxt for improved performance and SEO. Implement server-side actions with data and middleware-protected authentication for routes with Amplify's JavaScript library. Single page web apps and static websites Deploy your app frontend to the globally-distributed AWS Content Delivery Network (CDN) with automated CI/CD across hundreds of edge locations. Add full-stack logic with authentication, authorization, storage, and data. Native mobile applications Build native iOS and Android apps in Swift, Kotlin, or Java with authentication, data, storage, and push notifications using Amplify's frontend Libraries and backend provisioning. Cross-platform applications Build cross-platform Flutter and React Native apps with capabilities like user authentication, data, and storage using Amplify's Libraries and backend resources. How to get started Read the Amplify docs Learn more Connect with an expert Learn more Sign up for an AWS account Learn more Did you find what you were looking for today? Let us know so we can improve the quality of the content on our pages Yes No Create an AWS account Learn What Is AWS? What Is Cloud Computing? What Is Agentic AI? Cloud Computing Concepts Hub AWS Cloud Security What's New Blogs Press Releases Resources Getting Started Training AWS Trust Center AWS Solutions Library Architecture Center Product and Technical FAQs Analyst Reports AWS Partners Developers Builder Center SDKs &amp; Tools .NET on AWS Python on AWS Java on AWS PHP on AWS JavaScript on AWS Help Contact Us File a Support Ticket AWS re:Post Knowledge Center AWS Support Overview Get Expert Help AWS Accessibility Legal English Back to top Amazon is an Equal Opportunity Employer: Minority / Women / Disability / Veteran / Gender Identity / Sexual Orientation / Age. x facebook linkedin instagram twitch youtube podcasts email Privacy Site terms Cookie Preferences © 2026, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/fromaline/jsxelement-vs-reactelement-vs-reactnode-2mh2#main-content
JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nick Posted on Feb 14, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode # beginners # javascript # react # webdev React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode These three types usually confuse novice React developers. It seems like they are the same thing, just named differently. But it's not quite right. JSX.Element vs ReactElement Both types are the result of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. They are both objects with: type props key a couple of other "hidden" properties, like ref, $$typeof, etc ReactElement ReactElement type is the most basic of all. It's even defined in React source code using flow! // ./packages/shared/ReactElementType.js export type ReactElement = { | $ $typeof : any , type : any , key : any , ref : any , props : any , // ReactFiber _owner : any , // __DEV__ _store : { validated : boolean , ...}, _self : React$Element &lt; any &gt; , _shadowChildren : any , _source : Source , | }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This type is also defined in DefinitelyTyped package . interface ReactElement &lt; P = any , T extends string | JSXElementConstructor &lt; any &gt; = string | JSXElementConstructor &lt; any &gt;&gt; { type : T ; props : P ; key : Key | null ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode JSX.Element It's more generic type. The key difference is that props and type are typed as any in JSX.Element . declare global { namespace JSX { interface Element extends React . ReactElement &lt; any , any &gt; { } // ... } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This gives flexibility in how different libraries implement JSX. For example, Preact has its own implementation with different API . ReactNode ReactNode type is a different thing. It's not a return value of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. const Component = () =&gt; { // Here it's ReactElement return &lt; div &gt; Hello world! &lt;/ div &gt; } // Here it's ReactNode const Example = Component (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode React node itself is a representation of the virtual DOM. So ReactNode is the set of all possible return values of a component. type ReactChild = ReactElement | ReactText ; type ReactFragment = {} | Iterable &lt; ReactNode &gt; ; interface ReactPortal extends ReactElement { key : Key | null ; children : ReactNode ; } type ReactNode = | ReactChild | ReactFragment | ReactPortal | boolean | null | undefined ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What to use for children ? Generally speaking, ReactNode is the correct way to type the children prop. It gives the most flexibility while maintaining the proper type checking. But it has a caveat, because ReactFragment allows a {} type. const Item = ({ children }: { children : ReactNode }) =&gt; { return &lt; li &gt; { children } &lt;/ li &gt;; } const App = () =&gt; { return ( &lt; ul &gt; // Run-time error here, objects are not valid children! &lt; Item &gt; { {} } &lt;/ Item &gt; &lt;/ ul &gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode P.S. Follow me on Twitter for more content like this! React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 &bull; Feb 14 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Check out React+Typescript Cheatsheets for more info. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Follow Joined May 23, 2019 &bull; Jul 3 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide But in React 18 intrinsic property of children won't work for FC from react. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 More from Nick 10 Must-Have Tools for Every Developer in 2023 # ai # chatgpt # webdev # tooling My dream habit tracker # javascript # vue # pocketbase # webdev How do React Fragments work under the hood? # javascript # react # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://aws.amazon.com/api-gateway/?ref=apisyouwonthate.com
Amazon API Gateway | API Management | Amazon Web Services Skip to main content Filter: All English Contact us AWS Marketplace Support My account Search Filter: All Sign in to console Create account Amazon API Gateway Overview Features Pricing Getting Started Resources More Products › Networking and Content Delivery › Amazon API Gateway Get started with Amazon API Gateway with AWS Free Tier Amazon API Gateway Create, maintain, and secure APIs at any scale Get started with API Gateway Why API Gateway? Amazon API Gateway is a fully managed service that makes it easy for developers to create, publish, maintain, monitor, and secure APIs at any scale. APIs act as the "front door" for applications to access data, business logic, or functionality from your backend services. Using API Gateway, you can create RESTful APIs and WebSocket APIs that enable real-time two-way communication applications. API Gateway supports containerized and serverless workloads, as well as web applications.&nbsp;API Gateway offers Portals that enables you to create fully managed, AWS-native developer portals for your APIs.&nbsp;With API Gateway Portals, you can centrally discover, document, and govern your REST APIs across your AWS infrastructure.&nbsp; API Gateway handles all the tasks involved in accepting and processing up to hundreds of thousands of concurrent API calls, including traffic management, CORS support, authorization and access control, throttling, monitoring, and API version management. API Gateway has no minimum fees or startup costs. You pay for the API calls you receive and the amount of data transferred out and, with the API Gateway tiered pricing model, you can reduce your cost as your API usage scales. RESTful APIs Build RESTful APIs optimized for serverless workloads and HTTP backends using HTTP APIs.&nbsp; HTTP APIs &nbsp;are the best choice for building APIs that only require API proxy functionality. If your APIs require API proxy functionality and API management features in a single solution, API Gateway also offers&nbsp; REST APIs . WEBSOCKET APIs Build real-time two-way communication applications, such as chat apps and streaming dashboards, with&nbsp; WebSocket APIs . API Gateway maintains a persistent connection to handle message transfer between your backend service and your clients. Page topics Benefits 6 Benefits Open all Efficient API development Run multiple versions of the same API simultaneously with API Gateway, allowing you to quickly iterate, test, and release new versions. You pay for calls made to your APIs and data transfer out, and there are no minimum fees or upfront commitments. Performance at any scale Provide end users with the lowest possible latency for API requests and responses by taking advantage of our global network of edge locations using Amazon CloudFront. Throttle traffic and authorize API calls to ensure that backend operations withstand traffic spikes and backend systems are not unnecessarily called. Cost savings at scale API Gateway provides a tiered pricing model for API requests. With an API Requests price as low as $0.90 per million requests at the highest tier, you can decrease your costs as your API usage increases per region across your AWS accounts. Easy monitoring Monitor performance metrics and information on API calls, data latency, and error rates from the API Gateway dashboard, which allows you to visually monitor calls to your services using&nbsp; Amazon CloudWatch . Flexible security controls Authorize access to your APIs with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) and Amazon Cognito. If you use OAuth tokens, API Gateway offers native OIDC and OAuth2 support. To support custom authorization requirements, you can execute a Lambda authorizer from&nbsp; AWS Lambda . RESTful API options Create RESTful APIs using HTTP APIs or REST APIs. HTTP APIs are the best way to build APIs for a majority of use cases—they're up to 71% cheaper than REST APIs. If your use case requires API proxy functionality and management features in a single solution, you can use REST APIs. WirelessCar Learn how connected mobility provider WirelessCar enhanced startup performance using AWS Lambda SnapStart for Java. Read the Case Study Odyssey Interactive Learn how game studio Odyssey Interactive launched its debut multiplayer game, Omega Strikers, worldwide using managed infrastructure on AWS. Read the Case Study Betterfly Learn how Betterfly simplifies group protection and benefits management and encourages daily positive habits using a digital solution built on AWS. Read the Case Study TiVo Learn how TiVo in the media and entertainment industry achieved burstable scalability and consistent uptime of streaming services using AWS Lambda and Amazon API Gateway. Read the Case Study Get started with API Gateway 1 Sign up for an AWS account Instantly get access to the&nbsp; AWS Free Tier . AWS Free Tier 2 Learn with step-by-step tutorials Explore and learn with&nbsp; simple tutorials . simple tutorials 3 Start building with AWS Visit the&nbsp; AWS Management Console . AWS Management Console Next steps Features page Learn more about API Gateway Visit the features page Getting started Ready to build? Get started Contact us Have more questions? Contact us Create an AWS account Learn What Is AWS? What Is Cloud Computing? What Is Agentic AI? 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://www.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/research-centers/center-for-integrated-research/enterprise-growth-and-innovation.html?icid=disidenav_enterprise-growth-and-innovation
Enterprise Growth & Innovation | Deloitte Insights Please enable JavaScript to view the site. Skip to main content --> Deloitte Insights and our research centers deliver proprietary research designed to help organizations turn their aspirations into action. 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For personalized content and settings, go to your  My Deloitte Dashboard Latest Insights What do organizations need most in a disrupted, boundaryless age? More imagination. Article &nbsp;&bull;&nbsp; 16-min read Recommendations TMT Predictions 2026: The AI gap narrows but persists Article &nbsp;&bull;&nbsp; 9-min read About Deloitte Insights About Deloitte Insights Deloitte Insights Magazine, issue 33 Magazine Topics for you Business Strategy &amp; Growth Leadership Operations Technology Workforce Economics Watch &amp; Listen Dbriefs Stay informed on the issues impacting your business with Deloitte&#39;s live webcast series. Gain valuable insights and practical knowledge from our specialists while earning CPE credits. Deloitte Insights Videos Stay informed with content built for today’s business leaders. From data visualizations to expert commentary, our video content delivers concise, actionable information to help you lead with clarity in a complex world. 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Sorry, no results found. 1 View All View 6 per page About the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research The Deloitte Center for Integrated Research offers rigorously researched and data-driven perspectives on critical topics affecting businesses today including workforce trends, enterprise growth and innovation, technology and transformation, and environmental and societal issues. We sit at the center of Deloitte&#39;s industry and functional expertise, combining the leading insights from across our firms to help leaders confidently compete in today&#39;s ever-changing marketplace.   Visit the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research to explore our research and insights Get in touch with our Enterprise Growth &amp; Innovation research team Brenna Sniderman Executive director | Deloitte Services LP Brenna Sniderman Executive director | Deloitte Services LP United States Brenna Sniderman leads the Center for Integrated Research, where she oversees cross-industry thought leadership for Deloitte. She is based in Philadelphia. bsniderman&#64;deloitte.com +1 929 251 2690 Monika Mahto Associate Vice President | Deloitte Center for Integrated Research Monika Mahto Associate Vice President | Deloitte Center for Integrated Research United States Monika is a research leader with the Deloitte Center for Integrated Research. 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As a research specialist his work focuses on how organizations can improve their trust levels with stakeholders, carry out successful organization transformation journeys, and make important pivots in their business model to fuel growth and create value for their stakeholders. adinarayan&#64;deloitte.com Jonathan Holdowsky Senior manager | Deloitte Services LP Jonathan Holdowsky Senior manager | Deloitte Services LP United States Jonathan Holdowsky is a senior manager in Deloitte’s Center for Integrated Research, where he has managed a wide array of thought leadership initiatives on issues of strategic importance to clients in consumer and manufacturing sectors. jholdowsky&#64;deloitte.com +1 617 437 3198 Natasha Buckley Senior research leader, emerging issues Natasha Buckley Senior research leader, emerging issues United States Natasha Buckley is a senior manager and research leader for Deloitte’s Research &amp; Insights organization. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/fromaline
Nick - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Nick Co-founder of Chainspect Location Tbilisi Joined Joined on  Jun 25, 2021 Email address grechino@protonmail.com Personal website https://www.fromaline.com github website twitter website Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close Top 7 Awarded for having a post featured in the weekly &quot;must-reads&quot; list. 🙌 Got it Close More info about @fromaline Organizations Chainspect GitHub Repositories fromaline Post 27 posts published Comment 56 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Block Time Nick Nick Nick Follow for Chainspect Dec 21 &#39;23 Block Time # blockchain # performance # web3 # cryptocurrency 6  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Want to connect with Nick? Create an account to connect with Nick. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Why Hedera has the highest TPS on Chainspect? Nick Nick Nick Follow Nov 17 &#39;23 Why Hedera has the highest TPS on Chainspect? # blockchain # hedera # performance # tps 7  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Transactions Per Second (TPS) Nick Nick Nick Follow Nov 8 &#39;23 Transactions Per Second (TPS) # blockchain # performance # bitcoin # ethereum 14  reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read TPScore: transactions per second metrics made easy Nick Nick Nick Follow Sep 26 &#39;23 TPScore: transactions per second metrics made easy # blockchain # polkadot # opensource # web3 10  reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Examining Blockchain Transaction Speed: Real Performance vs. Marketing Claims Nick Nick Nick Follow Sep 13 &#39;23 Examining Blockchain Transaction Speed: Real Performance vs. Marketing Claims # blockchain # performance # ethereum # bitcoin 12  reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 10 Must-Have Tools for Every Developer in 2023 Nick Nick Nick Follow Mar 27 &#39;23 10 Must-Have Tools for Every Developer in 2023 # ai # chatgpt # webdev # tooling 1  reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My dream habit tracker Nick Nick Nick Follow Mar 2 &#39;23 My dream habit tracker # javascript # vue # pocketbase # webdev 2  reactions Comments 2  comments 1 min read What&#39;s the difference between compiler, transpiler, and interpreter? 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/ai?utm_source=chatgpt.com#sentiment-and-usage-ai-select
AI | 2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Products Stack Overflow Where developers and technologists go to gain and share knowledge. Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers &amp; technologists share private knowledge with coworkers Advertising Reach devs &amp; technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand Knowledge Solutions Data licensing offering for businesses to build and improve AI tools and models Labs The future of collective knowledge sharing About the company Visit the blog Developers Technology AI Work Stack Overflow Methodology 3 AI In this section we gain insight into the real sentiments behind the surge in AI popularity. Is it making a real impact in the way developers work or is it all hype? 3.1. Sentiment and usage → 3.2. Developer tools → 3.3. AI Agents → 3.1 Sentiment and usage AI tools in the development process 84% of respondents are using or planning to use AI tools in their development process, an increase over last year (76%). This year we can see 51% of professional developers use AI tools daily. Do you currently use AI tools in your development process? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Yes, I use AI tools daily 47.1% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.7% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13.7% No, but I plan to soon 5.3% No, and I don't plan to 16.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,662 ( 68.7% ) Professional Developers Yes, I use AI tools daily 50.6% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.4% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 12.8% No, but I plan to soon 4.6% No, and I don't plan to 14.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,004 ( 53% ) Learning to Code Yes, I use AI tools daily 39.5% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 18.7% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 15.1% No, but I plan to soon 7.2% No, and I don't plan to 19.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,843 ( 5.8% ) Early Career Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 55.5% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 18.1% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 11.5% No, but I plan to soon 2.5% No, and I don't plan to 12.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,360 ( 13% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 52.8% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 16.8% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13.5% No, but I plan to soon 3.7% No, and I don't plan to 13.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,997 ( 12.2% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Yes, I use AI tools daily 47.3% Yes, I use AI tools weekly 17.2% Yes, I use AI tools monthly or infrequently 13% No, but I plan to soon 6% No, and I don't plan to 16.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 13,001 ( 26.5% ) Experienced dev defined as 10+ years work experience AI tool sentiment Conversely to usage, positive sentiment for AI tools has decreased in 2025: 70%+ in 2023 and 2024 to just 60% this year. Professionals show a higher overall favorable sentiment (61%) than those learning to code (53%). How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Very favorable 22.9% Favorable 36.8% Indifferent 17.6% Unsure 2.3% Unfavorable 10.8% Very unfavorable 9.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,412 ( 68.2% ) Professional Developers Very favorable 23.5% Favorable 37.7% Indifferent 17.4% Unsure 1.8% Unfavorable 10.6% Very unfavorable 9.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,814 ( 52.7% ) Learning to Code Very favorable 19.3% Favorable 33.5% Indifferent 16.6% Unsure 4.3% Unfavorable 13.6% Very unfavorable 12.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,812 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Very favorable 22.8% Favorable 40.3% Indifferent 17% Unsure 1.3% Unfavorable 10.3% Very unfavorable 8.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,293 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Very favorable 23.8% Favorable 38.9% Indifferent 16.2% Unsure 1.5% Unfavorable 11% Very unfavorable 8.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,957 ( 12.2% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Very favorable 23.9% Favorable 36% Indifferent 18.1% Unsure 2.1% Unfavorable 10.3% Very unfavorable 9.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,941 ( 26.4% ) Experienced devs defined as 10+ years work experience 3.2 Developer tools Accuracy of AI tools More developers actively distrust the accuracy of AI tools (46%) than trust it (33%), and only a fraction (3%) report &quot;highly trusting&quot; the output. Experienced developers are the most cautious, with the lowest &quot;highly trust&quot; rate (2.6%) and the highest &quot;highly distrust&quot; rate (20%), indicating a widespread need for human verification for those in roles with accountability. How much do you trust the accuracy of the output from AI tools as part of your development workflow? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Highly trust 3.1% Somewhat trust 29.6% Somewhat distrust 26.1% Highly distrust 19.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,244 ( 67.8% ) Professional Developers Highly trust 2.7% Somewhat trust 29.6% Somewhat distrust 26.3% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,701 ( 52.4% ) Learning to Code Highly trust 6.1% Somewhat trust 31.3% Somewhat distrust 24.2% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,781 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Highly trust 3% Somewhat trust 31.1% Somewhat distrust 25.7% Highly distrust 17.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,254 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Highly trust 2.8% Somewhat trust 30.3% Somewhat distrust 26.1% Highly distrust 19.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,931 ( 12.1% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Highly trust 2.5% Somewhat trust 28.6% Somewhat distrust 26.7% Highly distrust 20.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,908 ( 26.3% ) Experienced devs defined as 10+ years work experience AI tools' ability to handle complex tasks In 2024, 35% of professional developers already believed that AI tools struggled with complex tasks. This year, that number has dropped to 29% among professional developers and is consistent amongst experience levels. Complex tasks carry too much risk to spend extra time proving out the efficacy of AI tools. How well do the AI tools you use in your development workflow handle complex tasks? All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Early Career Devs Mid Career Devs Experienced Devs All Respondents Very well at handling complex tasks 4.4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.2% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.1% Bad at handling complex tasks 22% Very poor at handling complex tasks 17.6% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 16.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 33,230 ( 67.8% ) Professional Developers Very well at handling complex tasks 3.9% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.2% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.2% Bad at handling complex tasks 22.8% Very poor at handling complex tasks 18.6% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 15.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,695 ( 52.4% ) Learning to Code Very well at handling complex tasks 7.9% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.8% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 12.4% Bad at handling complex tasks 19% Very poor at handling complex tasks 16.3% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 18.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,779 ( 5.7% ) Early Career Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 28.1% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 13.4% Bad at handling complex tasks 23.6% Very poor at handling complex tasks 19.2% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 11.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 6,258 ( 12.8% ) Early career defined as 1 - 5 years work experience Mid Career Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 4% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 25.4% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 13.8% Bad at handling complex tasks 23.9% Very poor at handling complex tasks 19.5% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 13.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,922 ( 12.1% ) Mid career defined as 5 - 10 years work experience Experienced Devs Very well at handling complex tasks 3.6% Good, but not great at handling complex tasks 23.5% Neither good or bad at handling complex tasks 14.9% Bad at handling complex tasks 22.1% Very poor at handling complex tasks 17.9% I don't use AI tools for complex tasks / I don't know 18% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,901 ( 26.3% ) Experienced dev career defined as 10+ years work experience AI in the development workflow Developers show the most resistance to using AI for high-responsibility, systemic tasks like Deployment and monitoring (76% don&#39;t plan to) and Project planning (69% don&#39;t plan to). Which parts of your development workflow are you currently integrating into AI or using AI tools to accomplish or plan to use AI to accomplish over the next 3 - 5 years? Please select one for each scenario. Currently Mostly AI Currently Partially AI Plan to Partially Use AI Plan to Mostly Use AI Don't Plan to Use AI for This Task Currently Mostly AI Search for answers 54.1% Generating content or synthetic data 35.8% Learning new concepts or technologies 33.1% Documenting code 30.8% Creating or maintaining documentation 24.8% Learning about a codebase 20.8% Debugging or fixing code 20.7% Testing code 17.9% Writing code 16.9% Predictive analytics 11% Project planning 10.8% Committing and reviewing code 10.2% Deployment and monitoring 6.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 11,202 ( 22.9% ) Currently Partially AI Search for answers 55.8% Generating content or synthetic data 28.6% Learning new concepts or technologies 47.4% Documenting code 30.3% Creating or maintaining documentation 27.3% Learning about a codebase 32.7% Debugging or fixing code 47.1% Testing code 27.5% Writing code 59% Predictive analytics 12.7% Project planning 17.1% Committing and reviewing code 22.6% Deployment and monitoring 10.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,991 ( 42.8% ) Plan to Partially Use AI Search for answers 24% Generating content or synthetic data 28% Learning new concepts or technologies 27.9% Documenting code 30.5% Creating or maintaining documentation 32.5% Learning about a codebase 34.9% Debugging or fixing code 30.9% Testing code 34.7% Writing code 32.4% Predictive analytics 25% Project planning 24.8% Committing and reviewing code 31.4% Deployment and monitoring 25% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 22,518 ( 45.9% ) Plan to Mostly Use AI Search for answers 17.2% Generating content or synthetic data 28.9% Learning new concepts or technologies 15.7% Documenting code 28.6% Creating or maintaining documentation 31.8% Learning about a codebase 23.1% Debugging or fixing code 14.8% Testing code 25.8% Writing code 12.4% Predictive analytics 23% Project planning 14.3% Committing and reviewing code 16.3% Deployment and monitoring 15.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,790 ( 26.1% ) Don't Plan to Use AI for This Task Search for answers 19.6% Generating content or synthetic data 38.2% Learning new concepts or technologies 32.3% Documenting code 38.5% Creating or maintaining documentation 39.6% Learning about a codebase 39.4% Debugging or fixing code 36.4% Testing code 44.1% Writing code 28.9% Predictive analytics 65.6% Project planning 69.2% Committing and reviewing code 58.7% Deployment and monitoring 75.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,349 ( 51.7% ) AI workflow and tool satisfaction Respondents who said they are currently using mostly AI tools to complete tasks in the development workflow are highly satisfied with and frequently using AI to search for answers or learn new concepts; respondents plan to mostly use AI in the future for documentation and testing tasks and are slightly less satisfied with the tools they are using now. How favorable is your stance on using AI tools as part of your development workflow and which parts of your development workflow are you currently integrating into AI or using AI tools to accomplish or plan to use AI to accomplish over the next 3 - 5 years? Please select one for each scenario. Currently mostly AI Currently partially AI Plan to partially use AI Plan to mostly use AI Don't plan to use AI for this task Currently mostly AI Number of responses 6,053 685 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.4 5.45 5.5 5.55 5.6 5.65 % 5 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 11,184 ( 22.8% ) Currently partially AI Number of responses 12,382 2,194 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 % 10 % 15 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,980 ( 42.8% ) Plan to partially use AI Number of responses 7,858 5,400 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 % 24 % 25 % 26 % 27 % 28 % 29 % 30 % 31 % 32 % 33 % 34 % 35 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 22,500 ( 45.9% ) Plan to mostly use AI Number of responses 4,056 1,588 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 4.6 4.65 4.7 4.75 4.8 4.85 4.9 4.95 5 5.05 5.1 5.15 5.2 % 12 % 14 % 16 % 18 % 20 % 22 % 24 % 26 % 28 % 30 % 32 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,777 ( 26.1% ) Don't plan to use AI for this task Number of responses 19,211 4,953 Average AI Sentiment Recoded (1 - Very Unfavorable to 6 - Very Favorable) Percent of respondents 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 % 65 % 70 % 75 % 80 Commit/Review Docs Debug/fix Ops Documenting code Content/Data Leaning codebase Learning tech Predictive analytics Project planning Answers Testing code Writing code Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 25,332 ( 51.7% ) AI tool frustrations The biggest single frustration, cited by 66% of developers, is dealing with &quot;AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite,&quot; which often leads to the second-biggest frustration: &quot;Debugging AI-generated code is more time-consuming&quot; (45%) When using AI tools, which of the following problems or frustrations have you encountered? Select all that apply. All Respondents AI solutions that are almost right, but not quite 66% Debugging AI-generated code is more time-consuming 45.2% I don’t use AI tools regularly 23.5% I’ve become less confident in my own problem-solving 20% It’s hard to understand how or why the code works 16.3% Other (write in): 11.6% I haven’t encountered any problems 4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,476 ( 64.2% ) AI and humans in the future In a future with advanced AI, the #1 reason developers would still ask a person for help is &quot;When I don’t trust AI’s answers&quot; (75%). This positions human developers as the ultimate arbiters of quality and correctness. In the future, if AI can do most coding tasks, in which situations would you still want to ask another person for help? Select all that apply. All Respondents When I don’t trust AI’s answers 75.3% When I have ethical or security concerns about code 61.7% When I want to fully understand something 61.3% When I want to learn best practices 58.1% When I’m stuck and can’t explain the problem 54.6% When I need help fixing complex or unfamiliar code 49.8% When I want to compare different solutions 44.1% When I need quick help troubleshooting 27.5% Other 6.1% I don’t think I’ll need help from people anymore 4.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 29,163 ( 59.5% ) Vibe coding Most respondents are not vibe coding (72%), and an additional 5% are emphatic it not being part of their development workflow. In your own words, is &quot;vibe coding&quot; part of your professional development work? For this question, we define vibe coding according to the Wikipedia definition , the process of generating software from LLM prompts. All Respondents 18-24 years old 25-34 years old 35-44 years old 45-54 years old 55-64 years old All Respondents Yes, emphatically 0.4% Yes 11.9% Yes, somewhat 2.8% I have tried it 2.1% Not sure 1.2% No 72.2% No, emphatically 5.3% Uncategorized 4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,564 ( 54.2% ) 18-24 years old Yes, emphatically 0.3% Yes 11.6% Yes, somewhat 3.2% I have tried it 2.4% Not sure 1.2% No 72.8% No, emphatically 5.1% Uncategorized 3.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 4,212 ( 8.6% ) 25-34 years old Yes, emphatically 0.4% Yes 11.8% Yes, somewhat 3.2% I have tried it 1.6% Not sure 1.3% No 72.3% No, emphatically 5.7% Uncategorized 3.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 8,526 ( 17.4% ) 35-44 years old Yes, emphatically 0.5% Yes 12% Yes, somewhat 2.8% I have tried it 2.2% Not sure 1.1% No 72% No, emphatically 5.4% Uncategorized 4.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 7,607 ( 15.5% ) 45-54 years old Yes, emphatically 0.5% Yes 12.7% Yes, somewhat 2.5% I have tried it 1.9% Not sure 1.3% No 71.3% No, emphatically 5.2% Uncategorized 4.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,838 ( 7.8% ) 55-64 years old Yes, emphatically 0.8% Yes 11.4% Yes, somewhat 2% I have tried it 3.1% Not sure 1.5% No 71.3% No, emphatically 4.6% Uncategorized 5.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,657 ( 3.4% ) 3.3 AI Agents AI agents AI agents are not yet mainstream. A majority of developers (52%) either don&#39;t use agents or stick to simpler AI tools, and a significant portion (38%) have no plans to adopt them. Are you using AI agents in your work (development or otherwise)? AI agents refer to autonomous software entities that can operate with minimal to no direct human intervention using artificial intelligence techniques. All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professional AI Users Learning AI Users All Respondents Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 14.1% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.8% No, but I plan to 17.4% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 13.8% No, and I don't plan to 37.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,877 ( 65% ) Professional Developers Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 14.9% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9.2% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.7% No, but I plan to 17.2% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 14.2% No, and I don't plan to 36.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 24,752 ( 50.5% ) Learning to Code Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 13.2% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 7.8% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 7.4% No, but I plan to 15.6% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 12.1% No, and I don't plan to 44.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,610 ( 5.3% ) Professional AI Users Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 17.5% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 10.8% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 8.9% No, but I plan to 18.6% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 16.3% No, and I don't plan to 27.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,892 ( 42.6% ) Learning AI Users Yes, I use AI agents at work daily 16.5% Yes, I use AI agents at work weekly 9.6% Yes, I use AI agents at work monthly or infrequently 8.7% No, but I plan to 16.9% No, I use AI exclusively in copilot/autocomplete mode 14.7% No, and I don't plan to 33.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,019 ( 4.1% ) AI agents affect on work productivity 52% of developers agree that AI tools and/or AI agents have had a positive effect on their productivity. Have AI tools or AI agents changed how you complete development work in the past year? All Respondents Yes, to a great extent 16.3% Yes, somewhat 35.3% Not at all or minimally 41.4% No, but my development work has significantly changed due to non-AI factors 2.6% No, but my development work has changed somewhat due to non-AI factors 4.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,636 ( 64.5% ) AI agent uses at work If you happen to be using AI agents at work and you are a software developer, chances are high that you are using agents for software development (84%). What industry purposes or specific tasks are you using AI agents in your development work? Select all that apply from both lists. Industry Purpose Software engineering 83.5% Data and analytics 24.9% IT operations 18% Business process automation 17.6% Decision intelligence 11.3% Customer service support 11.2% Marketing 8.6% Cybersecurity 7.4% Robotics 3.9% Other 2.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,301 ( 25.1% ) AI agent uses for general purposes TL;DR: Agents used outside of work are mostly used for language processing tasks (49%). What industry purposes or specific tasks are you using AI agents in your development work? Select all that apply from both lists. General Purpose Language processing 49% Integration with external agents and APIs 38.3% MCP servers 34.4% Agent/multi-agent orchestration 28.1% Vector databases for AI applications 24.1% Multi-platform search enablement 19.4% Personalized agent creation 18.3% Other 3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 5,797 ( 11.8% ) Impacts of AI agents The most recognized impacts are personal efficiency gains, and not team-wide impact. Approximately 70% of agent users agree that agents have reduced the time spent on specific development tasks, and 69% agree they have increased productivity. Only 17% of users agree that agents have improved collaboration within their team, making it the lowest-rated impact by a wide margin. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding the impact of AI agents on your work as a developer? All Respondents 27.3% 35.9% 21.3% 8.2% 7.3% AI agents have accelerated my learning about new technologies or codebases. 29.3% 34.9% 22.4% 7% 6.4% AI agents have helped me automate repetitive tasks. 17.1% 31.9% 25.3% 14.2% 11.5% AI agents have helped me solve complex problems more effectively. 6.6% 10.7% 40.5% 20% 22.2% AI agents have improved collaboration within my team. 12.2% 25.3% 32.4% 17.1% 13.1% AI agents have improved the quality of my code. 27.7% 41% 20.4% 6% 4.9% AI agents have increased my productivity. 29.3% 40.8% 17.8% 6.9% 5.1% AI agents have reduced the time spent on specific development tasks. Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 12,823 ( 26.2% ) Challenges with AI agents Is it a learning curve, or is the tech not there yet? 87% of all respondents agree they are concerned about the accuracy, and 81% agree they have concerns about the security and privacy of data. To what extent do you agree with the following statements regarding AI agents? All Respondents 57.1% 29.8% 9.7% 2.3% 1.1% I am concerned about the accuracy of the information provided by AI agents. 56.1% 25.3% 11.7% 4.7% 2.2% I have concerns about the security and privacy of data when using AI agents. 16.5% 29.7% 37.3% 12.6% 3.9% Integrating AI agents with my existing tools and workflows can be difficult. 15.5% 27.9% 31.8% 17.8% 6.9% It takes significant time and effort to learn how to use AI agents effectively. 13.8% 14.4% 30.6% 15% 26.2% My company's IT and/or InfoSec teams have strict rules that do not allow me to use AI agent tools or platforms 25.4% 27.9% 31.8% 10.3% 4.6% The cost of using certain AI agent platforms is a barrier. Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neutral Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 28,930 ( 59% ) AI Agent data storage tools When it comes to data management for agents, traditional, developer-friendly tools like Redis (43%) are being repurposed for AI, alongside emerging vector-native databases like ChromaDB (20%) and pgvector (18%). You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent memory or data management in the past year? All Respondents Redis 42.9% GitHub MCP Server 42.8% supabase 20.9% ChromaDB 19.7% pgvector 17.9% Neo4j 12.3% Pinecone 11.2% Qdrant 8.2% Milvus 5.2% Fireproof 5% LangMem 4.8% Weaviate 4.5% LanceDB 4.4% mem0 4% Zep 2.8% Letta 2.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,398 ( 6.9% ) AI Agent orchestration tools The agent orchestration space is currently led by open-source tools. Among developers building agents, Ollama (51%) and LangChain (33%) are the most-used frameworks. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent orchestration or agent frameworks in the past year? All Respondents Ollama 51.1% LangChain 32.9% LangGraph 16.2% Vertex AI 15.1% Amazon Bedrock Agents 14.5% OpenRouter 13.4% Llama Index 13.3% AutoGen (Microsoft) 12% Zapier 11.8% CrewAI 7.5% Semantic Kernel 6% IBM watsonx.ai 5.7% Haystack 4.4% Smolagents 3.7% Agno 3.4% phidata 2.1% Smol-AGI 1.9% Martian 1.7% lyzr 1.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 3,758 ( 7.7% ) AI Agent observability and security Developers are primarily adapting their existing, traditional monitoring tools for this new task, rather than adopting new, AI-native solutions. The most used tools for AI agent observability are staples of the DevOps and application monitoring world: Grafana + Prometheus are used by 43% of agent developers, and Sentry is used by 32%. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following tools for AI agent observability, monitoring or security in the past year? All Respondents Grafana + Prometheus 43% Sentry 31.8% Snyk 18.2% New Relic 13% LangSmith 12.5% Honeycomb 8.8% Langfuse 8.8% Wiz 6.9% Galileo 6.2% Adversarial Robustness Toolbox (ART) 5.5% Protect AI 5% Vectra AI 4.4% arize 3.7% helicone 3.2% Metero 2.7% opik 2.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,689 ( 5.5% ) AI Agent out-of-the-box tools ChatGPT (82%) and GitHub Copilot (68%) are the clear market leaders, serving as the primary entry point for most developers using out-of-the-box AI assistance. You indicated you use or develop AI agents as part of your development work. Have you used any of the following out-of-the-box agents, copilots or assistants? All Respondents ChatGPT 81.7% GitHub Copilot 67.9% Google Gemini 47.4% Claude Code 40.8% Microsoft Copilot 31.3% Perplexity 16.2% v0.dev 9.1% Bolt.new 6.5% Lovable.dev 5.7% AgentGPT 5% Tabnine 5% Replit 5% Auto-GPT 4.7% Amazon Codewhisperer 3.9% Blackbox AI 3.5% Roo code (Roo-Cline) 3.4% Cody 3% Devin AI 2.7% Glean (Enterprise Agents) 1.3% OpenHands (formerly OpenDevin) 1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 8,323 ( 17% ) Previous Technology Next Work Site design / logo © 2025 Stack Exchange Inc. User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Data licensed under Open Database License (ODbL). Terms Privacy policy Cookie policy Your Privacy Choices Go to stackoverflow.com
2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/fromaline/jsxelement-vs-reactelement-vs-reactnode-2mh2#-raw-reactelement-endraw-
JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nick Posted on Feb 14, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode # beginners # javascript # react # webdev React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode These three types usually confuse novice React developers. It seems like they are the same thing, just named differently. But it's not quite right. JSX.Element vs ReactElement Both types are the result of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. They are both objects with: type props key a couple of other "hidden" properties, like ref, $$typeof, etc ReactElement ReactElement type is the most basic of all. It's even defined in React source code using flow! // ./packages/shared/ReactElementType.js export type ReactElement = { | $ $typeof : any , type : any , key : any , ref : any , props : any , // ReactFiber _owner : any , // __DEV__ _store : { validated : boolean , ...}, _self : React$Element &lt; any &gt; , _shadowChildren : any , _source : Source , | }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This type is also defined in DefinitelyTyped package . interface ReactElement &lt; P = any , T extends string | JSXElementConstructor &lt; any &gt; = string | JSXElementConstructor &lt; any &gt;&gt; { type : T ; props : P ; key : Key | null ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode JSX.Element It's more generic type. The key difference is that props and type are typed as any in JSX.Element . declare global { namespace JSX { interface Element extends React . ReactElement &lt; any , any &gt; { } // ... } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This gives flexibility in how different libraries implement JSX. For example, Preact has its own implementation with different API . ReactNode ReactNode type is a different thing. It's not a return value of React.createElement() / jsx() function call. const Component = () =&gt; { // Here it's ReactElement return &lt; div &gt; Hello world! &lt;/ div &gt; } // Here it's ReactNode const Example = Component (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode React node itself is a representation of the virtual DOM. So ReactNode is the set of all possible return values of a component. type ReactChild = ReactElement | ReactText ; type ReactFragment = {} | Iterable &lt; ReactNode &gt; ; interface ReactPortal extends ReactElement { key : Key | null ; children : ReactNode ; } type ReactNode = | ReactChild | ReactFragment | ReactPortal | boolean | null | undefined ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What to use for children ? Generally speaking, ReactNode is the correct way to type the children prop. It gives the most flexibility while maintaining the proper type checking. But it has a caveat, because ReactFragment allows a {} type. const Item = ({ children }: { children : ReactNode }) =&gt; { return &lt; li &gt; { children } &lt;/ li &gt;; } const App = () =&gt; { return ( &lt; ul &gt; // Run-time error here, objects are not valid children! &lt; Item &gt; { {} } &lt;/ Item &gt; &lt;/ ul &gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode P.S. Follow me on Twitter for more content like this! React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 &bull; Feb 14 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Check out React+Typescript Cheatsheets for more info. Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Sohail Haider Follow Joined May 23, 2019 &bull; Jul 3 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide But in React 18 intrinsic property of children won't work for FC from react. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/colocodes/react-class-components-vs-function-components-23m6#pitfall
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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Damian Demasi Posted on Dec 1, 2021 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; React: class components vs function components # webdev # javascript # beginners # react When I first started working with React, I mostly used function components, especially because I read that class components were old and outdated. But when I started working with React professionally I realised I was wrong. Class components are very much alive and kicking. So, I decided to write a sort of comparison between class components and function components to have a better understanding of their similarities and differences. Table Of Contents Class components Rendering State A common pitfall Props Lifecycle methods Function components Rendering State Props Conclusion Class components This is how a class component that makes use of state , props and render looks like: class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { name : props . name }; } render () { return &lt; h1 &gt; Hello, { this . state . name } &lt;/ h1 &gt;; } } // Render ReactDOM . render ( Hello , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources in which you can find more information about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Rendering Let’s say there is a  &lt;div&gt;  somewhere in your HTML file: &lt;div id= "root" &gt;&lt;/div&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We can render an element in the place of the div with root id like this: const element = &lt; h1 &gt; Hello, world &lt;/ h1 &gt;; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Regarding React components, we will usually be exporting a component and using it in another file: Hello.jsx import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; class Hello extends React . Component { render () { return &lt; h1 &gt; Hello, { this . props . name } &lt;/ h1 &gt;; } } export default Hello ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode main.js import React from ' react ' ; import ReactDOM from ' react-dom ' ; import Hello from ' ./app/Hello.jsx ' ; ReactDOM . render (&lt; Hello /&gt;, document . getElementById ( ' root ' )); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And this is how a class component gets rendered on the web browser. Now, there is a difference between rendering and mounting, and Brad Westfall made a great job summarising it : "Rendering" is any time a function component gets called (or a class-based render method gets called) which returns a set of instructions for creating DOM. "Mounting" is when React "renders" the component for the first time and actually builds the initial DOM from those instructions. State A state is a JavaScript object containing information about the component's current condition. To initialise a class component state we need to use a constructor : class Hello extends React . Component { constructor () { this . state = { endOfMessage : ' ! ' }; } render () { return &lt; h1 &gt; Hello, { this . props . name } { this . state . endOfMessage } &lt;/ h1 &gt;; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/rendering-elements.html https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Caution: we shouldn't modify the state directly because it will not trigger a re-render of the component: this . state . comment = ' Hello ' ; // Don't do this Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Instead, we should use the setState() method: this . setState ({ comment : ' Hello ' }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If our current state depends from the previous one, and as setState is asynchronous, we should take into account the previous state: this . setState ( function ( prevState , prevProps ) { return { counter : prevState . counter + prevProps . increment }; }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html A common pitfall If we need to set a state with nested objects , we should spread all the levels of nesting in that object: this . setState ( prevState =&gt; ({ ... prevState , someProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty , someOtherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty , anotherProperty : { ... prevState . someProperty . someOtherProperty . anotherProperty , flag : false } } } })) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This can become cumbersome, so the use of the [immutability-helper](https://github.com/kolodny/immutability-helper) package is recommended. Related sources about this: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43040721/how-to-update-nested-state-properties-in-react Before I knew better, I believed that setting a new object property will always preserve the ones that were not set, but that is not true for nested objects (which is kind of logical, because I would be overriding an object with another one). That situation happens when I previously spread the object and then modify one of its properties: &gt; b = { item1 : ' a ' , item2 : { subItem1 : ' y ' , subItem2 : ' z ' }} //-&gt; { item1: 'a', item2: {subItem1: 'y', subItem2: 'z'}} &gt; b . item2 = {... b . item2 , subItem1 : ' modified ' } //-&gt; { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } &gt; b //-&gt; { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified', subItem2: 'z' } } &gt; b . item2 = { subItem1 : ' modified ' } // Not OK //-&gt; { subItem1: 'modified' } &gt; b //-&gt; { item1: 'a', item2: { subItem1: 'modified' } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But when we have nested objects we need to use multiple nested spreads, which turns the code repetitive. That's where the immutability-helper comes to help. You can find more information about this here . Props If we want to access props in the constructor , we need to call the parent class constructor by using super(props) : class Button extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); console . log ( props ); console . log ( this . props ); } // ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Related sources about this: https://overreacted.io/why-do-we-write-super-props/ Bear in mind that using props to set an initial state is an anti-pattern of React. In the past, we could have used the componentWillReceiveProps method to do so, but now it's deprecated . class Hello extends React . Component { constructor ( props ) { super ( props ); this . state = { property : this . props . name , // Not recommended, but OK if it's just used as seed data. }; } render () { return &lt; h1 &gt; Hello, { this . props . name } &lt;/ h1 &gt;; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Using props to initialise a state is not an anti-patter if we make it clear that the prop is only used as seed data for the component's internally-controlled state. Related sources about this: https://sentry.io/answers/using-props-to-initialize-state/ https://reactjs.org/docs/react-component.html#unsafe_componentwillreceiveprops https://medium.com/@justintulk/react-anti-patterns-props-in-initial-state-28687846cc2e Lifecycle methods Class components don't have hooks ; they have lifecycle methods instead. render() componentDidMount() componentDidUpdate() componentWillUnmount() shouldComponentUpdate() static getDerivedStateFromProps() getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() You can learn more about lifecycle methods here: https://programmingwithmosh.com/javascript/react-lifecycle-methods/ https://reactjs.org/docs/state-and-lifecycle.html Function components This is how a function component makes use of props , state and render : function Welcome ( props ) { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return &lt; h1 &gt; Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } &lt;/ h1 &gt;; } // or const Welcome = ( props ) =&gt; { const [ timeOfDay , setTimeOfDay ] = useState ( ' morning ' ); return &lt; h1 &gt; Hello, { props . name } , good { timeOfDay } &lt;/ h1 &gt;; } // Render const element = &lt; Welcome name = "Sara" /&gt;; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Rendering Rendering a function component is achieved the same way as with class components: function Welcome ( props ) { return &lt; h1 &gt; Hello, { props . name } &lt;/ h1 &gt;; } const element = &lt; Welcome name = "Sara" /&gt;; ReactDOM . render ( element , document . getElementById ( ' root ' ) ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html State When it comes to the state, function components differ quite a bit from class components. We need to define an array that will have two main elements: the value of the state, and the function to update said state. We then need to assign the useState hook to that array, initialising the state in the process: import React , { useState } from ' react ' ; function Example () { // Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count" const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ); return ( &lt; div &gt; &lt; p &gt; You clicked { count } times &lt;/ p &gt; &lt; button onClick = { () =&gt; setCount ( count + 1 ) } &gt; Click me &lt;/ button &gt; &lt;/ div &gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The useState hook is the way function components allow us to use a component's state in a similar manner as  this.state  is used in class components. Remember: function components use hooks . According to the official documentation: What is a Hook?  A Hook is a special function that lets you “hook into” React features. For example,  useState  is a Hook that lets you add React state to function components. We’ll learn other Hooks later. When would I use a Hook?  If you write a function component and realize you need to add some state to it, previously you had to convert it to a class. Now you can use a Hook inside the existing function component. To read the state of the function component we can use the variable we defined when using useState in the function declaration ( count in our example). &lt; p &gt; You clicked { count } times &lt;/ p &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In class components, we had to do something like this: &lt; p &gt; You clicked { this . state . count } times &lt;/ p &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Every time we need to update the state, we should call the function we defined ( setCount in this case) with the values of the new state. &lt; button onClick = { () =&gt; setCount ( count + 1 ) } &gt; Click me &lt;/ button &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Meanwhile, in class components we used the this keyword followed by the state and the property to be updated: &lt; button onClick = { () =&gt; this . setState ({ count : this . state . count + 1 }) } &gt; Click me &lt;/ button &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sources: https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html Props Finally, using props in function components is pretty straight forward: we just pass them as the component argument: function Avatar ( props ) { return ( &lt; img className = "Avatar" src = { props . user . avatarUrl } alt = { props . user . name } /&gt; ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Source: https://reactjs.org/docs/components-and-props.html Conclusion Deciding whether to use class components or function components will depend on the situation. As far as I know, professional environments use class components for "main" components, and function components for smaller, particular components. Although this may not be the case depending on your project. I would love to see examples of the use of class and function components in specific situations, so don't be shy of sharing them in the comments section. 🗞️ NEWSLETTER - If you want to hear about my latest articles and interesting software development content, subscribe to my newsletter . 🐦 TWITTER - Follow me on Twitter . Top comments (33) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 &bull; Dec 2 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The issue with class based components and the driving reason why the React team went towards functional components was for better abstractions. In 2013 when React came out, there was a feature called mixins (this is before JavaScript classes were possible). Mixins were a way to share code between components but fostered a lot of problems and anti-patterns. In 2015 JS got classes and 2016 React moved towards real class-based components. Everyone was excited that mixins were gone but we also lost a primitive way to share code in React. Without React offering a way to share code, the community turned towards patterns instead. With classes, if you want to share reusable code between two components, you only really have two pattern choices - higher order components (HoC's) or the "render props" pattern. HoC has several known problems. In other words, I could give you a "try to abstract this" task with classes and you just wouldn't be able to do it with HoC, it had pretty bad limitations. The render props patter was popularized later and it actually fixed all four known issues with HoC's, so a lot of react devs became a fan of this new pattern, but it had new new problems that HoC's never had. I wrote a detailed piece on this a while back gist.github.com/bradwestfall/4fa68... The reason why hooks were created was to bring functional components up to speed with class based components as far as capability (as you mentioned above) but the end goal of that was custom hooks. With a custom hook we get functional composition capabilities and this solves all six issues of Hoc and Render Props problems, although there are still some good reasons to use render props in certain situations (checkout Formik). If you want, checkout Ryan's keynote at the conference where they announced hooks youtube.com/watch?v=wXLf18DsV-I Also, the reason why classes are still around is just because the React team knew it would be a while for companies to migrate their big code bases from classes to hooks so they kept both ways around. Hope it helps someone Like comment: Like comment: 5 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, thanks so much @bradwestfall ! This is a very interesting back-story on classes and function components. I really appreciate the time you took to explain all of this. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Brad Westfall Follow Teaching @ReactTraining Work Instructor at ReactTraining.com Joined Jun 4, 2021 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide No problem, your article does a nice job comparing strictly from a syntax standpoint, there's just the whole code abstraction part to consider. Honestly, after teaching hooks now for 3 years, I know that hooks syntax can be harder to grasp than the class syntax, but I also know that most developers are willing to take on the more difficult hooks syntax for the tradeoff of having much better abstraction options, that's really the main idea. For real though, checkout Ryan's conference talk, it's fantastic Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Eugene Eugene Eugene Follow Pronouns He/him Joined Oct 29, 2021 &bull; Feb 8 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Some people told, the argument to use class components - error boundaries, which don't have function implementation yet. (It's not my opinion, I just recently started to learn react and seeking for useful information here and there) Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Anass Boutaline Follow Full-stack Web Developer, Software engineer Location Morocco Work Full-stack Web Developer Joined Jun 1, 2019 &bull; Dec 2 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a hot topic bro, nice done, otherwise i guess that functional components are cleaner and easy to maintain, so whatever the size of your app, we always look for better and maintainable code, so FC are better than classes any way (React point of view only) Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; tanth1993 tanth1993 tanth1993 Follow Joined Jan 5, 2020 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide the only thing I like Class Component is that there is a callback in setState . I usually use it when after set loading for the page :) Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Gil Fewster Follow Web developer, tinkerer, take-aparterer (and, sometimes, put-back-togetherer) Location Melbourne, Australia Work Front End Developer at Art Processors Joined Jul 23, 2019 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;21 &bull; Edited on Dec 3 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The equivalent in functional components is the useEffect hook, which can be setup to run a function when one or more specific dependencies change. There is also a hook called useReducer which gives you the ability to perform complex actions and logic when dependencies change. Very useful for deriving properties from complex state. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 &bull; Dec 6 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Spot on! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I&#39;m Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 &bull; Dec 2 &#39;21 &bull; Edited on Dec 2 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I am new dev in react. I am learning class component. Is that okay for me? Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 &bull; Dec 2 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide When I started learning React, I saw function components first, and then class components. But I think a better approach will be learning class components first, so then, when you learn function components, you will see why they exists and the advantages they have over the class components. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Monday David S. Monday David S. Monday David S. Follow Email davidsarka242@gmail.com Joined Mar 7, 2021 &bull; Dec 4 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Totally agree with you Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Thread Thread &nbsp; Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I&#39;m Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 &bull; Dec 5 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide We need to learn first Class component and then Functional Component Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I&#39;m Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I think you are right. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Jeysson Guevara Follow Joined Jul 24, 2021 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You'll need to learn both anyways, it is quite frequent to find projects that mix the two methodologies. Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Omar Pervez Follow I&#39;m Web Designer, and I am very passionate and dedicated to my work. With 4 years experience as a professional Web Developer, Location Noakhali, Bangladesh. Education Noakhali Science and Technology University Work Front-end Web Developer at PPH Joined Dec 2, 2021 &bull; Dec 3 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you Jeysson, I think it will help me lot in my react learning Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Andrew Baisden Follow Software Developer | Content Creator | AI, Tech, Programming Location London, UK Education Bachelor Degree Computer Science Work Software Developer Joined Feb 11, 2020 &bull; Dec 4 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice comparison I have completely converted to functional components it would be hard to go back to classes now. When I initially started to learn hooks my thoughts were the reverse. It really is that much better though. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 &bull; Dec 6 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I now have the dilemma of choosing between class or function components at my workplace... I guess that as I gain more experience I will be able to make better decisions. Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 &bull; Dec 1 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That is awesome @lukeshiru ! Thanks for sharing your experience. I think that what is actually happening is that the app in which I'm working on is rather old, and function components did not exist back then. Taking into account your experience, do you think that using class components have any benefit over the function components? Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; sophiegrafe sophiegrafe sophiegrafe Follow Former Barmaid trained to be fullstack dev last year! Working hard to not be that Jake of all trades, master of none 😅 Education Interface3 Joined Mar 30, 2022 &bull; Mar 30 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Mar 30 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you very much for this, your article and the discussion that follows were a great help to clarify the subject! I will definitely go with FC but take some time to be more comfortable with the class-based approach in case of need. I have a very little observation to make regarding the way you explained useState affectation "to an array" under "State" in FC section. You wrote: "We need to define an array that will have two main elements[...] We then need to assign the useState hook to that array. [...]" When I see brackets, as a beginner, it automatically triggers the "array" reflex, but brackets on the left side of the assignment operator means destructuring assignment, here array destructuring. As I understand this, we don't assign the useState hook to an array, it's the other way around actually, we are unpacking or extracting values from an array and assigning them to variables. useState return an array of 2 values and DA allows us to avoid this kind of extra lines: const useState = useState ( initialValue ); const stateValue = useState [ 0 ]; const setStateValue = useState [ 1 ]; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode reactjs.org/docs/hooks-state.html#... for a more complete review of this syntax: javascript.info/destructuring-assi... I found DA very useful in many situations for arrays, strings and objects. Totally worth mentioning, learning and using! Again thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply &nbsp; Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 &bull; Dec 2 &#39;21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great, thanks for your input! Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; echoes2099 echoes2099 echoes2099 Follow Joined Jul 10, 2018 &bull; May 30 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was under the impression the official stance was that class components were deprecated...as in dont create new code using these. We recently had to ditch a form library that was written with classes. The reason being is because it did not have useEffects that reacted to all changes in state (and I'm not sure if you could write the equivalent useEffect with hooks). So we were seeing bugs where dynamically injected fields could not register themselves. React hooks are OK but i wouldn't go back to a class based approach for new code Like comment: Like comment: 1 &nbsp;like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (33 comments) Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Damian Demasi Follow Web Developer - I switched careers in my 40s - Writer of web development blog posts - I love to share Notion templates Location Adelaide, Australia Work Web Developer Joined Jun 29, 2020 More from Damian Demasi The Power of Microtools: How AI and &quot;Vibe Coding&quot; Are Changing the Way We Build # ai # vibecoding # webdev # productivity How to Learn Python Faster and Easier with This Notion Template # python # programming # beginners # learning Learning how to code: with our special guest, Ron # webdev # beginners # programming # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:21
https://dev.to/yumyum116/why-print-can-cause-a-tle-even-with-an-efficient-algorithm-4f7e#invoke-the-raw-filewrite-endraw-method-on-the-output-file-object
Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse yumyum116 Posted on Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Hi, everyone. This is yumyum116. This article is part of a series of how standard library functions work . I am glad that this will help beginners understand the underlying mechanisms behind these functions. This topic arose from a personal experience in which I encountered a TLE, despite using an efficient algorithm to solve the problem. After investigating, I discovered that the issue was caused by calling the print function too many times within the program . Based on this experience, this article explains how the print function works internally and why excessive use of it can lead to a TLE . 1. Example of a TLE Despite Using an Efficient Algorithm In this chapter, I introduce an example of a program that results in a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm. The program determines whether a given number is prime using the Sieve of Eratosthenes. At first glance, the algorithm itself is efficiet - but can you identify which part of the code causes of the TLE? For reference, the input number satisfies the following conditions: conditions: 1 &lt; = n &lt; = 380 , 000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380,000 1 &lt;= n &lt;= 380 , 000 1 &lt; = a r r a y [ i ] &lt; = 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt; = i &lt; = n ) 1 &lt;= array[i] &lt;= 6,000,000 (1 &lt;= i &lt;= n) 1 &lt;= a rr a y [ i ] &lt;= 6 , 000 , 000 ( 1 &lt;= i &lt;= n ) MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] for i in range ( n ): print ( " prime " if is_prime ( arr [ i ]) else " not prime " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I introduce a program that that fixes the TLE issue. MAX_A = 6000000 def eratosthenes ( n ): is_prime = [ True ] * ( n + 1 ) is_prime [ 0 ] = is_prime [ 1 ] = False for i in range ( 2 , int ( n ** 0.5 ) + 1 ): if is_prime [ i ]: for j in range ( i * i , n + 1 , i ): is_prime [ j ] = False return is_prime n = int ( input ()) arr = [ int ( input ()) for _ in range ( n )] is_prime_table = eratosthenes ( MAX_A ) out = [] for x in arr : out . append ( " prime " if is_prime_table [ x ] else " not prime " ) print ( " \n " . join ( out )) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the next chapter, let's take a closer look at why the TLE happened. 2. What Happens Internally When Executing a Python Program Before diving into the main discussion, let's take a look at what actually happens when a Python program is executed. This section is a bit long, but understanding of this flow will help you build a deeper intuition about how Python programs work under the hood. At a high level, the execution flow looks like this: Execute a Python program. -- the python interpreter starts runnung -- Perform lexical analysis by breaking the source code into tokens. Generate a sequence of tokens. Parse the token sequence. Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Generate code objects from the AST. Compile the code objects into bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine. -- the python interpreter completes execution -- Execute machine instructions on the CPU. Now, let's walk through a simple example. Consider the following Python program (1). # test.py print ( " Hi, how are you? " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lexical Analysis When the Python interpreter runs test.py, it first performs lexical analysis. During this process, the source code is broken down into tokens such as Hi , , , how , are , you , and ? . Parsing Based on the tokens generated during lexical analysis, the interpreter builds a data structure called an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) through parsing. Let's take an actual look at the AST objects generated when executing test.py . $ python &gt; import ast &gt; tree = ast.parse('print("Hi, how are you?")') &gt; &gt; print(ast.dump(tree, indent=4)) Module( body=[ Expr( value=Call( func=Name(id='print', ctx=Load()), args=[ Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')], keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[]) &gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you want to better grasp the structure of an AST, using a sentence that includes mathematical expressions can be very helpful. However, that is beyond the scope of this article. Now, let's break down the generated AST. ① func=Name(id = 'print', ctx=Load()) This means the identifier print is loaded as a value. ctx , which is one of the arguments of the Name node, specifies how the identifier is used. It can be set to Store() when assigning a value, Load() when reading a value, or Del() when deleting an element. Structurally, this can be summarized as follows: A Name node is a parsing node that contains the following information: The presence of the identifier print in the source code. How the identifier is used in context (in this example, it is used as Load() ). ② args=[Constant(value='Hi, how are you?')] This represents a structural node that holds the value of an argument passed to a function. In computer science terms, this is an AST node that represents a string literal. For reference, the Constant node has been used since Python 3.8, whereas Str was used in earlier versions of Python (prior to 3.8). ③ Call(...) This node represents a function call statement and stores the following information: i. func - information about the called object ii. args - expressions to be evaluated as positional arguments iii. keywords - expressions to be evaluated as keyword arguments ④ Expr(...) This node represents an expression whose purpose is only to produce output. There are many other nodes at the same hierarchical level as Expr , each serving a different role. However, due to the scope of this article, I will introduce those nodes in a separate article. ⑤ Module(...) This node represents the root AST node of a .py file. As a supplement, body=[...] is a list of statements included in the source code, and type_ignores=[] stores additional information for type checkers. For example, it records the line numbers of comments that instruct the type checker to ignore type errors. Generate Code Objects from the AST In this step, the following processes are performed. ① Analyze the AST and perform the following tasks: (i) Determine whether each variable is local, global, or free. (ii) Register constants in the constant table. (iii) Build a code object for each function and class. ② Build the structural body of a PyCodeObject Ideally, the following elements are constructed as the internal structure of the code object. CodeObject { co_consts co_names co_varnames co_freevars co_cellvars co_flags co_code } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Generate bytecode After completing syntax analysis, the Python interpreter generates bytecode from the AST. During this process, a source file named compile.c is executed. This file implements the compiler that translates the AST into bytecode. The resulting bytecode is expressed as follows: &gt;&gt; import dis &gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis('print("Hi, how are you?")') 0 0 RESUME 0 1 2 PUSH_NULL 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (print) 6 LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') 8 CALL 1 16 RETURN_VALUE Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This representation is close to programs written in assembly or machine language, and LOAD_NAME 0 corresponds to a single bytecode instruction. The full list of bytecode instructions can be found in opcode.h . From a computer science perspective, this process converts the AST into instructions for a stack machine by traversing the AST nodes. Conceptually, the following sequence of instructions is generated: co_code = [ LOAD_NAME print LOAD_CONST "Hi, how are you?" CALL 1 RETURN_VALUE ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Through this process, the bytecode is transformed into a form that the virtual machine can interpret directly. Execute the bytecode on the Python virtual machine As I mentioned in the section Generate bytecode , the Python virtual machine is a type of stack machine , which primarily uses a stack during calculation. A stack is a data structure used to store values in such a way that new data is added on top of existing data. When data is removed, the most recently added value is taken first. This behavior is known as Last In, First Out(LIFO) . The bytecode generated by the Python interpreter is designed to be executed efficiently on a stack-based virtual machine. Below, you can see a simplified explanation of how the previously shown bytecode is executed. For clarify, some details are omitted, so this description is not perfectly precise, but it should help build intuition. Instruction Meaning RESUME 0 Represent the start of a function call PUSH_NULL Push NULL onto the stack to indicate that this is not a method call LOAD_NAME 0 (print) Push the value of the variable print onto the stack LOAD_CONST 0 ('Hi, how are you?') Push the value of the variable Hi, how are you? onto the stack CALL 1 Pop the number of values specified by the variable argc from the top of the stack, and call the corresponding callable object RETURN_VALUE Return to the original caller On the Python virtual machine, this bytecode is executed sequentially from the top, with each instruction performing operations that push the resulting Python objects onto the stack. Execute machine instructions on the CPU The CPU executes programs that have been loaded into memory. In the case of Python, the CPU executes the machine instructions that implement the Python virtual machine. Let me briefly explain what machine instructions are. Machine instructions represent operations using binary values composed of zeros and ones. For readability, hexadecimal notation is often used so that humans can more easily interpret them. If you are interested, you can open a .pyc file using a binary editor to see this representation yourself. In the case of test.py , the machine instructions would look like the following. Note that these are shown in hexadecimal for human readability and differ from the actual machine instructions executed directly by the CPU. Now, let's return to the main discussion. For example, the CALL 1 bytecode instruction corresponds to invoking a specific case in a switch statement in C, conceptually described as follows: switch (opcode){ case CALL: /* Call a function with the given arguments */ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To describe the entire flow precisely -- from execution on the Python virtual machine to execution on the CPU --it can be summarized as follows: The CALL 1 instruction is read by CPython's C implementation, which branches to the corresponding case CALL: in a switch statement. The CPU then executes the machine instructions that implement that case CALL: within CPython itself. At the Python level, the callable function is written as print . However, the actual callable object is implemented in CPython's C code, specifically as builtin_print_impl . The above describes the complete flow of how a Python program is executed. 3. What Happens When the print Function Is Called? Now, let's take a closer look at the behavior of the print function. Briefly speaking, print is not part of the standard library--it is a built-in function . Built-in functions are implemented directly in CPython's C source code. You can find the function object for print in the CPython repository here . As mentioned in the previous section, the impolementation corresponding to print is builtin_print_impl . To keep the discussion focused, I will paste the relevant part of the original source code below. static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) /*[clinic end generated code: output=3cfc0940f5bc237b input=c143c575d24fe665]*/ { int i, err; if (file == Py_None) { PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET(); file = _PySys_GetAttr(tstate, &amp;_Py_ID(stdout)); if (file == NULL) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "lost sys.stdout"); return NULL; } /* sys.stdout may be None when FILE* stdout isn't connected */ if (file == Py_None) { Py_RETURN_NONE; } } if (sep == Py_None) { sep = NULL; } else if (sep &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(sep)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(sep)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } if (end == Py_None) { end = NULL; } else if (end &amp;&amp; !PyUnicode_Check(end)) { PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "end must be None or a string, not %.200s", Py_TYPE(end)-&gt;tp_name); return NULL; } for (i = 0; i &lt; PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); i++) { if (i &gt; 0) { if (sep == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString(" ", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } } err = PyFile_WriteObject(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i), file, Py_PRINT_RAW); if (err) { return NULL; } } if (end == NULL) { err = PyFile_WriteString("\n", file); } else { err = PyFile_WriteObject(end, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); } if (err) { return NULL; } if (flush) { PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs(file, &amp;_Py_ID(flush)); if (tmp == NULL) { return NULL; } Py_DECREF(tmp); } Py_RETURN_NONE; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When the print function is called, characters are displayed on the standard output through the following sequenc of steps: Execute Python source code. Compile the source code into Python bytecode. Execute the bytecode on the Cpython virtual machine. Invoke the built-in print function. Call file.write() . Call the C standard library function write() . -- The steps above are executed within the Python runtime layer .-- Invoke a system call handled by the operating system kernel. Output the characters to the standard output. The connection between these steps and the previous sections may not be immediately clear, so before explaining each operation in detail, I will first provide some additional context. The steps above describe the observable behavior at a high level, while the CPU is continuously executing instructions behind the scenes. From the CPU's perspective, the steps above can be described as follows: While executing the machine instructions that implement the CPython virtual machine, the CPU reaches a CALL instruction and invokes the machine instructions corresponding to the built-in print function. During this process, execution transitions through PyFile_WriteObject to FileIO.write , and finally to the write system call. Visually, the process can be illustrated as follows: CPU └─ CPython VM（machine instructions） └─ builtin print（machine instructions） └─ PyFile_WriteObject（machine instructions） └─ FileIO.write（machine instructions） └─ libc write（machine instructions） └─ kernel write（machine instructions） Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With this overview in mind, let's move on to a detailed explanation of the entire execution flow of the print function. Invoke the Built-in print Function Here, the actual callable object is defined as follows: static PyObject * builtin_print_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *args, PyObject *sep, PyObject *end, PyObject *file, int flush) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When this object is invoked, the following steps are executed: ① Receive the given arguments as PyObject* values. ② Interpret the sep , end , file , and flush parameters. ③ Determine the output destination ( file ), which defaults to sys.stdout . Invoke the file.write() method on the output file object In the following C implementation, the write method of the Python file object is invoked. PyFile_WriteObject(obj, file, Py_PRINT_RAW); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Within builtinmodule.c , which was introduced in the previous section, the following function corresponds to this behavior. PyFile_WriteObject(sep, file, Py_PRINT_RAW) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In effect, this is equivalent to calling sys.stdout.write(...) at the Python level. Invoke the standard library function write() Python's sys.stdout is composed of multiple layers of wrapper objects, as illustrated below. TextIOWrapper └─ BufferedWriter └─ FileIO Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The C implementation of FileIO.write() is located in Module/_io/fileio.c , and the function _io_FileIO_write_impl provides the low-level implementation of FileIO.write() . /*[clinic input] _io.FileIO.write cls: defining_class b: Py_buffer / Write buffer b to file, return number of bytes written. Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written. The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode, returns None if the write would block. [clinic start generated code]*/ static PyObject * _io_FileIO_write_impl(fileio *self, PyTypeObject *cls, Py_buffer *b) /*[clinic end generated code: output=927e25be80f3b77b input=2776314f043088f5]*/ { Py_ssize_t n; int err; if (self-&gt;fd &lt; 0) return err_closed(); if (!self-&gt;writable) { _PyIO_State *state = get_io_state_by_cls(cls); return err_mode(state, "writing"); } n = _Py_write(self-&gt;fd, b-&gt;buf, b-&gt;len); /* copy errno because PyBuffer_Release() can indirectly modify it */ err = errno; if (n &lt; 0) { if (err == EAGAIN) { PyErr_Clear(); Py_RETURN_NONE; } return NULL; } return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ( source ) The function prototype is shown below: _Py_write(fd, buf, size) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode At this level, execution transitions from the Python layer to the C I/O layer. Invoke a System Call Handled by the Operating System Kernel. In the entire execution of the print function, this step is the most expensive. During a system call, the following operations occur: ① Transition from user space to kernel space. ② Perform a context switch. ③ Write to standard output within the operating system. Transition from User Space to Kernel Space This step means that the CPU switches its execution mode. User space is where ordinary applications, such as Python programs, CPython itself and standard libraries, run. Code in user space cannot directly access hardware devices or protected memory. Kernel space is where the operating system runs. Device operations, file I/O and process management are handled in this space. The print function must transition from user space to kernel space in order to perform device-related operations. You can think of this transition as occurring when a system call, such as write() , is invoked. Perform a Context Switch This step means that the CPU switches its execution context. There are two types of context switches. One is (A) a transition from user mode to kernel mode, as described above. The other is (B) a process switch, where the CPU switches from one process to another. In the case of the print function, the important context switch is (A). This mode transition caused by a system call is the primary reason why I/O operations are expensive. The Operating System Handles Standard Output Briefly speaking, this step sends an instruction to the operating system that says, "Write these characters to the file descriptor whose value is 1." (File descriptor 1 corresponds to standard output.) Conceptually, standard output is processed as follows. Execute sys_write(fd=1, buf) ↓ Resolve the file descriptor to an internal file structure ↓ Route the output to the corresponding device, file, or pipe ↓ Apply buffering if necessary Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To summarize this flow more simply: When print() is called, CPython invokes write() , which switches the CPU execution mode from user mode to kernel mode. The operating system then resolves the file descriptor with value 1 (standard output) and writes the data to the appropriate destination, such as a terminal, file, or pipe. These kernel-level operations and device I/O are significantly more expensive than the mode switch itself, which is why frequent calls to print() can easily become a performance bottleneck. Output Characters To the Standard Output The kernel sends the characters to the appropriate output destination , which in this case is the terminal. 4. The Cause of the TLE: Calling print Inside a for Loop First of all, thank you for staying with me up to this point. As stated in the heading, the cause of the TLE I encountered was the repeated use of the print function inside a for loop. More precisely, the implementation introduced in the first chapter, which is described below, triggers a TLE because print is executed on every iteration of the loop. for i in range(n): print("prime" if is_prime(arr[i]) else "not prime") Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each time the loop variable i i i is incremented by 1 , the print function is called. As explained throughout this article, calling print involves kernel-level operations and device I/O. Executing these expensive operations on every iteration significantly degrades performance. For example, when the maximum input value of 380,000 is provided, the print() function is invoked 380,000 times. This workload is simply too heavy for the CPU and the operating system to handle efficiently. This example clearly demonstrates that--even when using an efficient algorithm--an inappropriate implementation choice can lead to disastrous performance under the given input constraints. Now, let's take another look at the revised program. out = [] for x in arr: out.append("prime" if is_prime_table[x] else "not prime") print("\n".join(out)) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No matter how large the input value is, collecting the output values in an array results in calling the print function only once. When you compare a single call to print with 380,000 calls, the difference in CPU workload becomes immediately clear. This experience taught me an important lesson: when you encounter a TLE despite using an efficient algorithm, suspect I/O operations . I hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of what happens behind the scenes and why such performance issues occur. If you find any mistakes, please let me know through the feedback form. I will revise them as quickly as possible. See you again in the next article! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse yumyum116 Follow A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Jan 3, 2026 More from yumyum116 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
2026-01-13T08:48:22
https://dev.to/anand12/new-world-of-unemployment-the-useless-class#main-content
New World Of Unemployment: The Useless Class - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We&#39;re here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close #WithAnand Follow New World Of Unemployment: The Useless Class Sep 16 &#39;21 play Since we all know that earlier, in past years, a society was divided into three classes upper class, middle class, and the lower class. But in these modern years, due to the increase in automation and artificial intelligence a new class will be introduced soon, which will be named “ The USELESS CLASS” . Read blog: https://leap2live.wordpress.com/2021/05/23/new-world-of-unemployment-the-useless-class/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/anand12/message Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community &copy; 2016 - 2026. We&#39;re a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account
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2026-01-13T08:48:22
https://dev.to/fromaline/how-do-react-fragments-work-under-the-hood-36n5
How do React Fragments work under the hood? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn&#39;t have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we&#39;re building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nick Posted on Feb 13, 2022 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; How do React Fragments work under the hood? # javascript # webdev # react # programming React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode React aims to stay neat and clean that's why fragments are out there. They allow getting rid of excess wrappers while rendering multiple elements! That's pretty cool, but how do they work under the hood? 👉 React Fragment is just a React Element of a special type! JSX is a syntax sugar for calling React.createElement This function expects only three possible groups of types: tag name for basic HTML elements class/function for user-defined components React fragment type // what you write const Items = () =&gt; { return ( &lt;&gt; &lt; li &gt; First element &lt; /li &gt; &lt; li &gt; Second element &lt; /li &gt; &lt; li &gt; Third element &lt; /li &gt; &lt; / &gt; ); } // what React gets after babel transpilation const Items = () =&gt; { return React . createElement ( React . Fragment , null , React . createElement ( " li " , null , " First element " ), React . createElement ( " li " , null , " Second element " ), React . createElement ( " li " , null , " Third element " ) ); }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 👉 How does React work with fragments? After all, there are no corresponding DOM elements! React doesn't need real DOM elements to deal with fragments. It forms a virtual DOM instead 💡 // Items() return this { " type " : Symbol ( react . fragment ), " key " : null , " ref " : null , " props " : { " children " : [ { " type " : " li " , " key " : null , " ref " : null , " props " : { " children " : " First element " }, }, // ... ] } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ReactDOM , in turn, ignores fragments and renders all children without any wrappers. 👉 Verify that it works yourself! Go to reactjs.org and paste the Items component . If DOM looks the same as here 👇, you've done a great job! &lt;div id= "___gatsby" &gt; &lt;li&gt; First element &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Second element &lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt; Third element &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/div&gt; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode P.S. Follow me on Twitter for more content like this! React Internals (3 Part Series) 1 How does React allow creating custom components? 2 How do React Fragments work under the hood? 3 JSX.Element vs ReactElement vs ReactNode Top comments (7) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand &nbsp; FJones FJones FJones Follow Location Munich, Germany Work Software Development Team Lead Joined Oct 4, 2019 &bull; Feb 13 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's worth noting that react now supports returning arrays from components/render (since a common use case for fragments was to wrap adjacent elements). The stark difference with explicit Fragments is that they allow adding a key prop when iterating, which lets react to optimize over it. I would also suggest an example of how Fragment works for that purpose. Like comment: Like comment: 7 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 &bull; Feb 13 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yep, you're right! I'll consider adding this info to the article! Thanks for the suggestion, I really appreciate it 🙏🏻 Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Jovica Aleksic Jovica Aleksic Jovica Aleksic Follow Joined Feb 14, 2019 &bull; Feb 14 &#39;22 &bull; Edited on Feb 14 &bull; Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't think react will optimize anything in this case, it's just that you must pass key props on array children by design, or you'll suffer at least warnings. If your array children are static and stable anyways, then you can safely ignore the warnings. Or: use a fragment instead! The point is, arrays and fragments are not just the same thing, they have different concepts. Arrays are meant to represent dynamic children, that is: content elements that are based on dynamic data. Fragments are meant to represent static content, that is: content that does not change dynamically, or: content that is basically hard coded. Yes, in the end they perform similar. If you use an array without keys and ignore the warnings, then your perf will suffer and you'll have bugs when e.g users sort/drag elements. Same if you would use fragments for such dynamic content, however in that case you'd not even get any warnings. So use fragments for static content that will not change, and enjoy the freedom of not having to specify keys. Use arrays and provide keys for content that is rendered by iterating dynamic data. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Maksim Maksim Maksim Follow Email rv.maksim@vk.com Location Leningrad Work Software Engineer Joined Dec 17, 2019 &bull; Feb 13 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide After all, there are no corresponding DOM elements! DOM DocumentFragment is an inspiration for React fragment Like comment: Like comment: 3 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 &bull; Feb 13 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide May you provide a proof, please? I ask, because these two things have nothing to do with each imo. Also, DocumentFragment has no corresponding DOM element too. Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Maksim Maksim Maksim Follow Email rv.maksim@vk.com Location Leningrad Work Software Engineer Joined Dec 17, 2019 &bull; Feb 13 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide because these two things have nothing to do with each imo Conception absolutely the same . I bet that React team when tried to create element which should solve the problem "No wrapper" they came to conecption which existed long time in DOM. You can create document fragment and manipulate it as regualr element, add child nodes, query etc. But when you append document fragment to a DOM tree it would "disappear" and parent node of document fragment would be parent node of document fragment's childern. The same you can see in React virtual tree where Fragment represent part of the virtual document. So my response was just to clarify a little bit a phrase from you article :) Becuse sometimes it's easy to clarify virtual DOM conceptions using "real" DOM Like comment: Like comment: 4 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand &nbsp; Nick Nick Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Email grechino@protonmail.com Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 &bull; Feb 13 &#39;22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks! I’m glad you like it 😊 Like comment: Like comment: 2 &nbsp;likes Like Comment button Reply Some comments have been hidden by the post's author - find out more Code of Conduct &bull; Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nick Follow Co-founder of Chainspect Location Tbilisi Joined Jun 25, 2021 More from Nick 10 Must-Have Tools for Every Developer in 2023 # ai # chatgpt # webdev # tooling My dream habit tracker # javascript # vue # pocketbase # webdev What&#39;s the difference between compiler, transpiler, and interpreter? # programming # computerscience 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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2026-01-13T08:48:22